A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> Environmental monitoring is an important emerging application area for pervasive computing. We describe shore-based sensing using standard video cameras and measurement techniques for important variables such as wave and ocean current conditions. We apply networked sensors for monitoring environmentally sensitive beaches and nearshore coastal oceans. We give some steps to improve the Argus video sensor network's functionality to quantify the time-space characteristics of the imaged world. We also discuss future system architectures, on the basis of the experience with a sensor network that have already deployed. <s> BIB001 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> We consider routing security in wireless sensor networks. Many sensor network routing protocols have been proposed, but none of them have been designed with security as a goal. We propose security goals for routing in sensor networks, show how attacks against ad-hoc and peer-to-peer networks can be adapted into powerful attacks against sensor networks, introduce two classes of novel attacks against sensor networks sinkholes and HELLO floods, and analyze the security of all the major sensor network routing protocols. We describe crippling attacks against all of them and suggest countermeasures and design considerations. This is the first such analysis of secure routing in sensor networks. <s> BIB002 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> A Wireless Sensor Network For Structural Monitoring ∗ Ning Xu Sumit Rangwala Alan Broad Krishna Kant Chintalapudi Deepak Ganesan Ramesh Govindan Deborah Estrin ABSTRACT Structural monitoring—the collection and analysis of structural re- sponse to ambient or forced excitation–is an important application of networked embedded sensing with signiﬁcant commercial po- tential. The ﬁrst generation of sensor networks for structural mon- itoring are likely to be data acquisition systems that collect data at a single node for centralized processing. In this paper, we dis- cuss the design and evaluation of a wireless sensor network sys- tem (called Wisden) for structural data acquisition. Wisden in- corporates two novel mechanisms, reliable data transport using a hybrid of end-to-end and hop-by-hop recovery, and low-overhead data time-stamping that does not require global clock synchroniza- tion. We also study the applicability of wavelet-based compression techniques to overcome the bandwidth limitations imposed by low- power wireless radios. We describe our implementation of these mechanisms on the Mica-2 motes and evaluate the performance of our implementation. We also report experiences from deploying Wisden on a large structure. General Terms Reliability, Design Keywords Sensor Network, Structural Health Monitoring, Wisden INTRODUCTION Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.1 [Computer Communication Networks]: Wireless commu- nication; C.3 [Special-Purpose and Application-Based Systems]: Embedded Systems ∗ This material is based upon work supported by the National Sci- ence Foundation under Grants No. 0121778 (Center for Embedded Networked Systems) and 0325875 (ITR: Structural Health Moni- toring Using Local Excitations and Dense Sensing). Any opinions, ﬁndings and conclusions or recomendations expressed in this ma- terial are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reﬂect the views of the National Science Foundation (NSF). † Computer Science Department, University of Southern California, {nxu, srangwal, chintala, ramesh}@usc.edu ‡ Current Afﬁliation - Center for Embedded Networked Sensing, Los Angeles § Computer Science Department, University of California, Los An- geles {deepak, destrin}@cs.ucla.edu ¶ Crossbow Technology Inc. abroad@xbow.com Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for proﬁt or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the ﬁrst page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speciﬁc permission and/or a fee. SenSys’04, November 3–5, 2004, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Copyright 2004 ACM 1-58113-879-2/04/0011 ... $ 5.00. Structural health monitoring systems seek to detect and local- ize damage in buildings, bridges, ships, and aircraft. The design of such systems is an active and well-established area of research. When built, such systems would infer the existence and location of damage by measuring structural response to ambient or forced excitation. Wireless sensor networks are a natural candidate for structural health monitoring systems, since they enable dense in- situ sensing and simplify deployment of instrumentation. However, techniques for damage assessment are quite complex, and practical wireless networked structural health monitoring systems are sev- eral years away. Wireless sensor networks do have a more immediate role to play in structural monitoring. Advances in structural engineering de- pend upon the availability of many detailed data sets that record the response of different structures to ambient vibration (caused, for example, by earthquakes, wind, or passing vehicles) or forced excitation (delivered by large special-purpose shakers). Currently, structural engineers use wired or single-hop wireless data acqui- sition systems to acquire such data sets. These systems consist of a device that collects and stores vibration measurements from a small number of sensors. However, power and wiring constraints imposed by these systems can increase the cost of acquiring these data sets, impose signiﬁcant setup delays, and limit the number and location of sensors. Wireless sensor networks can help address these issues. In this paper, we describe the design of Wisden, a wireless sen- sor network system for structural-response data acquisition. Wis- den continuously collects structural response data from a multi-hop network of sensor nodes, and displays and stores the data at a base station. Wisden can be thought of as a ﬁrst-generation wireless structural monitoring system; it incorporates some in-network pro- cessing, but later systems will move more processing into the net- work once the precise structural monitoring applications are better understood. In being essentially a data collection system, Wisden resembles other early sensor networks such as those being deployed for habitat monitoring [10]. While the architecture of Wisden is simple—a base station cen- trally collecting data—its design is a bit