A Review of Algorithms for Segmentation of Optical Coherence Tomography from Retina <s> oTher reTinal imaging modaliTies <s> A simple method, with use of intravenous fluorescein, was used for producing and photographing fluorescence in circulating blood of the human retina. Separate arteriolar and venous filling phases, arteriolovenous shunt, sluggish choroidal circulation, stratified flow of fluorescein, and rapid central retinal circulation times were observed in normal retinas. Similar findings were seen in hypertensive and diabetic patients, and, in addition, neovascularization was clearly defined, and some cotton-wool patches, but not hemorrhages, were found to fluoresce. Limitations and applications of the method are discussed. <s> BIB001 </s> A Review of Algorithms for Segmentation of Optical Coherence Tomography from Retina <s> oTher reTinal imaging modaliTies <s> Anatomical details in the ocular fundus can be seen with increased contrast when appropriate monochromatic illumination is used. This technique permits more accurate visualization and documentation than can be achieved with white light. This article reports the optimal spectral ranges for visualization of the different fundus structures. It describes and illustrates the appearance of individual structures and areas of the fundus under different spectral illuminations. There is a detailed discussion of the optical properties of the fundus layers that provides a background for interpreting the data and a baseline for examination of pathologic conditions. <s> BIB002 </s> A Review of Algorithms for Segmentation of Optical Coherence Tomography from Retina <s> oTher reTinal imaging modaliTies <s> BACKGROUND ::: Laser scanning tomography has been shown to be an accurate and reliable method for the assessment of the three-dimensional optic disc topography. The authors investigate the reliability of morphometric measurements with the Heidelberg retina tomograph, a new instrument which was designed based on this technology, which simplifies handling and is much smaller than the laser tomographic scanner. ::: ::: ::: METHODS ::: Three independent measurements of the optic disc were performed in 39 eyes of 39 patients which were equally divided into the following three groups: glaucoma, glaucoma suspects, and controls. ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: The mean coefficient of variation for measurement in the glaucoma, glaucoma suspect, and control groups was 2.9%, 5.0%, and 3.4%, respectively, for cup area; 4.9%, 4.6%, and 4.6%, respectively, for cup volume; 5.2%, 3.8% and 3.3%, respectively, for mean cup depth; and 5.2%, 4.1%, and 4.0%, respectively, for maximal cup depth. The mean standard deviation for one pixel of the total image was 30 +/- 6 microns, 28 +/- 7 microns, and 22 +/- 6 microns for the three groups, respectively. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSION ::: The Heidelberg retina tomograph enables fast and reliable measurement of the optic disc topography and therefore may allow exact follow-up of patients. <s> BIB003 </s> A Review of Algorithms for Segmentation of Optical Coherence Tomography from Retina <s> oTher reTinal imaging modaliTies <s> Assessment of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) is appealing for use in clinical trials of glaucoma neuroprotection, as it is directly correlated with loss of ganglion cells, which is assumed to be a primary event in glaucomatous damage. Qualitative assessment of the RNFL includes ophthalmoscopy, color stereophotography, and red-free monochromatic photography. In contrast, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (CSLO), scanning laser polarimetry (GDx), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and retinal thickness analysis (RTA) objectively and quantitatively measure the RNFL thickness. These latter techniques are still in evolution. Continuing meticulous objective validation is necessary to assess the usefulness and limitations of these powerful tools. Nevertheless, there are excellent prospects for using longitudinal assessment of the RNFL in clinical trials of glaucoma neuroprotection. <s> BIB004
It should be noted that OCT is not the only possible device for assessing retinal pathologies; the field of ophthalmology was revolutionized in 1851 with the invention of the ophthalmoscope by Hermann von Helmholtz  as for the first time detailed examinations of the interior of the eye could be made in living patients. Fundus photography (a low powered microscope attached with a camera), BIB002 fluorescein Angiography BIB001 (photographing the retina by injecting fluorescent dyes) and Retinal thickness analyzer (RTA)  are other modalities proposed for diagnosis of retinal malfunctions. The latter is capable of rapidly obtaining retinal thickness map covering an area of 3 × 3 mm. The oblique projection of a narrow laser slit beam on retina and recording the backscattered light are the principles of this method.  Furthermore, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (CSLO) BIB003 provides a three-dimensional topographic representationof the optic disk and peripapillary retina, which is constructed from a series of two-dimensional slices. This three-dimensional representation consists of 256 × 256 (65,536) pixel elements, each of which is a measurement of retinal height at its corresponding location. Three topography images are usually acquired in a single session and thereafter are automatically aligned and averaged to obtain a single mean topography image. Although the CSLO is similar, in many respects, to a CT scan, the light rays used for CSLO cannot penetrate tissue; this limits this modality to depicting the surface topography of the optic disk and para-papillary retina. BIB004 