Ubiquitous HealthCare in Wireless Body Area Networks - A Survey <s> RELATED WORK <s> Recent research in ubiquitous computing uses technologies of Body Area Networks (BANs) to monitor the person's kinematics and physiological parameters. In this paper we propose a real time mobile health system for monitoring elderly patients from indoor or outdoor environments. The system uses a bio- signal sensor worn by the patient and a Smartphone as a central node. The sensor data is collected and transmitted to the intelligent server through GPRS/UMTS to be analyzed. The prototype (UMHMSE) monitors the elderly mobility, location and vital signs such as Sp02 and Heart Rate. Remote users (family and medical personnel) might have a real time access to the collected information through a web application. <s> BIB001 </s> Ubiquitous HealthCare in Wireless Body Area Networks - A Survey <s> RELATED WORK <s> Body Area Networks integrated into mHealth systems are becoming a mature technology with unprecedented opportunities for personalized health monitoring and management. Potential applications include early detection of abnormal conditions, supervised rehabilitation, and wellness management. Such integrated mHealth systems can provide patients with increased confidence and a better quality of life, and promote healthy behavior and health awareness. Automatic integration of collected information and user's inputs into research databases can provide medical community with opportunity to search for personalized trends and group patterns, allowing insights into disease evolution, the rehabilitation process, and the effects of drug therapy. A new generation of personalized monitoring systems will allow users to customize their systems and user interfaces and to interact with their social networks. With emergence of first commercial body area network systems, a number of system design issues are still to be resolved, such as seamless integration of information and ad-hoc interaction with ambient sensors and other networks, to enable their wider acceptance. In this paper we present state of technology, discuss promising new trends, opportunities and challenges of body area networks for ubiquitous health monitoring applications. <s> BIB002 </s> Ubiquitous HealthCare in Wireless Body Area Networks - A Survey <s> RELATED WORK <s> Lifetime management of sensors is defined as one of the most critical and vital concepts of targets coverage in all kinds of wireless sensor networks. One of the most popular methods in order to increase a network’s lifetime is dividing the sensors of that network into some temporary subsets in which each one could independently cover all the targets while they keep their connectivity with the sink node. Therefore a sensor network could easily use an activated subset of its sensors to cover its targets and let the other sensors sleep or stand by at the same time. Moreover, a network’s lifetime could be efficiently managed by controlling of its coverage circumstances. In this paper, an improved distributed algorithm is proposed for the problem of connected partial targets coverage. Our experimental results demonstrate that the lifetime of a wireless sensor network is highly increased while it uses the proposed method in this paper. <s> BIB003 </s> Ubiquitous HealthCare in Wireless Body Area Networks - A Survey <s> RELATED WORK <s> Adequate coverage is one of the main problems for Sensor Networks. The effectiveness of distributed wireless sensor networks highly depends on the sensor deployment scheme. Given a finite number of sensors, optimizing the sensor deployment will provide sufficient sensor coverage and save cost of sensors for locating in grid points. In many working environments, for achieving good coverage, we must able to placement of sensors in adequate places. In this article we apply the simulated annealing, genetic and learning automata as intelligent methods for solving the sensor placement in distributed sensor networks. In the distributed sensor networks, the sensor placement is a NP-complete problem for arbitrary sensor fields and it is one of the most important issues in the research fields, so the proposed algorithm is going to solve this problem by considering two factors: one is the complete coverage and the second one is the minimum cost. The proposed method is examined in different areas by C language. The results not only confirm the successes of using new method in sensor placement, also they show that the new method is more efficiently in large areas compared to other methods like PBIL. <s> BIB004
Path loss models for medical implant and communication channels are presented by authors in  . They investigated statistical path loss model in Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS) channels. A work relating to path loss for On-body communications is provided by authors in  . In  , sensor devices and server based architecture for UHC monitoring system is proposed. Introduction of wireless sensor devices and server part is given in this architecture. Communication between sensor and server is done via Base Station Transceiver (BST), which is connected to a server PC. To provide services for the elderly people, components based system architecture of UHC monitoring is designed in BIB001 . A prototype system that monitors location and health status using Bluetooth as WBAN and smart phone with accelerometer as Intelligent Central Node (ICN) is used in this architecture. This architecture provides accessibility to family members or medical authorities to identify real time position and health status of patients via internet. ZigBee is used for small data rate applications because it consumes less power then Bluetooth. WBAN architectures using wearable devices are proposed in  . One of them is wearable smart shirt, which is based on UHC and activity monitoring. This architecture comprises of smart shirt with multi-hop sensor network and server PC. Communication between smart shirt and server PC is done by BST. A device with two Process Control Block (PCB) mounted on each other is used in this architecture to reduce the size of integrated wearable sensor node along with Universal Serial Bus (USB) programming board as a separate module. It is needed only when nodes are connected to server PC. One of the major issue in sensor networks is to utilize the energy efficiently. For utilizing the energy efficiently Mirak et. al. proposed distributed energy efficient algorithm specially for the problem of target coverage in BIB003 . For efficient energy utilization, sensors should be deployed in optimized manner. In BIB004 , different sensor placements techniques are applied for analysing the efficiency of sensor network and also proposed an algorithm for solving the problem of complete coverage with minimum cost. Energy is one of the important factor affecting the performance of network. Even anchor placement scenerios and postion methodologies are also discussed in  for achieving the efficient energy utilization. Recently, a lot of work is going on in the field of HealthCare and telemedicine. Wireless Body Sensors are being introduced, which provide efficient uses of resources. Sensors used in WBAN are lightweight, small in size, provide ultra-low power and are used for intelligent monitoring. These sensors continuously monitor human vital signs, physical activities and actions. There is increasing demand of UHC systems, which consume less power and provide longer battery lifetime. The system completely fulfills this demand. High data rate communication can be achieved by making body sensors compatible with underlying technologies. In this paper, a comprehensive and analytical survey is provided about the standards and devices for WBAN   BIB002  ,   BIB001  ,  . A detailed overview of UHC architectures in WBAN is provided. Also, we simulate In-Body path loss models proposed in  using MATLAB. In simulations, we considered four path loss models; deep tissue implant to implant, near surface implant to implant, deep implant to implant, and near surface implant to implant. Further, we performed simulations on different parameters effecting (i.e., attenuation, phase distortion, RMS delay etc) communication in On-Body networks  . In the next sectiopn, most frequently used WBAN standards are disscussed.