Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> Ubiquitous sensing enabled by Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies cuts across many areas of modern day living. This offers the ability to measure, infer and understand environmental indicators, from delicate ecologies and natural resources to urban environments. The proliferation of these devices in a communicating-actuating network creates the Internet of Things (IoT), wherein sensors and actuators blend seamlessly with the environment around us, and the information is shared across platforms in order to develop a common operating picture (COP). Fueled by the recent adaptation of a variety of enabling wireless technologies such as RFID tags and embedded sensor and actuator nodes, the IoT has stepped out of its infancy and is the next revolutionary technology in transforming the Internet into a fully integrated Future Internet. As we move from www (static pages web) to web2 (social networking web) to web3 (ubiquitous computing web), the need for data-on-demand using sophisticated intuitive queries increases significantly. This paper presents a Cloud centric vision for worldwide implementation of Internet of Things. The key enabling technologies and application domains that are likely to drive IoT research in the near future are discussed. A Cloud implementation using Aneka, which is based on interaction of private and public Clouds is presented. We conclude our IoT vision by expanding on the need for convergence of WSN, the Internet and distributed computing directed at technological research community. <s> BIB001 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> Regardless of the recent growth in the use of “Big Data” and “Business Intelligence” (BI) tools, little research has been undertaken about the implications involved. Analytical tools affect the development and sustainability of a company, as evaluating clientele needs to advance in the competitive market is critical. With the advancement of the population, processing large amounts of data has become too cumbersome for companies. At some stage in a company’s lifecycle, all companies need to create new and better data processing systems that improve their decision-making processes. Companies use BI Results to collect data that is drawn from interpretations grouped from cues in the data set BI information system that helps organisations with activities that give them the advantage in a competitive market. However, many organizations establish such systems, without conducting a preliminary analysis of the needs and wants of a company, or without determining the benefits and targets that they aim to achieve with the implementation. They rarely measure the large costs associated with the implementation blowout of such applications, which results in these impulsive solutions that are unfinished or too complex and unfeasible, in other words unsustainable even if implemented. BI open source tools are specific tools that solve this issue for organizations in need, with data storage and management. This paper compares two of the best positioned BI open source tools in the market: Pentaho and Jaspersoft, processing big data through six different sized databases, especially focussing on their Extract Transform and Load (ETL) and Reporting processes by measuring their performances using Computer Algebra Systems (CAS). The ETL experimental analysis results clearly show that Jaspersoft BI has an increment of CPU time in the process of data over Pentaho BI, which is represented by an average of 42.28% in performance metrics over the six databases. Meanwhile, Pentaho BI had a marked increment of the CPU time in the process of data over Jaspersoft evidenced by the reporting analysis outcomes with an average of 43.12% over six databases that prove the point of this study. This study is a guiding reference for many researchers and those IT professionals who support the conveniences of Big Data processing, and the implementation of BI open source tool based on their needs. <s> BIB002 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> The Internet of Things (IOT) has been denoted as a new wave of information and communication technology (ICT) advancements. The IOT is a multidisciplinary concept that encompasses a wide range of several technologies, application domains, device capabilities, and operational strategies, etc. The ongoing IOT research activities are directed towards the definition and design of standards and open architectures which is still have the issues requiring a global consensus before the final deployment. This paper gives over view about IOT technologies and applications related to agriculture with comparison of other survey papers and proposed a novel irrigation management system. Our main objective of this work is to for Farming where various new technologies to yield higher growth of the crops and their water supply. Automated control features with latest electronic technology using microcontroller which turns the pumping motor ON and OFF on detecting the dampness content of the earth and GSM phone line is proposed after measuring the temperature, humidity, and soil moisture. <s> BIB003 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> India is one of the countries with scarcest water resources in the world; due to poor utilization of the water resources, some parts of our country are facing the risk of draught. In order to conserve existing water resources and efficiently manage it for agriculture, recent advances in technology can be used. Internet of Things is one of such new technology which can help our country to reduce the overall impact of faulty water