A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Energy-Efficiency Based Routing Surveys <s> Recent developments in wireless communications have enabled the development of low-cost, low-power wireless sensor networks (WSN) with wide applicability, including environment and vehicle-health monitoring. Minimizing energy consumption and hence maximizing the life time of the network are key requirements in the design of optimum sensor networking protocols and algorithms. Several routing protocols with different objectives have already been proposed for energy-efficient WSN applications. This paper surveys a sample of existing energy-efficient cluster-based and QoS-aware routing protocols and highlights their key features, including strengths and weaknesses <s> BIB001 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Energy-Efficiency Based Routing Surveys <s> Wireless sensor networks are a web of sensor nodes with a set of processor and limited memory unit embedded in it. Reliable routing of packets from the sensor node to its base station is the most important task for the networks. In wireless sensor networks, routing is bit more complex than other wired or wireless networks. The routing protocols applied for the other networks cannot be used here due to its battery powered nodes. Unlike other wireless networks routing in WSN should be the energy efficient one. This paper gives an overview of the different routing strategies used in wireless sensor networks and gives a brief working model of energy efficient routing protocols in WSN. We have also compared these different routing protocols based on metrics such as mobility support, stability, overlapping. The study concludes with the recommendations to the future direction in the energy efficiency model for the sensor networks. <s> BIB002 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Energy-Efficiency Based Routing Surveys <s> Wireless Sensor Networks are basically used for gathering information needed by smart environments but they are particularly useful in unattended situations where terrain, climate and other environmental constraints may hinder in the deployment of wired/conventional networks. Unlike traditional networks, these sensor networks do not have a continuous power supply at their disposal. Rather the individual sensors are battery operated and the lifetime of the individual sensors and thus the overall network depend heavily on duty cycle of these sensors. Analysis on WSNs shows that communication module is the main part which consumes most of the sensor energy and that is why energy conservation is the major optimization goal. Since routing protocols and MAC protocols directly access the communication module therefore the design of protocols in these two domains should take into account the energy conservation goal. In this paper, we discuss different state-of-the-art protocols both in MAC and routing domains that have been proposed for WSNs to achieve the overall goal of prolonging the network lifetime. The routing protocols in WSNs are generally categorized into three groups - data centric, hierarchical and location-based but we focus on only the first two categories because location-based routing protocols generally require a prior knowledge about sensors location which most of the times is not available due to random deployment of the sensors. We then discuss how schedule-based and contention-based MAC protocols can contribute to achieve optimal utilization of the limited energy resource by avoiding or reducing the chances of collisions and thus the need for retransmission. <s> BIB003 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Energy-Efficiency Based Routing Surveys <s> Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are an emerging technology for monitoring physical world. The sensor nodes are capable of sensing various types of environmental conditions, have some processing capabilities and ability to communicate the sensed data through wireless communication. Routing algorithms for WSNs are responsible for selecting and maintaining the routes in the network and ensure reliable and effective communication in limited periods. The energy constraint of WSNs make energy saving become the most important objective of various routing algorithms. In this paper, a survey of routing protocols and algorithms used in WSNs is presented with energy efficiency as the main goal. <s> BIB004 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Energy-Efficiency Based Routing Surveys <s> The myriad of potential applications supported by wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has generated much interest from the research community. Various applications range from small size low industrial monitoring to large scale energy constrained environmental monitoring. In all cases, an operational network is required to fulfill the application missions. In addition, energy consumption of nodes is a great challenge in order to maximize network lifetime. Unlike other networks, it can be hazardous, very expensive or even impossible to charge or replace exhausted batteries due to the hostile nature of environment. Researchers are invited to design energy efficient protocols while achieving the desired network operations. This paper focuses on different techniques to reduce the consumption of the limited energy budget of sensor nodes. After having identified the reasons of energy waste in WSNs, we classify energy efficient techniques into five classes, namely data reduction, control reduction, energy efficient routing, duty cycling and topology control. We then detail each of them, presenting subdivisions and giving many examples. We conclude by a recapitulative table. <s> BIB005 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Energy-Efficiency Based Routing Surveys <s> Swarm intelligence is a relatively novel field. It addresses the study of the collective behaviors of systems made by many components that coordinate using decentralized controls and self-organization. A large part of the research in swarm intelligence has focused on the reverse engineering and the adaptation of collective behaviors observed in natural systems with the aim of designing effective algorithms for distributed optimization. These algorithms, like their natural systems of inspiration, show the desirable properties of being adaptive, scalable, and robust. These are key properties in the context of network routing, and in particular of routing in wireless sensor networks. Therefore, in the last decade, a number of routing protocols for wireless sensor networks have been developed