A Survey of Routing Attacks and Security Measures in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks <s> Fig. 1. A typical MANET <s> In this work we present a security model for low-value transactions in ad-hoc networks in which we focus on authentication since this is the core requirement for commercial transactions. After a brief introduction to the ad-hoc networking paradigm we give a survey of various existing models and analyze them in terms of scope and applications. It is concluded that no appropriate and satisfactory model for low-value transactions in ad-hoc networks has been developed to date. Our new model is derived from previous models dealing with trust and security in ad-hoc networks, and does not require devices with strong processors as public-key systems. We base the model on a recommendation and reference protocol that is inspired by human behavior and that is in accordance with the very nature of ad-hoc networks. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey of Routing Attacks and Security Measures in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks <s> Fig. 1. A typical MANET <s> So far, research on mobile ad hoc networks has been forcused primarily on routing issues. Security, on the other hand, has been given a lower priority. This paper provides an overview of security problems for mobile ad hoc networks, distinguishing the threats on basic mechanisms and on security mechanisms. It then describes our solution to protect the security mechanisms. The original features of this solution include that (i) it is fully decentralized and (ii) all nodes are assigned equivalent roles. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey of Routing Attacks and Security Measures in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks <s> Fig. 1. A typical MANET <s> A mobile ad hoc network (MANET), sometimes called a mobile mesh network, is a self- configuring network of mobile devices connected by wireless links. The Ad hoc networks are a new wireless networking paradigm for mobile hosts. Unlike traditional mobile wireless networks, ad hoc networks do not rely on any fixed infrastructure. Instead, hosts rely on each other to keep the network connected. It represent complex distributed systems that comprise wireless mobile nodes that can freely and dynamically self-organize into arbitrary and temporary, ''ad-hoc'' network topologies, allowing people and devices to seamlessly internetwork in areas with no pre-existing communication infrastructure. Ad hoc networking concept is not a new one, having been around in various forms for over 20 years. Traditionally, tactical networks have been the only communication networking application that followed the adhoc paradigm. Recently, the introduction of new technologies such as the Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 and Hyperlan are helping enable eventual commercial MANET deployments outside the military domain. These recent evolutions have been generating a renewed and growing interest in the research and development of MANET.So,we would like to propose the challenges and imperativels that the MANET is facing. <s> BIB003
Albeit the security requirements (availability, confidentiality, integrity, authentication, nonrepudiation) BIB001 remain the same whether be it the fixed networks or MANETs, the MANETs are more susceptible to security attacks than fixed networks due their inherent characteristics. BIB003 Securitizing the routing process is a particular challenge due to open exposure of wireless channels and nodes to attackers, lack of central agency/infrastructure, dynamic topology etc. BIB002 . The wireless channels are accessible to all, whether meaningful network users or attackers with malicious intent. The lack of central agency inhibits the classical server based solutions to provide security. The dynamic topology entails that at any time any node whether legitimate or malicious can become a member of the network and disrupt the cooperative communication environment by purposely disobeying the routing protocol rules. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents routing protocols, Section 3 presents the presently known routing attacks, and Section 4 presents the various proposed countermeasures to these. Finally Section 5 summarizes the survey.