A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Advancements in Molecular Communication <s> D. Power Source <s> Fuel-free magnetically driven propulsion of flexible Au/Ag/Ni nanowires, with a gold ‘head’ and nickel ‘tail’, linked by a partially dissolved and weakened silver bridge, is described. The flexible bridge facilitates the cyclic mechanical deformations under an external rotating magnetic field. Under such a field the nickel segment starts to rotate, facilitating the rotation of the gold segment at a different amplitude, hence breaking the system symmetry and inducing the movement. Forward (‘pushing’) and backward (‘pulling’) magnetically powered locomotion and a precise On/Off motion control are achieved by tailoring the length of the nickel and gold segments and modulating the magnetic field, respectively. Efficient locomotion in urine samples and in high-salt media is illustrated. The new magnetic nanowire swimmers can be prepared in large scale using a simple template electrodeposition protocol and offer considerable promise for diverse practical applications. <s> BIB001 </s> A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Advancements in Molecular Communication <s> D. Power Source <s> Abstract Abstract Molecular communication is a new communication paradigm that uses molecules for information transmission between nanomachines. Similar to traditional communication systems, several factors constitute limits over the performance of this communication system. One of these factors is the energy budget of the transmitter. It limits the rate at which the transmitter can emit symbols, i.e., produce the messenger molecules. In this paper, an energy model for the communication via diffusion system is proposed. To evaluate the performance of this communication system, first a channel model is developed, and also the probability of correct decoding of the information is evaluated. Two optimization problems are set up for system analysis that focus on channel capacity and data rate. Evaluations are carried out using the human insulin hormone as the messenger molecule and a transmitter device whose capabilities are similar to a pancreatic β -cell. Results show that distance between the transmitter and receiver has a minor effect on the achievable data rate whereas the energy budget’s effect is significant. It is also shown that selecting appropriate threshold and symbol duration parameters are crucial to the performance of the system. <s> BIB002 </s> A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Advancements in Molecular Communication <s> D. Power Source <s> We describe the motion of self-propelled catalytic Ti/Fe/Pt rolled-up microtubes (microbots) in the microchannels of a microfluidics system. Their motion is precisely controlled by a small magnetic field, and the transport of multiple spherical microparticles into desired locations is achieved. The microbots are powerful enough to propel themselves against flowing streams. The integration of “smart and powerful” microbots into microchip systems can lead to multiple lab-on-a-chip functions such as separation of cells and biosensing. <s> BIB003 </s> A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Advancements in Molecular Communication <s> D. Power Source <s> We describe nanoscale tools in the form of autonomous and remotely guided catalytically self-propelled InGaAs/GaAs/(Cr)Pt tubes. These rolled-up tubes with diameters in the range of 280–600 nm move in hydrogen peroxide solutions with speeds as high as 180 μm s–1. The effective transfer of chemical energy to translational motion has allowed these tubes to perform useful tasks such as transport of cargo. Furthermore, we observed that, while cylindrically rolled-up tubes move in a straight line, asymmetrically rolled-up tubes move in a corkscrew-like trajectory, allowing these tubes to drill and embed themselves into biomaterials. Our observations suggest that shape and asymmetry can be utilized to direct the motion of catalytic nanotubes and enable mechanized functions at the nanoscale. <s> BIB004
In molecular communication, the transmitter, receiver, and the propagation process may require power. There are many different techniques for powering these components  . Sometimes the power is already present in the environment, or can be harvested from the environment through chemical processes. For example, diffusion relies on the thermal energy already present in the channel, and the transmitter and the receiver could be synthetic cells that run on ATP molecules already present in the environment. It is also possible to use other types of chemical reactions to create motion for propagation BIB004 . Different components can be powered using an external power source (a power source that is not present or cannot be harvested form the environment). For example, external magnets could be used to power and propel different components BIB001 , BIB003 , while syringe pumps could be used to generate flows that would assist the transport of information particles. In BIB002 , an energy model for molecular communication based on diffusion is derived. This model can be used to calculate the power required to generate, encapsulate, and release the information particles at the transmitter. By the help of the proposed model, energy requirement per bit is evaluated with different parameters. Results show that the energy budget's effect on data rate is significant. It is also shown that selecting appropriate threshold and symbol duration parameters are crucial to the performance of the system.