Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Introduction <s> This paper describes the concept of sensor networks which has been made viable by the convergence of micro-electro-mechanical systems technology, wireless communications and digital electronics. First, the sensing tasks and the potential sensor networks applications are explored, and a review of factors influencing the design of sensor networks is provided. Then, the communication architecture for sensor networks is outlined, and the algorithms and protocols developed for each layer in the literature are explored. Open research issues for the realization of sensor networks are also discussed. <s> BIB001 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Introduction <s> We provide an in-depth study of applying wireless sensor networks to real-world habitat monitoring. A set of system design requirements are developed that cover the hardware design of the nodes, the design of the sensor network, and the capabilities for remote data access and management. A system architecture is proposed to address these requirements for habitat monitoring in general, and an instance of the architecture for monitoring seabird nesting environment and behavior is presented. The currently deployed network consists of 32 nodes on a small island off the coast of Maine streaming useful live data onto the web. The application-driven design exercise serves to identify important areas of further work in data sampling, communications, network retasking, and health monitoring. <s> BIB002 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Introduction <s> In the recent past, wireless sensor networks have found their way into a wide variety of applications and systems with vastly varying requirements and characteristics. As a consequence, it is becoming increasingly difficult to discuss typical requirements regarding hardware issues and software support. This is particularly problematic in a multidisciplinary research area such as wireless sensor networks, where close collaboration between users, application domain experts, hardware designers, and software developers is needed to implement efficient systems. In this article we discuss the consequences of this fact with regard to the design space of wireless sensor networks by considering its various dimensions. We justify our view by demonstrating that specific existing applications occupy different points in the design space. <s> BIB003 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Introduction <s> Wireless sensors and wireless sensor networks have come to the forefront of the scientific community recently. This is the consequence of engineering increasingly smaller sized devices, which enable many applications. The use of these sensors and the possibility of organizing them into networks have revealed many research issues and have highlighted new ways to cope with certain problems. In this paper, different applications areas where the use of such sensor networks has been proposed are surveyed <s> BIB004 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Introduction <s> Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new protocols specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awareness is an essential consideration. Most of the attention, however, has been given to the routing protocols since they might differ depending on the application and network architecture. This paper surveys recent routing protocols for sensor networks and presents a classification for the various approaches pursued. The three main categories explored in this paper are data-centric, hierarchical and location-based. Each routing protocol is described and discussed under the appropriate category. Moreover, protocols using contemporary methodologies such as network flow and quality of service modeling are also discussed. The paper concludes with open research issues. � 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. <s> BIB005 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Introduction <s> In this paper, we assess the state of the art of Quality of Services (QoS) support in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Unlike traditional end-to-end multimedia applications, many non-end-to-end mission-critical applications envisioned for WSNs have brought forward new QoS requirements on the network. Further, unique characteristics of WSNs, such as extremely resource-constrained sensors, large-scale random deployment, and novel data-centric communication protocols, pose unprecedented challenges in the area of QoS support in WSNs. Thus, we first review the techniques for QoS support in traditional networks, analyze new QoS requirements in WSNs from a wide variety of applications classified by data delivery models, and propose some non-end-to-end collective QoS parameters. Next, the challenges of QoS support in this new paradigm are presented. Finally, we comment on current research efforts and identify many exciting open issues in order to stimulate more research interest in this largely unexplored area. Keywords— Wireless networks, wireless sensor networks, QoS, collective QoS <s> BIB006 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Introduction <s> The availability of low-cost hardware such as CMOS cameras and microphones has fostered the development of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs), i.e., networks of wirelessly interconnected devices that are able to ubiquitously retrieve multimedia content such as video and audio streams, still images, and scalar sensor data from the environment. In this paper, the state of the art in algorithms, protocols, and hardware for wireless multimedia sensor networks is surveyed, and open research issues are discussed in detail. Architectures for WMSNs are explored, along with their advantages and drawbacks. Currently off-the-shelf hardware as well as available research prototypes for WMSNs are listed and classified. Existing solutions and open research issues at the application, transport, network, link, and physical layers of the communication protocol stack are investigated, along with possible cross-layer synergies and optimizations. <s> BIB007 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Introduction <s> The design of a routing protocol must be based on the characteristics of its target networks. The diversity of wireless networks motivates the design of different routing metrics, capturing