A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Hierarchical Routing Surveys <s> Recent developments in wireless communications have enabled the development of low-cost, low-power wireless sensor networks (WSN) with wide applicability, including environment and vehicle-health monitoring. Minimizing energy consumption and hence maximizing the life time of the network are key requirements in the design of optimum sensor networking protocols and algorithms. Several routing protocols with different objectives have already been proposed for energy-efficient WSN applications. This paper surveys a sample of existing energy-efficient cluster-based and QoS-aware routing protocols and highlights their key features, including strengths and weaknesses <s> BIB001 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Hierarchical Routing Surveys <s> Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are emerging as essential and popular ways of providing pervasive computing environments for various applications. In all these environments energy constraint is the most critical problem that must be considered. Clustering is introduced to WSNs because of its network scalability, energy-saving attributes and network topology stabilities. However, there also exist some disadvantages associated with individual clustering scheme, such as additional overheads during cluster-head (CH) selection, assignment and cluster construction process. In this paper, we discuss and compare several aspects and characteristics of some widely explored clustering algorithms in WSNs, e.g. clustering timings, attributes, metrics, advantages and disadvantages of corresponding clustering algorithms. This paper also presents a discussion on the future research topics and the challenges of clustering in WSNs. <s> BIB002 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Hierarchical Routing Surveys <s> Owing to the limited resources of the sensor nodes, designing energy-efficient routing mechanism to prolong the overall network lifetime becomes one of the most important technologies in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). As an active branch of routing technology, cluster-based routing protocols have proven to be effective in network topology management, energy minimization, data aggregation and so on. In this paper, we present a survey of state-of-the-art routing techniques in WSNs. We first outline the clustering architecture in WSNs, and classify the proposed approaches based on their objectives and design principles. Furthermore, we highlight the challenges in clustering WSNs, including rotating the role of cluster heads, optimization of cluster size and communication mode, followed by a comprehensive survey of routing techniques. Finally, the paper concludes with possible future research areas. <s> BIB003 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Hierarchical Routing Surveys <s> Abstract Routing protocol of wireless sensor network research is the key problem, according to network topology, routing protocols can be divided into flat and hierarchical routing protocol. From the basic ideas, the advantages and disadvantages and applications the article introduces several typical hierarchical routing protocols in detail, which are analyzed and compared based on performance parameters, and finally summarizes the problems of routing protocols and possible research direction in future combined with the current research status. <s> BIB004 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Hierarchical Routing Surveys <s> WSNs usually deployed in the targeted area to monitor or sense the environment and depending upon the application sensor node transmit the data to the base station. To relay the data intermediate nodes communicate together, select appropriate routing path and transmit data towards the base station. Routing path selection depends on the routing protocol of the network. Base station should receive unaltered and fresh data. To fulfill this requirement, routing protocol should beenergy-efficient and secure. Hierarchical or cluster-base routing protocol for WSNs is the most energy-efficient among other routing protocols. In this paper, we study different hierarchical routing technique for WSNs. Further we analyze and compare secure hierarchical routing protocols based on various criteria. <s> BIB005 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Hierarchical Routing Surveys <s> The past few years have witnessed increased interest among researchers in cluster-based protocols for homogeneous networks because of their better scalability and higher energy efficiency than other routing protocols. Given the limited capabilities of sensor nodes in terms of energy resources, processing and communication range, the cluster-based protocols should be compatible with these constraints in either the setup state or steady data transmission state. With focus on these constraints, we classify routing protocols according to their objectives and methods towards addressing the shortcomings of clustering process on each stage of cluster head selection, cluster formation, data aggregation and data communication. We summarize the techniques and methods used in these categories, while the weakness and strength of each protocol is pointed out in details. Furthermore, taxonomy of the protocols in each phase is given to provide a deeper understanding of current clustering approaches. Ultimately based on the existing research, a summary of the issues and solutions of the attributes and characteristics of clustering approaches and some open research