A Survey on Industrial Internet of Things: A Cyber-Physical Systems Perspective <s> A. ARCHITECTURE <s> Ubiquitous sensing enabled by Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies cuts across many areas of modern day living. This offers the ability to measure, infer and understand environmental indicators, from delicate ecologies and natural resources to urban environments. The proliferation of these devices in a communicating-actuating network creates the Internet of Things (IoT), wherein sensors and actuators blend seamlessly with the environment around us, and the information is shared across platforms in order to develop a common operating picture (COP). Fueled by the recent adaptation of a variety of enabling wireless technologies such as RFID tags and embedded sensor and actuator nodes, the IoT has stepped out of its infancy and is the next revolutionary technology in transforming the Internet into a fully integrated Future Internet. As we move from www (static pages web) to web2 (social networking web) to web3 (ubiquitous computing web), the need for data-on-demand using sophisticated intuitive queries increases significantly. This paper presents a Cloud centric vision for worldwide implementation of Internet of Things. The key enabling technologies and application domains that are likely to drive IoT research in the near future are discussed. A Cloud implementation using Aneka, which is based on interaction of private and public Clouds is presented. We conclude our IoT vision by expanding on the need for convergence of WSN, the Internet and distributed computing directed at technological research community. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on Industrial Internet of Things: A Cyber-Physical Systems Perspective <s> A. ARCHITECTURE <s> Fog/edge computing has been proposed to be integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) to enable computing services devices deployed at network edge, aiming to improve the user’s experience and resilience of the services in case of failures. With the advantage of distributed architecture and close to end-users, fog/edge computing can provide faster response and greater quality of service for IoT applications. Thus, fog/edge computing-based IoT becomes future infrastructure on IoT development. To develop fog/edge computing-based IoT infrastructure, the architecture, enabling techniques, and issues related to IoT should be investigated first, and then the integration of fog/edge computing and IoT should be explored. To this end, this paper conducts a comprehensive overview of IoT with respect to system architecture, enabling technologies, security and privacy issues, and present the integration of fog/edge computing and IoT, and applications. Particularly, this paper first explores the relationship between cyber-physical systems and IoT, both of which play important roles in realizing an intelligent cyber-physical world. Then, existing architectures, enabling technologies, and security and privacy issues in IoT are presented to enhance the understanding of the state of the art IoT development. To investigate the fog/edge computing-based IoT, this paper also investigate the relationship between IoT and fog/edge computing, and discuss issues in fog/edge computing-based IoT. Finally, several applications, including the smart grid, smart transportation, and smart cities, are presented to demonstrate how fog/edge computing-based IoT to be implemented in real-world applications. <s> BIB002
We first consider the differences and relationships between IoT, I-IoT and I-CPS. Generally speaking, IoT is the interconnection of massively deployed and dispersed physical devices that can be used to monitor and control physical objects in CPS, such as a smart grid or smart transportation system, leading to a smart and connected world where vast numbers of everyday devices are interconnected BIB002 , BIB001 . Distinct from IoT, which is directed toward consumer-based systems, I-IoT involves the interconnection of intelligent industrial devices with control and management platforms, which collectively improve the operational efficiency and productivity of industrial systems. Due to the autonomous nature of industrial devices and processes, I-IoT is considered as an important application of IoT. Similarly, unlike CPS for critical infrastructures or consumer applications, I-CPS is designed to support the manufacturing and industrial production applications. In I-IoT, the wide variety of industrial devices in an I-CPS, such as machines, assembly line monitors, and control devices, are interconnected and form a smart factory or plant. Moreover, the I-CPS is a vertical industrial system that consists of both cyber systems and physical systems. In this regard, the I-IoT is the integration of communication layers of I-CPS, which allow the interconnection of physical industrial objects so that a feasible manufacturing process can be enabled. Additionally, I-IoT can be described as a three layer architecture, as shown in Figure 1 . From the viewpoint of industrial systems, the three tiered architecture consists of the 78240 VOLUME 6, 2018 application layer, communication layer, and physical layer. The application layer consists of the various industrial applications, including smart factories, smart plants, smart supply chains, and others. Those smart industrial applications leverage numerous sensors and actuators for the purpose of timely monitoring, accurate control, and efficient management. The communication layer is the integration of numerous communication networks, such as wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs), 5G, M2M, SDN, and so on. A variety of network techniques will be necessarily to support the interconnection of a considerable volume of sensors and actuators in smart industrial applications. Finally, the physical layer is composed of these widely deployed physical devices, such as sensors, actuators, manufacturing equipment, facility utilities, and other industrial manufacturing and automationrelated objects. Figure 2 illustrates I-IoT from a CPS viewpoint. In the physical system (left), the various industrial applications, such as PA and FA, follow a production lifecycle (i.e., the cycle of prepare, produce, transport, utilize and recycle). During each step in the production lifecycle, a significant amount of data will be generated from different devices and equipment. Control, networking, and computing systems play important roles in the interconnection and integration of components and physical systems, and perform monitoring and control, leading to efficient operation of physical systems. 