Supply chain performance models: A literature review on approaches, techniques, and criteria <s> Fig. 3. Yearly distribution of the papers <s> The process of choosing appropriate supply chain performance measures is difficult due to the complexity of these systems. The paper presents an overview and evaluation of the performance measures used in supply chain models and also presents a framework for the selection of performance measurement systems for manufacturing supply chains. Three types of performance measures are identified as necessary components in any supply chain performance measurement system, and new flexibility measures for supply chains are developed. <s> BIB001 </s> Supply chain performance models: A literature review on approaches, techniques, and criteria <s> Fig. 3. Yearly distribution of the papers <s> Aside from lean management and business process re-engineering, a new management approach for optimizing logistics organization is gaining recognition: supply chain management.An essential precondition to benefit from supplychain management is a structured analysis of the network-specific optimization opportunities. Opportunities are derived from suboptimal inner- and cross-organisational business processes and the related material, information and capital flows. The paper describes a supply chain analysis approach and proposes a measurement methodology integrating bottom-up and top-down performance measures as a hybrid balanced measurement approach. <s> BIB002 </s> Supply chain performance models: A literature review on approaches, techniques, and criteria <s> Fig. 3. Yearly distribution of the papers <s> Does supply chain management really pay? This question addresses the critical problem of separating the outcome of all the different “managements”, which usually are at work concurrently in a living company. Besides supply chain management (SCM) you may find other areas, trying to improve the performance of a company at a single point in time. Isolating the impact of SCM on the bottom line will thus be difficult. The paper at hand explores suitable metrics to measure the effectiveness of SCM. The outcome of this piece of research will present six unique sets of metrics to measure performance of SCM. The different metrics refer to the main disciplines, which contributed to the field of SCM the most: System Dynamics, Operations Research/Information Technology, Logistics, Marketing, Organization and Strategy. <s> BIB003 </s> Supply chain performance models: A literature review on approaches, techniques, and criteria <s> Fig. 3. Yearly distribution of the papers <s> The supply chain is an important element in logistics development for all industries. It can improve efficiency and effectiveness of not only product transfer, but also information sharing between the complex hierarchy of all the tiers. There is no systematic grouping of the different performance measures in the existing literatures. This paper presents the formulisation of both quantitative and qualitative performance measurements for easy representation and understanding. Apart from the common criteria such as cost and quality, five other performance measurements are defined: resource utilisation; flexibility; visibility; trust; and innovativeness. In particular, new definitions are developed for visibility, trust, and innovativeness. Details of choices of these performance measurements are listed and suggested solutions are given, with the hope that a full picture of supply chain performance measurements is developed. In addition, a multi-attribute decision-making technique, an analytic hierarchy process (AHP), is used to make decisions based on the priority of performance measures. This paper outlines the application and particularly the pairwise comparison which helps to identify easily the importance of different performance measurements. An example from the electronic industry is used to demonstrate the AHP technique. <s> BIB004 </s> Supply chain performance models: A literature review on approaches, techniques, and criteria <s> Fig. 3. Yearly distribution of the papers <s> The need for a comprehensive, flexible and adoptable framework for evaluating the performance of a supply chain and its entities has long been felt. It is also recognized that such a framework is more effective if the performances of various processes and entities can be measured on a common scale and benchmarked against world-class standards. In this paper, it is shown how the six- sigma metrics, immensely popular across the globe today, can help an organization in this regard. The motivation behind the integration of the two concepts comes from the versatility of the six-sigma metrics in performance measurement, certain similarities in the two approaches and research results establishing that supply chain management can be enriched through application of quality management principles. A structured methodology, with which the performance of a supply chain and its entities can be effectively measured, monitored and improved with the help of the six-sigma metrics is presented. The method is also illustrate... <s> BIB005 </s> Supply chain performance models: A literature review on approaches, techniques, and criteria <s> Fig. 3. Yearly distribution of the papers <s> Many models of supply chain management (SCM) have been popularly developed in recent years. However, this study focuses on the supply chain (SC) performance with respect to various alliances among partners. First, this study explores the game theory for formulating the SCM problem as a multi-objective programming problem. Second, various