Understanding acceptance of information system development and management methodologies by actual users: A review and assessment of existing literature <s> Discussion and Research Agenda <s> Perspectives on Sexuality Sex Research - an Overview Part 1. Biological Perspectives: Sexual Anatomy 1. Sexual Physiology 2. Human Reproduction 3. Birth Control 4. Abortion Part 2. Developmental Perspectives: Childhood Sexuality 5. Adolescent Sexuality 6. Adult Sexuality 7. Gender Roles Part 3. Psychological Perspectives: Loving and Being Loved 8. Intimacy and Communication Skills 9. Enhancing your Sexual Relationships 10. Sexual Orientation 11. Sexual Behaviour 12. Sexual Variations 13. Coercive Sex - the Varieties of Sexual Assault Part 4. Sexual Health Perspectives: Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Sexual Infections 14. HIV Infection and AIDS 15. Sexual Dysfunctions and Sex Therapy 16. Sexual Disorders and Sexual Health Part 5 Cultural Perspectives: Sex and the Law 17. Religious and Ethical Perspectives and Sexuality <s> BIB001 </s> Understanding acceptance of information system development and management methodologies by actual users: A review and assessment of existing literature <s> Discussion and Research Agenda <s> Evidence for the role of affective states in social judgments is reviewed, and a new integrative theory, the affect infusion model (AIM), is proposed as a comprehensive explanation of these effects. The AIM, based on a multiprocess approach to social judgments, identifies 4 alternative judgmental strategies: (a) direct access, (b) motivated, (c) heuristic, and (d) substantive processing. The model predicts that the degree of affect infusion into judgments varies along a processing continuum, such that judgments requiring heuristic or substantive processing are more likely to be infused by affect than are direct access or motivated judgments. The role of target, judge, and situational variables in recruiting high- or low-infusion judgmental strategies is considered, and empirical support for the model is reviewed. The relationship between the AIM and other affect-cognition theories is discussed, and implications for future research are outlined. <s> BIB002 </s> Understanding acceptance of information system development and management methodologies by actual users: A review and assessment of existing literature <s> Discussion and Research Agenda <s> This article examines alternative educational degree programs as models for developing managerial skills in technical professionals. There are inherent weaknesses in this regard in current Master of Business Administration and Master of Engineering Management degree programs. These weaknesses can largely be alleviated through the appropriate design and implementation of Management of Technology degree programs that are well-focused and targeted toward understanding the complex problems of managing technology and appreciating the uniqueness of the context of technology-based organizations. <s> BIB003 </s> Understanding acceptance of information system development and management methodologies by actual users: A review and assessment of existing literature <s> Discussion and Research Agenda <s> Object-oriented systems development (OOSD) is a recent innovation in software development that is often cited as a viable solution to many of the ills plaguing this critical industry. However, some express doubt about the potentially over-hyped claims of OOSD. While there are many accounts of the successful application of OOSD, widespread acceptance has not been achieved, implying that OOSD may not be viewed as positively by industry as the literature would suggest.To address this dilemma, the present study examines a wide variety of specific beliefs about OOSD as provided by a survey of 150 systems developers. Using Ajzen's (1988) theory of planned behavior as a foundation, an exploratory factor analysis is performed to determine which specific beliefs about OOSD are indeed salient indicators of three fundamental concepts that should influence acceptance: the usefulness of OOSD, social pressure to use OOSD, and the ease of using OOSD. The results of the study reveal that while many specific beliefs about OOSD are indeed salient indicators of these more fundamental, potentially influential factors, many other beliefs are not. This study should prove helpful to practitioners who are considering the adoption or continued use of OOSD, and to researchers who are interested in the diffusion of innovations in general <s> BIB004 </s> Understanding acceptance of information system development and management methodologies by actual users: A review and assessment of existing literature <s> Discussion and Research Agenda <s> Information technology (IT) development methodologies may be described as another bastion of rationalist, positivist, functionalist hegemony. The paper historically reviews IT development methodologies of the past 30 years. The major methodologies of the Classical Systems Life Cycle, Structures Systems Development, Data Modeling and Object Oriented Analysis are briefly reviewed in terms of their ubiquitously quoted evolution and maturation and the benefits they purport to offer IT specialists and managers, general management and user groups. This paper argues that, while it has traditionally been the case that such methodologies be compared on a case‐by‐case basis, it is time to step back from the traditionally reductionist, positivist approaches of IT. IT methodological development is considered here from a critical, anti‐positivist perspective. It is suggested that qualitiative research methodologies be employed to assist in creating a new IT development epistemology to spare us from further IT implementation disasters. <s> BIB005 </s> Understanding acceptance of information system development and management methodologies by actual users: A review and assessment of existing literature <s> Discussion and Research Agenda <s> In this research, the authors examine factors affecting the use of product development methods. Based on established behavioral theories, they develop and test a model that can explain, and hence predict, the extent of use of development methods. Although their model can be adapted to any development process, they apply it to software development. To test their model, they examine the combined effects of a number of important usage factors