Technical Feasibility of Hermetia illucens in Integrated Waste Management, Renovated with Sewage Water, an Overview <s> Introduction <s> Hermetia illucens, (Linn.) was reared in the laboratory from field-collected larvae. Newly hatched larvae required 2 weeks or longer to attain full growth at a temperature of 30. in moist standard house fly breeding medium. No evidence of paedogenesis was demonstrated. Larvae displayed little resistance to freezing. The pupal stage lasted from 2 weeks to 5 months at temperatures ranging from 21 to 28. Adult flies held at temperatures around 30° C. were active and fed on hone,}'diluted with water or sugar-water solutions. Adults were eurygamous, refusing to mate in cages of 25 cu. ft. volume. Sterile egg masses were deposited. In combined laboratory cultures of H. illucens with Musca domestica Linn. the per cent of successful development of house flips decreased as the number of actively feeding larvae of H. illucens was increased. This relationship was modified by the total amount of larval medium available. H. illcens larvae were not cannibalistic or predacious on house fly larvae, although they ate dead flies. Field observations over a period from October 1957 through September 1958, in the upper San Joaquin Valley of California, demonstrated adult H. illucens activity from April to November, with a peak in late August. Larvae occurred in poultry manure throughout the year, but were relatively inactive during winter months. House flies were very rarely found breeding in manure where H. illucens larvae were abundant. Artificial infestation of poultry droppings with H. illucens larvae prevented house fly breeding, while adjacent moist control sections became heavily infested with house flies. <s> BIB001 </s> Technical Feasibility of Hermetia illucens in Integrated Waste Management, Renovated with Sewage Water, an Overview <s> Introduction <s> Escherichia coli labeled with a green fluorescent protein was inoculated into sterile dairy manure at 7.0 log cfu/g. Approximately 125 black soldier fly larvae were placed in manure inoculated and homogenized with E. coli. Manure inoculated with E. coli but without black soldier fly larvae served as the control. For the first experiment, larvae were introduced into 50, 75, 100, or 125 g sterilized dairy manure inoculated and homogenized with E. coli and stored 72 h at 27 degrees C. Black soldier fly larvae significantly reduced E. coli counts in all treatments. However, varying the amount of manure provided the black soldier fly larvae significantly affected their weight gain and their ability to reduce E. coli populations present. For the second experiment, larvae were introduced into 50 g manure inoculated with E. coli and stored for 72 h at 23, 27, 31, or 35 degrees C. Minimal bacterial growth was recorded in the control held at 35 degrees C and was excluded from the analysis. Black soldier fly larvae significantly reduced E. coli counts in manure held at remaining temperatures. Accordingly, temperature significantly influenced the ability of black soldier fly larvae to develop and reduce E. coli counts with greatest suppression occurring at 27 degrees C. <s> BIB002 </s> Technical Feasibility of Hermetia illucens in Integrated Waste Management, Renovated with Sewage Water, an Overview <s> Introduction <s> Larvae of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), are voracious feeders of organic material and may thus be used in simple engineered systems to reduce organic waste in l... <s> BIB003 </s> Technical Feasibility of Hermetia illucens in Integrated Waste Management, Renovated with Sewage Water, an Overview <s> Introduction <s> Abstract Current methods for mass-rearing black soldier flies, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), in the laboratory are dependent on sunlight. Quartz-iodine lamps and rare earth lamps were examined as artificial light sources for stimulating H. illucens to mate and lay eggs. Sunlight was used as the control. Adults in the quartz-iodine lamp treatment had a mating rate of 61% of those in the sunlight control. No mating occurred when the rare earth lamp was used as a substitute. Egg hatch for the quartz-iodine lamp and sunlight treatments occurred in approximately 4 days, and the hatch rate was similar between these two treatments. Larval and pupal development under these treatments required approximately 18 and 15 days at 28° C, respectively. Development of methods for mass rearing of H. illucens using artificial light will enable production of this fly throughout the year without investing in greenhouse space or requiring sunlight. <s> BIB004 </s> Technical Feasibility of Hermetia illucens in Integrated Waste Management, Renovated with Sewage Water, an