management in agriculture sector. In this paper, we have designed and developed a new framework for multilevel farming in urban area where cultivation space is limited. We have provided local node for each level with its individual local decision making system, sensors and actuators which is customized to the selected crop. These local nodes communicate to a centralized node via wireless communication. This centralized node is connected to a Cloud Server where the received data will be stored and processed. Cloud based data analysis and monitoring allows the user to analyze and monitor the irrigation system through internet providing ubiquitous access. Our Experimental results show reduced water consumption and better power utilization. <s> BIB004 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> IoT integrates the pervasive computing, ubiquitous communications and ambient intelligence. India is known as the ‘land of agriculture’. Approximately 70% of the Indian population are connected with agriculture and its related activities. Most of the Agricultural activities are done by villagers. Natural resources and whether conditions are major vital factors in agriculture. This paper proposes automation and smart IOT based solution for agriculture. The highlighting features of this paper include temperature and humidity detection, soil moisture detection, leaf wetness detection, wind speed/direction and rainfall detection, soil pH detection, seed recognition and efficient irrigation system. Our proposed system uses a microcontroller named raspberry pi with sensors which are use to sense the different environmental conditions. <s> BIB005 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> Soil and nutrient depletion from intensive use of land is a critical issue for food production. An understanding of whether the soil is adequately treated with appropriate crop management practices in real-time during production cycles could prevent soil erosion and the overuse of natural or artificial resources to keep the soil healthy and suitable for planting. Precision agriculture traditionally uses expensive techniques to monitor the health of soil and crops including images from satellites and airplanes. Recently there are several studies using drones and a multitude of sensors connected to farm machinery to observe and measure the health of soil and crops during planting and harvesting. This paper describes a real-time, in-situ agricultural internet of things (IoT) device designed to monitor the state of the soil and the environment. This device was designed to be compatible with open hardware and it is composed of temperature and humidity sensors (soil and environment), electrical conductivity of the soil and luminosity, Global Positioning System (GPS) and a ZigBee radio for data communication. The field trial involved soil testing and measurements of the local climate in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The measurements of soil temperature, humidity and conductivity are used to monitor soil conditions. The local climate data could be used to support decisions about irrigation and other activities related to crop health. On-going research includes methods to reduce the consumption of energy and increase the number of sensors. Future applications include the use of the IoT device to detect fire in crops, a common problem in sugar cane crops and the integration of the IoT device with irrigation management systems to improve water usage. <s> BIB006 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> Today, the farmers are suffering from uncertain monsoons and water scarcity due to global warming. The integration of standard farming strategies with latest technologies as Internet of Things and Wireless device Networks may result in agricultural modernization. Keeping this situation in mind it's my approach to style device for automation of agriculture, associate in tending ’Internet of Things’ primarily based devices that is capable of analyzing the perceived data then transmit valuable farming data to the user. These devices is controlled and monitored from remote location and its data is processed and applied in agricultural fields. Intelligent Report Generator for efficient farming deals with the easy testing of soil nutrient. This report helps farmer to understand the health of their farming land soil. This in turn helps farmer to decide, which are the suitable crops to sow at that particular season in that particular land. By investigating the occasional information from farmland, Soil Health Report card is arranged and sent to farmer by means of SMS, which helps the agriculturist in basic decision making. Condition dampness and temperature is detected utilizing DHT11 sensor and light is detected utilizing LDR sensor, soil pH meter is utilized to know the soil pH esteem. <s> BIB007 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> Even today, different developing countries are also using traditional methods and backward techniques in agriculture sector. Little or very less technological advancement is found here that has increased the production efficiency significantly. To increase the productivity, a novel design approach is presented in this paper. Smart farming with the help of Internet of Things (IOT) has been designed. A remote controlled vehicle operates on both automatic and manual modes, for various agriculture operations like spraying, cutting, weeding etc. The controller keeps monitoring the temperature, humidity, soil condition and accordingly supplies water to the field. <s> BIB008 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> The major objective of this system