A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Multipath Based Routing Surveys <s> Biological systems present a remarkable adaptation, reliability and robustness in the dynamic and even hostile environments. Also, the networks that govern the flow of resources and information are ubiquitous in nature. Most of them are performed by individuals in a distributed and self-organized way. These mechanisms provide useful paradigms for designing the wireless sensor networks, where the individual nodes operate without central control. This paper investigates the existing sensor network design paradigms that inspired from the biological system. The investigation ranges from cell level mechanisms to collective activities performed by social insects, in an effort to apply these inspirations to the sensor networks. This paper involves the problems in the design of wireless sensor networks, including routing, congestion control, medium access control, and clustering problem <s> BIB001 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Multipath Based Routing Surveys <s> Biological systems present remarkable adaptation, reliability, and robustness in various environments, even under hostility. Most of them are controlled by the individuals in a distributed and self-organized way. These biological mechanisms provide useful resources for designing the dynamical and adaptive routing schemes of wireless mobile sensor networks, in which the individual nodes should ideally operate without central control. This paper investigates crucial biologically inspired mechanisms and the associated techniques for resolving routing in wireless sensor networks, including Ant-based and genetic approaches. Furthermore, the principal contributions of this paper are as follows. We present a mathematical theory of the biological computations in the context of sensor networks; we further present a generalized routing framework in sensor networks by diffusing different modes of biological computations using Ant-based and genetic approaches; finally, an overview of several emerging research directions are addressed within the new biologically computational framework. <s> BIB002 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Multipath Based Routing Surveys <s> Wireless Sensor Networks are without a doubt one of the central issues in current research topics due to the harsh environmental conditions in which such networks can be deployed and their unique sensor network characteristics,specifically limited power supply, sensing, processing and communication capabilities. Presented with many challenges and design issues that affect the data routing, a need for a fault tolerant routing protocol becomes essential. In this paper, we summarize and highlight the key ideas of existing fault tolerant techniques of routing protocols, survey existing routing protocols proposed to support fault tolerance. Finally, we provide some future research directions in the area of fault tolerance in wireless sensor networks routing. <s> BIB003 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Multipath Based Routing Surveys <s> Routing protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSN) have been substantially investigated by researches. Most state-of-the-art surveys have focused on reviewing the different routing schemes that have been proposed for WSN and classifying them based on the network's type and protocol's operation. Security aspects in routing protocols have not been given enough attention, since most of the routing protocols in WSNs have not been designed with security requirements in mind. However, taking into consideration that WSN applications need to support critical infrastructures (i.e., military, healthcare, environmental, etc.), security becomes an issue. And since these infrastructures are highly depended on the availability of resources, focus has especially been given to support a secure, resilient and reliable environment, with multipath routing being one of the added functionalities. The need for security in sensitive WSN application has lead researchers to design secure multipath routing protocols from the beginning or design security extensions for existing protocols. This paper surveys the current state-of-the-art of secure multipath routing protocols in WSNs, classifies the protocols in categories according to their security-related operational objectives, defines a new threat model in the routing procedure and identifies open research issues in the area. <s> BIB004 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Multipath Based Routing Surveys <s> Wireless Sensor Networks is usually consisting of huge number of limited sensor devices which are communicated over the wireless media. As sensor devices are limited, the networks exposed to various kinds of attacks and conventional defenses against these attacks are not suitable due to the resource constrained. Therefore, security in WSNs is a challenging task due to inheritance limitations of sensors. As a result, many secure routing protocols are introduced such as secure multipath routing protocols to reduce the attacks. In this paper we focus at security issues concerns in WSNs and present a matrix that analysed the security factor provided by the secure multipath routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. <s> BIB005 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Multipath Based Routing Surveys <s> In the last decade, wireless sensor networks have attracted many researchers. One of the main topics adopted by