A Survey on Mobile Crowd-Sensing and Its Applications in the IoT Era <s> A. POSITIONING THE PROVIDED SURVEY <s> Mobile phones or smartphones are rapidly becoming the central computer and communication device in people's lives. Application delivery channels such as the Apple AppStore are transforming mobile phones into App Phones, capable of downloading a myriad of applications in an instant. Importantly, today's smartphones are programmable and come with a growing set of cheap powerful embedded sensors, such as an accelerometer, digital compass, gyroscope, GPS, microphone, and camera, which are enabling the emergence of personal, group, and communityscale sensing applications. We believe that sensor-equipped mobile phones will revolutionize many sectors of our economy, including business, healthcare, social networks, environmental monitoring, and transportation. In this article we survey existing mobile phone sensing algorithms, applications, and systems. We discuss the emerging sensing paradigms, and formulate an architectural framework for discussing a number of the open issues and challenges emerging in the new area of mobile phone sensing research. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on Mobile Crowd-Sensing and Its Applications in the IoT Era <s> A. POSITIONING THE PROVIDED SURVEY <s> Mobile phone sensing is an emerging area of interest for researchers as smart phones are becoming the core communication device in people's everyday lives. Sensor enabled mobile phones or smart phones are hovering to be at the center of a next revolution in social networks, green applications, global environmental monitoring, personal and community healthcare, sensor augmented gaming, virtual reality and smart transportation systems. More and more organizations and people are discovering how mobile phones can be used for social impact, including how to use mobile technology for environmental protection, sensing, and to leverage just-in-time information to make our movements and actions more environmentally friendly. In this paper we have described comprehensively all those systems which are using smart phones and mobile phone sensors for humans good will and better human phone interaction. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey on Mobile Crowd-Sensing and Its Applications in the IoT Era <s> A. POSITIONING THE PROVIDED SURVEY <s> Mobile crowdsensing serves as a critical building block for the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) applications. However, the sensing devices continuously generate a large amount of data, which consumes much resources (e.g., bandwidth, energy and storage), and may sacrifice the quality-of-service (QoS) of applications. Prior work has demonstrated that there is significant redundancy in the content of the sensed data. By judiciously reducing the redundant data, the data size and the load can be significantly reduced, thereby reducing resource cost, facilitating the timely delivery of unique, probably critical information and enhancing QoS. This paper presents a survey of existing works for the mobile crowdsensing strategies with emphasis on reducing the resource cost and achieving high QoS. We start by introducing the motivation for this survey, and present the necessary background of crowdsensing and IoT. We then present various mobile crowdsensing strategies and discuss their strengths and limitations. Finally, we discuss the future research directions for mobile crowdsensing. The survey addresses a broad range of techniques, methods, models, systems and applications related to mobile crowdsensing and IoT. Our goal is not only to analyze and compare the strategies proposed in the prior works but also to discuss their applicability towards the IoT, and provide the guidance on the future research direction of mobile crowdsensing. <s> BIB003
There are several surveys in the litreture that address the broad topic of mobile crowd-sensing. The survey in BIB003 focuses on existing work on mobile crowd-sensing strategies with emphasis on reducing the resource cost and achieving high Quality-of-Service, however it did not address sensing techniques and applications. Lane et al. BIB001 give an overview of the sensors on the phone and their potential uses The paper targets novice or practitionars new to the field of MCS. Finally, the survey in BIB002 addresses the use of mobile phones in detecting movements and actions. To the best of our knowledge, all the reviewed surveys did not consider the most common mobile crowd application modes such as participatory and opportunistic modes that are used in most of the mobile crowd-sensing applications. In this work, we address mobile crowd-sensing applications focusing on the participatory and opportunistic modes. The detailed objectives of our contribution are listed below: 1) Present a comprehensive literature review of mobile crowdsensing, demonstrating the shift from traditional sensing paradigm towards MCS paradigm, and introducing several research work done in this field using smartphone sensors. 2) Describe the current techniques and frameworks for MCS. 3) Discuss the significant research findings of MCS and identify the application areas considering both the two urban sensing namely participatory and opportunistic sensing 4) Explore applications of crowdsensing in areas such as healthcare, environment, smart city, infrastructure, social networking, tourism, Sports and public safety and military applications (as shown in Figure 1 ). 5) Discuss the challenges and explore new research areas in MCS deployment such as enhancing the collected data accuracy. We believe this work can open doors to more research on this vital topic inspiring designers to develop attractive mobile crowd-sensing systems while considering privacy of the participants before system deployment. The remainder of this paper is structured as follows: Section 2 contains the MCS paradigm and overview. Section 3 describes the MCS framework with its components such as data collection; communication media; data aggregation; and data storage and classification. MCS applications including healthcare, environmental, smart city, infrastructure social networking, tourism, sports and public safety and military applications; are described in Section 4. A discussion of extensive investigations of MCS is presented with open research issues and challenges are described in Section 5, and finally, the paper concludes in Section 6.