Overview <s> Introduction <s> Modern dairies cause the accumulation of considerable quantity of dairy manure which is a potential hazard to the environment. Dairy manure can also act as a principal larval resource for many insects such as the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens. The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are considered as a new biotechnology to convert dairy manure into biodiesel and sugar. BSFL are a common colonizer of large variety of decomposing organic material in temperate and tropical areas. Adults do not need to be fed, except to take water, and acquired enough nutrition during larval development for reproduction. Dairy manure treated by BSFL is an economical way in animal facilities. Grease could be extracted from BSFL by petroleum ether, and then be treated with a two-step method to produce biodiesel. The digested dairy manure was hydrolyzed into sugar. In this study, approximately 1248.6 g fresh dairy manure was converted into 273.4 g dry residue by 1200 BSFL in 21 days. Approximately 15.8 g of biodiesel was gained from 70.8 g dry BSFL, and 96.2 g sugar was obtained from the digested dairy manure. The residual dry BSFL after grease extraction can be used as protein feedstuff. <s> BIB005 </s> Technical Feasibility of Hermetia illucens in Integrated Waste Management, Renovated with Sewage Water, an Overview <s> Introduction <s> Biodiesel is a renewable and environmentally friendly liquid fuel. However, the feedstock, predominantly crop oil, is a limited and expensive food resource which prevents large scale application of biodiesel. Development of non-food feedstocks are therefore, needed to fully utilize biodiesel's potential. In this study, the larvae of a high fat containing insect, black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) (BSFL), was evaluated for biodiesel production. Specifically, the BSFL was grown on organic wastes for 10 days and used for crude fat extraction by petroleum ether. The extracted crude fat was then converted into biodiesel by acid-catalyzed (1% H2SO4) esterification and alkaline-catalyzed (0.8% NaOH) transesterification, resulting in 35.5 g, 57.8 g and 91.4 g of biodiesel being produced from 1000 BSFL growing on 1 kg of cattle manure, pig manure and chicken manure, respectively. The major ester components of the resulting biodiesel were lauric acid methyl ester (35.5%), oleinic acid methyl ester (23.6%) and palmitic acid methyl ester (14.8%). Fuel properties of the BSFL fat-based biodiesel, such as density (885 kg/m 3 ), viscosity <s> BIB006 </s> Technical Feasibility of Hermetia illucens in Integrated Waste Management, Renovated with Sewage Water, an Overview <s> Introduction <s> A large number of biodegradable byproducts including alcohols, soluble saccharides, volatile organic acids, and amines accumulate in the liquid fraction (leachate) produced as vegetal and food scrap waste decomposes. Untreated leachate, because it is rich in nutrients and organic byproducts, has a high chemical oxygen demand and is normally cleared of soluble organic byproducts by mineralization before its discharge into waterways. Mineralizing leachates using chemical and microbial biotechnologies is, however, a lengthy and costly process. We report here that the larvae of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), an insect rich in protein and lipids, and having significant commercial value, while feeding and growing off of compost leachate, lowers its chemical oxygen demand relative to that of leachate unexposed to larvae, neutralizes its acidity, and clears it of volatile organic acids, amines, and alcohols. These observations demonstrate that black soldier fly larvae could be used to help offset the cost and clean up of organic solutes in leachate waste streams while recycling carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate into usable and commercially valuable biomass. <s> BIB007 </s> Technical Feasibility of Hermetia illucens in Integrated Waste Management, Renovated with Sewage Water, an Overview <s> Introduction <s> Manure produced from confined animal farms can threaten public and environmental health if not managed properly. Herein, a full-scale commercial bioconversion operation in DeQing County, China for value-added swine manure reduction using house fly, Musca domestica L., larvae is reported. The greenhouse-assisted larvae bioreactor had a maximum daily treatment capacity of 35 m(3) fresh raw manure per day. The bioconversion process produced a fresh larvae yield of 95-120 kg m(3) fresh raw manure. This process provided an alternative animal foodstuff (having 56.9 and 23.8% protein and total fat as dry matter, respectively), as well as captured nutrients for agricultural