researchers studying on wireless sensor networks is developing routing protocols for wireless systems. Routing protocol development deals with problems such as complexity, scalability, adaptability, survivability and battery life in wireless systems. Routing protocols grounded for wireless systems are developed in order to solve these problems. In this paper, we briefly discussed especially, swarm intelligence based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. Key words: <s> BIB006 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Multipath Based Routing Surveys <s> There are different ways to classify the routing protocols that are available. The paper presented here discusses different types of multipath routing protocols for Wireless sensor networks based on the parameter "Disjointedness". In this paper, First, WSN routing issues are discussed then listed the advantages of Multipath routing. Further, comprehensive study of different types of WSN Disjoint-multipath routing protocols is given. Finally, some of the WSN multipath routing on-going research issues are listed. <s> BIB007 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Multipath Based Routing Surveys <s> Swarm intelligence is a relatively novel field. It addresses the study of the collective behaviors of systems made by many components that coordinate using decentralized controls and self-organization. A large part of the research in swarm intelligence has focused on the reverse engineering and the adaptation of collective behaviors observed in natural systems with the aim of designing effective algorithms for distributed optimization. These algorithms, like their natural systems of inspiration, show the desirable properties of being adaptive, scalable, and robust. These are key properties in the context of network routing, and in particular of routing in wireless sensor networks. Therefore, in the last decade, a number of routing protocols for wireless sensor networks have been developed according to the principles of swarm intelligence, and, in particular, taking inspiration from the foraging behaviors of ant and bee colonies. In this paper, we provide an extensive survey of these protocols. We discuss the general principles of swarm intelligence and of its application to routing. We also introduce a novel taxonomy for routing protocols in wireless sensor networks and use it to classify the surveyed protocols. We conclude the paper with a critical analysis of the status of the field, pointing out a number of fundamental issues related to the (mis) use of scientific methodology and evaluation procedures, and we identify some future research directions. <s> BIB008 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Multipath Based Routing Surveys <s> Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are networks of distributed autonomous devices that can sense or monitor physical or environmental conditions cooperatively. WSNs face many challenges, mainly caused by communication failures, storage and computational constraints and limited power supply. Paradigms of computational intelligence (CI) have been successfully used in recent years to address various challenges such as data aggregation and fusion, energy aware routing, task scheduling, security, optimal deployment and localization. CI provides adaptive mechanisms that exhibit intelligent behavior in complex and dynamic environments like WSNs. CI brings about flexibility, autonomous behavior, and robustness against topology changes, communication failures and scenario changes. However, WSN developers are usually not or not completely aware of the potential CI algorithms offer. On the other side, CI researchers are not familiar with all real problems and subtle requirements of WSNs. This mismatch makes collaboration and development difficult. This paper intends to close this gap and foster collaboration by offering a detailed introduction to WSNs and their properties. An extensive survey of CI applications to various problems in WSNs from various research areas and publication venues is presented in the paper. Besides, a discussion on advantages and disadvantages of CI algorithms over traditional WSN solutions is offered. In addition, a general evaluation of CI algorithms is presented, which will serve as a guide for using CI algorithms for WSNs. <s> BIB009 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Multipath Based Routing Surveys <s> A wireless sensor network is a large collection of sensor nodes with limited power supply and constrained computational capability. Due to the restricted communication range and high density of sensor nodes, packet forwarding in sensor networks is usually performed through multi-hop data transmission. Therefore, routing in wireless sensor networks has been considered an important field of research over the past decade. Nowadays, multipath routing approach is widely used in wireless sensor networks to improve network performance through efficient utilization of available network resources. Accordingly, the main aim of this survey is to present the concept of the multipath routing approach and its fundamental challenges, as well as the basic motivations for utilizing this technique in wireless sensor networks. In addition, we present a comprehensive taxonomy on the existing multipath routing protocols, which are especially designed for wireless sensor networks. We highlight the primary motivation behind the development of each protocol category and explain the operation of different protocols in