A Survey on Multimodal Biometrics and the Protection of Their Templates <s> Related Work <s> Within the next year, travelers from dozens of nations may be carrying a new form of passport in response to a mandate by the United States government. The e-passport, as it is sometimes called, represents a bold initiative in the deployment of two new technologies: Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) and biometrics. Important in their own right, e-passports are also the harbinger of a wave of next-generation ID cards: several national governments plan to deploy identity cards integrating RFID and biometrics for domestic use. We explore the privacy and security implications of this impending worldwide experiment in next-generation authentication technology. We describe privacy and security issues that apply to e-passports, then analyze these issues in the context of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standard for e-passports. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on Multimodal Biometrics and the Protection of Their Templates <s> Related Work <s> Details multimodal biometrics and its exceptional utility for increasingly reliable human recognition systems. Reveals the substantial advantages of multimodal systems over conventional identification methods. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey on Multimodal Biometrics and the Protection of Their Templates <s> Related Work <s> In this paper we present a scheme for building a logging- trail for processes related to eGovernment services. A citizen can reconstruct the trail of such a process and verify its status if he is the subject of that process. Reconstruction is based on hand-overs, special types of log events, that link data stored by multiple logging servers, which are not necessarily trusted. Our scheme is privacy-friendly in the sense that only the authorised subject, i.e. the citizen, can link the different log entries related to one specific process. The scheme is also auditable; it allows logging servers to show that they behave according to a certain policy. <s> BIB003 </s> A Survey on Multimodal Biometrics and the Protection of Their Templates <s> Related Work <s> Recent years have seen the rapid spread of biometric technologies for automatic people recognition. However, security and privacy issues still represent the main obstacles for the deployment of biometric-based authentication systems. In this paper, we propose an approach, which we refer to as BioConvolving, that is able to guarantee security and renewability to biometric templates. Specifically, we introduce a set of noninvertible transformations, which can be applied to any biometrics whose template can be represented by a set of sequences, in order to generate multiple transformed versions of the template. Once the transformation is performed, retrieving the original data from the transformed template is computationally as hard as random guessing. As a proof of concept, the proposed approach is applied to an on-line signature recognition system, where a hidden Markov model-based matching strategy is employed. The performance of a protected on-line signature recognition system employing the proposed BioConvolving approach is evaluated, both in terms of authentication rates and renewability capacity, using the MCYT signature database. The reported extensive set of experiments shows that protected and renewable biometric templates can be properly generated and used for recognition, at the expense of a slight degradation in authentication performance. <s> BIB004 </s> A Survey on Multimodal Biometrics and the Protection of Their Templates <s> Related Work <s> Form a privacy perspective most concerns against the common use of biometrics arise from the storage and misuse of biometric data. Biometric cryptosystems and cancelable biometrics represent emerging technologies of biometric template protection addressing these concerns and improving public confidence and acceptance of biometrics. In addition, biometric cryptosystems provide mechanisms for biometric-dependent key-release. In the last years a significant amount of approaches to both technologies have been published. A comprehensive survey of biometric cryptosystems and cancelable biometrics is presented. State-of-the-art approaches are reviewed based on which an in-depth discussion and an outlook to future prospects are given. <s> BIB005 </s> A Survey on Multimodal Biometrics and the Protection of Their Templates <s> Related Work <s> Traditional criteria used in biometric performance evaluation do not cover all the performance aspects of biometric template protection (BTP) and the lack of well-defined metrics inhibits the proper evaluation of such methods. Previous work in the literature focuses, in general, on a limited set of criteria and methods. This paper provides the first holistic approach to the evaluation of biometric template protection that is able to cover a whole range of methods. We present a selection of well-defined criteria and some metrics that are compliant with the reference architecture for template protection as defined in the recently adopted standard ISO/IEC 24745 (2011), which is applicable to nearly all known BTP methods. The criteria