Survey on Security Issues in Cognitive Radio Network <s> V. LITERATURE REVIEW <s> Cognitive radios shall form cognitive radio network (CRN) to complete the packets delivery. As cognitive radio network is a general multihop wireless heterogeneous network, trust becomes a critical factor for network layer functions and network operation. We explore and develop the mathematical framework of trust in CRN, to further develop trusted routing with relevant explorations on network layer and above functions. <s> BIB001 </s> Survey on Security Issues in Cognitive Radio Network <s> V. LITERATURE REVIEW <s> Cognitive radio based IEEE 802.22 deploys the concept of maximum resource utilization through dynamic resource sharing. Inter base station resource sharing is dynamic process in IEEE 802.22 and is accomplished by exchange of control messages between the neighboring base stations. Insecure transmission of control channels open vulnerable holes for the denial of service attacks on base station. First the paper identifies the rogue base station and replay attacks during the resource sharing between the base stations that can snatch the resources from the renter base station. Then paper presents a hybrid approach of timestamp, nonce and digital signature to authenticate the sender and avoid the attacks. <s> BIB002 </s> Survey on Security Issues in Cognitive Radio Network <s> V. LITERATURE REVIEW <s> Recent developments of wireless communication lead to the problem of growing spectrum shortage. Cognitive radio, as a novel technology, tends to solve this problem by dynamically utilizing the spectrum. Security in cognitive radio network becomes a challenging issue, since more chances are given to attackers by cognitive radio technology compared to general wireless network. These weaknesses are introduced by the nature of cognitive radio, and they may cause serious impact to the network quality of service. However, at present there are no specific secure protocols for cognitive radio networks. Motivated by this, the current state of art in security of cognitive radio network is reviewed in this paper. We focus on analyzing the security system at the macroscopic level, where both protection and detection are significant parts for ensuring security of the whole network. Special characteristics of cognitive radio network in different protocol layers are also investigated, such as physical layer, link layer, network layer, transport layer and application layer. <s> BIB003
[1] Discuss the idea of cognitive radio network by J. Mitola from software define radio (SDR) which is originally considered to improve the spectrum utilization. CR is an intelligent communication system which is aware of the environment. CR completes two major objectives which are extremely trustworthy communication when and wherever needed and effective operation of the radio spectrum. Paper discuss major three type of network architecture in CR. 1-Infrastructure, 2-Add-hoc and 3-Mesh architectures. The author use pictorial diagram which helps the reader to easily understand the topics the paper describes. Paper used vast referencing in his paper. This paper cannot complete the whole architecture of cognitive radio network. More work related to CRN is pending. In BIB001 author of the paper said that network layer can use to integrate MAC's and PHY layer for better service. And it discusses the mathematical framework for routing trust in CRN. Network layer structure can provide better service in MAC and PHYs and it integrate transport and application layer. Paper discusses the location management handoff management, security attacks and misbehavior and security services. Papers discuss the security service which is provided in CRN. For all those services of security deliver the security enable environment as compare to malicious threats and troublesomeness. In this paper author used best and updated referencing. Paper used mathematical preposition in trust CRN. Author cannot simulate to his mathematical propositions. The security threats in CR/CRN as discussed in  . The attacks are artificial intelligence behavior threats and dynamic spectrum access threats. Author Use the best referencing in his short paper. Paper is categorized and arrange in the appropriate manner. Author cannot propose any model to prove his point of view. The countermeasure of the attacks cannot discus. The author of the paper  defends Incumbent emulation attack and SSDF attack. Two technique are used one is DRT which is distance Ratio Test while the second is DDT which is Distance Different Test to eliminate the IE attacks. Author use two levels in the first all native spectrums deducting result should be validated by the data receiver. Whereas second layer of protection is placement of data synthesis schemes which are strongly against attack of SSDF. The author use simulation result to prove his result and to prove his simulation the author use diagrams. No mathematical formula is used to prove his simulation. Paper BIB002 discuss the potential attacks these attack are rouge base station attack and replay attacks to eliminate these attacks author proposed three solutions . These solutions are Time Stamp, Nonce, and Digital Signature. Most of the issues are discussed in detail along with appropriate proposed solution. The major weakness which was figured out is its limited vision in context of defining solution analyzing criteria. Paper  author describe the access point(AP) attack and misbehavior and to encounter these attack and misbehavior he proposed Locdef technique verifies that given signal is incumbent transmitter which estimates its location and signal individuality. So trust relationship is proposed to avoid unauthorized nodes attack to CR. Paper is categorized in good referencing. Paper discusses misbehavior and attacks in detail tabular format which is easy to understand. Paper cannot fulfill the countermeasure of the Access Point misbehaving and Access Point attacks. To eliminate the DOS attack flow control can be introduced  at MAC layer to validate the genuine nodes of the network during the channel compromise phase. In this phase no major authority or reliable outsider party is involved. The paper proposed a result to identify malicious node. Updated referencing is used in this paper. No Verification with its examination is discussed in this paper. No simulation work is done .The author point of view is very rare. Paper  Author of the paper BIB003 discuss two approaches which is protection based layer considering different protocol layers and 2nd is detection based layer considering different protocol layers. Paper discusses protection and detection on different layer on more detail. Pictorial diagram can be used. No main security threats are discuss in this paper Countermeasures are not full filling the whole security parameters. In  author describe the threats to CR and dynamic spectrum access threats and proposed Three Mitigation technique robust Sensory, Mitigation in Individual Radios and Mitigation in Network. The paper provides well background knowledge about the CR architecture and pictorial representation to clarify the security issues. Security threats and solutions are well defined, respectively. We did not found any significant weakness in the paper except the proven theory may be more validated by simulation in NS-2 or MatLab. Paper  paper discuss 7 remedies against the failures they are negotiated supportive CR, CCC attacks, occupancy failures by spectrum, policy, location, sensor and by transmitter as well as receiver. Paper discuss the main security threats and as well their countermeasure. Different security can be followed against the attack. Author cannot prove his countermeasure with any model through simulation. No pictorial diagram is used in this paper.