Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Storage <s> Abstract In this paper, a new methodology has been discussed on economical power management of a grid-connected CHP system which consists of a wind turbine, photovoltaic array, polymer exchange membrane fuel cell and an electrolyzer. Hence, the paper also attempts to present the thorough modeling of energy management of the hybrid system in the form of a nonlinear optimization problem; through which offline energy management is regarded to use the available options in order to determine the role of each generator in producing heat, power and hydrogen in the system under study. In addition to this, variable tariffs of daily exchange with local grid have been taken into account in different operation conditions so as to reach real utilization requirements. Based on these facts, choosing the most suitable model for each element of the hybrid system has been considered in regard to their dynamic behavior. The proposed hybrid system is to supply the electrical and thermal demands of renewable energy laboratory of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman (SBUK). The economical energy management is comprehensively studied and surveyed in the form of various scenarios while the hybrid system is connected to the grid. <s> BIB001 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Storage <s> In many electric systems worldwide the penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) at the distribution levels is increasing. This penetration brings in different challenges for electricity system management; however if the flexibility of those DER is well managed opportunities arise for coordination. At high voltage levels under responsibility of the system operator, trading mechanisms like contracts for ancillary services and balancing markets provide opportunities for economic efficient supply of system flexibility services. In a situation with smart metering and real-time management of distribution networks, similar arrangements could be enabled for medium- and low-voltage levels. This paper presents a review and classification of existing DER as flexibility providers and a breakdown of trading platforms for DER flexibility in electricity markets. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) <s> BIB002 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Storage <s> In this paper, an optimal probabilistic scheduling model of energy hubs operations is presented. The scheduling of energy hub determines the energy carriers to be purchased as input and converted or stored, in order to meet the energy requests, while minimizing the total hub's cost. However, as many other engineering endeavors, future operating criteria of energy hubs could not be forecasted with certainty. Load and price uncertainties are the most unclear parameters that hub operators deal with. In this regard, this paper proposes a 2 $m$ + 1 point estimation probabilistic scheduling scheme for energy hubs with multiple energy inputs and outputs. One of the applicable tools of energy hubs to have an efficient participation in the liberalized power market with volatile prices is demand response programs (DRPs). While there is plenty of experience in investigating the effect of DRP, it is electricity DRP that receives increasing attention by research and industry. Therefore, the proposed DRP investigates the effect of both responsive thermal and electric loads in reducing the total cost and participation of different facilities in supplying multiple loads. The proposed model envisages the most technical constraints of converters and storages. Several test systems have been investigated in order to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed model. The results verify the capability of the proposed model in covering the energy hub time-varying output demands as well as the economic advantages of implementing the suggested strategy. In addition, the results are compared with 2 $m$ point estimate method and Monte Carlo simulation. <s> BIB003
With the increasing amount of generated non-dispatchable energy, storage systems are gaining importance for optimal scheduling, as they can shift energy availability over time at the expenses of small losses. Among several types of storage, electrochemical energy storage (EES) and thermal energy storage (TES) devices are the most interesting for EMS at distribution level. We include in the former group also PEVs, if the battery can supply electricity back to the main grid when needed BIB002 . On the other hand, if the power flow between a PEV and the main grid is unidirectional, that means, the vehicle's battery can only be charged, then it is considered as an electric load. Thermal storage devices are usually coupled with CHP units and allow excess thermal energy to be stored and used later in time by elevating or lowering the temperature of a substance, such as water, or changing its phase, as with molten salt technology  . Where a hydrogen plant is considered, a H 2 storage tank is also included BIB003 BIB001 . In Fig. 3 , electric, thermal, and hydrogen storage devices are represented by cylinders.