re-utilization. Bioconversion reduced odour emission (characterized by 3-methylindole) and the Escherichia coli (E. coli) index by 94.5 and 92.0%, respectively, and reductions in total weight, moisture and total Kjeldahl nitrogen in solids were over 67.2, 80.0 and 76.0%, respectively. Yearly profit under this trial period ranged from US$33.4-46.1 per m(3). It is concluded that swine manure larvae bioconversion technology with subsequent production of value-added bio-products can be a promising avenue when considering a programme to reduce waste products in an intensive animal production system. <s> BIB008 </s> Technical Feasibility of Hermetia illucens in Integrated Waste Management, Renovated with Sewage Water, an Overview <s> Introduction <s> KALOVA MARKETA, BORKOVCOVA MARIE: Voracious larvae Hermetia illucens and treatment of selected types of biodegradable waste. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 2013, LXI, No. 1, pp. 77–83 This report is focused on the ability of larvae Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) to consume diff erent types of biodegradable waste. Waste was selected in groups 02, 19 a 20 according to the Waste Catalogue (in Decree No. 381/2001 Coll., Czech Republic). Experiments were carried out in 14 BioPods Plus that are especially designed for insect Hermetia illucens (HI) in order to consume waste. The experiments were measured in laboratory conditions (relatively constant temperature and humidity). The highest weight reduction of waste material (by 66.53% of the original mass) was reached in waste plant tissues. Weight reduction for food scraps – highly problematic kind of waste – was calculated by 46.04%. Worst results were achieved with compost tea from garden waste – larvae reduced the initial <s> BIB009 </s> Technical Feasibility of Hermetia illucens in Integrated Waste Management, Renovated with Sewage Water, an Overview <s> Introduction <s> OBJECTIVES ::: To determine the capacity of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) (Hermetia illucens) to convert fresh human faeces into larval biomass under different feeding regimes, and to determine how effective BSFL are as a means of human faecal waste management. ::: ::: ::: METHODS ::: Black soldier fly larvae were fed fresh human faeces. The frequency of feeding, number of larvae and feeding ratio were altered to determine their effects on larval growth, prepupal weight, waste reduction, bioconversion and feed conversion rate (FCR). ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: The larvae that were fed a single lump amount of faeces developed into significantly larger larvae and prepupae than those fed incrementally every 2 days; however, the development into pre-pupae took longer. The highest waste reduction was found in the group containing the most larvae, with no difference between feeding regimes. At an estimated 90% pupation rate, the highest bioconversion (16-22%) and lowest, most efficient FCR (2.0-3.3) occurred in groups that contained 10 and 100 larvae, when fed both the lump amount and incremental regime. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSION ::: The prepupal weight, bioconversion and FCR results surpass those from previous studies into BSFL management of swine, chicken manure and municipal organic waste. This suggests that the use of BSFL could provide a solution to the health problems associated with poor sanitation and inadequate human waste management in developing countries. <s> BIB010 </s> Technical Feasibility of Hermetia illucens in Integrated Waste Management, Renovated with Sewage Water, an Overview <s> Introduction <s> Accumulation of organic wastes, especially in livestock facilities, can be a potential pollution issue. The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), can consume a wide range of organic material and has the potential to be used in waste management. In addition, the prepupae stage of this insect can be harvested and used as a valuable nutritious feed for animal livestock. Five waste types with a wide range of organic source matter were specifically chosen to evaluate the consumption and reduction ability of black soldier fly larvae. H. illucens was able to reduce all waste types examined: 1) control poultry feed, 2) pig liver, 3) pig manure, 4) kitchen waste, 5) fruits and vegetables, and 6) rendered fish. Kitchen waste had the greatest mean rate of reduction (consumption by black soldier fly) per day and produced the longest and heaviest black soldier flies. Larvae reared on liver, manure, fruits and vegetables, and fish were approximately the same length and weight as larvae fed the control feed, although some diets produced larvae with a higher nutritional content. The black soldier fly