A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Proposal and Authors Main Focus <s> RFC-904 is the specification of the Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP). ::: This memo updates portions of RFC-888 and RFC-827. This RFC specifies ::: an official protocol of the DARPA community for use between gateways ::: of different autonomous systems in the ARPA-Internet. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Proposal and Authors Main Focus <s> Hop-by-hop inter-domain routing protocols, such as border gateway protocol (BGP) and inter-domain routing protocol (IDRP), use independent route selection to realize domains’ local policies. A domain chooses its routes based on path attributes present in a route. It is widely believed that these inter-domain routing protocols always converge. We show that there exist domain policies that cause BGP/IDRP to exhibit persistent oscillations. In these oscillations, each domain repeatedly chooses a sequence of routes to a destination. Complex oscillation patterns can occur even in very simple topologies. We analyze the conditions for persistent route oscillations in a simple class of inter-domain topologies and policies. Using this analysis, we evaluate ways to prevent or avoid persistent oscillations in general topologies. We conclude that if a hop-by-hop inter-domain routing protocol allows unconstrained route selection at a domain, the protocol may be susceptible to route oscillations. Constraining route selection to a provably ‘‘safe’’ procedure (such as shortest path) can reduce the number of realizable policies. Alternatively, a routing policy registry can help detect unsafe policies. ” 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Proposal and Authors Main Focus <s> This article surveys several research challenges in interdomain routing. We introduce and describe these challenges in a comprehensible manner, along with a review of the most compelling contributions and ongoing research efforts addressing each of the exposed issues. During this analysis we identify the relation between these research challenges and now they influence each other. We also present our perspectives on why these issues remain largely unsolved, and point out why some of the proposals made so far have not yet been adopted. We hope this can provide some insight on future directions in this complex research area. <s> BIB003 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Proposal and Authors Main Focus <s> Quality of Service-enabled applications and services rely on Traffic Engineering-based (TE) Label Switched Paths (LSP) established in core networks and controlled by the GMPLS control plane. Path computation process is crucial to achieve the desired TE objective. Its actual effectiveness depends on a number of factors. Mechanisms utilized to update topology and TE information, as well as the latency between path computation and resource reservation, which is typically distributed, may affect path computation efficiency. Moreover, TE visibility is limited in many network scenarios, such as multi-layer, multi-domain and multi-carrier networks, and it may negatively impact resource utilization. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has promoted the Path Computation Element (PCE) architecture, proposing a dedicated network entity devoted to path computation process. The PCE represents a flexible instrument to overcome visibility and distributed provisioning inefficiencies. Communications between path computation clients (PCC) and PCEs, realized through the PCE Protocol (PCEP), also enable inter-PCE communications offering an attractive way to perform TE-based path computation among cooperating PCEs in multi-layer/domain scenarios, while preserving scalability and confidentiality. This survey presents the state-of-the-art on the PCE architecture for GMPLS-controlled networks carried out by research and standardization community. In this work, packet (i.e., MPLS-TE and MPLS-TP) and wavelength/spectrum (i.e., WSON and SSON) switching capabilities are the considered technological platforms, in which the PCE is shown to achieve a number of evident benefits. <s> BIB004 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Proposal and Authors Main Focus <s> Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) flooding attacks are one of the biggest concerns for security professionals. DDoS flooding attacks are typically explicit attempts to disrupt legitimate users' access to services. Attackers usually gain access to a large number of computers by exploiting their vulnerabilities to set up attack armies (i.e., Botnets). Once an attack army has been set up, an attacker can invoke a coordinated, large-scale attack against one or more targets. Developing a comprehensive defense mechanism against identified and anticipated DDoS flooding attacks is a desired goal of the intrusion detection and prevention research community. However, the development of such a mechanism requires a comprehensive understanding of the problem and the techniques that have been used thus far in preventing, detecting, and responding to various DDoS flooding attacks. In this paper, we explore the scope of the DDoS flooding attack problem and attempts to combat it. We categorize the DDoS flooding attacks and classify existing countermeasures based on where and when they prevent, detect, and respond to the DDoS flooding attacks. Moreover, we highlight the need for a comprehensive distributed and collaborative defense approach. Our primary intention for this work is to stimulate the research community into developing creative, effective, efficient, and comprehensive prevention, detection, and response mechanisms that address the DDoS flooding problem before, during and after an actual attack. <s> BIB005 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Proposal and Authors Main Focus <s> Utilizing the dormant path diversity through multipath routing in the Internet to reach end users—thereby fulfilling their QoS requirements—is rather logical. While offering better resource utilization, better reliability, and often even much better quality of experience (QoE), multipath routing and provisioning was shown to help network and data center operators achieve traffic engineering in the form of load balancing. In this survey, we first highlight the benefits and basic Internet multipath routing components. We take a top-down approach and review various multipath protocols, from application to link and physical layers, operating at different parts of the Internet. We also describe the mathematical foundations of the multipath operation, as well as highlight the issues and challenges pertaining to reliable data delivery, buffering, and security in deploying multipath provisioning in the Internet. We compare the benefits and drawbacks of these protocols operating at different Internet layers and discuss open issues and challenges. <s> BIB006 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Proposal and Authors Main Focus <s> Threats of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks have been increasing day-by-day due to rapid development of computer networks and associated infrastructure, and millions of software applications, large and small, addressing all