Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> 2) NETWORK LAYER <s> Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the capability to connect, communicate and remotely manage a large number of networked, automated devices via the Internet. IoT is becoming as part of daily life and aims to extend pervasive communication and networking anytime, anywhere with any device. In this context security requirements and architectures must be properly formulated, implemented in order to enforce the security policies during their life-cycle. This paper provides a survey and analysis of security in the area of IoT introducing an approach addressed to overcome the conventional security solutions and deploy a federated architecture for dynamic prevention, detection, diagnosis, isolation, and countermeasures against cyber attacks. Based on the analysis of the most common web services, the paper defines the security needs proposing a federated model to design an architecture for secure exchange of services in IoT paradigm. <s> BIB001 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> 2) NETWORK LAYER <s> Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a new cellular technology introduced by the third generation partnership (3GPP) providing low-power and wide-area coverage for IoT. In this paper, we consider the scenario that NB-IoT is deployed in an heterogeneous network and the quality of the direct link from the NB-IoT user equipment (UE) to the serving base station (BS) cannot satisfy the quality of service requirement for transmission of vital sensing data. Thereupon, device-to-device (D2D) communication is adopted as a routing extension to NB-IoT systems, and thus, enables two-hop routes between NB-IoT UE and the serving BS via a set of D2D relays. As the candidate UE relays work in duty cycle to save energy, we derive a model to select a set of UE relays and perform opportunistic D2D communication according to a working schedule. Two optimization problems are formulated aiming at achieving optimal expected delivery ratio (EDR) and expected two-hop delay, respectively. Dynamic programming-based algorithms are proposed to solve the optimization problems and obtain the optimal working schedule of the relays. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed maxEDR and minEED algorithms improves the system performance compared with other state-of-the-art algorithms. <s> BIB002 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> 2) NETWORK LAYER <s> The advancement of technologies over years has poised Internet of Things (IoT) to scoop out untapped information and communication technology opportunities. It is anticipated that IoT will handle the gigantic network of billions of devices to deliver plenty of smart services to the users. Undoubtedly, this will make our life more resourceful but at the cost of high energy consumption and carbon footprint. Consequently, there is a high demand for green communication to reduce energy consumption, which requires optimal resource availability and controlled power levels. In contrast to this, IoT devices are constrained in terms of resources-memory, power, and computation. Low power wide area (LPWA) technology is a response to the need for efficient utilization of power resource, as it evinces characteristics such as the capability to proffer low power connectivity to a huge number of devices spread over wide geographical areas at low cost. Various LPWA technologies, such as LoRa and SigFox, exist in the market, offering a proficient solution to the users. However, in order to abstain the need of new infrastructure (like base station) that is required for proprietary technologies, a new cellular-based licensed technology, narrowband IoT (NBIoT), is introduced by 3GPP in Rel-13. This technology presents a good candidature to handle LPWA market because of its characteristics like enhanced indoor coverage, low power consumption, latency insensitivity, and massive connection support towards NBIoT. This survey presents a profound view of IoT and NBIoT, subsuming their technical features, resource allocation, and energy-efficiency techniques and applications. The challenges that hinder the NBIoT path to success are also identified and discussed. In this paper, two novel energy-efficient techniques “zonal thermal pattern analysis” and energy-efficient adaptive health monitoring system have been proposed towards green IoT. <s> BIB003
It is the middle layer in IoT architecture, also known as the transmission layer BIB001 . Virtually it is divided into two sub-layers: the access network and the core network. The main functionality of the network layer is to process the received data from the things layer. Therefore, it determines the energy-efficient optimum route to transmit the data to the IoT servers, devices and applications via the Internet using one of the communication networks such as WiFi, Ethernet, 3G, Long-Term Evolution (LTE), 5G or satellite network BIB003 . The access network layer is responsible for interconnecting various devices and applications through interfaces or gateways among Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet) using various communication protocols. The core network is responsible for determining the optimum route. Currently, the network layer should also support both Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and IPv6 networks considering the requirements of cross-domain interoperability in heterogeneous IoT networks. Furthermore, to optimize the IoT uplink transmission, devices (e.g., smartphones and vehicles) are also exploited as sink nodes for an end to end communication, such as Device-to-Device (D2D) communication BIB002 . Various data link layer and network layer protocols are presented in section VI and section VII.