according to the principles of swarm intelligence, and, in particular, taking inspiration from the foraging behaviors of ant and bee colonies. In this paper, we provide an extensive survey of these protocols. We discuss the general principles of swarm intelligence and of its application to routing. We also introduce a novel taxonomy for routing protocols in wireless sensor networks and use it to classify the surveyed protocols. We conclude the paper with a critical analysis of the status of the field, pointing out a number of fundamental issues related to the (mis) use of scientific methodology and evaluation procedures, and we identify some future research directions. <s> BIB006 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Energy-Efficiency Based Routing Surveys <s> The recent technological advances in micro electro-mechanical systems have promoted the development of a powerful class of sensor-based distributed intelligent systems capable of ubiquitously retrieving multimedia information, namely Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs). WMSNs are gaining more popularity day by day as they are envisioned to support a large number of both non-real time and real-time multimedia applications. However, satisfying the stringent quality of service (QoS) requirements of multimedia transmission in a resource-constrained sensor network environment places new challenges to routing. As an outcome, optimal energy and application-specific QoS aware routing for WMSNs has gained considerable research attention recently. In this paper, current state-of-the-art in energy-efficient routing techniques for WMSNs is surveyed together with the highlights of the performance issues of each strategy. We outline the design challenges of routing protocols for WMSNs followed by the limitations of current techniques designed for non-multimedia data transmission. Further, a classification of recent routing protocols for WMSNs and a discussion of possible future research trends are presented. <s> BIB007 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Energy-Efficiency Based Routing Surveys <s> Energy conservation in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has always been the most crucial issue, for the sensor nodes are all powered by limited capacity battery sources which are difficult, if not impossible, to replace or recharge due to the inherent nature and types of applications WSN is used for. Therefore, energy efficient design of WSN has drawn considerable attention from many researchers resulting in quite a good number of approaches for saving the precious and limited energy of the sensor nodes. However, designing energy efficient routing protocol for WSN is the area that has received the most of the attention giving rise to many Energy Efficient Routing (EER) protocols. In this paper, a comprehensive list of these EER protocols have been studied having classified them into proper categories. The relative advantages and disadvantages of the protocols are also discussed while the protocols are evaluated based on certain performance metrics at the end of the paper. <s> BIB008 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Energy-Efficiency Based Routing Surveys <s> Over recent years, enormous amounts of research in wireless sensor networks WSNs have been conducted; this is because of its multifarious applications such as in environmental monitoring, object tracking, disaster management, manufacturing, monitoring and control. Nevertheless, optimising the energy consumption of sensor nodes SNs in WSNs and realising the anticipated quality of solutions supplied from them present considerable challenges. In WSNs, the sudden 'death' of critical nodes can cause an entire network to malfunction. This is usually caused by uneven depletion of battery power of the individual nodes. Therefore, this survey investigates the methods that aim to minimise usage of energy in SNs, especially during routing. This is because network activities start to be challenged when the first SN exhausts its battery. In addition, this paper introduces a comprehensive categorization of the energy-aware protocols in WSNs. Thus, the motivation of this survey is to present some decentralised energy-aware routing using optimization methods that is generic and applicable to most of WSN applications that require reduction of energy consumptions and extend a network's life time. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. <s> BIB009 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Energy-Efficiency Based Routing Surveys <s> The design of sustainable wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a very challenging issue. On the one hand, energy-constrained sensors are expected to run autonomously for long periods. However, it may be cost-prohibitive to replace exhausted batteries or even impossible in hostile environments. On the other hand, unlike other networks, WSNs are designed for specific applications which range from small-size healthcare surveillance systems to large-scale environmental monitoring. Thus, any WSN deployment has to satisfy a set of requirements that differs from one application to another. In this context, a host of research work has been conducted in order to propose a wide range of solutions to the energy-saving problem. This research covers several areas going from physical layer optimization to network layer solutions. Therefore, it is not easy for the WSN designer to select the efficient solutions that should be considered in the design of application-specific WSN architecture. We present a top-down survey of the trade-offs between application requirements and lifetime extension that arise when designing wireless sensor networks. We first identify the main categories of applications and their specific requirements. Then we present a new classification of energy-conservation schemes found in the recent literature, followed by a systematic discussion as to how these schemes conflict with the specific requirements. Finally, we survey the techniques applied in WSNs to achieve trade-off between multiple requirements, such as multi-objective optimisation. <s> BIB010 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Energy-Efficiency Based Routing Surveys <s> Due to a battery constraint in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), prolonging their lifetime is important. Energy-efficient routing techniques for WSNs play a great role in doing so. In this paper, we articulate this problem and classify current routing protocols for WSNs into two categories according to their orientation toward either