have been grouped in three categories of performance: technical, protection, and operational. <s> BIB006 </s> A Survey on Multimodal Biometrics and the Protection of Their Templates <s> Related Work <s> This chapter presents a system which simultaneously acquires face and iris samples using a single sensor, with the goal of improving recognition accuracy while minimizing sensor cost and acquisition time. The resulting system improves recognition rates beyond the observed recognition rates for either isolated biometrics. <s> BIB007 </s> A Survey on Multimodal Biometrics and the Protection of Their Templates <s> Related Work <s> Although many biometric characteristics are not secrets, biometric reference data (also known as biometric templates) need to be stored securely and to be protected against unauthorized use. For this purpose, biometric template protection techniques have been developed that do not only prevent privacy leakage and provide confidentiality of the stored biometric templates, but address also problems like identity theft and cross-matching of biometric templates stored in different systems. This paper describes the security and privacy risks associated with storing biometric data and highlights the necessity of using biometric template protection as a potential remedy to these risks. Privacy considerations are discussed with respect to using fingerprint verification for access control to a public outdoor swimming pool. <s> BIB008 </s> A Survey on Multimodal Biometrics and the Protection of Their Templates <s> Related Work <s> We address two critical issues in the design of a finger multibiometric system, i.e., fusion strategy and template security. First, three fusion strategies (feature-level, score-level, and decision-level fusions) with the corresponding template protection technique are proposed as the finger multibiometric cryptosystems to protect multiple finger biometric templates of fingerprint, finger vein, finger knuckle print, and finger shape modalities. Second, we theoretically analyze different fusion strategies for finger multibiometric cryptosystems with respect to their impact on security and recognition accuracy. Finally, the performance of finger multibiometric cryptosystems at different fusion levels is investigated on a merged finger multimodal biometric database. The comparative results suggest that the proposed finger multibiometric cryptosystem at feature-level fusion outperforms other approaches in terms of verification performance and template security. <s> BIB009 </s> A Survey on Multimodal Biometrics and the Protection of Their Templates <s> Related Work <s> Smart environments established by the development of mobile technology have brought vast benefits to human being. However, authentication mechanisms on portable smart devices, particularly conventional biometric based approaches, still remain security and privacy concerns. These traditional systems are mostly based on pattern recognition and machine learning algorithms, wherein original biometric templates or extracted features are stored under unconcealed form for performing matching with a new biometric sample in the authentication phase. In this paper, we propose a novel gait based authentication using biometric cryptosystem to enhance the system security and user privacy on the smart phone. Extracted gait features are merely used to biometrically encrypt a cryptographic key which is acted as the authentication factor. Gait signals are acquired by using an inertial sensor named accelerometer in the mobile device and error correcting codes are adopted to deal with the natural variation of gait measurements. We evaluate our proposed system on a dataset consisting of gait samples of 34 volunteers. We achieved the lowest false acceptance rate (FAR) and false rejection rate (FRR) of 3.92% and 11.76%, respectively, in terms of key length of 50 bits. <s> BIB010
As it was mentioned above, the limited security of multimodal recognition systems, the drawbacks of biometric template protection technologies and the major absence of practicality to the recognition algorithms, involved in these creations, have motivated researchers to examine the possibilities for a fortunate combination of the two areas BIB004 BIB002 . From an academic perspective, multibiometric template protection has several different facets  . At the same time, industrial actions attempt to establish a framework that can be effectively used to understand the issues and progress in the area while evaluating the needs of the applications BIB008 BIB006 . At any rate, the relation between biometrics and protection techniques brings new challenges and illustrates efforts for further scenarios which can promise better overall accuracy of the system BIB005 BIB007 . Literature survey has revealed a number of experimental works or approaches that are focused on the most frequently used biometrics (iris, fingerprint, face pattern) and aim at reducing the errors and providing higher security BIB009 BIB006 . This section, briefly, refers to the most notable architectures, according to current methods that aim to equip sensors used in environments, where the personal data constitute a sensitive element BIB004 BIB010 BIB003 BIB001 .