varieties of tasks. Botnets pose a major threat to network security as they are widely used for many Internet crimes such as DDoS attacks, identity theft, email spamming, and click fraud. Botnet based DDoS attacks are catastrophic to the victim network as they can exhaust both network bandwidth and resources of the victim machine. This survey presents a comprehensive overview of DDoS attacks, their causes, types with a taxonomy, and technical details of various attack launching tools. A detailed discussion of several botnet architectures, tools developed using botnet architectures, and pros and cons analysis are also included. Furthermore, a list of important issues and research challenges is also reported. <s> BIB007 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Proposal and Authors Main Focus <s> The border gateway protocol (BGP) is the Internet’s default inter-domain routing protocol that manages connectivity among autonomous systems (ASes). Over the past two decades many anomalies of BGP have been identified that threaten its stability and reliability. This survey discusses and classifies these anomalies and discusses the 20 most significant techniques used to identify them. Our classification is based on the broad category of approach, BGP features used to identify the anomaly, effectiveness in identifying the anomaly and effectiveness in identifying which AS was the location of the event that caused the anomaly. We also discuss a number of key requirements for the next generation of BGP anomaly detection techniques. <s> BIB008
Yannuzzi et al. BIB003 Issues in inter-domain routing Bennesby and Mota  BGP convergence Butler et al.  BGP security Singh, Das and Jukan BIB006 Multipath routing and provisioning First, currently, the inter-domain routing control plane of the Internet is distributed through different ASs and embedded into the router devices. In general, the control plane of the device is anything that is necessary in order to make all the network protocols work. This includes the drivers for each network interface, as well as the Network Operational System (NOS). Specifically, the BGP control plane is the software responsible for establishing a connection to other BGP devices, creating the inter-domain high-level topology, computing paths to reachable networks and applying filters and advertise routes to allow other networks to share the global state of this AS-level topology and connectivity. Because the BGP is currently the main inter-domain routing protocol, it is natural to assign the control plane of the BGP as the control plane of the Internet itself. However, this statement does not hold, since there are other inter-domain routing protocols also composing the Internet. For example, a domain that uses the Path Computation Element (PCE) architecture can use Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP-Traffic Engineering (TE)) to exchange inter-domain routing information between domains BIB004 . Furthermore, this survey will not cover obsolete protocols for inter-domain routing, such as the Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) BIB001 and Inter-Domain Routing Protocol (IDRP)  . Although those protocols share fundamental properties with the BGP BIB002 , e.g., distributed path selection computation and the control plane embedded into network appliances, they never reach the wide deployment and the success of the BGP. Thereby, it is worth restricting the scope of this survey to tackle the approaches to evolve the control plane of inter-domain routing with special attention to BGP and also "clean-slate" architecture designs and innovative technologies. Regarding related surveys, Yannuzzi et al. BIB003 organized and presented several distinct issues on inter-domain routing works, where for each issue description, one main effort was presented to resolve it. The authors considered multi-homing scalability issues, lack of multipath routing, limited traffic engineering capabilities, convergence time, and others. The majority of those issues still remain open, and one of the reasons for that is the currently widely-deployed Version 4 of the BGP (defined in 2006  ) embedded into network appliances. Hence, the addition of new capabilities, functionalities or modification of the BGP often takes years from the first draft specification until it reaches the production environment. This difficult and long process of making changes in inter-domain routing with the BGP is called "ossification" of the protocol, and it is depicted in Section 4.1. Bennesby and Mota  focused on the long convergence time required by the BGP. They presented a good and detailed survey about approaches to reduce the delay of the BGP inter-domain routing convergence on the Internet. They indicated approaches to execute experiments and to measure the convergence time on the Internet and also organized the inter-domain convergence works into five categories: efficient policy configuration; speeding up; limiting path exploration; centralized control; multi-path. Despite the fact that approaches to improve the BGP convergence time of inter-domain routing affects the control plane of BGP routing systems, the focus of this survey is primarily on those approaches that seek to evolve the control plane behavior of inter-domain routing. Security is another field that is affected in inter-domain routing. The design of BGP and its wide deployment on the Internet have been frustrating efforts to change the inter-domain systems. Those systems are notoriously susceptible to myriad types of attacks from incorrect configuration BIB005 to well-orchestrated initiatives, such as botnet BIB007 . Thus, BGP systems can be used to directly or indirectly produce anomalies in the inter-domain BIB008 , because the BGP has no effective mechanisms to check the accuracy of routing information. For example, the standard BGP does not provide an efficient authentication measure for advertising routes. Butler et al.  compiled the proposed security extensions to the BGP and discussed the difficult trade-off between acceptable costs and practical and suitable improved security measures. Although security plays a paramount role in the inter-domain routing system, it is not the primary aim of this survey. Other initiatives to overcome BGP limitations also affect the control plane. For example, the BGP follows a destination-based forwarding paradigm  , and that approach does not allow one to explore the path diversity of the current Internet topology. An extensive survey about multi-path routing and provision on the Internet is provided by Singh, Das and Jukan BIB006 . They depicted the multi-path problem using the entire TCP/IP model (layers: application, transport, network, link and physical), where all network layers present particular challenges and issues. For inter-domain routing, the focus will be on the network layer and how approaches to change the control plane can incorporate the multi-path capabilities. Therefore, this survey presents a more comprehensive literature review about approaches to evolve the control plane of inter-domain routing. Moreover, it provides readers with insights into the promising efforts and how the problem of evolving the control plane of inter-domain routing may be better addressed.