Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> 1) CLUSTER-BASED QoS-AWARE ROUTING <s> Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are important infrastructures of the Internet of Things (IoT) architecture. Their huge potential to connect the real or physical world with the virtual world established new challenges of integration between “Infrastructure Networks” and “Wireless Domain” by means of protocols architectures compatible with the IP structure widely used in the Internet. WSNs are networks that may have a huge quantity of nodes where collaborative characteristics are exploited using ad hoc defined links. In addition, it is important to take into account that WSN nodes have few resources in terms of energy, processing power and memory. In this case, it is advantageous to employ self configurable architectures in which the competition to access channels and error control could be network distributed. Considering WSNs as an important structure for the IoT architecture, the interest in using sensor networks in the same universe as IP networks suggests the use of transit network configurations. This work proposes to implement the new concept of a “Trellis Coded Network”-(TCNet). This model uses Mealy machine-(MM) or low complexity Finite State Machine (FSM) network nodes (“XOR” gates and shift registers), eliminating the use of any routing tables by means of Trellis decoding. The sequence of states of the FSM thus corresponds to a network route to be traveled by a transmission frame. The route can be chosen based on criteria of Quality of Service (QoS)-aware routing protocols. <s> BIB001 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> 1) CLUSTER-BASED QoS-AWARE ROUTING <s> Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained much attention in today’s research domain for supporting a wide variety of applications including the multimedia applications. Multimedia applications that are regarded as the quality-of-service (QoS)-aware, delay sensitive, and bandwidth hungry applications require enough energy and communication resources. WSNs being the energy-scarce network have now been designed in such a way that they can support these delay-sensitive and time-critical applications. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient routing protocol for heterogeneous WSNs to support the delay sensitive, bandwidth hungry, time-critical, and QoS-aware applications. The proposed QoS-aware and heterogeneously clustered routing (QHCR) protocol not only conserves the energy in the network, but also provides the dedicated paths for the real-time and delay sensitive applications. The inclusion of different energy-levels for the heterogeneous WSNs also provides the stability in the networks while minimizing the delay for the delay-sensitive applications. Extensive simulations have been performed to validate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme. Our proposed routing scheme outperforms other state-of-the-art schemes in terms of the delay performances. <s> BIB002
Amjad et al. in BIB002 proposed centralized energy-efficient QoS-aware and Heterogeneously Clustered Routing (QHCR) for delay-sensitive real-time applications. The network area is divided into different energy levels, and Cost Values (C v) that are determined based on distance from the Base Station (BS), initial energy levels, number of nodes, and weights. The cluster head is elected on it's C v. The shortest path to the destination is selected based on path metric that is the combination of the initial energy of node, ETX, and inverse ETX, cost value of cluster head and minimum loss with QoS as a constraint. The proposed model offers intra-cluster multipath communication for the nodes that are at a significant distance from BS. Real-time multimedia and non-real-time data are transmitted over separate paths to reduce end-toend delay and conserve energy. Filho and Amazonas BIB001 devised a QoS-aware routing protocol to eliminate the need for a routing table. The proposed scheme is based on a Trellis Coded Network (TCNet) utilizing a Mealy Machine (MM) or Finite State Machine (FSM). QoS is maintained using MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS).