A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> Next-generation wireless systems are envisioned to have an IP-based infrastructure with the support of heterogeneous access technologies. One of the research challenges for next generation all-IP-based wireless systems is the design of intelligent mobility management techniques that take advantage of IP-based technologies to achieve global roaming among various access technologies. Next-generation wireless systems call for the integration and interoperation of mobility management techniques in heterogeneous networks. In this article the current state of the art for mobility management in next-generation all-IP-based wireless systems is presented. The previously proposed solutions based on different layers are reviewed, and their qualitative comparisons are given. A new wireless network architecture for mobility management is introduced, and related open research issues are discussed in detail. <s> BIB001 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> Network-based mobility management enables IP mobility for a host ::: without requiring its participation in any mobility-related signaling. ::: The network is responsible for managing IP mobility on behalf of the ::: host. The mobility entities in the network are responsible for ::: tracking the movements of the host and initiating the required ::: mobility signaling on its behalf. This specification describes a ::: network-based mobility management protocol and is referred to as Proxy ::: Mobile IPv6. [STANDARDS-TRACK] <s> BIB002 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> Mobility in 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low Power Personal Area Networks) is being utilized in realizing many applications where sensor nodes, while moving, sense and transmit the gathered data to a monitoring server. By employing IEEE802.15.4 as a baseline for the link layer technology, 6LoWPAN implies low data rate and low power consumption with periodic sleep and wakeups for sensor nodes, without requiring them to incorporate complex hardware. Also enabling sensor nodes with IPv6 ensures that the sensor data can be accessed anytime and anywhere from the world. Several existing mobility-related schemes like HMIPv6, MIPv6, HAWAII, and Cellular IP require active participation of mobile nodes in the mobility signaling, thus leading to the mobility-related changes in the protocol stack of mobile nodes. In this paper, we present LoWMob, which is a network-based mobility scheme for mobile 6LoWPAN nodes in which the mobility of 6LoWPAN nodes is handled at the network-side. LoWMob ensures multi-hop communication between gateways and mobile nodes with the help of the static nodes within a 6LoWPAN. In order to reduce the signaling overhead of static nodes for supporting mobile nodes, LoWMob proposes a mobility support packet format at the adaptation layer of 6LoWPAN. Also we present a distributed version of LoWMob, named as DLoWMob (or Distributed LoWMob), which employs Mobility Support Points (MSPs) to distribute the traffic concentration at the gateways and to optimize the multi-hop routing path between source and destination nodes in a 6LoWPAN. Moreover, we have also discussed the security considerations for our proposed mobility schemes. The performance of our proposed schemes is evaluated in terms of mobility signaling costs, end-to-end delay, and packet success ratio. <s> BIB003 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> In this paper, we investigate the performance of the proxy mobile IPv6 and compare it with that of the hierarchical mobile IPv6. It is well known that performance of proxy mobile IPv6 is better than that of hierarchical mobile IPv6. For the more detailed performance analysis, we propose an analytic mobility model based on the random walk to take into account various mobility conditions. Based on the analytic models, we formulate the location management cost and handoff management cost. Then, we analyze the performance of the proxy mobile IPv6 and hierarchical mobile IPv6, respectively. The numerical results show that the proxy mobile IPv6 can has superior performance to hierarchical mobile IPv6 by reducing the latencies for location update and handoff. <s> BIB004 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), a network-based IP mobility solution, is a promising approach for mobility management in all-IP wireless networks. How to enhance its handoff-related performance, such as handoff delay and signaling cost, is an important issue. Current solutions rely on approaches such as fast handoff, routing optimization and paging extension. However, the case of many correlated Mobile Nodes (MNs) moving together and taking handoffs at the same time has not been considered. In this paper, we propose a group-based handoff scheme for correlated MNs to enhance the performance of PMIPv6. We first propose a correlated MNs detection algorithm to detect MNs as groups. Based on this algorithm, we propose a groupbased handoff procedure, and discuss its benefits and limitations. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of PMIPv6 and our proposal through the analysis and simulation. The results show that the proposed scheme is very efficient in reducing both the handoff delay and signaling cost. <s> BIB005 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> Abstract The current Internet was originally designed for “fixed” terminals and can hardly support mobility. It is necessary to develop new mobility management schemes for the future Internet. This paper proposes an Identifiers Separating and Mapping Scheme (ISMS), which is a candidate for the future Internet mobility management, and discusses the basic principles and detailed message flow. ISMS is a network-based mobility management scheme that takes advantage of the identity and location separation. The mobility entities in the core network are responsible for the location management. ISMS is designed to satisfy the requirements of faster handover, route optimism, advanced management, location privacy and security. The average handover delay of ISMS is on the order of milliseconds only, which is far smaller than that of Mobile IPv6. Analyses show that ISMS can reduce packet overhead on wireless channels. We build a prototype and perform some experiments. Results verify the feasibility of ISMS. <s> BIB006 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> Mobility management is one of the most important research issues in 6LoWPAN, which is a standardizing IP-based Wireless Sensor Networks(IP-WSN) protocol. Since the IP-WSN application domain is expanded to real-time applications such as healthcare and surveillance systems, a fast and seamless handover becomes an important criterion for mobility support in 6LoWPAN. Unfortunately, since existing mobility protocols for 6LoWPAN have not solved how to reduce handover delay, we propose a new fast and seamless mobility protocol to support inter-PAN handover in 6LoWPAN, named inter-MARIO. In our protocol, a partner node, which serves as an access point for a mobile node, preconfigures the future handover of the mobile node by sending mobile node's information to candidate neighbor PANs and providing neighbor PAN information like channel information to the mobile node. Also, the preconfigured information enables the foreign agent to send a surrogate binding update message to a home agent instead of the mobile node. By the preconfiguration and surrogate binding update, inter-MARIO decreases channel scan delay and binding message exchange delay, which are elements of handover delay. Additionally, we define a compression method for binding messages, which achieves more compression than existing methods, by reducing redundant fields. We compare signaling cost and binding message exchange delay with existing mobility protocols analytically and we evaluate handover delay by simulation. Analysis and simulation results indicate that our approach has promising fast, seamless, and lightweight properties. <s> BIB007 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> Group mobility in wireless sensor network (WSN) is of particular importance in many practical application scenarios. In this paper, the group mobility management in IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) based WSN is considered and the application of network mobility (NEMO) protocol to support group mobility in WSN is discussed. A