Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> L. 5G AND BEYOND 5G <s> It is widely recognized that, in addition to the quality-of-service (QoS), energy efficiency is also a key parameter in designing and evaluating mobile multimedia communication systems, which has catalyzed great interest in recent literature. In this paper, an energy-efficiency model is first proposed for multiple-input–multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) mobile multimedia communication systems with statistical QoS constraints. Employing the channel-matrix singular value decomposition (SVD) method, all subchannels are classified by their channel characteristics. Furthermore, the multichannel joint optimization problem in conventional MIMO-OFDM communication systems is transformed into a multitarget single-channel optimization problem by grouping all subchannels. Therefore, a closed-form solution of the energy-efficiency optimization is derived for MIMO-OFDM mobile multimedia communication systems. As a consequence, an energy-efficiency optimized power allocation (EEOPA) algorithm is proposed to improve the energy efficiency of MIMO-OFDM mobile multimedia communication systems. Simulation comparisons validate that the proposed EEOPA algorithm can guarantee the required QoS with high energy efficiency in MIMO-OFDM mobile multimedia communication systems. <s> BIB001 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> L. 5G AND BEYOND 5G <s> Millimeter wave (mm-wave) communication is a promising technology for short-range communications and high-speed services. It provides potential solutions for multimedia content delivery in home networks. However, approaches for resource allocation in traditional wireless networks may not be efficient for multimedia data transmissions in mm-wave networks. This is due to the very wide bandwidth and highly directional transmissions, which bring challenges as well as opportunities to the resource allocation of mm-wave transmissions. In this paper, we first characterize different usage scenarios of multimedia content delivery by introducing a set of utility functions. We then formulate a joint power and channel allocation problem based on a network utility maximization framework, which captures the spatial and frequency reuse of mm-wave communications. The formulated problem is a non-convex mixed integer programming (MIP) problem. We reformulate the problem into a convex MIP problem and propose a resource allocation algorithm based on outer approximation (OA) method. We further develop an efficient heuristic algorithm, which has a lower complexity than the OA based algorithm. Simulation results present the tradeoffs between the OA based and heuristic algorithms for different scenarios and show that our proposed algorithms substantially outperform recently proposed schemes in the literature. <s> BIB002 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> L. 5G AND BEYOND 5G <s> In this paper, we review the background and state-of-the-art of the narrow-band Internet of Things (NB-IoT). We first introduce NB-IoT general background, development history, and standardization. Then, we present NB-IoT features through the review of current national and international studies on NB-IoT technology, where we focus on basic theories and key technologies, i.e., connection count analysis theory, delay analysis theory, coverage enhancement mechanism, ultra-low power consumption technology, and coupling relationship between signaling and data. Subsequently, we compare several performances of NB-IoT and other wireless and mobile communication technologies in aspects of latency, security, availability, data transmission rate, energy consumption, spectral efficiency, and coverage area. Moreover, we analyze five intelligent applications of NB-IoT, including smart cities, smart buildings, intelligent environment monitoring, intelligent user services, and smart metering. Finally, we summarize security requirements of NB-IoT, which need to be solved urgently. These discussions aim to provide a comprehensive overview of NB-IoT, which can help readers to understand clearly the scientific problems and future research directions of NB-IoT. <s> BIB003 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> L. 5G AND BEYOND 5G <s> The expected growth in mobile video demand over broadband cellular networks is one of the key factors driving the wireless industry to develop the fifth generation of network technology. This scenario is fueling the need for group-oriented services (i.e., multicast and broadcast) in order to efficiently manage the radio resources, and consequently grant different groups of users simultaneous access to the same multimedia content with differentiated quality of service. The evolved multimedia broadcast multicast service (eMBMS), standardized by the Third Generation Partnership Project, is one of the technologies likely to be extended to 5G systems with the aim of addressing point-to-multipoint services. In addition, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) techniques are also being considered as a driver to increase the efficient use of the spectrum in multi-user environments with asymmetric data delivery. The present article proposes the joint use of subgrouping multicast techniques and NOMA in an eMBMS-like scenario. Performance is evaluated in envisaged 5G environments, where different quality video services are delivered to a group of users interested in the same contents. <s> BIB004 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> L. 5G AND BEYOND 5G <s> The articles in this special section focus on fifth generation (5G) mobile communication for ultra-reliable low-latency communications. With the expected superior performance to the current generation of mobile networks, 5G systems are poised to support new and diverse usage scenarios and applications, thus enriching the lives of citizens and the productivity of industry and public sectors. The widely accepted scenarios for 5G include enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), addressing human-centric use cases for access to multimedia content, services and data; ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) with strict requirements, especially in terms of latency and reliability; and massive machine type communications (mMTC) for a very large number of connected devices typically transmitting a relatively low volume of non-delay-sensitive data. The articles in this section present the most relevant scenarios, prominent research outcomes, and state-of-the-art advances of 5G systems for URLLC achieving the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) targets on latency and reliability requirements to successfully deliver delay-sensitive information. In 3GPP, the performance target for control plane