Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> E. SOFTWARE-DEFINED NETWORKS <s> Communication networks are changing. They are becoming more and more “software- based.” Two trends reflect this: the use of software defined networking and the use of virtualization to exploit common off-the-shelf hardware to provide a wide array of network-resident functions. To truly achieve the vision shared by many service providers of a high-performance software-based network that is flexible, lowercost, and agile, a fast and carefully designed network function virtualization platform along with a comprehensive SDN control plane is needed. The shift toward software-based network services broadens the type of networking capabilities offered in provider networks and cloud platforms by allowing network services to be dynamically deployed across shared hosts. Combining this with an SDN control plane that recognizes the power of a dynamically changing network infrastructure allows network functions to be placed when they are needed and where they are most appropriate in the network. Our system, SDNFV harmoniously combines the two fast moving technological directions of SDN and virtualization to further the goal of achieving a true software-based network. <s> BIB001 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> E. SOFTWARE-DEFINED NETWORKS <s> The Internet-of-Things (IoT) envisions a world where billions of everyday objects and mobile devices communicate using a large number of interconnected wired and wireless networks. Maximizing the utilization of this paradigm requires fine-grained QoS support for differentiated application requirements, context-aware semantic information retrieval, and quick and easy deployment of resources, among many other objectives. These objectives can only be achieved if components of the IoT can be dynamically managed end-to-end across heterogeneous objects, transmission technologies, and networking architectures. Software-defined Networking (SDN) is a new paradigm that provides powerful tools for addressing some of these challenges. Using a software-based control plane, SDNs introduce significant flexibility for resource management and adaptation of network functions. In this article, we study some promising solutions for the IoT based on SDN architectures. Particularly, we analyze the application of SDN in managing resources of different types of networks such as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and mobile networks, the utilization of SDN for information-centric networking, and how SDN can leverage Sensing-as-a-Service (SaaS) as a key cloud application in the IoT. <s> BIB002 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> E. SOFTWARE-DEFINED NETWORKS <s> Current implementations of Internet systems are very hard to be upgraded. The ossification of existing standards restricts the development of more advanced communication systems. New research initiatives, such as virtualization, software-defined radios, and software-defined networks, allow more flexibility for networks. However, until now, those initiatives have been developed individually. We advocate that the convergence of these overlying and complementary technologies can expand the amount of programmability on the network and support different innovative applications. Hence, this paper surveys the most recent research initiatives on programmable networks. We characterize programmable networks, where programmable devices execute specific code, and the network is separated into three planes: data, control, and management planes. We discuss the modern programmable network architectures, emphasizing their research issues, and, when possible, highlight their practical implementations. We survey the wireless and wired elements on the programmable data plane. Next, on the programmable control plane, we survey the divisor and controller elements. We conclude with final considerations, open issues and future challenges. <s> BIB003 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> E. SOFTWARE-DEFINED NETWORKS <s> Future Internet of Things (IoT) will connect to the Internet billions of heterogeneous smart devices with the capacity of interacting with the environment. Therefore, the proposed solutions from an IoT networking perspective must take into account the scalability of IoT nodes as well as the operational cost of deploying the networking infrastructure. This will generate a huge volume of data, which poses a tremendous challenge both from the transport, and processing of information point of view. Moreover, security issues appear, due to the fact that untrusted IoT devices are interconnected towards the aggregation networks. In this paper, we propose the usage of a Software- Defined Networking (SDN) framework for introducing security in IoT gateways. An experimental validation of the framework is proposed, resulting in the enforcement of network security at the network edge. <s> BIB004 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> E. SOFTWARE-DEFINED NETWORKS <s> Voluminous amounts of data have been produced, since the past decade as the miniaturization of Internet of things (IoT) devices increases. However, such data are not useful without analytic power. Numerous big data, IoT, and analytics solutions have enabled people to obtain valuable insight into large data generated by IoT devices. However, these solutions are still in their infancy, and the domain lacks a comprehensive survey. This paper investigates the state-of-the-art research efforts directed toward big IoT data analytics. The relationship between big data analytics and IoT is explained. Moreover, this paper adds value by proposing a new architecture for big IoT data analytics. Furthermore, big IoT data analytic types, methods, and technologies for big data mining are discussed. Numerous notable use cases are also presented. Several opportunities brought by data analytics in IoT paradigm are then discussed. Finally, open research challenges, such as privacy, big data mining, visualization, and integration, are presented as future research directions. <s> BIB005 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> E. SOFTWARE-DEFINED NETWORKS <s> By effectively coupling IoT and Cloud together, we need to enable diversified IoT-Cloud services. To effectively support IoT-Cloud services, it is essential to maintain persistent data transport between IoT and Cloud. Also the emerging Software-Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm can assist flexible flow-centric networking of persistent data between IoT and Cloud. Thus, in this paper, we take an example of IoT-Cloud service realized over miniaturized IoT-SDN-Cloud environment (named as SmartX-mini Playground) and propose the application of SDN-based flow steering to dynamically adjust the overlay data paths for IoT-Cloud services. More specifically, we attempt to combine the overlay data transport of Apache Kafka messages and the underlay flow-based networking coordinated by an ONOS (Open Networking Operating System) SDN controller. <s> BIB006 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> E. SOFTWARE-DEFINED NETWORKS <s> Internet of things (IoT) facilitates billions of devices to be enabled with network connectivity to collect and