A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Classical Routing Surveys <s> This paper describes the concept of sensor networks which has been made viable by the convergence of micro-electro-mechanical systems technology, wireless communications and digital electronics. First, the sensing tasks and the potential sensor networks applications are explored, and a review of factors influencing the design of sensor networks is provided. Then, the communication architecture for sensor networks is outlined, and the algorithms and protocols developed for each layer in the literature are explored. Open research issues for the realization of sensor networks are also discussed. <s> BIB001 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Classical Routing Surveys <s> Wireless sensor networks consist of small nodes with sensing, computation, and wireless communications capabilities. Many routing, power management, and data dissemination protocols have been specifically designed for WSNs where energy awareness is an essential design issue. Routing protocols in WSNs might differ depending on the application and network architecture. In this article we present a survey of state-of-the-art routing techniques in WSNs. We first outline the design challenges for routing protocols in WSNs followed by a comprehensive survey of routing techniques. Overall, the routing techniques are classified into three categories based on the underlying network structure: flit, hierarchical, and location-based routing. Furthermore, these protocols can be classified into multipath-based, query-based, negotiation-based, QoS-based, and coherent-based depending on the protocol operation. We study the design trade-offs between energy and communication overhead savings in every routing paradigm. We also highlight the advantages and performance issues of each routing technique. The article concludes with possible future research areas. <s> BIB002 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Classical Routing Surveys <s> Wireless sensor networks consist of sensor nodes with sensing and com- munication capabilities. We focus on data-aggregation problems in energy- constrained sensor networks. The main goal of data-aggregation algorithms is to gather and aggregate data in an energy efficient manner so that net- work lifetime is enhanced. In this article we present a survey of data-aggre- gation algorithms in wireless sensor networks. We compare and contrast different algorithms on the basis of performance measures such as lifetime, latency, and data accuracy. We conclude with possible future research directions. <s> BIB003 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Classical Routing Surveys <s> The availability of low-cost hardware such as CMOS cameras and microphones has fostered the development of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs), i.e., networks of wirelessly interconnected devices that are able to ubiquitously retrieve multimedia content such as video and audio streams, still images, and scalar sensor data from the environment. In this paper, the state of the art in algorithms, protocols, and hardware for wireless multimedia sensor networks is surveyed, and open research issues are discussed in detail. Architectures for WMSNs are explored, along with their advantages and drawbacks. Currently off-the-shelf hardware as well as available research prototypes for WMSNs are listed and classified. Existing solutions and open research issues at the application, transport, network, link, and physical layers of the communication protocol stack are investigated, along with possible cross-layer synergies and optimizations. <s> BIB004 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Classical Routing Surveys <s> Different from traditional networks, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are highly dependent on specific applications and are severely constrained by energy, storage capacity and computing power. To prolong the lifetime of the whole networks, energy awareness is an essential consideration when we design or analyze routing protocols. In this paper, we present a review of recent routing protocols in WSNs and classify them into three categories based on the network structure in WSNs. Then we describe the existing routing protocols and discuss their advantages and disadvantages of each routing algorithm. Finally we conclude this paper with open research issues and challenges. <s> BIB005 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Classical Routing Surveys <s> A wireless sensor network (WSN) has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking. This has been enabled by the availability, particularly in recent years, of sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and intelligent. These sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. The design of a WSN depends significantly on the application, and it must consider factors such as the environment, the application's design objectives, cost, hardware, and system constraints. The goal of our survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of [I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002]. Following a top-down approach, we give an overview of several new applications and then review the literature on various aspects of WSNs. We classify the problems into three different categories: (1) internal platform and underlying operating system, (2) communication protocol stack, and (3) network services, provisioning, and deployment. We review the major development in these three categories and outline new challenges. <s> BIB006 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Classical Routing Surveys <s> The applications of wireless sensor networks comprise a wide variety of scenarios. In most of them, the network is composed of a significant number of nodes deployed in an extensive area in which not all nodes are directly connected. Then, the data exchange is supported by multihop communications. Routing protocols are in charge of discovering and maintaining the routes in the network. However, the appropriateness of a particular routing protocol mainly depends on the capabilities of the nodes and on the application requirements. This paper presents a review of the main routing protocols proposed for wireless sensor networks. Additionally, the paper includes the efforts carried out by Spanish universities on developing optimization techniques in the area of routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. <s> BIB007 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Classical Routing Surveys <s> Radio frequency identification (RFID) and Wireless Sensor Network are the two key elements of Pervasive computing. Basically RFID and sensor technologies are considered as interrelated technologies. RFID has been used in various areas including Transportation and logistic, Manufacturing and processing, Inventory and retail etc however, it lack intelligence, that is its ability to process information and respond to real world events. People are using large scale WSN to monitor real-time environment status. However WSN using IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless personal area network protocol (WPAN) or Bluetooth is complicate and costly.RFID technology, if combined with other sensors, may enable a range of other applications that can exponentially increase visibility and monitoring. Combining RFID, a general sensor can be upgraded to intelligent wireless sensor (Smart node). It will also be used for wirelessly transmitting data about its position and data from a sensor or group of sensor to a Central Control Unit (CCU)/Smart station. RFID based sensor (Smart Node) can combine sensing, computation, communication into a single small device (FPGA/DSP). Also using RFID to implement wireless communication is relatively simple and cheap too. In my present research I am implementing a new generation of Smart/Active RFID Node, with built-in sensing capabilities, capable of monitoring the environment and is also position aware and in this paper I am explaining its hardware platform.Sensor networking capabilities are urgently required for some of our most important scientific