A Survey on Mobile Crowd-Sensing and Its Applications in the IoT Era <s> D. INFRASTRUCTURE <s> The content of this article was originally prepared as a briefing note for the joint Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (ATSE)-Infrastructure Australia International Workshop on Infrastructure Planning that was held in Melbourne on 9-10 April 2013. The Workshop Communique 'Infrastructure Planning: Towards Best Practice' is available on the ATSE web site www.atse.org.au - follow the link to Built Environment Events. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on Mobile Crowd-Sensing and Its Applications in the IoT Era <s> D. INFRASTRUCTURE <s> Over the past decade, numerous studies have estimated the economic impacts of a variety of disruptions. Most of these studies are based on macroeconomic models that quantify the direct and indirect economic losses from a disruption. Direct economic losses occur due to damaged facilities or when consumers change their purchasing behavior because of the disruption. Indirect economic losses occur when directly impacted businesses consequently reduce their orders to their suppliers. Indirect economic losses are often larger than direct economic losses. This paper compiles the results from these economic models in order to compare the costs of different disruptions and help decision makers prioritize among disruptions. We compare the direct and indirect economic losses from a variety of disruptions, including earthquakes, hurricanes, terrorist attacks, pandemic diseases, and port closures. Some studies model hypothetical scenarios, but other studies quantify the economic losses from historical events such as the September 11 attacks and the 2011 Japanese tsunami. This paper provides a useful benchmark to understand the consequences from disruptions and highlight areas that public officials could address in planning for future disruptions. <s> BIB002
Infrastructure comprises the essential facilities, such as roads, water supply, bridges, and telecommunications, as well as all other structures serving a country, city, or region BIB001 . This can be defined as the real components of related systems to provide services to sustain, or enhance people daily life conditions. The evaluation of the condition of civil infrastructures and critical facilities is especially important after natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, or manmade disasters, namely terrorist attacks BIB002 Two of the most common infrastructure MCS applications are drive sensing and structure health monitoring. In the following we provide detailed description for the latter.