Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> We present a suite of algorithms for self-organization of wireless sensor networks in which there is a scalably large number of mainly static nodes with highly constrained energy resources. The protocols further support slow mobility by a subset of the nodes, energy-efficient routing, and formation of ad hoc subnetworks for carrying out cooperative signal processing functions among a set of the nodes. <s> BIB001 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> In this paper, we present a real-time communication protocol for sensor networks, called SPEED. The protocol provides three types of real-time communication services, namely, real-time unicast, real-time area-multicast and real-time area-anycast. SPEED is specifically tailored to be a stateless, localized algorithm with minimal control overhead End-to-end soft real-time communication is achieved by maintaining a desired delivery speed across the sensor network through a novel combination of feedback control and non-deterministic geographic forwarding. SPEED is a highly efficient and scalable protocol for sensor networks where the resources of each node are scarce. Theoretical analysis, simulation experiments and a real implementation on Berkeley motes are provided to validate our claims. <s> BIB002 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> Sensor networks are meant for sensing and disseminating information about the environment they sense. The criticality of a sensed phenomenon determines its importance to the end user. Hence, data dissemination in a sensor network should be information aware. Such information awareness is essential firstly to disseminate critical information more reliably and secondly to consume network resources proportional to the criticality of information. In this paper, we describe a protocol called RelnForM to deliver packets at desired reliability at a proportionate communication cost. RelnForm sends multiple copies of each packet along multiple paths from source to sink, such that data is delivered at the desired reliability. It uses the concept of dynamic packet state in context of sensor networks, to control the number of paths required for the desired reliability, and does so using only local knowledge of channel error rates and topology. We show that for uniform unit disk graphs, the number of edge-disjoint paths between nodes is equal to the average node degree with very high probability. RelnForm utilizes this property in its randomized forwarding mechanism which results in use of all possible paths and efficient load balancing. <s> BIB003 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> In this paper, we present a novel packet delivery mechanism called Multi-Path and Multi-SPEED Routing Protocol (MMSPEED) for probabilistic QoS guarantee in wireless sensor networks. The QoS provisioning is performed in two quality domains, namely, timeliness and reliability. Multiple QoS levels are provided in the timeliness domain by guaranteeing multiple packet delivery speed options. In the reliability domain, various reliability requirements are supported by probabilistic multipath forwarding. These mechanisms for QoS provisioning are realized in a localized way without global network information by employing localized geographic packet forwarding augmented with dynamic compensation, which compensates for local decision inaccuracies as a packet travels towards its destination. This way, MMSPEED can guarantee end-to-end requirements in a localized way, which is desirable for scalability and adaptability to large scale dynamic sensor networks. Simulation results show that MMSPEED provides QoS differentiation in both reliability and timeliness domains and, as a result, significantly improves the effective capacity of a sensor network in terms of number of flows that meet both reliability and timeliness requirements up to 50 percent (12 flows versus 18 flows). <s> BIB004 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> Many wireless sensor network applications must resolve the inherent conflict between energy efficient communication and the need to achieve desired quality of service such as end-to-end communication delay. To address this challenge, we propose the Real-time Power-Aware Routing (RPAR) protocol, which achieves application-specified communication delays at low energy cost by dynamically adapting transmission power and routing decisions. RPAR features a power-aware forwarding policy and an efficient neighborhood manager that are optimized for resource-constrained wireless sensors. Moreover, RPAR addresses important practical issues in wireless sensor networks, including lossy links, scalability, and severe memory and bandwidth constraints. Simulations based on a realistic radio model of MICA2 motes show that RPAR significantly reduces the number of deadlines missed and energy consumption compared to existing real-time and energy-efficient routing protocols. <s> BIB005 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> This paper proposes a power efficient multipath video packet scheduling scheme for minimum video distortion transmission (optimised Video QoS) over wireless multimedia sensor networks. The transmission of video packets over multiple paths in a wireless sensor network improves the aggregate data rate of the network and minimizes the traffic load handled by each node. However, due to the lossy behavior of the wireless channel the aggregate transmission rate cannot always support the requested video source data rate. In such cases a packet scheduling algorithm is applied that can selectively drop combinations of video packets prior to transmission to adapt the source requirements to the channel capacity. The scheduling algorithm selects the less important video packets to drop using a recursive distortion prediction model. This model predicts accurately the resulting video distortion in case of isolated errors, burst of errors and errors separated by a lag. Two scheduling algorithms are proposed in this paper. The Baseline scheme is a simplified scheduler that can only decide upon which packet can be dropped prior to transmission based on the packet's impact on the video distortion. This algorithm is compared against the Power aware packet scheduling that is an extension of the Baseline capable of estimating the power that will be consumed by each node in every available