that contribute to the depth and breadth of use of two software development approaches: the waterfall model and prototyping. Two main constructs, process quality and facilitating conditions, are found to be the drivers of method usage. The dominating "facilitating conditions" and "process quality" indicators vary from one method to another product quality was not found to be a statistically significant factor in explaining usage. The authors' results are consistent with the view taken by the software process improvement movement, i.e., that a quality process will result in a quality product. <s> BIB006 </s> Understanding acceptance of information system development and management methodologies by actual users: A review and assessment of existing literature <s> Discussion and Research Agenda <s> Improving employee job performance is central to almost all management activity. To this end, the need theories of motivation have been the foundation of many interventions to increase employee job performance. Important elements of these theories, especially the progressive satisfaction of needs from lower-order to higher-order needs and the impact thereof on behavioural outcomes on different organisational levels, have been questioned. This uncertainty has implications for what strategies managers would explore to eliminate need deficiencies on the different organisational levels to motivate employees. In assessing the influence of need satisfactions on various behavioural outcomes in previous studies, regression analysis was used to statistically analyse the data. This technique identifies significant correlations, but not causal relationships among variables. It has been suggested that the identification of a causal link between the satisfaction of various needs and behavioural outcomes could shed more light on the motivation of behaviour. In the present study a more advanced technique - structural equation analysis - that identifies what variable causes a certain outcome, is used to measure the influence of various need satisfactions on performance intentions. The empirical results support the need-progression proposition, because the influence of need satisfaction on performance intentions is not the same for employees at different organisational levels. <s> BIB007 </s> Understanding acceptance of information system development and management methodologies by actual users: A review and assessment of existing literature <s> Discussion and Research Agenda <s> Many organizations attempt to deploy methodologies intended to improve software development processes. However, resistance by individual software developers against using such methodologies often obstructs their successful deployment. To better explain why individual developers accept or resist methodologies, five theoretical models of individual intentions to accept information technology tools were examined. In a field study of 128 developers in a large organization that implemented a methodology, each model explained significant variance in developers' intentions to use the methodology. Similar to findings from the tool adoption context, we found that, if a methodology is not regarded as useful by developers, its prospects for successful deployment may be severely undermined. In contrast to the typical pattern of findings in a tool context, however, we found that methodology adoption intentions are driven by: 1) the presence of an organizational mandate to use the methodology, 2) the compatibility of the methodology with how developers perform their work, and 3) the opinions of developers' coworkers and supervisors toward using the methodology. Collectively, these results provide surprising new insights into why software developers accept or resist methodologies and suggest what software engineering managers might do to overcome developer resistance. <s> BIB008 </s> Understanding acceptance of information system development and management methodologies by actual users: A review and assessment of existing literature <s> Discussion and Research Agenda <s> Seeking to improve software development, many organizations attempt to deploy formalized methodologies. This typically entails substantial behavioral change by software developers away from previous informal practices toward conformance with the methodology. Developers' resistance to such change often results in failure to fully deploy and realize the benefits of the methodology. The present research draws upon theories of intention formation and innovation diffusion to advance knowledge about why developers accept or resist following methodologies. Results from a field study within a large organization indicate that developers' intentions are directly influenced by their perceptions of usefulness, social pressure, compatibility, and organizational mandate. This pattern of intention determinants is quite different from that typically observed in studies of information technology tool adoption, revealing several key differences between the domains of tool versus methodology adoption. Specifically, although organizational mandate had a significant effect on intentions, the strength of its direct influence was the lowest among the four significant constructs, and usefulness, compatibility, and social pressure all influenced intentions directly, above and beyond the effects of organizational mandate. The findings suggest, contrary to popular belief, that an organizational mandate is not sufficient to guarantee use of the methodology in a sustained manner. <s> BIB009 </s> Understanding acceptance of information system development and management methodologies by actual users: A review and assessment of existing literature <s> Discussion and Research Agenda <s> In an ongoing effort to improve systems development, a variety of innovative products, such as CASE, and processes, such as object-oriented development, have been introduced over the years. While models such as the technology acceptance model (TAM) have been used to explain the acceptance of development products, very little research exists on the acceptance of the more complex development processes. Using the theory of planned behavior, goal-setting theory, and the TAM, this study develops a model to explain the acceptance of innovative information systems development processes by individual software developers. A total of 150 experienced developers completed a survey designed