A Systematic Literature Review about the impact of Artificial Intelligence on Autonomous Vehicle Safety <s> 22% <s> PreCrash problem of Intelligent Control of autonomous vehicles robot is a very complex problem, especially vehicle pre-crash scenariws and at points of intersections in real-time environmenta. This Paper presents a novel architecture of Intelligent adaptive control for autonomous vehicle agent that depends on Artificial Intelligence Techniques that applies case-based reasoning techniques, where Parallel CBR Engines are implemented for different scenarios' of PreCrash problem and sub-problems of intersection safety and collision avoidance, in the higher level of the controller and A∗ path planner for path planning and at lower-levels it also uses some features of autonomous vehicle dynamics. Moreover, the planner is enhanced by combination of Case-Based Planner. All modules are presented and discussed. Experimental results are conducted in the framework of Webots autonomous vehicle tool and overall results are good for the CBR Engine for Adaptive control and also for the hybrid Case-Based Planner, A∗ and D∗ motion planner along with conclusion and future work. <s> BIB001 </s> A Systematic Literature Review about the impact of Artificial Intelligence on Autonomous Vehicle Safety <s> 22% <s> Detecting changing traffic conditions is of primal importance for the safety of autonomous cars navigating in urban environments. Among the traffic situations that require more attention and careful planning, road junctions are the most significant. This work presents an empirical study of the application of well known machine learning techniques to create a robust method for road junction detection. Features are extracted from 3D pointclouds corresponding to single frames of data collected by a laser rangefinder. Three well known classifiers-support vector machines, adaptive boosting and artificial neural networks-are used to classify them into “junctions” or “roads”. The best performing classifier is used in the next stage, where structured classifiers-hidden Markov models and conditional random fields-are used to incorporate contextual information, in an attempt to improve the performance of the method. We tested and compared these approaches on datasets from two different 3D laser scanners, and in two different countries, Germany and Brazil. <s> BIB002 </s> A Systematic Literature Review about the impact of Artificial Intelligence on Autonomous Vehicle Safety <s> 22% <s> Nowadays, many attentions have been devoted to autonomous vehicles because the automation of driving technology has a large number of benefits, such as the minimization of risks, the improvement of mobility and ease of drivers. Among many technologies for autonomous driving, road environmental recognition is one of the key issues. In this paper, we present the test results of various object detection algorithms using single monocular camera for autonomous vehicle in real driving conditions. The vision recognition system tested in this paper has three main recognition parts: pedestrian detection, traffic sign and traffic light recognition. We use Histogram of Gradients (HOG) features and detect the pedestrians by Support Vector Machine (SVM). Also features of traffic signs are extracted by Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and canny edge detection is used for traffic lights. These two signals are classified by Neural Network (NN). Algorithms that we tested are implemented in General-Purpose computing on Graphics Processing Units (GPGPU). We show the effectiveness of these methods in real-time applications for autonomous driving. <s> BIB003 </s> A Systematic Literature Review about the impact of Artificial Intelligence on Autonomous Vehicle Safety <s> 22% <s> This Automated driving is an emerging technology in which a car performs recognition, decision making, and control. Recognizing surrounding vehicles is a key technology in order to generate a trajectory of ego vehicle. This paper is focused on detecting a turn signal information as one of the driver's intention for surrounding vehicles. Such information helps to predict their behavior in advance especially about lane change and turn left-or-right on intersection. Using their intension, the automated vehicle is able to generate the safety trajectory before they begin to change their behavior. The proposed method recognizes the turn signal for target vehicle based on mono-camera. It detects lighting state using Convolutional Neural Network, and then calculates a flashing frequency using Fast Fourier Transform. <s> BIB004 </s> A Systematic Literature Review about the impact of Artificial Intelligence on Autonomous Vehicle Safety <s> 22% <s> Traffic safety is an important problem for autonomous vehicles. The development of Traffic Sign Recognition (TSR) dedicated to reducing the number of fatalities and the severity of road accidents is an important and an active research area. Recently, most TSR approaches of machine learning and image processing have achieved advanced performance in traditional natural scenes. However, there exists a limitation on the accuracy in road sign recognition and on time consuming. This paper proposes a real-time algorithm for shape classification of traffic signs and their recognition to provide a driver alert system. The proposed algorithm is mainly composed of two phases: shape classification and content classification. This algorithm takes as input a list of Bounding Boxes generated in a previous work, and will classify them. The traffic sign's shape is classified by an artificial neural network (ANN). Traffic signs are classified according to their shape characteristics, as triangular, squared and circular shapes. Combining color and shape information, traffic