A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Advancements in Molecular Communication <s> III. MICROSCALE MOLECULAR COMMUNICATION <s> We have constructed a fully functional, fully integrated radio receiver from a single carbon nanotube. The nanotube serves simultaneously as all essential components of a radio: antenna, tunable band-pass filter, amplifier, and demodulator. A direct current voltage source, as supplied by a battery, powers the radio. Using carrier waves in the commercially relevant 40-400 MHz range and both frequency and amplitude modulation techniques, we demonstrate successful music and voice reception. <s> BIB001 </s> A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Advancements in Molecular Communication <s> III. MICROSCALE MOLECULAR COMMUNICATION <s> Nanotechnologies promise new solutions for several applications in biomedical, industrial and military fields. At nano-scale, a nano-machine can be considered as the most basic functional unit. Nano-machines are tiny components consisting of an arranged set of molecules, which are able to perform very simple tasks. Nanonetworks. i.e., the interconnection of nano-machines are expected to expand the capabilities of single nano-machines by allowing them to cooperate and share information. Traditional communication technologies are not suitable for nanonetworks mainly due to the size and power consumption of transceivers, receivers and other components. The use of molecules, instead of electromagnetic or acoustic waves, to encode and transmit the information represents a new communication paradigm that demands novel solutions such as molecular transceivers, channel models or protocols for nanonetworks. In this paper, first the state-of-the-art in nano-machines, including architectural aspects, expected features of future nano-machines, and current developments are presented for a better understanding of nanonetwork scenarios. Moreover, nanonetworks features and components are explained and compared with traditional communication networks. Also some interesting and important applications for nanonetworks are highlighted to motivate the communication needs between the nano-machines. Furthermore, nanonetworks for short-range communication based on calcium signaling and molecular motors as well as for long-range communication based on pheromones are explained in detail. Finally, open research challenges, such as the development of network components, molecular communication theory, and the development of new architectures and protocols, are presented which need to be solved in order to pave the way for the development and deployment of nanonetworks within the next couple of decades. <s> BIB002
On December 29, 1959 , physicist Richard Feynman gave a lecture at American Physical Society meeting in Caltech titled "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom"  . The goal of the talk was to inspire scientists find a solution to "the problem of manipulating and controlling things on a small scale". To motivate his vision of a never ending limits of miniaturization he asked "Why cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopaedia Brittanica on the head of a pin?" Over the past couple of decades there have been considerable advancements in the fields of nanotechnology, biotechnology, and microrobotics, where design and engineering of micro-or nano-scale devices, performing simple and specific tasks, is beginning to take shape. In order to achieve complex goals cooperation of these devices is essential, therefore a micro-or nano-scale networks BIB002 ,  (typically called nanonetworks) of multiple micro-or nano-devices must be formed. This leads to a need for miniaturization of current communication systems, and poses a question similar to the one Feynman asked half a century ago: how much can we shrink a communication system? The current technology, which is used everyday by billions of people worldwide in devices such as cellphones, computers, televisions, radios etc., relies entirely on electronic or electromagnetic signals. However, shrinking the current technology to very small dimensions is not a simple task (e.g., shrinking the size of a transceiver antenna to nano-scales). Currently, two prominent modes of communication are considered at small scales: electronic or electromagnetic communication with the help of novel materials such as carbon nanotubes BIB001 , or molecular communication  . One advantage of miniaturizing the traditional electronic or electromagnetic communication is the availability of a rich theory that communication engineers have developed over the past century. However, there are still numerous obstacles to overcome before a fully functional communication system can be realized using novel materials such as carbon nanotubes or graphene. For molecular commutation, a comprehensive theoretical framework is not known to communication engineers, however, fully functional molecular communication systems have already been selected by evolutionary processes, and used by living organisms over billions of years. Molecular communication has two main advantages over the electromagnetic communication for nanonetworks. First, it is biocompatible, which means that it could be used for medical applications with ease. Second, it is very energy efficient and has a very low heat dispersion. This makes molecular communication a more suitable solution for nanonetworks. Over the next subsections we describe the different physical, chemical and biological processes that underlie molecular communication systems. Since one of the main differences is between molecular communication and radio based communication is the carrier signal, we start by presenting information particles and their propagation.