and societal problems in understanding the international carbon budget, monitoring water resources, and safeguarding public health. This is a daunting research challenge requiring distributed sensor systems operate in complex environments while providing assurance of reliable and accurate sensing. <s> BIB008 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Classical Routing Surveys <s> Recent developments in the area of micro-sensor devices have accelerated advances in the sensor networks field leading to many new protocols specifically designed for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Wireless sensor networks with hundreds to thousands of sensor nodes can gather information from an unattended location and transmit the gathered data to a particular user, depending on the application. These sensor nodes have some constraints due to their limited energy, storage capacity and computing power. Data are routed from one node to other using different routing protocols. There are a number of routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. In this review article, we discuss the architecture of wireless sensor networks. Further, we categorize the routing protocols according to some key factors and summarize their mode of operation. Finally, we provide a comparative study on these various protocols. <s> BIB009 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Classical Routing Surveys <s> Advances in wireless sensor network (WSN) technology has provided the availability of small and low-cost sensor nodes with capability of sensing various types of physical and environmental conditions, data processing, and wireless communication. Variety of sensing capabilities results in profusion of application areas. However, the characteristics of wireless sensor networks require more effective methods for data forwarding and processing. In WSN, the sensor nodes have a limited transmission range, and their processing and storage capabilities as well as their energy resources are also limited. Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks are responsible for maintaining the routes in the network and have to ensure reliable multi-hop communication under these conditions. In this paper, we give a survey of routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Network and compare their strengths and limitations. <s> BIB010 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Classical Routing Surveys <s> Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of small nodes with sensing, computation and wireless communications capabilities. These sensor networks interconnect a several other nodes when established in large and this opens up several technical challenges and immense application possibilities. These wireless sensor networks communicate using multi-hop wireless communications, regular ad hoc routing techniques cannot be directly applied to sensor networks domain due to the limited processing power and the finite power available to each sensor nodes hence recent advances in wireless sensor networks have developed many protocols depending on the application and network architecture and are specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awareness is an essential consideration. This paper surveys recent routing protocols for sensor networks and compares the routing protocols that are presently of increasing importance. Here three main categories of protocols, flat based, hierarchical and location based protocols are distinguished based on the way the next hop is selected on the route of a message and briefly describes the operation of a representative member from each group. Each routing protocol is described and discussed under the appropriate category. We also highlight the advantages and performance issues of each routing technique. The paper concludes with possible future research areas. <s> BIB011 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Classical Routing Surveys <s> Abstract Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of large number of sensor nodes with sensing, communication and computation capabilities. Sensor nodes have limited energy supply, bandwidth and computational capacity. Routing in sensor network differ based on the network architecture and the application in order to achieve high energy efficiency and better lifetime. In this paper, we have given the design issues of sensor network and also we classified the routing techniques into three main categories, flat, hierarchical and location based. We have described each routing techniques in appropriate category and presented a comparison of these routing techniques. <s> BIB012 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Classical Routing Surveys <s> Multimedia applications have become an essential part of our daily lives, and their use is flourishing day by day. The area of wireless sensor network is not an exception where the multimedia sensors are attracting the attention of the researchers increasingly, and it has shifted the focus from traditional scalar sensors to sensors equipped with multimedia devices. The multimedia sensors have the ability to capture video, image, audio, and scalar sensor data and deliver the multimedia content through sensors network. Due to the resource constraints nature of WSN introducing multimedia will add more challenges, so the protocols designed for multimedia wireless sensor network should be aware of the resource constraints nature of WSN and multimedia transmission requirement. This paper discusses the design challenges of routing protocols proposed for WMSN. A survey and comprehensive discussion are given for proposed protocols of WMSN followed by their limitations and features. <s> BIB013
The classical routing surveys consider those routing protocols which are general in nature and do not concentrate on any specific routing domain of WSNs. Such surveys generally perform three types of routing categorizations in WSNs as described below: In network structure based categorization, the classification metric is data centric, flat, hierarchical or location-aware. ii In network operation based categorization, the classification metric is network-flow-based, communication-model-based, QoS-aware and multipath-based. iii In partial based categorization, such classical surveys are included which although are not entirely focused on routing, however they discuss routing in a limited extent e.g., they may discuss WSNs protocols at each layer of communication protocol stack including network layer. As far as the surveys with complete emphasis on routing are concerned, the authors in BIB002   BIB003  BIB007 BIB009 BIB010  BIB013 have mainly classified routing protocols into both structural and operational based protocols while BIB005  BIB011 BIB012 have classified them mainly using structural based categorization. The authors in   BIB007  BIB009 BIB010 BIB011 BIB012 BIB013 have outlined design issues that should be considered while devising new protocols for WSNs. In    , the authors have discussed various application areas of WSNs. Performance trade-offs and security challenges of data-aggregation routing protocols are outlined in BIB003 . The design challenges and future research directions are discussed in BIB002   BIB003 BIB005 BIB010  BIB011 . Additionally, it is evident from the Table 5 that only 1 routing survey is of high count, 9 routing surveys are of medium count and remaining 5 surveys are of low count. The surveys having partial emphasis on routing include BIB001 BIB006 , and BIB004 BIB008 which discuss WSNs, and WMSNs related protocols respectively. The surveys in BIB001 BIB004 BIB008 discuss various techniques at each layer of communication protocol stack including the network layer whereas BIB006 elaborates network and cross layer routing protocols in WSNs. The authors in BIB001 BIB006 , and BIB004 BIB008 have outlined design issues that should be considered while devising new protocols for WSNs, and WMSNs respectively. In BIB001 BIB004 BIB008 BIB006 , the authors have discussed various application areas of WSNs, and WMSNs respectively. The design challenges and future research directions are discussed in BIB001 BIB004 BIB008 BIB006 . 