A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> QoS Based Routing Surveys <s> Real-time wireless sensor networks are becoming more and more important by the requirement of message delivery timeliness in emerging new applications. Supporting real-time QoS in sensor networks faces severe challenges due to the wireless nature, limited resource, low node reliability, distributed architecture and dynamic network topology. There are tradeoffs between different application requirements including energy efficiency and delay performance. This paper studies the state of the art of current real-time solutions including MAC protocols, routing protocols, data processing strategies and cross-layer designs. Some research challenges and future design favors are also identi¯ed and discussed. <s> BIB001 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> QoS Based Routing Surveys <s> In this paper, we assess the state of the art of Quality of Services (QoS) support in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Unlike traditional end-to-end multimedia applications, many non-end-to-end mission-critical applications envisioned for WSNs have brought forward new QoS requirements on the network. Further, unique characteristics of WSNs, such as extremely resource-constrained sensors, large-scale random deployment, and novel data-centric communication protocols, pose unprecedented challenges in the area of QoS support in WSNs. Thus, we first review the techniques for QoS support in traditional networks, analyze new QoS requirements in WSNs from a wide variety of applications classified by data delivery models, and propose some non-end-to-end collective QoS parameters. Next, the challenges of QoS support in this new paradigm are presented. Finally, we comment on current research efforts and identify many exciting open issues in order to stimulate more research interest in this largely unexplored area. Keywords— Wireless networks, wireless sensor networks, QoS, collective QoS <s> BIB002 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> QoS Based Routing Surveys <s> A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a computer wireless network composed of spatially distributed and autonomous tiny nodes -- smart dust sensors, motes -, which cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions. Nowadays these kinds of networks support a wide range of applications, such as target tracking, security, environmental control, habitat monitoring, source detection, source localization, vehicular and traffic monitoring, health monitoring, building and industrial monitoring, etc. Many of these applications have strong requirements for end-to-end delay and losses during data transmissions. In this work we have classified the main mechanisms that have been proposed to provide Quality of Service (QoS) in WSN at Medium Access Control (MAC) and network layers. Finally, taking into account some particularities of the studied MAC- and network-layer protocols, we have selected a real application scenario in order to show how to choose an appropriate approach for guaranteeing performance in a WSN deployed application. <s> BIB003 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> QoS Based Routing Surveys <s> Recent developments in wireless communications have enabled the development of low-cost, low-power wireless sensor networks (WSN) with wide applicability, including environment and vehicle-health monitoring. Minimizing energy consumption and hence maximizing the life time of the network are key requirements in the design of optimum sensor networking protocols and algorithms. Several routing protocols with different objectives have already been proposed for energy-efficient WSN applications. This paper surveys a sample of existing energy-efficient cluster-based and QoS-aware routing protocols and highlights their key features, including strengths and weaknesses <s> BIB004 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> QoS Based Routing Surveys <s> Wireless Sensor Networks are without a doubt one of the central issues in current research topics due to the harsh environmental conditions in which such networks can be deployed and their unique sensor network characteristics,specifically limited power supply, sensing, processing and communication capabilities. Presented with many challenges and design issues that affect the data routing, a need for a fault tolerant routing protocol becomes essential. In this paper, we summarize and highlight the key ideas of existing fault tolerant techniques of routing protocols, survey existing routing protocols proposed to support fault tolerance. Finally, we provide some future research directions in the area of fault tolerance in wireless sensor networks routing. <s> BIB005 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> QoS Based Routing Surveys <s> A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a one made up of small sensing devices equipped with processors, memory, and short-range wireless communication. Sensor nodes, are autonomous nodes, which include smart dust sensors, motes and so on. They co-operatively monitor physical or environmental conditions and send the sensed data to the sink node. They differ from traditional computer networks due to resource constraints, unbalanced mixture traffic, data redundancy, network dynamics, and energy balance. These kinds of networks support a wide range