Operations Research Models and the Management of Agricultural and Forestry Resources: A Review and Comparison <s> Dealing with Multiple Criteria in Agriculture <s> Goal Programming is similar in structure to linear programming, but offers a more flexible approach to planning problems by allowing a number of goals which are not necessarily compatible to be taken into account, simultaneously. The use of linear programming in farm planning is reviewed briefly. Consideration is given to published evidence of the goals of farmers, and ways in which these goals can be represented. A goal programming model of a 600 acre mixed farm is described and evaluated. Advantages and shortcomings of goal programming in relation to linear programming are considered. It is found that goal programming can be used as a means of generating a range of possible solutions to the planning problem. <s> BIB001 </s> Operations Research Models and the Management of Agricultural and Forestry Resources: A Review and Comparison <s> Dealing with Multiple Criteria in Agriculture <s> Considerable attention recently has been focused on the small farm sector in the United States. Regional small farm conferences were sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) during 1978 (USDA 1978b); the ESCS held a Small-Farm Workshop (USDA 1978c); and the National Small Farms Conference was sponsored by the National Rural Center (Madden and Tischbein) in February 1979. If agricultural policy is to facilitate the accomplishment of small farmers' objectives, then a central issue must be the determination of <s> BIB002 </s> Operations Research Models and the Management of Agricultural and Forestry Resources: A Review and Comparison <s> Dealing with Multiple Criteria in Agriculture <s> Abstract This paper reviews multicriteria analysis applied to agricultural resource management. The applications utilize either methods for selecting multiattribute discrete alternatives (including multiattribute utility theory) or methods for solving multiobjective planning problems (including goal programming). Our main purpose is to classify and evaluate the criteria (attributes, objectives) used for modeling agricultural systems and to identify the difficulties for practitioners in applying the methodology. The fields of study in agricultural decisions requiring further investigation are also discussed. <s> BIB003 </s> Operations Research Models and the Management of Agricultural and Forestry Resources: A Review and Comparison <s> Dealing with Multiple Criteria in Agriculture <s> PART ONE. MULTIPLE CRITERIA IN AGRICULTURAL DECISIONS. 1. Main Features of the MCDM Paradigm. Criticism of the traditional paradigm for decision making. Economic versus technological decisions. Multiple objectives and goals in agricultural economics. Historical origins of the MCDM paradigm. Plan of the book. 2. Some Basic Concepts. Attributes, objectives and goals. Distinction between goals and constraints. Pareto optimality. Trade-offs amongst decision making criteria. A first approximation of the main MCDM approaches. PART TWO. MULTIPLE CRITERIA DECISION MAKING TECHNIQUES. 3. Goal Programming (GP). Introductory example for handling multiple-criteria in a farm planning model. The role of deviational variables in GP. Lexicographic goal programming (LGP). Sensitivity analysis in LGP. The graphical method for LGP. The sequential linear method (SLM) for LGP. A brief comment on other LGP algorithms. Weighted goal programming (WGP). A critical assessment of GP. Some extensions of GP. 4. Multiobjective Programming (MOP). An approximation of the multiobjective programming problem. The pay-off matrix in MOP. The constraint method. The Weighting Method. The noninferior set estimation method (NISE). Multigoal programming. Some issues related to the use of MOP techniques. 5. Compromise Programming (CP). An intuitive treatment of the concept of distance measures. A discrete approximation of the best-compromise solution. Compromise programming - a continuous setting. The method of the displaced ideal. Pros and cons of goal programming, multiobjective programming and compromise programming. Relationships among different MCDM approaches. 6. The Interactive MCDM Approach. Structure of an interactive MCDM process. The STEM method. The method of Zionts and Wallenius. Interactive multiple goal programming (IMGP). An assessment of the interactive MCDM approaches. 7. Risk and Uncertainty and the MCDM Techniques. Risk programming techniques in agricultural planning within MCDM framework. Compromise-risk programming. Game theory models and the MCDM framework. Games with multiple goals and GP. Compromise games. PART THREE. CASE STUDIES. 8. A Compromise Programming Model for the Agrarian Reform Programme in Andalusia, Spain. The background. Trade-off curves for seasonal labour, employment and gross margin. Compromise sets. An approximation of the efficient set in a three-dimensional space. Concluding comments. 9. Livestock Ration Formulation and MCDM Techniques. A livestock ration formulation example. Ration formulation as a LGP problem. Ration formulation as a MOP problem. 10. Livestock Ration Formulation with Penalty Functions via GP. Penalty functions in diet formulation. Diet formulation as a WGP model with penalty functions. Diet formulation problem as an LGP model with penalty functions. An assessment. 11. Optimum Fertilizer Use via GP with Penalty Functions. 12. An LGP Model for Logistics Planning in an Agribusiness Company. The background. Data. <s> BIB004
Nowadays analysts recognize that multiple criteria are the rule in agriculture management at the farm level and at the regional-sector level. In fact, several sociological studies demonstrate that farmers do not seek to optimize a single well-defined objective function but usually seek an optimal compromise between several conflicting objectives or try to establish satisfactory levels for their goals (Gasson 1973, Harper and BIB002 . Hence, analysts must formulate decision-support models for agriculture management that can recognize multiple objectives and goals in the farmers' objective functions. In a pioneering piece of work, BIB001 planned a 600-acre mixed farm in the United Kingdom using a goalprogramming model, that included the goals of gross margin, seasonal cash exposure, and provision of stable employment. Since the 1980s, researchers have published extensively, mostly in case studies, on several agriculture-management problems from a multicriteria perspective. Most used goal programming, although a number used multiobjective programming and compromise programming. BIB004 provided a comprehensive reference on multicriteria analysis in agriculture, and BIB003 surveyed applications, extensively.