new network architecture supporting the integration of NEMO and 6LoWPAN-based WSN is proposed, the group mobility management mechanism and the corresponding signaling flow are discussed. Simulation results demonstrate that comparing to MIPv6, the application of NEMO protocol in 6LoWPAN reduces both the handoff latency and the energy consumption of sensor node. <s> BIB008 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> Wireless sensor network (WSN) applications such as patients’ health monitoring in hospitals, location-aware ambient intelligence, industrial monitoring /maintenance or homeland security require the support of mobile nodes or node groups. In many of these applications, the lack of network connectivity is not admissible or should at least be time bounded, i.e. mobile nodes cannot be disconnected from the rest of the WSN for an undefined period of time. In this context, we aim at reliable and real-time mobility support in WSNs, for which appropriate handoff and re-routing decisions are mandatory. This paper drafts a mechanism and correspondent heuristics for taking reliable handoff decisions in WSNs. Fuzzy logic is used to incorporate the inherent imprecision and uncertainty of the physical quantities at stake. On a Reliable Handoff Procedure for Supporting Mobility in Wireless Sensor Networks Hossein Fotouhi, Mario Alves, Anis Koubâa , Nouha Baccour CISTER Research Unit, Polytechnic Institute of Porto (ISEP-IPP), Portugal COINS Research Group, Al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud University (CCIS-IMAMU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ReDCAD Research Unit, National school of Engineers of Sfax, Tunisia {mhfg,mjf,aska,nabr}@isep.ipp.pt Abstract Wireless sensor network (WSN) applications such as patients’ health monitoring in hospitals, location-aware ambient intelligence, industrial monitoring /maintenance or homeland security require the support of mobile nodes or node groups. In many of these applications, the lack of network connectivity is not admissible or should at least be time bounded, i.e. mobile nodes cannot be disconnected from the rest of the WSN for an undefined period of time. In this context, we aim at reliable and real-time mobility support in WSNs, for which appropriate handoff and rerouting decisions are mandatory. This paper drafts a mechanism and correspondent heuristics for taking reliable handoff decisions in WSNs. Fuzzy logic is used to incorporate the inherent imprecision and uncertainty of the physical quantities at stake.Wireless sensor network (WSN) applications such as patients’ health monitoring in hospitals, location-aware ambient intelligence, industrial monitoring /maintenance or homeland security require the support of mobile nodes or node groups. In many of these applications, the lack of network connectivity is not admissible or should at least be time bounded, i.e. mobile nodes cannot be disconnected from the rest of the WSN for an undefined period of time. In this context, we aim at reliable and real-time mobility support in WSNs, for which appropriate handoff and rerouting decisions are mandatory. This paper drafts a mechanism and correspondent heuristics for taking reliable handoff decisions in WSNs. Fuzzy logic is used to incorporate the inherent imprecision and uncertainty of the physical quantities at stake. <s> BIB009 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> Radio Link Quality Estimation (LQE) is a fundamental building block for Wireless Sensor Networks, namely for a reliable deployment, resource management and routing. Existing LQEs (e.g. PRR, ETX, Four-bit, and LQI) are based on a single link property, thus leading to inaccurate estimation. In this paper, we propose F-LQE, that estimates link quality on the basis of four link quality properties: packet delivery, asymmetry, stability, and channel quality. Each of these properties is defined in linguistic terms, the natural language of Fuzzy Logic. The overall quality of the link is specified as a fuzzy rule whose evaluation returns the membership of the link in the fuzzy subset of good links. Values of the membership function are smoothed using EWMA filter to improve stability. An extensive experimental analysis shows that F-LQE outperforms existing estimators. <s> BIB010 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> IP based Wireless Sensor Networks (IP-WSN) are gaining importance for its broad range of applications in health-care, home automation, environmental monitoring, security & safety and industrial automation. In all of these applications mobility in sensor network with special attention to energy efficiency is a major issue to be addressed. Host based mobility management protocol is inherently unsuitable for energy inefficient IPWSN. So network-based mobility management protocol can be an alternative to the mobility supported IP-WSN. In this paper we propose a mobility supported IP-WSN protocol based on PMIPv6 called Sensor Proxy Mobile IPv6 (SPMIPv6). We present its architecture, message formats and also analyze its performance considering signaling cost and mobility cost. Our analyses show that the proposed scheme reduces the signaling cost by 67% and 60% as well as reduces mobility cost by 55% and 60% with comparison to MIPv6 and PMIPv6 respectively. <s> BIB011 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> Recently, the IETF MIPSHOP working group proposes Fast PMIPv6 (FPMIPv6) and Transient Binding PMIPv6 (TPMIPv6) to reduce the handover latency and packets loss of PMIPv6. The research and standardization of FPMIPv6 and TPMIPv6 are just in the initial stage. The system performance analysis of them is benefit to the protocol design and deployment. In this paper, through the theoretical analysis and system simulation, we evaluate the handover latency of PMIPv6, FPMIPv6 and TPMIPv6 in vertical handover environment. Furthermore, in order to reflect handover performance more comprehensively, in system simulation, we also evaluate the UDP packets loss rate and the TCP throughput declining degree of such protocols. The results of theoretical analysis and simulation show that: (1) in vertical handover, the handover latency of FPMIPv6 is much larger than TPMIPv6 and PMIPv6. But the UDP packet loss rate of FPMIPv6 is smaller than TPMIPv6 and PMIPv6; (2) the handover performance of FPMIPv6-pre and TPMIPv6 much depend on MN's residence time in signal overlapped area. <s> BIB012 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> We present a simple but effective handoff protocol that enables continuous monitoring of ambulatory patients at home by means of resource-limited sensors. Our proposed system implements a 2-tier network: one created by wearable sensors used for vital signs collection, and another by a point-to-point link established between the body sensor network coordinator device and a fixed access point (AP). Upon experiencing poor signal reception in the latter network tier when the patient moves, the AP may instruct the sensor network coordinator to forward vital signs data through one of the wearable sensor nodes acting as a temporary relay if the sensor-AP link has a stronger signal. Our practical implementation of the proposed scheme reveals that this relayed data operation decreases packet loss rate down to 20% of the value otherwise obtained when solely using the point-to-point, coordinator-AP link. In particular, the wrist location yields the best results over alternative body sensor positions when patients walk at a 0.5 m/s. <s> BIB013 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> It is foreseeable that any object in the near future will have an Internet connection—this is the Internet of Things vision. All these objects will be able to exchange and process information, most of them characterized by small size, power constrained, small computing and storage resources. In fact, connecting embedded low-power devices to the Internet is considered the biggest challenge and opportunity for the Internet. There is a strong trend of convergence towards an Internet-based solution and the 6LoWPAN may be the convergence solution to achieve the Internet of Things vision. Wireless mesh networks have attracted the interest of the scientific community in recent years. One of the key characteristics of wireless mesh networks is the ability to self-organize and self-configure. Mesh networking and mobility support are considered crucial to the Internet of Things success. This paper surveys the available solutions proposed to support routing and mobility over 6LoWPAN mesh networks. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. <s> BIB014 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> At RFC 3776, IP security protocol (IPsec) has been implemented in mobile IP for securing IP datagram at IP layer. Previous research only considered the traffic between mobile node (MN) and home agent (HA), but the traffic from HA to correspondent node (CN) was not considered. Network Mobility (NEMO) is based on Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), so it inherits the same problem of only providing protection between mobile router (MR) and MR_HA. This paper aims to improve the security vulnerability by proposing a nested IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) scheme capable of establishing nested IPsec ESP from MN to CN. The proposed scheme obviously enhances security with confidentiality and integrity in NEMO. <s> BIB015 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> Low-power Wireless Personal Area Networks (LoWPANs) are still in their early stage of development, but the range of conceivable usage scenarios and applications is tremendous. That range is extended by its inclusion in Internet with IPv6 Low-Power Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs). This makes it obvious that multi-technology topologies, security and mobility support will be prevalent in 6LoWPAN. Mobility based communication increases the connectivity, and allows extending and adapting LoWPANs to changes in their location and environment infrastructure. However, the required mobility is heavily dependent on the individual service scenario and the LoWPAN architecture. In this context, an optimized solution is proposed for critical applications, such as military, fire rescue or healthcare, where people need to frequently change their position. Our scenario is health monitoring in an oil refinery where many obstacles have been found to the effective use of LoWPANs in these scenarios, mainly due to transmission medium features i.e. high losses, high latency and low reliability. Therefore, it is very difficult to provide continuous health monitoring with such stringent requirements on mobility. In this paper, a paradigm is proposed for mobility over 6LoWPAN for critical environments. On the one hand the intra-mobility is supported by GinMAC, which is an extension of IEEE 802.15.4 to support a topology control algorithm, which offers intra-mobility transparently, and Movement Direction Determination (MDD) of the Mobile Node (MN). On the other hand, the inter-mobility is based on pre-set-up of the network parameters in the visited networks, such as Care of Address and channel, to reach a fast and smooth handoff. Pre-set-up is reached since MDD allows discovering the next 6LoWPAN network towards which MN is moving. The proposed approach has been simulated, prototyped, evaluated, and is being studied in a scenario of wearable physiological monitoring in hazardous industrial areas, specifically oil refineries, in the scope of the GinSeng European project. <s> BIB016 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> Wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs) have been studied for about ten years now. However, a gap between research and real applications and implementations remains. The lack of an integrated solution, capable of providing the reliability levels of monitoring and actuation required by critical applications, have postponed the replacement and extension of the existing inflexible and expensive wired solutions with the low-cost, easy-to-deploy, and portable wireless options. In order to assist this transition this paper presents a new method for supporting mobility in WSANs specifically designed for time-critical scenarios. The method is being targeted for a critical application located in a real oil refinery, in which a WSAN has been implemented in the scope of a European research project. <s> BIB017 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> Recent critical application sectors of sensor networks like military, health care, and industry require the use of mobile sensor nodes, something that poses unique challenges in aspects like handoff delay, packet loss, and reliability. In this paper we propose a novel mobility model that handles those challenges effectively by providing on-time mobility detection and handoff triggering. In that way soft handoffs and controlled disconnections are assured. The proposed solution uses cross-layer information from the MAC and Network layers. Our solution was implemented and evaluated in an experimental testbed, in the context of the European FP7 GINSENG project. <s> BIB018 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> IP Mobility management protocols are divided into two kinds of category: host-based and network-based mobility protocol. The former category, such as MIPv6 protocol and its enhancements (e.g., HMIPv6 and FMIPv6), supports the mobility of a Mobile Node (MN) to roam across network domains. This is done through the involvement of MN in the mobility-related signalling, which requires protocol stack modification and IP address changes on the MN. The latter category, such as PMIPv6 protocol, handles mobility management on behalf of the MN thereby enabling it to connect and roam within localized domains, which requires neither protocol stack modification nor IP address change of the MN. PMIPv6 attracts attention in the Internet and telecommunication societies by improving the performance of the MN's communication to fulfil the requirements of QoS for real-time services. In this article, we present IPv6 features to support mobile systems and survey the mobility management services along with their techniques, strategies and protocol categories, and elaborate upon the classification and comparison among various mobility management protocols. Furthermore, it identifies and discusses several issues and challenges facing mobility management along with an evaluation and comparison of several relevant mobility studies. <s> BIB019 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> This paper proposes a mobility support scheme for 6LoWPAN. In the scheme, the control information interaction for the mobile handoff is achieved in the link layer, and the routing of the control information is automatically performed through the network topology, which saves the power and the delay time consumed by the routing establishment. In addition, neither does the mobile entity need a care-of address during the mobility process, nor is involved in the mobile handoff process, which reduces the mobile entity's power consumption and prolongs its life span. From the theoretical and simulative perspectives, the paper analyzes the performance parameters, including the mobility handoff cost, the mobility handoff delay time and packet loss rate, and the analytical results show that the performance of the scheme is better than other schemes. <s> BIB020 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> In this paper, we focus on a scheme that supports mobility for IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) sensor nodes. We define a protocol for 6LoWPAN mobile sensor node, named 6LoMSN, based on Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6). The conventional PMIPv6 standard supports only single-hop networks and cannot be applied to multihop-based 6LoWPAN. It does not support the mobility of 6LoMSNs and 6LoWPAN gateways, named 6LoGW, cannot detect the PAN attachment of the 6LoMSN. Therefore, we define the movement notification of a 6LoMSN in order to support its mobility in multihop-based 6LoWPAN environments. The attachment of 6LoMSNs reduces signaling costs over the wireless link by using router solicitation (RS) and router advertisement (RA) messages. Performance results show that our proposed scheme can minimize the total signaling costs and handoff latency. Additionally, we present the design and implementation of the 6LoMSN mobility based on PMIPv6 for a healthcare system. According to the experimental results, the 6LoMSN of the proposed PMIPv6-based 6LoWPAN can be expected to use more of the battery lifetime. We also verify that the 6LoMSN can maintain connectivity, even though it has the freedom of being able to move between PANs without a mobility protocol stack. <s> BIB021 