Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> The Internet of Things (IoT) is an element of worldwide data that comprise of web associated items, or things implanted with gadgets, software, sensors and also different instruments which are becoming an integral component of future internet. This work developed a system which will automatically monitor the agricultural field as well as performing live video streaming for monitoring the Agriculture field from the server itself, through raspberry pi camera. The agriculture fields are monitored for environmental temperature, humidity and soil moisture. The automatic irrigation will be performed based on the set points of the temperature, humidity and soil moisture sensor. The data collected from the field are monitored in IoT, the data are then processed and necessary information is passed through the field owners for counter measures. <s> BIB001 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> Agriculture can be split into multiple phases like sowing the seeds, germinating the seeds, irrigating, etc. Our innovation deals with automating certain phases of agriculture, such as irrigation and pest control, using artificial intelligence, machine learning and Internet of things. This can be achieved with the help of Ubiquitous computing (Nomadic computing) and sensors working on the concept of IOT. Initially using data analytics techniques, the data about the moisture level maintained in various soils over the entire period to grow various crops are recorded in an online database. In automation the system uses this data to maintain the moisture level in the soil to grow the desired crop. The moisture level in the soil is monitored using multiple moisture sensors which are located all around the field. When the system finds that the moisture is less in the soil than the required amount, as per the data in the database, the field is irrigated using an existing system which uses mechanical valves to allow water to various fields in the farm. But the existing system only works based on the commands from user, in the form of messages from a mobile computer, to control the valves. The proposed system automates this system by integrating it, using the concept of IOT, to its centralised computer system. The proposed system also includes pest control. Currently we use chemicals to kill the pests, whereas, the proposed system uses an ultrasonic sound emitter to keep the rodents away from the farm. It is scientifically proven that the ultrasonic sounds are capable of keeping the rodents away. Also it is proven that certain frequency sound waves boost the growth rate of crops. Thus using all these technologies, low cost and efficient growth of crops is achieved, helping in development of agriculture field. <s> BIB002 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> Water resource: one of the most important natural resource problem to be paid more attention in the world in 21st Century. Irrigation method in traditional agriculture has low utilization of water resource. With the development of Internet of Things(IoT), smart irrigation system has became a new trend in the field of agricultural irrigation. This paper proposes a LoRa- based smart irrigation system. In this system, the irrigation node is mainly composed of LoRa communication module, solenoid valve and hydroelectric generator. The irrigation node sends data to cloud through LoRa gateways via wireless transmission. The system can be controlled remotely by mobile applications. Experimental results show that both transmission distance and energy consumption in the proposed system are reliable the proposed system are reliable. <s> BIB003 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> Interconnection of number of devices through internet describes the Internet of things (IoT). Every object is connected with each other through unique identifier so that data can be transferred without human to human interaction. It allows establishing solutions for better management of natural resources. The smart objects embedded with sensors enables interaction with the physical and logical worlds according to the concept of IoT. In this paper proposed system is based on IoT that uses real time input data. Smart farm irrigation system uses android phone for remote monitoring and controlling of drips through wireless sensor network. Zigbee is used for communication between sensor nodes and base station. Real time sensed data handling and demonstration on the server is accomplished using web based java graphical user interface. Wireless monitoring of field irrigation system reduces human intervention and allows remote monitoring and controlling on android phone. Cloud Computing is an attractive solution to the large amount of data generated by the wireless sensor network. This paper proposes and evaluates a cloud-based wireless communication system to monitor and control a set of sensors and actuators to assess the plants water need. <s> BIB004 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> Internet of things (IOT) has become very popular and it is growing rapidly in the field of communication. This paper describes the control and monitor of drip irrigation process using IOT and Image processing techniques. The automated system includes a database to analyze the water requirement of plant. The database contains a predefined soil moisture values and it is editable according to the soil type of the place where we implement this system. Different types of soils will have different moisture values and moisture values will also change in accordance with the climate. Our proposed system uses a soil moisture sensor to take the soil moisture reading from the field in real time to water them in an automated way by switching the drip service ON/OFF using an android App. Most of the times infected plants are identified by the change in color of the leaves. A camera is used to take pictures of the plants leaves and image processing algorithms are implemented on those captured image for further steps. A database is used for comparison between the original and real time image, which results in identifying the diseased plant or part of plant. Thus, our