EEG-Based Processing and Classification Methodologies for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review <s> Overview of the Current Diagnostic Criteria <s> Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are complex, lifelong, neurodevelopmental conditions of largely unknown cause. They are much more common than previously believed, second in frequency only to mental retardation among the serious developmental disorders. Although a heritable component has been demonstrated in ASD etiology, putative risk genes have yet to be identified. Environmental risk factors may also play a role, perhaps via complex gene-environment interactions, but no specific exposures with significant population effects are known. A number of endogenous biomarkers associated with autism risk have been investigated, and these may help identify significant biologic pathways that, in turn, will aid in the discovery of specific genes and exposures. Future epidemiologic research should focus on expanding population-based descriptive data on ASDs, exploring candidate risk factors in large well-designed studies incorporating both genetic and environmental exposure data and addressing possible etiologic heterogeneity in studies that can stratify case groups and consider alternate endophenotypes. <s> BIB001 </s> EEG-Based Processing and Classification Methodologies for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review <s> Overview of the Current Diagnostic Criteria <s> The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and the Autism Diagnostic Interview — Revised (ADI-R) are considered to be the `gold standard' in diagnostic evaluations for autism. Developed as research tools and now gaining wide clinical use, the ADOS/ADI-R assessment package has been demonstrated to differentiate children with autism from those with other developmental disabilities; however, little work concerning the reliability and validity of the tools in children with a known history of psychosis has been undertaken. We report on the administration of the ADOS, ADI-R and clinical judgment in three cases of Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia. All 3 children met both ADOS and ADI-R criteria for an autism spectrum diagnosis, even though none of them received a clinical diagnosis of autism from either a research child psychiatrist or an experienced clinically trained, research psychologist with expertise in autism. Issues concerning overlap of symptom presentation and implications for research and clinical... <s> BIB002 </s> EEG-Based Processing and Classification Methodologies for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review <s> Overview of the Current Diagnostic Criteria <s> The aim of this study is to standardize Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) scores within a large sample to approximate an autism severity metric. Using a dataset of 1,415 individuals aged 2-16 years with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) or nonspectrum diagnoses, a subset of 1,807 assessments from 1,118 individuals with ASD were divided into narrow age and language cells. Within each cell, severity scores were based on percentiles of raw totals corresponding to each ADOS diagnostic classification. Calibrated severity scores had more uniform distributions across developmental groups and were less influenced by participant demographics than raw totals. This metric should be useful in comparing assessments across modules and time, and identifying trajectories of autism severity for clinical, genetic, and neurobiological research. <s> BIB003
The etiology of ASD is still under research and lacks a well-defined medical test for ASD diagnosis. Current diagnostic criteria are behaviour dependent, which utilizes direct observation and standardized interviews BIB001 . They are based on the presence or absence of specific behaviours. These practices are generalized as a comprehensive developmental approach, where several characteristics of a child's development are evaluated. These characteristics include different levels of functioning, the child's developmental progress, genetic, family, medical and educational histories and child's ability to apply the skills in everyday life. DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision), ADOS (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule), Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), The Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO) and Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview (3di) are some techniques used for clinical diagnosis. Among them, ADOS and ADI-R are considered as the main standards BIB002 . In addition to determining ASD or no-ASD, another key aspect is the autism severity rating. ADOS score is widely used for ASD severity measurement. Besides ADOS and ADI-R, several other scales including Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS) and Autism Behaviour Checklist (ABC) also provide autism severity ratings BIB003 . Severity scores assist in providing specific individualized interventions rather than more general treatment plans. It would also help monitor the change in risk profiles as the child's development progresses and how the subject is responding to intervention.