more challenging than that of other sensor networks built till date. Structural response data is generated at higher data rates than most sensing applications <s> BIB003 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> M ONITORING WITH S ENSOR N ETWORKS By Robert Szewczyk, Eric Osterweil, Joseph Polastre, Michael Hamilton, Alan Mainwaring, and Deborah Estrin These networks deliver to ecologists data on localized environmental conditions at the scale of individual organisms to help settle large-scale land-use issues affecting animals, plants, and people. istorically, the study of micro- climate and habitat utilization have been largely observa- tional, with climatic and behavioral variables being extrapolated from a few or even individual measurement sites. Today, densely deployed sensor networks are being scaled to the size of the organisms under study, sampling phenomena at fre- quencies the organisms encounter, and dispersed in patterns that capture the full range of environmen- tal exposures to provide the fine-grain information needed for accurate modeling and prediction. Ranging in size from tens to potentially thousands of nodes within a habitat patch, these networks are beginning to provide a view of often subtle changes in a given landscape at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. The technological challenges for developing and deploying them are daunting. They must be unobtrusive yet durable under a range of environmental stresses, including damage caused by the organisms themselves. They must be so energy efficient that they can remain in situ with little human interaction and be maintenance-free for years at a time. They must also reliably interconnect with a cyber infrastructure that permits frequent network H ABITAT H access for data upload, device programming, and management. Here, we survey the components of a complete habitat-monitoring system, from miniature data-collection sensor nodes to data-processing back- ends containing millions of observations, showing how they fit into a unified architecture, deriving our data and conclusions from several case studies (see the sidebar “Sensing the Natural Environment”). Few themes permeate basic and applied ecological research to such an extent as the relationship of microclimate and ecological patterns, processes, physiology, and biological diversity. Microclimate can be defined as the climate close to surfaces, upon and beneath soils, under snow, or in water, on living things (such as trees), or even on individual animals. Individuals may disperse across broad areas, but per- sistence, growth, and reproduction depend on the existence of narrow ranges of key environmental con- ditions that vary over narrow spatial gradients. For example, we see only the stand of trees that reached the right microclimate as seeds but not the tens of thousands of seeds that perished or simply failed to take root because they germinated in areas outside the range of their tolerance. Through their presence and activity, organisms alter their surroundings in important ways. Tree shape, physiology, and canopy structure can produce June 2004/Vol. 47, No. 6 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM <s> BIB004 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> Vehicles are part of people's life in modern society, into which more and more high-tech devices are integrated, and a common platform for inter-vehicle communication is necessary to realize an intelligent transportation system supporting safe driving, dynamic route scheduling, emergency message dissemination, and traffic condition monitoring. TrafficView, which is a part of the e-Road project, defines a framework to disseminate and gather information about the vehicles on the road. Using such a system will provide a vehicle driver with road traffic information, which helps driving in situations such as foggy weather, or finding an optimal route in a trip several miles long. This paper describes the basic design of TrafficView and different algorithms used in the system. <s> BIB005 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> TrafficView is a device that can be embedded in the next generation of vehicles to provide drivers with a real-time view of the road traffic far beyond what they can physically see. Vehicles equipped with TrafficView devices disseminate traffic information using short-range wireless communication. The main benefits of disseminating traffic information in a vehicle-to-vehicle fashion are scalability and ease of deployment. The paper describes the TrafficView prototype and presents preliminary experimental results for this prototype. <s> BIB006 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> Wireless sensor networks consist of small nodes with sensing, computation, and wireless communications capabilities. Many routing, power management, and data dissemination protocols have been specifically designed for WSNs where energy awareness is an essential design issue. Routing protocols in WSNs might differ depending on the application and network architecture. In this article we present a survey of state-of-the-art routing techniques in WSNs. We first outline the design challenges for routing protocols in WSNs followed by a comprehensive survey of routing techniques. Overall, the routing techniques are classified into three categories based on the underlying network structure: flit, hierarchical, and location-based routing. Furthermore, these protocols can be classified into multipath-based, query-based, negotiation-based, QoS-based, and coherent-based depending on the protocol operation. We study the design trade-offs between energy and communication overhead savings in every routing paradigm. We also highlight the advantages and performance issues of each routing technique. The article concludes with possible future research areas. <s> BIB007 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> Most current sensor network research explores the use of extremely simple sensors on small devices called motes and focuses on over-coming the resource constraints of these devices. In contrast, our research explores the challenges of multimedia sensors and is motivated by the fact that multimedia devices, such as cameras, are rapidly becoming inexpensive, yet their use in a sensor network presents a number of unique challenges. For example, the data rates involved with multimedia sensors are orders of magnitude greater