proposed system is made effective and cost efficient. <s> BIB005 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> The Internet of Things (IOT) has been denoted as a new wave of information and communication technology (ICT) advancements. The IOT is a multidisciplinary concept that encompasses a wide range of several technologies, application domains, device capabilities, and operational strategies, etc. The ongoing IOT research activities are directed towards the definition and design of standards and open architectures which is still have the issues requiring a global consensus before the final deployment. This paper gives over view about IOT technologies and applications related to agriculture with comparison of other survey papers and proposed a novel irrigation management system. Our main objective of this work is to for Farming where various new technologies to yield higher growth of the crops and their water supply. Automated control features with latest electronic technology using microcontroller which turns the pumping motor ON and OFF on detecting the dampness content of the earth and GSM phone line is proposed after measuring the temperature, humidity, and soil moisture. <s> BIB006 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> Agriculture remains the sector which contributes the highest to India's GDP. But, when considering technology that is deployed in this field, we find that the development is not tremendous. After consulting with the Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy and Kerala Rice Research Station, Vytilla, we identified a few fundamental issues that are faced by the paddy farmers today. It includes the problem of over or under watering and the need for regular manual irrigation. Furthermore, when it comes to rice, which is the staple crop of Kerala, there does not exist a system for automatically monitoring the diseases associated with the rice species, and checking whether the crop is supplied with ample amount of nutrients. In this paper, we have devised a means for cost-effective automated irrigation and fertigation along with MATLAB based image processing for identifying the rice diseases and nutrient deficiencies. Here, we are focusing on two important nutrients, namely magnesium and nitrogen. The hardware consists of a Raspberry Pi, DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor and solenoid valves. Furthermore, the proposed model enables the farmer to monitor weather conditions using an Android Application, with which he also has a choice to override the system if required. <s> BIB007 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> India is one of the countries with scarcest water resources in the world; due to poor utilization of the water resources, some parts of our country are facing the risk of draught. In order to conserve existing water resources and efficiently manage it for agriculture, recent advances in technology can be used. Internet of Things is one of such new technology which can help our country to reduce the overall impact of faulty water management in agriculture sector. In this paper, we have designed and developed a new framework for multilevel farming in urban area where cultivation space is limited. We have provided local node for each level with its individual local decision making system, sensors and actuators which is customized to the selected crop. These local nodes communicate to a centralized node via wireless communication. This centralized node is connected to a Cloud Server where the received data will be stored and processed. Cloud based data analysis and monitoring allows the user to analyze and monitor the irrigation system through internet providing ubiquitous access. Our Experimental results show reduced water consumption and better power utilization. <s> BIB008 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> This study investigates a prototyping of integrated system of Internet of Things based Wetting front detector (IOT-WFD) which focuses on how to enhance the IOT based Wetting front detector design for smart irrigation system. The empirical study was conducted with 2 sensors type to detect the wetting fronts which are the Frequency Domain Reflectrometry sensor (FDR) and Resistor-based sensor (RB) integrated and design with low-cost WFD. The results of this study point toward the IOT-WFD as an appropriated technology providing real time wetting front information in soil positively for application in terms of agricultural water management, with precision agriculture and efficient irrigation domain with a related decision knowledge that matches with the technology trend and smart farmer requirements. Evidence of positive results of this prototyping summary has been provided. <s> BIB009 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> Nowadays, the traditional database paradigm does not have enough storage for the data produced by Internet of Things (IoT) devices leads to the need of cloud storage. These data's are analyzed with the help of Big Data mining techniques. Cloud based big data analytics and the IoT technology performs an important role in the feasibility study of smart agriculture. Smart or precision agricultural systems are estimated to play an essential role in improving agriculture activities. Mobile device usage is very common by everyone, including the farmers. In that, in the daily life of farmers the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) play a vital role to get the agricultural Information. The IoT has various applications in Digital Agriculture domain like monitoring the crop growth, selection of the fertilizer, irrigation decision support system, etc. In this paper, IoT device is used to sense the agricultural data and it is stored into the Cloud database. Cloud based Big data analysis is used to analyze the data viz. fertilizer requirements, analysis the crops, market and stock requirements for the crop. Then the prediction is performed based on data mining technique which information reaches the farmer via mobile app. Our ultimate aim is to increase the crop production and control the agricultural cost of the products using this predicted information. <s> BIB010 