Empirical Surveys of Frontier Applications: A Meta-Review <s> Systematic search <s> The financial sector is one of the most, if not the most significant economic sector in modern societies. In advanced countries, it employs more people than major manufacturing industries combined and accounts for a high percentage of the Gross Domestic Product. But the financial services sector also plays a large indirect role in national economies. The financial sector mobilizes savings and allocates credit across space and time, and enables firms and households to cope with uncertainties by hedging, pooling, sharing and pricing risks. This ultimately improves the quantity and quality of real investments and increases income per capita and raises standards of living. Today financial institutions are experiencing unprecedented change in a competitive global environment. Economies of scale that lead to more integrated automation lead to further economies of scope. Technological innovation adds competitive pressures, and provides opportunities for new non-traditional providers. Consumers themselves may be the strongest force of change in the financial services industry since their needs are evolving quickly. Banking institutions are being transformed from financial intermediaries to retail service providers - they now formulate products for clients or intermediaries, sell and service a range of products to customers and also provide the support functions needed for the successful execution of its primary activities. The authors ask how they can measure performance of a financial institution in this changing landscape? Traditional productivity measures are difficult to compute and tell us less than they used to. The authors also seek to identify what drives performance and identify three dimensions of performance drivers to explore: strategy; execution of strategy; and the environment. To begin, the authors define performance to mean economic performance as measured by financial indicators. Quality of services and effective risk management help explain strong performance levels. Strategic decisions that affect an institution's success involve product mix, client mix, geographical location, and distribution channels. In terms of strategy execution, the authors cite x-efficiency, human resource management, use of technology, process design, and the successful alignment of all these components as important factors in successful firm performance. Creating the right technology environment also has a significant impact on performance. The remainder of this paper summarizes the fifteen chapters of a book edited by the authors on performance and its drivers. The book is divided into three section: General; Drivers of Performance; and Environmental Drivers of Performance. There are also two chapters at the end that discuss performance and risk management. The authors then briefly discuss possible future research directions, including the relationship between operational efficiency and quality of services, the balance between risk management and retail services in bank activities, and study of interorganizational issues. <s> BIB001 </s> Empirical Surveys of Frontier Applications: A Meta-Review <s> Systematic search <s> Abstract This paper extends the established literature on modelling the cost characteristics of banking markets by applying the flexible Fourier functional form and stochastic cost frontier methodologies to estimate scale economies, X-inefficiencies and technical change for a large sample of European banks between 1989 and 1997. The results reveal that scale economies are widespread for smallest banks and those in the ECU 1 billion to ECU 5 billion assets size range. Typically, scale economies are found to range between 5% and 7%, while X-inefficiency measures appear to be much larger, between 20% and 25%. X-inefficiencies also appear to vary to a greater extent across different markets, bank sizes and over time. This suggests that banks of all sizes can obtain greater cost savings through reducing managerial and other inefficiencies. This paper also shows that technical progress has had a similar influence across European banking markets between 1989 and 1997, reducing total costs by around 3% per annum. The impact of technical progress in reducing bank costs is also shown to systematically increase with bank size. Overall, these results indicate that Europe's largest banks benefit most from technical progress although they do not appear to have scale economy advantages over their smaller counterparts. <s> BIB002 </s> Empirical Surveys of Frontier Applications: A Meta-Review <s> Systematic search <s> Performance Management.- Performance Measurement.- Incentives: Monetary or Non-Monetary? Extrinsic or Intrinsic?- Innovation and Creativity: Fostering and Impeding Conditions.- Innovative Approaches to Research Evaluation.- What Research Organizations Can Learn From Knowledge-Intensive Business.- Applied Contributions, Country and Case Studies.- Incentives and Performance: What We Can Learn From a Fairy Tale. <s> BIB003 </s> Empirical Surveys of Frontier Applications: A Meta-Review <s> Systematic search <s> List of tables List of figures List of abbreviations Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Motivation, objectives and significant research questions 1.3 Contribution of the book 1.4 Structure of the book 2 Banking System in India: Developments, Structural Changes and Institutional Framework 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Developments in Indian banking sector 2.2.1 Initial formative phase: Prior to independence 2.2.2 Foundation phase: From 1947 to early 1960s 2.2.3 Expansion phase: From mid 1960s to late1980s 2.2.4 Reforms phase: early 1990s onwards 2.3 Structural changes and transformations in India banking sector 2.3.1 Increased availability of lendable resources 2.3.2 Movements towards market-driven interest rate system 2.3.3 Heightened competition 2.3.4 More exposure to off-balance sheet (OBS) activities 2.3.5 Improvement in asset quality 2.3.6 Penetration of information technology 2.3.7 Consolidation through mergers 2.4 Current structure of Indian banking