A Survey of Limitations and Enhancements of the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks: A Focus on Core Operations <s> 1) IEEE 802.15.4 (Layers 1 and 2): <s> A low-rate wireless personal area network, or LR-WPAN, is a network designed for low-cost very-low-power short-range wireless communications. Until now, the main focus in the wireless industry has been on communications. Until now, the main focus in the wireless industry has been on communication with higher data throughput, leaving out a set of applications requiring simple wireless connectivity with relaxed throughput and latency requirements. LR-WPANs will connect devices that previously have not been networked and allow applications that cannot use current wireless specifications, including applications in fields such as industrial, agricultural, vehicular, residential, medical sensors and actuators. TaskGroup 4 of the IEEE 802.14 Wireless personal Area Network working group is currently working to define a wireless communication standard for LR-WPANs. This article discusses the technical considerations and system requirements necessary when implementing a low-cost low-power wireless personal area network and provides an overview of the unique applications such a technology will enable. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey of Limitations and Enhancements of the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks: A Focus on Core Operations <s> 1) IEEE 802.15.4 (Layers 1 and 2): <s> Smart object technology, sometimes called the Internet of Things, is having a profound impact on our day-to-day lives. Interconnecting Smart Objects with IP is the first book that takes a holistic approach to the revolutionary area of IP-based smart objects. Smart objects are the intersection of networked embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, ubiquitous and pervasive computing, mobile telephony and telemetry, and mobile computer networking. This book consists of three parts, Part I focuses on the architecture of smart objects networking, Part II covers the hardware, software, and protocols for smart objects, and Part III provides case studies on how and where smart objects are being used today and in the future. The book covers the fundamentals of IP communication for smart objects, IPv6, and web services, as well as several newly specified low-power IP standards such as the IETF 6LoWPAN adaptation layer and the RPL routing protocol. This book contains essential information not only for the technical reader but also for policy makers and decision makers in the area of smart objects both for private IP networks and the Internet. ::: ::: ::: ::: Shows in detail how connecting smart objects impacts our lives with practical implementation examples and case studies ::: Provides an in depth understanding of the technological and architectural aspects underlying smart objects technology ::: Offers an in-depth examination of relevant IP protocols to build large scale smart object networks in support of a myriad of new services ::: ::: Table of Contents ::: ::: Part I: The Architecture Chapter 1: What are Smart objects? Chapter 2: The IP protocol architecture Chapter 3: Why IP for smart objects? Chapter 4: IPv6 for Smart Object Networks and The Internet of Things Chapter 5: Routing Chapter 6: Transport Protocols Chapter 7: Service Discovery Chapter 8: Security for Smart Objects Chapter 9: Web services For Smart Objects Chapter 10: Connectivity models for smart object networks ::: Part II: The Technology Chapter 11: What is a Smart Object? Chapter 12: Low power link layer for smart objects networks Chapter 13: uIP A Lightweight IP Stack Chapter 14: Standardization Chapter 15: IPv6 for Smart Object Networks - A Technology Refresher Chapter 16: The 6LoWPAN Adaptation Layer Chapter 17: RPL Routing in Smart Object Networks Chapter 18: The IPSO Alliance Chapter 19: Non IP Technology ::: ::: Part III: The Applications Chapter 20: Smart Grid Chapter 21: Industrial Automation Chapter 22: Smart Cities and Urban Networks Chapter 23: Home Automation Chapter 24: Building Automation Chapter 25: Structural Health Monitoring Chapter 26: Container Tracking <s> BIB002
In order to satisfy the special requirements of the Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs), an initial version of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard BIB001 was introduced in 2003 by IEEE 802.15 WPAN™ Task Group 4 (TG4). This version BIB001 defines the operations of two optional PHYs (layer 1) in different frequency bands with a very simple MAC layer (layer 2). The standard was then revised and amended several times specifically in 2006, 2007 and 2009 . All these amendments were finally rolled out in a new version into a single document in 2011  . Pertaining to the technical features, the IEEE 802.15.4 has a maximum transmission rate of 250 Kb/s and a maximum transmission unit (MTU) of 127 bytes; however, only up to 116 bytes are available for an upper layer protocol BIB002 . At the MAC layer, the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) scheme is used by to govern the access to the wireless medium BIB002 . Thanks to the efficiency of the standard, many of the recently specified upper layer networking stacks including 6LowPAN, ZigBee, and WirelessHART are built on the top of IEEE 802.15.4 BIB002 .