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> IoT integrates the pervasive computing, ubiquitous communications and ambient intelligence. India is known as the ‘land of agriculture’. Approximately 70% of the Indian population are connected with agriculture and its related activities. Most of the Agricultural activities are done by villagers. Natural resources and whether conditions are major vital factors in agriculture. This paper proposes automation and smart IOT based solution for agriculture. The highlighting features of this paper include temperature and humidity detection, soil moisture detection, leaf wetness detection, wind speed/direction and rainfall detection, soil pH detection, seed recognition and efficient irrigation system. Our proposed system uses a microcontroller named raspberry pi with sensors which are use to sense the different environmental conditions. <s> BIB011 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> Smart Farming has become the main trend in agriculture sector. Industrial investments are increasing from day to day to achieve integration of IoT solutions in their smart farming products to cut down the overall cost, increase quality and quantity of the harvesting. Advancements in communication technologies such as GSM and GPRS have enabled remote controlling of irrigation systems. But a precision agriculture system needs continuous monitoring of all the climatic conditions. We propose a MQTT protocol based smart farming solution to collect knowledge from the field ambience for continuous analysis and also to develop and deploy a smart technology for agriculture sector for improving environmental and agricultural sustainability to improve crop traceability and to increase overall yield. The focus area of the proposed system is environmental parameters such as crops temperature, ambient humidity, soil moisture level and light intensity. We also evaluate at the end the performance and efficiency of MQTT protocol for different loading conditions in this application. <s> BIB012 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> Climate change and resultant scarcity of water are becoming major challenges for countries around the world. With the advent of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in the last decade and a relatively new concept of Internet of Things (IoT), embedded systems developers are now working on designing control and automation systems that are lower in cost and more sustainable than the existing telemetry systems for monitoring. The Indus river basin in Pakistan has one of the world's largest irrigation systems and it is extremely challenging to design a low-cost embedded system for monitoring and control of waterways that can last for decades. In this paper, we present a hardware design and performance evaluation of a smart water metering solution that is IEEE 802.15.4-compliant. The results show that our hardware design is as powerful as the reference design, but allows for additional flexibility both in hardware and in firmware. The indigenously designed solution has a power added efficiency (PAE) of 24.7% that is expected to last for 351 and 814 days for nodes with and without a power amplifier (PA). Similarly, the results show that a broadband communication (434 MHz) over more than 3km can be supported, which is an important stepping stone for designing a complete coverage solution of large-scale waterways. <s> BIB013 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the fastest developing technologies throughout the India. But, most of the population (70%) in India depending on agriculture. This situation is one of the reason, that hindering the development of country. in order to solve this problem only one solution that, smart agriculture by adding new technological methods instead of present traditional agriculture methods. Hence we proposed new IoT technology with cloud computing and Li-Fi. Wi-Fi is great for general wireless coverage within buildings, whereas Li-Fi[10] is wireless data coverage with high density in confined area. Li-Fi provides better bandwidth, efficiency, availability and security than Wi-Fi and has already achieved blisteringly high speed in the lab. First this project includes remote controlled process to perform tasks like spraying, weeding, bird and animal scaring, keeping vigilance, moisture sensing, etc. Secondly it includes smart warehouse management which includes temperature maintenance, humidity maintenance and theft detection in the warehouse. Thirdly, intelligent decision making based on accurate real time field data for smart irrigation with smart control. Controlling of all these operations will be through any remote smart device or computer connected to Internet and the operations will be performed by interfacing cameras, sensors, Li-Fi or ZigBee modules. <s> BIB014 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> The traditional field control of irrigation in the urban greening is often accompanied by some problems such as low irrigation efficiency, high labor costs and low precision. A set of intelligent monitoring system integrated with automatic irrigation and remote monitor is designed in order to solve these problems. The system is based on the Internet of things (IoT) technology which can be divided into three layers of IoT. In the transport layer, we built Zigbee wireless sensor networks (WSN). Besides, we use the J2EE technology to build the Web server application with perfect function in the application layer. The iterative learning control(ILC) arithmetic is used to improve the irrigation efficiency by self correcting the initial lead of closing valve. Both the hardware and software in the system adopt the idea of modularized design and with the cooperation between the hardware and the software it is easy to add or delete of the greening land, ZigBee nodes and sensors. As the experimental results show that the system has the feature of flexibility in the building and expanding process, operating stability, comprehensive functions and high irrigation efficiency, it is suitable to introduce the system to the whole city. <s> BIB015 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> Internet of Things (IoT) plays a crucial role in smart agriculture. Smart farming is an emerging concept, because IoT sensors capable of providing information about their agriculture fields. The paper aims making use of evolving technology i.e. IoT and smart agriculture using automation. Monitoring environmental factors is the major factor to improve the yield of the efficient crops. The feature of this paper includes monitoring temperature and humidity in agricultural field through sensors using CC3200 single chip. Camera is interfaced with CC3200 to capture images and send that pictures through MMS to farmers mobile using Wi-Fi. <s> BIB016 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> In many respects, farming and food processing have lagged other industries when it comes to adoption of innovative technology. Whilst bioengineering has brought about seeds with much higher yield and less need for water and nutrients, it is only now with IoT that farmers can work on the intensive use of natural resources to increase the sustainability of their operations. In the last ten years, high-end machinery has evolved primarily to the benefit of larger corporations, with the introduction of satellite driven machines, sensors and all components of precision farming. The most recent IoT advances bring about a level of simplification and cost reduction that enable all farmers to benefit and a true adoption of prescription agriculture. In this conference presentation, we will examine a practical case of a Malthouse, where careful modeling of how CO2, Temperature, Humidity and PH vary in the three steps of the malting process, enabled an artificial intelligence system to prescribe different setting and schedules. The end result is malt with higher content of starch and proteins, which in turn means higher alcohol in the downstream process. A second example on the cultivation of Medical Marijuana, where similarly but in a more complex fashion (138 variables) the artificial intelligence supported the tuning of many settings and schedules, is presented only in the conference. <s> BIB017 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> The major objective of this system is to make infrastructure of cattle farming smarter and to implement a noninvasive wearable to track physiological and biological activities of cattle using Internet of Things alias IoT. Each cattle is tagged with a wearable device. The wearable device and sink node is designed based on architecture of device to cloud. The wearable device is for early detection of illness, abnormalities detection, emergency handling, location tracking, calving time intimation and determine disease before visual signs. The sink node is responsible for smart lighting, smart ventilation, smart watering and smoke detection along with sprinkler actuation to make infrastructure smarter and safer. All sensor readings will be forwarded to thingspeak cloud to enable remote access. Through thingspeak cloud real time health characteristics of individual cattle, smoke level in farm, daily water and electricity usage will be displayed in line graph. All data along with time and date can be extracted as an excel sheet for further analysis. As a result overall cattle health and milk production will be improved by reducing cattle health inspection costs ensuring small size, low cost, high consistency and reliability. <s> BIB018 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> In the present, Thailand is developing to fully apply the Internet of things (IoT) [12] into daily life because IoT is a new trend of the technology and it is very popular today. The IoT helps us link objects and mechanisms to the internet for remote control. In addition, Thailand focuses on agriculture because Thailand is an agricultural country and it is also the main occupation of people in the country, which makes agriculture have many formats in Thailand, but hydroponics [5] [11] is an interesting new format that uses less area than others. Although hydroponics uses less space than conventional planting, it can provide many products for the farmer. In hydroponic farming, it is difficult to plant and manage if you aren't a professional farmer or don't have good knowledge about farming. For some it can be very hard to do hydroponic farming. This paper will propose a Hydroponic Farming Ecosystem (HFE) that uses IoT devices to monitor humidity, nutrient solution temperature, air temperature, PH and Electrical Conductivity (EC). The HFE is made to support non-professional farmers, city people who have limited knowledge in farming and people who are interested in doing vertical planting in very small areas in the city such as building tops, balconies of small rooms in high-rise buildings, and in small office spaces. To make the system easy to control and easy to use, we have an android application to control IoT devices in the HFE and alarm users when their farm is in an abnormal situation. <s> BIB019 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> In recent years, the increasing demand on organic farming necessitates continuous monitoring of plant health. In order to ensure the quality and quantity this becomes more essential. Hence, the objective of this research is to develop a remote monitoring system that continuously monitors the soil moisture of the plant. The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) to achieve the above objective. Further, to enhance the network lifetime, Exponential Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) event detection algorithm is adopted in the proposed research. <s> BIB020 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> India is an agricultural country but no one wants to become a farmer. It's high time that we make agriculture a parallel industry in India [1]. Our project PATRIOT focuses on the same. It is rightly termed as patriot as anyone involved with the project will serve the country and feel proud and patriotic. Right from detection of crop diseases [2] to automating the things like water pump [3], a lot of work has been done on implementation of IoT in Agriculture. But they do not cater to the real problems of the farmers. The farmers can do without a crop disease detection