Virtual Reality Full Immersion Techniques for Enhancing Workers Performance, 20 years Later: A Review and a Reformulation <s> A. Biological Bases of Human Cognition <s> What is Smart? Acknowledgements Introduction: A Smart History of the Modern Enterprise Fuel for Innovation Cornerstones of Knowledge Knoware: The Technology of Knowledge Management The Softer Side of Knowledge Management Leading the Knowledge-based Organization What We Don't Know Glossary Index. <s> BIB001 </s> Virtual Reality Full Immersion Techniques for Enhancing Workers Performance, 20 years Later: A Review and a Reformulation <s> A. Biological Bases of Human Cognition <s> The concept of autopoiesis was proposed 40 years ago as a definition of a living being, with the aim of providing a unifying concept for biology. The concept has also been extended to the theory of knowledge and to different areas of the social and behavioral sciences. Given some ambiguities of the original definitions of autopoiesis, the concept has been criticized and has been interpreted in diverse and even contradictory ways, which has prevented its integration into the biological sciences where it originated. Here I present a critical review and conceptual analysis of the definition of autopoiesis, and propose a new definition that is more precise, clear, and concise than the original ones. I argue that the difficulty in understanding the term lies in its refined conceptual subtlety and not, as has been claimed by some authors, because it is a vacuous, trivial or very complex concept. I also relate the concept of autopoiesis to the concepts of closed systems, boundaries, homeostasis, self-reproduction, causal circularity, organization and multicellularity. I show that under my proposed definition the concept of a molecular autopoietic system is a good demarcation criterion of a living being, allowing its general integration into the biological sciences and enhancing its interdisciplinary use. <s> BIB002
The concept of Autopoiesis proposed by Maturana and Varela  , and summarized by Razzeto-Barry BIB002 , as "An autopoietic system is a network of processes which produces all the components whose internal production is necessary to maintain the network operating as a unit", that is; It is the ability of living beings to self-produce themselves. In accordance with Dittus and Vasquez  , "You have the idea that the nervous system is an instrument that obtains information from the environment, which is then used by living beings to build their world." Each autopoietic unit is unique, since it is characterized by phylogenetic inheritance or Phylogeny (history of the species) defined as, the succession of organic forms that are related due to a sequence of reproductive relationships; and by the history of individual adaptations or ontogeny  . Ontogeny is defined as "the history of the structural change of a unit without losing its organization". At the level of a living being's organization, all organic operation is knowledge, as the aphorism says: "all doing is knowing and all-knowing is doing". Social systems are systems of coordination of actions in language, that is, a conversation network that Maturana  defines as: "Flow of coordination of actions and emotions, which we, observers, distinguish as occurring between human beings who interact recurrently in language". The author also argues that "We live in communities that exist as networks of conversations, intercrossed, not intersected, of different types, that match each other in their flow through the intersection in our corporality". The author mentions the following types of conversations: • Coordination of present and future actions. • Complaints and apologies for agreements not taken. • Of wishes and expectations. • Command and obedience. • Characterizations, attributions and evaluations. • Complaints about unfulfilled expectations. Consequently, different human autopoietic systems generate their own networks of conversations, which even affect their bodies. As a result, they move through these networks on a daily basis, regardless of their conscience, in domestic, educational, political, social, religious, etc. spaces, acting in tune with the actions related to these conversation systems they motivate to be and do. For Maturana  , human relations that are not based on the acceptance of the other as "A legitimate other in coexistence" are not social relations, the author affirming that labor relations, "are not social because they are founded on the commitment to fulfill a task, and in them the fulfillment of the task is the only thing that matters". In Flores and Terry  , the role of the background and interpretation is highlighted while retaining the focus centered on the commitment engendered by the acts of language. These concepts are of paramount importance in the design of contemporary computer systems for the support of educational activities, which at present have involved the conception of systems that consider the Ontological level, as well as predictive and highly adaptive functions to the characteristics and profiles of the apprentices, and the same ones that have the support of the techniques and methodologies and techniques of Artificial Intelligence. A cognitive system is "a system whose organization defines a domain of interactions where it can act with relevance to the maintenance of itself, the process of cognition being the actual performance or behavior in this domain"  . On the other hand, for Austin  , speech acts consist of three elementary levels: • Locutive act: it is the idea or concept of the phrase, that is, what is said. • Illocutive act: it is the specific intention of speech acts. • Perlocutive act: it is the effect(s) that the statement produces in the receiver in a given circumstance. Speech acts can be classified according to their intention or purpose to which they refer, as follows: • Assertive or expository acts: the speaker denies, asserts or corrects something, with a different level of certainty. • Management acts: the speaker tries to force the listener to execute an action. • Commitment acts: the speaker assumes a commitment, an obligation or a purpose. • Declarative acts: the speaker intends to change the state in which something is found. • Expressive acts: the speaker expresses their mood. Communication mediated by speech acts enables communication in relation to the so-called explicit knowledge, which becomes the tradition of knowledge management  , establishing the difficulty to establish communication in relation to tacit knowledge BIB001 . With regard to the use of knowledge for the understanding of language, the processes involved in the acts of speech, listening and reading, have similarities; even having some different attributes. In reading, each word can be seen as a whole; however, a spoken word spreads in the environment. The word provides a more ambiguous and confusing signal than a printed text  . Most theories about text comprehension are also relevant for speech comprehension, as there is a lot of evidence that indicates that there is a close relationship between these two processes. It is important to establish an understanding of the mind and its realizations in the perception, learning, thinking and using language, considering the processes in which individuals deal with stimuli, how they organize data, how they solve problems and use verbal symbols  . Understanding a situation requires that the cognitive subject have a model of that situation. However, at a certain moment a model may be insufficient for the construction of certain concepts, arising from the need to resort to another model, which raises the need to propose systems that have a high degree of adaptation to the requirements of the cognitive subject, which has different learning and thinking styles, and therefore the diversity of demands for processes and resources must be recognized. Consequently, individual learning models evolve towards models with a higher level of organization and converge in the actions of business organizations in the direction of team learning. In contemporary organizations, there are profound changes due to the increasingly growing demands, in relation to quality, productivity, innovative capacity among others, for the production of goods and the provision of services that make organizations focus on obtaining competitive advantage and generally favoring teamwork over the individual, which brings with it the requirement of establishing new ways of organizing tasks, new instruments for controlling results and new ways of successfully evaluating the management of operation processes , changes that have an impact on the training of the workforce, which presents demands for skills to acquire, often for the treatment of complex issues in short periods of time. Team learning, defined by Senge  , as the process of alignment and capacity development, is today privileged by organizations over personal and / or individual learning systems. Likewise, for Maturana  , "Education is constituted in the process in which the child or the adult lives with another and when living with the other, transforms spontaneously, so that their way of living, is progressively done more congruent with another, in the living space". Education occurs, therefore, all the time, in a reciprocal way, as a contingent structural transformation to a history in living together in which it turns out that people learn to live together in a way that is configured, according to the living of the community where they live. Education as an "educational system," shapes a world, and students confirm in their living the world they lived by being educated in education. The perspective of teaching in the biology of love  , considers that many of the different forms of bodily dynamics, which emerged with the evolutionary history that gave rise to humanity, reappear in the ontogeny of the child's physical and mental development. Children's free play, when emerging without the influence of adults, is organized spontaneously based on innate forms of actions, movements and perceptions, which come from human evolutionary history or phylogeny. Thus, the forms of children's free play are not arbitrary; they are forms of body dynamics that are linked to ancestral behavioral territories, to expressions and connections between the living being and its environment, and whose current forms are just transformations of archaic forms. These concepts have given rise to what is now known as the Biology of knowledge, an approach in which, as human beings are like other living beings, operationally closed and engaging with others through linguistic mediation, -that is, they live in language-they learn, relate, coordinate with others and live experiences in the emotional world in which they are immersed. Finally, in relation to training in the context of knowledge biology, these ideas point to the use of the new technologies such as ICTs, VR, Augmented Reality and Social networks, that meet the demands of education and training of organizations and the workforce.