A systematic literature review on activity recognition with context-awareness techniques for mitigation of disasters <s> Trends in context-awareness techniques using RQ2 <s> Case studies help industry evaluate the benefits of methods and tools and provide a cost-effective way to ensure that process changes provide the desired results. However, unlike formal experiments and surveys, case studies do not have a well-understood theoretical basis. This article provides guidelines for organizing and analyzing case studies so that they produce meaningful results. > <s> BIB001 </s> A systematic literature review on activity recognition with context-awareness techniques for mitigation of disasters <s> Trends in context-awareness techniques using RQ2 <s> In this paper, we propose an auxiliary location network, to support user-independent context-awareness in educational data networks; for example, to help visitors in a museum. We assume that, in such scenarios, there exist service servers that need to be aware of user location in real-time. Specifically, we propose the implementation of a Bluetooth Location Network (BLN). The BLN is composed of small wireless nodes, which establish an spontaneous network topology at system initialization, and interact with Bluetooth-enabled user terminals (WLAN or GPRS PDAs, or WAP phones) or independent Bluetooth modems (badges). The BLN may coexist with any data protocol (IP over IEEE 802.11b or GPRS, WAP). We do not impose specialized terminal programming for location purposes, since we rely on basic Bluetooth signaling (responses to inquiry cycles). We evaluate BLN feasibility in two real educational scenarios, a school and a museum. <s> BIB002 </s> A systematic literature review on activity recognition with context-awareness techniques for mitigation of disasters <s> Trends in context-awareness techniques using RQ2 <s> Agile software development represents a major departure from traditional, plan-based approaches to software engineering. A systematic review of empirical studies of agile software development up to and including 2005 was conducted. The search strategy identified 1996 studies, of which 36 were identified as empirical studies. The studies were grouped into four themes: introduction and adoption, human and social factors, perceptions on agile methods, and comparative studies. The review investigates what is currently known about the benefits and limitations of, and the strength of evidence for, agile methods. Implications for research and practice are presented. The main implication for research is a need for more and better empirical studies of agile software development within a common research agenda. For the industrial readership, the review provides a map of findings, according to topic, that can be compared for relevance to their own settings and situations. <s> BIB003 </s> A systematic literature review on activity recognition with context-awareness techniques for mitigation of disasters <s> Trends in context-awareness techniques using RQ2 <s> In a personalized recommender system of a ubiquitous computing environment, the decision on recommendation depends on some uncertain factors. Fuzzy system has an ability of solving the reasoning uncertainty, and gets widely used in the context awareness based personalized recommender system. In this paper, we present a fuzzy reasoning model based on the Fuzzy Petri Net. The model considers the requirements of task fulfillment, user's preferences and QoS of the system. With difference from those existing recommender systems, we focus on the formalized modeling of fuzzy reasoning of the personalized recommendation. Through formalization of fuzzy reasoning, we propose an approach to construct a rule-based reasoning system. The feasibility of the proposed approach is validated by an example of the personalized recommender engine. <s> BIB004 </s> A systematic literature review on activity recognition with context-awareness techniques for mitigation of disasters <s> Trends in context-awareness techniques using RQ2 <s> Mobile synchronous learning is a new challenge in the e-learning domain. While popular mobile communication devices, such as cell phones, cannot directly accommodate traditional synchronous content due to the major limitation of display size, other constraints also restrict convenient interactions while using mobile devices in a synchronous learning environment. These problems have motivated the authors of this study to design a context-awareness synchronous learning system and to develop a corresponding pedagogical framework. Different than existing synchronous learning strategies, the proposed system enhances the feedback mechanism and implements an enhanced model for achieving mobile interaction in a synchronous learning environment. The enhanced model is named Interactive Service Module, which enables interactions between teachers and students via short message delivery. In the proposed synchronous learning environment, different kinds of learning devices are used to access the same source of synchronous content simultaneously. To accommodate the diversity of devices, several content styles have been developed and an appropriate style can be selected to a learner via a decision mechanism. This mechanism is based on fuzzy weighted average technique to measure the average computational power for each device. Finally, questionnaires were used to evaluate the usability of the proposed synchronous learning environment, and the results indicate that our system can facilitate synchronous learning by enabling students to access lessons conveniently and efficiently from a wide variety of locations, using common mobile communication devices. <s> BIB005 </s> A systematic literature review on activity recognition with context-awareness techniques for mitigation of disasters <s> Trends in context-awareness techniques using RQ2 <s> In recent years, there are a large number