Statistical Design, a Powerful Tool for Optimizing Biosurfactant Production: A Review <s> Introduction <s> Pseudomonas aeruginosa AT10 produced a mixture of surface-active rhamnolipids when cultivated on mineral medium with waste free fatty acids as carbon source. The development of the production process to an industrial scale included the design of the culture medium. A 2 4 full factorial, central composite rotational design and response surface modelling method (RSM) was used to enhance rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa AT10. The components that are critical for the process medium were the carbon source, the nitrogen source (NaNO 3 ), the phosphate content (K 2 HPO 4 /KH 2 PO 4 2:1) and the iron content (FeSO 4 7H 2 O). Two responses were measured, biomass and rhamnolipid production. The maximum biomass obtained was 12.06 g dm -3 DCW, when the medium contained 50 g dm -3 carbon source, 9 g dm -3 NaNO 3 , 7 g dm 3 phosphate and 13.7 mg dm -3 FeSO 4 7H 2 O. The maximum concentration of rhamnolipid, 18.7 g dm 3 , was attained in medium that contained 50 g dm -3 carbon source, 4.6 g dm 3 NaNO 3 , 1 g dm 3 phosphate and 7.4 mg dm 3 FeSO 4 7H 2 O. <s> BIB001 </s> Statistical Design, a Powerful Tool for Optimizing Biosurfactant Production: A Review <s> Introduction <s> Microorganisms synthesise a wide range of surface-active compounds (SAC), generally called biosurfactants. These compounds are mainly classified according to their molecular weight, physico-chemical properties and mode of action. The low-molecular-weight SACs or biosurfactants reduce the surface tension at the air/water interfaces and the interfacial tension at oil/water interfaces, whereas the high-molecular-weight SACs, also called bioemulsifiers, are more effective in stabilising oil-in-water emulsions. Biosurfactants are attracting much interest due to their potential advantages over their synthetic counterparts in many fields spanning environmental, food, biomedical, and other industrial applications. Their large-scale application and production, however, are currently limited by the high cost of production and by limited understanding of their interactions with cells and with the abiotic environment. In this paper, we review the current knowledge and the latest advances in biosurfactant applications and the biotechnological strategies being developed for improving production processes and future potential. <s> BIB002 </s> Statistical Design, a Powerful Tool for Optimizing Biosurfactant Production: A Review <s> Introduction <s> A potent biosurfactant-producing bacterial strain isolated from spoiled apples was identified by 16S rRNA as Pseudomonas aeruginosa MA01. Compositional analysis revealed that the extracted biosurfactant was composed of high percentages of lipid (66%, w/w) and carbohydrate (32%, w/w). The surface tension of pure water decreased gradually with increasing biosurfactant concentration to 32.5 mN m(-1) with critical micelle concentration (CMC) value of 10.1 mg L(-1). The Fourier transform infrared spectrum of extracted biosurfactant confirmed the glycolipid nature of this natural product. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the biosynthesis medium for the production of MA01 biosurfactant. Nineteen carbon sources and 11 nitrogen sources were examined, with soybean oil and sodium nitrate being the most effective carbon and nitrogen sources on biosurfactant production, respectively. Among the organic nitrogen sources examined, yeast extract was necessary as a complementary nitrogen source for high production yield. Biosurfactant production at the optimum value of fermentation processing factor (15.68 g/L) was 29.5% higher than the biosurfactant concentration obtained before the RSM optimization (12.1 g/L). A central composite design algorithm was used to optimize the levels of key medium components, and it was concluded that two stages of optimization using RSM could increase biosurfactant production by 1.46 times, as compared to the values obtained before optimization. <s> BIB003 </s> Statistical Design, a Powerful Tool for Optimizing Biosurfactant Production: A Review <s> Introduction <s> Great emphasis has recently been given to the environmental impacts caused by chemical surfactants due to their toxicity and difficulty in being degraded in the environment [1]. Increasing environmental concerns, the advance in biotechnology and the emergence of more stringent laws have led to biosurfactants being a potential alternative to the chemical surfac‐ tants available on the market [2, 3]. Although biosurfactants have promising use in bioreme‐ diation processes, their industrial scale production is currently difficult due to high rawmaterial costs, high processing costs and low manufacturing output [3]. As a result, the current research challenges are to increase the yield and to reduce the cost of raw materials [4]. <s> BIB004 </s> Statistical Design, a Powerful Tool for Optimizing Biosurfactant Production: A Review <s> Introduction <s> A Pseudomonas aeruginosa AK6U strain produced rhamnolipid biosurfactants to variable extents when grown on MgSO4 or organosulfur compounds as sulfur sources and glucose as a carbon source. Organosulfur cultures produced much higher biosurfactants amounts compared to the MgSO4 cultures. The surface tension of the growth medium was reduced from 72 mN/m to 54 and 30 mN/m in cultures containing MgSO4 and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DM-DBT), respectively. AK6U cultures produced different rhamnolipid congener profiles depending on the provided sulfur source. The dibenzothiophene (DBT) culture produced more diverse and a higher number of rhamnolipid congeners as compared to the DBT-sulfone and MgSO4 cultures. The number of mono-rhamnolipid congeners in the DBT culture was also higher than that detected in the DBT-sulfone and MgSO4 cultures. Di-rhamnolipids