sector 2.5 Conclusions 3 Measurement of Bank Efficiency: Analytical Methods 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Data envelopment analysis (DEA) 3.2.1 Non-allocation DEA models 3.2.1.1 The CCR model 3.2.1.1.1 CCR-I 3.2.1.1.2 CCR-O 3.2.1.2 The BCC model 3.2.1.2.1 BCC-I 3.2.1.2.2 BCC-O 3.2.1.3 Additive model 3.2.1.4 Multiplicative model 3.2.1.5 Non-radial slack-based measures (SBM) model 3.2.2 Extensions of basic non-allocation DEA models 3.2.2.1 Super-efficiency models 3.2.2.2 Cross-efficiency models 3.2.2.3 Non-discretionary input and output variables models 3.2.2.4 Assurance region models 3.2.3 Allocation DEA models 3.2.3.1 Cost efficiency DEA models 3.2.3.2 Revenue efficiency DEA models 3.2.3.3 Profit efficiency DEA models 3.3 Panel data DEA models 3.3.1 Window analysis 3.3.2 Malmquist productivity index (MPI) 3.3.2.1 A graphical conceptualization 3.3.2.1.1 Output-oriented framework 3.3.2.1.2 Input-oriented framework 3.3.2.2 DEA-based estimation of Malmquist productivity index 3.4 Strengths, limitations, basic requirements and outcomes of DEA 3.4.1 Strengths and limitations 3.4.2 Basic requirements 3.4.3 Outcomes 3.5 Free disposal hull (FDH) analysis 3.6 Stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) 3.6.1 Panel data framework 3.6.1.1 Time-invariant efficiency models 3.6.1.1.1 Fixed-effects model 3.6.1.1.2 Random-effects model 3.6.1.2 Time-variant efficiency models 3.6.2 Stochastic distance functions 3.6.3 Marrying DEA with SFA 3.7 Other parametric approaches 3.7.1 Distribution free approach (DFA) 3.7.2 Thick frontier analysis (TFA) 3.7.3 Recursive thick frontier analysis (RTFA) 3.8 Comparison of DEA and SFA 3.9 Conclusions 4 A Survey of Empirical Literature on Bank Efficiency 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Deregulation and bank efficiency 4.2.1 International experience 4.2.2 Indian experience 4.3 Bank ownership and efficiency 4.3.1 International experience 4.3.2 Indian experience 4.4 Cross-country efficiency comparisons 4.5 Mergers and acquisitions (M&As), and bank efficiency 4.6 Major issues in bank efficiency analyses 4.6.1 Selection of inputs and outputs 4.6.2 Choice of estimation methodology 4.7 Conclusions 5 Relevance of Non-traditional Activities on the Efficiency of Indian Banks 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Non-traditional activities in Indian banking industry 5.3 Non-traditional activities and efficiency of banks: some empirical evidences 5.4 Methodological framework 5.4.1 Cost efficiency and its components: concept and measurement approaches 5.4.2 DEA models 5.5 Data and measurement of input and output variables 5.6 Empirical results 5.6.1 Non-traditional activities and bank efficiency 5.6.2 Non-traditional activities and ranking of individual banks 5.6.3 Non-traditional activities and efficiency of ownership groups 5.6.4 Non-traditional activities and ranking of ownership groups 5.7 Conclusions 6 Financial Deregulation in the Indian Banking Industry: Has it improved cost efficiency? 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Deregulation and cost efficiency: Relevant literature review 6.3 Methodological framework 6.4 Data and measurement of input and output variables 6.5 Empirical results 6.5.1 Estimation strategy 6.5.2 Trends in cost (in)efficiency at industry level 6.5.3 Comparison of efficiency across distinct ownership groups 6.5.4 Comparison of efficiency in domestic and foreign banks 6.5.5 Bank size and efficiency 6.5.6 Returns-to-scale 6.5.7 Factors explaining inter-bank variations in efficiency measures 6.6 Conclusions 7 Sources of Productivity Gains in Indian Banking Industry: Is it Efficiency Improvement or Technological Progress? 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Relevant literature review 7.2.1 Deregulation and productivity change: International experience 7.2.2 Deregulation and productivity change: Indian experience 7.3 Methodological framework 7.4 Database, input-output variables and empirical setting for TFP measurement 7.5 Empirical results 7.5.1 Level of technical efficiency 7.5.2 TFP growth in Indian banking industry 7.5.3 TFP growth across distinct ownership groups 7.5.4 TFP growth in domestic and foreign banks 7.5.5 TFP growth across distinct size classes 7.5.6 Technological innovators 7.5.7 Factors affecting TFP growth 7.6 Conclusions 8 Major conclusions, policy implications and some areas for future research 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Major conclusions 8.3 Policy implications 8.4 Some areas for future research References Index <s> BIB004
All details about the queries run on the database are described in the paper (Table 2 ) and reported in Appendix ( Figure 1A ) Systematic presentation and synthesis The main outcomes of the meta-survey are reported in Tables 3 and 4 . A mapping and clustering illustration of the main keywords is reported in Figures 2-3 . The main research question addressed in this paper is to collect all existing published evidence about empirical surveys that have been realized on applications of frontier efficiency analysis with the objective of identifying what are the sectors and fields in which there are one or more surveys and what are the economic sectors and fields in which there are no surveys available. In this systematic review we include only reviews in international (English) peer-reviewed journals (published or forthcoming). However, we exclude books and methodological surveys. The exclusion of books is related to the fact that these do not provide keywords or abstracts that can be used in the following developments to analyze the semantic connections between the various empirical surveys by advanced clustering methods. Hence, books and book chapters are not included in Table 4 . Nevertheless, the number of books and book chapters is quite substantial in certain sectors and areas. We provide a selection by way of example: • Allen (1999) on ecological efficiency; • Johnes (2007) and BIB003 on education; • Pollitt (1995) on electricity; • Goddard et al. (2001), BIB001 ,  , BIB004 , BIB002 Obviously, having to ignore books and book chapters provides potentially a substantial lacunae in our analysis.