alliances, e.g., union, extreme competition, and Stackelberg competition among partners will be considered in such a problem so as to compare the SC performance under different alliances. Third, a numerical example is illustrated by two material supplier partners, three manufacturing partners, two logistics partners, and three customers, where each partner in the SC has its own objective and constraints. This SC problem is resolved across three different time periods. Finally, study results show that the maximum global benefits can be obtained only when all partners form a single union, but the inefficient partners lose significantly in such a union. The minimal global benefits exist in the extreme competition. <s> BIB006 </s> Supply chain performance models: A literature review on approaches, techniques, and criteria <s> Fig. 3. Yearly distribution of the papers <s> This chapter aims to go some way towards addressing the dearth of research into performance measurement systems and metrics of supply chains by critically reviewing the contemporary literature and suggesting possible avenues for future research. The article provides a taxonomy of performance measures followed by a critical evaluation of measurement systems designed to evaluate the performance of supply chains. The chapter argues that despite considerable advances in the literature in recent years, a number of important problems have not yet received adequate attention, including: the factors influencing the successful implementation of performance measurement systems for supply chains; the forces shaping their evolution over time; and, the problem of their ongoing maintenance. The chapter provides both a taxonomy of measures and outlines specific implications for future research. <s> BIB007 </s> Supply chain performance models: A literature review on approaches, techniques, and criteria <s> Fig. 3. Yearly distribution of the papers <s> This paper develops a balanced scorecard for supply chain management (SCM) that measures and evaluates day-to-day business operations from following four perspectives: finance, customer, internal business process, and learning and growth. Balanced scorecard has been developed based on extensive review of literature on SCM performance measures, supported by three case studies, each illustrating ways in which BSC was developed and applied in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in India. The paper further suggests that a balanced SCM scorecard can be the foundation for a strategic SCM system provided that certain development guidelines are properly followed, appropriate metrics are evaluated, and key implementation obstacles are overcome. The balanced scorecard developed in this paper provides a useful guidance for the practical managers in evaluation and measuring of SCM in a balanced way and proposes a balanced performance measurement system to map and analyze supply chains. While suggesting balanced scorecard, different SCM performance metrics have been reviewed and distributed into four perspectives. This helps managers to evaluate SCM performance in a much-balanced way from all angles of business. <s> BIB008 </s> Supply chain performance models: A literature review on approaches, techniques, and criteria <s> Fig. 3. Yearly distribution of the papers <s> Performance measurement of supply chain management (SCM) is a rapidly growing multi-criteria decision-making problem owing to the large number of factors affecting decision-making. The right choice of performance metrics and measures is critical to the success and competitiveness of the firms in the era of globalisation. Recognising the multiple objective nature of the problem, this paper proposes the use of the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) methodology as aid in making SCM evaluation decisions. For pair-wise comparison in AHP, a survey methodology is used. The methodology presented can help firms to prioritise and formulate viable performance measurement strategies in the volatile and complex global decision environment from different balanced scorecard (BSC) perspectives. A demonstration of the application of this methodology in a real life problem is presented. <s> BIB009 </s> Supply chain performance models: A literature review on approaches, techniques, and criteria <s> Fig. 3. Yearly distribution of the papers <s> The supply chain operations reference (SCOR) model, proposed by the supply chain council (SCC), is a standard for supply chain performance evaluation model, which has been widely embraced by many modern organizations. The SCOR model enables enterprises to analyse their supply chain performance in a systematic way, to enhance communication among the members in the supply chain, and to design a better supply chain network. To further improve the performance of the sourcing process, which is critical to many industries, this research investigates the sourcing processes and their accompanied performance metrics in the SCOR model version 7.0. The supply chain of thin film transistor-liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) industry in Taiwan is the subject. Using the questionnaire survey to collect empirical information, the regression model was applied to examine the sourcing process of SCOR at level 2 and its performance metrics. The results obtained were further extended for discussion on the sourcing process of level 3. In addition, this article also elaborates the institutionalization of the SCOR model and justifies the project planning system based on the SCOR model. It is illustrated that the proposed approach is feasible