A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> C. SoA Concepts <s> We are moving towards a highly distributed service-oriented energy infrastructure where providers and consumers heavily interact with interchangeable roles. Smart meters empower an advanced metering infrastructure which is able to react almost in real time, provide fine-grained energy production or consumption info and adapt its behavior proactively. We focus on the infrastructure itself, the role and architecture of smart meters as well as the security and business implications. Finally we discuss on research directions that need to be followed in order to effectively support the energy networks on the future <s> BIB001 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> C. SoA Concepts <s> Radical changes in the energy system, at the lower network level, will require integration of smart houses in the smart grid in order to realize the full potential. Introduction of renewables, an increase of distributed generation, and the trend towards an all-electric infrastructure lead to an increase in complexity, system management effort and cost that the smart grid should provide an answer for. This calls for houses that are pro-active and flexible participants in the smart grid. The home will no longer be an extension of a utility or energy service provider, but serve as an autonomous building block in a smart grid and determine autonomously how and to whom it will accept from and deliver energy services on the smart grid. <s> BIB002 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> C. SoA Concepts <s> The transfer from the current power grid to the power grid of the future implicates major changes for all stakeholders participating in the smart grid. Hence, utilities have to face several novel problems in terms of service provision. In this contribution, we examine two complementary views in the overall context of smart grids. We argue for a combination of those two views, based on ontology mappings. We explain a generic top-down and EA-related view, focused on intra-enterprise communication as well as a very domain-specific, technical bottom-up view, focused on inter-enterprise communication. The top-down view supports architects in reorganizing and developing enterprise SOA, whereas the bottom-up view takes into account the CIM (IEC 61970/61968), OPC UA (IEC 62541) and semantic web services to cope with technical interoperability in an utility domain-specific SOA. The combination of those two views results in the capability for smart grid stakeholders to realize seamless information exchange among field and IT. <s> BIB003 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> C. SoA Concepts <s> Abstract - The aim of this paper is to explain the technical choices that EDF R&D took and concrete building blocks that we are developing in order to build gradually a Smart Grid architecture in France and Europe. The technical choices regarding models are based on a model driven engineering approach relying on business information models like CIM (Common Information Model), 61850 and COSEM (Companion Specification for Energy Metering). The technical choices regarding architectures are based on Service Oriented Architecture. The paper illustrates what we are currently experimenting at EDF R&D and some methods or building blocks that we promote either at the level of European projects or at the IEC level. <s> BIB004 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> C. SoA Concepts <s> The energy sector, which has traditionally been an oligarchic closed one, is undergoing major changes at all levels: more and more players are authorized to produce, deal and transport energy, and energy consumers are now in the position to also produce and trade energy. This new trend can be supported by Service-Oriented Architectures (SOAs) at all levels. In this short position paper, we overview the current situation of the energy sector and we indicate challenges for SOA to be addressed for a successful unbundling of the energy arena, thus providing a more efficient infrastructure with both environmental and economic benefits. <s> BIB005 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> C. SoA Concepts <s> In this paper, the OPC UA is introduced as a key technology for realizing a variety of Smart Grid use cases enabling relevant tasks of automation and control. OPC UA is the successor of the established Classic OPC specification and state of the art regarding information exchange in the industrial automation branch. One of its key improvements over the Classic OPC is that the area of application is no longer restricted to industrial automation but OPC UA can be applied almost in every domain facing challenges in automated control. This improvement stems from a more generic and object-oriented approach. For the adoption of OPC UA to Smart Grids, two of the most important data models -- the Common Information Model (CIM) and the IEC 61850 -- have been identified to be integrated into OPC UA communication. In this contribution, basic OPC UA features and functionalities (information modeling, communication services, and information security) are introduced and discussed in the context of Smart Grids. <s> BIB006 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> C. SoA Concepts <s> This paper proposes a service-oriented network architecture for next-generation power grids, i.e., smart grids. The proposed architecture includes Ethernet passive optical network (EPON)-based optical access systems and service-oriented routers (SoRs). The SoR function is embedded into any communication nodes for capturing, filtering, storing, selecting, calculating, and redirecting requests in network traffic. The maximum throughput of the developed SoR is 1.12 Gbps, and the size of its packet buffer is approximately 100 MB. To confirm the feasibility of the proposed service-oriented architecture for smart grid communications, the performance of a power grid model is evaluated using MATLAB/Simulink and SimPowerSystems Toolbox. <s> BIB007
SoA is a principle based on discrete parts of software that provides functionality as a service to other applications. SoA is therefore designed to be independent of any vendor specifications, products, or underlying technology. Loose coupling of software parts provided by SoA provides flexibility and interoperability to a system and enables dynamic reconfiguration possibilities. As mentioned before, smart grids can be thought as the Energy Internet. From this point of view, SoA can become a core technology to enable easy interaction between heterogeneous devices and system integration. SoA can be also used for integration with the legacy systems. Moreover, it can enable flexible integration of various actors such as distributed generators at industrial and residential levels, market players (auctioneers, buyers, sellers, regulators, etc.), consumers, government bodies, and power grid operators BIB003 . The ability of service discovery and its advertisement as the key intelligent features would facilitate dynamic nature of smart grids. At the level of heterogeneous system components (DER, EES, etc.), SoA can provide interoperability. Each node provides a set of services with a defined interface. SoA requires protocols that describe how services are being sent, information are processed, services are described, and how to use them. To unify information exchange and representations, many researchers propose to use the IEC 61850 and Common Information Model (CIM) models BIB004 - BIB005 . Lehnhoff et al. BIB006 adopted OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA) for smart grid applications, implementing SoA with OPC UA. Systems built on SoA require enabling infrastructure. In this context, Takagiwa et al. BIB007 proposed a service-oriented network architecture for smart grids, including service-oriented routers. In addition, the SoA principle is also seen to play an important role in Smart Home/Building applications, enabling interaction between house and smart meters and implementing DR/DSM functionalities BIB002 - BIB001 . According to Pagani and Aiello BIB005 , SoA can help to resolve such smart grid challenges as interoperability, scalability, discovery, mobility, robustness, service integration and composition, topology, advanced metering infrastructure, and real-time constraints. However, one of the important issues with SoA is how to test and verify services and systems built on it. This also raises issues of trusted service providers and security in SoA. These issues contribute into the bigger problem of smart grid transparency, security, and privacy.