different aspects of wireless communications. The design of routing metrics, however, is not arbitrary since it has a great impact on the proper operation of routing protocols. Combining a wrong type of routing metrics with a routing protocol may result in routing loops and suboptimal paths. In this paper, we thoroughly study the relationship between routing metrics and routing protocols. Our work provides important guidelines for designing routing metrics and identifies the specific properties that a routing metric must have in order to be combined with certain type of routing protocols. <s> BIB008 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Introduction <s> A wireless sensor network with multimedia capabilities typically consists of data sensor nodes, which sense, for instance, sound or motion, and video sensor nodes, which capture video of events of interest. In this survey, we focus on the video encoding at the video sensors and the real-time transport of the encoded video to a base station. Real-time video streams have stringent requirements for end-to-end delay and loss during network transport. In this survey, we categorize the requirements of multimedia traffic at each layer of the network protocol stack and further classify the mechanisms that have been proposed for multimedia streaming in wireless sensor networks at each layer of the stack. Specifically, we consider the mechanisms operating at the application, transport, network, and MAC layers. We also review existing cross-layer approaches and propose a few possible cross-layer solutions to optimize the performance of a given wireless sensor network for multimedia streaming applications. <s> BIB009 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Introduction <s> Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) is comprised of small embedded video motes capable of extracting the surrounding environmental information, locally processing it and then wirelessly transmitting it to parent node or sink. It is comprised of video sensor, digital signal processing unit and digital radio interface. In this paper we have surveyed existing WMSN hardware and communication protocol layer technologies for achieving or fulfilling the objectives of WMSN. We have also listed the various technical challenges posed by this technology while discussing the communication protocol layer technologies. Sensor networking capabilities are urgently required for some of our most important scientific and societal problems like understanding the international carbon budget, monitoring water resources, monitoring vehicle emissions and safeguarding public health. This is a daunting research challenge requiring distributed sensor systems operating in complex environments while providing assurance of reliable and accurate sensing. <s> BIB010 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Introduction <s> The QoS problem of Wireless multimedia sensor networks, due to its distinctive features such as large amount of data transmission of audio, video, and images, becomes a hot research recently. In this paper, QoS parameters are discussed, and give the packet types and common definition of QoS parameters, describe the progress of QoS routing protocols for WMSNs, and QoS routing algorithms for WMSNs. Some typical algorithms are described in details. Finally, the challenges for QoS routing for WMSNs are pointed out. <s> BIB011 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Introduction <s> Visual sensor networks have emerged as an important ::: class of sensor-based distributed intelligent systems, ::: with unique performance, complexity, and quality of service ::: challenges. Consisting of a large number of low-power camera nodes, ::: visual sensor networks support a great number of novel ::: vision-based applications. The camera nodes provide information ::: from a monitored site, performing distributed and collaborative ::: processing of their collected data. Using multiple cameras in the ::: network provides different views of the scene, which enhances ::: the reliability of the captured events. However, the large amount ::: of image data produced by the cameras combined with the ::: network's resource constraints require exploring new means ::: for data processing, communication, and sensor management. ::: Meeting these challenges of visual sensor networks requires ::: interdisciplinary approaches, utilizing vision processing, communications ::: and networking, and embedded processing. In this ::: paper, we provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art in ::: the field of visual sensor networks, by exploring several relevant ::: research directions. Our goal is to provide a better understanding ::: of current research problems in the different research fields of ::: visual sensor networks, and to show how these different research ::: fields should interact to solve the many challenges of visual sensor ::: networks. <s> BIB012 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Introduction <s> With the maturity and development of Wireless Sensor Networks, a large body of research is being assembled and several routing protocols have been developed for wireless sensor networks. Routing metric is very important for the performance of wireless sensor networks. But a little attention has been paid by the researchers to the evaluation metrics and design principles for routing protocols that should never be neglected while designing and evaluating routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. This paper depicts some vital evaluation metrics that are essential while designing, developing and evaluating the performance of routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. This research is an effort towards hoarding all the general metrics and guiding the researchers for designing efficient, professional and valuable routing protocols. <s> BIB013 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Introduction <s> The recent technological advances in micro electro-mechanical systems have promoted the development of a powerful class of sensor-based distributed intelligent systems capable of ubiquitously retrieving multimedia information, namely Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs). WMSNs are gaining more popularity day by day as they are envisioned to support a large number of both non-real time and real-time multimedia applications. However, satisfying the