is to make infrastructure of cattle farming smarter and to implement a noninvasive wearable to track physiological and biological activities of cattle using Internet of Things alias IoT. Each cattle is tagged with a wearable device. The wearable device and sink node is designed based on architecture of device to cloud. The wearable device is for early detection of illness, abnormalities detection, emergency handling, location tracking, calving time intimation and determine disease before visual signs. The sink node is responsible for smart lighting, smart ventilation, smart watering and smoke detection along with sprinkler actuation to make infrastructure smarter and safer. All sensor readings will be forwarded to thingspeak cloud to enable remote access. Through thingspeak cloud real time health characteristics of individual cattle, smoke level in farm, daily water and electricity usage will be displayed in line graph. All data along with time and date can be extracted as an excel sheet for further analysis. As a result overall cattle health and milk production will be improved by reducing cattle health inspection costs ensuring small size, low cost, high consistency and reliability. <s> BIB009 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> Agriculture remains the sector which contributes the highest to India's GDP. But, when considering technology that is deployed in this field, we find that the development is not tremendous. After consulting with the Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy and Kerala Rice Research Station, Vytilla, we identified a few fundamental issues that are faced by the paddy farmers today. It includes the problem of over or under watering and the need for regular manual irrigation. Furthermore, when it comes to rice, which is the staple crop of Kerala, there does not exist a system for automatically monitoring the diseases associated with the rice species, and checking whether the crop is supplied with ample amount of nutrients. In this paper, we have devised a means for cost-effective automated irrigation and fertigation along with MATLAB based image processing for identifying the rice diseases and nutrient deficiencies. Here, we are focusing on two important nutrients, namely magnesium and nitrogen. The hardware consists of a Raspberry Pi, DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor and solenoid valves. Furthermore, the proposed model enables the farmer to monitor weather conditions using an Android Application, with which he also has a choice to override the system if required. <s> BIB010 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> The Internet of Things (IoT) is an element of worldwide data that comprise of web associated items, or things implanted with gadgets, software, sensors and also different instruments which are becoming an integral component of future internet. This work developed a system which will automatically monitor the agricultural field as well as performing live video streaming for monitoring the Agriculture field from the server itself, through raspberry pi camera. The agriculture fields are monitored for environmental temperature, humidity and soil moisture. The automatic irrigation will be performed based on the set points of the temperature, humidity and soil moisture sensor. The data collected from the field are monitored in IoT, the data are then processed and necessary information is passed through the field owners for counter measures. <s> BIB011 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> Water resource: one of the most important natural resource problem to be paid more attention in the world in 21st Century. Irrigation method in traditional agriculture has low utilization of water resource. With the development of Internet of Things(IoT), smart irrigation system has became a new trend in the field of agricultural irrigation. This paper proposes a LoRa- based smart irrigation system. In this system, the irrigation node is mainly composed of LoRa communication module, solenoid valve and hydroelectric generator. The irrigation node sends data to cloud through LoRa gateways via wireless transmission. The system can be controlled remotely by mobile applications. Experimental results show that both transmission distance and energy consumption in the proposed system are reliable the proposed system are reliable. <s> BIB012 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> Interconnection of number of devices through internet describes the Internet of things (IoT). Every object is connected with each other through unique identifier so that data can be transferred without human to human interaction. It allows establishing solutions for better management of natural resources. The smart objects embedded with sensors enables interaction with the physical and logical worlds according to the concept of IoT. In this paper proposed system is based on IoT that uses real time input data. Smart farm irrigation system uses android phone for remote monitoring and controlling of drips through wireless sensor network. Zigbee is used for communication between sensor nodes and base station. Real time sensed data handling and demonstration on the server is accomplished using web based java graphical user interface. Wireless monitoring of field irrigation system reduces human intervention and allows remote monitoring and controlling on android phone. Cloud Computing is an attractive solution to the large amount of data generated by the wireless sensor network. This paper proposes and evaluates a cloud-based wireless communication system to monitor and control a set of sensors and actuators to assess the plants