path depending on its traffic load, during the transmission. The proposed Power aware packet scheduling is able to identify the available paths connecting the video source to the receiver and schedule the packet transmission among the selected paths according to the perceived video QoS (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio--PSNR) and the energy efficiency of the participating wireless video sensor nodes, by dropping packets if necessary based on the distortion prediction model. The simulation results indicate that the proposed Power aware video packet scheduling can achieve energy efficiency in the wireless multimedia sensor network by minimizing the power dissipation across all nodes, while the perceived video quality is kept to very high levels even at extreme network conditions (many sensor nodes dropped due to power consumption and high background noise in the channel). <s> BIB006 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> In this article, multipath multi-speed (MMSPEED) protocol will be considered as a wireless multimedia sensor network (WMSN) routing protocol. Experimental results show that MMSPEED protocol has significant potential in video applications but it does not compatible with special features of multimedia traffic such as high video frame rate, packet's information dependency and frames different reliability. Awareness of MMSPEED about of embedded information in the received packet can lead to better resource utilization in network and MAC layers. Simulation results show that video PSNR significantly increases due to multimedia-aware improvements over MMSPEED. <s> BIB007 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> Image and video sensing data in the multimedia wireless sensor networks make many requirements in the resource of bandwidth and energy. For the purpose of real-time transmission of multimedia data, this paper proposes a new QoS protocol applied to multimedia wireless sensor networks REAR. In this protocol metadata is used to establish multi-path routing for reducing the energy consumption and a cost function is constructed to evaluate the consumption of the transmission links which trades off the relationship of energy and delay, and then a QoS routing is chosen. The experiments show that the protocol could ensure the real-time transmission of multimedia data and prolong the lifetime of sensor networks. <s> BIB008 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> The appearance of wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) requires a new generation transmission paradigm towards intelligent and ubiquitous communication. Video sensors are used in WMSNs to enhance the capability for event description. Multiple routing paths are often used for transmitting video streams. However, not every path found by multi-path routing algorithm is suitable for transmitting video, because a long routing path with a long end-to-end transmission delay may not satisfy the time constraint of the video. Furthermore, each video stream includes two kinds of information: image and audio streams. In different applications, image and audio streams play different roles, and the importance levels are different. Higher priority should be given to the more important stream (either the image stream or the audio stream) to guarantee the using of limited bandwidth and energy in WMSNs. In this paper, we propose a context-aware cross-layer optimized Multi-Path Multi-Priority (MPMP) transmission scheme, in which a Two-Phase geographic Greedy Forwarding (TPGF) multi-path routing protocol is used in network layer to explore the maximum number of node-disjoint routing paths, and a Context-Aware Multi-path Selection algorithm (CAMS) is used in transport layer to choose the maximum number of paths from all found node-disjoint routing paths for maximizing the gathering of the most valuable information to the base station. Simulation results show that the MPMP scheme can effectively maximize the gathering of the most valuable information and guarantee the end-to-end transmission delay. <s> BIB009 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> As a novel information acquiring and processing technology, compared to other traditional sensor networks, wireless multimedia sensor networks pay more attention to the information-intensive data (e.g. audio, video, image). Potential applications of wireless multimedia sensor networks span a wide spectrum from military to industrial, from commercial to environmental monitoring. This paper discusses QoS routing problem model with multiple QoS constraints, which may deal with the delay, delay jitter and bandwidth, and presents QoS routing algorithm with multiple constraints based on genetic algorithm, and gives the algorithm idiographic flow. Simulating results show that higher routing successful ratio and faster convergence is achieved in the algorithm. <s> BIB010 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) are composed of small devices that are able to capture video or audio information and to transmit it over wireless channels. The development of wireless technologies, such as: WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and UWB, encourages the emergence of heterogeneous networks. However, only a few existing solutions take into account the constraints of multi-tier and multi-MAC wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a cost function coupled to a new generic (i.e. independent from any MAC protocol) cross-layer routing protocol adapted to multimedia traffic over hierarchical and heterogeneous networks. The goal of our proposed protocol is to dynamically assess the routing process cost and the requirement of the multimedia application in order to ensure a sufficient quality of service (Soft QoS). Furthermore, the cross-layer approach is needed to use the physical and MAC parameters on the routing operation. Simulation results show that our solution is efficient and gives better results than classical protocols. <s> BIB011 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> In this paper, we propose an efficient Two-Phase geographic Greedy Forwarding (TPGF) routing algorithm for WMSNs. TPGF takes into account both the requirements of real time multimedia transmission and the realistic characteristics of WMSNs. It finds one shortest (near-shortest) path per execution and can be executed repeatedly to find more on-demand shortest (near-shortest) node-disjoint routing paths. TPGF supports three features: (1) hole-bypassing, (2) the shortest path transmission, and (3) multipath transmission, at the same time. TPGF is a pure geographic greedy forwarding routing algorithm, which does not include the face routing, e.g., right/left hand rules, and does not use planarization algorithms, e.g., GG or RNG. This point allows more links to be available for TPGF to explore more routing paths, and enables TPGF to be different from many existing geographic routing algorithms. Both theoretical analysis and simulation comparison in this paper indicate that TPGF is highly suitable for multimedia transmission in WMSNs. <s> BIB012 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> This paper focuses on studying the performance of TPGF geographic routing algorithm with multi routing metric called McTPGF in random duty-cycled wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs). The multi-metric contains the geographic distance and the time, which is called sleeping-delay in this paper, the forwarding node waits to forward packet to the neighbor node after it wakes up. We recognize the fact that in random duty-cycled WMSNs, geographic routing should not only consider the geographic distance of the neighbor node but also the sleeping-delay of the node at that moment. The significant difference between our work and the TPGF is that our work pays more attentions to the demand of finding a single routing path with low sleeping-delay at a certain time using TPGF while the traditional TPGF algorithm focuses on finding all node-disjoint paths in the given network topology. Simulations are conducted to evaluate that the McTPGF reduces the end-to-end delay with the cost of adding few hop counts compared with the traditional TPGF algorithm in random duty-cycled WMSNs. <s> BIB013 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> Wireless multimedia sensor network (WMSN) takes more account of dealing with information-intensive data such as audio, image and video, it has much more wide foreground for application than traditional wireless sensor network. It has significance to research topology of WMSN aimed at some characteristic such as the larger media data capacity, limitation on computation, storage & energy and the requirements of transport quality. This paper introduces a novel clustered-control algorithm based on geographic locations, energy, priority of coverage, and multi-layers architecture. Detailed process is proposed including cluster heads’ election method and multimedia data transmission mechanism. The theoretical analysis and simulation experiments indicate that our improved algorithm can strengthen routing function, prolong the lifetime of network and reduce energy consumption. <s> BIB014 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> The Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) consist of nodes that are capable of sensing, computing, communication, actuation, and power components. Some of the applications of the Wireless Sensor Multimedia Networks include habitat monitoring, target tracking, environmental monitoring, and traffic management systems, these applications require effective communication of event features in the form of multimedia such as audio, image, and video. Routing in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network is an important issue since the WMSN nodes that sense the data need to be communicated to the base station, to take necessary decision. The key issues in the design of routing protocol in the WMSN are energy consideration, multimedia consistency, tight QoS expectations, and high bandwidth demands. Although many routing protocols have been proposed for the WMSNs, the design of a more efficient protocol in terms energy awareness and QoS still remain a challenge. This work involves the design of the routing protocol in wireless multimedia sensor networks which is power aware, reliable and has low latency in delivering the data from source node that is sensing the data to the destination node/sink node. The proposed new algorithm called MPDT: Multipath Data Transfer protocol provides simultaneous multiple paths for communication between any two nodes. This feature prolongs the lifetime of the network. Also from the data security point of view, MPDT is immune to some specific attacks. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol surpasses the conventional protocol in terms of energy consumption and network lifetime. <s> BIB015 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSN) emerges as an important category of Wireless Sensor Networks, which retrieves real-time information such as video and audio streams, still images etc. One of the prominent characteristics of WMSN is severe bandwidth limitation which has great impact on design of routing algorithm. In traditional routing protocols, path(s) are selected aiming at providing optimal transmission performance for the current flow while little attention is paid to bandwidth efficiency. This greedy strategy results in the existence of large amounts of bandwidth fragments which can’t be fully used so that the networks capability to carry real-time flows is degraded. In this paper, bandwidth efficient Collaborative Quality of service Routing (CQR) is proposed. The defining aspect of CQR is to collaboratively optimize the path selections of multiple flows over the networks. The CQR problem is formulized as linear programming. Resource allocation vector is constructed to decouple the inherently dependent path selections between different flows and sub-gradient based searching algorithm is proposed to get the optimal solution. Simulation results show that CQR achieves higher call admission rate for real-time flow comparing to existed algorithm, under heavy load CQR outperforms traditional algorithms about 40% in call admission rate and has similar transmission cost. <s> BIB016 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> in this paper we investigate multi-path transmission of video over Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs). Our objective is to provide a transmission mechanism to improve the video quality perceived at the receiver while considering energy, bandwidth and delay constraints of the network. Our approach is based on packet and path priority scheduling in multipath video transmission over WMSN. Video packets are classified