of foreign students coming to learn Chinese language. However due to the characters of Chinese language, it is usually difficult for them to learn. In order to provide a suitable mobile environment to learn Chinese language for foreign students, this paper presents an approach to Context-aware Mobile Chinese Language Learning (CAMCLL) for foreign students. The idea of CAMCLL approach is, to provide service guide for foreign students when they are out of school, and moreover the form of service will be provided as suitable sentences towards achieving the real world Chinese language practice. The architecture of CAMCLL is introduced. A context model including four contexts (time, location, activity, and learner level) is proposed. The ontology-based matching with the combination of rule-based matching is a special feature in building matching mechanism. The approach discussed will enhance the Chinese language learning efficiency and effects for foreign students. <s> BIB006 </s> A systematic literature review on activity recognition with context-awareness techniques for mitigation of disasters <s> Trends in context-awareness techniques using RQ2 <s> In this paper an approach using agents for handling the emergency route simulation is presented. It takes into account the problem of uncharacteristic actions of an unsettled group of people in case of heavy stress given by a local disaster. The algorithm is an extension of the Boids simulation method with additional rules to better accommodate the human crowd evacuation behavior. <s> BIB007 </s> A systematic literature review on activity recognition with context-awareness techniques for mitigation of disasters <s> Trends in context-awareness techniques using RQ2 <s> In this paper we introduce a novel method to detect and localize abnormal behaviors in crowd videos using Social Force model. For this purpose, a grid of particles is placed over the image and it is advected with the space-time average of optical flow. By treating the moving particles as individuals, their interaction forces are estimated using social force model. The interaction force is then mapped into the image plane to obtain Force Flow for every pixel in every frame. Randomly selected spatio-temporal volumes of Force Flow are used to model the normal behavior of the crowd. We classify frames as normal and abnormal by using a bag of words approach. The regions of anomalies in the abnormal frames are localized using interaction forces. The experiments are conducted on a publicly available dataset from University of Minnesota for escape panic scenarios and a challenging dataset of crowd videos taken from the web. The experiments show that the proposed method captures the dynamics of the crowd behavior successfully. In addition, we have shown that the social force approach outperforms similar approaches based on pure optical flow. <s> BIB008 </s> A systematic literature review on activity recognition with context-awareness techniques for mitigation of disasters <s> Trends in context-awareness techniques using RQ2 <s> Context: Currently, computer game development is one of the fastest growing industries in the worldwide economy. In addition to that, computer games are rapidly evolving in the sense that newer game versions arrive in a very short interval. Thus, software engineering techniques are needed for game development in order to achieve greater flexibility and maintainability, less cost and effort, better design, etc. In addition, games present several characteristics that differentiate their development from classical software development. Objective: This study aims to assess the state of the art on research concerning software engineering for computer games and discuss possible important areas for future research. Method: We employed a standard methodology for systematic literature reviews using four well known digital libraries. Results: Software engineering for computer games is a research domain that has doubled its research activity during the last 5years. The dominant research topic has proven to be requirements engineering, while topics such as software verification and maintenance have been neglected up to now. Conclusion: The results of the study suggest that software engineering for computer games is a field that embraces many techniques and methods from conventional software engineering and adapts them so as to fit the specific requirements of game development. In addition to that, the study proposes the employment of more elaborate empirical methods, i.e. controlled experiments and case studies, in game software engineering research, which, have not been extensively used up to now. <s> BIB009 </s> A systematic literature review on activity recognition with context-awareness techniques for mitigation of disasters <s> Trends in context-awareness techniques using RQ2 <s> Like other sciences and engineering disciplines, software engineering requires a cycle of model building, experimentation, and learning. Experiments are valuable tools for all software engineers who are involved in evaluating and choosing between different methods, techniques, languages and tools. The purpose of Experimentation in Software Engineering is to introduce students, teachers, researchers, and practitioners to empirical studies in software engineering, using controlled experiments. The introduction to experimentation is provided through a process perspective, and the focus is on the steps that we have to go through to perform an experiment. The book is divided into three parts. The first part provides a background of theories and methods used in experimentation. Part II then devotes one chapter to each of the five experiment steps: scoping, planning, execution, analysis, and result presentation. Part III completes the presentation with two examples. Assignments and statistical material are provided in appendixes. Overall the book provides indispensable information