Touchless computer interfaces in hospitals: A review <s> Doctors and nurses 12 users <s> We adapted and evaluated the Microsoft Kinect (touchless interface), Hillcrest Labs Loop Pointer (gyroscopic mouse), and the Apple iPad (multi-touch tablet) for intra-procedural imaging review efficacy in a simulation using MIM Software DICOM viewers. Using each device, 29 radiologists executed five basic interactions to complete the overall task of measuring an 8.1-cm hepatic lesion: scroll, window, zoom, pan, and measure. For each interaction, participants assessed the devices on a 3-point subjective scale (3 = highest usability score). The five individual scores were summed to calculate a subjective composite usability score (max 15 points). Overall task time to completion was recorded. Each user also assessed each device for its potential to jeopardize a sterile field. The composite usability scores were as follows: Kinect 9.9 (out of 15.0; SD = 2.8), Loop Pointer 12.9 (SD = 13.5), and iPad 13.5 (SD = 1.8). Mean task completion times were as follows: Kinect 156.7 s (SD = 86.5), Loop Pointer 51.5 s (SD = 30.6), and iPad 41.1 s (SD = 25.3). The mean hepatic lesion measurements were as follows: Kinect was 7.3 cm (SD = 0.9), Loop Pointer 7.8 cm (SD = 1.1), and iPad 8.2 cm (SD = 1.2). The mean deviations from true hepatic lesion measurement were as follows: Kinect 1.0 cm and for both the Loop Pointer and iPad, 0.9 cm (SD = 0.7). The Kinect had the least and iPad had the most subjective concern for compromising the sterile field. A new intra-operative imaging review interface may be near. Most surveyed foresee these devices as useful in procedures, and most do not anticipate problems with a sterile field. An ideal device would combine iPad’s usability and accuracy with the Kinect’s touchless aspect. <s> BIB001 </s> Touchless computer interfaces in hospitals: A review <s> Doctors and nurses 12 users <s> Interaction with mobile consumer devices leads to a higher acceptance and affinity of persons to natural user interfaces and perceptional interaction possibilities. New interaction modalities become accessible and are capable to improve human machine interaction even in complex and high risk environments, like the operation room. Here, manifold medical disciplines cause a great variety of procedures and thus staff and equipment. One universal challenge is to meet the sterility requirements, for which common contact-afflicted remote interfaces always pose a potential risk causing a hazard for the process. The proposed operating table control system overcomes this process risk and thus improves the system usability significantly. The 3D sensor system, the Microsoft Kinect, captures the motion of the user, allowing a touchless manipulation of an operating table. Three gestures enable the user to select, activate and manipulate all segments of the motorised system in a safe and intuitive way. The gesture dynamics are synchronised with the table movement. In a usability study, 15 participants evaluated the system with a system usability score by Broke of 79. This states a high potential for implementation and acceptance in interventional environments. In the near future, even processes with higher risks could be controlled with the proposed interface, while interfaces become safer and more direct. <s> BIB002
Users found it slightly more difficult to update the anaesthesia record by voice, although voice input required significantly less time than traditional input and almost two times as many medication registrations were made with voice input as compared to without voice input. MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; OR: operating room; EHR: electronic health record. results showed the Apple iPad to have had the greatest number of participants with prior experience of the device and the Hillcrest Labs Loop Pointer to have had the least prior experience. BIB001 The authors' results also showed the Apple iPad to have the greatest usability score, as well as the lowest completion time for a sequence of measurement tasks (mean usability score: 13.5 out of 15; mean completion time: 41.1 s), followed by the Hillcrest Labs Loop Pointer (mean usability score: 12.9 out of 15; mean completion time: 51.5 s), with the Microsoft Kinect scoring the lowest (mean usability score: 9.9 out of 15; mean completion time: 156.7 s). BIB001 Gesture recognition. Gesture interaction is claimed to be intuitive because users are familiar with communicating with other people by means of gestures. BIB002 In total, 20 of the papers discuss the design and implementation of gesture-recognition systems. Wachs et al.  discuss a number of forms of analysis for hand-gesture recognition: Motion: effective and computationally efficient; Depth: deemed to be potentially useful; Colour: heads and hands can be found with reasonable accuracy using only their colour; Shape: available if the object is clearly segmented from the background, can reveal object orientation; Appearance: more robust but higher computational cost;