detail, with emphasis on their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, this paper compares and summarizes the state-of-the-art multipath routing techniques from the network application point of view. Finally, we identify open issues for further research in the development of multipath routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. <s> BIB010 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Multipath Based Routing Surveys <s> High efficient routing is an important issue for the design of wireless sensor network (WSN) protocols to meet the severe hardware and resource constraints. This paper presents a comprehensive survey and comparison of routing protocols in WSNs. The first part of the paper surveys state-of-the-art routing protocols in WSNs from classical routing protocols to swarm intelligence based protocols. The routing protocols are categorized based on their computational complexity, network structure, energy efficiency and path establishment. The second part of the paper presents a comparison of a representative number of classical and swarm based protocols. Comparing routing protocols in WSNs is currently a very challenging task for protocol designers. Often, much time is required to re-create and re-simulate algorithms from descriptions in published papers to perform the comparison. Compounding the difficulty is that some simulation parameters and performance metrics may not be mentioned. We see a need in the research community to have standard simulation and performance metrics for comparing different protocols. To this end, the final part of the paper re-simulates different protocols using a Matlab based simulator: routing modeling application simulation environment (RMASE), and gives simulation results for standard simulation and performance metrics which we hope will serve as a benchmark for future comparisons for the research community. <s> BIB011 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Multipath Based Routing Surveys <s> Multipath routing is an efficient technique to route data in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) because it can provide reliability, security and load balance, which are especially critical in the resource constrained system such as WSNs. In this paper we provide a survey of the state-of-the-art of proposed multipath routing protocols for WSNs, which are classified into three categories, infrastructure based, non-infrastructure based and coding based, based on the special techniques used in building multiple paths and delivering sensing data. For each category, we study the design of protocols, analyze the tradeoff of each design, and overview several representing protocols. In addition, we give a summery of design goals, challenges, and evaluation metrics for multipath routing protocols in resource constrained systems in general. <s> BIB012 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Multipath Based Routing Surveys <s> Multipath routing protocols improve the load balancing and quality of service in WSN and also provide reliable communication. This paper investigates various multi-path routing protocols of the WSN in the literature and illustrates its benefits. The main elements of these schemes and their classifications based on their attributes have been also discussed. A comparison of these protocols which are of great help to understand the properties and limitations of existing solutions have been done in the following study. <s> BIB013 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Multipath Based Routing Surveys <s> This paper surveys intelligent routing protocols which contribute to the optimization of network lifetime in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Different from other surveys on routing protocols for WSNs, this paper first puts forward new ideas on the definition of network lifetime. Then, with a view to prolonging network lifetime, it discusses the routing protocols based on such intelligent algorithms as reinforcement learning (RL), ant colony optimization (ACO), fuzzy logic (FL), genetic algorithm (GA), and neural networks (NNs). Intelligent algorithms provide adaptive mechanisms that exhibit intelligent behavior in complex and dynamic environments like WSNs. Inspired by such an idea, some intelligent routing protocols have recently been designed for WSNs. Under each category, it discusses the representative routing algorithms and further analyzes the performance of network lifetime defined in three aspects. This paper intends to give assistance in the optimization of network lifetime in WSNs, together with offering a guide for the collaboration between WSNs and computational intelligence (CI). <s> BIB014 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Multipath Based Routing Surveys <s> Over recent years, enormous amounts of research in wireless sensor networks WSNs have been conducted; this is because of its multifarious applications such as in environmental monitoring, object tracking, disaster management, manufacturing, monitoring and control. Nevertheless, optimising the energy consumption of sensor nodes SNs in WSNs and realising the anticipated quality of solutions supplied from them present considerable challenges. In WSNs, the sudden 'death' of critical nodes can cause an entire network to malfunction. This is usually caused by uneven depletion of battery power of the individual nodes. Therefore, this survey investigates the methods that aim to minimise usage of energy in SNs, especially during routing. This is because network activities start to be challenged when the first SN exhausts its battery. In addition, this paper introduces a comprehensive categorization of the energy-aware protocols in WSNs. Thus, the motivation of this survey is to present some decentralised energy-aware routing using optimization methods that is generic and applicable to most of WSN applications that require reduction of energy consumptions and extend a network's life time. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. <s> BIB015 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Multipath Based Routing Surveys <s> Abstract In sensing data to the base station, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) face some security challenges since such networks impose resource constraints that need to be addressed by the routing mechanism. This paper surveys, explores, and informs researchers regarding the landscape of multipath routing by providing the motivation behind multipath routing deployment. Subsequently, this paper analyzes the security requirements and common attacks in wireless sensor networks. Also, we provide a classification of secure multipath routing protocols on the basis of nature of defense against the WSN attacks. According to the classification, we investigate the existing secure multipath routing protocols within the WSN domain by discussing their strengths and limitations. A comparative study of the suggested classification is presented based upon the multipath technique, additional security infrastructure, security requirements, corresponding attacks, and efficiency analysis in pursuit of effective secure routing in wireless sensor networks. <s> BIB016 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Multipath Based Routing Surveys <s> Efficient routing is an important issue for the design of wireless sensor network WSN protocols to meet the severe hardware and resource constraints. Swarm intelligence is a relatively novel field. It comes under intelligent routing protocols which contribute to the optimisation of wireless sensor networks. It addresses the study of the collective behaviours of systems made by many components that coordinate using decentralised controls and self-organisation. Many number of routing protocols for wireless sensor networks have been developed according to the principles of swarm intelligence. The routing protocols are categorised based on their computational complexity, network structure, energy efficiency, scalability, fault tolerance, path establishment, and many more. In this paper, we provide an extensive survey and study different swarm intelligence-based routing protocols for WSNs. We discuss the general principles of swarm intelligence and of its application to routing, design challenges for WSN routing protocols, routing factors, and taxonomy of routing protocols in WSNs. <s> BIB017 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Multipath Based Routing Surveys <s> Swarm Intelligence techniques have been widely used in the science and engineer domains such as Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). It is a relatively novel and promising field, focusing on the adaptation of collective behaviors of various natural creatures like ants, fish, birds, and honey bees, and a large number of routing protocols for WSNs have been developed according to the inspiration from the foraging behaviors of these species. In this paper, we first discuss the general principle of swarm intelligence and survey the research efforts on these SI based protocols according to various promising meta-heuristics. In the second part of the paper, we present the properties of termite colony optimization and fission-fusion social structure based spider monkey optimization based clustering in WSNs. Last, we conclude the paper with a comparative analysis, pointing out the fundamental issues and potential future directions. <s> BIB018 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Multipath Based Routing Surveys <s> The vision of wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) is to provide real-time multimedia applications using wireless sensors deployed for long-term usage. Quality of service assurances for both best effort data and real-time multimedia applications introduced new challenges in prioritizing multipath routing protocols in WMSNs. Multipath routing approaches with multiple constraints have received considerable research interest. In this paper, a comprehensive survey of both best effort data and real-time multipath routing protocols for WMSNs is presented. Results of a preliminary investigation into design issues affecting the development of strategic multipath routing protocols that support multimedia data in WMSNs are also presented and discussed from the network application perspective. <s> BIB019 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Multipath Based Routing Surveys <s> Wireless Sensor Networks have several issues and challenges with regard to Energy Efficiency, Limited Computational capability, Routing Overhead, Packet Delivery and many more. Designing Energy Efficient Routing Protocol has always been a limiting factor cum issue for Wireless Sensor Networks. Varied routing protocols being proposed till date for overcoming these issues based on Swarm Intelligence. Swarm Intelligence is concerned with study of combined behavior of systems designed by varied components for coordinating among themselves via decentralized controls and self-organization. Algorithms based on Swarm Intelligence, nature based intelligence are highly robust, adaptive and scalable. This paper presents comprehensive survey of Ant Colony Optimization based routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks to give better platform for researchers to work on various shortcomings of protocols developed till date to develop efficient routing protocol for WSN in near future. <s> BIB020