according to their types and more important packets are transmitted through paths with better conditions. Path conditions are evaluated by a score mechanism using variant parameters such as free buffer size, energy, hop count and packet loss. Since path conditions are changed over time, our proposed scheme updates path conditions and adapting packet scheduling accordingly. Simulation analysis of the proposed video transmission scheme shows its efficiency in increasing perceived video quality at the receiver. <s> BIB017 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> As a multimedia information acquisition and pro-cessing method, wireless multimedia sensor network(WMSN) has great application potential in military civilian. Compared with traditional wireless sensor network, the routing design of WMSN should obtain more attention on the quality of transmission. This paper proposes a reliable routing based on energy prediction (REP), which includes energy prediction and power allocation mechanism. The introduced prediction mechanism makes the sensor nodes predict the remaining energy of other nodes, which dramatically reduces the overall information needed for balancing energy. based on the predicted result, REP can dynamically balance the energy consumption of nodes by power allocation. The simulation results prove the efficiency on energy equilibrium and reliability of the proposed REP routing. <s> BIB018 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> As a multimedia information acquisition and processing method, wireless multimedia sensor network(WMSN) has great application potential in military and civilian areas. Compared with traditional wireless sensor network, the routing design of WMSN should obtain more attention on the quality of transmission. This paper proposes an adaptive reliable routing based on clustering hierarchy named ARCH, which includes energy prediction and power allocation mechanism. To obtain a better performance, the cluster structure is formed based on cellular topology. The introduced prediction mechanism makes the sensor nodes predict the remaining energy of other nodes, which dramatically reduces the overall information needed for energy balancing. ARCH can dynamically balance the energy consumption of nodes based on the predicted results provided by power allocation. The simulation results prove the efficiency of the proposed ARCH routing. <s> BIB019 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> As a novel information acquiring and processing technology, wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) pose new challenges on the routing protocol. IEEE 802.11s-based WMSN that integrate with MAC-layer mesh networking protocol is an innovative implementation for WMSN which can offer high coverage, self-organization and good reliability. In this paper, we present a new routing metric based on airtime proposed in IEEE 802.11s draft standard, referred to as load balanced airtime with energy awareness (LBA-EA), for IEEE 802.11s-based WMSNs. LBA-EA not only captures the link quality, but also takes into account the load balancing and energy consumption. Simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed routing metric in terms of average network throughput and overall lifetime of WMSNs. <s> BIB020 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> Use of general and efficient routing protocols for wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSN) is of crucial significance Similar to other traditional networks, in WMSN a noticeable proportion of energy is consumed due to communications. In addition to energy, depending on network's application, many other parameters are also considered. In this paper, a data centric routing protocol which considers end to end delay, reliability, energy consumption, lifetime and fairness have been taken into account. The Proposed protocol which is called MREEP (Multimedia Reliable Energy Efficient routing Protocol) provides sending traffics with different priorities and QoS requirements based on constraint based routing. We study the performance of MREEP using different scenarios. Simulation results show that MREEP has achieved its goals. <s> BIB021 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN), as a novel technology, has attracted more and more attention with its board applications nowadays. The paper discusses the major challenges in current WMSN and focusing on some protocols relatively better fitting in the requirement of WMSN. Then a novel routing protocol CBRP-L basing on Cluster-Based Real-time Routing Protocol (CBRP) is proposed in this paper, which cuts off the high delay connections and runs LEACH algorithm for these nodes to forming a new cluster. Theoretic analysis and simulations are provided to show that the proposed protocol can effectively solve the problem of congestion and energy consumption, caused by only one cluster head with too many neighbors. <s> BIB022 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have an ever increasing variety of multimedia based applications. In these types of applications, network nodes should ideally maximize QoS and minimize energy expenditures in video communication. This article presents PEMuR, a novel dual scheme for efficient video communication, which aims at both energy saving and high QoS attainment. To achieve its objectives, PEMuR proposes the combined use of an energy aware hierarchical routing protocol with an intelligent video packet scheduling algorithm. The adopted routing protocol enables the selection of the most energy efficient routing paths, manages the network load according to the energy residues of the nodes and prevents useless data transmissions through the proposed use of an energy threshold. In this way, an outstanding level of energy efficiency is achieved. Additionally, the proposed packet scheduling algorithm enables the reduction of the video transmission rate with the minimum possible increase of distortion. In order to do so, it makes use of an analytical distortion prediction model that can accurately predict the resulted video distortion due to any error pattern. Thus, the algorithm may cope with limited available channel bandwidth by selectively dropping less significant packets prior to their transmission. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. <s> BIB023 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> Wireless sensor networks can be used to deploy various applications to reflect the circumstance of environment. Video sensors used in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) enhance such applications with multimedia data, but with specific characteristics requirement for the network. The aim of this work is to provide reliable data transport with multipath routing and load balancing congestion control mechanism in WMSN. In this paper, we proposed a Minimum Hop Disjoint Multipath routing algorithm with Time Slice load balancing congestion control scheme (MHDMwTS) to ensure reliability in WMSN. The simulation shows MHDMwTS is more reliable than basic routing schemes for transport multimedia data. <s> BIB024 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network(WMSN) is a blooming field due to the development of CMOS cameras and Microphones which are wirelessly interconnected devices that are able to retrieve multimedia content such as video and audio streams, still images and scalar sensor data from the environment. As of today, almost all deployed wireless sensor data networks measure scalar physical parameters like temperature, pressure humidity etc. To capture the image, video Wireless Multimedia Sensor nodes (WMSn) are to be deployed. The node of WMSn is equipped with cameras, microphones, and sensors producing multimedia content. Routing in Wireless Sensor Network is an important issue since WMS nodes that senses the data need to be communicated to the base station. The key issues in design of routing protocol in the WMSN are energy efficiency, adaptive routing, multimedia packet scheduling, Quality of service (QOS) and high bandwidth demand. Many routing protocols have been proposed for the WMSN. The design of more efficient protocols in terms of energy awareness, video packet scheduling and QOS in terms of check point arrangement is still remains a challenge. This paper discuss the design of the routing protocol in wireless multimedia sensor network which is power aware, reliable and has low latency in delivering the sensing data from source or sink node to the destination node. The new proposed architecture called ASARC: ACTUATION SENSOR ADAPTIVE ROUTING WITH CHECK POINT. ASARC provides actuation of sensor on demand basis and selection of path for communication between any two nodes such as sensor or relay node without video distortion. This feature enhances the lifetime of the network and also it supports security and QOS. <s> BIB025 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> Automated information gathering in military, industrial, environmental and surveillance applications which requires improved QoS guarantees as well as high reliability is well supported with Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs). In this paper, we propose a more reliable energy efficient multi-path routing scheme for multimedia-traffic. The proposed protocol quickly chooses partial disjoint paths in case of node failure to minimize routing overhead. Hence increases the reliability of the packets reaching the destination with minimum delay. Extensive simulations are carried out to show that proposed protocol achieves an efficient tradeoff among reliability, energy consumption and end to end delay. It provides higher packet delivery ratios and lower routing overheads compared to the Maximally Radio disjoint Multipath Routing (MR2) and Hop Count Multipath routing (HCMR) protocols. <s> BIB026 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> Recently, wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) have emerged as one of the most important technologies, driven by the development of powerful multimedia device such as CMOS. WMSNs require several factors such as resource constraints, specific QoS, high bandwidth and so on. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical heterogeneous network model based routing protocol for WMSNs. In our proposal, proposed network model is classified into monitoring class, delivery class and aggregation class. Also we define two kinds of the routing path in order to ensure bandwidth and QoS. In simulation results, we illustrate the performance of our proposal. <s> BIB027 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> The increase in the usefulness of WSNs, have lead to the transmission of multimedia content over these networks. This has escorted to the concept of Wireless Multimedia Sensor networks (WMSNs). Due to resource constrained structure of WSNs, special attention is required to route data in these networks. In this paper, we propose a novel routing protocol for WMSNs which establishes paths on the basis of traffic load, hop count and node energy. The protocol aims to find completely or partially disjoint paths for routing multimedia traffic with relatively minimum distance. Simulation results have shown that the proposed protocol is capable of finding intelligent path such that it increases throughput and avoid creation of network holes near the sink. <s> BIB028 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) have an increasing variety of multimedia based applications including image and video transmission. In these types of applications, multimedia sensor nodes should ideally maximize perceptual quality and minimize energy expenditures in communication. To obtain the required perceptual quality, quality of service (QoS) support is needed at the network level. However, mapping the network parameters to the end-user's perceptual quality measures during building paths is a challenging task due to incomplete identification metrics. In this paper, we propose Image Quality Aware Routing (IQAR) for WMSN that introduces the concept of image quality awareness by considering energy issue. The proposed approach employs intra-image prioritization and an adaptive path selection scheme that adjusts reliability level during image transmission using a distortion prediction model. <s> BIB029 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> The transmission of video and imaging data in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) requires both energy efficiency and QoS assurance, in order to ensure the efficient use of sensor resources, an Ant Colony Optimization based QoS routing model is proposed to improve the routing protocol of WMSN. Firstly, a routing model for WMSN QoS was presented and then a routing algorithm ACOWMSN was brought forward, which uses the network restrict