Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Adoption of Ultra Wideband (UWB) Technology. <s> Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) have emerged and shifted the focus from the typical scalar wireless sensor networks to networks with multimedia devices that are capable to retrieve video, audio, images, as well as scalar sensor data. WMSNs are able to deliver multimedia content due to the availability of inexpensive CMOS cameras and microphones coupled with the significant progress in distributed signal processing and multimedia source coding techniques. In this paper, we outline the design challenges of WMSNs, give a comprehensive discussion of the proposed architectures, algorithms and protocols for the different layers of the communication protocol stack for WMSNs, and evaluate the existing WMSN hardware and testbeds. The paper will give the reader a clear view of the state of the art at all aspects of this research area, and shed the light on its main current challenges and future trends. We also hope it will foster discussions and new research ideas among its researchers. <s> BIB001 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Adoption of Ultra Wideband (UWB) Technology. <s> This chapter discusses the state of the art and the major research challenges in architectures, algorithms, and protocols, for wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs). These are networks of wirelessly interconnected smart devices designed and deployed to retrieve video and audio streams, still images, and scalar sensor data. First, applications and key factors influencing the design of WMSNs are discussed. Then, the existing solutions at the application, transport, network, link, and physical layers of the communication protocol stack are investigated. Finally, fundamental open research issues are discussed and future research trends in this area are outlined. <s> BIB002 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Adoption of Ultra Wideband (UWB) Technology. <s> The emergence of wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSN) has given birth to several civilian as well as defense applications. Some of the interesting applications employing low cost sensor nodes to manipulate rich multimedia content include traffic monitoring, border surveillance, smart homes, environment and habitat monitoring. Unlike the traditional sensor networks which are aimed at maximizing network lifetime by decreasing energy utilization, the main objective of WMSNs is optimized delivery of multimedia content along with energy efficiency. Multimedia communications in WMSNs, has stringent delay and high bandwidth requirement as compared to scalar data transfer in WSNs. Fulfilling these constraints in resource and energy constrained WMSNs is a huge challenge. In WMSNs, each layer of the protocol stack is responsible and fully involved in providing QoS guarantees. There is a need for new schemes at each layer of the protocol stack- from advanced coding techniques that reduce encoder complexity and achieve maximum compression to dynamic routing and MAC protocols that provide service differentiation and reduce end-to-end latency. In wireless sensor networks, where all layers have dependency on each other, QoS guarantees are possible through the cross layer interaction of different layers. This paper gives an overview of the different existing layered schemes in WMSNs, followed by a discussion on the significance and efficiency gains that can be achieved from cross layer interactions in WMSNs along with the review of the existing cross layer approaches. Finally, we identify the open research issues which have not been adequately addressed so far. <s> BIB003
Based on modulation schemes and considering bandwidth, physical layer technologies are categorized into three groups: narrow band, spread spectrum, and Ultra-Wideband (UWB)  BIB001 . Also, they are categorized based on standard protocols, namely, IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee, IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 WiFi, and 802.15.3a UWB which is shown in Table 6 . ZigBee is a lightweight, low cost, and low power consumption protocol. It is the most common standard radio protocol used in WSNs. However, ZigBee standard is not suitable for high data rate applications. In addition, Bluetooth and WiFi standard supports higher data rate but with more power consumption. UWB technology supports higher data rate up to 250 Mbps and low power consumption. Thus, it appears that UWB technology can be an ideal choice for short range applications in WMSNs. In addition, with the new characteristics of UWB, location-aware routing protocols can be optimized for better performance. So adoption of UWB technology in WMSNs can be explored further to achieve optimum network performance  BIB003 BIB001 BIB002 .