Female Under-Representation in Computing Education and Industry - A Survey of Issues and Interventions <s> IV. INTERVENTION STRATEGIES AND INITIATIVES <s> The proportions of Computer Science (CS) graduates who are women has been declining in the last fifteen years. At a time when the demand for computer programmers and systems analysts has been increasing, why are women becoming a smaller proportion of those enrolling in CS programs? This article presents a categorization by educational stages of the research into this topic, and an evaluation of the generalizability of findings to broader contexts. The categorization shows that the most extensive research on women in computing is done at the post-secondary stage, and uses students as non-randomly selected subjects. These studies are non-comprehensive, but where similar results are found in a number of studies, the findings are supported. The emphasis in research focuses on structural factors at the elementary stage, but by the post-secondary stage the emphasis is more likely to be on social psychological factors. <s> BIB001 </s> Female Under-Representation in Computing Education and Industry - A Survey of Issues and Interventions <s> IV. INTERVENTION STRATEGIES AND INITIATIVES <s> Pair-programming has been found to be very beneficial in educational settings. Students who pair in their introductory programming course are more confident, have greater course completion and pass rates, and are more likely to persist in computer-related majors. Although pairing helps all students, we believe that it is particularly beneficial for women because it addresses several significant factors that limit women's participation in computer science. We provide reasons for our belief that pair-programming helps women persist in these majors. We also repeat, with special emphasis on the impact on women, some details published elsewhere regarding our experiments on pair-programming with college and university students. Additionally, we provide new data that supports our original findings. <s> BIB002 </s> Female Under-Representation in Computing Education and Industry - A Survey of Issues and Interventions <s> IV. INTERVENTION STRATEGIES AND INITIATIVES <s> An important problem faced by many Computer Science and Software Engineering programs is declining enrollment. In an effort to reverse that trend at Mississippi State University, we have instituted pair programming for the laboratory exercises in the introductory programming course. This paper describes a study performed to analyze whether using pair programming would increase retention. An important goal of this study was not only to measure increased retention, but to provide insight into why retention increased or decreased. The results of the study showed that retention significantly increased for those students already majoring in Computer Science, Software Engineering, or Computer Engineering. In addition, survey results indicated that the students viewed many aspects of pair programming to be very beneficial to their learning experience. <s> BIB003
A number of strategies and interventions have been explored to address the issue of female under-representation in computing education and industry. The solution(s) applied in any given instance depend on the nature of the problem identified  . The key intervention strategies that have been implemented will be further reviewed. www.ijacsa.thesai.org A. Gender grouping, collaborative working, role models and mentoring A study carried out by BIB001 indicates that: gender grouping, role models/mentors, school curriculum and organization policies are important socio-cultural determinants for motivating females into computing. In a review of the importance of mentoring in higher education  stated that -it helps address the feelings of isolation and marginalization‖. Inkpen, Booth, Klawe and Upitis  showed that gender grouping improved performance and attitudes in the computing education environment more significantly in females than males. Other studies BIB003 and BIB002 have indicated that the implementation of pairprogramming is beneficial for all computer science students, especially female students at post-secondary levels. Werner, Hanks and McDowell BIB002 further demonstrated that it particularly improves the confidence of females and consequently reduces attrition levels.