stringent quality of service (QoS) requirements of multimedia transmission in a resource-constrained sensor network environment places new challenges to routing. As an outcome, optimal energy and application-specific QoS aware routing for WMSNs has gained considerable research attention recently. In this paper, current state-of-the-art in energy-efficient routing techniques for WMSNs is surveyed together with the highlights of the performance issues of each strategy. We outline the design challenges of routing protocols for WMSNs followed by the limitations of current techniques designed for non-multimedia data transmission. Further, a classification of recent routing protocols for WMSNs and a discussion of possible future research trends are presented. <s> BIB014 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Introduction <s> Multimedia applications are gradually becoming an essential--and flourishing--part of our daily lives. The area of wireless sensor networks is not an exception to this trend, as multimedia data have attracted the attention of researchers. Their importance is due to the shift of focus from traditional scalar sensors to sensors equipped with multimedia devices, as well as to the next-generation wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs). The highly sensitive nature of multimedia traffic makes data routing with security even more important in WMSNs. This paper discusses the challenges of secure routing in WMSNs, where most of the proposed works in the literature deal with routing and security as individual issues. A critical and comprehensive review of state-of-the-art routing and security approaches for WMSNs is presented, followed by the discussion of their limitations and features. It is hoped that this extensive review and discussion ultimately identifies the future research directions and the open challenges of secure routing approaches in WMSNs. <s> BIB015
In the past decade, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been a focus of researchers due to advances in Micro-ElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) technology BIB001 . Advances in digital electronics, MEMS technology, and radio communication have facilitated the design and development of physically small, low-cost, multifunctional, low-power smart sensor nodes. A WSN consists of a large number of randomly and densely deployed sensor nodes that can interact with one another and with the surrounding environment to sense, measure, and control scalar physical parameters of interest. Growing interest in WSNs has already facilitated a wide range of applications including habitat monitoring, military, environmental control, logistics support, human-centric applications, industrial control, and disaster relief BIB002 BIB003 BIB004 . Over the past few years, progress in Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology has facilitated the development of low-cost, physically small smart sensors to sense multimedia data BIB007 . This development gave rise to a new type of network called a Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN), which is composed of smart sensor nodes that collect and route multimedia streams, still images, and scalar sensor data in real-time and nonreal time. In recent years, many applications based on WMSNs have been developed for surveillance, advanced health care, smart homes, and environmental and industrial monitoring   . Although WMSNs evolved from WSNs, the former can be differentiated from their predecessor in terms of greater energy consumption, stringent real-time performance, high bandwidth requirement, high packet loss rate, and more processing capability. In WMSNs, a large amount of data is generated. Handling multimedia data with limited available resources and guaranteeing the variable Quality of Service (QoS) are difficult tasks to achieve. In WMSNs, routing is a fundamental mechanism that offers a QoS guarantee for multimedia traffic; this need has been an active area of research for the past few years. Metric based path selection and management of routing metrics are two most important concerns of the routing scheme. Appropriate selection of routing metrics with proper grouping and mathematical properties of the path-weight calculation (cost function) is a prerequisite for satisfying the routing requirements of network traffic BIB007 BIB008 BIB013 . Optimal links, or optimal paths, are characterized by the perfect fusion of a number of routing metrics with the help of a cost function. Optimal functioning 2 Journal of Computer Networks and Communications of all existing routing protocols directly depends upon the proper combination of different routing metrics. An odd combination of these metrics may result in the degradation of routing performance; for example, permutation of any arbitrary routing metrics in a routing protocol may lead to failure and creation of routing loops, resulting in suboptimal paths BIB008 . For this reason, this survey considers the number of routing metrics used by routing protocol as criteria to categorize into distinct classes. Several surveys have been conducted on sensor networks and routing protocols BIB006 BIB005 BIB009 BIB010 BIB011 BIB012 BIB014 BIB015 . Current survey is different from previous surveys based on two aspects. First, WMSNs QoS routing protocols are categorized based on a number of metrics used to find link/path costs for the selection of the next forwarding node or optimal path. An increase in the number of metrics adds to the complexity of route computation but shows partial improvements in QoS routing. Second, this survey is more extensive as it analyzes more parameters for comparison of WMSNs QoS routing protocols compared to previous works. Additionally, this survey highlights the performance-related issues of every QoS routing technique. Finally, current and future research topics in the area of real, practical WMSNs are discussed. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents various routing metrics used in the design of WMSNs routing link/path selection. Section 3 categorizes and surveys most existing WMSNs QoS routing schemes. Also merits, demerits, and performance of each scheme are discussed. An extensive comparative summary of various WMSNs QoS routing schemes is provided in tabular form in chronological order. In Section 4, related open issues and future research directions are outlined. Section 5 presents the conclusion.