A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> I. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION <s> A short summary of some speeches given during Seminar on Renewable Energy system (SERENE) is presented. The contributions have been mainly focused on power electronics for photovoltaic (PV) and sea wave energies, pointing out some aspects related to efficiency, reliability, and grid integration. Finally, main issues concerning fuel cell (FC) systems as generators based on hydrogen as a low environmental impact energy vector are presented. <s> BIB001 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> I. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION <s> This paper discusses about integrating renewable energy sources into the smart power grid through industrial electronics. This paper discusses photovoltaic power, wind energy conversion, hybrid energy systems, and tidal energy conversion. <s> BIB002 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> I. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION <s> This paper proposes an innovative system for Smart Grid (SG) management aiming at minimizing the total costs supported for carrying out the delivery of energy to consumers. These costs include the production costs of distributed generators, the cost of the power provided by the primary substation, and the cost associated with grid power losses. After a brief overview on the main SG aspects, this paper describes the proposed approach that makes use of an optimal power flow algorithm and the active management schemes. The efficiency of the method is verified on a distribution system comprising wind turbines and diesel generators, considering the time-varying characteristics of the load demand and wind power generation. <s> BIB003 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> I. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION <s> Energy management means to optimize one of the most complex and important technical creations that we know: the energy system. While there is plenty of experience in optimizing energy generation and distribution, it is the demand side that receives increasing attention by research and industry. Demand Side Management (DSM) is a portfolio of measures to improve the energy system at the side of consumption. It ranges from improving energy efficiency by using better materials, over smart energy tariffs with incentives for certain consumption patterns, up to sophisticated real-time control of distributed energy resources. This paper gives an overview and a taxonomy for DSM, analyzes the various types of DSM, and gives an outlook on the latest demonstration projects in this domain. <s> BIB004 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> I. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION <s> Key management for secure communications of Advanced Metering Infrastructure is an unsolved problem until now. The difficulties and their basic solutions for AMI to choose a key management scheme will be summed up after the studies of AMI system structure, business process and cyber security requirements, proposing a key management scheme based on a hybrid-tree graph for AMI. The cyber security, including key security, key freshness, forward & backward security, etc., can be satisfied by the presented scheme, while the overhead of the scheme is reasonable. Based on the analysis, the presented scheme is a possible solution for AMI. <s> BIB005
T HE electric energy systems worldwide have to satisfy a continuously growing demand for electricity and simultaneously provide a stable supply. Today, the worldwide power generation is dominated by fossil fuels resulting in an increase in CO 2 emissions and global warming as indicated by the "World Energy Outlook 2013" from the International Energy Agency [1] . In order to counteract, there is a clear trend toward a sustainable electric energy system. Minimizing greenhouse gas emissions caused by power generation will only be possible if renewable sources such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind generators, biomass, and combined heat and power systems are being installed on a large scale BIB003 - BIB001 . They are typically available in a decentralized way as distributed energy resources (DERs) BIB002 . Recent research results, technology developments, and regulatory alterations have been fundamentally changing the framework conditions; the planning, management, and operation of the power systems have to be redefined. In addition, advanced metering, management, and optimization concepts on the consumer side are currently in the focus of research and demo projects BIB005 - BIB004 . The objective is to effectively manage load peaks, by load shedding, peak-load reduction, etc., to maintain or improve the security of supply. The above-sketched developments are leading to complex architectures with a tremendous amount of interconnected and intelligent components and subsystems, which have to exchange both the information and the energy. Today, power utilities and system infrastructure operators are increasingly confronted with a highly dynamic and less predictable demand-supply balance. Moreover, consumers are evolving into so-called prosumers-local energy consumers and producers. The availability of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and advanced automation concepts provides various opportunities to operate highly interconnected power grids with corresponding components in a more effective way as today, known under the term smart grid  - [10] . According to Yu et al.  , it covers the intelligent integration of all users/ 0278-0046 © 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information. stakeholders connected to electricity networks supporting a sustainable, economical, and secure electricity supply. This paper therefore discusses important automation architectures, smart devices, control concepts, and energy management principles enabling intelligence, decentralization, and robustness in the field of future electric energy systems and involved components. It provides a brief overview of the state of the art, related work, important activities, and achievements dedicated to smart grid systems and components. Necessary functions and services to operate such an intelligent energy infrastructure are discussed and summarized. In this review paper, Section II gives an overview of the future electric energy system, corresponding challenges, and necessary functions, which have to be provided by smart components, algorithms, and ICT/automation approaches exploring concepts from the field of artificial intelligence (AI). The integration of DERs playing a major role in a sustainable future system is discussed in Section III, followed by the topic of energy storages in Section IV. The importance of managing the demand side is pointed out in Section V, addressing demand response (DR) and energy management principles. Necessary automation and ICT concepts and paradigms, approaches, and corresponding domain standards are reviewed in Section VI. Finally, Section VII deals with the key findings and with an outlook about future research trends.