A Survey of Security Services, Attacks, and Applications for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) <s> Network Simulator <s> Simulation is useful for evaluating protocol performance and operation. However, the lack of rigor with which it's applied threatens the credibility of the published research within the manet research community. Mobile ad hoc networks (manets) allow rapid deployment because they don't depend on a fixed infrastructure. Manet nodes can participate as the source, the destination, or an intermediate router. This flexibility is attractive for military applications, disaster-response situations, and academic environments where fixed net working infrastructures might not be available <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey of Security Services, Attacks, and Applications for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) <s> Network Simulator <s> NS-2, with its IEEE 802.11 support, is a widely utilized simulation tool for wireless communications researchers. However, the current NS-2 distribution code has some significant shortcomings both in the overall architecture and the modeling details of the IEEE 802.11 MAC and PHY modules. This paper presents a completely revised architecture and design for these two modules. The resulting PHY is a full featured generic module able to support any single channel frame-based communications (i.e. it is also able to support non-IEEE 802.11 based MAC). The key features include cumulative SINR computation, preamble and PLCP header processing and capture, and frame body capture. The MAC accurately models the basic IEEE 802.11 CSMA/CA mechanism, as required for credible simulation studies. The newly designed MAC models transmission and reception coordination, backoff management and channel state monitoring in a structured and modular manner. In turn, the contributions of this paper make extending the MAC for protocol researches much easier and provide for a significantly higher level of simulation accuracy. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey of Security Services, Attacks, and Applications for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) <s> Network Simulator <s> The OMNeT++ discrete event simulation environment has been publicly available since 1997. It has been created with the simulation of communication networks, multiprocessors and other distributed systems in mind as application area, but instead of building a specialized simulator, OMNeT++ was designed to be as general as possible. Since then, the idea has proven to work, and OMNeT++ has been used in numerous domains from queuing network simulations to wireless and ad-hoc network simulations, from business process simulation to peer-to-peer network, optical switch and storage area network simulations. This paper presents an overview of the OMNeT++ framework, recent challenges brought about by the growing amount and complexity of third party simulation models, and the solutions we introduce in the next major revision of the simulation framework. <s> BIB003 </s> A Survey of Security Services, Attacks, and Applications for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) <s> Network Simulator <s> As networks of computing devices grow larger and more complex, the need for highly accurate and scalable network simulation technologies becomes critical. Despite the emergence of large-scale testbeds for network research, simulation still plays a vital role in terms of scalability (both in size and in experimental speed), reproducibility, rapid prototyping, and education. With simulation based studies, the approach can be studied in detail at varying scales, with varying data applications, varying field conditions, and will result in reproducible and analyzable results. <s> BIB004 </s> A Survey of Security Services, Attacks, and Applications for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) <s> Network Simulator <s> Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are classified as an application of mobile ad hoc network (MANET) that has the potential in improving road safety and in providing travellers comfort. Recently VANETs have emerged to turn the attention of researchers in the field of wireless and mobile communications, they differ from MANET by their architecture, challenges, characteristics and applications. In this paper we present aspects related to this field to help researchers and developers to understand and distinguish the main features surrounding VANET in one solid document, without the need to go through other relevant papers and articles starting from VANET architecture and ending up with the most appropriate simulation tools to simulate VANET protocols and applications. <s> BIB005 </s> A Survey of Security Services, Attacks, and Applications for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) <s> Network Simulator <s> Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are becoming the most promising research topic in intelligent transportation systems, because they provide information to deliver comfort and safety to both drivers and passengers. However, unique characteristics of VANETs make security, privacy, and trust management challenging issues in VANETs’ design. This survey article starts with the necessary background of VANETs, followed by a brief treatment of main security services, which have been well studied in other fields. We then focus on an in-depth review of anonymous authentication schemes implemented by five pseudonymity mechanisms. Because of the predictable dynamics of vehicles, anonymity is necessary but not sufficient to thwart tracking an attack that aims at the drivers’ location profiles. Thus, several location privacy protection mechanisms based on pseudonymity are elaborated to further protect the vehicles’ privacy and guarantee the quality of location-based services simultaneously. We also give a comprehensive analysis on various trust management models in VANETs. Finally, considering that current and near-future applications in VANETs are evaluated by simulation, we give a much-needed update on the latest mobility and network simulators as well as the integrated simulation platforms. In sum, this paper is carefully positioned to avoid overlap with existing surveys by filling the gaps and reporting the latest advances in VANETs while keeping it self-explained. <s> BIB006
The University of California at Berkley and the VINT project jointly developed the NS-2, which is a discrete simulator developed for networking research. Recently, many network simulators such as NS-2 BIB002 , NS-3 BIB004 , GlomoSim BIB001 , and OMNeT++ BIB003 are used to evaluate the performance of the model and measure the privacy and security of routing protocols in VANETs. Additionally, many programming languages such as C++ and Java are used to construct simulators. The NS-2 simulator is designed and written in C++ with an object tool command language (OTCL). NS-2 is mainly used for research in network communication to support simulation for routing, and the multicast protocol through wired networks BIB002 . The main disadvantage of NS-2 is that the node must be programmed manually by the users in order to find the vehicle in their vicinity and establish communication. To overcome this problem, NS-3 provides an optimal solution, which is used to improve the network modeling and reliability. NS-3 can also provide an interface for Python and mechanism to integrate with the other open source platform BIB004 . The global mobile information system (GlomoSim) was developed in California, USA, which is used to simulate the wireless network. It is one of the most famous techniques of the network simulator after NS-2. GlomoSim is capable of running on a shared-memory symmetric processor (SMP) and assist in dividing the network into separate modules and each functioning with different processes BIB005 . The main purpose of GlomoSim is to support millions of nodes performed as a single simulation. Aggregation of nodes and the layer are the limitations of most network simulators. The OMNeT++ is the discrete simulation library, which was developed to simulate the network communication, multiprocessing, system configurations, and other distributed systems BIB003 . Specifically, OMNET++ provides a simulation platform, which can be used to design simulation modeling, and also provide more reliability for the larger mobility of VANET applications BIB006 .