and valuable to supply chain managers in decision-making on various industries. <s> BIB010 </s> Supply chain performance models: A literature review on approaches, techniques, and criteria <s> Fig. 3. Yearly distribution of the papers <s> Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to investigate the relationship between supply chain maturity and performance, with specific references both to the business process orientation maturity model and to the supply chain operation reference model.Design/methodology/approach – Quantitative, survey based research was carried out with 478 Brazilian companies. Statistical analysis combined the use of descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling.Findings – Empirical results indicate a strong and positive statistical relationship between supply chain maturity and performance. The results also suggest that the deliver process maturity has a higher impact on overall performance than the other supply chain processes.Research limitations/implications – Quantifying supply chain maturity and performance is an opportunity for a company to align its performance measurements and process improvement actions with its broader policies and strategies. The use of this approach has been validated in several previo... <s> BIB011 </s> Supply chain performance models: A literature review on approaches, techniques, and criteria <s> Fig. 3. Yearly distribution of the papers <s> The performance measurement problem has gained great attention in business and operations management literature. The first objective of this study is to determine the required performance measures and to develop a model for performance evaluation, based on these selected measures using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) methodology. The second objective is to explain how an integrated AHP-PGP (pre-emptive goal programming) model can be used in performance measurement while optimising the overall performance. An integration of AHP and multi-objective PGP is used to consider both quantitative and qualitative performance measures in optimising the overall performance of the system. The integrated model is presented with a real-world application using source data provided by a survey conducted in India. Findings demonstrate that the integrated AHP-PGP model can be useful to all supply chain industries in their day-to-day performance measurement decisions. <s> BIB012 </s> Supply chain performance models: A literature review on approaches, techniques, and criteria <s> Fig. 3. Yearly distribution of the papers <s> Improving supply chain performance has become one of the critical issues for gaining competitive advantages for companies. This paper proposes a framework using a systematic approach to improving the iterative key performance indicators (KPIs) accomplishment in a supply chain context. The proposed framework quantitatively analyzes the interdependent relationships among a set of KPIs. It can identify crucial KPI accomplishment costs and propose performance improvement strategies for decision-makers in a supply chain. A scenario of a large retail company is also discussed to explain the application of this framework. <s> BIB013 </s> Supply chain performance models: A literature review on approaches, techniques, and criteria <s> Fig. 3. Yearly distribution of the papers <s> Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show if there are differences between traditional and just‐in‐time ( JIT) companies in choosing benchmarking performance measures at various levels of organization.Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire‐based mailed survey was used to examine five questions on the differences between traditional and JIT companies. The target population for the study was manufacturing firms in midwestern USA. The sample covers organizations in a variety of industries ranging from fabricated metal, communication, electronics, automotive, toots, chemicals, rubber, and paper products. In addition to general organization and managerial profile items, the survey contained series of questions regarding organizational goals and objectives, competitive priorities, manufacturing performance objectives, and manufacturing action plans. Out of 91 completed surveys received, 84 surveys were usable resulting in a response rate of 17 percent. Out of 84 usable surveys, 33 respondents declar... <s> BIB014 </s> Supply chain performance models: A literature review on approaches, techniques, and criteria <s> Fig. 3. Yearly distribution of the papers <s> Developing a sound performance measurement model is a critical task for a supply chain and its members in order to examine their current status and identify improvement opportunities for steering their future direction. This research proposes an integrated framework for supply chain performance measurement. It adopts the six-sigma metrics and includes three components (i.e., team structure measurement, supply chain process measurement, and output measurement) to provide a more complete coverage of performance requisites, which has not been adequately addressed in relevant literatures before. Also, a case is applied to demonstrate the feasibility of the model. Complying with the application of this framework, the whole chain or individual members in a supply chain can advance the performance in a more effective way. <s> BIB015 </s> Supply chain performance models: A literature review on approaches, techniques, and criteria <s> Fig. 3. Yearly distribution of the papers <s> Purpose – In global scenario, many organizations own supply chains, which operate in