A Survey of Security Services, Attacks, and Applications for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) <s> Elliptic Curve Digital Signature (ECDSA) Based Authentication Schemes <s> This contribution describes how an elliptic curve cryptosystem can be imple- mented on very low cost microprocessors with reasonable performance. We focus in this paper on the Intel 8051 family of microcontrollers popular in smart cards and other cost-sensitive devices. The implementation is based on the use of the finite field GF ((2 8 17) 17 ) which is particularly suited for low end 8-bit processors. Two advantages of our method are that subfield modular reduction can be performed infrequently, and that an adaption of Itoh and Tsujii's inversion algorithm is used for the group operation. We show that an elliptic curve scalar multiplication with a fixed point, which is the core operation for a signature generation, can be performed in a group of order approximately 2 134 in less than 2 seconds. Unlike other implementations, we do not make use of curves defined over a subfield such as Koblitz curves. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey of Security Services, Attacks, and Applications for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) <s> Elliptic Curve Digital Signature (ECDSA) Based Authentication Schemes <s> Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are promising approach for facilitating road safety, traffic management,and infotainment dissemination for drivers and passengers.However, it is subject to various malicious abuses and security attacks which hinder it from practical implementation.Effective and robust solutions for addressing security and privacy issues are critical for the wide-spread adoption of VANETs. In this paper, we propose an Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) based message authentication in a VANET. The operation sequence of the proposed scheme is as follows: 1) Source vehicle generates private key and public key. 2) Public key is made available to all the vehicles in the VANET. 3) Source vehicle creates a hash of the message using secured hash algorithm. 4) Secured has his encrypted using private key in the source vehicle ands ends it to the destination vehicle. 5) At the destination vehicle, the received encrypted message is decrypted using the public key. The result of the decryption will be the hash of the message. 6) Destination vehicle can then hash the message in the same way as source vehicle did and compare the two hashes. Using this proposed scheme, strong authentication policy is provided for the destination vehicle.Because hashing is relatively unique, any changes in the message would change the message hash. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey of Security Services, Attacks, and Applications for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) <s> Elliptic Curve Digital Signature (ECDSA) Based Authentication Schemes <s> Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) have several features, such as dynamic topologies, limited bandwidth usage, limited energy, etc... Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a special case of mobile ad hoc networks. VANET communication can be formed between vehicles with vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication or between Vehicle-to-Road Side Units (V2R). VANETs provides a promising network scenario for facilitating safety on roads, managing traffic, and infotainment dissemination for both passengers and drivers. The communication between V2V and V2R is the most critical part, so a proper security and privacy methods have to be maintained. Messages are critical and important like a warning message, so that the message must be authenticated which guarantee's the message integrity. Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) provides an efficient message authentication scheme. A combination of P2P, VANET and ECDSA can make the scenario more efficient and perform better in terms of time delay in message delivery. <s> BIB003 </s> A Survey of Security Services, Attacks, and Applications for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) <s> Elliptic Curve Digital Signature (ECDSA) Based Authentication Schemes <s> Authentication is one of the essential frameworks to ensure safe and secure message dissemination in Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs). But an optimized authentication algorithm with reduced computational overhead is still a challenge. In this paper, we propose a novel classification of safety critical messages and provide an adaptive algorithm for authentication in VANETs using the concept of Merkle tree and Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA). Here, the Merkle tree is constructed to store the hashed values of public keys at the leaf nodes. This algorithm addresses Denial of Service (DoS) attack, man in the middle attack and phishing attack. Experimental results show that, the algorithm reduces the computational delay by 20 percent compared to existing schemes. <s> BIB004
The next part of asymmetric cryptography is an ECDSA authentication scheme, which is an analogue type of digital signature dependent on the elliptical curve cryptography BIB001 . Manvi et al. BIB002 introduced an ECDSA-based message authentication scheme in VANET. This technique utilizes a secure hash algorithm (SHA) by the sending vehicle to generate a private and public key, and also create a hash of the message by using SHA. At the receiving part, the received message is decrypted by using the public key. Kalkundri et al. BIB003 presented a new technique, which utilizes the ECDSA algorithm to obtain message authentication. Furthermore, it can also provide security in terms of the point-to-point (p2p) mechanism to obtain authentication in VANETs. The combination of p2p and ECDSA along with VANETs can improve the efficiency of the algorithm and also minimizes the message delay. Smitha et al. BIB004 proposed a new method, a classification of the critical safety message, and provided an adaptive way to authenticate the message based on the Merkle tree and ECDSA. This scheme discussed the DOS, man in the middle, and phishing attacks. Furthermore, this approach can increase the message authentication delay.