A Survey Report on Operating Systems for Tiny Networked Sensors <s> W <s> Augmenting heavy and power-hungry data collection equipment with lighten smaller wireless sensor network nodes leads to faster, larger deployments. Arrays comprising dozens of wireless sensor nodes are now possible, allowing scientific studies that aren't feasible with traditional instrumentation. Designing sensor networks to support volcanic studies requires addressing the high data rates and high data fidelity these studies demand. The authors' sensor-network application for volcanic data collection relies on triggered event detection and reliable data retrieval to meet bandwidth and data-quality demands. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey Report on Operating Systems for Tiny Networked Sensors <s> W <s> A wireless sensor network (WSN) has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking. This has been enabled by the availability, particularly in recent years, of sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and intelligent. These sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. The design of a WSN depends significantly on the application, and it must consider factors such as the environment, the application's design objectives, cost, hardware, and system constraints. The goal of our survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of [I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002]. Following a top-down approach, we give an overview of several new applications and then review the literature on various aspects of WSNs. We classify the problems into three different categories: (1) internal platform and underlying operating system, (2) communication protocol stack, and (3) network services, provisioning, and deployment. We review the major development in these three categories and outline new challenges. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey Report on Operating Systems for Tiny Networked Sensors <s> W <s> The IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee standard is considered as a potential candidate for wireless sensor and actuators networks. Several commercial platforms with IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee support have been made available in the last few years, and an increasing number of operating systems specifically designed for sensor and actuator networks are evolving. Underground mining is considered to be one of most hazardous industrial activity. The industrial automation applications in the mining galleries can benefit from the recent technological advances. In fact, many approaches to reduce costs and improve performance have been examined. The main objective of this paper is the implementation and evaluation of wireless sensor networks for environmental data measurements in a real underground mine. Therefore, the nodes were evaluated in real operating conditions. <s> BIB003 </s> A Survey Report on Operating Systems for Tiny Networked Sensors <s> W <s> Sensor network protocols exist to satisfy the communication needs of diverse applications, including data collection, event detection, target tracking and control. Network protocols to enable these services are constrained by the extreme resource scarcity of sensor nodes—including energy, computing, communications and storage—which must be carefully managed and multiplexed by the operating system. These challenges have led to new protocols and operating systems that are efficient in their energy consumption, careful in their computational needs and miserly in their memory footprints, all while discovering neighbours, forming networks, delivering data and correcting failures. <s> BIB004 </s> A Survey Report on Operating Systems for Tiny Networked Sensors <s> W <s> Mine accidents in underground workings have motivated for better development of communication system infrastructure. Accurate knowledge of the environmental conditions gives a great ease to the rescue team at the time of emergency and this can be achieve by means of proper communication only. This paper discusses the different features which are common to coal and metal mines and may affect the performance of communication deployment in underground mines. Some recent works and future prospects are also discussed for better understanding of underground mine communication and monitoring systems. <s> BIB005
Ith the distinguished communication features, WSNs are becoming a critical infrastructure support in health monitoring, environmental monitoring, tracking, industrial automation, volcano monitoring, indoor application, and etc.  , BIB003 ,  , BIB001 , BIB002 . Recent innovations in the field of wireless sensor network technology are significantly enhancing the capabilities for distributed sensing of the physical world. A wireless sensor network consists of a number of sensor nodes deployed densely that are equipped with own data processing, communication and sensing capabilities. The advantage of having a WSN is low cost, increased coverage and importantly the operating capabilities in a normal environment up to hostile environments like in underground mines, underwater, under soil and also A.Ranjan and H.B.Sahu are with the Department of Mining Engineering, Natioanl Institute of Technology, Rourkela,Odisha 769008, India. E-mail: alokranjan007@hotmail.com P. Misra is with Robert Bosch Center for Cyber Physical Systems, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. those unattended areas where manual monitoring is tough such as volcano monitoring  , BIB001 , BIB002 , BIB005 . An operating system is there in every node to execute the network protocols for communication with other nodes in the network. The OS is responsible for managing resources on every sensor node and provides a programming interface to the system developer. It's an OS only which makes an application program portable and simple by providing a level of abstraction to the hardware. The OS for sensor node is different than the general purpose computers in terms of the processor architecture, sensor devices and hardware for communication BIB004 . An operating system mainly manages system resources with the multiplexing concept in two ways, i.e. space (memory) and time. A space multiplexing incorporates various programs accessing parts of the the available resource, whereas the time multiplexing involves programs turn in using the system resources  . In this paper, we have examined the core features of the operating systems for WSNs in terms of programing model, memory management, architecture and protocols for communication. We also discuss the future research issues related to communication protocols at each layer. This survey paper focuses on those OSs which are widely used in the recent scenario in both academic and industrial research. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we briefly discuss the sensor node architecture followed by the open research issues of the communication protocols. Different sensor nodes widely used in academic research community and commercial purposes are also discussed in brief with a comparative study on those motes. Section 3, discuss the popular OSs for WSN. Open research issues with the OS design consideration is discussed in section 4. Section 5 covers the future remarks based on our studies. We then conclude our work in section 6.