A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> D. Holonic Control Principles <s> Koestler examines the notion that the parts of the human brain-structure which account for reason and emotion are not fully coordinated. This kind of deficiency may explain the paranoia, violence, and insanity that are central parts of human history, according to Koestler's challenging analysis of the human predicament. <s> BIB001 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> D. Holonic Control Principles <s> Smart grid is a combination of power, communication and information infrastructures which support the evolution of conventional electrical power systems toward active, flexible and automatic troubleshooter energy networks. This study presents a novel architectural model based on holonic multi-agent system to establish powerful connection model for software entities in IT infrastructure of smart grid. The Information Technology (IT) infrastructure is one of the most important structural perspectives in smart power grid. Along with developments in power systems infrastructure, there are some challenges in smart grid from IT perspective such as data exchange problem which is dealing with high volume of information. So, it is necessary to define an effective IT architecture to solve data exchange problem in smart grid. This study presents a holonic approach which prevents from extra communications and unnecessary information exchange. The proposed model derives a benefit from holonic architecture features such as flexibility, high tolerability and scalability. In addition, it provides a secure communication model using localization of data in the smart grid domains and considering a communication interface for each domain. Finally, by applying the proposed model on the smart grid, the contribution of new software entities could be easily obtained. <s> BIB002 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> D. Holonic Control Principles <s> With the growing concerns about sustainable energy, energy efficiency and energy security, the electrical power system is undergoing major changes. Distributed energy sources are becoming widely available at the lower parts of the grid. As a result, more and more end consumers are transforming from passive consumers to active “prosumers” that can autonomously generate, store, import and/or export power. As prosumers increasingly dominate the power system, the system demands capability that allows enormous number of stakeholders with heterogeneous types to exchange power on the grid. Unfortunately, the classical power system cannot efficiently handle this scenario since it was designed for centralized power distribution. Thus, restructuring the rather old power system is indispensable. In this paper, we apply the holonic approach to structure the smart grid as a system that is bottom-up organized from autonomous prosumers that are recursively clustered at various aggregation layers. Based on this, we present a control architecture of the smart grid using holonic concepts. Our control architecture is characterized by autonomy of the prosumers, distributed control, recursive self-similar control structures at different aggregation levels. Further, we present a service oriented architecture (SOA) framework that models the control functions that make up the holonic control architecture. Our proposed control architecture is tested using a simulation set-up. <s> BIB003 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> D. Holonic Control Principles <s> Designing the control infrastructure of future ``smart'' power grids is a challenging task. Such grids will integrate a wide variety of heterogeneous producers and consumers that are unpredictable and operate at various scales. Smart grids will need to control these in order to attain global objectives at the macro-level, while also taking into account local objectives and private interests at the micro-level. This paper proposes a holonic control architecture to help meet these requirements. We show how this architecture can integrate heterogeneous control solutions, including - when applicable - existing state-of-the-art solutions for the smart grid. To better illustrate the utility of this generic architecture we exemplify its use via a proof-of-concept implementation, integrating some basic control solutions. We show how this sample holonic controller can manage a grid simulator in several scenarios. Obtained results support our belief that the proposed architecture can facilitate the development of control solutions addressing the aforementioned challenges. <s> BIB004
Holonic principles BIB001 known from the AI field and general systems theory are being applied to the smart grids domain, trying to capitalize the intrinsic characteristics to model complex large distributed systems into potential benefits. An architectural model based on holonic MAS is proposed by BIB002 to structure the software entities within the ICT infrastructure of smart grids. The whole network is assumed as a holon that consists of some domain holons, namely, focusing on generation, transmission, distribution, control and operation, service provider, and market and customer domains. Negeri et al. BIB003 applied the holonic approach to structure the smart grid organized on autonomous prosumers that are recursively clustered at various aggregation layers. These holons, named control holons, are organized in a bottom-up structure to form a complete control holarchy of the smart grid. Many functions are included in this holon structure, namely, the environment state acquaintance, state analysis, database management, forecasting, steering subholons, and scheduler. This holonic approach is extended by considering a SoA framework to support interoperability and reusability challenges  , defining five major services: database service, state evaluation service, optimization service, transaction service, and stability service. Frey et al. BIB004 proposed a holonic control architecture to address the current requirements of smart grids, namely, the need to control a wide variety of heterogeneous producers and consumers to attain global objectives at the macro level, while also taking into account local objectives and private interests at the micro level. For this purpose, they identified three main integration patterns for conflict resolution in self-managed systems, namely, hierarchic, collaborative, and stigmergic. These patterns are complementary and could be successively used according to the environmental conditions and the working mode of the power grid. A holonic MAS architecture is also introduced by  to be capable of adaptively controlling power distribution systems, e.g., allowing the operation of a distribution system as an island mode in case of emergency, such as hurricanes/earthquakes or power grid failures.