has the ability to consume and reduce organic waste and be utilized as valuable animal feed. Exploration of the potential use of black soldier flies as an agent for waste management on a large-scale system should continue. <s> BIB011 </s> Technical Feasibility of Hermetia illucens in Integrated Waste Management, Renovated with Sewage Water, an Overview <s> Introduction <s> The exploitation of fast degradation organic solid waste through the use of black soldier fly larvae Hermetia illucens constitutes a promising alternative in waste management given that it generates several products of added value (animal feed, larval compost, biofuels). The proper development of this process and its application at an industrial scale implies knowledge of the load capacity itself. In this context, with the present work the effects of larval density and feeding rate on the bioconversion of organic solid waste were evaluated. A composite central design was used to obtain response surfaces. The results show that both variables have a significant influence on the bioconversion process, with larval density the most influential element. Ideal conditions were determined, within the experiment’s range, to be a larval density of 1.2 larvae/cm2 and a feeding rate of 163 mg/larva/day (dry base) which produces up to 1.1 kg/m2/day of larval compost and 59 g/m2/day of larval biomass, on dry base. In order to generate the most quantity of biomass, the process tolerates larval density values of up to 5 larvae/cm2 without significant influence on the process as long as it is provided with a feeding rate no larger than 95 mg/larva/day (dry base). <s> BIB012 </s> Technical Feasibility of Hermetia illucens in Integrated Waste Management, Renovated with Sewage Water, an Overview <s> Introduction <s> The idea of using fly larvae for processing of organic waste was proposed almost 100 years ago. Since then, numerous laboratory studies have shown that several fly species are well suited for biodegradation of organic waste, with the house fly (Musca domestica L.) and the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) being the most extensively studied insects for this purpose. House fly larvae develop well in manure of animals fed a mixed diet, while black soldier fly larvae accept a greater variety of decaying organic matter. Blow fly and flesh fly maggots are better suited for biodegradation of meat processing waste. The larvae of these insects have been successfully used to reduce mass of animal manure, fecal sludge, municipal waste, food scrapes, restaurant and market waste, as well as plant residues left after oil extraction. Higher yields of larvae are produced on nutrient-rich wastes (meat processing waste, food waste) than on manure or plant residues. Larvae may be used as animal feed or for production of secondary products (biodiesel, biologically active substances). Waste residue becomes valuable fertilizer. During biodegradation the temperature of the substrate rises, pH changes from neutral to alkaline, ammonia release increases, and moisture decreases. Microbial load of some pathogens can be substantially reduced. Both larvae and digested residue may require further treatment to eliminate pathogens. Facilities utilizing natural fly populations, as well as pilot and full-scale plants with laboratory-reared fly populations have been shown to be effective and economically feasible. The major obstacles associated with the production of fly larvae from organic waste on an industrial scale seem to be technological aspects of scaling-up the production capacity, insufficient knowledge of fly biology necessary to produce large amounts of eggs, and current legislation. Technological innovations could greatly improve performance of the biodegradation facilities and decrease production costs. <s> BIB013 </s> Technical Feasibility of Hermetia illucens in Integrated Waste Management, Renovated with Sewage Water, an Overview <s> Introduction <s> A novel and efficient organic waste management strategy currently gaining great attention is fly larvae composting. High resource recovery efficiency can be achieved in this closed-looped system, but pharmaceuticals and pesticides in waste could potentially accumulate in every loop of the treatment system and spread to the environment. This study evaluated the fate of three pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, roxithromycin, trimethoprim) and two pesticides (azoxystrobin, propiconazole) in a fly larvae composting system and in a control treatment with no larvae. It was found that the half-life of all five substances was shorter in the fly larvae compost (<10% of control) and no bioaccumulation was detected in the larvae. Fly larvae composting could thus impede