than those for sensor motes and this data cannot easily be processed by traditional sensor network techniques that focus on scalar data. In addition, the richness of the data generated by multimedia sensors makes them useful for a wide variety of applications. This paper presents an overview of I RIS N ET , a sensor network architecture that enables the creation of a planetary-scale infrastructure of multimedia sensors that can be shared by a large number of applications. To ensure the efficient collection of sensor readings, I RIS N ET enables the application-specific processing of sensor feeds on the significant computation resources that are typically attached to multimedia sensors. I RIS N ET enables the storage of sensor readings close to their source by providing a convenient and extensible distributed XML database infrastructure. Finally, I RIS N ET provides a number of multimedia processing primitives that enable the effective processing of sensor feeds in-network and at-sensor. <s> BIB008 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> Project ExScal (for extreme scale) fielded a 1000+ node wireless sensor network and a 200+ node peer-to-peer ad hoc network of 802.11 devices in a 13km by 300m remote area in Florida, USA during December 2004. In comparison with previous deployments, the ExScal application is relatively complex and its networks are the largest ones of either type fielded to date. In this paper, we overview the key requirements of ExScal, the corresponding design of the hardware/software platform and application, and some results of our experiments. <s> BIB009 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> Target tracking in wireless sensor networks requires efficient coordination among sensor nodes. Existing methods have focused on tree-based collaboration, selective activation, and group clustering. This paper presents a prediction-based adaptive algorithm for tracking mobile targets. We use adaptive Kalman filtering to predict the future location and velocity of the target. This location prediction is used to determine the active tracking region which corresponds to the set of sensors that needs to be "lighted". The velocity prediction is used to adaptively determine the size of the active tracking region, and to modulate the sampling rate as well. In this paper, we quantify the benefits of our approach in terms of energy consumed and accuracy of tracking for different mobility patterns. Our simulation results show that advance resource reservation coupled with adaptively changing the size of the active tracking region and the sampling rate reduces the overall energy consumed for tracking without affecting the accuracy in tracking. <s> BIB010 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have attracted increasing attentions from both academic and industrial communities. It can be deployed in various kinds of environments to monitor and collect information. In this paper, we describe a WSN-based intelligent car parking system. In the system, low-cost wireless sensors are deployed into a car park field, with each parking lot equipped with one sensor node, which detects and monitors the occupation of the parking lot. The status of the parking field detected by sensor nodes is reported periodically to a database via the deployed wireless sensor network and its gateway. The database can be accessed by the upper layer management system to perform various management functions, such as finding vacant parking lots, auto-toll, security management, and statistic report. We have implemented a prototype of the system using crossbow motes. The system evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness of our design and implementation of the car parking system. <s> BIB011 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> Structural health monitoring (SHM) is an active area of research devoted to systems that can autonomously and proactively assess the structural integrity of bridges, buildings, and aerospace vehicles. Recent technological advances promise the eventual ability to cover a large civil structure with low-cost wireless sensors that can continuously monitor a building's structural health, but researchers face several obstacles to reaching this goal, including high data-rate, data-fidelity, and time-synchronization requirements. This article describes two systems the authors recently deployed in real-world structures. <s> BIB012 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> We present Flush, a reliable, high goodput bulk data transport protocol for wireless sensor networks. Flush provides end-to-end reliability, reduces transfer time, and adapts to time-varying network conditions. It achieves these properties using end-to-end acknowledgments, implicit snooping of control information, and a rate-control algorithm that operates at each hop along a flow. Using several real network topologies, we show that Flush closely tracks or exceeds the maximum goodput achievable by a hand-tuned but fixed rate for each hop over a wide range of path lengths and varying network conditions. Flush is scalable; its effective bandwidth over a 48-hop wireless network is approximately one-third of the rate achievable over one hop. The design of Flush is simplified by assuming that different flows do not interfere with each other, a reasonable restriction for many sensornet applications that collect bulk data in a coordinated fashion, like structural health monitoring, volcanic activity monitoring, or protocol evaluation. We collected all of the performance data presented in this paper using Flush itself. <s> BIB013 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> In this paper, we propose a sense and response system for tsunami detection and mitigation. We use the directed diffusion routing protocol as a baseline network protocol and develop several communication mechanisms to improve its performance. These include an efficient flooding technique, a route repair algorithm, and distributed services framework. We summarize the analysis mechanism used to predict tsunami propagation and briefly discuss the results of this algorithm. Finally, we describe potential barrier mechanisms and the real-time communication protocol that supports time-critical response of the system. <s> BIB014 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> In this paper we propose and present preliminary results on the migration of traffic lights