A Survey of Routing Attacks and Security Measures in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks <s> Trust Based Security Solutions: <s> In this paper, we propose an obligation-based model called fellowship to mitigate the flooding and packet drop attacks. We also explain how the fellowship model identifies and penalizes both the malicious and selfish nodes respectively in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). The main advantages of our model are: it unifies the framework to defend both flooding and packet drop attacks, it identifies and expels the malicious and selfish nodes that fail to contribute their resources, and rejoins the repenting malicious and selfish nodes into the network. In addition, our technique does not rely on any centralized authority or tamper-proof hardware. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey of Routing Attacks and Security Measures in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks <s> Trust Based Security Solutions: <s> Security is paramount in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) as they are not conducive to centralized trusted authorities. Several solutions have been proposed for MANET in the areas of key management, secure routing, nodal cooperation, and trust management. Nevertheless, MANET lacks a unified architecture to take advantage of the deployed security models. In this paper, we propose trust enhanced security architecture for MANET (TEAM), in which a trust model is overlaid on the following security models - key management mechanism, secure routing protocol, and cooperation model. We briefly present the operation of our architecture and then we detail the system operation of our novel trust and cooperation model, which we call as secure MANET routing with trust intrigue (SMRTI) and fellowship respectively. SMRTI captures the evidence of trustworthiness for other nodes from the security models, and in return assists them to make better security decisions. Unlike related trust models, SMRTI captures recommendations in such a way that it eliminates both free-riding and honest-elicitation problems. In comparison with related cooperation models, fellowship model defends against both flooding and packet drop attacks. It can efficiently identify and isolate both malicious and selfish nodes that fail to share the communication channel or forward packets for other nodes. Furthermore, our models do not rely on any centralized authority or tamper-proof hardware. Simulation results confirm that our models enhance the performance of TEAM. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey of Routing Attacks and Security Measures in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks <s> Trust Based Security Solutions: <s> In recent years, several secure routing protocols have been proposed to secure communications among nodes in mobile ad hoc networks. However, they are not tailored to defend against denial of service (DoS) attacks such as flooding and packet drop attacks. This has led to the development of models that target cooperation among nodes. These models either fail to protect against flooding attacks or only defend against greedy nodes that drop packets to save battery resources. The main shortcoming of cooperation models is that they fail to evaluate the trustworthiness for other nodes. In this paper, we propose a Trust Integrated Cooperation Architecture which consists of an obligation-based cooperation model known as fellowship to defend against both flooding and packet drop attacks. In our architecture, fellowship enhances its security decisions through a trust model known as secure MANET routing with trust intrigue (SMRTI). In comparison with related models, SMRTI deploys a novel approach to communicate recommendations such that the deployed approach is free from well-known issues such as honest elicitation, free riding, bias of a recommender, and additional overhead. <s> BIB003
Another active area of research in Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Network security in general is the Trust Based Security Solutions. In  Sun et al. have identified the role of Trust in MANETs. When a network entity establishes trust in other network entities, it can predict the future behaviors of others and diagnose their security properties. Trust helps in Assistance in decision making to improve security and robustness, Adaptation to risk leading to flexible security solutions, Misbehavior detection and Quantitative assessment of system-level security properties. Balakrishnan et al. in BIB001 , BIB002 , BIB003 have done extensive work on Trust based security solutions and have proposed Fellowship, TEAM (Trust Enhanced Security Architecture for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks) SMRITI (Secure MANET Routing with Trust Intrigue). In TEAM a trust model (SMRITI) is overlaid on other security models such as key management, secure routing and cooperation model (Fellowship) to enhance security. SMRITI assists the security models in making routing decisions, corresponding to the Trust evaluation of the involved nodes. The advantage of this approach is that no special/tamper proof hardware is required and there is no requirement of a central authority as well.