A Survey on Home Energy Management <s> VI. SECURITY <s> Increasing complexity of power grids, growing demand, and requirement for greater reliability, security and efficiency as well as environmental and energy sustainability concerns continue to highlight the need for a quantum leap in harnessing communication and information technologies. This leap toward a ?smarter? grid is widely referred to as ?smart grid.? A framework for cohesive integration of these technologies facilitates convergence of acutely needed standards, and implementation of necessary analytical capabilities. This paper critically reviews the reliability impacts of major smart grid resources such as renewables, demand response, and storage. We observe that an ideal mix of these resources leads to a flatter net demand that eventually accentuates reliability challenges further. A gridwide IT architectural framework is presented to meet these challenges while facilitating modern cybersecurity measures. This architecture supports a multitude of geographically and temporally coordinated hierarchical monitoring and control actions over time scales from milliseconds and up. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on Home Energy Management <s> VI. SECURITY <s> The smart grid is arguably one of the most complex cyber-physical systems (CPS). Complex security challenges have been revealed in both the physical and the cyber parts of the smart grid, and an integrative analysis on the cyber-physical (CP) security is emerging. This paper provides a comprehensive and systematic review of the critical attack threats and defence strategies in the smart grid. We start this survey with an overview of the smart grid security from the CP perspective, and then focuses on prominent CP attack schemes with significant impact on the smart grid operation and corresponding defense solutions. With an in-depth review of the attacks and defences, we then discuss the opportunities and challenges along the smart grid CP security. We hope this paper raises awareness of the CP attack threats and defence strategies in complex CPS-based infrastructures such as the smart grid and inspires research effort toward the development of secure and resilient CP infrastructures. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey on Home Energy Management <s> VI. SECURITY <s> The Smart Home concept integrates smart applications in the daily human life. In recent years, Smart Homes have increased security and management challenges due to the low capacity of small sensors, multiple connectivity to the Internet for efficient applications (use of big data and cloud computing), and heterogeneity of home systems, which require inexpert users to configure devices and micro-systems. This article presents current security and management approaches in Smart Homes and shows the good practices imposed on the market for developing secure systems in houses. At last, we propose future solutions for efficiently and securely managing the Smart Homes. <s> BIB003 </s> A Survey on Home Energy Management <s> VI. SECURITY <s> Smart grid (SG) networks are newly upgraded networks of connected objects that greatly improve reliability, efficiency, and sustainability of the traditional energy infrastructure. In this respect, the smart metering infrastructure (SMI) plays an important role in controlling, monitoring, and managing multiple domains in the SG. Despite the salient features of SMI, security, and privacy issues have been under debate because of the large number of heterogeneous devices that are anticipated to be coordinated through public communication networks. This survey paper shows a brief overview of real cyber attack incidents in traditional energy networks and those targeting the smart metering network. Specifically, we present a threat taxonomy considering: 1) threats in system-level security; 2) threats and/or theft of services; and 3) threats to privacy. Based on the presented threats, we derive a set of security and privacy requirements for SG metering networks. Furthermore, we discuss various schemes that have been proposed to address these threats, considering the pros and cons of each. Finally, we investigate the open research issues to shed new light on future research directions in SG metering networks. <s> BIB004
Grid infrastructures are inevitably exposed to threats, such as related to information privacy or equipment and transmission failures, just to name out a few, which may threaten the stability of power generation and supply, with possible severe socio-economic impact. As such, improving the resilience of grid infrastructures has attracted considerable interest from academia, governments and industries  . Security challenges emerge at both physical and cyber spaces of HEMSs and smart grids BIB002 . At the physical level, power system security measures focus on the coordination of distributed power generation and energy storage, in order to ensure a stable power supply, particularly in addressing time-variance and uncertainties associated with renewable energy resources BIB001 . At the cyber level, the main challenges concerns the lack of embedded security features in most field devices, which can be exploited by attackers to gain unauthorised access to the overall system, or launching remote coordinated attacks BIB002 . The identified critical vulnerabilities of HEMSs and smart grids fostered the development of counter-measures to these attack vectors. In the following, prominent HEMSs and smart grid attack vectors and counter-measures are discussed. The reader is referred to  , BIB002 , BIB003 , BIB004 and references therein for a thorough discussion on this subject.