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> Recent vehicular networking activities include public vehicle to vehicle/infrastructure (V2X) large scale deployment, machine-to-machine (M2M) integration scenarios and more automotive applications. eHealth is about the use of the Internet to disseminate health related information, and is one of the promising Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Combining vehicular networking and eHealth to record and transmit a patient's vital signs is a special telemedicine application that helps hospital resident health professionals to optimally prepare the patient's admittance. From the automotive perspective, this is a typical Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication scenario. This proposal provides an IPv6 vehicular platform which integrates eHealth devices and allows sending captured health-related data to a Personal Health Record (PHR) application server in the IPv6 Internet. The collected data is viewed remotely by a doctor and supports a diagnostic decision. This paper introduces the integration of vehicular and eHealth testbeds, describes related work and presents a lightweight auto-configuration method based on a DHCPv6 extension to provide IPv6 connectivity for resource constrained devices. <s> BIB022 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> Inability to meet the key requirement of efficient mobility support is becoming a major impairment of wireless sensor network (WSN). Many critical WSN applications need not only reliability, but also the ability to adequately cope with the movement of nodes between different sub-networks. Despite the work of IETF's 6lowPAN WG and work on the use of MIPv6 (and many of its variants) in WSNs, no practical mobility support solution exists for this type of networks. In this paper we start by assessing the use of MIPv6 in WSNs, considering soft and hard handoff, showing that, although feasible in small networks, MIPv6 complexity leads to long handoff time and high energy consumption. In order to solve these problems, we propose a proxy-based mobility approach which, by relieving resource-constrained sensor nodes from heavy mobility management tasks, drastically reduces time and energy expenditure during handoff. The evaluation of both MIPv6 and the proposed solution is done by implementation and simulation, with a varying number of nodes, sinks and mobility strategies. <s> BIB023 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> One of the most referred and promising Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications is health monitoring. The small size and portability of nodes have made WSNs the perfect tool to easily monitor a person's health condition. In this type application, as well as in several other critical applications, reliability and mobility are paramount. In this paper we propose a method, based on WSNs and mobile intra-body sensors, to accurately detect the fertile period of women on time and other applications based on intra-vaginal temperature monitoring. In addition, our proposal also introduces the proposal of intra-body micro-cameras to monitor the women's cervix, capable to detect related pathologies. To efficiently support this mobile multimedia application, guaranteeing reliability in a continuous monitoring mode, we make use of a new WSN paradigm based on mobility proxies. <s> BIB024 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> While host mobility support for individual mobile hosts (MHs) has been widely investigated and developed over the past years, there has been relatively less attention to NEtwork MObility (NEMO). Since NEMO Basic Support (NEMO-BS) was developed, it has been the central pillar in Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) communication architectures for maintaining the vehicle's Internet connectivity. As the vehicle moves around, it attaches to a new access network and is required to register a new address obtained from the new access network to a home agent (HA). This location update of NEMO-BS often results in unacceptable long handover latency and increased traffic load to the vehicle. To address these issues, in this paper, we introduce new NEMO support protocols, which rely on mobility service provisioning entities introduced in Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), as possible mobility support protocols for ITS. As a base protocol, we present PMIPv6-based NEMO (P-NEMO) to maintain the vehicle's Internet connectivity while moving and without participating in the location update management. In P-NEMO, the mobility management for the vehicle is supported by mobility service provisioning entities residing in a given PMIPv6 domain. To further improve handover performance, fast P-NEMO (FP-NEMO) has been developed as an extension protocol. FP-NEMO utilizes wireless L2 events to anticipate the vehicle's handovers. The mobility service provisioning entities prepare the vehicle's handover prior to the attachment of the vehicle to the new access network. Detailed handover procedures for P-NEMO and FP-NEMO are provided, and handover timing diagrams are presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed protocols. P-NEMO and FP-NEMO are compared with NEMO-BS in terms of traffic cost and handover latency. <s> BIB025 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> Several IP mobility support protocols have been standardized. Each solution provides a specific functionality and/or requires operations of particular nodes. The current trend is towards the co-existence of these solutions, though the impact of doing so has not been yet fully understood. This article reviews key standards for providing IP mobility support, the functionality achieved by combining them, and the performance cost of each combination in terms of protocol overhead and handover latency. We show that combining different mobility mechanisms has a non-negligible cost. Finally we identify a strategy for combining mobility protocols and properties that facilitate this combination. <s> BIB026 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> In Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), any involvement by the Mobile Node (MN) is not required, so that any tunneling overhead can be removed from over-the-air. However, during the PMIPv6 handover process, there still exists a period when the MN is unable to send or receive packets because of PMIPv6 protocol operations, suffering from handover latency and data loss. Thus, to reduce the handover latency and data loss in PMIPv6, Fast Handover for PMIPv6 (PFMIPv6) is being standardized in the IETF. Nevertheless, PFMIPv6 has a few weaknesses: (1) handover initiation can be false, resulting in the PFMIPv6 handover process done so far becoming unnecessary. (2) Extra signaling is introduced in setting up an IP-in-IP tunnel between the serving and the new Mobile Access Gateways (MAGs). Therefore, in this paper, we present our study on the protocol overhead and performance aspects of PFMIPv6 in comparison with PMIPv6. We quantify the signaling overhead and the enhanced handover latency and data loss by conducting a thorough analysis of the performance aspects. The analysis is very meaningful to obtain important insights on how PFMIPv6 improves the handover performance over PMIPv6, especially in a highway vehicular traffic scenario where Base Stations (BSs)/Access Points (APs) can be placed in one dimensional space and MN's movements are quasi one-dimensional, so that the degree of certainty for an anticipated handover is increased. Further, our analytical study is verified by simulation results. <s> BIB027 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> IPv6 Low-power Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs) have recently found renewed interest because of the emergence of Internet of Things (IoT).However, mobility support in 6LoWPANs is still in its infancy for large-scale IP-based sensor technology in future IoT. The hospital wireless network is one important 6LoWPAN application of the IoT, where it keeps continuous monitoring of patients' vital signs while the patients are on the move. Proper mobility management is needed to maintain connectivity between patient nodes and the hospital network to monitor their exact locations. It should also support fault tolerance and optimize energy consumption of the devices. In this paper, we survey IPv6 mobility protocols and propose some solutions