the spread of pharmaceuticals and pesticides into the environment. <s> BIB014 </s> Technical Feasibility of Hermetia illucens in Integrated Waste Management, Renovated with Sewage Water, an Overview <s> Introduction <s> Abstract Depending on the species, edible insects are highly nutritious and thus represent a noteworthy alternative food and feed source. The current work investigates the protein extractability and techno-functionality of insect flour fractions recovered from Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens. T. molitor and H. illucens flours contained about 20% crude fat and 60% and 36 % crude protein, respectively. Defatting reduced the crude fat content to 2.8% (T. molitor) and 8.8% (H. illucens) and increased the crude protein content to 68% and 47%, respectively. To isolate proteins from the flours, protein solubility was optimized by varying the pH, the ionic strength, and the extraction temperature of the solvent. All products and by-products accumulated in the protein production process were characterized by composition, selected techno-functional properties, protein solubility, composition and structure as well as their microbial load. <s> BIB015 </s> Technical Feasibility of Hermetia illucens in Integrated Waste Management, Renovated with Sewage Water, an Overview <s> Introduction <s> The utilisation of insect as ingredients for animal feeds has gained considerable interest recently. For example, the potential of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens; BSF) larvae as a cheap alternative protein source for animal feeds seems to show promising perspectives, especially for poultry and aquaculture feeds. In the present study, we sought to establish the wild availability of BSF in Bondo area of Western Kenya, and to develop appropriate methods for larvae farming for utilisation in smallholder farming systems using organic waste substrates. Using an open system involving a larvae feeding structure, study results showed that BSF is native to the study area with higher production observed on substrates of plant origin compared to those of animal origin. Proximate, mineral and vitamin analysis showed that wild BSF larvae contained: 40% crude protein, 33% crude fat, 15% ash, 12% crude fibre, 0.56% manganese, 3.07% sodium, 0.57% iron, 2.27% potassium, 0.24 mg/100 g thiamin, 2.2 mg/100 g riboflavin ... <s> BIB016 </s> Technical Feasibility of Hermetia illucens in Integrated Waste Management, Renovated with Sewage Water, an Overview <s> Introduction <s> BACKGROUND ::: Black soldier fly larvae are converters of organic waste into edible biomass, of which the composition may depend on the substrate. In this study, larvae were grown on four substrates: chicken feed, vegetable waste, biogas digestate, and restaurant waste. Samples of prepupae and substrates were freeze-dried and proximate, amino acid, fatty acid and mineral analyses were performed. ::: ::: RESULTS ::: Protein content of prepupae varied between 399 and 431 g kg−1 dry matter (DM) among treatments. Differences in amino acid profile of prepupae were small. On the other hand, the ether extract (EE) and ash contents differed substantially. Prepupae reared on digestate were low in EE and high in ash (218 and 197 g kg−1 DM, respectively) compared to those reared on vegetable waste (371 and 96 g kg−1 DM, respectively), chicken feed (336 and 100 g kg−1 DM, respectively) and restaurant waste (386 and 27 g kg−1 DM, respectively). Prepupal fatty acid profiles were characterised by high levels of C12:0 in all treatments. ::: ::: CONCLUSION ::: Since protein content and quality were high and comparable for prepupae reared on different substrates, black soldier fly could be an interesting protein source for animal feeds. However, differences in EE and ash content as a function of substrate should be considered. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry <s> BIB017
The requirement of formulating an alternate and sustainable waste management strategy for Chidambaram provokes the idea of using the Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) composting. Rather than the waste treatment and minimization, the above process is also capable of addressing multidimensional issues such as rising demand of implementing renewable fuel, increasing protein in farm and aquatic diet, yielding compost with high nutrient content, etc. The larvae of Black Soldier Fly consume the organic fraction of the waste ravenously and build a body composition with the higher amount of protein and fat contents. The protein content of the larvae generally used as a crude source of protein which replaces the expensive conventional protein source in pet food, poultry feedstock, fishmeal, etc. and the body fat has been