A systematic literature review on activity recognition with context-awareness techniques for mitigation of disasters <s> Introduction <s> Pervasive systems must offer an open, extensible, and evolving portfolio of services which integrate sensor data from a diverse range of sources. The core challenge is to provide appropriate and consistent adaptive behaviours for these services in the face of huge volumes of sensor data exhibiting varying degrees of precision, accuracy and dynamism. Situation identification is an enabling technology that resolves noisy sensor data and abstracts it into higher-level concepts that are interesting to applications. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the nature and characteristics of situations, discuss the complexities of situation identification, and review the techniques that are most popularly used in modelling and inferring situations from sensor data. We compare and contrast these techniques, and conclude by identifying some of the open research opportunities in the area. <s> BIB001 </s> A systematic literature review on activity recognition with context-awareness techniques for mitigation of disasters <s> Introduction <s> This document describes COBRA-ONT, an ontology for supporting pervasive context-aware systems. COBRA-ONT, expressed in the Web Ontology Language OWL, is a collection of ontologies for describing places, agents and events and their associated properties in an intelligent meeting-room domain. This ontology is developed as a part of the Context Broker Architecture (CoBrA), a broker-centric agent architecture that provides knowledge sharing, context reasoning and privacy protection supports for pervasive context-aware systems. We also describe an inference engine for reasoning with information expressed using the COBRA-ONT ontology and the ongoing research in using the DAML-Time ontology for context reasoning. <s> BIB002 </s> A systematic literature review on activity recognition with context-awareness techniques for mitigation of disasters <s> Introduction <s> Many researches have indicated that the wireless technology can enhance the learning performance of teaching, learning and self-study. Therefore, the web-based learning has been evolved into mobile learning and even ubiquitous learning in recent years. Certainly, performing language teaching and learning actions by handheld devices in cooperating with advanced wireless technology has been a novel trend. Therefore, the research proposes a context-aware ubiquitous English learning system in a campus environment, which can detect the learner location by wireless positioning techniques, then retrieve specific learning content based on location information to individual learners through wireless networks. Currently, the system prototype has been successfully implemented on PDA and it has been applied to assist English situated learning for learning performance promotion in a campus environment. <s> BIB003 </s> A systematic literature review on activity recognition with context-awareness techniques for mitigation of disasters <s> Introduction <s> The expenditure telecom operators made to prepare themselves for the 3G (and beyond) environment are far from being re-earned and recent research has showed that mobile customers are not willing to spend more money on mobile communication. The telecom industry needs to search for new sources of revenue. Opportunities can be found in the area of context awareness. As location based services are taking off, telecom operators need to understand quickly the possible roles they can play in context aware services before other players in the industry do. Based on a research on context aware services this paper proposes some new business roles interesting fortelco's. <s> BIB004 </s> A systematic literature review on activity recognition with context-awareness techniques for mitigation of disasters <s> Introduction <s> Designing Context-aware Mobile Patient Monitoring Frameworks (CMPMF) is an emerging study in the biomedical informatics domain. However, literature on this topic is fragmented: first, there are no categories in the literature to characterize these CMPMF; second, there are no success factors that must be satisfied to enhance the design of these CMPMF; third, there is a need for a research agenda that provides a foundation for further research and development to enhance the design of these CMPMF. To address this gap, this paper is a review of context-aware frameworks in general and a systematic review of 10 designed context-aware frameworks in the biomedical informatics domain. Consequently, in this paper, three results are provided. First, a number of categories to be used to gain an intensive and extensive understanding of the designed CMPMF are identified. Second, a set of success factors, called Factors of Successful Context-aware Application Frameworks (FSCAF) are identified, to be used to enhance the design of CMPMF. Third, a research agenda that shows lacks and gaps in the designed CMPMF and provides a foundation to help researchers to design enhanced CMPMF is presented. The results show that no study integrated all of the FSCAF to enhance the design of CMPMF. Therefore, there is a need for further research to enhance the design of the existing CMPMF. <s> BIB005 </s> A systematic literature review on activity recognition with context-awareness techniques for mitigation of disasters <s> Introduction <s> Abstract Our research works focuses on the design and implementation of a novel ubiquitous multi context-aware mobile phone sensing network for mitigation of crowd disasters using machine-to-machine (M2M) communications. A mobile sensor network system integrated with wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) was designed for effective prediction of a stampede during crowd disasters. This proposed sensor network consists of mobile devices that are used as crowd