regarding empirical studies in particular for experiments, but also for case studies, systematic literature reviews, and surveys. It is a revision of the authors book, which was published in 2000. In addition, substantial new material, e.g. concerning systematic literature reviews and case study research, is introduced. The book is self-contained and it is suitable as a course book in undergraduate or graduate studies where the need for empirical studies in software engineering is stressed. Exercises and assignments are included to combine the more theoretical material with practical aspects. Researchers will also benefit from the book, learning more about how to conduct empirical studies, and likewise practitioners may use it as a cookbook when evaluating new methods or techniques before implementing them in their organization. <s> BIB010 </s> A systematic literature review on activity recognition with context-awareness techniques for mitigation of disasters <s> Trends in context-awareness techniques using RQ2 <s> Personal mobile devices such as cellular phones, smart phones and PMPs have advanced incredibly in the past decade. The mobile technologies make research on the life log and user-context awareness feasible. In other words, sensors in mobile devices can collect the variety of user's information, and various works have been conducted using that information. Most of works used a user's location information as the most useful clue to recognize the user context. However, the location information in the conventional works usually depends on a GPS receiver that has limited function, because it cannot localize a person in a building and thus lowers the performance of the user-context awareness. This paper develops a system to solve such problems and to infer a user's hidden information more accurately using Bayesian network and indoor-location information. Also, this paper presents a new technique for localization in a building using a decision tree and signals for the Wireless LAN because the decision tree has many advantages which outweigh other localization techniques. <s> BIB011 </s> A systematic literature review on activity recognition with context-awareness techniques for mitigation of disasters <s> Trends in context-awareness techniques using RQ2 <s> The smart phones we carry with us are becoming ubiquitous with everyday life and the sensing capabilities of these devices allow us to provide context-aware services. In this paper, we discuss the development of UniNav, a context-aware mobile application that delivers personalised campus maps for universities. The application utilises university students’ details to provide information and services that are relevant and important to them. It helps students to navigate within the campus and become familiar with their university environment quickly. A study was undertaken to evaluate the acceptability and usefulness of the campus map, as well as the impact on a users’ navigation efficiency by utilising the personal and environmental contexts. The result indicates the integration of personal and environmental contexts on digital maps can improve its usefulness and navigation efficiency. <s> BIB012 </s> A systematic literature review on activity recognition with context-awareness techniques for mitigation of disasters <s> Trends in context-awareness techniques using RQ2 <s> Abstract Our research works focuses on the design and implementation of a novel ubiquitous multi context-aware mobile phone sensing network for mitigation of crowd disasters using machine-to-machine (M2M) communications. A mobile sensor network system integrated with wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) was designed for effective prediction of a stampede during crowd disasters. This proposed sensor network consists of mobile devices that are used as crowd monitoring participant nodes that employ light sensors, accelerometers, as well as audio and video sensors to collect the relevant data. Real-time crowd dynamics modeling and real-time activity modeling have been achieved by implementing the algorithms developed for Context Acquisition and multi-context fusion. Dynamic crowd monitoring was achieved by implementing the context based region identification and grouping of participants, distributed crowd behavior estimation, and stampede prediction based on distributed consensus. The implementation of the proposed architecture in Android smartphone provides light-weight, easy to deploy, context aware wireless services for effective crowd disaster mitigation and generation of an in time alert to take measures to avoid the occurrence of a stampede. The system has been tested and illustrated within a group of people for stampede prediction by using empirically collected data. <s> BIB013 </s> A systematic literature review on activity recognition with context-awareness techniques for mitigation of disasters <s> Trends in context-awareness techniques using RQ2 <s> In order to offer context-aware and personalized information, intelligent processing techniques are necessary. Different initiatives considering many contexts have been proposed, but users preferences need to be learned to offer contextualized and personalized services, products or information. Therefore, this paper proposes an agent-based architecture for context-aware and personalized event recommendation based on ontology and the spreading algorithm. The use of ontology allows to define the domain knowledge model, while the spreading activation algorithm learns user patterns by discovering user interests. The proposed agent-based architecture was validated with the modeling and implementation of eAgora? application, which was illustrated at the pervasive university context. <s> BIB014 </s> A systematic literature review on activity recognition with context-awareness techniques for mitigation of disasters <s> Trends in context-awareness techniques using RQ2 <s> Context aware systems are using various sensing technologies in order to recognize end-users situations; however these technologies are vulnerable to hardware failures, energy depletion, communication problems and multiple other issues. This generates an uncertainty about the events received from the sensors, which is translated into a confidence given to these events. This confidence is used in the context-aware reasoning through a fusion of sensor data to make more accurate decisions. In this paper, we focus on handling uncertainty in sensor-based context aware applications and we propose a method for the measurement of uncertainty based on both physical and operational behaviors of the sensors. We describe how the level of uncertainty is incorporated into different layers of a semantically driven context aware system and how it is transferred to a decision engine in order to perform more accurate decisions in ambiguous observations. <s> BIB015 </s> A systematic literature review on activity recognition with context-awareness techniques for mitigation of disasters <s> Trends in context-awareness techniques using RQ2 <s> The Internet of Things (IoT) is a dynamic global information network consisting of Internet-connected objects, such as radio frequency identifications, sensors, and actuators, as well as other instruments and smart appliances that are becoming an integral component of the Internet. Over the last few years, we have seen a plethora of IoT solutions making their way into the industry marketplace. Context-aware communications and computing have played a critical role throughout the last few years of ubiquitous computing and are expected to play a significant role in the IoT paradigm as well. In this paper, we examine a variety of popular and innovative IoT solutions in terms of context-aware technology perspectives. More importantly, we evaluate these IoT solutions using a framework that we built around well-known context-aware computing theories. This survey is intended to serve as a guideline and a conceptual framework for context-aware product development and research in the IoT paradigm. It also provides a systematic exploration of existing IoT products in the marketplace and highlights a number of potentially significant research directions and trends. <s> BIB016
It is very rare, to see disciplines and industries where CA related applications are not applicable, as a result of context and its relationships with environmental and situational changes in our daily life. This statement support previous research in the literature from ,  and BIB013 with explanations provided for context and the origin of 'CAC' as proposed in BIB009 also cited in BIB010 . Several concepts has been proposed in the area such as education  BIB001 , building automation BIB003 , healthcare , library management , movie industry , business , restaurant BIB013 and banking institution BIB002 to mention just a few. Several techniques have been proposed for context-awareness related research either for services or applications-based research. The techniques include collaborative filtering BIB004 , FPNs BIB014 , artificial intelligence BIB005 , ontology for contextual entity description  BIB006 ) and activity-based entity relationship BIB011 . In addition to Glass et al. presented in  to date. Also, in BIB010 and BIB012 , though both of them BIB010 BIB012 did not indicate the years of coverage in their studies. The topics of concerns investigated are; CAC research with 'context-aware systems'; 'CMPMFs' and 'context-awareness in healthcare'. Though, the literature review presented in the previous study, are more general since they focused on how to identify the likely applications areas which existing studies have covered in one of the RQ employed in Section 2. However, this study is the first to specifically focus on SLR for disaster related problems using AR based on context-awareness. We are not aware of an existing SLR study in this domain from the literatures. Disaster management is everybody business in our society. Therefore, current research on DM is very essential to minimise risk in human lives to impact the growth and development of any nation through the safety of human lives and properties. Research in the area of disaster management has grown rapidly over the years. However, most researchers have concentrated efforts on techniques such as agent-based simulation BIB007 ); social force model BIB008 ; motion history image on crowd evacuation  , for a reason, knew to them and the fact that favourable outcome was obtained from these techniques. The three techniques; agent-based simulation BIB007 ); social force model BIB008 ; and motion history image  does not focused on the utilisation of sensor's data using AR from mobile phone sensing (MPS) and context-awareness for mitigation of crowd disaster in their research. Most importantly new trend of research on CA was remarked in BIB013 as "the critical consideration of their research on context-aware computing and wireless sensor network (CAC-WSN) to improve the quality and reliability of sensing information by utilising the potential of CAC." In BIB015 , it was stated that any decision make using CA systems are very crucial and have a meaningful impact on the users, as a result, context-awareness technique can help to realise accurate decision needs for monitoring real life situations in a crowd, during emergency to minimise risk and prevents danger pose to human lives. Therefore, as observed in Charith BIB016 , the benefits of the proposed solution with AR and context-awareness but not limited include the following: 1 the ability of people to get relevant information according to their need using CAC 2 sensors learns about human being through context 3 context is used for real-time decision support and activity, which has helped the smartphone to become smarter. 4 the future holds lots of promises for CA applications.