successfully converted into value-added co-products such as biodiesel, grease, etc. Other major advantages comprise higher consumption rates and faster rate of degradation and bio-conversion  [2]. Trinh et al. BIB011 performed experiments on nutrition conditions with different substrate sources and reported the larvae were capable of degrading the wide range of wastes such as control poultry feed, pig manure, kitchen waste, fruits, and vegetables, etc. But the optimum reduction was observed in the case of poultry manure which yields healthier black soldier flies with lower mortality rates. Diverse rates and the relation between conversion efficiency and larval growth have been recorded by several researchers. But, in order to sub-optimize the value of these two key factors of BSFL composting, experiments have been conducted by feeding the larvae with four different concentrations of dairy manure to predict its influence on the life cycle traits of larvae as well as adult files to establish a relation between supply rate and BSFL growth BIB005 . The results reveal that the feeding rate has major impacts on larval and adult fly development and nutritional profile and it showed a proportional relationship in which larvae with greater substrate availability weighed more than those fed significantly lesser ration. Collaterally, Stefan et al.  stated that an average pre-pupation rate of 252 g/m 2 /day (wet weight) was achieved under optimized environmental conditions and the bio-conversion yield around 65.5% to 78.9% depending on the quantity of waste added on regular basis and also by the availability of the drainage facilities. Stefan et al. BIB003 have observed that the optimal balance between treatment efficiency and biomass population can be maintained by a proper nutritional diet and feeding rate on a day to day basis, spiked by a moisture content of 60%. The above study also observed the rate of biomass production for different sorts of substrate and stated that an individual waste stabilization component can produce a pre-pupal biomass of 145 g (dry mass) per m 2 on a regular basis. Contradictorily, Myers et al.  have encountered significantly lower conversion rates. A bio-kinetic study was conducted to understand the correlation between the growth kinetics and feeding rate and stated the reduction in weight of dry matter varied inversely proportional to the waste loading rate. They observed in a lab-scale study when the larvae fed 27 g of waste on reg-A. R. Choudhury et al. DOI: 10.4236/oalib. 1104421 3 Open Access Library Journal ular basis it reduced the dry fraction approximately by 58% while the other experiment yields considerably lower conversion rates (i.e. 33%), where larval feeding rate was increased by 70 g of waste matter/day. The increased larval feeding rates also found contradictory in the case of life cycle studies, it accelerated the mortality rates to 29% from 17% among larvae. Researchers have also worked on the degradability of the pharmaceuticals and pesticides by using BSFL and stated that, though the substances like roxithromycin, carbamazepine, propiconazole etc. fall under the category of hazardous waste, fly larvae composting minimized its degradation period by half and there was no bioaccumulation distinguished in the larvae BIB014 . In another study Ateng et al.  have taken cassava peel wastes and used it as fodder for BSFL, they have conducted the experiment with 200 of infant larvae, which were fed on the above-mentioned substrate with a deviation of 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/larva/day, the experiment results indicated an inversely proportional correlation between feeding rate with efficiency of feed conversion and optimal bio-conversion was observed at lowest feeding rate. Apart from this conventional feedstock, the technique is also capable of addressing awfully complex secondary wastes such as bio-leachate, persistent pollutants etc. A study undertaken by Diener et al.  investigated the impact of heavy metals on BSFL and reported that, the organic fraction of the municipal waste in developing and underdeveloped countries very often contains persistent pollutants because of lack of source segregation practices, which includes heavy metals like Cd, Pb, Zn etc. which may further cause bio-accumulation problems in the larvae and prepupae and subsequently enter into the food chain to cause biomagnifications. But the above study suggested that all the heavy metal elements were considered insignificant on the behavioural characteristics and life cycle assessment studies of BSFL and its impact was nullified by the immunity system of the larvae. On the other hand, Radu et al. BIB007 have taken the study on bio-leachate processing