which make it more suitable to a hospital architecture based on 6LoWPAN technology. Our initial numerical results show a reduction of the handoff costs on the mobile router which normally constitute a bottleneck in such a system. We also discuss important metrics such as signaling overload, bandwidth efficiency and power consumption and how they can be optimized through the mobility management. <s> BIB028 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> IPv6 mobility management is one of the most challenging research topics for enabling mobility service in the forthcoming mobile wireless ecosystems. The Internet Engineering Task Force has been working for developing efficient IPv6 mobility management protocols. As a result, Mobile IPv6 and its extensions such as Fast Mobile IPv6 and Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 have been developed as host-based mobility management protocols. While the host-based mobility management protocols were being enhanced, the network-based mobility management protocols such as Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) and Fast Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FPMIPv6) have been standardized. In this paper, we analyze and compare existing IPv6 mobility management protocols including the recently standardized PMIPv6 and FPMIPv6. We identify each IPv6 mobility management protocol's characteristics and performance indicators by examining handover operations. Then, we analyze the performance of the IPv6 mobility management protocols in terms of handover latency, handover blocking probability, and packet loss. Through the conducted numerical results, we summarize considerations for handover performance. <s> BIB029 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> The IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) standard allows heavily constrained devices to connect to IPv6 networks. This is an important step towards the Internet of Things, in which most of the physical objects will be connected to the Internet. Among them, a large number is likely to be mobile and therefore requires a mobility management protocol to maintain IP connectivity. Layer 3 mobility is commonly managed by Mobile IPv6 but this protocol is categorized as too complex for constrained devices in the literature. Such conclusions are based on simulations or experimentations in which several aspects of the protocol remain insufficiently detailed nor evaluated. In this article, we propose a complete evaluation of Mobile IPv6 over 6LoWPAN. For this, we have implemented Mobile IPv6 in the Contiki operating system and have performed intensive experimentations on a real testbed. We also propose a new mechanism for movement detection, as the standard procedure cannot be applied as is. This new mechanism, referred to as Mobinet, is based on passive overhearings. The results highlight that Mobile IPv6 can be a practical solution to manage layer 3 mobility on 6LoWPAN. <s> BIB030 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> An AMAP (Adaptive Mobility Anchor Point) has been proposed to minimize the regional registration cost and packet delivery cost in IPv6 networks. The AMAP is a special mobility anchor point which is selected based on the activity rate (ARate) of mobile users. MIPv6 (Mobile IPv6) has been developed as macro-mobility management protocol to support mobility of MUs (mobile users) over the Internet. Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) has been developed as micro-mobility management protocol. There are many other mobility management protocols proposed so far like Fast Mobile IPv6, Proxy Mobile IPv6, Optimal Choice of Mobility management, and Fast Proxy Mobile IPv6. These are based on MIPv6 and HMIPv6 and have their own advantages and limitations. These protocols do not consider the fixed mobility pattern of MUs. Many MUs have fixed mobility pattern on daily basis and there is scope of further reduction in regional registration cost. We propose an AMAP (Adaptive Mobility Anchor Point) to minimize the regional registration cost and packet delivery cost in IPv6 networks. The AMAP is a special mobility anchor point which is selected based on the activity rate (ARate) of MUs. <s> BIB031 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> Automotive telematics has become an important technology for high-speed rail systems, which are being increasingly popular in this era of green technology. As the train speed increases, however, communications between the train and infrastructure encounter major difficulties of maintaining high quality communication. Handovers on high-speed trains occur more frequently and have shorter permissible handling times than for traditional vehicles. In this paper, the proposed 2MR network mobility scheme takes advantage of the physical size of high-speed trains to deploy two mobile routers (MRs) in the first and last carriages. This scheme provides a protocol to allow the two MRs to cooperate with a wireless network infrastructure in facilitating seamless handovers. Our simulation results demonstrate that compared to the traditional single MR schemes, the 2MR scheme noticeably improves the communication quality during handover by significantly reducing handover latency as well as packet loss for high-speed trains. <s> BIB032 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> This paper presents a novel, intelligent controller to support mobility in wireless sensor networks. In particular, the focus is on the deployment of such mobility solution to critical applications, like personnel safety in an industrial environment. A Fuzzy Logic-based mobility controller is proposed to aid sensor Mobile Nodes (MN) to decide whether they have to trigger the handoff procedure and perform the handoff to a new connection position or not. To do so, we use a combination of two locally available metrics, the RSSI and the Link Loss, in order to ''predict'' the End-to-End losses and support the handoff triggering procedure. As a performance evaluation environment, a real industrial setting (oil refinery) is used. Based on on-site experiments run in the oil refinery testbed area, the proposed mobility controller has shown significant benefits compared to other conventional solutions, in terms of packet loss, packet delivery delay, energy consumption, and ratio of successful handoff triggers. <s> BIB033 </s> A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges <s> Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility. <s> The IPv6 over low power wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN) has attracted lots of attention recently because it can be used for the communications of Internet of things. In this paper, the concept of group-based network roaming in proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) domain is considered in the 6LoWPAN-based wireless body area networks. PMIPv6 is a standard to manage the network-based mobility in all-IP wireless network. However, it does not perform well in group-based body area networks. To further reduce the handoff delay and signaling cost, an enhanced group mobility scheme is proposed in this paper to reduce the number of control messages, including router solicitation and router advertisement messages as opposed to the group-based PMIPv6 protocol. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed handoff scheme can reduce the handoff delay and signaling cost. The packet loss ratio and the overhead can also be reduced. <s> BIB034