The multipath based routing surveys consider those routing protocols which employ multipath approach for sending data between source and destination and may provide load balancing, reliability, error resilience, interference avoidance and security. Such surveys can be classified into three groups as discussed below: i In typical multipath categorization, the routing metric may be path disjointedness based, path selection based, path reliability oriented, path maintenance based or infrastructure/non-infrastructure based and so on. ii In multichannel routing based categorization, the classification metric is JOINT and DISJOINT channel assignment and routing in multichannel WSNs. iii In security based categorization, the classification metric is threat prevention, intrusion detection or hybrid based. iv In fault-tolerant based categorization, the classification metric is retransmission and replication based. The authors in BIB012 BIB010 BIB007 BIB013 BIB019 have mainly classified routing protocols using typical multipath categorization. In [114] , the authors have discussed both multipath and single path multichannel routing in WSNs. The authors in BIB004 BIB005 BIB016 have classified multipath protocols using security based classification while fault-tolerant based categorization is employed in BIB003 . In BIB019 , the authors have discussed and compared the multipath routing approaches with QoS guarantee in real-time WMSNs. The authors in [114] have discussed multichannel-related issues in WSNs. The authors in BIB004 have outlined a threat model for performing secure multipath routing while in BIB005 , the authors have discussed multipath protocols by devising a security matrix. The security issues are outlined in BIB004 BIB005 whereas routing issues and challenges are discussed in BIB012 BIB007 BIB019 . In BIB016 , the authors discuss security issues/requirements and attacks in WSNs. Future research directions are outlined in BIB003 BIB004 BIB010 BIB019 114] . The characteristic and elements of multipath routing are put forth in BIB013 . The authors in BIB010 have theoretically explained some basic rules for designing multipath routing protocols in WSNs. Nevertheless it is lacking in a clear-cut and methodological framework like BIB008 which may be instrumental in formulating new state-of-the-art multichannel routing protocols in WSNs. Furthermore, it is noticeable from Table 8 that this organization accommodates 4 high count, 4 medium count and 2 low count surveys. In hybrid intelligence based categorization, the adaptability, steadfastness and strength of both already discussed swarm intelligence and adaptive intelligence based techniques (such as knowledge-base/experience based Reinforcement Learning (RL), human reasoning oriented Fuzzy logic (FL), genetic-selection/natural exclusion based Genetic Algorithm (GA), human neurons based Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), morphogenesis-based Reaction Diffusion (RD) and bacterial-signaling-based quorum sensing (QS)) are evaluated. iii In mixed based categorization, both biologically-inspired or non-biological routing techniques may be discussed and compared. iv In partial based categorization, those surveys are delineated which consider CI based routing as a subpart of their discussion regarding intelligence based WSNs. As far as the surveys with complete emphasis on routing are concerned, the authors in BIB008 BIB006 BIB017 BIB018 BIB020 have mainly discussed routing protocols belonging to swarm intelligence based categorization. In BIB002 BIB014 , the authors have mainly discussed various biologically inspired hybrid intelligence based routing techniques. The authors in BIB011 BIB015 have mainly discussed routing protocols belonging to mixed based categorization. In BIB018 , the authors have discussed the latest swarm-intelligence based routing approaches. The paper very briefly outlines some aspects of TCO whereas the functionality of SMO is also summarized in a concise manner. In BIB002 , the authors have discussed mathematical principles of biological calculations and general routing framework regarding WSNs. The authors in BIB008 BIB017 delineates various design challenges for routing in WSNs. Additionally, reference BIB008 outlines a general framework that may provide guidelines to design new swarm intelligence based routing protocols and also delineates a useful discussion that describes shortcomings in the already published research work. The design issues and challenges are discussed in BIB002 BIB006 BIB011 BIB018 . Future research directions are summarize in BIB008 BIB002 BIB011 BIB018 BIB020 . Furthermore, Table 9 manifests the presence of 3 high count surveys, 5 medium count surveys and only 1 low count survey. The surveys having partial emphasis on routing consist of BIB001 BIB009 . In BIB001 , the authors have mainly discussed various ant colony optimization based routing approaches in WSNs. The survey in BIB009 is more comprehensive and evaluates computational intelligence based energy aware routing and clustering in WSNs. The design issues and challenges are discussed in BIB009 . Future research directions are summarize in BIB009 . 