water need. <s> BIB013 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> Climate change and resultant scarcity of water are becoming major challenges for countries around the world. With the advent of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in the last decade and a relatively new concept of Internet of Things (IoT), embedded systems developers are now working on designing control and automation systems that are lower in cost and more sustainable than the existing telemetry systems for monitoring. The Indus river basin in Pakistan has one of the world's largest irrigation systems and it is extremely challenging to design a low-cost embedded system for monitoring and control of waterways that can last for decades. In this paper, we present a hardware design and performance evaluation of a smart water metering solution that is IEEE 802.15.4-compliant. The results show that our hardware design is as powerful as the reference design, but allows for additional flexibility both in hardware and in firmware. The indigenously designed solution has a power added efficiency (PAE) of 24.7% that is expected to last for 351 and 814 days for nodes with and without a power amplifier (PA). Similarly, the results show that a broadband communication (434 MHz) over more than 3km can be supported, which is an important stepping stone for designing a complete coverage solution of large-scale waterways. <s> BIB014 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> Internet of Things (IoT) plays a crucial role in smart agriculture. Smart farming is an emerging concept, because IoT sensors capable of providing information about their agriculture fields. The paper aims making use of evolving technology i.e. IoT and smart agriculture using automation. Monitoring environmental factors is the major factor to improve the yield of the efficient crops. The feature of this paper includes monitoring temperature and humidity in agricultural field through sensors using CC3200 single chip. Camera is interfaced with CC3200 to capture images and send that pictures through MMS to farmers mobile using Wi-Fi. <s> BIB015 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> As the world population increases exponentially, it is mandatory that we adopt modern agricultural practices to meet food safety demands. Intelligent sensor networks acquire data about soil regarding moisture and nutrient deficiency. This data can be employed to automate irrigation and alert farmer about nutrient deficiency. The data obtained from soil is pushed to the cloud. Great processing capabilities makes cloud storage an important solution to store the vast amount of data generated by the wireless sensor network, which can also be viewed by the farmer through a Smartphone application. This paper proposes and evaluates on a real deployment of wireless sensor network based on an Internet of things platform. <s> BIB016 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> . ::: Internet of Things (IoT), devices, and remote data centers need to connect. The purpose of fog is to reduce the amount of data transported for processing, analysis, and storage, to speed-up the computing processes. The gap between, Fog computing technologies and devices need to narrow down as growth in business today relies on the ability to connect to digital channels for processing large amounts of data. Cloud computing is unfeasible for many internet of things applications, therefore fog computing is often seen as a viable alternative. Fog is suitable for many IoT services as it has enabled an extensive collection of benefits, such as decreased bandwidth, reduced latency, and enhanced security. However, Fog devices that are placed at the edge of the internet have met numerous privacy and security threats. This study aims to examine and highlight the security and privacy issues of fog computing through a comprehensive review of recently published literature of fog computing and suggest solutions for identified problems. Data extracted from 34 peer-reviewed scientific publications (2011–2017) were studied, leading to the identification of 49 different issues that were raised, in relation to fog computing. This study revealed a general agreement among researchers about the novelty of Fog computing, and its early stages of development, and identifies several challenges that need to be met, before its wider application and use reaches its full potential. <s> BIB017 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> When it comes to storage and computation of large scales of data, Cloud Computing has acted as the de-facto solution over the past decade. However, with the massive growth in intelligent and mobile devices coupled with technologies like Internet of Things (IoT), V2X Communications, Augmented Reality (AR), the focus has shifted towards gaining real-time responses along with support for context-awareness and mobility. Due to the delays induced on the Wide Area Network (WAN) and location agnostic provisioning of resources on the cloud, there is a need to bring the features of the cloud closer to the consumer devices. This led to the birth of the Edge Computing paradigm which aims to provide context aware storage and distributed Computing at the edge of the networks. In this paper, we discuss the three different implementations of Edge Computing namely Fog Computing, Cloudlet and Mobile Edge Computing in detail and compare their features. We define a set of parameters based on which one of these implementations can be chosen optimally given a particular use-case or application and present a decision tree for the selection of the optimal implementation. <s> BIB018 