Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Methods <s> Data based on qualitative judgments are prevalent in both academic research in marketing and applied marketing research. Reliability measurement of qualitative data is important to determine the st... <s> BIB001 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Methods <s> Undertaking a review of the literature is an important part of any research project. The researcher both maps and assesses the relevant intellectual territory in order to specify a research question which will further develop the knowledge hase. However, traditional 'narrative' reviews frequently lack thoroughness, and in many cases are not undertaken as genuine pieces of investigatory science. Consequently they can lack a means for making sense of what the collection of studies is saying. These reviews can he hiased by the researcher and often lack rigour. Furthermore, the use of reviews of the available evidence to provide insights and guidance for intervention into operational needs of practitioners and policymakers has largely been of secondary importance. For practitioners, making sense of a mass of often-contrad ictory evidence has hecome progressively harder. The quality of evidence underpinning decision-making and action has heen questioned, for inadequate or incomplete evidence seriously impedes policy formulation and implementation. In exploring ways in which evidence-informed management reviews might be achieved, the authors evaluate the process of systematic review used in the medical sciences. Over the last fifteen years, medical science has attempted to improve the review process hy synthesizing research in a systematic, transparent, and reproducihie manner with the twin aims of enhancing the knowledge hase and informing policymaking and practice. This paper evaluates the extent to which the process of systematic review can be applied to the management field in order to produce a reliable knowledge stock and enhanced practice by developing context-sensitive research. The paper highlights the challenges in developing an appropriate methodology. <s> BIB002 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Methods <s> From the Arab Spring and los indignados in Spain, to Occupy Wall Street (and beyond), large-scale, sustained protests are using digital media in ways that go beyond sending and receiving messages. Some of these action formations contain relatively small roles for formal brick and mortar organizations. Others involve well-established advocacy organizations, in hybrid relations with other organizations, using technologies that enable personalized public engagement. Both stand in contrast to the more familiar organizationally managed and brokered action conventionally associated with social movement and issue advocacy. This article examines the organizational dynamics that emerge when communication becomes a prominent part of organizational structure. It argues that understanding such variations in large-scale action networks requires distinguishing between at least two logics that may be in play: The familiar logic of collective action associated with high levels of organizational resources and the formatio... <s> BIB003 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Methods <s> The aim of this article is to explore the use of 3 concepts of media studies—media practices, mediation, and mediatization—in order to build a conceptual framework to study social movements and the media. The article first provides a critical review of the literature about media and movements. Secondly, it offers an understanding of social movements as processes in which activists perform actions according to different temporalities and connect this understanding with the use of the 3 media related concepts mentioned above. Then, the resulting conceptual framework is applied to the Italian student movements. In the conclusion, benefits and challenges in the use of such framework are considered and lines of inquiry on current movements are suggested. <s> BIB004 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Methods <s> This article starts from the recognition that digital social movements studies have progressively disregarded collective identity and the importance of internal communicative dynamics in contemporary social movements, in favour of the study of the technological affordances and the organizational capabilities of social media. Based on a two-year multimodal ethnography of the Mexican #YoSoy132 movement, the article demonstrates that the concept of collective identity is still able to yield relevant insights into the study of current movements, especially in connection with the use of social media platforms. Through the appropriations of social media, Mexican students were able to oppose the negative identification fabricated by the PRI party, reclaim their agency and their role as heirs of a long tradition of rebellion, generate collective identification processes, and find ‘comfort zones’ to lower the costs of activism, reinforcing their internal cohesion and solidarity. The article stresses the importance of the internal communicative dynamics that develop in the backstage of social media (Facebook chats and groups) and through instant messaging services (WhatsApp), thus rediscovering the pivotal linkage between collective identity and internal communication that characterized the first wave of research on digital social movements. The findings point out how that internal cohesion and collective identity are fundamentally shaped and reinforced in the social media backstage by practices of ‘ludic activism’, which indicates that social media represent not only the organizational backbone of contemporary social movements, but also multifaceted ecologies where a new, expressive and humorous ‘communicative resistance grammar’ emerges. <s> BIB005
Following the method of BIB002 , we conducted a systematic literature review of identity and collective action via CMC to identify, synthesise and integrate the articles' findings and address directions for future research. We defined a search query using keywords related to our three key concepts: (identity OR identification) AND ('collective action' OR activism OR campaign* OR 'collectiveaction' OR mobilisation OR 'social movement*' OR 'social-movement*') AND (internet OR blog* OR CMC* OR 'computer-mediated communication' OR 'computer mediated communication' OR digital OR Facebook OR microblogging OR online OR 'social media' OR 'social networking sites' OR 'Twitter' OR web OR 'Web 2.0' OR 'world-wide-web' OR 'world wide web'). We searched in Web of Science and Scopus. The selection criterion was empirical articles published in English peer-reviewed journals, books or conference proceedings in the social sciences. We selected articles published from 2012 to 2016 for two main reasons. First, 2011 is the landmark year of the phenomenon under investigation because this is when various new networked movements (e.g. Arab Spring, Occupy Wall Street) arose and spread worldwide via social media. Studies published before the 2011 movements wave, in fact, primarily focused on the relation between identity and so-called 1.0 technologies (e.g. emails, blogs and websites) and how they impact on online and offline collective action (for a review, see, for example,  BIB005 . From 2011 onwards, the emergence of networked movements has triggered research on the dynamics of new forms of collective and connective action (e.g. BIB003  BIB004 . Because we wanted to focus on empirical research that followed such phenomena, we chose 2012 as the starting point of our articles' selection. Second, similar reviews had been published before 2012 (e.g. digital activism: Earl and Kimport, 2011; social movements and the information and communications technology (ICT) revolution:  ; collective identity in traditional social movements: Flesher Fominaya, 2010), and our review would have overlapped. Figure 1 shows the flowchart of the selection process. The first search completed in September 2015 resulted in 437 articles. All authors performed manual annotation to assess relevance by title, abstract and full text. The criterion for relevance was that while at least two out of three key concepts (identity, collective action and CMC) had to be present in the title and abstract, all three concepts had to be included in the full text. To ensure reliability, we calculated the proportional reduction in loss (PRL) reliability for qualitative data BIB001 . It compares reliability with loss from poor decisions while measuring the proportion of expected loss associated with the judges' lack of agreement. Its range varies from 0 (lack of reliability) to 1 (perfect reliability), and its benchmarks are to be interpreted as for Cronbach's alpha. We obtained good or high scores in all sessions (PRL title = 0.93, PRL abstract = 0.78, PRL full-text = 0.82). This selection process resulted in 32 articles. Next, we operated a manual search for other relevant articles by checking the references and citations (N = 35). The list was updated in September 2016 and resulted in a final set of 59 articles published between 2012 and 2016. To conduct the review and reduce human error, we used a data-extraction form as a repository for general (title, authors, journal) and specific (concepts, theories, methods, key findings) information related to the review's research questions BIB002 . 1 We followed a two-stage approach to provide a clear review of the articles BIB002 . First, we used descriptive analysis to provide an overview of key concepts, methodological approaches and perspectives used in the literature (RQ1). Second, we conducted a thematic analysis using an inductive, interpretative approach to report, bring together and synthesise the findings from the existing studies (RQ2). We divided the articles according to our two foci of analysis: (1) identity as a driver of collective action and (2) CMC's impact on identity processes during collective action. We analysed the articles by identifying key themes of discussion and related findings, and focusing on the extent to which articles were similar or different in their results BIB002 . 