condition to update the pheromone concentration. The forward ants collects QoS parameters, and the backward ants carry QoS information to update the local node status during returning to source node. The simulation results show that the algorithm has better performance than the traditional QoS routing protocol and can significantly improve the network lifetime. <s> BIB030 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> As a new multimedia information acquisition and processing method, wireless multimedia sensor network (WMSN) has great application potential and attracts more and more attentions. Compared to traditional wireless sensor networks, the routing design of WMSN has higher requirements on the quality of service (QoS). This paper systemically analyzes the similarity between social network and WMSN, then designs a QoS trust estimation model based on social network analysis, which enables each sensor node measuring the service quality by monitoring the behaviors of neighbor nodes. An energy efficient QoS assurance routing based on cluster hierarchy (EEQAR) is proposed to achieve energy efficiency and meet the requirement of QoS. To obtain a better performance, EEQAR routing adopts cellular topology to form the cluster structure and balance the energy consumption by structure movement. The simulation results show the high performance of EEQAR routing in lifetime and quality of service. <s> BIB031 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> In Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN), routing is essential to promote high data rate accommodation. During the query and data dissemination phases, optimal routing is a vital role since the multimedia content is conditional to strict QoS requirements. But the existing works on Multipath routing rarely consider losses and delay at the sink leading to energy degradation, involve unnecessary additional paths which cause high overhead. To overcome these issues, in this paper, we proposed an adaptive multi constraint Multipath routing protocol which minimizes loss rate, energy consumption and delay. We consider a cluster based architecture where inter cluster routing is performed based on a weighted cost function. The cost function is based on the parameters such as loss rate, residual energy and delay. In order to save energy, nodes which don't take part in routing are put to sleep mode. The simulation results prove that the proposed protocol is efficient in terms of energy efficiency, delay and packet delivery ratio when compared to the QoS aware routing from the literature. <s> BIB032 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> This paper presents an Adaptive Greedy-compass Energy-aware Multipath protocol (AGEM), a novel routing protocol for wireless multimedia sensors networks (WMSNs). AGEM uses sensors node positions to make packet forwarding decisions. These decisions are made online, at each forwarding node, in such a way that there is no need for global network topology knowledge and maintenance. AGEM routing protocol performs load-balancing to minimize energy consumption among nodes using twofold policy: (1) smart greedy forwarding, based on adaptive compass and (2) walking back forwarding to avoid holes. Performance evaluations of AGEM compared to GPSR (Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing) show that AGEM can: (a) maximize the network lifetime, (b) guarantee quality of service for video stream transmission, and (c) scale better on densely deployed wireless sensors network. <s> BIB033 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) are new and emerging networks of wirelessly connected devices, which consist of cameras, microphones, infra-red sensors, scalar sensors and others. These networks are fast gaining popularity due to their potential to be incorporated in various applications, such as, traffic monitoring, border surveillance, smart homes, environment and habitat monitoring, to retrieve heterogeneous data from the environment. However, these networks present many challenges as they are highly sensitive to delay and errors. The paper presents a Cross-layer QoS Routing protocol for WMSNs (CR-WMSN) that is aimed at providing soft end-to-end delay guarantees. Evaluation of this protocol shows that it provides better delay guarantees as compared to minimum hop routing protocol. <s> BIB034 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) is a novel information acquiring and processing technology which is more competent than traditional sensor networks in transferring and processing of huge amount of multimedia information data, such as audio, video, images and so on. It plays critical role in application in civil, military and commercial fields. In this paper, a Non-control sorting method is used to construct the Pareto optimal routing path set and the multiple attribute decision making method is adopted to search for the best routing path from the Pareto optimal routing path set. The simulation experiment result shows that our method can increase the probability of finding the optimal routing path, the TOPSIS method which is based on the Multiple Attribute Decision Making method obtains the best routing path from the Pareto Optimal routing set. <s> BIB035 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> The field of wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSN) is attracting more and more research community as an interdisciplinary field of interest. This type of network is low-cost, multifunctional due to advances in micro-electromechanical systems, and the proliferation and progression of wireless communications. However transmit multimedia information captured must satisfy the criteria of QoS , which increases energy consumption, fact that should be taken into consideration in the design of any routing protocols for WMSNs. In this paper we present routing protocol which we call an Energy Aware TPGF (EA-TPGF), that improves the Two Phase geographical Greedy Forwarding (TPGF). The basic idea is to take into account the residual energy of the nodes in the identification of pathways. Simulations and statistics produced by the simulator NeTtopo showing a significant contribution with regard to the extension of the life of the network. <s> BIB036 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> Abstract Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) have been drawing considerable attention and