dominated the congener profiles in all the analyzed cultures. The sulfur source can have a profound impact on the quality and quantity of the produced biosurfactants. <s> BIB005 </s> Statistical Design, a Powerful Tool for Optimizing Biosurfactant Production: A Review <s> Introduction <s> Marine microorganisms possess unique metabolic and physiological features and are an important source of new biomolecules, such as biosurfactants. Some of these surface-active compounds synthesized by marine microorganisms exhibit antimicrobial, anti-adhesive and anti-biofilm activity against a broad spectrum of human pathogens (including multi-drug resistant pathogens), and could be used instead of existing drugs to treat infections caused by them. In other cases, these biosurfactants show anti-cancer activity, which could be envisaged as an alternative to conventional therapies. However, marine biosurfactants have not been widely explored, mainly due to the difficulties associated with the isolation and growth of their producing microorganisms. Culture-independent techniques (metagenomics) constitute a promising approach to study the genetic resources of otherwise inaccessible marine microorganisms without the requirement of culturing them, and can contribute to the discovery of novel biosurfactants with significant biological activities. This paper reviews the most relevant biosurfactants produced by marine microorganisms with potential therapeutic applications and discusses future perspectives and opportunities to discover novel molecules from marine environments. <s> BIB006 </s> Statistical Design, a Powerful Tool for Optimizing Biosurfactant Production: A Review <s> Introduction <s> Surfactants are one of the most versatile group of chemicals used in various industrial processes. Their market is competitive, and manufacturers will have to expand surfactant production in ecofriendly and cost effective manner. Increasing interest in biosurfactants led to an intense research for environment friendly and cost-efficient production of biosurfactant. Structural diversity and functional properties of biosurfactants make them an attractive group of compounds for potential use in wide variety of industrial, environmental and biotechnological applications. Screening methods make task easier to obtain potential biosurfactant producing microorganisms. Variety of purification and analytical methods are available for biosurfactant structural characterization. This review aims to compile information on types and properties of biosurfactant, microbial screening methods as well as biosynthesis, extraction, purification and structural characterization of biosurfactant using rhamnolipid as a model biosurfactant. It also describes factors affecting rhamnolipid production. It gives an overview of oil recovery using biosurfactant from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. <s> BIB007 </s> Statistical Design, a Powerful Tool for Optimizing Biosurfactant Production: A Review <s> Introduction <s> AbstractCosmetic products play an essential role in everyone’s life. People everyday use a large variety of cosmetic products such as soap, shampoo, toothpaste, deodorant, skin care, perfume, make-up, among others. The cosmetic industry encompasses several environmental, social and economic impacts that are being addressed through the search for more efficient manufacturing techniques, the reduction of waste and emissions and the promotion of personal hygiene, contributing to an improvement of public health and at the same time providing employment opportunities. The current trend among consumers is the pursuit for natural ingredients in cosmetic products, as many of these products exhibit equal, better or additional benefits in comparison with the chemical-based products. In this sense, biosurfactants are natural compounds with great potential in the formulation of cosmetic products given by their biodegradability and impact in health. Indeed, many of these biosurfactants could exhibit a “prebiotic” char... <s> BIB008
Biosurfactants (Bs) are natural amphipathic compounds produced by microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, and filamentous fungi BIB001 . They attract interest for application in diverse industrial areas including the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, agricultural, food, and petrochemical industries, because of their biochemical properties BIB001 BIB002 BIB003 . In fact, the global biosurfactant market is expected to reach 2.2 billion US dollars this year, based on a growth rate of 3.5% per annum. Additionally, the global production projection is estimated to reach 476,512.2 tons due to the increasing demand from Asia, Africa, and Latin America, which accounts for 21% of the total production BIB004 . These secondary metabolites reduce surface and interfacial tension and form micro emulsions solubilizing hydrocarbons in aqueous media, presenting lubricating, wetting, softening, stabilizing, and foaming activities BIB004 BIB007 . Although they present similar properties to synthetic surfactants they are generally less toxic (with the exception of those presenting antibiotic activity), stable under extreme conditions, they are also biodegradable, and thus, are environmentally friendly BIB006 BIB005 . Bs are classified into peptides, glycolipids, lipopeptides, fatty acids, phospholipids, and high molecular weight biosurfactants like polymeric biosurfactants BIB001 BIB008 . Over 200 patents were registered prior to 2011 related with the production of biosurfactants, with 50% of these patents on rhamnolipids, 35% on sophorolipids, and 10% on mannosylerythritol lipids BIB008 . Even though Bs have shown great potential for widespread use, production and commercialization on an industrial scale has not been fully achieved BIB007 . Production is difficult because of the high costs