Energy optimization in wireless sensor network through natural science computing: A survey <s> 4. <s> Wireless distributed microsensor systems will enable the reliable monitoring of a variety of environments for both civil and military applications. In this paper, we look at communication protocols, which can have significant impact on the overall energy dissipation of these networks. Based on our findings that the conventional protocols of direct transmission, minimum-transmission-energy, multi-hop routing, and static clustering may not be optimal for sensor networks, we propose LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), a clustering-based protocol that utilizes randomized rotation of local cluster based station (cluster-heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network. LEACH uses localized coordination to enable scalability and robustness for dynamic networks, and incorporates data fusion into the routing protocol to reduce the amount of information that must be transmitted to the base station. Simulations show the LEACH can achieve as much as a factor of 8 reduction in energy dissipation compared with conventional outing protocols. In addition, LEACH is able to distribute energy dissipation evenly throughout the sensors, doubling the useful system lifetime for the networks we simulated. <s> BIB001 </s> Energy optimization in wireless sensor network through natural science computing: A survey <s> 4. <s> An system-level power management technique for massively distributed wireless microsensor networks is proposed. A power aware sensor node model is introduced which enables the embedded operating system to make transitions to different sleep states based on observed event statistics. The adaptive shutdown policy is based on a stochastic analysis and renders desired energy-quality scalability at the cost of latency and missed events. The notion of algorithmic transformations that improve the energy quality scalability of the data gathering network are also analyzed. <s> BIB002 </s> Energy optimization in wireless sensor network through natural science computing: A survey <s> 4. <s> Large-scale wireless sensor networks represent a new generation of real-time embedded systems with significantly different communication constraints from traditional networked systems. This paper presents RAP, a new real-time communication architecture for large-scale sensor networks. RAP provides convenient, high-level query and event services for distributed micro-sensing applications. Novel location-addressed communication models are supported by a scalable and light-weight network stack. We present and evaluate a new packet scheduling policy called velocity monotonic scheduling that inherently accounts for both time and distance constraints. We show that this policy is particularly suitable for communication scheduling in sensor networks in which a large number of wireless devices are seamlessly integrated into a physical space to perform real-time monitoring and control. Detailed simulations of representative sensor network environments demonstrate that RAP significantly reduces the end-to-end deadline miss ratio in the sensor network. <s> BIB003 </s> Energy optimization in wireless sensor network through natural science computing: A survey <s> 4. <s> The MANTIS MultimodAl system for NeTworks of In-situ wireless Sensors provides a new multithreaded embedded operating system integrated with a general-purpose single-board hardware platform to enable flexible and rapid prototyping of wireless sensor networks. The key design goals of MANTIS are ease of use, i.e. a small learning curve that encourages novice programmers to rapidly prototype novel sensor networking applications in software and hardware, as well as flexibility, so that expert researchers can leverage or develop advanced software features and hardware extensions to suit the needs of advanced research in wireless sensor networks. <s> BIB004 </s> Energy optimization in wireless sensor network through natural science computing: A survey <s> 4. <s> In this paper, we present a real-time communication protocol for sensor networks, called SPEED. The protocol provides three types of real-time communication services, namely, real-time unicast, real-time area-multicast and real-time area-anycast. SPEED is specifically tailored to be a stateless, localized algorithm with minimal control overhead End-to-end soft real-time communication is achieved by maintaining a desired delivery speed across the sensor network through a novel combination of feedback control and non-deterministic geographic forwarding. SPEED is a highly efficient and scalable protocol for sensor networks where the resources of each node are scarce. Theoretical analysis, simulation experiments and a real implementation on Berkeley motes are provided to validate our claims. <s> BIB005
System Layer OS Management Event-driven, dynamic power management, fault-tolerance [26] BIB002 BIB004 Cellular automation   The swarm   protocols consider the timing constraints for real-time requirements. The Realtime Architecture and Protocol (RAP) BIB003 and a stateless protocol for realtime communication in sensor networks (SPEED) BIB005 achieve the need but still there are lots of scopes for research. The network topology and radio transmission power can be adjusted by routing protocols. The Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) BIB001 optimizes the network topology for reduced energy consumption by adjusting the radio's transmission power. LEACH uses a hybrid single-hop and multi-hop communication model in which the sensor nodes use multi-hop communication to transmit data reports to a cluster head. The application of nature science procedures like cellular automation, genetics system   and the Swarm -honey bees   can give effective solution for energy conservation