A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> New Business Relationships <s> Content delivery systems constitute a major portion of today's Internet traffic. While they are a good source of revenue for Internet Service Providers (ISPs), the huge volume of content delivery traffic also poses a significant burden and traffic engineering challenge for the ISP. The difficulty is due to the immense volume of transfers, while the traffic engineering challenge stems from the fact that most content delivery systems themselves utilize a distributed infrastructure. They perform their own traffic flow optimization and realize this using the DNS system. While content delivery systems may, to some extent, consider the user's performance within their optimization criteria, they currently have no incentive to consider any of the ISP's constraints. As a consequence, the ISP has ``lost control'' over a major part of its traffic. To overcome this impairment, we propose a solution where the ISP offers a Provider-aided Distance Information System (PaDIS). PaDIS uses information available only to the ISP to rank any client-host pair based on distance information, such as delay, bandwidth or number of hops. In this paper we show that the applicability of the system is significant. More than 70% of the HTTP traffic of a major European ISP can be accessed via multiple different locations. Moreover, we show that deploying PaDIS is not only beneficial to ISPs, but also to users. Experiments with different content providers show that improvements in download times of up to a factor of four are possible. Furthermore, we describe a high performance implementation of PaDIS and show how it can be deployed within an ISP. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> New Business Relationships <s> Video streaming represents a large fraction of Internet traffic. Surprisingly, little is known about the network characteristics of this traffic. In this paper, we study the network characteristics of the two most popular video streaming services, Netflix and YouTube. We show that the streaming strategies vary with the type of the application (Web browser or native mobile application), and the type of container (Silverlight, Flash, or HTML5) used for video streaming. In particular, we identify three different streaming strategies that produce traffic patterns from non-ack clocked ON-OFF cycles to bulk TCP transfer. We then present an analytical model to study the potential impact of these streaming strategies on the aggregate traffic and make recommendations accordingly. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> New Business Relationships <s> Inter-domain routing is based on a fully decentralized model, where multiple Autonomous Systems (AS) interact via the BGP protocol. Although BGP is the "glue" of the Internet, it faces a lot of problems regarding its fully distributed nature, policy enforcement capabilities, scalability, security and complexity. Due to the widespread adoption of BGP, only incrementally deployable solutions are feasible. Taking this observation into account, we describe a new, backwards-compatible routing model which is based on outsourcing and logically centralizing the routing control plane. We claim that outsourcing enables enhanced inter-domain routing. As multiple ASes outsource their routing control plane to the same outsourcing service contractor, AS clusters are being gradually formed. A logically centralized multi-AS routing control platform based on Software Defined Networking (SDN) principles is the natural point for taking efficient routing decisions, detecting policy conflicts, troubleshooting routing problems, and evolving BGP. We present the technical and financial incentives which support the feasibility of the model and also propose an implementation scheme to facilitate it. <s> BIB003 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> New Business Relationships <s> Today, a large fraction of Internet traffic is originated by Content Delivery Networks (CDNs). To cope with increasing demand for content, CDNs have deployed massively distributed infrastructures. These deployments pose challenges for CDNs as they have to dynamically map end-users to appropriate servers without being full+y aware of the network conditions within an Internet Service Provider (ISP) or the end-user location. On the other hand, ISPs struggle to cope with rapid traffic shifts caused by the dynamic server selection policies of the CDNs. The challenges that CDNs and ISPs face separately can be turned into an opportunity for collaboration. We argue that it is sufficient for CDNs and ISPs to coordinate only in server selection, not routing, in order to perform traffic engineering. To this end, we propose Content-aware Traffic Engineering (CaTE), which dynamically adapts server selection for content hosted by CDNs using ISP recommendations on small time scales. CaTE relies on the observation that by selecting an appropriate server among those available to deliver the content, the path of the traffic in the network can be influenced in a desired way. We present the design and implementation of a prototype to realize CaTE, and show how CDNs and ISPs can jointly take advantage of the already deployed distributed hosting infrastructures and path diversity, as well as the ISP detailed view of the network status without revealing sensitive operational information. By relying on tier-1 ISP traces, we show that CaTE allows CDNs to enhance the end-user experience while enabling an ISP to achieve several traffic engineering goals. <s> BIB004 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> New Business Relationships <s> This paper describes a content centric network architecture which uses software defined networking principles to implement efficient metadata driven services by extracting content metadata at the network layer. The ability to access content metadata transparently enables a number of new services in the network. Specific examples discussed here include: a metadata driven traffic engineering scheme