app or automations but raise in income is the major challenge which is overlooked. The implementation of IoT should be such that it should increase the income of the farmer and at the same time help consumers to get organic fruits and vegetables at competitive prices. Also, IoT should itself raise funds for realistic implementation of IoT. PATRIOT stands for plant and taste to reap with Internet of Things. It depicts a gradual and feasible implementation of IoT in agriculture. It realizes the fact that implementation of IoT cannot be hurried upon and would require a huge investment. So, it focuses on raising the finance required for implementation of IoT in Agriculture with the help of IoT itself. PATRIOT has a foolproof plan to help anyone to become a farmer without sacrificing on the present luxurious life style and high salary job. It introduces the concept of agriculture “Anywhere-Anytime” using IoT. PATRIOT will make the farmer dynamic and richer. It will make the consumer pay less for the food and food products. It will generate the huge amount of money for the realistic implementation of IoT. It will give each of us an opportunity to plant and look after the plantation using IOT. It will give each of us a satisfaction of tasting the vegetables, fruits that we have grown. It will make us reap the benefits of farming without ever disturbing our busy schedule. It will make us, above all, a true PATRIOT because we will get immense satisfaction in helping our country in a way in which it actually should be. <s> BIB021 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> In India farmers lose 37% of average estimated rice crop because of bacterial blight disease “Xanthomonasoryzaepv(XOO)” every year. To reduce the spread of infection and to increase the production of the crop the paper “Rice crop monitoring system-An IoT machine vision approach” is beneficial. It detects the infected part of the crop and takes immediate remedy by spraying the pesticide automatically on the infected area of the specific microbial affected plant by tracking the exact location and taking the periodic images of the crop for large area. This system reduces the wastage of pesticides to the entire farm and also reduces the human effort. <s> BIB022 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> As the volume of data generated by various deployed IoT devices increases, storing and processing IoT big data becomes a huge challenge. While compression, especially lossy ones, can drastically reduce data volume, finding an optimal balance between the volume reduction and the information loss is not an easy task given that the data collected by diverse sensors exhibit different characteristics. Motivated by this, we present a feasibility analysis of lossy compression on agricultural sensor data by comparing fidelity of reconstructed data from various signal processing algorithms and temporal difference encoding. Specifically, we evaluated five real-world sensor data from weather stations as one of major IoT applications. Our experimental results indicate that Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Fast Walsh-Hadamard Transform (FWHT) generate higher compression ratios than others. In terms of information loss, Lossy Delta Encoding (LDE) significantly outperforms others nonetheless. We also observe that, as compression factor is increased, error rates for all compression algorithms also increase. However, the impact of introduced error is much severe in DCT and FWHT while LDE was able to maintain a relatively lower error rate than other methods. <s> BIB023 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> With the advent of Internet of Things (IoT) and industrialization, the development of Information Technology (IT) has led to various studies not only in industry but also in agriculture. Especially, IoT technology can overcome distance and place constraints of wired communication systems used in existing farms, and can expect agricultural IT development from automation of agricultural data collection. In this paper, smart farm system using low power Bluetooth and Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) communication modules including the wired communication network used in the existing farm was constructed. In addition, the system implements the monitoring and control functions using the MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT) communication method, which is an IoT dedicated protocol, thereby enhancing the possibility of development of agricultural IoT. <s> BIB024
IoT is a combination of worldwide data, web associated items or things, and is an integral component of the future Internet. IoT focuses on the automation of processes by lessening human interaction. In the process of automation, IoT collects data using sensors and processes the data using controllers and completing the automation processes by using actuators BIB001 , BIB002 . IoT in agriculture and farming focus is on automating all the aspects of farming and agricultural methods to make the process more efficient and effective. Traditional approaches in livestock management (such as cattle detection) are not fully automated and have many inefficiencies such as higher human interaction, labour cost, power consumption, and water consumption BIB001 , BIB003 ,  , BIB004 , BIB005 . The central concept of this review is to analyse the IoT sub-verticals, collected data for measurements and used technologies to develop applications. It is essential to identify the most researched sub-verticals, data collections and technologies to create new IoT applications in the future. As a solution to the existing problems, researchers have focused on smart agricultural and farming automated systems with the help of IoT  , BIB006 , BIB007 , BIB008 . IoT is the network of things which identifies elements clearly with the help of software intelligence, sensors and ubiquitous connectivity to the Internet. In IoT, the data that collects from Internetconnected items or things contains with gadgets, sensors and actuators BIB001 . Many researchers have focused on smart systems for monitoring and controlling agricultural parameters by enhancing productivity and efficiency. Smart