Cloud-Assisted IoT-Based SCADA Systems Security: A Review of the State of the Art and Future Challenges <s> FIGURE 1. <s> A damage or breakage of Critical Infrastructure or CI will have a huge effect on humanity and economy. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems (SCADA) play a big role on Critical Infrastructure since most of these infrastructures are controlled by control systems like SCADA. In this paper, we assess vulnerabilities of a SCADA system, its effect to the society and the ways to prevent such vulnerabilities. We also researched on the background of the SCADA system and its comparability to the common computer system is discussed. <s> BIB001 </s> Cloud-Assisted IoT-Based SCADA Systems Security: A Review of the State of the Art and Future Challenges <s> FIGURE 1. <s> The Internet of Things (IoT) term is recently emerging to envision a global infrastructure of networked physical objects. As different definitions of IoT do currently exist, we specifically refer to IoT as a loosely coupled, decentralized system of smart objects (SOs), which are autonomous physical/digital objects augmented with sensing/actuating, processing, and networking capabilities. SOs are able to sense, log, and interpret information generated within themselves and around the neighboring external world where they are situated, act on their own, cooperate with each other, and exchange information with humans. The development of a IoT based on SOs raises many issues involving hw/sw system architecture and application development methodology. A few approaches (e.g. FedNet, UbiComp, Smart Products) have been to date proposed to support the vision of an SO-based IoT infrastructure. In this paper we first discuss the suitability of the agent paradigm and technology to effectively support the development of such an IoT infrastructure and then propose a multi-layered agent-based architecture for the development of proactive, cooperating and context-aware smart objects. Our architecture takes into account a wide variety of smart objects, from reactive to proactive, from small to very large, from stand-alone to social. The implementation phase can be based on multiple agent languages and platforms (JADE, JADEX, LEAP, MAPS) atop heterogeneous computing systems (computers, smartphones, and sensor nodes). <s> BIB002 </s> Cloud-Assisted IoT-Based SCADA Systems Security: A Review of the State of the Art and Future Challenges <s> FIGURE 1. <s> Abstract In the last two decades an intense shift from advanced mechatronic systems to Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) is taking place. CPS will play an important role in the field of precision agriculture and it is expected to improve productivity in order to feed the world and prevent starvation. In order to expedite and accelerate the realization of CPS in the field of precision agriculture it is necessary to develop methods, tools, hardware and software components based upon transdisciplinary approaches, along with validation of the principles via prototypes and test beds. In this context this paper presents a precision agricultural management integrated system architecture based on CPS design technology. <s> BIB003 </s> Cloud-Assisted IoT-Based SCADA Systems Security: A Review of the State of the Art and Future Challenges <s> FIGURE 1. <s> Propose and implement a M2M Secure communication for e-Healthcare society.Perform tasks autonomously to minimize the workload and stress of medical staff.Different actors in the e-Healthcare society can interact in a secure manner.Staff dynamic assignments with intelligent authentication to ensure data privacy.Patients to share their health information while preserving privacy issue. In this paper, we propose a Machine to Machine (M2M) Low Cost and Secure (LCS) communication system for e-Healthcare society. The system is designed to take into consideration the psychological issues related to all actors in the e-Healthcare society such as: stress due to high workload, anxiety, and loneliness. The system is capable of performing most of the tasks in an autonomous and intelligent manner, which minimizes the workload of medical staffs, and consequently minimizes the associated psychological stress and improves the quality of patient care as well as the system performance. We show how the different actors in the e-Healthcare society can interact with each other in a secure manner. To ensure data privacy, the mechanism involves intelligent authentication based on random distributive key management, electronic certificate distribution, and modified realm Kerberos. The system handles dynamic assignments of doctors to specific patients. It also addresses the need for patients to share their health information with strangers while dealing with the privacy preservation issue. Finally, the simulation type implementation is performed on Visual Basic .net 2013 that shows the success of the proposed Low Cost and Secure (LCS) algorithm. <s> BIB004 </s> Cloud-Assisted IoT-Based SCADA Systems Security: A Review of the State of the Art and Future Challenges <s> FIGURE 1. <s> Display Omitted An extensive review of the state of the art on m-Health and related approaches.Study of the scientific developments/break-through on m-Health.Analysis of the top mobile health applications in the top mobile markets.Discussion about current and open issues on m-Health services and technologies. Health telematics is a growing up issue that is becoming a major improvement on patient lives, especially in elderly, disabled, and chronically ill. In recent years, information and communication technologies improvements, along with mobile Internet, offering anywhere and anytime connectivity, play a key role on modern healthcare solutions. In this context, mobile health (m-Health) delivers healthcare services, overcoming geographical, temporal, and even organizational barriers. M-Health solutions address emerging problems on health services, including, the increasing number of chronic diseases related to lifestyle, high costs of existing national health services, the need to empower patients and families to self-care and handle their own healthcare, and the need to provide direct access to health services, regardless of time and place. Then, this paper presents a comprehensive review of the state of the art on m-Health services and applications. It surveys the most significant research work and presents a deep analysis of the top and novel m-Health services and applications proposed by industry. A discussion considering the European Union and United States approaches addressing the m-Health paradigm and directives already published is also considered. Open and challenging issues on emerging m-Health solutions are proposed for further works. <s> BIB005
The cyber physical system model BIB003 . At a supervisory level, the major responsibility of SCADA systems is to monitor a system's processes and apply the appropriate controls accordingly. SCADA systems are basically CPSs used in industries. These systems include a wide number of application sectors, as presented in Fig. 2 , and currently a lot of research has been conducted in this regard BIB002 -  . For example, one application is in the healthcare sector BIB004 - BIB005 . SCADA systems that provide medical solutions enable doctors and associated healthcare team members to monitor and control a patient's state of health in a cost effective and efficient manner. One such solution FIGURE 2. SCADA systems application sectors. present in the industry is WebSCADA  , which provides multiple benefits that include anywhere/anytime accessibility to the system through a secure web browser connection. WebSCADA is a scalable and flexible system that can easily integrate with new project features, easy maintenance, and is customizable for other industrial applications such as oil, manufacturing, gas utilities, security monitoring, and so on. The future Internet is considered as a new concept for classical SCADA systems that have already been in operation for many years. We are aware that, with time, new technologies replace old technologies, but unfortunately, these existing SCADA systems are being retrofitted to combine the capabilities of both the old and the new technologies. Due to this overlapping use of both technologies, the security of SCADA systems is at risk. Hence, we can say that the integration of industrial business systems and the IoT-cloud concept has made the integrated SCADA systems more vulnerable compared with classical SCADA systems. In general, SCADA systems architecture contains a Human Machine Interface (HMI), hardware, software, Remote Terminal Units (RTUs), a supervisory station, sensors and actuators BIB001 . The general architecture of SCADA systems in an IoT-cloud environment is illustrated in Fig. 3 . Standard protocols and wired communications were used when SCADA systems first came into existence and were solely aimed at monitoring and controlling system processes. However, when these systems were exposed to the IoT environment, which involves cloud computing and complex network environments, they became more vulnerable to cyberthreats and attacks. Table 1 describes the journey of SCADA systems from first generation to the IoT-based SCADA systems being used now. The remainder of this paper is divided as follows. Section II presents the challenges of IoT-cloud based SCADA systems by identifying their major vulnerabilities and threats. Based on these identifications, Section III describes the current efforts to secure industrial SCADA systems in IoT-cloud environments. Section IV provides a number of recommendations and best practices being proposed to secure these systems. Section V describes a wide range of future research options for securing the industrial SCADA systems in an IoT-cloud environment, and Section VI concludes the paper.