A survey and comparison of some of the mobility management support protocols was presented by Akyildiz et al. BIB001 . A mobility solution at data link layer, network layer, and cross-layer was also presented. Their mechanism was focused at heterogeneous wireless network's mobility, for that they introduced a Network architecture as well. Kempf  studied the existing mobility management schemes and brought out their shortcomings; like the involvement of Mobile Host in mobility management. Therefore he presented a need for network based local mobility management and the classification of the existing solutions for mobility in localized domain in two sets as Interoperable IP-level protocols and Link specific or proprietary protocols. He stated that mobility management schemes are not widely deployed for Interoperable IP-level yet. He further specified the problems that: Even if there are small modifications of host stack, limits the broad usage of protocol. The existing solutions only depend on MIP or its derivatives and there is no support in existing solutions for both IPv4 and IPv6. Further in the article, he showed few limitations of Link specific or proprietary protocols that handle localized mobility. To address these limitations he suggested PMIPv6 as a localized mobility management protocol to reduce the signaling update time and shorten the disruption period and declared PMIPv6 handover can be comparatively faster than the MIPv6 by using the link layer attachment information. S. Gundavelli et al., BIB002 , Introduced Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) which is intensely standardized by the IETF-NETLMM working group (2008). They presented it as a network-based localized mobility management protocol. This protocol was expected to support the real deployment of IP mobility management where Mobile Nodes (MNs) were not supposed to carry the signaling related to mobility. Because of this significant characteristic of PMIPv6, which carries the mobility management on behalf of the MN without its participation in the mobility-related signaling, this mobility management Scheme is being actively used in many mobility required applications. M. Shin et. al.,   described PMIPv6 network based mobility protocol as a solution to handle the mobility of body sensors. Mobility related signaling is performed by the network side and no need of duplicate address detection (DAD) is required. The control information is exchanged only between Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) point and Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) to reduce signaling cost and handoff latency of each sensor node (SN). Bag et al., BIB003 presented a 6LowPAN mobility supporting scheme dependent on dispatch types of the 6LoWPAN. This scheme was to reduce the packet loss and handoff delay but it was meant for Intra domain mobility only and is not suitable for inter-domain problems. Ping Dong et al., BIB006 proposed an Identifiers Separating and Mapping Scheme (ISMS) as a network-based mobility management scheme that takes advantage of the identity and location separation. It satisfies the requirements of faster handover, route optimization, advanced management, location privacy and security. They showed average handover delay of ISMS is on the order of ms only, which is far smaller than that of Mobile IPv6. Also the proposed mechanism can reduce packet overhead on wireless channels to avoid delays. Minkeun Ha et al., BIB007 proposed fast and seamless mobility protocol to support inter PAN (inter domain) handover (HO) in 6LoWPAN and named that method as Inter Mario. They used a SN as partner node to act as access point (AP) which preconfigures the future HO (Predicted by the movement detection algorithm by using Signal Strength indicator) for MN. The partner nodes sends the pre-configuration message (MN Identifier, HoA, The address of HA) to the new Gateway (GW) of the neighbor PAN. The new coordinator in the neighbor PAN notifies the foreign Agent (FA) with the identifier of new comer. FA checks whether it is preconfigured and then sends surrogate BU [MN's home address.> FA] to home agent (HA). In this way they showed the fast and seamless handover by using MN preconfiguration approach (based on make before break) even before the handover actually occurs. Their scheme is found efficient for reducing packet loss in inter-domain mobility. Juha Petajajarvi and Heikki Karvonen  proposed a soft handover method for mobile WSN. In their work they took results over testbed for mobile and static gateways along with mobile Sensor Nodes (SN). Also an algorithm for connection quality check was presented to eliminate unnecessary handovers and a comparison of Proposed SH-WSN6, MIH-PMIPv6, FPMIPv6 and PMIPv6 was done by considering the metrics Wireless link delay, Router distance latency, Delay between LMA and nMAG Vs. Handover latency but their connection quality algorithm lags in providing optimal value for threshold to perform handover. L.M.L. Sergio Gonzalez et al., BIB013 Proposed an approach supporting health monitoring mobility at home by using wearable body sensors. One body sensor acts as coordinating node, makes communication between rest of body sensors and APs. In their proposed handover procedure, the coordinator node utilizing all the 16 channels of IEEE 802.15.4, sends a PING message. In its acknowledgement message from APs, the coordinator gets the RSSI value of all surrounding APs. The AP having best RSSI value is chosen and health related data is sent to the network through this AP. If the RSSI value is decreased below some predefined threshold, then the body sensor at that time having better verified RSSI value acts as temporary coordinator to carry the process. They did not clearly mention the body sensors are FFDs or RFDs because to behave like a coordinator, SNs must have router functionalities. Oliveiri et al., BIB014 Presented Routing and mobility approaches for 6LoWPAN mesh networks but the requirements and resources in the existing solutions to 6LoWPAN for their adaptation is still a challenge and further research on 6LoWPAN mobility is required. Myung-Kyu Yi et al., BIB004 , Studied performance of PMIPv6 and compare it with that of hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6). They proposed an investigative mobility model based on the random walk to take into account several mobility situations. They also articulated the location management cost and handoff management cost. Further evaluated the performance of the proxy mobile IPv6 and hierarchical mobile IPv6, respectively. Although their numerical results show that PMIPv6 can have superior performance to HMIPv6 by reducing the IP latencies for location update and handoff but more improvements are still needed in reducing packet loss. Rong Chai et al., BIB008 proposed new network architecture to integrate NEMO and 6LoWPAN-based WSNs to evaluate the performance of NEMO and MIPv6 and also studied about the energy constraints of Sensor Nodes. In their simulation study, they varied number of MNs from 5-25 and considered it as group management scenario. They assumed the total energy of Sensor Router (SR) and Sensor Node (SN) is 10 and through simulation they showed that the remaining energy is the function of simulation time BIB008 . The Simulation results for MIPv6 and NEMO were shown; they obtained energy depletion of SN for NEMO in comparison to MIPv6 Scheme decreases about 35%. Also they observed the application of NEMO protocol in 6LoWPAN reduces the handoff latency in comparison to MIPv6. Md. Fotouhi et al., BIB009 proposed mobile sensor node's handover procedure in Wireless Sensor Networks. The metrics used for the evaluation of handover procedure are Reduced Signal Strength (RSSI), Velocity of Mobile Sensor Node, Number of Hops between MN and AP, traffic load, energy level and link quality etc. To know about the link quality, they used Fuzzy Link Quality Estimator (F-LQE) BIB010 . In their work, first the need for handover was evaluated based on the metrics RSSI and velocity of Sensor MN. Secondly in the procedure, MN Sends continuous regular probe messages to all the surrounding APs and the best AP based on the value of RSSI is chosen and MN gets an acknowledgement from the selected AP. Now, not only RSSI value is taken into account but also the other parameters such as traffic load, depth (no. of hops) and energy level were considered. To choose the best AP to register with, they used F-LQE. Motaharul Islam et al., BIB011 proposed SPMIPv6; Sensor Proxy Mobile IPv6, a mobility supported IP-WSN protocol which was based on PMIPv6. They presented the architecture of the proposed system, message formats and also analyzed its performance by considering the parameters like signaling cost and mobility cost. The analyses showed that the proposed scheme reduces the signaling cost by 67% and 60% as well as reduces mobility cost by 55% and 60% with comparison to MIPv6 and PMIPv6 respectively. Also by increasing the number of WS-Nodes, Signaling cost increases and increased number of hops increases the Mobility cost. Dizhi Zhou et al., BIB012 did the theoretical analysis and evaluated the handover latency of PMIPv6, Fast handovers for PMIPv6 (FPMIPv6) and Transient Binding for PMIPv6 (TPMIPv6) through simulation study in vertical handover environment. In addition to this, packets loss rate of UDP traffic and the throughput of TCP traffic of these protocols was evaluated. For handover latency comparison they clearly explained the various factors affecting Handover Delay including: Impact of wireless link2 (new interface) delay, Impact of delay between MAG and LMA and Impact of residence time. Results for handover latency comparison showed that: the residence time has a great impact on handover latencies of TPMIPv6-Predictive and FPMIPv6. By keeping the residence time at 500, 1000 and 1500 (ms), simulations for handover latency, UDP packet loss rate and Declining TCP throughput were carried out. They clearly showed that the handover latency of FPMIPv6 is 1.5 times larger than PMIPv6 at 500 residence time (RT), 1.96 times more at 1000 ms RT and 2.37 times more at 1500 ms RT in predictive mode and it 1.14 times more than PMIPv6 at all different RT in reactive mode, while TPMIPv6 has 0.76 times more HO latency than PMIPv6 at 500 ms RT, 0.675 times more HO latency at 1000 ms than PMIPv6 and same HO latency as PMIPv6 at 1500 ms RT. The UDP packet loss rate of FPMIPv6 in predictive mode is 4% more than PMIPv6 at all three residence times, it 19.4%,19.6% and 19.3% more than PMIPv6 at three different RTs respectively and it is 60%, 25%, 4% more in case of TPMIPv6 than PMIPv6 at the three RTs. Long-Sheng Li et al., BIB015 tried to improve the vulnerability in security of IP mobility management schemes by suggesting a nested IPsec Encapsulating security payload (ESP) from MN to CN in nested NEMO. They considered the traffic from HA to CN. They have used one-tier IPsec ESP between MN and CN, and assumed the MRs and MR_HAs having the functionality with IPsec. They used ISAKMP for key management in NEMO. The performance result analysis directed that as increasing more levels of nested NEMO, the more it will be secured. In their results they gave a comparison of ESP time and Delay time for Basic NEMO and Proposed system. Also the comparison of packet size was shown for both the schemes; the NEMO and the proposed scheme and results clearly showed some increased percentage for the proposed system. E. A. M. Avelar et al.,  , Described network based mobility management and evaluated a testbed for PMIPv6. The performance evaluation was carried out by considering QoS (Quality of Service) and QoE (Quality of Experience) metrics to see the PMIPv6 support for multimedia traffic and found better results for PMIPv6. A. J. Jara et al., BIB016 proposed an approach for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN), based on mobile-IP in some critical environments as an extension to IEEE 802.15.4 and named it as GinMAC. GinMAC also provides Intra-PAN mobility support in WSN. Zinon et al., BIB017 used the GinMAC extension given in BIB016 to monitor some parameters particularly RSSI for maintaining good link quality to all MNs. RSSI anticipates the MN's movement and direction. MNs can be in communicating or silent state. In silent mode, keepalive or node-alive approach is used BIB018 . The registered APs send periodic keep-alive messages and thus the MN knows the exact time to get the keep-alive message. If MN does not get any message then MN sends node-alive message and waits for acknowledgement. If no response is found then MN goes in scanning mode for a new AP and starts the procedure again. Ibrahim Al-Surmi et al., BIB019 , Presented IPv6 features to support mobile systems and survey on the mobility management services along with their techniques, strategies and protocol categories, and explained the categorization and comparison between several mobility management protocols. They also acknowledged and debated on some issues and challenges facing mobility management like QoS, Fault Tolerance, Scalability, Signaling Overhead, Bandwidth Constraints, Cross Layering Issue, Triangular Routing, Security, Handover Latency, Packet Loss, Global and Local Mobility Interaction, Multi-homing Problem and Developing standards for seamless and secure mobility. In addition, there are certain unsolved critical challenging issues, such as the integration of different technologies, interoperability of networks and connectivity, which stops the achievement of complete and continuous mobility within homogeneous and heterogeneous environments. Wang Xiaonan, Zhong Shan and Zhou Rong BIB020 , Proposed a mobility support scheme for 6LoWPAN. The control information interaction for both the mobility handoff and the tunnel establishment is performed in the link layer, so the transmission unit of the control information is smaller and the delay time taken by transmitting the control information is shorter. The routing process of the control information is automatically performed through the network topology, which saves the delay time taken by establishing the routing paths and reduces the packet loss rate. Also neither does a mobile node need a care-of address, nor does it take part in the mobility handoff control process, which saves the mobile node's energy and prolongs its life span. From the theoretical and simulation studies, they analyzed and compared the performance parameters, including the mobile handoff cost, the mobile handoff delay time and the packet loss rate. The results showed that the performance of the proposed scheme is better than other schemes. Antonio de la Oliva et al., BIB026 studied basic standards for providing IP mobility support, the functionality attained by combining them and the performance cost of each combination in terms of protocol overhead and handover latency. They identified a strategy for combining mobility protocols and properties that facilitate this combination and have shown that combining different mobility schemes has a non-negligible cost. It is also mentioned that the main contribution to the overall handover time is the layer-2 handover delay and they measured average layer-2 handover delay is about 100 ms. Also highlighted that layer-2 handover has been performed without any optimization and thus a lower delay might be obtained as the movement detection delay/time (mdd/mdt) was proved to be negligible, with an average measured time of less than a millisecond. Jinho Kim et al. BIB021 defined a protocol for 6LoWPAN mobile sensor node, named 6LoMSN, based on Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6). They stated that conventional PMIPv6 standard supports only singlehop networks and cannot be applied to multihop-based 6LoWPAN.They also defined the movement notification of a 6LoMSN in order to support its mobility in multihop-based 6LoWPAN environments. Sofiane Imadali et al., BIB022 , Proposed an IPv6 vehicular platform to integrate eHealth devices that allows the eHealth devices to send the captured healthrelated data to a Personal Health Record (PHR) application server in the IPv6 Internet. The collected and transmitted data is examined remotely by an expert (doctor) who diagnoses the decease based on that data and provides an immediate decision. They presented a real testbed and an address auto-configuration technique based on a DHCPv6 extension to provide IPv6 connectivity to the resource constrained devices (used for capturing health related data). Ricardo Silva et al., BIB023 , Considered soft and hard handoff by assessing the use MIPv6 and showed that MIPv6 complexity leads to long handoff time and high energy consumption of wireless sensor nodes. To anticipate these problems of MIPv6, a proxy-based mobility approach in which resource-constrained sensor nodes can be relieved from heavy mobility signaling, significantly lessens time and energy overheads during handoff was proposed. The evaluation of both MIPv6 and the proposed solution was done through simulation, by varying the number of nodes, sinks and mobility strategies. A similar approach like in BIB023 was proposed by R. M. Silva et al., BIB024 . They used the concept of interconnected proxies having shared backbone, to transfer multimedia data in critical environments in WSNs. In BIB024 , proxy was used to reduce the energy consumption and handoff time. The proxy with best link quality to a MN is chosen as Local Proxy to MN. When local proxy gets deterioration in link quality to MN then other proxies are informed by the chosen proxy. The proxy with better link quality to MN replies back and chosen as next proxy and this is the indication that handoff is performed. Jong-Hyouk Lee et al., BIB025 , Introduced new NEMO support protocols as P-NEMO, which was based on entities