monitoring participant nodes that employ light sensors, accelerometers, as well as audio and video sensors to collect the relevant data. Real-time crowd dynamics modeling and real-time activity modeling have been achieved by implementing the algorithms developed for Context Acquisition and multi-context fusion. Dynamic crowd monitoring was achieved by implementing the context based region identification and grouping of participants, distributed crowd behavior estimation, and stampede prediction based on distributed consensus. The implementation of the proposed architecture in Android smartphone provides light-weight, easy to deploy, context aware wireless services for effective crowd disaster mitigation and generation of an in time alert to take measures to avoid the occurrence of a stampede. The system has been tested and illustrated within a group of people for stampede prediction by using empirically collected data. <s> BIB006
Context-aware computing (CAC) is a software that examines and reacts to individual's changing context . It is aware of the user's state and surroundings and helps to adapt to its behaviour  . The term context-awareness is a property of mobile computing. It originates as a term from ubiquitous or pervasive computing, which is an act of linking changes in the environment with a computer system that is static. The current target of pervasive computing is how to integrate intelligent agent that is capable of knowledge empowerment and reasoning to understand the local context and shared information to support intelligent application and interfaces BIB002 . Contextual characteristics experience changes when the need arises, by using contextual commands, automatic contextual reconfiguration and context triggered actions . Any CA software will use any of these contextual commands, automatic contextual reconfiguration or context trigger actions to execute the expected task to carry out its function. Present researches with context-awareness application are common in campuses BIB003 , industries BIB004 , healthcare services  , other organisations and the entire world. Previous research has shown that CA personalised activity assistance will act as a commonplace in the future. The smart home activities of daily living of people, particularly elderly or disabled can be monitored and analysed for personalised CA assistance living to be offered. Hence, activity recognition (AR) has emerged as a critical research issue related to the realisation of intelligence in pervasive environments. Context is any information that can be used to characterise the situation of an entity. The entities include identity (who); activity (what); time (when); and location (where) in other words, W4 can be used to describe context in . However, contextual information and any intelligent behaviour in an environment need to be relevant to the user's context and ongoing activities. This concept led to AR that has emerged as a final research issue related to the successful realisation of intelligent pervasive environments. A systematic literature review (SLR) is a product of evidence-based software engineering (EBSE) concept proposed in  . It is simply a "standard for identifying, evaluating and interpreting all available research that is relevant to a specific question, topic area or phenomenon of interest." However, some studies present a literature review on CA related research in ,  , Naismith et al. (2004) , BIB001 and BIB005 , from our beast knowledge, only Al-Bashayray et al. (2013) , have conducted a systematic review of CA mobile patient monitoring framework (CMPMF). Al-Bashayray et al. (2013) adapted the 'concept matrix technique' to synthesise previous studies to develop a research agenda, which further provides foundation for extending the state-of-the-art research by filling the gaps identified. The study also categorised previous work using factors of strong context-aware application framework (FSCAF), to enhance the design of CMPMF and to address the problems encountered in mobile patient monitoring systems (MPMS) using wireless sensors, in the field of biomedical informatics with patients having chronic diseases; like hypertension, diabetes and epilepsy; in respect of vital sign, medication treatment and disease symptoms. A good scientific and quality literature review is a prerequisite for doing excellent and creative research. Quality research is quality because it promotes and expands our horizon and the overall perception on the research. Given this fact, this paper explores context-awareness techniques using AR related research with focus on mitigation of disasters in particular, crowd disaster. In the light of this, this study carries out SLR in context-awareness with a focus on AR domain that addresses problems in a crowd disaster mitigation (DM) related topics. Meanwhile, the main contributions of this paper are outline as follows: 1 To present a SLR to identify the context-awareness techniques associated with AR. 2 To highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the identified techniques using the SLR. 3 To investigate and identify the context-awareness techniques with AR appropriate to solve disaster related problems thereby extending the study of BIB006 and similar study found in literature. 4 To highlights the techniques that can help to mitigate crowd disaster to minimise loss of lives and properties in the 21st century and beyond. The remaining sections are as follows, Section 2 explains flow of the research methodology adopted and research questions (RQs) used in this study. In Section 3, results and statistics of primary studies are presented. Section 4 discussed the various results to provide answers to the RQs (Q1-Q4), Section 5 discusses research activity issue in a crowd DM, existing context-awareness frameworks, important research gaps with future research directions and Section 6 presents the conclusions.