homogeneous or heterogeneous WSNs. They are further classified into static and mobile ones. We give an overview of these protocols in each category by summarizing their characteristics, limitations, and applications. Finally, some open issues in energy-efficient routing protocol design for WSNs are indicated. <s> BIB011 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Energy-Efficiency Based Routing Surveys <s> Wireless multimedia sensor networking (WMSN) is an efficient technology and has been widely used in multimedia data transport and applications. The key to the success of multimedia data transport is the transmission quality. Real-time critical multimedia requires efficient routing for data delivery with guaranteed QoS. However, satisfying the stringent QoS requirements of multimedia transmission usually translates to high energy consumption. How to efficiently minimize the energy consumption while ensuring QoS requirements is an acute problem. Therefore, in this article, we call routing protocols that can balance out the trade-off between network lifetime and QoS requirements “green routing protocols.” First, a detailed survey of existing routing protocols for WMSNs is presented, which are classified into two categories based on network structures. Moreover, the performance of existing routing protocols is compared in detail. Finally, future research issues of green routing protocols in WMSNs are presented and carefully discussed. <s> BIB012 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Energy-Efficiency Based Routing Surveys <s> Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a collection of several small and inexpensive battery-powered nodes, commonly used to monitor regions of interests and to collect data from the environment. Several issues exist in routing data packets through WSN, but the most crucial problem is energy. There are a number of routing approaches in WSNs that address the issue of energy by the use of different energy-efficient methods. This paper, presents a brief summary of routing and related issues in WSNs. The most recent energy-efficient data routing approaches are reviewed and categorized based on their aims and methodologies. The traditional battery based energy sources for sensor nodes and the conventional energy harvesting mechanisms that are widely used to in energy replenishment in WSN are reviewed. Then a new emerging energy harvesting technology that uses piezoelectric nanogenerators to supply power to nanosensor; the type of sensors that cannot be charged by conventional energy harvesters are explained. The energy consumption reduction routing strategies in WSN are also discussed. Furthermore, comparisons of the variety of energy harvesting mechanisms and battery power routing protocols that have been discussed are presented, eliciting their advantages, disadvantages and their specific feature. Finally, a highlight of the challenges and future works in this research domain is presented. <s> BIB013
Energy-efficient routing surveys consider those routing protocols which try to conserve energy for enhancing network lifetime. On the basis of reviewed literature, energy-efficient based routing surveys may be classified into following four categories i.e., i In intelligence based categorization, energy-aware swarm intelligence based routing protocols are considered. ii In structure based categorization, energy-efficient data-centric, flat, hierarchical and location-aware routing protocols are examined. iii The operation based categorization discusses energy-efficient data-delivery-model-based, QoS-based and multipath-based protocols. iv The partial energy-efficient categorization includes those surveys whose cornerstone is not routing, however they still discuss some aspects/protocols of energy-efficient routing in WSNs such as location/connection-driven based and data acquisition based routing and so on. As far as the surveys with complete emphasis on routing are concerned, the authors in BIB009 have discussed energy-aware swarm intelligence based approaches particularly Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) techniques and classified energy-sensitive routing techniques at different layers of communication protocol stack. In   BIB011 BIB013 , the authors have discussed both structural and operational based classification of energy-aware routing protocols in WSNs. While  discusses energy-efficient hierarchical structure based routing protocols in WSNs. The authors in  BIB001 BIB002 BIB004 BIB008 BIB003 , and BIB007 BIB012 have mainly discussed energy efficiency in structural, and operational based routing protocols respectively. The authors in BIB007 have discussed design challenges of multimedia routing techniques and limitations of non-multimedia based routing protocols. Whereas in BIB012 , the authors have discussed those green routing protocols that focus on achieving a balance of energy efficiency and QoS in WMSNs. In BIB011 , energy-efficient homogeneous and heterogeneous routing protocols under the static and mobile categorization are discussed. Additionally, the application of each discussed routing protocol is highlighted that may provide guidance regarding designing a routing protocol for a particular scenario. The authors in BIB013 have discussed various energy harvesting methods in WSNs while in BIB008 , the authors have put forth main causes of energy wastage in WSNs. The design issues and objectives are put forth in  BIB009  , and BIB004  respectively. The authors in BIB007  BIB008 BIB009 BIB011 BIB012 BIB013 have outlined future research challenges. Moreover, Table 6 shows that this category includes only 2 high count surveys, 8 medium count surveys and 4 low count surveys. The surveys having partial emphasis on routing include    BIB005 BIB010 143] . Among them, ref.   discuss location-driven and connectivity-driven routing protocols in more or less the similar manner. While both BIB005 BIB010 discuss some energy-efficient routing protocols in WSNs. In [143] , the authors have discussed various energy-efficient structure and operation based routing protocols in WSNs. The application requirements and WSNs standards are outlined in BIB010 while design issues are put forth in   143] . The authors in  have outlined some design metrics for devising protocols in heterogeneous and fault-tolerant WSNs. However these rules are not enough for proposing a clear-cut and methodological framework like BIB006 that is required for devising new state-of-the-art protocols in the concerned area of WSNs. The authors in  BIB010 143] have outlined future research challenges. 