Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Related works <s> With the exploding power consumption in private households and increasing environmental and regulatory restraints, the need to improve the overall efficiency of electrical networks has never been greater. That being said, the most efficient way to minimize the power consumption is by voluntary mitigation of home electric energy consumption, based on energy-awareness and automatic or manual reduction of standby power of idling home appliances. Deploying bi-directional smart meters and home energy management (HEM) agents that provision real-time usage monitoring and remote control, will enable HEM in “smart households.” Furthermore, the traditionally inelastic demand curve has began to change, and these emerging HEM technologies enable consumers (industrial to residential) to respond to the energy market behavior to reduce their consumption at peak prices, to supply reserves on a as-needed basis, and to reduce demand on the electric grid. Because the development of smart grid-related activities has resulted in an increased interest in demand response (DR) and demand side management (DSM) programs, this paper presents some popular DR and DSM initiatives that include planning, implementation and evaluation techniques for reducing energy consumption and peak electricity demand. The paper then focuses on reviewing and distinguishing the various state-of-the-art HEM control and networking technologies, and outlines directions for promoting the shift towards a society with low energy demand and low greenhouse gas emissions. The paper also surveys the existing software and hardware tools, platforms, and test beds for evaluating the performance of the information and communications technologies that are at the core of future smart grids. It is envisioned that this paper will inspire future research and design efforts in developing standardized and user-friendly smart energy monitoring systems that are suitable for wide scale deployment in homes. <s> BIB001 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Related works <s> Abstract Occupant presence and behaviour in buildings has been shown to have large impact on heating, cooling and ventilation demand, energy consumption of lighting and appliances, and building controls. Energy-unaware behaviour can add one-third to a building's designed energy performance. Consequently, user activity and behaviour is considered as a key element and has long been used for control of various devices such as artificial light, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. However, how are user activity and behaviour taken into account? What are the most valuable activities or behaviours and what is their impact on energy saving potential? In order to answer these questions, we provide a novel survey of prominent international intelligent buildings research efforts with the theme of energy saving and user activity recognition. We devise new metrics to compare the existing studies. Through the survey, we determine the most valuable activities and behaviours and their impact on energy saving potential for each of the three main subsystems, i.e., HVAC, light, and plug loads. The most promising and appropriate activity recognition technologies and approaches are discussed thus allowing us to conclude with principles and perspectives for energy intelligent buildings based on user activity. <s> BIB002 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Related works <s> Different kinds of system components including hardware elements, software algorithms, network connections, and sensors are required to cooperate with each other to provide various services in smart home. With the development of smart grid providing a two-way communication infrastructure, residents have the opportunity to schedule their electricity usage pattern to reduce their electricity cost. The energy management of a household level must take into consideration how to reduce the environmental burden, while supporting human's life style. The incentive and motivation to manage energy at the household level is influenced by commercial and technical reasons. Commercially, it offers the passive residential customer to be active in the energy market. The technical aspects include peak shaving, valley filling, load shifting, flexible load curve, strategic conservation and strategic load growth. Another important aspect of energy management systems is the socio-economic impact of such system. This paper reviews the concept of energy management systems for residential customers and looks into the background of smart home energy management system technologies. It highlights the major components, and comparatively analyzes various technological approaches. It also discusses some of the concerns and challenges such as cost, implementation and privacy issues of smart technologies. <s> BIB003 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Related works <s> Innovations in the residential sector are required to reduce environmental impacts, as the sector is a contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. The increasing demand for electricity and the emergence of smart grids have presented new opportunities for home energy management systems (HEMS) in demand response markets. HEMS are demand response tools that shift and curtail demand to improve the energy consumption and production profile of a dwelling on behalf of a consumer. HEMS usually create optimal consumption and productions schedules by considering multiple objectives such as energy costs, environmental concerns, load profiles and consumer comfort. The existing literature has presented several methods, such as mathematical optimization, model predictive control and heuristic control, for creating efficient operation schedules and for making good consumption and production decisions. However, the effectiveness