of applications that have strong requirements to reduce end-to-end delay and losses during data transmissions. When large numbers of sensors are deployed in a sensor field and are active in transmitting the data, there is a possibility of congestion. Congestion may occur due to buffer overflow, channel contention, packet collision, a high data rate, many to one nature, and so on. This leads to packet loss which causes a decrease in throughput and lifetime. Maximum throughput, energy efficiency and minimum error rate can be achieved by minimizing the congestion. A number of quality of service (QoS) techniques has been developed to improve the quality of the network. This article gives an overview of existing QoS techniques and a parametric comparison made with recent developments. This article mainly concentrates on network congestion in WSN environment. <s> BIB006 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> QoS Based Routing Surveys <s> With the increasing demand for real time applications in the Wireless Senor Network (WSN), real time critical events anticipate an efficient quality-of-service (QoS) based routing for data delivery from the network infrastructure. Designing such QoS based routing protocol to meet the reliability and delay guarantee of critical events while preserving the energy efficiency is a challenging task. Considerable research has been focused on developing robust energy efficient QoS based routing protocols. In this paper, we present the state of the research by summarizing the work on QoS based routing protocols that has already been published and by highlighting the QoS issues that are being addressed. The performance comparison of QoS based routing protocols such as SAR, MMSPEED, MCMP, MCBR, and EQSR has also been analyzed using ns-2 for various parameters. <s> BIB007 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> QoS Based Routing Surveys <s> Congestion control and reliable data delivery are two primary functions of the transport layer in wired and wireless networks. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a special category of wireless ad hoc networks with unique characteristics and important limitations. Limitations concern their resources, such as energy, memory, and computational power, as well as their applications. Due to these limitations and characteristics, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the legacy protocol that implements congestion control and reliable transmission in the Internet, cannot apply to WSNs in its traditional form. To deal with this unavailability of a standard solution, many efforts are taking place in this area. In this paper, we review, classify, and compare algorithms, protocols, and mechanisms that deal directly with congestion control and avoidance in WSNs. <s> BIB008 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> QoS Based Routing Surveys <s> The performance of wireless sensor networks (WSN) is affected by the lossy communication medium, application diversity, dense deployment, limited processing power and storage capacity, frequent topology change. All these limitations provide significant and unique design challenges to data transport control in wireless sensor networks. An effective transport protocol should consider reliable message delivery, energy-efficiency, quality of service and congestion control. The latter is vital for achieving a high throughput and a long network lifetime. Despite the huge number of protocols proposed in the literature, congestion control in WSN remains challenging. A review and taxonomy of the state-of-the-art protocols from the literature up to 2013 is provided in this paper. First, depending on the control policy, the protocols are divided into resource control vs. traffic control. Traffic control protocols are either reactive or preventive (avoiding). Reactive solutions are classified following the reaction scale, while preventive solutions are split up into buffer limitation vs. interference control. Resource control protocols are classified according to the type of resource to be tuned. <s> BIB009 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> QoS Based Routing Surveys <s> Wireless multimedia sensor networking (WMSN) is an efficient technology and has been widely used in multimedia data transport and applications. The key to the success of multimedia data transport is the transmission quality. Real-time critical multimedia requires efficient routing for data delivery with guaranteed QoS. However, satisfying the stringent QoS requirements of multimedia transmission usually translates to high energy consumption. How to efficiently minimize the energy consumption while ensuring QoS requirements is an acute problem. Therefore, in this article, we call routing protocols that can balance out the trade-off between network lifetime and QoS requirements “green routing protocols.” First, a detailed survey of existing routing protocols for WMSNs is presented, which are classified into two categories based on network structures. Moreover, the performance of existing routing protocols is compared in detail. Finally, future research issues of green routing protocols in WMSNs are presented and carefully discussed. <s> BIB010 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> QoS Based Routing Surveys <s> Due to distributed nature, dynamic topology and resources constraints of tiny sensing nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the quality of service (QoS) support is a challenging issue. However, satisfying the stringent QoS requirements is an open problem. QoS aware protocols for WSNs have gained recently considerable attention of the researchers. In this paper, we focus on the QoS satisfaction in WSNs, basics of QoS support in WSNs, and more importantly challenge, requirements of QoS at each layer. Furthermore, we review the QoS protocols and categorize the QoS aware protocols and elaborate their pros and cons. We also discuss the QoS parameters with respect to each protocol performance parameters. A survey and comprehensive discussion on the QoS aware protocols of WSNs are presented, including their strengths and limitations. Finally, we also survey some computational intelligence (CI) techniques and find the basic requirements of such techniques. Moreover, we study these CI techniques in the light of QoS management and tabulate the level of each CI technique for QoS management. The paper is concluded with open research issues. <s> BIB011 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> QoS Based Routing Surveys <s> The vision of wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) is to provide real-time multimedia applications using wireless sensors deployed for long-term usage. Quality of service assurances for both best effort data and real-time multimedia applications introduced new challenges in prioritizing multipath routing protocols in WMSNs. Multipath routing approaches with multiple constraints have received considerable research interest. In this paper, a comprehensive survey of both best effort data and real-time multipath routing protocols for WMSNs is presented. Results of a preliminary investigation into design issues affecting the development of strategic multipath routing protocols that support multimedia data in WMSNs are also presented and discussed from the network application perspective. <s> BIB012
The QoS-based routing surveys consider those routing protocols which struggle to maintain a balance between energy consumption, data quality BIB006 , and quantity. That is why, QoS-based surveys focus on energy efficiency, reliability, end-to-end delay minimization, fault tolerance, throughput/bandwidth enhancement, delay-variability diminution, and collision/congestion avoidance BIB006 . The available QoS-based routing surveys may be broadly classified into subsequent categories i.e., i In typical QoS-based categorization, routing surveys may reckon those QoS protocols that consider a broad-spectrum of QoS routing in WSNs. These QoS protocols may consider the parameters such as energy efficiency, reliability, packet-delivery rate, end-to-end delay, network lifetime, throughput, protocol overhead and robustness. ii In multipath-QoS based categorization, those multipath routing protocols are discussed which provide QoS assurance such as reliability to WSNs. iii In fault-tolerance based categorization, those routing protocols are discussed which have the ability to work continuously even in the presence of faults for increasing reliability and availability. iv In Congestion (Cong.)-handling based categorization, those routing protocols are delineated which have the capability to detect, control and avoid congestion by handling issues such as channel contention/overload, packet collision, buffer overflow, data-rate control and load balancing near sink node. v In partial QoS-based categorization, those surveys are delineated which consider typical, fault-tolerant and congestion-oriented QoS-based routing as a subpart of their discussion regarding QoS-based routing protocols in WSNs. While considering the surveys with complete emphasis on routing, the authors in BIB004 BIB007 BIB010 BIB011 have mainly classified routing protocols employing typical QoS-based categorization. In BIB010 , the authors have discussed those WMSNs protocols that try to maintain a balance between QoS and energy efficiency. In addition to discussing QoS-aware routing approaches, the authors in BIB011 have outlined the distributions of QoS-oriented literature and QoS parameters used in the literature. In BIB012 , the authors have discussed and compared the multipath routing approaches guaranteeing QoS in real-time WMSNs. The authors in BIB005 have categorized routing protocols using fault-tolerance based categorization while BIB006 have mainly classified routing protocols applying QoS-based congestion-oriented categorization. In BIB007 , a QoS-based comparison of discussed routing protocols is presented using NS-2  . The authors in BIB007 BIB006 have outlined challenges of QoS-based routing in WSNs. In BIB011 , QoS issues in WSNs are elaborated while QoS modeling requirements of WMSNs are delineated in BIB012 . Future research directions are outlined in BIB005 BIB006 BIB010 BIB012 BIB011 . Besides that Table 10 clearly demonstrates the presence of 2 high count, 4 medium count and 1 low count surveys. Tables 2 and 3 . The surveys in this category with partial emphasis on routing include BIB002 BIB001 BIB003 BIB008 BIB009 . The article BIB003 also outlines a case study for forest fire surveillance and thereby, is helpful to enhance practical learning. The authors in BIB002 BIB001 BIB008 have discussed the issues of QoS-based routing in WSNs. Moreover, future research directions are presented in BIB002 BIB001 BIB008 BIB009 .