A survey of security issues in wireless sensor networks <s> SYMMETRIC KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY IN WSNS <s> This document describes the MD5 message-digest algorithm. The ::: algorithm takes as input a message of arbitrary length and produces as ::: output a 128-bit "fingerprint" or "message digest" of the input. This ::: memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not ::: specify an Internet standard. <s> BIB001 </s> A survey of security issues in wireless sensor networks <s> SYMMETRIC KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY IN WSNS <s> This document describes the RC5 encryption algorithm, a fast symmetric block cipher suitable for hardware or software implementations. A novel feature of RC5 is the heavy use of data-dependent rotations. RC5 has a variable word size, a variable number of rounds, and a variable-length secret key. The encryption and decryption algorithms are exceptionally simple. <s> BIB002 </s> A survey of security issues in wireless sensor networks <s> SYMMETRIC KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY IN WSNS <s> We give a short routine which is based on a Feistel iteration and uses a large number of rounds to get security with simplicity. <s> BIB003 </s> A survey of security issues in wireless sensor networks <s> SYMMETRIC KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY IN WSNS <s> From the Publisher: ::: A valuable reference for the novice as well as for the expert who needs a wider scope of coverage within the area of cryptography, this book provides easy and rapid access of information and includes more than 200 algorithms and protocols; more than 200 tables and figures; more than 1,000 numbered definitions, facts, examples, notes, and remarks; and over 1,250 significant references, including brief comments on each paper. <s> BIB004 </s> A survey of security issues in wireless sensor networks <s> SYMMETRIC KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY IN WSNS <s> As sensor networks edge closer towards wide-spread deployment, security issues become a central concern. So far, much research has focused on making sensor networks feasible and useful, and has not concentrated on security. We present a suite of security building blocks optimized for resource-constrained environments and wireless communication. SPINS has two secure building blocks: SNEP and μTESLA SNEP provides the following important baseline security primitives: Data confidentiality, two-party data authentication, and data freshness. A particularly hard problem is to provide efficient broadcast authentication, which is an important mechanism for sensor networks. μTESLA is a new protocol which provides authenticated broadcast for severely resource-constrained environments. We implemented the above protocols, and show that they are practical even on minimal hardware: the performance of the protocol suite easily matches the data rate of our network. Additionally, we demonstrate that the suite can be used for building higher level protocols. <s> BIB005 </s> A survey of security issues in wireless sensor networks <s> SYMMETRIC KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY IN WSNS <s> In the EYES project (http://eyes.eu.org), we are investigating self-organizing, collaborative, energy-efficient sensor networks. This study is devoted to the security aspects of the project. Our contribution is three-fold: firstly, we present a survey, where we discuss the dominant issues of energy-security trade-off in the network protocol and key management design space. From there we set out future research directions for our security framework. Secondly, we propose an assessment framework based on system profile, with which we have managed to carve out manageable design spaces from the seemingly infinite possibilities of ad hoc mobile wireless networks. Finally, we have benchmarked some well-known cryptographic algorithms in search for the best compromise in security and energy-efficiency, on a typical sensor node. Our preliminary investigations also cover an important parameter in the design space: the resource requirements of the symmetric key algorithms RC5 and TEA. <s> BIB006
The constraints on computation and power consumption in sensor nodes limit the application of public key cryptography in WSNs. Thus, most research studies focus on symmetric key cryptography in sensor networks. Five popular encryption schemes, RC4 BIB004 , RC5 BIB002 , IDEA BIB004 , SHA-1 [49] , and MD5 BIB004 BIB001 , were evaluated on six different microprocessors ranging in word size from 8 bit (Atmel AVR) to 16 bit (Mitsubishi M16C) to 32 bit widths (StrongARM, XScale) in  . The execution time and code memory size were measured for each algorithm and platform. The experiments indicated uniform cryptographic cost for each encryption class and each architecture class. The impact of caches was negligible while Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) support was limited to specific effects on certain algorithms. Moreover, hashing algorithms (MD5 and SHA-11) incurred almost an order of a magnitude higher overhead than encryption algorithms (RC4, RC5, and IDEA). In BIB006 , Law et al. evaluated two symmetric key algorithms: RC5 and TEA BIB003 . They further evaluated six block ciphers, including RC5 and RC6  , Rijndael  , MISTY1  , KASUMI  , and Camellia  on IAR Systems' MSP430F149 in  . The benchmark parameters were code, data memory, and CPU cycles. The evaluation results showed that Rijndael is suitable for high-security and energy-efficiency requirements while MISTY1 is suitable for good storage and energy efficiency. The evaluation results in  disagreed with the work in BIB005 in which RC5 was selected as the encryption/decryption scheme, and with the work in  in which RC6 was selected. The work in  provides a good resource for deciding which symmetric algorithm should be adopted in sensor networks. 