Managing knowledge within the manufacturing enterprise: an overview <s> Service knowledge <s> There is an important shift away from production that is dependent upon material resources to production that utilises knowledge as the key source of competitiveness and innovation. Urban areas are key locations for a process that is also changing the way in which goods and services are consumed. The decade of the 1990s was a period of innovation and revitalisation in economic geography; it was also a time when economic geographers began again to explore old concepts in different ways-for example, new industrial spaces-intent on explaining the changing economic landscapes of capitalism. There is a real danger, however, that for economic geography the first decade of the 21st century will be a period of repetition and extension rather than one of development. This paper reviews aspects of the debate about the distinction between service and manufacturing activities and suggests that it needs to be reconsidered in relation to on-going and important changes in the production process that are as important for cities as they are for the economy as a whole. <s> BIB001 </s> Managing knowledge within the manufacturing enterprise: an overview <s> Service knowledge <s> A key aspect of competition in industrial maintenance is the trade-off between cost and risk. Decision-making is dependent upon up-to-date information about distributed and disparate plant, coupled with knowledge of sensitive non-technical issues. Enabling technologies such as the Internet are making strides in improving the quantity and quality of data, particularly by improving links with other information systems. In maintenance, the problem of disparate data sources is important. It is very difficult to make optimal decisions because the information is not easily obtained and merged. Information about technical state or machine health, cost of maintenance activities or loss of production, and nontechnical risk factors such as customer information, is required. Even in the best information systems, these are not defined in the same units, and are not presented on a consistent time scale; typically, they are in different information systems. Some data is continuously updated, e.g. condition data, but the critical risk information is typically drawn from a historical survey, fixed in time.A particular problem for the users of condition-based maintenance is the treatment of alarms. In principle, only genuine problems are reported, but the technical risk of failure is not the full story. The decision-maker will take into account cost, criticality and other factors, such as limited resources, to prioritise the work. The work reported here automatically prioritises jobs arising from condition-based maintenance using a strategy called cost-based criticality (CBC) which draws together three types of information. CBC weights each incident flagged by condition monitoring alarms with up-to-date cost information and risk factors, allowing an optimised prioritisation of maintenance activities. CBC does not attempt to change the strategic plan for maintenance activities: it only addresses prioritisation. The strategy uses a thin-client architecture rather than a central database, and is illustrated with examples from food manufacturing. <s> BIB002
Daniels and Bryson review aspects of the debate about the distinction between service and manufacturing activities and suggest that it needs to be reconsidered in relation to changes taking place in the production process BIB001 . Service is an increasingly important element of production, and the line between products and services is becoming less clear. In maintenance service, Moore and Starr propose an intelligent system that brings together equipment condition monitor alarms, cost information and risk factors to prioritise maintenance activities BIB002 . This research demonstrates an intelligent approach to maintenance, integrating a range of knowledge types to support decision making. It does not address service in its wider context or service knowledge in design. The search strategy applied did not provide any papers that consider service knowledge in a design context.