Free software: A review, in the context of disaster management <s> Social media and volunteered geographical information (VGI) <s> Much progress has been made in the past two decades, and increasingly since the popularizing of the Internet and the advent of the Web, in exploiting new technologies in support of the dissemination of geographic information. Data warehouses, spatial data libraries, and geoportals have proliferated, and today’s users of geographic information have a wealth of potential sources that can be searched for suitable data sets. Standards have been established, issues of syntactic interoperability have been largely addressed, and rich descriptions are available in metadata to allow the suitability of a given data set to be assessed. Table digitizers used to be an essential asset for any spatial data center in the days when most sources of geographic information were in the form of paper maps, and skill in digitizing was a major part of any introduction to geographic information systems (GIS). Today, however, users rely heavily on digital sources, and virtually all digitizing is heads-up on-screen. <s> BIB001 </s> Free software: A review, in the context of disaster management <s> Social media and volunteered geographical information (VGI) <s> Abstract Geographic data and tools are essential in all aspects of emergency management: preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. Geographic information created by amateur citizens, often known as volunteered geographic information, has recently provided an interesting alternative to traditional authoritative information from mapping agencies and corporations, and several recent papers have provided the beginnings of a literature on the more fundamental issues raised by this new source. Data quality is a major concern, since volunteered information is asserted and carries none of the assurances that lead to trust in officially created data. During emergencies time is the essence, and the risks associated with volunteered information are often outweighed by the benefits of its use. An example is discussed using the four wildfires that impacted the Santa Barbara area in 2007–2009, and lessons are drawn. <s> BIB002 </s> Free software: A review, in the context of disaster management <s> Social media and volunteered geographical information (VGI) <s> Social media platforms, such as Twitter, offer a rich source of real-time information about real-world events, particularly during mass emergencies. Sifting valuable information from social media provides useful insight into time-critical situations for emergency officers to understand the impact of hazards and act on emergency responses in a timely manner. This work focuses on analyzing Twitter messages generated during natural disasters, and shows how natural language processing and data mining techniques can be utilized to extract situation awareness information from Twitter. We present key relevant approaches that we have investigated including burst detection, tweet filtering and classification, online clustering, and geotagging. <s> BIB003 </s> Free software: A review, in the context of disaster management <s> Social media and volunteered geographical information (VGI) <s> Abstract Several studies show the impacts of (geo)social media and Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) during crisis events, and have found intrinsic value for rescue teams, relief workers and humanitarian assistance coordinators, as well as the affected population. The main challenge is how emergency management and the public can capitalize on the abundance of this new source of information by reducing the volume to credible and relevant content. In this paper, we present the GeoCONAVI (Geographic CONtext Analysis for Volunteered Information) approach and a prototype system, designed to retrieve, process, analyze and evaluate social media content on forest fires, producing relevant, credible and actionable VGI usable for crisis events. The novelty of the approach lies in the enrichment of the content with additional geographic context information, and use of spatio-temporal clustering to support scoring and validation. Thus, the system is focusing on integrating authoritative data sources with VGI. Evaluation in case studies shows that the prototype system can handle large amounts of data with common-off-the-shelf hardware, produces valuable results, and is adaptable to other types of crisis events. <s> BIB004 </s> Free software: A review, in the context of disaster management <s> Social media and volunteered geographical information (VGI) <s> A comprehensive review of online, official, and scientific literature was carried out in 2012-13 to develop a framework of disaster social media. This framework can be used to facilitate the creation of disaster social media tools, the formulation of disaster social media implementation processes, and the scientific study of disaster social media effects. Disaster social media users in the framework include communities, government, individuals, organisations, and media outlets. Fifteen distinct disaster social media uses were identified, ranging from preparing and receiving disaster preparedness information and warnings and signalling and detecting disasters prior to an event to (re)connecting community members following a disaster. The framework illustrates that a variety of entities may utilise and produce disaster social media content. Consequently, disaster social media use can be conceptualised as occurring at a number of levels, even within the same disaster. Suggestions are provided on how the proposed framework can inform future disaster social media development and research. Language: en <s> BIB005
Every human is a 'sensor' and could be used to provide data and information about their geographical surroundings BIB001 . Social media consist of tools that allow the exchange of information through conversation and interaction BIB003 . Facebook has over 1.3 billion users and Twitter has over 645 million (Statisticbrain, 2014a,b) ; Google Earth is accessed more than 1 billion times per month (Searchengineland, 2014) ; Flickr, with its capability to display georeferenced photos, has over 60 million publicly-accessible photo uploads per month (Flickr, 2014). BIB005 review social media for emergency planning and crisis response; while examples of social media performance for disaster management can be found in  ,  , BIB002 ,  and  . The collaborative mapping performed by OpenStreetMap (OSM) after the 2010Haiti earthquake is an example of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). OSM rapidly provided accurate maps: the road network map of Port-au-Prince, was almost blank before the disaster, but was nearly complete 10 days later  The reliability of data obtained by VGI should be judged on a case-by-case basis  . VGI is best used in combination with official data e.g.,for updating maps in an emergency situation in near real-time, such as wildfires BIB002 . There is a need to incorporate VGI capabilities into future GIS desktop software, beyond virtual globes such as GoogleEarth. An important consideration for VGI software is the ability to detect and ignore doubtful contributions BIB001  . Recent research, such as automated geographic context analysis, has made VGI more reliable BIB004 . A promising approach was by  , who proposed that trust should be used as a proxy for VGI quality, demonstrated in the form of user ratings.