A PRELIMINARY SURVEY ON AUTOMATED SCREENING TOOLS TOWARDS LEARNING DISABILITIES <s> INTRODUCTION <s> In this paper the first version of a recording and evaluation system for an ongoing research project is presented: an automatic school enrollment screening test for children in preschool age. The screening test focuses on different aspects of the development of children's speech and language and has a duration of about 15 minutes. It is based on parts of already standardized tests. For a first version these tests are digitized, and adapted to an existing computer system for speech assessment so that recordings can be performed in local preschools. The recordings take place while a speech therapist is assisting the child. The described version focuses on the data collection and an subjective speech and language assessment of the attendant speech therapist. Children, that are awaiting school enrollment in fall, have been selected for this project. It is planed to collect a total amount of more than 500 children within the next 2 years. It is planed to record the children continuously over a period of 3--4 years at an interval of 12 months in order to measure their development automatically. <s> BIB001 </s> A PRELIMINARY SURVEY ON AUTOMATED SCREENING TOOLS TOWARDS LEARNING DISABILITIES <s> INTRODUCTION <s> Based on the introduction to the importance and uncertainty in knowledge representation of expert system for learning-disability diagnosis for children, this paper selects production representation and then elaborates it. Taking mathematical learning disabilities as an example, this study designs a knowledge base with access. The author hopes that it would to benefit the other expert systems on the aspects of theories and methods. <s> BIB002 </s> A PRELIMINARY SURVEY ON AUTOMATED SCREENING TOOLS TOWARDS LEARNING DISABILITIES <s> INTRODUCTION <s> Dyslexia is a global phenomenon, it is reported that around 70% of children with learning disability is dyslexic. It is estimated around 314,000 Malaysian school going children are dyslexic and few of them received proper and suitable teaching method. With this huge number of school population percentage are at risk of dyslexia an intervention program are in serious needs. Presently there is no Malaysian standardized instrument to screen children with developmental dyslexia in the school environment especially for the preschool children. Teachers experience is the sole attribute that initiate the process of screening dyslexic in the school environment. It is understandable that early detection would lead to a proper treatment and remedial program. It is a great necessity to develop a simple screening test that could help teachers and parents to diagnose dyslexia symptom in a child based on multiple deficit theories. We propose the idea of a single series of game that would be able to screen dyslexia through mobile approach to cope with the problem of non-standardized screening method, untrained teacher to recognize the symptom of dyslexia, and ill awareness of the dyslexia problem which incorporate Multiple-deficit theories of dyslexia and mobile game. <s> BIB003 </s> A PRELIMINARY SURVEY ON AUTOMATED SCREENING TOOLS TOWARDS LEARNING DISABILITIES <s> INTRODUCTION <s> Early detection for dyslexia is crucial in order for children to receive early as well as proper treatment. There are various studies that have focused on early detection of dyslexia, however the results remain limited. Therefore, an easy and user-friendly dyslexia screening tool called i-Dyslex was developed. In order to make sure the tool is free from design and interface problems, heuristic evaluation has been carried out. This paper discusses the heuristic evaluation of i-Dyslex tool for dyslexia screening among expert evaluators. This study adopted ten Usability Heuristics to be included in the questionnaire. Overall result derived from the evaluation is above average mean score, which are neutral (3.00) in one domain. Several comments and feedback from the experts. Both the experts’ evaluation and the feedback were essentials for further improvement of the i-Dyslex tool to ensure meets the user requirement and expectation. <s> BIB004
Screening refers to the presumptive detection of unrecognized or undetected disease of defect done by conducting tests, examinations, or other procedures that will pin point to the probability and the classification of the disease  BIB004 . Screening acts as an early intervention and prediction of disease, not intended to be diagnostic and trustable. Thus, further diagnosis and treatment need to be performed in order to support reliable and accurate results. Any positive or suspicious result should to be referred to a psychologist for further diagnosis and intervention  . Nowadays, there exist numbers of studies highlighting on the importance of screening tools tailoring for learning disabilities within educational field. The identification and classification of learning disabilities is not an easy task and can only be conducted at least six months after the student started to write, spell and read normally at the early years of schooling in primary school  . Generally, the identification of learning disabilities is based on clinical findings, observations or test results. Otherwise, the detection is guided by the developing process, followed by diagnosis completion and educational intervention based on children's externalizing BIB002 . Early detection can be done based on the clues (probably won't show all of these signs) tend to be identified and most commonly related to primary or elementary school tasks. This is because school focuses on the very things that may be difficult for the children to cope with namely reading, writing, mathematics, listening, speaking, and reasoning. Previous study postulates that approximately 10% of children face different degrees and types of learning disabilities BIB002 . Thus, screening tools either manual or computerized are crucial for pre-detection, classification and intervention (remedial measures) for pre-detection, classification and diagnosis of learning disabilities. In Malaysia, the manual paper-based screening tools are the main approach widely implemented in most schools which is totally conducted by the teachers. This conventional screening tools lead to many drawbacks such as time consuming, less attractive, boring, incomplete tests, and so forth BIB004 . Obviously, the conventional or manual approach is fraught with problems entailing a better approach. Such an approach may use the latest computer technology available to develop more advanced screening tools that can generate accurate, fast, and objective results  , BIB001 . The current literature is replete with studies employing a dazzling array of technologies and methodologies, such as interactive and attractive multimedia approaches, mobile tools, educational or instructional courseware, simulations, serious game, virtual learning environments, and hybridization techniques for screening and diagnosing of specific learning disabilities. Most of these studies are related with the tacit-to-explicit knowledge conversion since all the knowledge are embedded in domain experts' mind. Most of the researches try to incorporate the tacit knowledge into an explicit computerized reasoning tools, applications or systems. Thus, a rapid and accurate screening instrument relies on different approaches dependable to its main objectives BIB003 . However, it must be emphasized that the use of such tools and approaches will not be able to solve all the students' learning problems. On a positive note, some of these tools have been instrumental in helping such students to improve their language and mathematical skills, enhance their learning performance, and increase their motivation, the overall impact of which brings a new, promising hope to them. This review paper categorizes, compares, and summaries recent automated screening tools tailoring for learning disabilities. It focuses on the general issues and constraints in screening, spreading into the existing automated screening tools in learning disabilities domain. The organization starts with the introduction of screening at a glance, moving in depth towards the methodology being implemented. This is followed by the issues and constraints in screening and automated screening tools for learning disabilities summarized in a table respectively. The conclusion ends up this review paper.