discussion in recent years due to its potential applications in various fields. For WMSN, how to increase the throughput in constrained environments has become the main challenge. Multipath routing is a promising solution because it can improve the channel utilization rate, reduce transmission delay and balance the transmission load. To pursue high efficiency for a multipath routing scheme, we need to take the characteristics of wireless environments and sensor networks into careful considerations. Based on such considerations, this paper introduces a Geographic Energy-Aware non-interfering Multipath (GEAM) routing scheme which divides the whole network topology into many districts and simultaneously forwards data through these districts without interfering with each other – to achieve interference-free transmissions. Our scheme will adjust the load of each district according to the energy status of their nodes; it does not establish fixed paths in advance and will hence maintain high performance even when the topology changes rapidly. We meanwhile employ a simple way to deal with the hole problem. Simulation results show that, when compared with related routing schemes, our GEAM can achieve higher performance at real-time transmission and meanwhile distribute transmission loads more evenly to most of the nodes in the network. <s> BIB037 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> The wireless sensor networks applications are supposed to solve the conflict of energy efficient communication and should achieve the desired QoS like communication delay. To overcome this challenge, we propose Power Adaptive SPEED (PASPEED) routing protocol which is capable of achieving application specific delays at low energy cost and can dynamically adapt routing decisions. PASPEED is location aware, stateless, localized routing protocol with minimal control overhead. PASPEED supports three features: (1) adaptive power control to minimize energy consumption (2) providing end-to- end delay guarantee (3) hole bypassing. It meets soft real-time deadline by maintaining a desired delivery speed across the sensor network. It chooses the most energy efficient node from possible next hop nodes which can provide the required delivery speed. Simulation results shows that PASPEED achieves better deadline miss ratio and video quality as compared with other existing protocols. <s> BIB038 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> In Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs), new metrics are required in order to accurately measure and evaluate link quality of nodes residing along a routing path comprehensively considering end-to-end delay, throughput and radio interference. Moreover, it is important to develop a routing algorithm that can find an optimal path to meet a QoS requirement based on the metrics. This study presents a QoS routing method taking into account congestion, which is aimed at minimizing end-to-end delay and increasing throughput. With a use of congestion control technique and least cost-based routing mechanism, the proposed routing method increases packet transmission rate whereas it reduces packet loss and delay. Ultimately, it contributes to longer network lifetime of sensor networks, which could result to offering better reliability of the network. <s> BIB039 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> The increasing availability of low-cost hardware along with the rapid growth of wireless devices has enabled the development of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs). Multimedia content such as video and audio streaming is transmitted over a WMSN which can easily be deployed with low cost. However, enabling real-time data applications in those networks demands not only Quality of Service (QoS) awareness, but also efficient energy management. Sensor network devices have limited energy resources. The limited energy poses significant threats on the QoS of WMSNs. In this paper, to improve the efficiency of QoS-aware routing, we examine an angle-based QoS and energy-aware dynamic routing scheme designed for WMSNs. The proposed approach uses the inclination angle and the transmission distance between nodes to optimize the selection of the forwarding candidate set and extend network lifetime. Simulation results indicate that considerable lifetime values can be achieved. <s> BIB040 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> “MAEE Routing Protocol for WMSNs”, routes image packets to the sink optimally, utilizing less energy of the node. MAEE uses MMRE+AOMDV protocol to build the multiple paths and then score them using path conditions based on availability of resources. Simulation is performed using ns-2.27 platform and results evaluated in the simulation demonstrate a significant performance parameter improvement. <s> BIB041 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> Technological developments in the micro-electronics and wireless communications, in addition to obtain ability of cheap CMOS cameras and micro phones, have led to appearance of next generation networks known as Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs). WMSN can retrieve image, video, audio and scalar sensor data from the physical environment. Wireless multimedia sensor networks will not only enhance existing sensor network applications like tracking, home automation, and environmental monitor, but they will also enable several new applications such as: Advanced Health Care Delivery, Industrial Process Control, Traffic Congestion Avoidance Systems. In this paper a technique called EEQAR is used to select energy efficient QoS routing which is based on cluster hierarchy. To achieve a enhanced performance, EEQAR routing implements cellular topology to form the cluster structure and balance the energy consumption by structure movement. The simulation results shows that EEQAR performs high efficiency on network lifetime and QoS in wireless multimedia sensor network. <s> BIB042 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) consist of networks of interconnected devices involved in retrieving multimedia content, such as, video, audio, acoustic, and scalar data, from the environment. The goal of these networks is optimized delivery of multimedia content based on quality of service (QoS) parameters, such as delay, jitter and distortion. In multimedia communications each packet has strict playout deadlines, thus