by using BSFL and stated that, the larvae of the black soldier fly is capable of degrading bio-leachate generated during the treatment period while feeding and growing off on it. The study also claimed that it depletes the COD level of composite leachate comparing to that leachate sample which was not exposed to the larvae. It also neutralized the acidic nature of the leachate and nullifies the impact of other organic pollutants such as VOA, Alcohols, and Amines etc. Numerous researchers also claimed the feasibility of BSF larvae in public health and sanitation engineering. Ian et al. BIB010 studied the capability of BSF larvae against the concentrated black water and stated that BSFL are capable of degrading human faecal matter and appreciably well-built larvae and the pre-pupae structure was observed for those larvae, which were fed single lump quantity of faeces. On the other hand, the larvae which were fed increasingly every 2 days, yields meagre pupation rate and results in the reduced body mass index. The researchers have observed optimum bioconversion and major effective feed conversion rate as 16% -22% and 2.0% -3.3% respectively, took place in groups, containing 10 and 100 larvae. This com- Open Access Library Journal prehensive management ability helps the treatment to emerge as a wholesome alternative  . Hang et al. BIB008 studied the economic feasibility of the above technology and reported; raw swine manure can yield up to 95 -120 kg of larval population per m 3 of waste supplied to the system. The study also claimed that the live and fresh biomass can be served as an optional animal diet, rich in protein and fat content. As well as it is feasible in capturing the nutrients from the waste stream which can be further utilized as agro-based plant manure and the bioconversion technique stabilizes the primary pollutants and minimizes the production of obnoxious gases and odour formation by BIB009 BIB006 reported that synthesis of value-added co-products such as grease; biodiesel etc. is technically feasible, utilizing dairy manure as substrate. The extraction of grease from BSFL was performed with the help of petroleum ether, and thereafter biodiesel could be extracted in a similar manner with a two-step method. At last the remaining fraction of the manure could be anaerobically hydrolyzed to produce sugar. In their study, roughly 1248 g raw dairy manure was converted by 1200 larvae into 273.4 g compost material in 21 days. Once the stabilization got over approximately 15.8 g of biodiesel was obtained from 70.8 g dry BSFL, while 96.2 g sugar was produced from the anaerobic digestion of treated dairy manure. After completion of grease extraction, the residual dry fraction of the larvae was used as a potential source of protein-rich food staff for the animals. The larvae also showed potential against pathogen removal, a study conducted by Qiaolin et al. BIB002 , reported the ability of BSFL for E. coli reduction from dairy manure and they introduced the larvae into 50, 75, 100, or 125 g sterilized dairy manure homogenized and inoculated with E. coli and stored for 72 h at 27˚C. They concluded that the larvae composting potentially decreased the E. coli count in all the respective conditions. Not only this, pronto the black soldier fly larvae have been acclaimed as the most apposite alternative to the costlier commercial animal protein sources. Nyakeri et al. BIB016 has re- was reported in another successive study conducted by Sara et al. BIB015 , who worked on the protein synthesis aspect and concluded that the protein extractability of larval flour fraction segregated was around 36% crude protein and 60% crude fat respectively. The further improvement in the protein quantity recovered was done by defatting operation and it yields increment in crude protein content by 47%, while depleting the crude fat content by 8.8%. The above nutrition profile of the black soldier fly larvae designated its ability, hence it should be considered as a potential and cheap alternative protein source. Consistently, Thomas et al. BIB017 also stated that due to the greater amount of protein content in the body mass composition in prepupae stage BSFL can be considered as high-quality protein source for animal diet, though the substrate composition plays a vital role from the point of view of the variation in EE and ash content level. Another unexplored domain of this study was entertained by Jibin et al. BIB004 who took an effort to find the substitution of natural light sources for BSFL breeding and mating for lab-scale study and reported, mating is possible even without the presence of natural light source with the help of quartz-iodine lamp, which showed a mating rate around 61% of natural