Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> 2) HEALTHCARE APPLICATIONS <s> A Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is a collection of low-power and lightweight wireless sensor nodes that are used to monitor the human body functions and the surrounding environment. It supports a number of innovative and interesting applications, including ubiquitous healthcare and Consumer Electronics (CE) applications. Since WBAN nodes are used to collect sensitive (life-critical) information and may operate in hostile environments, they require strict security mechanisms to prevent malicious interaction with the system. In this paper, we first highlight major security requirements and Denial of Service (DoS) attacks in WBAN at Physical, Medium Access Control (MAC), Network, and Transport layers. Then we discuss the IEEE 802.15.4 security framework and identify the security vulnerabilities and major attacks in the context of WBAN. Different types of attacks on the Contention Access Period (CAP) and Contention Free Period (CFP) parts of the superframe are analyzed and discussed. It is observed that a smart attacker can successfully corrupt an increasing number of GTS slots in the CFP period and can considerably affect the Quality of Service (QoS) in WBAN (since most of the data is carried in CFP period). As we increase the number of smart attackers the corrupted GTS slots are eventually increased, which prevents the legitimate nodes to utilize the bandwidth efficiently. This means that the direct adaptation of IEEE 802.15.4 security framework for WBAN is not totally secure for certain WBAN applications. New solutions are required to integrate high level security in WBAN. <s> BIB001 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> 2) HEALTHCARE APPLICATIONS <s> Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) for health monitoring systems are required to meet stringent performance demands regarding the tradeoff between reliability, latency, and power efficiency. WBANs feature limited range and bandwidth and they are prone to interference. Considering the life-critical nature of some WBAN systems, we present an in-depth investigation of the situations where the dynamic coexistence of multiple WBANs may severely affect their performances. In this paper, we analytically study the effect of coexistence on the operation of WBANs. We present a mathematical analysis to precisely obtain the probabilities of successful communication and validate this analysis through simulation. Our simulation analysis indicates that in the default mode of operation, coexistence of three WBANs can lead to the loss of 20–85% of data transmissions for typical sensor configurations. <s> BIB002 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> 2) HEALTHCARE APPLICATIONS <s> Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) supporting healthcare applications are in early development stage but offer valuable contributions at monitoring, diagnostic, or therapeutic levels. They cover real-time medical information gathering obtained from different sensors with secure data communication and low power consumption. As a consequence of the increasing interest in the application of this type of networks, several articles dealing with different aspects of such systems have been published recently. In this paper, we compile and compare technologies and protocols published in the most recent researches, seeking WBAN issues for medical monitoring purposes to select the most useful solutions for this area of networking. The most important features under consideration in our analysis include wireless communication protocols, frequency bands, data bandwidth, transmission distance, encryption, authentication methods, power consumption, and mobility. Our study demonstrates that some characteristics of surveyed protocols are very useful to medical appliances and patients in a WBAN domain. <s> BIB003 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> 2) HEALTHCARE APPLICATIONS <s> In the recent years, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become a very popular technology for research in various fields. One of the technologies which is developed using WSN is environmental health monitoring. However, there is a problem when we want to optimize the performance of the environmental health monitoring such as the limitation of the energy. In this paper, we proposed a method for the environmental health monitoring using the fuzzy logic approach according to the environmental health conditions. We use that condition to determine the sleep time in the system based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard protocol. The main purpose of this method is to extend the life and minimize the energy consumption of the battery. We implemented this system in the real hardware test-bed using temperature, humidity, CO and CO2 sensors. We compared the performance without sleep scheduling, with sleep scheduling and adaptive sleep scheduling. The power consumption spent during the process of testing without sleep scheduling is 52%, for the sleep scheduling is 13%, while using the adaptive sleep scheduling is around 7%. The users also can monitor the health condition via mobile phone or web-based application, in real-time anywhere and anytime. <s> BIB004
Healthcare is one of the most important applications of M-IoT. The PHY-MAC layer for the healthcare applications is designed taking under consideration, the QoS parameters like low latency and high data integrity BIB003 . The IEEE 802.15.4 standard has been successfully used for healthcare applications. However, a new standard from IEEE 802.15.6 was approved in 2012 for wireless body area networks (WBANs). The IEEE 802.15.4 supports a large range for monitoring the complete health status of the user. One of the primary concerns with regards to the healthcare applications in the M-IoT scenario is prolonging the lifetime of the nodes. The nodes may be surgically implanted. Thus, it becomes imperative that the nodes have a large battery lifetime to prolong its use without causing inconvenience to the user. Fahmi et al. BIB004 provide a fuzzy logic-based sleep scheduling algorithm. This algorithm aims at optimizing the sleep schedule of the nodes and introducing an adaptive sleeping mechanism. The fuzzy logic uses an inference table that has a set of 81 rules to govern the sleeping times. The energy savings are significant, which are reflected in the experimental results. An intrinsic challenge faced by wireless networks is that of coexistence with multiple wireless networks. The WBAN based M-IoT networks also face a similar challenge, particularly in the IEEE 802.15.4 network. Deylami and Deylami BIB002 have presented an evaluation of the coexisting IEEE 802.15.4 based networks for health monitoring applications. The coexistence of multiple networks results in loss of data that may be critical, especially in the time divided slot approach and GTS based mechanisms. Therefore, a dynamic mechanism for resynchronizing the network clock according to the network coordinator is required. To evaluate the security of the network by analyzing the efficient usage of the bandwidth, authors in BIB001 foresee an exploitation attack on the contention period during the MAC layer operation. The mechanism to remedy the problem is required to enhance the reliability of the system, which is the paramount QoS parameter. This includes an intelligent backoff mechanism that offers a fair chance during the Contention Access Period (CAP).