to explore factors that relate to the acceptance of object-oriented systems development (OOSD), the focus of this particular study. An analysis of the collected data reveals a succinct model that explains more than 60% of a developer's acceptance of OOSD. These results have important implications for both managers and process designers in their efforts to promote the acceptance of systems development innovations among developers. Researchers should also benefit from an augmented understanding of the acceptance of complex innovative processes. <s> BIB010 </s> Understanding acceptance of information system development and management methodologies by actual users: A review and assessment of existing literature <s> Discussion and Research Agenda <s> The management of customer switching costs has been hampered by the lack of a comprehensive typology for conceptualizing, categorizing, and measuring consumers' perceptions of these costs. This research develops a switching cost typology that identifies three types of switching costs: (1) procedural switching costs, primarily involving the loss of time and effort; (2) financial switching costs, involving the loss of financially quantifiable resources; and (3) relational switching costs, involving psychological or emotional discomfort due to the loss of identity and the breaking of bonds. The research then examines the antecedents and consequences of switching costs. The results suggest that consumers' perceptions of product complexity and provider heterogeneity, their breadth of product use, and their alternative provider and switching experience drive the switching costs they perceive. Furthermore, all three switching cost types significantly influence consumers' intentions to stay with their current service provider, explaining more variance than does satisfaction. <s> BIB011 </s> Understanding acceptance of information system development and management methodologies by actual users: A review and assessment of existing literature <s> Discussion and Research Agenda <s> Foreword by Dan P. McAdams 1. Introduction 2. Proposals for a Theory of Personality 3. Variables of Personality 4. Judgements of Personality 5. The Genetical Investigation of Personality: Childhood Events 6. Procedures 7. Case History: Case of Earnst 8. Conclusions <s> BIB012 </s> Understanding acceptance of information system development and management methodologies by actual users: A review and assessment of existing literature <s> Discussion and Research Agenda <s> The theories of social exchange, task-technology fit, and technology acceptance are utilized in a field study of software development methodologies. This investigation includes the effects of user experiences on perceptions of acceptance and usage of a methodology. More specifically, perceptions of the outputs and deliverables from a methodology and perceptions of challenges and obstacles to using and applying a methodology were found to significantly and positively influence perceived usefulness and negatively influence ease of use of a methodology, respectively, within a developer's organization. Perceived usefulness was a positive and strong antecedent to perceptions of fit between the methodology and client problems, and the strengthening of efficacy beliefs about the methodology. <s> BIB013 </s> Understanding acceptance of information system development and management methodologies by actual users: A review and assessment of existing literature <s> Discussion and Research Agenda <s> It is widely believed that systems development methodologies (SDMs) can help improve the software development process. Nevertheless, their deployment often encounters resistance from systems developers. Agile methodologies, the latest batch of SDMs that are most suitable in dealing with volatile business requirements, are likely to face the same challenge as they require developers to drastically change their work habits and acquire new skills. This paper addresses what can be done to overcome the challenge to agile methodologies acceptance. We provide a critical review of the extant literature on the acceptance of traditional SDMs and agile methodologies, and develop a conceptual framework for agile methodologies acceptance based on a knowledge management perspective. This framework can provide guidance for future research into acceptance of agile methodologies, and has implications for practitioners concerned with the effective deployment of agile methodologies. <s> BIB014
Existing research has attempted to examine usage behavior of individuals regarding IS methodologies from a technology adoption perspective. Some of these studies view software development methodologies as technology innovations and make use of technology adoption theories and models, such as Diffusion of Innovations Theory (DOI) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (for e.g. BIB008 BIB009  BIB013 ). Others apply sociological models such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and Triandis' Theory of Interpersonal Behavior (TTIB) to examine the development of the intention of individuals to use methodologies (for e.g. BIB010 BIB006 . While previous studies, based on the technological and behavioural models, have been found to be suitable for examining the acceptance of IS methodologies, they focus mainly on technology characteristics, such as perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived complexity, and adaptability BIB014 . Moreover, these technical characteristics examine the decision-making process of individuals to adopt a methodology based upon the (potential) benefits that the particular methodology provides. Costs of adopting and using new methodologies have, up until now, not been studied, and depicts a potential gap in this research topic. In order to remedy this, future studies might be able to use the extensive switching costs topology proposed by Burnham et al. BIB011 . In the context of methodology acceptance at an individual level, following switching costs in particular might inhibit a person"s desire to use new methodologies BIB011 : a) Economic risk costs are the costs of accepting uncertainty with the potential for a negative outcome when switching to a new methodology about which the user has insufficient information, b) Evaluation costs are the time and effort costs, associated with the search, and analysis is needed to make a decision to