provisioning mobility and were introduced in PMIPv6. In P-NEMO, vehicle mobility management is supported by entities which provision mobility services residing in a given PMIPv6 domain. To further improve handover performance, another efficient protocol FP-NEMO to anticipate the vehicle's handover based on wireless layer 2 (L2) events was proposed. They clearly showed the signaling flow of P-NEMO and FP-NEMO and found the number of message exchange is more in FP-NEMO than P-NEMO but packet loss ratio is lesser. Mun-Suk Kim et al., BIB027 , Presented a thorough analysis to evaluate the performance of PFMIPv6 in terms of the handover latency, the packet loss, and the signaling overhead, in comparison with PMIPv6. The analysis was also validated by simulation study. Results showed that PFMIPv6 improves the handover performance over PMIPv6, especially in the highway scenario where the degree of certainty for an anticipated handover is more, while it performed worse than PMIPv6 for slow mobiles in the city scenario as it takes too long for the slow mobiles to arrive at the nMAG since the predictive handover is triggered. To resolve this problem, they proposed, to perform a handover in the reactive mode for slow mobile in the city environment, although the pMAG receives an L2 report from the mobile, which is referred to as the hybrid scheme. It is shown via analytical and the simulation results that the hybrid scheme achieves shorter handover latency and smaller packet loss than both PMIPv6 and PFMIPv6, while not incurring any additional signaling cost compared to PFMIPv6. They also discussed that the simulations have been performed in the realistic vehicular network configuration to give an insight that the analysis results of which match with the simulation results. Mohammadreza Sahebi et al., BIB028 described a mobility solution for mobile patient node (MPN) in hospital premises to maintain the continuous connectivity between the patient nodes and hospital area network. For case study hospital architecture was considered to show that their proposed solution reduces the amount of messages exchanged between the MPN and 6LoWPAN hospital network, and also stated that it reduces traffic on Mobile Router (MR). further they showed the comparison of message exchange for three cases; message exchanged with set of Sensor Nodes, Messages exchanged with one MR and Messages exchanged with proposed optimized MR. Finally, it was shown that their scheme provides the same handoff cost and light traffic on MR and Border Router (BR) irrespective of the number of sensors deployed on the patient node's body. Jong-Hyouk Lee et al., BIB029 , Analyzed and compared existing host based IPv6 mobility management protocols like MIPv6, FMIPv6 etc. including the recently standardized network based PMIPv6 and FPMIPv6. Also identified the characteristics of these IPv6 mobility management protocols and evaluated performance by examining handover Latency over Frame Error Rate. Further analyzed the performance of the IPv6 mobility management protocols by considering the performance metrics like handover latency, handover blocking probability, and packet loss over velocity of MN in ms, Frame Error Rate etc., and showed their comparison graphically. For packet loss it follows the sequence as FPMIPv6<PMIPv6<HMIPv6<MIPv6 and for handover latency it follows the sequence as FPMIPv6-Predictive<PMIPv6<FPMIPv6-Reactive<HMIPv6 & FMIPv6 (almost same) <MIPv6 over frame error rate. Julien Montavont et al., BIB030 , Evaluated Mobile IPv6 over 6LoWPAN. They executed Mobile IPv6 in the Contiki operating system and accomplished thorough experimentations on a real testbed. They also proposed a new mechanism called Mobinet, for movement detection. Mobinet was based on passive overhearing. Their results highlighted that Mobile IPv6 can be a useful solution to achieve layer 3 mobility on 6LoWPAN. The layer 3 handover only takes 1.5secs on average with full header compression and is more than satisfactory although it does not permit the support for real-time communications. Prem Nath and Chiranjeev Kumar BIB031 introduced an AMAP (Adaptive Mobility Anchor Point) to reduce the regional registration cost and packet delivery cost in IPv6 networks. The proposed AMAP is a special mobility anchor point which was on the basis of activity rate (ARate) of mobile units (MUs) under any AR's domain. AMAP is very valuable in location management of those MUs which follow fixed mobility pattern and they again stated if the HA knows the Mobile Node's daily route (they presented the scenario of a person following same route while going from home to office), the signaling cost due to location update and data packets delivery can be eradicated significantly. They said that HA can store the MU's mobility profile (if fixed mobility pattern of MU) which includes the information related to the list of Access Routers (ARs) traversed, activity rate (ARate) under each AR, enter and exit time under an AR and average speed of MU(or MN) under AR domain. The AMAP is placed on the top of the hierarchy of ARs to lessen the regional registration and packet delivery cost. Their results for location update cost by varying the speed of MU (0-35m/s) showed that the proposed scheme (with AMAP) has less cost as 0-74.11% less, 0-76.4% less and 0-75.6%less in comparison to MIPv6, HMIPv6 and PMIPv6 respectively. Cheng-Wei Lee et al. BIB032 Proposed 2MR network mobility scheme which takes advantage of the physical size of high-speed trains to deploy two mobile routers (MRs) in the first and last carriages. This scheme provides a protocol to allow the two MRs to cooperate with a wireless network infrastructure in facilitating seamless handovers. The simulation results demonstrate that compared to the traditional single MR schemes, the 2MR scheme noticeably improves the communication quality during handover by significantly reducing handover latency as well as packet loss for high-speed trains. Zinon Zinonos et al., BIB033 , Proposed mobility solution proficiently sustains the connectivity of the mobile node by governing the handoff procedure. The proposed solution was a Fuzzy Logic-based mobility controller to benefit sensor Mobile Nodes (MNs) to decide whether they have to initiate the handoff procedure and perform the handoff to a new connection point or not. In the design of their solution, network state variables which are freely available at all, sensor MNs were used. The proposed solution is generally applicable to any industrial WSN or testbed with mobility requirements. They validated their proposed mobility solution on a real testbed scenario inside the industrial environment of an oil refinery. The results of the experimentation clearly showed that the proposed mobility solution overtakes the RSSI-based mobility solution in terms of packet loss, packet delivery delay, energy consumption, and ratio of successful handoff triggers. Yuh-Shyan Chen et al., BIB034 considered group based network roaming in PMIPv6 domain in 6LoWPAN to propose an enhanced existing group based mobility scheme. In their work they overcome the previous existing schemes in BIB005 and BIB008 which were relied on the "first newly attaching node in the new domain will carry the rest of node's binding information to reduce the signaling cost" however, sensors on the human body attach to the new access link at the same time. So they presented that it is good to group the body sensor to enhance the procedure and use one (RS & RA) message to carry whole body sensor's information. In addition to this, new Router Solicitation (RS) and Router Advertisement (RA) message formats to combine the necessary information of sensors into one message for reducing signaling cost were provided. Finally they gave a comparison of the original protocol, group based protocol and proposed protocol and stated that their proposed scheme provides better results in terms of signaling cost, average delay time and packet loss ratio. Extensive literature based on Network mobility and 6LoWPAN mobility is available on different resources of literature. Many researchers have used same protocols but in different perspective and applications. 6LoWPAN mobility is catching pace with the use of standardized network mobility management protocols. Table 1 showing the summary of a comparison between some of the mobility solutions based on network mobility protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). 