late arriving packets and lost packets are treated equally. It is a challenging task to guarantee soft delay deadlines along with energy minimization, in resource constrained, high data rate WMSNs. Conventional layered approach does not provide optimal solution for guaranteeing soft delay deadlines due to the large amount of overhead involved at each layer. Cross layer approach is fast gaining popularity, due to its ability to exploit the interdependence between different layers, to guarantee QoS constraints like latency, distortion, reliability, throughput and error rate. The paper presents a channel utilization and delay aware routing (CUDAR) protocol for WMSNs. This protocol is based on a cross-layer approach, which provides soft end-to-end delay guarantees along with efficient utilization of resources. Extensive simulation analysis of CUDAR shows that it provides better delay guarantees than existing protocols and consequently reduces jitter and distortion in WMSN communication. <s> BIB043 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted HighlightsA new multi-objective approach for the routing problem in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) is proposed.Classical approximations optimize a single objective or Quality of Service (QoS) parameter.Classical approximations do not take into account the conflicting nature of QoS parameters which leads to sub-optimal solutions.The proposed approach takes into account multiple QoS requirements such as delay and the Expected Transmission Count (ETX).The case studies applying the proposed approach shows clear improvements on the QoS routing solutions. In this paper, a new multi-objective approach for the routing problem in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) is proposed. It takes into account Quality of Service (QoS) requirements such as delay and the Expected Transmission Count (ETX). Classical approximations optimize a single objective or QoS parameter, not taking into account the conflicting nature of these parameters which leads to sub-optimal solutions. The case studies applying the proposed approach show clear improvements on the QoS routing solutions. For example, in terms of delay, the approximate mean improvement ratios obtained for scenarios 1 and 2 were of 15 and 28 times, respectively. <s> BIB044 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> Multipath routing in wireless multimedia sensor network makes it possible to transfer data simultaneously so as to reduce delay and congestion and it is worth researching. However, the current multipath routing strategy may cause problem that the node energy near sink becomes obviously higher than other nodes which makes the network invalid and dead. It also has serious impact on the performance of wireless multimedia sensor network (WMSN). In this paper, we propose a pair-wise directional geographical routing (PWDGR) strategy to solve the energy bottleneck problem. First, the source node can send the data to the pair-wise node around the sink node in accordance with certain algorithm and then it will send the data to the sink node. These pair-wise nodes are equally selected in 360° scope around sink according to a certain algorithm. Therefore, it can effectively relieve the serious energy burden around Sink and also make a balance between energy consumption and end-to-end delay. Theoretical analysis and a lot of simulation experiments on PWDGR have been done and the results indicate that PWDGR is superior to the proposed strategies of the similar strategies both in the view of the theory and the results of those simulation experiments. With respect to the strategies of the same kind, PWDGR is able to prolong 70% network life. The delay time is also measured and it is only increased by 8.1% compared with the similar strategies. <s> BIB045 </s> Survey of QoS routing protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks <s> Survey of QoS Routing Protocols for WMSNs <s> Multimedia sensors are attracting the attention of the researchers increasingly, and have shifted the focus from traditional scalar sensors to sensors equipped with multimedia devices. The characteristics of multimedia services impose more resource constraints that involve energy consumption, memory, buffer size, bandwidth, and processing capabilities. Existing routing solutions used in wireless multimedia sensor networks suffer from limitations in term of QoS and energy efficiency. In this paper, we propose a new QoS routing solution to increase the energy efficiency while guaranteeing the QoS requirements of the multimedia services over the wireless sensor networks. <s> BIB046
As discussed earlier in the introduction and based on metrics outlined in Section 2, WMSNs QoS routing schemes can be categorized broadly into single-metric link/path costdependent routing protocols, dual-metric link/path costdependent routing protocols, triple-metric link/path costdependent routing protocols, quartet-metric link/path costdependent routing protocols, and five and more-metric BIB012 [20], BIB002 , BIB013 , BIB009 , BIB036 , BIB014 , BIB021 , BIB038 , BIB040 , BIB001 , BIB006 , BIB015 , BIB022 , BIB023 , BIB037 , BIB016 , BIB024 [29], BIB004 , BIB007 , BIB005 , BIB008 , BIB025 , BIB026 , BIB027 , BIB028 , BIB032 , BIB041 , BIB042 , BIB043 , BIB010 , BIB003 , BIB044 [37],  , BIB033 , BIB039 , BIB045 , BIB017 , BIB018 , BIB019 , BIB029 , BIB030 , BIB031 , BIB034 , BIB035 [42], BIB046 , BIB011 , BIB020 link/path costdependent protocols link/path costdependent protocols link/path cost- link/path cost-dependent routing protocols. Figure 1 shows the metrics-aware classification of QoS routing protocols along with the references. All WMSNs QoS routing protocols are covered in this section under their respective category. At the end of every subsection, an extensive comparative summary of QoS routing protocols is listed in tabular form (Tables 1-5 ). This summary compares the QoS routing protocols based on following features: network architecture, metrics used for link/path cost, multipath support, service differentiation, hole bypassing, security support, location awareness, the data delivery model, cross-layer support, scalability, mobility support, types of QoS constraints, congestion support, reduce packet loss rate, priority basis, adopted transmission power, interference awareness, simulator used, comparison with previous work, strengths, and weaknesses.