switch to a new methodology, c) Learning costs are the time and effort costs of acquiring new skills or know-how in order to use a methodology effectively, and d) Personal relationship loss costs are the affective losses associated with breaking the bonds of identification that have been formed with the people with whom the individual user used to interact before, when using old methodologies/processes (e.g. new reporting processes/roles change the way users interact with whom). In order to fully understand the effect of costs, researchers should, in addition to switching costs, also examine sunk costs (i.e. irretrievable expenditures). Numerous empirical studies (for an overview, consult  ) have shown that sunk costs cause a decision-making bias known as sunk-cost fallacy (or also escalation of commitment) that reflects the tendency in individuals to invest more future resources in a situation in which a prior investment has been made, compared to a similar situation in which a prior investment has not been made. Based on this research stream, sunk costs might hinder individuals from adopting and using new methodologies since these people have already invested considerable time and effort in learning their present methodology/way of doing things (some might even have costly certifications such as PRINCE2 or PMI, which might be of use in the context of a new methodology). There has been a significant movement in the psychology discipline, in recent decades, in which the affective or emotional aspect is moving towards mainstream psychology, BIB002 based on the realisation that a realistic human being has more than just the physical and cognitive aspects. However, strikingly, none of the studies conducted in the past have attempted to examine the effect of non-technological characteristics such as a) traits of individuals, b) habits and emotions, c) self-beliefs such as selfconcept, and d) organisational and national culture in the context of methodology usage. Research, in particular, has not attempted to understand the effect of deep-rooted personal characteristics and traits of individual users, such as their needs, as examined by needs theories, such as Maslow"s hierarchy of needs BIB001 and Murray"s theory of psychogenic needs BIB012 , expectancies, age and gender. Needs theories, specifically, have become widely accepted in research studies because they are considered to be the most enduring ways to understand the motivation of an individual to act in a particular way BIB007 . According to the needs theories, individuals are motivated to use a particular methodology by their individual desire to satisfy certain needs. Many definitions of basic needs have been proposed. The one presented by Ryan and Deci  is most consistent with the scope of methodology acceptance. They indicate that "a basic need, whether it be a physiological need or a psychological need, is an energising state that, if satisfied, conduces toward health and well-being but, if not satisfied, contributes to pathology and ill-being"  . This implies that if a methodology fails to satisfy an individual"s basic needs, this might result in serious discomfort, and this dissatisfaction might be visible in the individual"s rejection of the particular methodology. On another note, a lack of significant innovativeness and originality can be observed in the field of quantitative research (e.g. BIB008 BIB006 BIB009 BIB004 BIB010 ). Studies based upon this research type, in particular, have generally resorted to simply applying highly validated theoretical models from other fields, for example TPB, TAM, DOI, TTIB etc. without modifications on the domain of methodology acceptance. Such research is not without merit. However, it leads to conclusions that are at best already known and well established. This might help explain why almost no studies have been published in top tier journals (see descriptive results section). Researchers are therefore advised to conceptually analyse the problem at hand from different angles, rather than only from what is already known, in order to develop new theoretical concepts and a deeper understanding of human behaviour, specific to the methodology acceptance domain. Future research could also focus on understanding the actual use of methodologies (measured via documented usage) and not just self-reported intention of using methodologies, since intention might not always lead to actual use. Another crucial area that was neglected in past studies is post-adoption use, i.e. reuse of methodologies past the initial adoption and usage. This is important because, while seeking to examine why individuals accept particular methodologies, the goal is not just to understand "one-time" use, but rather the repeated continued long-term use of a methodology. Furthermore, past studies have been conducted almost exclusively in the field of software development (e.g. agile and object-oriented software development methodologies), neglecting IS management methodologies. We feel that the discussion on IS methodologies should be more general, taking into consideration not only IS development but also IS management practices, since both ISD and ISM methodologies usually tend to address tasks and processes, consist of phases and procedures that are to be followed strictly BIB005 . Both types of methodologies are "…concerned with exploring and understanding information technology as a corporate resource that determines both the strategic and operational capabilities of the firm in designing and developing products and services for maximum customer satisfaction, corporate productivity, profitability and competitiveness" BIB003 . As such, results of research on ISD methodologies might not be different from ISM methodologies. This calls for research on methodology adoption to be of higher generalizability by taking into consideration not only ISD but also ISM methodologies. From a research design perspective, while previous quantitative and qualitative studies are largely cross-sectional research, longitudinal studies involving repeated observations of the same individuals over long periods of time might be better suited to observe the development of behaviour, since time is one of the most important explanations of change. Therefore, longitudinal studies can give answers to questions concerning behavioural change/intention to change that crosssectional studies cannot.