signs are classified into one of the following classes: danger, information, obligation or prohibition. The classified circular and triangular shapes are passed on to the second ANN in the third phase. These identify the pictogram of the road sign. The output of the second artificial neural network allows the full classification of the road sign. The algorithm proposed is evaluated on a dataset of road signs of a Tunisian database sign. <s> BIB005 </s> A Systematic Literature Review about the impact of Artificial Intelligence on Autonomous Vehicle Safety <s> 22% <s> Today, In the content of road vehicles, intelligent systems and autonomous vehicles, one of the important problem that should be solved is Road Terrain Classification that improves driving safety and comfort passengers. There are many studies in this area that improved the accuracy of classification. An improved classification method using color feature extraction is proposed in this paper. Color Feature of images is used to classify The Road Terrain Type and then a Neural Network (NN) is used to classify the Color Features extracted from images. Proposed idea is to identify road by processing digital images taken from the roads with a camera installed on a car. Asphalt, Grass, Dirt and Rocky are four types of terrain that identified in this study. <s> BIB006 </s> A Systematic Literature Review about the impact of Artificial Intelligence on Autonomous Vehicle Safety <s> 22% <s> Understanding intent and relevance of surrounding agents from video is an essential task for many applications in robotics and computer vision. The modeling and evaluation of contextual, spatio-temporal situation awareness is particularly important in the domain of intelligent vehicles, where a robot is required to smoothly navigate in a complex environment while also interacting with humans. In this paper, we address these issues by studying the task of on-road object importance ranking from video. First, human-centric object importance annotations are employed in order to analyze the relevance of a variety of multi-modal cues for the importance prediction task. A deep convolutional neural network model is used for capturing video-based contextual spatial and temporal cues of scene type, driving task, and object properties related to intent. Second, the proposed importance annotations are used for producing novel analysis of error types in image-based object detectors. Specifically, we demonstrate how cost-sensitive training, informed by the object importance annotations, results in improved detection performance on objects of higher importance. This insight is essential for an application where navigation mistakes are safety-critical, and the quality of automation and human-robot interaction is key. HighlightsWe study a notion of object relevance, as measured in a spatio-temporal context of driving a vehicle.Various spatio-temporal object and scene cues are analyzed for the task of object importance classification.Human-centric metrics are employed for evaluating object detection and studying data bias.Importance-guided training of object detectors is proposed, showing significant improvement over an importance-agnostic baseline. <s> BIB007 </s> A Systematic Literature Review about the impact of Artificial Intelligence on Autonomous Vehicle Safety <s> 22% <s> The sole idea of the autonomous driving is to reduce the number of accidents which will be caused by human errors. There will be a phase where autonomous vehicles will have to take part with the human driven vehicles. In this phase autonomous vehicle and vehicle drivers must be careful in driving maneuvers, since it is impossible to just have autonomous vehicles on the road while the transition to fully autonomous driving takes place. To make the system more reliable and robust, authors feel that it must be substantially improved and to achieve this 3 methodologies have been proposed. The use cases are derived from the camera placed in the suitable positions of every vehicle. This creates several use cases with different driving behaviors, which truly reflects the conditions which the autonomous car needs to undergo in series. Authors propose several architectures to address the safety related issues. Since, the number of use cases are so random that it becomes practically impossible to manage data, so we propose to have a secured cloud storage. The cloud provides a secure and reliable data management system to the machine learning algorithm computation. The data management till now is effectively done via trained unique use cases. This make a big data which is encapsulation of different unique use cases under different driving conditions. So we conclude that the usage of ML and cloud based data management is the way forward for handling autonomous vehicle reliably. This may not be the complete solution, but nevertheless we are one step closer towards 2025. This concept can be implemented only in co-operation of the OEMs and Public authorities. <s> BIB008
Vehicle Cyber Attack; Turn Signal Recognition; Pre-crash issues of Intelligent Control of autonomous vehicles robot; Real-time Road Sign Classification; Road Terrain detection; Spatio-temporal situation awareness; Pedestrian detection and movement direction recognition; Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction; Road junction detection; Early faults or malfunction detection; Prediction of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) remaining useful life (RUL) for the prognosis of ADAS safety critical components; Road environmental recognition and various objects detection in real driving conditions; Human and Machine Driver Co-existence; BIB001 , BIB004 , BIB005 , BIB006 , BIB007 , [26] ,  , BIB002 ,  ,  , BIB003 , BIB008 Support Vector Machine (SVM)