Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Identity <s> 1. Introducing the Problem: Individual and Group 2. Rediscovering the Social Group 3. A Self-Categorization Theory 4. The Analysis of Social Influence 5. Social Identity 6. The Salience of Social Categories 7. Social Identity and Group Polarization 8. Crowd Behaviour as Social Action 9. Conclusion. <s> BIB001 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Identity <s> Any movement that hopes to sustain commitment over a period of time must make the construction of a collective identity one of its most central tasks. Social relationships that embody values of participation and community in their concrete practices contribute to empowering people. But such arguments need additional specification before their theoretical potential can be realized. I have taken the coincidence of this talk with the anniversary of the first teach-in against the war in Vietnam and the assassination of Archbishop Romero in El Salvador as a directive for examining these two cases—with an eye toward learning more about how identity building and social relationships in social movement practice foster long-term commitment and agency. <s> BIB002 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Identity <s> Abstract One′s control identity is the self-meanings associated with the degree to which a person has control over others. This study examines the implications of identity theory when the control identity is not in equilibrium, that is, when a person′s self-perceptions are inconsistent with their control identity standard. Identity theory claims that when inconsistency occurs, people will act (often in exaggerated ways) to change perceptions to better match their identity standard. This is tested on two populations: college daters and newly married couples. We find in the first, exploratory study among daters that those whose self-conceptions involve frequently or infrequently controlling their partners (both extreme behaviors) have inconsistent self-views. In the second study, we confirm that those who have inconsistent self-views relevant to their control identity control their partner to a greater extent than those without these inconsistencies. We also examine some of the causes and consequences of the control identity. We find that individuals, in attempting to maintain their own control identity, create problems in their relationships: a self-society conflict. <s> BIB003 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Identity <s> Author(s): Snow, David | Abstract: This article provides an analytic overview of scholarly work on the concept of collective identity by considering its conceptualization and various empirical manifestations, the analytic approaches informing its discussion and analysis, and a number of theoretical and empirical issues, including a synopsis of the symbolic means through which collective identity is expressed and asserted. Although the scholarly roots of the concept can be traced to classical sociologists such as Marx and Durkheim, and more recently to the mid-century work of scholars such as Erik Erickson and Erving Goffman, it was not until the latter quarter of the past century that the concept generated an outpouring of work invoking the concept directly or referring to it indirectly through the linkage of various collectivities and their identity interests via such concepts as identity politics, identity projects, contested identities, insurgent identities, nationalism, imagined communities, identity movements and even social movements more generally. Conceptually, the essence of collective identity resides in a shared and interactive sense of "we-ness" and "collective agency." Although the concept is distinguished analytically from both personal identity and social identity, the three types of identity clearly overlap and interact. Empirically, collective identity can surface in a variety of contexts, although the preponderance of research has focused on its connection to gender, ethnicity, religion, nationalism and particularly social movements. Analytically, collective identity has generally been discussed from a primordial, structural, and/or constructionist standpoint. Primordial and structural approaches are discussed as variants of essentialism, which is contrasted to constructionism. Among other things, constructionism focuses attention on the symbolic expression and maintenance of collective identities. <s> BIB004 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Identity <s> ■ Abstract Sociologists have turned to collective identity to fill gaps in resource mobilization and political process accounts of the emergence, trajectories, and impacts of social movements. Collective identity has been treated as an alternative to structurally given interests in accounting for the claims on behalf of which people mobilize, an alternative to selective incentives in understanding why people participate, an alternative to instrumental rationality in explaining what tactical choices activists make, and an alternative to institutional reforms in assessing movements’ impacts. Collective identity has been treated both too broadly and too narrowly, sometimes applied to too many dynamics, at other times made into a residual category within structuralist, state-centered, and rationalist accounts. <s> BIB005 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Identity <s> Research on group identification has shown it to be a surprisingly weak predictor of intentions to take large-scale social action. The weak links may exist because researchers have not always examined identification with the type of group that is most relevant for predicting action. Our focus in two studies (one in Romania and one in Australia, both Ns = 101) was on opinion-based groups (i.e. groups formed around shared opinions). We found that social identification with opinion-based groups was an excellent predictor of political behavioural intentions, particularly when items measuring identity certainty were included. The results provide clear evidence of the role of social identity constructs for predicting commitment to social action and complement analyses of politicised collective identity and crowd behaviour. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. <s> BIB006 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Identity <s> This paper, based on in-depth interviews with thirty-three individuals involved in the burgeoning Menstrual Activism movement, explores why the identity ‘activist’ is resisted among some social movement actors. Drawing on a ‘perfect standard’ of politics and activism grounded in the core values of rigor and humility, an activist must ‘live the issue’, demonstrate relentless dedication, and contribute a sustained effort to duly merit the label. This conception of activist effectively places the label ‘out of reach’ for many social movement actors. This analysis raises questions regarding the assumption that collective action necessarily depends on the alignment between personal identity and collective identity and calls for a more nuanced and complex conceptualization of collective identity in the context of social movement action. <s> BIB007 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Identity <s> The concept of collective identity has been used extensively by social movement scholars seeking to explain how social movements generate and sustain commitment and cohesion between actors over time. Despite its wide application, collective identity is a notoriously abstract concept. This article focuses on the use of the concept in the literature on contemporary social movements and offers a comprehensive theoretical overview. The central elements of collective identity in the social movement literature are developed, and some key differences in interpretations are highlighted. Finally, some contemporary debates around the continuing usefulness and limitations of the concept of collective identity are explored, with a special emphasis on the challenges of applying the concept to movements that define themselves in terms of heterogeneity, diversity and inclusiveness. <s> BIB008 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Identity <s> The recent revolutions known as the Arab Spring have been characterized as the products of social media. However, there is an alternative view that revolution takes place on the street or the battlefield and that the role of social media has been overstated. We argue that some new technologies can serve to facilitate rapid social change when they provide ways to overcome restrictions on the freedoms of expression and association. In doing so, communication technologies enable the formation of new social identities that can challenge existing social orders by promoting the growth of a social movement that is positioned as loyal to the nation and its people but opposed to the government. Our analyses focus on the role of social media in spreading video images of dissent and the links between this video material, satellite television, and mobile telephones in Tunisia and Egypt. <s> BIB009
Identity is a multifaceted concept that has been defined in many ways due to its application in various disciplines BIB008 . Some scholars (e.g. BIB004 argue for the necessity of distinguishing between different types of identity that, while they might overlap, have distinct characteristics. For example, individual or personal identity is a self-definition based on individual internalised attributes and meanings BIB004 BIB003 . While there is consensus that this type of identity is different from social or collective identities because it is personally distinctive, an individual identity can be interconnected with social and collective identities BIB002 BIB005 BIB004 . Social identity expands the definition of the self from the personal 'I' to 'others and I'. Social identification with others can be derived from membership(s) to social categories (e.g. teams, organisations, ethnicity, political affiliation), as expressed in social identity theory  BIB001 . More recent research in social psychology indicates that social identity refers to the identification with social groups, such as opinion-based groups (e.g. BIB006 BIB009 . Other definitions derived from identity theory feature self-definitions based on social roles, such as being a mother or a doctor (e.g. BIB004 Stryker et al., 2000) . Collective identity, by contrast, highlights 'we-ness' and 'collective agency'. The former makes people aware of being part of a group, and the latter fosters action towards common goals BIB004 . Collective identity is a process that involves cognitive definitions of such goals and means of action, networks of relations between individuals who interact with each other, and a certain emotional investment that contributes to a sense of common unity  . According to some scholars, collective identity differs from social identity as it denotes a higher level of identification with a certain social group (see BIB004 for details). Despite the differences between individual, social and collective identities, it is acknowledged that scholars have lost sight of such a distinction BIB008 . It seems difficult to distinguish clearly between social and collective identities in social psychology (e.g. BIB009 and social movement literature (e.g. BIB007  because the two concepts are considered to be overlapping definitions of group identification and essentially the same concept but seen from different perspectives. In this review, we differentiate between individual, social and collective as 'identity types' to characterise and delineate the various analytical labels and to distinguish how authors use them in the literature. This differentiation can be seen as a continuum from a micro-to a macro-definition of the self: 'I' (individual), 'others and I' (social) and 'we' (collective). Furthermore, we distinguish between one-type and multiple-type studies. In the one-type studies, research focuses only on one identity; multiple-type studies investigate more than one identity. In addition, as we consider identity to be a dynamic process rather than a static trait of an individual  , we define 'identity phase' as the various stages of such a process. In this review, we distinguish between initial (e.g. expression, formation, building and adoption) and later (e.g. negotiation, maintenance, diffusion) phases.