systems collect data for measurements to get accurate results that can lead to appropriate actions. Current use of smart agricultural systems relates to collecting data on environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, soil moisture and pH BIB009 , BIB010 , BIB011 . With accurate sensor data collection using a range of different sensors, researchers have implemented smart agricultural systems to make the farm process more effective BIB007 , BIB012 . Research has mainly focused on sub-verticals such as water management, crop management and smart farming to make processes automated by reducing human intervention, costs, power consumption and water consumption. The automation process of agricultural and farming reduced human interaction and improve the efficiency. The reason for that is every country population depends on agriculture thus consumers of these resources should use water and land resources optimally BIB013 , BIB014 . Moreover, it is imperative to have good quality production and crop management in order to maximize profitability. Hence, IoT base agricultural management systems are integral for an agriculturally based country. The new systems developed using IoT technologies have reduced the drawbacks associated with traditional approaches and provided many advantages to farmers. For example, IoT-based water management systems collect environmental attributes such as temperature, water level and humidity through the sensors and provide accurate irrigation timing BIB013 , BIB015 . In addition, crop management systems developed using IoT monitor the temperature, humidity and soil through sensors thus providing adequate information so that farmers can manage the crops appropriately BIB016 . Overall, these IoT-based systems help to reduce human interaction, power utilization and reduce cost in the field of agriculture. Moreover, IoT-based agricultural related applications have been used in the area of pest control, weather monitoring, nutrient management and greenhouse management. IoT for agriculture uses sensors to collect big data on the agricultural environment. It discovers, analyses and deals with models built upon big data to make the development of agriculture more sustainable BIB017 . IoT can provide efficient and low-cost solutions to the collection of data. Weather, Water Scarcity, Soil fertility and Pesticides are the significant players in it. IoT will make agriculture beneficiary. Agriculture and farming depend on water BIB018 . Farmers depend on rainfall for all their agricultural needs. Fertilizer also plays a very significant role in the field of agriculture by helping to increase the productivity of plants BIB024 . By using IoT, farmers can manage soil condition more effectively and at less expense by monitoring them from any location BIB006 . The primary objective of this study is how IoT and technologies are used in conserving water, fertiliser and energy in the agricultural industry by combining new technologies. This has benefits for the development of the economy of countries as well as the wealth of the people BIB019 . With the combination of both advanced technologies in hardware and software, IoT can track and count all relevant aspects of production which can reduce the waste, loss and cost BIB020 . The information needed to make smart decisions can be obtained merely by using electronic devices BIB024 . IoT transforms the agricultural industry and enables farmers to overcome different challenges. Innovative applications can address these issues and therefore increase the quality, quantity, sustainability and cost-effectiveness of crop production BIB021 , BIB022 , BIB023 . IoT provides more benefits to the farming industry by improving the health of animals through better food and environment, addressing the labour shortage issue as well cost savings through automation, increase in milk production, and increase in some animals during the breeding period through detection of estrus cycle and additional revenue streams from waste. Our study has analyzed recently developed IoT applications in the fields of agriculture and farming to address current issues such as unnecessary human interaction leading to higher labour cost, unnecessary water consumption and water-saving measures for the future, higher energy consumption, energy-saving measures for the future and crop monitoring difficulties. According to our analysis, we can identify a focus on water and crop management as subverticals in the agriculture and farming sectors. This survey also focusses on other agriculture and farming sub-verticals to identify the gap between IoT application developments in the least researched areas. The IoT generates enormous data, socalled big data (high volume, at a different speed and different varieties of data) in varying data quality. Analysing the IoT system and its key attributes are the key to advancing smart IoT utilization. Therefore, the primary aim of our paper is to explore recently created IoT applications in the agriculture and farming industry to give the more profound understanding about sensor data collection, used technologies, and subverticals, for example, water and crop management. The secondary aim of this study is to analyse the current issues such as higher human interaction, high labour cost, higher water consumption and save water for future, higher energy consumption and save energy/electricity for future, crop monitoring difficulties in IoT for agriculture and farming. The remainder of this paper is as follows: In Section II we include raw data collection methodology, data inclusion criteria, and data analysis methods. Finally, the results of Agriculture and Farming based on IoT Sub verticals, Sensor Data, and Technologies are presented in Section III, and in Section IV we discuss the results. Section V concludes the paper. The raw data collected from 60 peer-reviewed publications used in this paper are summarised in Table I As shown in Table I , these essential criteria were used to analyse relevant research papers. In particular, 60 peerreviewed scientific publications on IoT in the agriculture and farming sectors published in scientific journals between 2016 and 2018 were used.