areas in cluster-based routing protocols that can be further pursued are provided. <s> BIB006 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Hierarchical Routing Surveys <s> In recent years, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have emerged as a new powerful technology used in many applications such as military operations, surveillance system, Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) etc. These networks consist of many Sensor Nodes (SNs), which are not only used for monitoring but also capturing the required data from the environment. Most of the research proposals on WSNs have been developed keeping in view of minimization of energy during the process of extracting the essential data from the environment where SNs are deployed. The primary reason for this is the fact that the SNs are operated on battery which discharges quickly after each operation. It has been found in literature that clustering is the most common technique used for energy aware routing in WSNs. The most popular protocol for clustering in WSNs is Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) which is based on adaptive clustering technique. This paper provides the taxonomy of various clustering and routing techniques in WSNs based upon metrics such as power management, energy management, network lifetime, optimal cluster head selection, multihop data transmission etc. A comprehensive discussion is provided in the text highlighting the relative advantages and disadvantages of many of the prominent proposals in this category which helps the designers to select a particular proposal based upon its merits over the others. <s> BIB007 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Hierarchical Routing Surveys <s> In recent times, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become progressively more attractive and have found their way into a wide variety of applications and systems because of their low cost, self-organizing behavior, and sensing ability in harsh environments. A WSN is a collection of nodes organized into a network. Routing is a vital technology in WSNs and can be roughly divided into two categories: flat routing and hierarchical routing. In a flat routing topology, all nodes have identical functionality and carry out the same task in the network. Nodes in a hierarchical topology do different tasks in WSNs and are usually arranged into clusters. In this paper, a survey on cluster-based routing schemes for WSNs has been done and comparisons made on the basis of performance factors such as latency, scalability, and energy awareness. Strengths and limitations of each scheme are presented, and open issues that must be addressed in the design of cluster-based routing algorithms are discussed. <s> BIB008 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Hierarchical Routing Surveys <s> Abstract Latest advancements in micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) and wireless communication technology, opens the way for the growth in applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Wireless sensor network is comprised of huge number of small and cheap devices known as sensor nodes. The sensor nodes communicate together by many wireless strategies and these communication strategies are administered by routing protocols. Performance of sensor networks largely depends on the routing protocols, which are application based. Keeping this in mind, we have carried out extensive survey on WSN routing protocols. Based on structure of network, routing protocols in WSN can be broadly classified into three categories: flat routing, hierarchical or cluster based routing, and location based routing. Due to certain advantages, clustering is flattering as an active stem in routing technology. In this paper, authors have been reported a comprehensive survey on cluster based routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. We outline the merits and limitations of the clustering schemes in WSNs, and propose a taxonomy of cluster based routing methods. Finally, we summarize and conclude the paper with some future directions. <s> BIB009 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Hierarchical Routing Surveys <s> Hierarchical routing in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a very important topic that has been attracting the research community in the last decade. Typical hierarchical routing is called clustering routing, in which the network is divided into multiple clusters. Recently, some types of atypical hierarchical routing arise, including chain-based, tree-based, grid-based routing, and area-based routing. There are several survey papers that present and compare the hierarchical routing protocols from various perspectives, but a survey on atypical hierarchical routing is still missing. This paper makes a first attempt to provide a comprehensive review on atypical hierarchical routing. We offer a classification of atypical hierarchical routing of WSNs, and give detailed analysis of different logical topologies. The most representative atypical hierarchical routing protocols are described, discussed, and qualitatively compared. In particular, the advantages and disadvantages of different atypical hierarchical routing protocols are analyzed with respect to their significant performances and application scenarios. Finally, we put forward some open issues concerning the design of hierarchical WSNs. This survey aims to provide useful guidance for system designers on how to evaluate and select appropriate logical topologies and hierarchical routing protocols for specific