Modeling Language Variation and Universals: A Survey on Typological Linguistics for Natural Language Processing <s> Rule-Based Systems <s> Language CoLLAGE is a collection of grammatical descriptions developed in the context of a grammar engineering graduate course with the LinGO Grammar Matrix. These grammatical descriptions include testsuites in well-formed interlinear glossed text (IGT) format, high-level grammatical characterizations called ‘choices files’, HPSG grammar fragments (capable of parsing and generation), and documentation. As of this writing, Language CoLLAGE includes resources for 52 typologically and areally diverse languages and this number is expected to grow over time. The resources for each language cover a similar range of core grammatical phenomena and are implemented in a uniform framework, compatible with the DELPH-IN suite of processing tools. <s> BIB001 </s> Modeling Language Variation and Universals: A Survey on Typological Linguistics for Natural Language Processing <s> Rule-Based Systems <s> Abstract This paper explores the ways in which the field of natural language processing (NLP) can and does benefit from work in linguistic typology. I describe the recent increase in interest in multilingual natural language processing and give a high-level overview of the field. I then turn to a discussion of how linguistic knowledge in general is incorporated in NLP technology before describing how typological results in particular are used. I consider both rule-based and machine learning approaches to NLP and review literature on predicting typological features as well as that which leverages such features. <s> BIB002
An interesting example of a rule-based system in our context is the Grammar Matrix kit, presented by BIB002 , where rule-based grammars can be generated from typological features. These grammars are designed within the framework of Minimal Recursion Semantics  ) and can parse a natural language input string into a semantic logical form. The Grammar Matrix consists of a universal core grammar and language-specific libraries for phenomena where typological variation is attested. For instance, the module for coordination typology expects the specification of the kind, pattern, and position of a grammatical marking, as well as the phrase types it covers. For instance, the Ono language (Trans-New Guinea) expresses it with a lexical, monosyndetic, pre-nominal marker so in noun phrases. A collection of pre-defined grammars is available through the Language CoLLAGE initiative BIB001 .