of the methods in the existing literature can be difficult to compare due to diversity in modelling parameters, such as appliance models, timing parameters and objectives. The present chapter provides a comparative analysis of the literature on HEMS, with a focus on modelling approaches and their impact on HEMS operations and outcomes. In particular, we discuss a set of HEMS challenges such as forecast uncertainty, modelling device heterogeneity, multi-objective scheduling, computational limitations, timing considerations and modelling consumer well-being. The presented work is organized to allow a reader to understand and compare the important considerations, approaches, nomenclature and results in prominent and new literary works without delving deeply into each one. <s> BIB004 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Related works <s> In recent decades researchers and companies around the world have developed proposals related to Home Energy Management Systems. This paper presents a review of the most relevant literature published on that subject focused on infrastructure, communication media – protocols, variables managed by the system, software and the role of the end user. For this research, around seventy energy management models were studied, and their main advances and contributions were analyzed. In addition, based on this review and the empties observed on existing home energy management models, a preliminary model is proposed. In the proposal, the main elements of the studied models are grouped and the new model is combined with external variables, which influence the implementation of the management system, to give the end-user its proper role as an active part of the electricity value chain, as a strategy to contribute with home energy efficiency providing new demand patterns. <s> BIB005 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Related works <s> Microgrids are a new paradigm for energy distribution systems in which generation (from a local energy source or storage device) is coordinated to supply local energy needs while behaving as a sole system. Benefit maximization in a microgrid is directly related with demand reactiveness and optimal allocation of local energy resources. Because those characteristics can be implemented through an Energy Management System (EMS), knowing the elements that conforms it and how they interact is crucial for the development of microgrids. This paper presents a caracterization of the EMS and some insight about the actual state on this subject. This is done to understand the mechanisms that allow efficient EMS implementations, thus shortening the path towards a power distribution microgeneration with higher short-term/mid-term benefits based on microgrid technology. <s> BIB006 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Related works <s> Microgrids are expected to become part of the next electric power system evolution, not only in rural and remote areas but also in urban communities. Since microgrids are expected to coexist with traditional power grids (such as district heating does with traditional heating systems), their planning process must be addressed to economic feasibility, as a long-term stability guarantee. Planning a microgrid is a complex process due to existing alternatives, goals, constraints and uncertainties. Usually planning goals conflict each other and, as a consequence, different optimization problems appear along the planning process. In this context, technical literature about optimization techniques applied to microgrid planning have been reviewed and the guidelines for innovative planning methodologies focused on economic feasibility can be defined. Finally, some trending techniques and new microgrid planning approaches are pointed out. <s> BIB007 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Related works <s> Integrated distributed energy resources play a crucial role in modernized power systems. They can decrease emissions, decrease the resistive losses and add to the security and reliability of electric networks. They can be of different nature and may contain fossil-fuelled generating units, wind units, fuel cells, storage devices and solar panels. In this article, first different distributed energy resources are introduced briefly, then, the operation and control strategies of integrated distributed energy resources will be reviewed. The review of existing research works in this field and finding the research gaps can lead to useful directions for future researchers who are interested to work in this field. <s> BIB008 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Related works <s> Variability and intermittency are some of the main features that characterize renewable energy sources. Intermittency usually includes both predictable and unpredictable variations. The many drawbacks of intermittency of renewable sources can be overcome by considering some special design considerations. Integrating more than one renewable energy source and including backup sources and storage systems are among the few measures to overcome these drawbacks. These additional design considerations usually increase the overall cost of the renewable system. Furthermore, the presence of more than one energy supply/storage system requires the control of energy flow among the various sources. Therefore, optimizing the size of the components and adopting an energy management strategy (EMS) are essential to decreasing the cost of the system and limiting its negative effects. The energy management strategy is commonly integrated with optimization to ensure the continuity of load supply and to decrease the cost of energy production. Therefore, energy management is a term that collects all the systematic procedures to control and minimize the quantity and the cost of energy used to provide a certain application with its requirements. The energy management strategy usually depends on the type of energy system and its components. Various approaches and techniques have been used to develop a successful energy management strategy. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the approaches proposed and used by authors of many papers is conducted. These approaches include both the standalone hybrid renewable energy systems and the grid-connected hybrid renewable systems. More attention is focused on popularly used techniques to address the features of each system. The selected papers in this review cover the various configurations of the hybrid renewable energy systems for electric power generation only. <s> BIB009 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Related works <s> This study investigated energy saving effects of published papers related to energy management system (EMS), building energy management system (BEMS), industrial, company and factory energy management system (I/C/F/EMS); and EMS for heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) and refrigerating equipment, artificial lighting systems, motors and others (EMS for equipment). From 1976 to 2014, management performance reported by 305 EMS cases (105 BEMS cases, 103 I/C/F EMS cases and 97 cases of EMS for equipment) is analyzed to evaluate varied energy saving effects. Statistical results show that saving effects of BEMS increased from 11.39% to 16.22% yearly. Inversely, saving effects of I/C/F EMS decreased from 18.89% to 10.35%. Regarding to EMS for equipment, there is no obvious trend but only the averaged saving effect can be reported. EMS for artificial lighting systems has the highest saving effect up to 39.5% in average. For HVAC and other equipment, energy saving effects are around 14.07% and 16.66% respectively. These energy saving performances are correlated with developed EMS functions. The key EMS functions could be identified from their developing progress for effective energy savings. Based on the quantitative analysis, the future trends of EMS are discussed. <s> BIB010 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Related works <s> An overview of numerical and mathematical modelling-based distributed generation (DG) system optimisation techniques is presented in this review paper. The objective is to compare different aspects of these two broad classes of DG optimisation techniques, explore their applications, and identify potential research directions from reviewed studies. Introductory descriptions of general electrical power system and DG system are first provided, followed by reviews on renewable resource assessment, load demand analysis, model formulation, and optimisation techniques. In renewable resource assessment model review, uncertain solar and wind energy resources are emphasised whereas applications of forecasting models have been highlighted based on their prediction horizons, computational power requirement, and training data intensity. For DG optimisation framework, (solar, wind and tidal) power generator, energy storage and energy balance models are discussed; in optimisation technique section, both numerical and mathematical modelling optimisation methods are reviewed, analysed and criticised with recommendations for their improvements. In overall, this review provides preliminary guidelines, research gaps and recommendations for developing a better and more user-friendly DG energy planning optimisation tool. <s> BIB011
Other surveys exist in the literature about energy management in energy systems, though the focus is not the same as the survey herewith proposed. Beaudin et al. provide a comparative analysis of the literature on EMS for households, focusing on the modeling approaches and the computational complexity of the scheduling problem BIB004 . A chronological overview of the home management models from 1970 until 2014 is proposed in BIB005 . This paper offers an interesting perspective of the evolution of the models and technologies, from the first applications with integrated infrared sensors till the development of Service-Oriented Architectures and the integration on Smart Meters. The main methods and strategies to develop EMSs in MGs are discussed in BIB006 , although only solutions that may enable generation costs savings are considered. A thorough review of optimization techniques for MGs planning, which includes, among several steps, the resource scheduling as well, is available in BIB007 , whereas energy management strategies for HRESs are surveyed in BIB009 . The same techniques may also be applied to design and control DERs  BIB011 BIB008 . In BIB002 , we propose a survey of energy intelligent buildings, where we investigate which and to what extent user's activities and behaviors impact residential and office building energy consumptions. The available technologies and tools to actually build an EMS, namely sensors, smart meters, communication protocols, and system architectures, are reviewed and compared in De  , BIB001 and BIB003 . A broad survey on the energy savings obtained from applying energy management strategies in 305 actual case studies is proposed in BIB010 , which includes residential, office, commercial, and industrial buildings. An overview of the current status of national programs promoting EMSs and energy audits in European countries shows that only few states have implemented mandatory or voluntary programs to comply with the European Union's energy efficiency guidelines  . To the best of the authors' knowledge, a systematic literature review on operation scheduling of energy resources for residential and office buildings is missing. The present survey attempts to fill this gap by focusing on the optimal scheduling of energy resources to satisfy both end-user's electrical and thermal demand at all level of aggregations, considering methods and techniques to address the multifaceted nature of the energy management problem.