A Survey of Tablet Applications for Promoting Successful Aging in Older Adults <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> Objectives. —To determine (1) the number and proportion of Americans living with chronic conditions, and (2) the magnitude of their costs, including direct costs (annual personal health expenditures) and indirect costs to society (lost productivity due to chronic conditions and premature death). Design. —Analysis of the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey for prevalence and direct health care costs; indirect costs based on the 1990 National Health Interview Survey andVital Statistics of the United States. Setting. —US population. Participants. —For the estimate of prevalence and direct costs, the National Medical Expenditure Survey sample of persons who reported health conditions associated with (1) use of health services or supplies or (2) periods of disability. Interventions. —None. Main Outcome Measures. —The number of persons with chronic conditions, their annual direct health care costs, and indirect costs from lost productivity and premature deaths. Results. —In 1987, 90 million Americans were living with chronic conditions, 39 million of whom were living with more than 1 chronic condition. Over 45% of non-institutionalized Americans have 1 or more chronic conditions and their direct health care costs account for three fourths of US health care expenditures. Total costs projected to 1990 for people with chronic conditions amounted to $659 billion—$425 billion for direct health care costs and $234 billion in indirect costs. Conclusions. —The prevalence and costs of chronic conditions as a whole have rarely been estimated. Because the number of persons with limitations due to chronic conditions is more regularly reported in the literature, the total prevalence of chronic conditions has perhaps been minimized. The majority of persons with chronic conditions are not disabled, nor are they elderly. Chronic conditions affect all ages. Because persons with chronic conditions have greater health needs at any age, their costs are disproportionately high. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey of Tablet Applications for Promoting Successful Aging in Older Adults <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> Substantial increases in the relative and absolute number of older persons in our society pose a challenge for biology, social and behavioral science, and medicine. Successful aging is multidimensional, encompassing the avoidance of disease and disability, the maintenance of high physical and cognitive function, and sustained engagement in social and productive activities. Research has identified factors predictive of success in these critical domains. The stage is set for intervention studies to enhance the proportion of our population aging successfully. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey of Tablet Applications for Promoting Successful Aging in Older Adults <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of common illnesses in an unselected population of centenarians. ::: ::: ::: ::: DESIGN: A population-based survey. ::: ::: ::: ::: SETTING: Denmark. ::: ::: ::: ::: PARTICIPANTS: All Danes who celebrated their 100th anniversary between April 1, 1995 and May 31, 1996: 276 persons. ::: ::: ::: ::: MEASUREMENTS: All participants (including proxies) were visited at their domicile for an interview (sociodemographic characteristics, activities of daily living, living conditions, need of assistance from other people, former health and current diseases, current medication) and a clinical examination (dementia screening test, heart and lung auscultation, neurological assessment, height and weight, electrocardiogram, arm and ankle blood pressure, assessment of hearing and vision capacity, a short physical performance test, bio-impedance, lung function test, blood test). Further health information was retrieved from medical files and national health registers. ::: ::: ::: ::: RESULTS: Seventy-five percent (207) of eligible subjects participated in the study. Cardiovascular disease was present in 149 (72%) subjects. Osteoarthritis (major joints) was present in 54%, hypertension (≥140/≥90) in 52%, dementia in 51%, and ischemic heart disease in 28%. The mean number of illness was 4.3 (standard deviation (SD) 1.86). Only one subject was identified as being free from any chronic condition or illness. Sixty percent had been treated for illness with high mortality. In 25 autonomous (nondemented, functioning well physically, living at home) and 182 nonautonomous centenarians, comorbidities were equivalent. ::: ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSION: Because they have a high prevalence of several common diseases and chronic conditions, Danish centenarians are not healthy. However, a minor proportion was identified as being cognitively intact and functioning well. <s> BIB003 </s> A Survey of Tablet Applications for Promoting Successful Aging in Older Adults <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> Objective:There is no consensual definition of “successful aging.” Our aim was to review the literature on proportions of subjects meeting criteria and individual components of definitions of successful aging as well as correlates of these definitions. Methods: We conducted a literature search for published English-language peer-reviewed reports of data-based studies of adults over age 60 that included an operationalized definition of successful aging. The authors categorized the components of these definitions and independent variables examined in relation to successful aging (e.g., gender, education, and social contacts). Results: The authors identified 28 studies with 29 different definitions that met our criteria. Most investigations used large samples of community-dwelling older adults. The mean reported proportion of successful agers was 35.8% (standard deviation: 19.8) but varied widely (interquartile range: 31%). Multiple components of these definitions were identified, although 26 of 29 included ... <s> BIB004 </s> A Survey of Tablet Applications for Promoting Successful Aging in Older Adults <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> Objective: There is no consensus on how to define successful aging. The authors sought to determine the correlates of self-rated successful aging as well as its correspondence with major researcher-defined criteria. Methods: Participants were 205 community-dwelling adults over age 60. A questionnaire survey asked the participants to rate their own degree of successful aging and inquired about demographic characteristics, medical history, activity levels, resilience, daily functioning, and health-related quality of life (Medical Outcomes study 36-item Short-Form [MOS-SF36]). Participants’ subjective ratings of successful aging were contrasted with sets of researcher-defined criteria, and correlates of subjectively rated successful aging were examined. Results: Ninety-two percent of the participants rated themselves as aging successfully. A majority of them also met other research criteria for successful aging such as independent living, mastery/growth, and positive adaptation but not those requiring an absence of chronic medical illness or physical disability. Higher SF-36 scores as compared with a published sample indirectly corroborated participants’ subjectively rated successful aging. Subjective ratings of successful aging were significantly correlated with higher scores on health-related quality of life as well as resilience, greater activity, and number of close friends but not with several demographic characteristics. Conclusion: Most community-dwelling older adults viewed themselves as aging successfully despite having chronic physical illnesses and some disability. Longitudinal studies of the reliability and validity of subjective ratings of successful aging are warranted. (Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 14:43–51) <s> BIB005 </s> A Survey of Tablet Applications for Promoting Successful Aging in Older Adults <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> During the last decade, the challenges of an ageing society became focus for extensive scientific, public and political discussions. From discussions in scientific fora within each discipline, there is now a shift towards cross-disciplinary scientific approaches. The aim of this article is therefore, to collect and describe different scientific viewpoints in this regard and to point out research gaps to be addressed in the future. The article is based on a number of review articles and keynote lectures given by the author, and complemented with informal interviews of experts from different scientific fields engaged in the field of technology and ageing. Results show that research has emerged from being technology-focussed to scenario-based taking different scientific perspectives into account. However, the biggest challenge still is to accommodate the need for a holistic integrated service which means to provide personalised services and adapt technology and content to individual needs of different stakeholders. Further, cross-disciplinary research is needed that relates informatics and technology to different stages of the aging process and that evaluates the effects of proposed technical solutions. <s> BIB006 </s> A Survey of Tablet Applications for Promoting Successful Aging in Older Adults <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> The introduction of the iPad and similar form-factor devices e.g. Samsung Galaxy Tab, Asus Eee Pad and Motorola Xoom has provided a unique opportunity for older adults to engage with mobile computing devices and platforms. Engagement with 'traditional' computing devices amongst older adults, including arguably mobile devices, such as laptop computers is low due to dexterity issues amongst this population Hertzum & Hornbaek, 2010. Whilst the iPad removes some of the traditional barriers to computer engagement, new barriers including weight and screen reflection are evident to an older user group. This paper provides an exploratory evaluation of how older adults in 11 UK care-home settings and the staff engaged in their care are using iPads to help improve communication, build physical social networks amongst residents, staff and family members, and map the most frequently used applications by an older population during a six-month pilot period. Results suggest that applications involving information searching for personally related and historical information were most valued by older adults. Further, older adults and care staff alike report mainly positive experiences of iPad use in care settings including the increased opportunities for social interaction and the enhancement of intergenerational communication. Additionally, the barriers to use e.g. device weight are often overcome by low-tech adaptations and adjustment when using the device. This paper argues that the portability and adaptive nature of the iPad combined with the increased social interaction afforded by device could increase quality of life in care settings. <s> BIB007 </s> A Survey of Tablet Applications for Promoting Successful Aging in Older Adults <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> Low-income older adults are at risk of poor health outcomes due to rising healthcare costs. When designed to reflect their needs, technologies can provide a cost-effective solution to this problem. We investigated the issues and strategies low-income people encounter in managing their health by conducting interviews and focus groups with fifty older adults. The qualitative analysis revealed eight main themes participants considered important for successful aging. Based on these findings, we propose two design principles to promote successful aging in the target population: (a) support shift-and-persist strategies; and (b) combat impoverished mentalities by providing knowledge, resources and motivation. <s> BIB008
''Successful Aging'' or aging well, as defined by Rowe and Kahn, encompasses the following aspects: absence of disease, maintenance of physical and cognitive health, and active social engagement BIB002 . However, studies have shown that the majority of older adults (persons aged 65 years and above) do not meet this criterion of ''Successful Aging'' BIB004 for a number of reasons. Firstly, this definition fails to acknowledge older adults with chronic conditions and functional disabilities, who self-report aging successfully BIB005 . Secondly, chronic conditions are inevitable with age BIB003 . Therefore, a true definition of ''Successful Aging'' needs to include management of chronic conditions, along with the maintenance of physical, mental health and socio-emotional health ( Figure 1 ). Advances in public health interventions and medicine have led to a significant increase in life expectancies and the number of older adults worldwide. In United States, the number of people 65 years and above will approximately double from 38.9 million in 2008 to 72.1 million by 2030 BIB006 . In Europe, the number of people 65 years or older will rise from being 17.1% of the total population to 30.0% by 2030, and even higher in countries such as Japan and Spain where life expectancies are abnormally high BIB006 . Some challenges associated with this projected increase are: • Increasing healthcare costs: The healthcare cost associated with the treatment of an older adult is three to five times higher than that of an average age adult BIB001 , with a projected 25 percent increase by 2030  . are available to care for people aged 65 years and older. • Decreasing number of direct healthcare workers (nurses, home-health workers): This has been linked to high-stress, low salary, and poor work benefits  of the existing workforce. • Increasing number of informal care-givers (family members providing care). This is the direct consequence of the above two factors and has been associated with high stress and health decline of informal caregivers. In addition, the caregiving family members sacrifice wages. In fact, the employers in the United States are estimated to lose about 33 million dollars due to absenteeism of these care providers  . In this era of technological innovation, the potential of technology is being explored to overcome these challenges. More specifically, it is being used to bridge the gap between older adults and the care providers, and to empower the older adult to take charge of their own health. This advancement is marked with a gradual increase in the number of older adults adopting tablet technology  . Tablet appeals to them due to its portability, and absence of external hardware such as a mouse and a keyboard  , BIB007 . In fact, using technology to solve their everyday challenges is helping older adults realize that they can use tablets to stay independently in their own homes as long as they can. As a result, applications addressing more specific aspects of ''Successful Aging'' are being developed and studied BIB008 . Examples include medication management applications that empower the older adults to manage their medication intake for improved physical health; and online social networking sites and forums that help older adults stay socially engaged and connected for better socioemotional health.