different countries. The performance of these supply chains, owned by the same organization must be same if they operate in countries with similar economical, political, and social conditions. In this paper, an effort has been made to propose a methodology for the internal benchmarking to reduce the variability in performance among supply chains of same focal firm. The proposed methodology of internal benchmarking for assessment of supply chain performance demonstrated through a case supply chain.Design/methodology/approach – A case of global supply chains is presented in which a focal firm owns three supply chains operating in three different countries. In order to assess and improve the performance of these supply chains relative to each other, a benchmarking methodology is proposed.Findings – An extensive use of performance value analysis (PVA) and strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis provid... <s> BIB016
The first objective of this paper is to find out the most popular approach adopted in SC performance evaluation literature. The most popular approach is perspective based followed by hierarchical based, process based, uncertainty theory based and six-sigma based. From perspective based approaches, SCOR based has attracted more attention compared with BSC based. The SCOR model has gained growing use and increased visibility, contributing to the development and evolution of supply chain performance measurement systems and maturity models by: • Providing a standardized way of viewing the supply chain (cross-industry standard). • Offering a consistent 'scorecard' framework for development of performance. • Emphasizing process orientation and deemphasizing functional orientation. • Enabling cross-industry benchmarks. Both BIB010 and BIB011 clearly support the importance of the SCOR model as a base in current SC performance measurement. Also from hierarchical approaches, hierarchical criteria have attracted more attention with respect to hierarchical metrics and hierarchical processes. The second objective of this paper is to find out the most popular technique adopted in SC performance evaluation literature. As shown in section 3, there are various techniques for performance evaluation. The most popular techniques are DEA and AHP. The third objective of this paper is to discover the most popular criterion considered by the authors for evaluating whole SC. Many criteria were proposed and summarized in Table 2 . The most popular criterion is cost/finance, followed by customer, flexibility, innovativeness, internal processes, reliability, responsiveness, efficiency, resource, output, time, quality, asset management. By considering Table 2 , it can be observed that most of authors focused on criteria included in SCOR and BSC models. Since the performance criteria differ field by field and the SCOR and BSC related criteria are most compatible with SCs context, these criteria are more prevalent. In addition to the previous questions, the following questions will be answered. How many articles include integrating method? How many models developed based on achieving strategies? How many articles applied benchmarking in SC performance evaluation? According to  ), Berrahand Cliville´ (2007 ), it can be very useful for top managers to have a general view of SC. For this, some articles have used integrating method. The purpose of integrating method is that the paper in addition to viewing supply chain as an entity, can present a value for SC performance. From 42 journal articles, 22 papers proposed an integrating method Sharma (2009, 2007b) Are developed models based on achieving strategies? Investigating this question can explain a great problem in measuring performance. We have found 21 papers which take into account the strategies of SC in their performance model. The papers can be categorized in two groups: BSC-based and non BSCbased. The former group contains 8 BIB012 BIB008 BIB009 (2008)), while the latter contains 13 papers BIB002 , BIB003 , BIB013 BIB004 , BIB006 ,  , BIB004 Qi (2003a, 2003b) , BIB001 , van Hoek (1998),  , BIB005 , BIB015 ). It means that many measurement models lacked strategy alignment ( BIB013 ), BIB007 ). They neither employ BSC criteria nor strategic level measures in defining the models. Of course,  illustrates some components necessary for a SC performance measurement model especially strategic alignment. The aim of supply chain management is to gain an advantage over competitors. Moreover benchmarking is a valuable tool that provides an opportunity to learn from other organizations BIB014 ) to improve organizations' performance and competitiveness in business life . Therefore it is desirable to assess the company's performance by benchmarking. The manager has to make judgments as to the firm's performance relative to the competition BIB004 . Twelve papers, which are reviewed, have used benchmarking approach in their models BIB002 , BIB005 , BIB016 ,  Wong (2007, 2008) As a result of this review, we try to build ontology of the subject areas in SC measurement. The ontology constructed on hierarchical structure begins by strategic level and continues by approaches, criteria and metrics to reach the applied techniques in this topic. Fig. 4 illustrates the ontology. Since our study is focused on trilogy of approaches, criteria and techniques, the metrics have not been discussed in this ontology. The ontology demonstrates the elements at each level similar to periodic table of elements in chemistry. Also in similar way, some used works are brought by ticked sign and some others are offered for future studies.