latency is 10 ms, and for user plane latency it is 0.5 ms for downlink and uplink directions, separately. <s> BIB005 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> L. 5G AND BEYOND 5G <s> This paper presents novel ultrareliable and low-latency communication (URLLC) techniques for URLLC services, such as Tactile Internet services. Among typical use cases of URLLC services are teleoperation, immersive virtual reality, cooperative automated driving, and so on. In such URLLC services, new kinds of traffic such as haptic information including kinesthetic information and tactile information need to be delivered in addition to high-quality video and audio traffic in traditional multimedia services. Furthermore, such a variety of traffic has various characteristics in terms of packet sizes and data rates with a variety of requirements of latency and reliability. Furthermore, some traffic may occur in a sporadic manner but requires reliable delivery of packets of medium to large sizes within a low latency, which is not supported by current state-of-the-art wireless communication systems and is very challenging for future wireless communication systems. Thus, to meet such a variety of tight traffic requirements in a wireless communication system, novel technologies from the physical layer to the network layer need to be devised. In this paper, some novel physical layer technologies such as waveform multiplexing, multiple-access scheme, channel code design, synchronization, and full-duplex transmission for spectrally efficient URLLC are introduced. In addition, a novel performance evaluation approach, which combines a ray-tracing tool and system-level simulation, is suggested for evaluating the performance of the proposed schemes. Simulation results show the feasibility of the proposed schemes providing realistic URLLC services in realistic geographical environments, which encourages further efforts to substantiate the proposed work. <s> BIB006 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> L. 5G AND BEYOND 5G <s> The upcoming fifth generation (5G) of wireless networks is expected to lay a foundation of intelligent networks with the provision of some isolated artificial intelligence (AI) operations. However, fully intelligent network orchestration and management for providing innovative services will only be realized in Beyond 5G (B5G) networks. To this end, we envisage that the sixth generation (6G) of wireless networks will be driven by on-demand self-reconfiguration to ensure a many-fold increase in the network performance and service types. The increasingly stringent performance requirements of emerging networks may finally trigger the deployment of some interesting new technologies, such as large intelligent surfaces, electromagnetic–orbital angular momentum, visible light communications, and cell-free communications, to name a few. Our vision for 6G is a massively connected complex network capable of rapidly responding to the users’ service calls through real-time learning of the network state as described by the network edge (e.g., base-station locations and cache contents), air interface (e.g., radio spectrum and propagation channel), and the user-side (e.g., battery-life and locations). The multi-state, multi-dimensional nature of the network state, requiring the real-time knowledge, can be viewed as a quantum uncertainty problem. In this regard, the emerging paradigms of machine learning (ML), quantum computing (QC), and quantum ML (QML) and their synergies with communication networks can be considered as core 6G enablers. Considering these potentials, starting with the 5G target services and enabling technologies, we provide a comprehensive review of the related state of the art in the domains of ML (including deep learning), QC, and QML and identify their potential benefits, issues, and use cases for their applications in the B5G networks. Subsequently, we propose a novel QC-assisted and QML-based framework for 6G communication networks while articulating its challenges and potential enabling technologies at the network infrastructure, network edge, air interface, and user end. Finally, some promising future research directions for the quantum- and QML-assisted B5G networks are identified and discussed. <s> BIB007 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> L. 5G AND BEYOND 5G <s> With the rapid growth of multimedia content production from massive User Equipments (UEs) in the Internet of Things (IoTs) environment, how to ensure high Quality of Experience (QoE) for UEs in the wireless IoT upstreaming services becomes a big challenge. To address the multimedia IoT QoE challenge, a game theoretical power allocation strategy is studied in the Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) wireless uplink IoT environment in this paper. Due to the natural non-cooperative relationships among UEs, we model the UEs’ power allocation problem in the upstreaming service as a Cournot competition game in an Oligopoly market model. In addition, factors such as the uploading content popularity, power constraints, and the energy cost of a UE are jointly considered when we build UE's QoE model. By deriving the concavity of UE's utility function, we prove the existence and uniqueness of the Nash Equilibrium power solution for each UE. Numerical simulations are carried out by considering all the system constraints in the multiple UEs scenarios. The results show that system throughput in the NOMA scheme outperforms the conventional Orthogonal Multiple Access, and the system utility performance in the proposed game solution is better than the fixed power selection strategy. <s> BIB008
The future 5G of wireless cellular communication is expected to lay the basis of an intelligent network for multimedia communication in smart cities. Massive Mulitple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems for spectral efficiency BIB001 , Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for multimedia broadcast services BIB008 , BIB004 , micro and femtocells to increase cellular capacity, Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) to achieve low latency for multimedia applications BIB005 , BIB006 , and NB-IoT for machine type communication are few solutions to achieve objectives of 5G BIB003 . However, a fully intelligent on-demand self-reconfigurable network to enhance many folds in the services and performance will be released in Beyond 5G (B5G). ML, DL, Quantum Computing (QC), and Quantum ML (QML) are considered as a core enabler of Sixth Generation (6G) or B5G BIB007 . Gigahertz (GHz) and Terahertz (THz) frequencies provide solutions to bandwidth scarcity and high date rates to deliver multimedia content BIB002 . All these areas are yet to investigate and explored for integrating M-IoT with 5G and 6G.