A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Advancements in Molecular Communication <s> 4) Kinesin Moving Over Microtubule Tracks: <s> We aimed to create autonomous on-chip systems that perform targeted translocations of nano- or microscale particles in parallel using machinery that mimics biological systems. By exploiting biomolecular-motor-based motility and DNA hybridization, we demonstrate that single-stranded DNA-labeled microtubules gliding on kinesin-coated surfaces acted as cargo translocators and that single-stranded DNA-labeled cargoes were loaded/unloaded onto/from gliding microtubules at micropatterned loading/unloading sites specified by DNA base sequences. Our results will help to create autonomous molecular sorters and sensors. <s> BIB001 </s> A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Advancements in Molecular Communication <s> 4) Kinesin Moving Over Microtubule Tracks: <s> We aimed to create an autonomous on-chip system that performs targeted delivery of lipid vesicles (liposomes) as nano- or microscale reactors using machinery from biological systems. Reactor-liposomes would be ideal model cargoes to realize biomolecular-motor-based biochemical analysis chips; however, there are no existing systems that enable targeted delivery of cargo-liposomes in an autonomous manner. By exploiting biomolecular-motor-based motility and DNA hybridization, we demonstrate that single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-labeled microtubules (MTs), gliding on kinesin-coated surfaces, acted as cargo transporters and that ssDNA-labeled cargo-liposomes were loaded/unloaded onto/from gliding MTs without bursting at loading reservoirs/micropatterned unloading sites specified by DNA base sequences. Our results contribute to the development of an alternative strategy to pressure-driven or electrokinetic flow-based microfluidic devices. <s> BIB002 </s> A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Advancements in Molecular Communication <s> 4) Kinesin Moving Over Microtubule Tracks: <s> Abstract In this paper, we investigated approaches to form a self-organizing microtubule network. Microtubules are protein filaments naturally occurring in the aqueous environment of cells. A microtubule network connects multiple nano- or micro-scale objects (i.e., nanomachines). In the paper, we propose two approaches to form an in vitro microtubule network in a self-organizing manner. The first approach utilizes polymerization and depolymerization of microtubules. The second approach utilizes molecular motors to reorganize a microtubule network. In addition, we conducted preliminary in vitro experiments to investigate the feasibility of the proposed approaches. In the preliminary experiments, we observed that a few sender and receiver nanomachines were interconnected with the first approach, and that distinct topologies of microtubules were reorganized with the second approach. <s> BIB003
It is also possible to transport the information particles actively from the transmitter to the receiver using motor proteins. One way to achieve this is using microtubules and kinesin motor proteins BIB002 , BIB003 , BIB001 . Microtubules are hollow tubelike structures, 24 nm in diameter, whose walls are formed by adjacent protofilaments. They are made up of dimeric subunits composed of αand β-tubulin that polymerize in to microtubules. In biology, microtubules are a component of the cytoskeleton, found throughout the cytoplasm. They are involved in maintaining structure of the cell, providing platforms for intracellular transport, and number of other intracellular processes. One of the examples of the molecular motor proteins is the Kinesin that literally walks over microtubule tracks. Kinesin contains a head domain, a necks domain, a stuck, and a tail as shown in Figure 5 . The head domain binds to the microtubule, the neck domain provides the needed flexibility for the act of walking, the stuck connects the neck to the tail, and the tail domain attaches to a cargo. Hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the head domain causes the head domain to walk along the microtubule track in one direction by repeating cycles of conformational changes. ATP hydrolysis detaches the phosphate from an ATP to produce adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which releases energy. This energy is then used by the motor protein to change its conformation and take a single step. During each step one head is detached and moves forward, while the other head stays stationary. Through repeating this cycle, kinesin moves in one direction. In biology, kinesin can carry different cargoes over microtubule tracks from one location in the cell to another location. Therefore, kinesin acts as a locomotive in cells. Inspired by this, it is possible to engineer a microtubule track between a transmitter and a receiver, where kinesin motor proteins would carry information particles from the transmitter to the receiver. For example in BIB003 , it was shown that it is possible to create microtubule tracks in vitro in a self-organizing manner, using polymerization and depolymerization. It was also shown that a second approach based on reorganization of microtubules using motor proteins can also be used to create tracks that connect a transmitter to a receiver.