A Survey of Fault Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Techniques—Part I: Fault Diagnosis With Model-Based and Signal-Based Approaches <s> II. MODEL-BASED FAULT DIAGNOSIS METHODS <s> There is an increasing demand for dynamic systems to become safer and more reliable. This requirement extends beyond the normally accepted safety-critical systems such as nuclear reactors and aircraft, where safety is of paramount importance, to systems such as autonomous vehicles and process control systems where the system availability is vital. It is clear that fault diagnosis is becoming an important subject in modern control theory and practice. Robust Model-Based Fault Diagnosis for Dynamic Systems presents the subject of model-based fault diagnosis in a unified framework. It contains many important topics and methods; however, total coverage and completeness is not the primary concern. The book focuses on fundamental issues such as basic definitions, residual generation methods and the importance of robustness in model-based fault diagnosis approaches. In this book, fault diagnosis concepts and methods are illustrated by either simple academic examples or practical applications. The first two chapters are of tutorial value and provide a starting point for newcomers to this field. The rest of the book presents the state of the art in model-based fault diagnosis by discussing many important robust approaches and their applications. This will certainly appeal to experts in this field. Robust Model-Based Fault Diagnosis for Dynamic Systems targets both newcomers who want to get into this subject, and experts who are concerned with fundamental issues and are also looking for inspiration for future research. The book is useful for both researchers in academia and professional engineers in industry because both theory and applications are discussed. Although this is a research monograph, it will be an important text for postgraduate research students world-wide. The largest market, however, will be academics, libraries and practicing engineers and scientists throughout the world. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey of Fault Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Techniques—Part I: Fault Diagnosis With Model-Based and Signal-Based Approaches <s> II. MODEL-BASED FAULT DIAGNOSIS METHODS <s> A most critical and important issue surrounding the design of automatic control systems with the successively increasing complexity is guaranteeing a high system performance over a wide operating range and meeting the requirements on system reliability and dependability. As one of the key technologies for the problem solutions, advanced fault detection and identification (FDI) technology is receiving considerable attention. The objective of this book is to introduce basic model-based FDI schemes, advanced analysis and design algorithms and the needed mathematical and control theory tools at a level for graduate students and researchers as well as for engineers. <s> BIB002
Model-based fault diagnosis was originated by Beard  in 1971 in order to replace hardware redundancy by analytical redundancy, and comprehensive results were documented in some well-written books (i.e., see BIB001 and BIB002 ). In model-based methods, the models of the industrial processes or the practical systems are required to be available, which can be obtained by using either physical principles or systems identification techniques. Based on the model, fault diagnosis algorithms are developed to monitor the consistency between the measured outputs of the practical systems and the model-predicted outputs. Here, model-based fault diagnosis methods are reviewed following the four categories: deterministic fault diagnosis methods, stochastic fault diagnosis methods, fault diagnosis for discrete-events and hybrid systems, and fault diagnosis for networked and distributed systems, which are classified in terms of types of the models used.