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> Agriculture has seen many revolutions, whether the domestication of animals and plants a few thousand years ago, the systematic use of crop rotations and other improvements in farming practice a few hundred years ago, or the “green revolution” with systematic breeding and the widespread use of man-made fertilizers and pesticides a few decades ago. We suggest that agriculture is undergoing a fourth revolution triggered by the exponentially increasing use of information and communication technology (ICT) in agriculture. ::: ::: ::: ::: New technologies, such as unmanned aerial vehicles with powerful, lightweight cameras, allow for improved farm management advice. Image courtesy of Shutterstock/Kleir. ::: ::: ::: ::: Autonomous, robotic vehicles have been developed for farming purposes, such as mechanical weeding, application of fertilizer, or harvesting of fruits. The development of unmanned aerial vehicles with autonomous flight control (1), together with the development of lightweight and powerful hyperspectral snapshot cameras that can be used to calculate biomass development and fertilization status of crops (2, 3), opens the field for sophisticated farm management advice. Moreover, decision-tree models are available now that allow farmers to differentiate between plant diseases based on optical information (4). Virtual fence technologies (5) allow cattle herd management based on remote-sensing signals and sensors or actuators attached to the livestock. ::: ::: Taken together, these technical improvements constitute a technical revolution that will generate disruptive changes in agricultural practices. This trend holds for farming not only in developed countries but also in developing countries, where deployments in ICT (e.g., use of mobile phones, access to the Internet) are being adopted at a rapid pace and could become the game-changers in the future (e.g., in the form of seasonal drought forecasts, climate-smart agriculture). ::: ::: Such profound changes in practice come not only with opportunities but also big challenges. It is crucial to point them out at an early stage of this … ::: ::: [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: achim.walter{at}usys.ethz.ch. ::: ::: [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1 <s> BIB019 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> With the Internet of Things (IoT) becoming a major component of our daily life, understanding how to improve the quality of service (QoS) for IoT applications through fog computing is becoming an important problem. In this paper, we introduce a general framework for IoT-fog-cloud applications, and propose a delay-minimizing collaboration and offloading policy for fog-capable devices that aims to reduce the service delay for IoT applications. We then develop an analytical model to evaluate our policy and show how the proposed framework helps to reduce IoT service delay. <s> BIB020 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> We consider the Internet of Things (IoT) with malware diffusion and seek optimal malware detection strategies for preserving the privacy of smart objects in IoT networks and suppressing malware diffusion. To this end, we propose a malware detection infrastructure realized by an intrusion detection system (IDS) with cloud and fog computing to overcome the IDS deployment problem in smart objects due to their limited resources and heterogeneous subnetworks. We then employ a signaling game to disclose interactions between smart objects and the corresponding fog node because of malware uncertainty in smart objects. To minimize privacy leakage of smart objects, we also develop optimal strategies that maximize malware detection probability by theoretically computing the perfect Bayesian equilibrium of the game. Moreover, we analyze the factors influencing the optimal probability of a malicious smart object diffusing malware, and factors influencing the performance of a fog node in determining an infected smart object. Finally, we present a framework to demonstrate a potential and practical application of suppressing malware diffusion in IoT networks. <s> BIB021 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> Fog computing has recently emerged as a promising technique in content delivery wireless networks to alleviate the heavy bursty traffic burdens on backhaul connections. In order to improve the overall system performance, in terms of network throughput, service delay and fairness, it is very crucial and challenging to jointly optimize node assignments at control tier and resource allocation at access tier under dynamic user requirements and wireless network conditions. To solve this problem, in this paper, a fog-enabled multitier network architecture is proposed to model a typical content delivery wireless network with heterogeneous node capabilities in computing, communication, and storage. Further, based on Lyapunov optimization techniques, a new online low-complexity algorithm, namely fog-enabled multitier operations scheduling (FEMOS), is developed to decompose the original complicated problem into two operations across different tiers. Rigorous performance analysis derives the tradeoff relationship between average network throughput and service delay, i.e., ${[O(1/V), O(V)] }$ with a control parameter $\boldsymbol {V}$ , under FEMOS algorithm in dynamic wireless networks. For different network sizes and traffic loads, extensive simulation results show that FEMOS is a fair and efficient algorithm for all user terminals and, more importantly, it can offer much better performance, in terms of network throughput, service delay, and queue backlog, than traditional node assignment and resource allocation algorithms. <s> BIB022 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> Purpose ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: The purpose of this study is to identify and discuss the role of intelligent materials in the emergence of new business models based on the Internet of Things (IoT). The study suggests new areas for further research to better understand the influences of material intelligence on the business models in industry-wide service ecosystems. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Design/methodology/approach ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: The study uses data from an earlier study of intelligent materials in the steel industry networks. The insights are based on 34 qualitative interviews among 15 organizations in the industry. The data are reanalyzed for this study. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Findings ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: The observations from the steel industry show how material intelligence can be harnessed for value creation in IoT-based business ecosystems. The results suggest that not all “things” connected to the IoT need to be intelligent, if information related to the things are collected, stored and shared for collaborative value creation among the actors involved in the business ecosystem. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Research limitations/implications ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: The study discusses how IoT deployments allow businesses to benefit from the velocity and variety of information associated with things and guides future research to study the ways in which value is created through IoT-enabled business models. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Practical implications ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Rather than focusing on improving the efficiency of the supply network, the study presents new paths for competitive advantages in the new IoT ecosystems. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Originality/value ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: The study contributes to the mounting research on the IoT by identifying and discussing the critical aspects of how IoT can transform business models and supply networks within end-to-end ecosystems. <s> BIB023 </s> Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review <s> IV. DISCUSSION <s> Purpose ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the potential of Internet of Things (IoT) to affect organizational buying behavior. Potential impacts on organizational communication, buying center structure and processes and privacy and security issues are discussed. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Design/methodology/approach ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: This is a conceptual paper that advances testable propositions based on the technology overview and use of existing organizational buying behavior theory. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Findings ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: This paper concludes that major changes are likely as a result of the adoption of IoT. The nature of organizational communication may shift to more machine-to-machine communication and buying centers may become smaller, less hierarchical but more coordinated, with less conflict. In addition, privacy and security concerns will need to be addressed. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Originality/value ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: This is the first attempt to conceptualize the impact of adoption of IoT technologies that may help future researchers to examine the impact on a more granular level. For practitioners, it may help them prepare for the impacts of the IoT technological juggernaut. <s> BIB024
In this review we have identified important attributes to analyse the research findings in agriculture and farming processes. We have gathered and analyzed data by using 60 recent scientific articles. Our survey shows the most researched sub-verticals are water management, crop management and smart farming. Water management is the most researched sub-vertical for the last few years as most countries mainly focus on the utilization of water resources due to its lack of abundance  . Irrigation patterns in agriculture influence crop production making irrigation management a central focus to increase productivity BIB003 , BIB004 . The second most considered sub-vertical is crop management due to the importance of producing food for a growing global population. It is important to manage the quality, quantity and effectiveness of the agricultural production for sustainability BIB005 . Although a study BIB006 discussed that the widely used sensor data collections for measurements are soil conditions as pH and humidity, as per our analysis it shows environmental temperature followed by humidity and soil moisture are the most commonly measured data. IoT can further be defined as a fusion of heterogeneous networks including chip technology that scopes gradually more and more, expanding due to the rapid growth of Internet applications such as logistics, agriculture, smart community, intelligent transposition, control and tracking systems. According to researchers' analysis, in 2020 IoT objects will be semi-intelligent and an important part of human social life BIB007 . As analyzed in our review Wi-Fi,mobile technology are the technologies which have a wide range of demand in agriculture and farming domain to monitor land and water resources