A Survey on Home Energy Management <s> C. ELECTRIC VEHICLE INTEGRATION <s> Electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy sources offer the potential to substantially decrease carbon emissions from both the transportation and power generation sectors of the economy. Mass adoption of EVs will have a number of impacts and benefits, including the ability to assist in the integration of renewable energy into existing electric grids. This paper reviews the current literature on EVs, the electric grid, and renewable energy integration. Key methods and assumptions of the literature are discussed. The economic, environmental and grid impacts of EVs are reviewed. Numerous studies assessing the ability of EVs to integrate renewable energy sources are assessed; the literature indicates that EVs can significantly reduce the amount of excess renewable energy produced in an electric system. Studies on wind–EV interaction are much more detailed than those on solar photovoltaics (PV) and EVs. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on Home Energy Management <s> C. ELECTRIC VEHICLE INTEGRATION <s> In this article, we present a holistic framework for the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) in electric power systems. Their charging management and control methodologies must be optimized to minimize the negative impact of the charging process on the grid and maximize the benefits that charging controllability may bring to their owners, energy retailers, and system operators. We have assessed the performance of these methods initially through steady-state computational simulations, and then we validated them in a microgrid (MG) laboratory environment. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey on Home Energy Management <s> C. ELECTRIC VEHICLE INTEGRATION <s> In this work, an overview regarding electric vehicle technologies and associated charging mechanisms is carried out. The review covers a broad range of topics related to electric vehicles, such as the basic types of these vehicles and their technical characteristics, fuel economy and CO2 emissions, the electric vehicle charging mechanisms and the notions of grid to vehicle and vehicle to grid architectures. In particular three main types of electric vehicles, namely, the hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), the plug-in electric vehicles (PHEVs) and the full electric vehicles (FEVs) are discussed in detailed. The major difference between these types of vehicles is that for the last two types, the battery can be externally recharged. In addition, FEVs operate only on battery charge and therefore always employ the charge depleting mode of operation requiring high power, high energy battery packs. On the other hand, PHEVs offer the possibility of on-board battery charging and the option of charge depleting or charge sustaining modes of operation. Finally HEVs, which were the first type of electric vehicles to be manufactured, offer higher travelling range compared to PHEVs and FEVs due to the existence of the internal combustion engine. Although tank-to-wheel efficiencies of electric vehicles show that they have higher fuel economies than conventional gasoline vehicles, the well-to-wheel efficiency is a more appropriate measure to use for comparing fuel economy and CO2 emissions in order to account for the effect of electricity consumption from these vehicles. From the perspective of a full cycle analysis, the electricity available to recharge the batteries must be generated from renewable or clean sources in order for such vehicles to have zero emissions. On the other hand, when electric vehicles are recharged from electricity produced from conventional technology power plants such as oil or coal-fired plants, they may produce equal or sometimes more greenhouse gas emissions than conventional gasoline vehicles. <s> BIB003
Throughout this review, an electric vehicle (EV) is any vehicle in which electricity accounts for some or all driving energy, which is ultimately supplied through a rechargeable battery BIB001 . In the last few years, EVs have attracted considerable interest from academia and practitioners alike [17] . They are set to play a major role in reducing global pollution, being a more efficient and less polluting alternative to conventional internal combustion engines BIB003 . A large-scale adoption of EVs raises important challenges for current and future power grids. As these vehicles require substantial electricity, customer demand is expected to significantly increase over the next few years. This results in higher demand stress and generation capacity needs from the grid infrastructure [17] . Furthermore, when the grid is not able to generate or provide the required demand of electricity, additional measures need to be adopted. In [19] , BIB002 it is argued that there are two main approaches to address the challenges posed by EV charging: (i) to reinforce the grid infrastructure and build additional networks to accommodate substantial peaks; (ii) to develop and implement enhanced charging management strategies capable of controlling EV charging, while taking into account supply constraints of the grid. It should be mentioned that, based on the flow of electricity between the grid and a vehicle, charging can be classified as unidirectional or bidirectional [17].