illumination. They also tried to find the impact of different light sources on mating phenomenon and stated mating didn't take place when they used rare earth lamp instead of the quartz-iodine lamp. But in case of egg hatching, the study reveals similar duration for both quartz-iodine lamp as well as sunlight treatment (i.e. approximately 4 days). Eventually, the entire research community has been agreed to validate black soldier fly larvae as the most unique and profitable conversion and stabilization agent of the new era with minimal hindrance. The technique is rampant and further research in this domain may help the lower middle-income nations to get read of the unsightly and unscientific dumping yards. Stabilization of biodegradable waste through larval decomposition of Hermetia illucens has emerged as a promising treatment during the past decade. The mechanism not only transforms the organic waste but also yields a significant quantity of biodiesel and other value added co-products. Though originated from the Americas, the favourability of climatic conditions and other secondary factors accelerates the distribution of BSF in tropics and subtropics during the successive years and at present, the traces of Hermetia illucens can be found in the regions with warm and moist weather conditions throughout the globe  . Black soldier fly larvae have been already established as a voracious eater of organic waste and effective conversion and stabilization agent by Dunn  while decaying a dead body through larval feeding activity. Bradley  also reported the same when the larvae were found feeding on the waste pile in an outhouse in Louisiana. Afterwards, the feasibility of Hermetia illucens larvae has been tested against the inhibition of house flies (Musca domestica) around the late 50s' and the larvae found to be significantly effective against the breeding of the house flies BIB001 . They also observed substantive declination in the amount of farm manure when larvae were introduced in massive counts. This influential study acts as a pioneer for the successive scientific researches performed in the domain of waste management through larval feeding captivation of BSF. A diverse range of organic wastes can be introduced to BSFL composting, regardless of its concentration and composition and there is no thumb rule regarding the competence of input material associated with the optimization of key factors. The larvae can be utilized for sustainable waste management with wide range of substrates namely, domestic kitchen and organic municipal solid waste [ (1959) has explained the significance of moisture in the influent material over the larval activity and successfully formulated symbiotism between moisture content of the substrate and kinetics of the conversion mechanism. The experimental study conducted by the author for variable moisture level in influent poultry farm waste yields significantly higher volume reduction with subsequent greater moisture content. Although moisture plays a crucial role in bioconversion mechanism, the variation can be accommodated within a certain window (i.e. 60% -80% of total mass) which varies from semi-solid to liquid environment for breeding  . In this context, it's quite mandatory to mention that the wastes with higher cellulose content like dry tree leaves, wood etc. are Though BSFL composting can be performed in confined space, there are some operational factors which influence the space requisite like the density of larvae/m 2 of waste, substrate composition, and feeding rate. Inefficient regulation of this parameters often resulting in improportionality between waste reduction and biomass production. Preceding studies claimed optimum conversion often witnessed with minimal larval density BIB012 . There is a conflict regarding the feeding rate has been observed between the values reported by the authors. Diener et al. BIB003 reported a rate of feeding approximately 1.9 kg/m 2 /day while Parra Paz et al. BIB012 encountered much higher figures of 9.8 kg/m 2 /day. In order to optimize the conversion efficiency different bioreactor has been fabricated and experimented by several authors [5]  . Commercialization of this massive treatment units invariably require fresh biomass of larvae to accommodate enormous quantity of waste hence a productive hatchery is the legitimate secondary unit to make the treatment economically feasible. On the other hand, individual backyard treatment facilities can be handy in order to stabilize the domestic waste; the only constraint in this small-scale application is to maintain the constant count of live population throughout the decomposition period BIB013 . Therefore this major drawback has to be conquered for individual implementation. 