A Survey on Mobile Crowd-Sensing and Its Applications in the IoT Era <s> 2) IP-BASED CORE-NETWORK <s> We discuss the emerging rate-adaptable optical transmission technology and how this new technology may be employed to further reduce the transport network cost to meet ever growing bandwidth demand in the core network. Two different types of transponders are considered: those adjusting either the transported bit rate (i.e., client data rate) or the symbol rate (with a fixed bit rate). We propose a methodology for calculating the (normalized) cost to build out an entire long-haul transport network with several options for bit-rate-adaptable transponders. By using link-length demands from an exemplary distance-diverse network, we demonstrate that time-domain hybrid-QAM-enabled fine-grain rate-adaptable transponders can reduce network cost by more than 20 percent within a traditional, fixed-bandwidth, wavelength-division-multiplexed grid. We also argue that the total transponder expense using symbol-rate-adaptable technology will be greater than when using bit-rate-adaptable technology, as well as requiring more costly flex-grid ROADMs for channel routing. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on Mobile Crowd-Sensing and Its Applications in the IoT Era <s> 2) IP-BASED CORE-NETWORK <s> With the proliferation of increasingly powerful mobile devices, mobile users can collaboratively form a mobile cloud to provide pervasive services, such as data collecting, processing, and computing. With this mobile cloud, mobile crowdsourcing, as an emerging service paradigm, can enable mobile users to take over the outsourced tasks. By leveraging the sensing capabilities of mobile devices and integrating humanintelligence and machine-computation, mobile crowdsourcing has the potential to revolutionize the approach of data collecting and processing. In this article we investigate the mobile crowdsourcing architecture and applications, then discuss some research challenges and countermeasures for developing mobile crowdsourcing. Some research orientations are finally envisioned for further studies. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey on Mobile Crowd-Sensing and Its Applications in the IoT Era <s> 2) IP-BASED CORE-NETWORK <s> Thank you for downloading simulation and software radio for mobile communications. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their chosen books like this simulation and software radio for mobile communications, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they cope with some harmful bugs inside their computer. <s> BIB003
The core network is the vital component of a telecommunications network that offers several services to customers who are connected to the access network. Usually, the term core network is used for service providers. It offers routes to exchange information between different sub-networks. Generally, it denotes the high-capacity communication facilities that interconnect fundamental nodes BIB003 . The core network offers several features like aggregation, authentication, switching, charging, service invocation, and gateways. The core network consists of IP-based, cloud, or long-haul networks based on microwave, optical, or satellite technologies. IP is the internet protocol (IP) that refers to part of the TCP/IP protocol. Cloud is a type of computing that depends on sharing resources rather than having dedicated local devices to manage applications BIB002 . In other words, it describes services delivered over a network by a group of remote servers. There are three benefits for cloud computing: 1) Self-service Supplying: for any type of workload, particularly on-demand, the end user could turn up the computing resources; 2) Flexibility: depending on computing needs, companies can increase or decrease their available infrastructure as needed; 3) Pay per use: allowing users to pay only for resources needed for their current workload. Finally, long-haul networks are groups of commonly distributed computers that are connected through a collective communication network. Communication in such systems is moderately slow and changeable, normally through telephone lines, microwave links, and satellite channels BIB001 . However, several services are provided through long-haul networks for users. These services include the capability to send or mail information from one site to another and post news on bulletin boards so that any user can read them