exchange real-time information for providing intelligent services. Thus, IoT allows connected devices to be controlled and accessed remotely in the presence of adequate network infrastructure. Unfortunately, traditional network technologies such as enterprise networks and classic timeout-based transport protocols are not capable of handling such requirements of IoT in an efficient, scalable, seamless, and cost-effective manner. Besides, the advent of software-defined networking (SDN) introduces features that allow the network operators and users to control and access the network devices remotely, while leveraging the global view of the network. In this respect, we provide a comprehensive survey of different SDN-based technologies, which are useful to fulfill the requirements of IoT, from different networking aspects— edge , access , core , and data center networking. In these areas, the utility of SDN-based technologies is discussed, while presenting different challenges and requirements of the same in the context of IoT applications. We present a synthesized overview of the current state of IoT development. We also highlight some of the future research directions and open research issues based on the limitations of the existing SDN-based technologies. <s> BIB007 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> E. SOFTWARE-DEFINED NETWORKS <s> In multihop wireless networks (MWNs), wireless nodes can communicate with each other through intermediate nodes without the help of any infrastructure. Therefore, wireless nodes are responsible for organizing and configuring the network, and the management of the network is distributed between the nodes. Consequently, it is difficult to overcome the existing challenges such as node mobility and dynamic topology changes, energy constraints, etc. Software defined networking (SDN) is a promising solution, which decouples the control plane and the data plane to overcome the challenges of traditional networks. In the SDN concept, a logically centralized controller makes routing decisions based on the global view of the network and the requirements of applications, and then programs the network. Therefore, it helps to optimize resource allocation and improve the network performance. In this paper, we consider the benefits and the various aspects of applying the SDN concept in MWNs (SDMWN). We first introduce MWNs, existing challenges and the motivation for applying SDN to such networks. Then, after explaining the SDN concept, we review the related work in SDMWN. Finally, we discuss the challenges in applying SDN and future research directions in this area. <s> BIB008 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> E. SOFTWARE-DEFINED NETWORKS <s> In this paper, we propose a software-defined wireless sensor network architecture ( Soft-WSN )—an effort to support application-aware service provisioning in Internet of Things (IoT). Detailed architecture of the proposed system is presented involving the application, control, and infrastructure layers to enable software-defined networking (SDN) in IoT. We design a software-defined controller, which includes two management policies—device management and network management. Device management facilitates users to control their devices in the network. To enable device control mechanisms, we investigate three scheduling issues in a sensor node—sensing task, sensing delay, and active sleep. On the other hand, the topology of the network is controlled by the network management policies, which can be modified in run time to deal with dynamic requirements of IoT. Furthermore, the proposed scheme is implemented in a real hardware platform without changing the underlying sensor networking concepts, so that existing sensor devices can be seamlessly integrated. Therefore, in contrast to the existing SDN solutions for WSNs, the proposed system, Soft-WSN , focuses on both device management and topology management to meet run-time application-specific requirements of IoT, while enhancing flexibility and simplicity of WSN management. Experimental results on a real hardware-based test bed indicate that the proposed scheme is beneficial to meet real-time application-specific requirements of IoT, while ensuring significant improvements on network performance over the traditional approaches. <s> BIB009
Several devices are responsible for handling network in IoT, such as, routers, switches, and embedded devices. These devices are equipped with integrated circuits, that are preprogrammed to execute predetermined tasks. Such devices are not reconfigurable with dynamic changes in the network to support real-time multitasking. The expected 50 billion connected devices could generate 600 ZB annually by 2020 BIB005 . Transmitting such a huge amount of data to the cloud for analysis and processing may lead to developing network congestion, which can cause latency and bandwidth issues affecting overall QoS and QoE. To cope with this problem, most of the technology giants like Cisco and IBM offered to process the data closer to the network's edge to achieve high data rates and low latency. However, edge processing may incur high energy consumption. To deal with issues mentioned above a flexible, scalable, reprogrammable, and reconfigurable M-IoT architecture is in need to manage multimedia traffic flow and data computation to optimize energy consumption and performance. SDN is an emerging network technology that offers flexible, interoperable, reconfigurable, and reprogrammable network architecture to satisfy dynamic changes in the network. SDN compromises network management  , network virtualization BIB001 , network accessibility BIB006 , resource utilization BIB002 , energy management BIB009 , security and privacy BIB004 by segregating network control from hardware devices BIB007 . The main objective of the SDN is to decouple the control plane from the data plane to rationalize the network. This network device now acts as a Forwarding Device (FD), that forwards a sequence of packets from source to destination by regulatory policies BIB008 . The control plane in SDN is a centralized unit while the data plane works in a distributed manner. The Telecommunication Management Network (TMN) architecture comprises three planes: management, data, and control plane. Management plane forms the maintenance and operations unit of the network, i.e., human operators and software that monitors the status, configure and update the network. The data plan performs data transmission by following the flow decisions of the controller in the control plane. This plane constitutes all the FDs such as routers, switches, firewalls, and embedded circuits. The control plane is a centralized controller to configure and reprogram the network, for instance, network path, routing protocols, network policies according to the application requirements BIB003 . The SDN comprises two Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), i.e., northbound API that is responsible for providing communication between application plane and controller, whereas southbound API supports communication between the controller and network devices as shown in Fig. 14. This section presents studies and proposed schemes associated with multimedia data computation by employing SDN.