applications. <s> BIB010 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Hierarchical Routing Surveys <s> Introducing mobility to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) puts new challenges particularly in designing of routing protocols. Mobility can be applied to the sensor nodes and/or the sink node in the network. Many routing protocols have been developed to support the mobility of WSNs. These protocols are divided depending on the routing structure into hierarchical-based, flat-based, and location-based routing protocols. However, the hierarchical-based routing protocols outperform the other routing types in saving energy, scalability, and extending lifetime of Mobile WSNs (MWSNs). Selecting an appropriate hierarchical routing protocol for specific applications is an important and difficult task. Therefore, this paper focuses on reviewing some of the recently hierarchical-based routing protocols that are developed in the last five years for MWSNs. This survey divides the hierarchical-based routing protocols into two broad groups, namely, classical-based and optimized-based routing protocols. Also, we present a detailed classification of the reviewed protocols according to the routing approach, control manner, mobile element, mobility pattern, network architecture, clustering attributes, protocol operation, path establishment, communication paradigm, energy model, protocol objectives, and applications. Moreover, a comparison between the reviewed protocols is investigated in this survey depending on delay, network size, energy-efficiency, and scalability while mentioning the advantages and drawbacks of each protocol. Finally, we summarize and conclude the paper with future directions. <s> BIB011
The hierarchical routing surveys focus on cluster based routing techniques which may exhibit high efficiency for large sized networks and are scalable in nature. They are considered energy efficient and may accommodate heavy traffic load, cover large sensing area and have the ability to perform data fusion/aggregation. These surveys may be mainly classified into succeeding four categories i.e., i In typical based categorization, the hierarchical protocols are classified on the basis of clustering procedure (such as Cluster Head (CH) election techniques, even-distribution, convergence time, clustering methodology and objectives), clustering properties (such as cluster count, size, balance, hop-count, stability, re-clustering support and inter/intra cluster topology and routing) and CH capabilities (such as type, role and mobility support). ii In atypical based categorization, the hierarchical routing protocols belonging to block, grid, chain and tree based topologies may be discussed. iii In security based categorization, security aspects of cluster-based protocols are evaluated on the basis of requirement of security goals, selection of security mechanism and prevention of security threats. iv In energy-efficient based categorization, those routing surveys are discussed which focus on energy efficiency in cluster based routing protocols. v In mobile hierarchical based categorization, those hierarchical routing protocols are discussed where either sensor or sink node or both are mobile. Such routing protocols may exhibit single-sink or multi-sink approach. The authors in BIB002  BIB003 BIB004   BIB006  BIB007 have mainly classified hierarchical routing protocols into typical based categorization. In BIB008 BIB009 BIB010 , the authors have classified hierarchical routing protocols using atypical based categorization. The authors in BIB005  , and  BIB001  have mainly classified hierarchical routing protocols that put forth security, and energy-efficiency based categorization respectively. The mobile hierarchical oriented categorization is exhibited by BIB011 . In BIB006 , the authors have outlined a more detailed classification in terms of CH selection, cluster formation, data aggregation and communication. Additionally, the issues relevant to various phases of taxonomy are also figured out. In BIB010 , the authors have discussed and evaluated various atypical hierarchical routing approaches in WSNs. Additionally, the application scenario of discussed protocol are outlined too. The authors in  devise a metric that may determine fitness of different secure hierarchical protocols to suitable applications. In  , the authors have discussed objectives of clustering while  delineates routing issues and discusses both clustered and non-clustered homogeneous/heterogeneous routing protocols. In BIB011 , the authors have discussed and compared the characteristics of various mobility-oriented hierarchical routing protocols in WSNs. The review also highlights the applications of discussed protocols that may provide guidelines for protocol development in the corresponding fields in future. The authors in BIB003  discuss the design challenges of hierarchical-based and general-based routing protocols. In  , the efficiency of various hierarchical routing protocols is compared on the basis of numerous performance oriented parameters using Network Simulator 2 (NS-2)  . Cluster-oriented issue are delineated in  whereas general, and security-based issues are outlined in BIB009 , and BIB005  respectively. Future research directions are discussed in  BIB002  BIB003 BIB004  BIB006 BIB007 BIB008 BIB009 BIB010 BIB011 . Besides that Table 4 clearly exhibits that this taxonomy comprises of only 3 high count, 10 medium count and 5 low count surveys. Additionally, all the surveys under consideration in this category have complete emphasis on routing. 