A Survey on Home Energy Management <s> 7) GAME THEORY <s> Most of the existing demand-side management programs focus primarily on the interactions between a utility company and its customers/users. In this paper, we present an autonomous and distributed demand-side energy management system among users that takes advantage of a two-way digital communication infrastructure which is envisioned in the future smart grid. We use game theory and formulate an energy consumption scheduling game, where the players are the users and their strategies are the daily schedules of their household appliances and loads. It is assumed that the utility company can adopt adequate pricing tariffs that differentiate the energy usage in time and level. We show that for a common scenario, with a single utility company serving multiple customers, the global optimal performance in terms of minimizing the energy costs is achieved at the Nash equilibrium of the formulated energy consumption scheduling game. The proposed distributed demand-side energy management strategy requires each user to simply apply its best response strategy to the current total load and tariffs in the power distribution system. The users can maintain privacy and do not need to reveal the details on their energy consumption schedules to other users. We also show that users will have the incentives to participate in the energy consumption scheduling game and subscribing to such services. Simulation results confirm that the proposed approach can reduce the peak-to-average ratio of the total energy demand, the total energy costs, as well as each user's individual daily electricity charges. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on Home Energy Management <s> 7) GAME THEORY <s> Emphasizing customer control and promoting an active and participatory role for the energy consumers are among the main facets of the future Smart Grid. Existing studies are to a great extent focus on energy saving mechanisms of individual customers, independently, from other energy consumers. This paper considers cooperative and coalition formation games among consumers in the Smart Grid. Our model is based on multi-agent systems. The agents in our model act on behalf of residential consumers through techniques such as domestic energy controllers or the smart meters which are available for end-users in the Smart Grid. In this paper, we analyze agents' cooperation and coalitions formations under an economy with externalities where the cooperative possibilities of a coalition are derived from equilibrium points of an associated non-cooperative game. In particular, we discuss the optimal division of the agents' payoff under the concept of games in partition function form. We show that this concept enables the agents to self-organize into stable partition composed of coalitions of agents. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey on Home Energy Management <s> 7) GAME THEORY <s> This paper investigates the residential energy consumption scheduling problem, which is formulated as a coupled-constraint game by taking the interaction among users and the temporally-coupled constraint into consideration. The proposed solution consists of two parts. Firstly, dual decomposition is applied to transform the original coupled-constraint game into a decoupled one. Then, Nash equilibrium of the decoupled game is proven to be achievable via best response, which is computed by gradient projection. The proposed solution is also extended to an online version, which is able to alleviate the impact of the price prediction error. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed approach can effectively shift the peak-hour demand to off-peak hours, enhance the welfare of each user, and minimize the peak-to-average ratio. The scalability of the approach and the impact of the user number are also investigated. <s> BIB003 </s> A Survey on Home Energy Management <s> 7) GAME THEORY <s> Over the last few years, the fast-growing energy needs across the world have intensified a central challenge: how to reduce the generation and operation costs in power systems and, in parallel, to minimize the hydrocarbon emissions. Moreover, one-quarter of world's population still lacks access to electricity, as the cost of building conventional power grids is not affordable by third world countries. On the other hand, behind-the-meter (BTM) energy systems offer cost-effective solutions to aforementioned challenges, as they enable end-users to satisfy their energy needs with distributed energy generation and storage technologies. To that end, this paper presents a detailed survey of BTM energy management systems. The paper starts with the classification of the electrical loads with respect to their physical properties, priority ranking, and sizes. Next, the literature on BTM energy management systems is systematically classified into three main categories: technology layer, economic layer, and social layer. The technology layer spans the studies related to power systems including distributed generation and storage technologies, whereas the economic layer shows how economic incentives along with optimization and scheduling techniques are employed to shape the energy consumption. The social layer, on the other hand, presents the recent studies on how to employ social sciences to reduce the energy consumption without requiring any technological upgrades. This paper also provides an overview of the enabling technologies and standards for communication, sensing, and monitoring purposes. In the final part, a case study is provided to illustrate an implementation of the system. <s> BIB004
Game theory-based approaches are usually employed within a multi-agent framework, where each agent chooses a strategy to maximise an individual utility function. Agents' utility functions are defined according to the underlying operation objectives, and conditioned by other agents' strategies BIB004 . Two main categories can be found, namely cooperative and non-cooperative games. The former considers communication among agents, acting as a group to reach a common goal, while in the latter category agents are self-interested and do not communicate with one another, unless for self-enforcing purposes. For a single household, cooperative games are not the most appropriate techniques, as they target scenarios with multiple customers, which coordinate behaviours in order to minimise the overall consumption, optimise grid resource usage or maximise social welfare BIB002 - BIB003 , just to name out a few. In the case of multiple households, cooperation principles should be incorporated within DSM programmes BIB001 . From the utility company point of view, balancing demands from individual households in a given supplied region enables flattening energy consumption throughout the day, which leads to a sustainable and more efficient use of grid resources. Although customer coordination could be centralised and implemented based on heuristics and mathematical optimisation techniques, it implies a significant computational burden, in particular when the number of agents is large. In these cases, distributed DSM-based approaches are superior to traditional DSM strategies, which solely focus on utility-consumer interactions, enabling peak-to-average ratio, energy costs and customers' daily charges to be reduced.