A Survey on Industrial Internet of Things: A Cyber-Physical Systems Perspective <s> E. STANDARDIZATION PROGRESS <s> This document provides guidance on how to secure Industrial Control Systems (ICS), including Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, Distributed Control Systems (DCS), and other control system configurations such as Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), while addressing their unique performance, reliability, and safety requirements. The document provides an overview of ICS and typical system topologies, identifies typical threats and vulnerabilities to these systems, and provides recommended security countermeasures to mitigate the associated risks. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on Industrial Internet of Things: A Cyber-Physical Systems Perspective <s> E. STANDARDIZATION PROGRESS <s> Today’s best-effort (BE) Internet of Things (IoT) faces challenges in providing the end-to-end-performance, security, and energy efficiency needed for the Smart Systems of the 21st century. These future smart systems will include smart cities , smart transportation systems , and smart manufacturing . This paper surveys the security weaknesses of the BE IoT. The BE-IoT cannot be partitioned into distinct interference-free virtual networks , which compromises performance, cyber-security, and energy efficiency. The design of a secure deterministic industrial-tactile IoT core network, which can embed millions of distinct secure deterministic virtual networks (SD-VNs) in layer 2, is then presented. Deterministic communications, combined with low-jitter scheduling, offers several benefits: 1) the removal of all congestion, interference, and DOS attacks; 2) a significant reduction in IoT router buffer sizes; 3) a significant reduction in IoT energy use; 4) a reduction of end-to-end IoT delays to the speed of light in fiber; and 5) deterministic packet-switches are relatively easy to synthesize using FPGA technologies. These benefits apply to optical and 5G wireless networks. Future smart systems can reserve their own congestion-free SD-VNs in layer 2 to manage their traffic, with significantly improved performance, security, and energy efficiency. A speed-of-light deterministic IoT core network can transform cloud services in the 21st century by exploiting a new technology: FPGAs combined with silicon photonics transceivers to achieve terabits/second of optical bandwidth. To illustrate the transformational potential, Big Data green cloud computing over a secure deterministic IoT spanning the European Union is explored. <s> BIB002
Standardization can, in general, help progress the understanding, development, and resiliency of I-IoT. A number of standardization bodies across industry and academia, along with various federations, including the Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC), The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), have undertaken standardization efforts for I-IoT from a variety of perspectives. For example, the IIC released white papers and technical reports that provide guidance on understanding architectures, techniques, security and testbeds for I-IoT  -  . In addition, NIST released standards regarding industrial wireless systems and industrial control systems, among others, which play critical roles in I-IoT BIB001 ,  . For example, the recent standardization progress from NIST provides guidance for the deployment of wireless communication in various industrial plants and factories to improve production and reduce cost  . Also, IIC has specified factory and plant operations, control systems and backhaul networks for the wireless communication ecosystem  . In addition, IEEE has focused on the standardization progress of the Tactile Internet (i.e., IEEE 1918.1) by the Tactile Internet working group  . Notice that one application of the Tactile Internet is industrial manufacturing, denoted as Industrial-Tactile IoT BIB002 . IIC has also proposed a reference architecture (i.e., industrial Internet reference architecture (IIRA)) for general industrial applications in I-IoT  . In more detail, the IIRA is an open architecture for I-IoT, which aims to improve the interoperability and guide the application of technologies and standard development. The IIRA specifies the architecture framework, viewpoints from business, usage, function, implementation, and concerns. In addition, the IIC has proposed the edge computing architecture, viewpoints, and use cases for I-IoT, which aim to meet the high performance requirements of industrial applications  . Moreover, IIC investigated flexible manufacturing testbeds for automation and control systems in I-IoT ecosystems  .