which uses prior knowledge of content length to optimize content delivery, a metadata driven content firewall which is more resilient than traditional firewalls and differentiated treatment of content based on the type of content being accessed. A detailed outline of an implementation of the proposed architecture is presented along with some basic evaluation. <s> BIB005 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> New Business Relationships <s> The Internet has been a key enabling technology for many new distributed applications and services. However, the deployment of new protocols and services in the Internet infrastructure itself has been sluggish, especially where economic incentives for network providers are unclear. In our work, we seek to develop an "economy plane" for the Internet that enables network providers to offer new network-based services (QoS, storage, etc.) for sale to customers. The explicit connection between economic relationships and network services across various time scales enables users to select among service alternatives. The resulting competition among network service providers will lead to overall better technological solutions and more competitive prices. In this paper, we present the architectural aspects of our ChoiceNet economy plane as well as some of the technological problems that need to be addressed in a practical deployment. <s> BIB006 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> New Business Relationships <s> The collaboration of Internet service providers (ISPs) and content distribution network (CDN) providers was shown to be beneficial for both parties in a number of recent works. Influencing CDN edge server (surrogate) selection allows the ISP to manage the rising amount of traffic emanating from CDNs to reduce the operational expenditures (OPEX) of his infrastructure, e.g., by preventing peered traffic. At the same time, including the ISP's hidden network knowledge in the surrogate selection process influences the quality of service a CDN provider can deliver positively. As a large amount of CDN traffic is video-on-demand traffic, this paper investigates the topic of CDN/ISP collaboration from a perspective of high-volume long-living flows. These types of flows are hardly manageable with state-of-the-art Dynamic Name Service (DNS)-based redirection, as a reassignment of flows during the session is difficult to achieve. Consequently, varying load of surrogates caused by flash crowds and congestion events in the ISP's network are hard to compensate. This paper presents a novel approach promoting ISP and CDN collaboration based on a minimal deployment of software-defined networking switches in the ISP's network. The approach complements standard DNS-based redirection by allowing for a migration of high-volume flows between surrogates in the backend even if the communication has state information, such as Hyper Text Transfer Protocol sessions. In addition to a proof-of-concept, the evaluation identifies factors influencing performance and shows large performance increases when compared to standard DNS-based redirection. <s> BIB007
In traditional networks, the agreements to exchange traffic are usually between ASs that have some physical connection between them. Only in specific places of the Internet is this condition not applied (for example, IXPs). Thereby, through BGP peers, ASs apply the BGP configuration that reflects the business relationships previously established and that limits the types of business relationships between ASs. Thus, it is expected that ASs will gain more advantages of the next generation of the control plane for the Internet because this allows them to control and explore the full potential of the Internet-wide infrastructure. For example, the observation of CAIDA's AS relationship database [90] allows the characterization of multi-homed ASs. Considering the period from December of 2015 to April of 2018, Figure 4 presents the total number of public ASNs in CAIDA's AS relationship database, as well as the total number of stub ASs with public ASNs. Therefore, this graph indicates that the majority of ASs on the Internet are stub ASs, and as discussed, its control of routes is limited by the physical bound with its neighbor ASs. Outsourcing the AS routing logic is one way to establish new business relationships on the Internet BIB003 . Offloading the routing functions of a customer AS to an external trusted contractor (e.g., transit AS) can optimize inter-domain traffic engineering, evolve inter-domain routing and allow the implementation of collaborative security and troubleshooting schemes. Another idea is to transit ASs to provide mechanisms to stub ASs that manage its routes  . A type of relationship where any ASs can establish a relationship with other non-neighbor ASs is very difficult to achieve in the current Internet architecture, since many network operational tasks (such as manual configuration) are needed. Furthermore, the relationship must make sense from the business perspective, and security mechanisms have to be deployed to guarantee an acceptable level of trust between the domains. Thus, to establish new business relationships between multiple ASs, a reliable and secure mechanism has to emerge for inter-domain routing. The manual configuration of the BGP and the use of TCP  to exchange NLRI are not enough for the next generation of the control plane for inter-domain routing that has to incorporate new mechanisms to exchange and establish network relationships through any AS on the Internet to enable dynamic resources, bandwidth and routing. Previous works in the field indicate the values of collaboration among ASs with different business models BIB005 BIB007 BIB002 . For example, exploring a more intensified collaboration between ASs that produces (e.g., CDN) and consumes the content (e.g., users) can produce gains for all participants BIB001 BIB004 . Moreover, with new inter-domain communication mechanisms, it will be possible to deploy visionary solutions such as an economy plane for the Internet BIB006 .