in contrast to other technologies BIB008 , BIB009 . Although our results demonstrate the results in such a way, a study  analyzed that use of RFID, a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology that can be effectively used to increase the crop production to meet the growing needs of the increasing population. In developing countries with limited Internet speed, the other IoT technologies utilised rather than Wi-Fi include Low-Power, Short-Range IoT Networks, lowrate wireless PAN (LoRaWAN) or Low-Power and WideArea Networks. Further research  shows that WSN is used in many applications such as health monitoring, agriculture, environmental monitoring, and military applications whereas our study demonstrates the agriculture sector using IoT in and farming sector using IoT. Our observations show that Agriculture is the primary source of income in developing countries, such as India with the sizeable geographical area when comparing with other countries BIB010 . Most of the research studies have performed on water management by monitoring such environmental parameters as temperature, humidity and soil moisture BIB011 , BIB012 , BIB013 , BIB014 , BIB015 . Many of the findings have focused on better water utilization, reduction inhuman intervention and the cost of production BIB006 , BIB016 . Future research could draw more attention to further automate current processes in waste management, smart lightening and pest controlling subverticals by reducing existing drawbacks since it has received the least research attention in the considered period. Fog computing, as an innovation with cross over any barrier between remote data centres and IoT devices, should be considered in future IoT analysis BIB017 , BIB001 , BIB020 , BIB021 , BIB022 . While IoT has solved many issues related to agriculture and farming there are limitations that we need to consider. Lack of www.ijacsa.thesai.org interoperability and compatibility in devices, network flexibility issues when more devices are connecting, and sensor lifetime is some of the limitations to be addressed in future research. This study has found that industry 4.0 in agriculture focuses on IoT aspects transforming the production capabilities including the agricultural domain. This study has [68] considered soil quality, irrigation levels, weather, the presence of insects and pests as sensor data. Some of the significant aspects they have been researched are the driver's assistance to optimise routes and shorten harvesting and crop treatment while reducing fuel consumption CISCO [69] . Producing enough food for the entire world is a big challenge since the global population is rapidly changing as well as climate change and labour shortage. Currently researchers have focused more on robotics to address these problems. A growing number of researchers and companies have focused on Robotics and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to weeding by reducing the amount of herbicide used by farmers. In contrast to edge computing, cloud computing requires a high-speed internet connection with sending and retrieving data from the cloud. As the process involves transferring and receiving data from the cloud, the process is time-consuming. Since the data capacity is higher than bandwidth, it is always essential to process data locally instead of sending data to the cloud. Edge computing is more efficient than cloud processing when processing data since the capacity doubles faster than the bandwidth doubles BIB018 . Since IoT uses sensor data collection for decision making, to process collected data, the cloud, or the edge based can be used on the system requirements. Still, there are some challenges associated with IoT system deployment. Connecting so many devices to the IoT network is the biggest challenge in the future following lack of technical knowledge among farmers, current centralised architecture to support IoT systems is not much advanced as the growth of the network, centralised systems will turn into a bottleneck. Moreover, sensor battery capacity and lifetime and sensor data storage also more concentrated when IoT system deployment. Smart farming is the association with new advancements in technologies and the different crop and livestock, agriculture and farming in the digital age. Smart farming can deliver agriculture more beneficial for the farmer. This is because decreasing input resources will save farmers' money and labour, and hence, will increase reliability BIB019 and business outcome BIB023 , BIB024 . Furthermore, studying diverse approaches for fog computing structure BIB017 , decision making using prediction or pattern analysis  ,  ,  , big data databases BIB002 could be an exciting way to make the Internet of Things (IoT) into the future dominating technology. This survey will fill the gap by the identification of the different IoT sub-verticals and data collections for the measurements in the agriculture and farming process. Results are clearly showing that most considered sub-verticals and data collections for measurements in the field of agriculture and farming. Our study also indicates the technologies used for IoT application development in the reviewed period. To summarise this survey, this has broader knowledge about IoT applications developed for automating the agriculture and farming process. Moreover, this study identifies most considered sub-verticals, collected sensor data and technologies for the development of IoT based applications in agriculture and farming sector towards the significant improvement of the business. Table II shows the other necessary data collection criteria which were not included in all studies. 