as roadside-based infrastructures to in-vehicle virtual signs supported only by vehicle- to-vehicle communications. We design a virtual traffic light protocol that can dynamically optimize the flow of traffic in road intersections without requiring any roadside infrastructure. Elected vehicles act as temporary road junction infrastructures and broadcast traffic light messages that are shown to drivers through in-vehicle displays. This approach renders signalized control of intersections truly ubiquitous, which significantly increases the overall traffic flow. We pro- vide compelling evidence that our proposal is a scalable and cost-effective solution to urban traffic control. <s> BIB015 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> Situational awareness in a disaster is critical to effective response. Disaster responders require timely delivery of high volumes of accurate data to make correct decisions. To meet these needs, we present DistressNet, an ad hoc wireless architecture that supports disaster response with distributed collaborative sensing, topology-aware routing using a multichannel protocol, and accurate resource localization. Sensing suites use collaborative and distributed mechanisms to optimize data collection and minimize total energy use. Message delivery is aided by novel topology management, while congestion is minimized through the use of mediated multichannel radio protocols. Estimation techniques improve localization accuracy in difficult environments. <s> BIB016 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> The rising older people population has increased the interest in Ambient Assisted Living systems. This article presents a system for monitoring the disabled or older persons developed from an existing surveillance system. The modularity and adaptability characteristics of the system allow an easy adaptation for a different purpose. The proposed system uses a network of sensors capable of motion detection that includes fall warning, identification of persons and a configurable control system which allows its use in different scenarios. <s> BIB017 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> In light of the problems of low recognition efficiency, high false rates and poor localization accuracy in traditional pipeline security detection technology, this paper proposes a type of hierarchical leak detection and localization method for use in natural gas pipeline monitoring sensor networks. In the signal preprocessing phase, original monitoring signals are dealt with by wavelet transform technology to extract the single mode signals as well as characteristic parameters. In the initial recognition phase, a multi-classifier model based on SVM is constructed and characteristic parameters are sent as input vectors to the multi-classifier for initial recognition. In the final decision phase, an improved evidence combination rule is designed to integrate initial recognition results for final decisions. Furthermore, a weighted average localization algorithm based on time difference of arrival is introduced for determining the leak point’s position. Experimental results illustrate that this hierarchical pipeline leak detection and localization method could effectively improve the accuracy of the leak point localization and reduce the undetected rate as well as false alarm rate. <s> BIB018 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> Fire hazard monitoring and evacuation for building environments is a novel application area for the deployment of wireless sensor networks. In this context, adaptive routing is essential in order to ensure safe and timely data delivery in building evacuation and fire fighting resource applications. Existing routing mechanisms for wireless sensor networks are not well suited for building fires, especially as they do not consider critical and dynamic network scenarios. In this paper, an emergency-adaptive, real-time and robust routing protocol is presented for emergency situations such as building fire hazard applications. The protocol adapts to handle dynamic emergency scenarios and works well with the routing hole problem. Theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that our protocol provides a real-time routing mechanism that is well suited for dynamic emergency scenarios in building fires when compared with other related work. <s> BIB019 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> Swarm intelligence is a relatively novel field. It addresses the study of the collective behaviors of systems made by many components that coordinate using decentralized controls and self-organization. A large part of the research in swarm intelligence has focused on the reverse engineering and the adaptation of collective behaviors observed in natural systems with the aim of designing effective algorithms for distributed optimization. These algorithms, like their natural systems of inspiration, show the desirable properties of being adaptive, scalable, and robust. These are key properties in the context of network routing, and in particular of routing in wireless sensor networks. Therefore, in the last decade, a number of routing protocols for wireless sensor networks have been developed according to the principles of swarm intelligence, and, in particular, taking inspiration from the foraging behaviors of ant and bee colonies. In this paper, we provide an extensive survey of these protocols. We discuss the general principles of swarm intelligence and of its application to routing. We also introduce a novel taxonomy for routing protocols in wireless sensor networks and use it to classify the surveyed protocols. We conclude the paper with a critical analysis of the status of the field, pointing out a number of fundamental issues related to the (mis) use of scientific methodology and evaluation procedures, and we identify some future research directions. <s> BIB020 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> The recent technological advances in micro electro-mechanical systems have promoted the development of a powerful class of sensor-based distributed intelligent systems capable of ubiquitously retrieving multimedia information, namely Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs). WMSNs are gaining more popularity day by day as they are envisioned to support a large number of both non-real time and real-time multimedia applications. However, satisfying the stringent quality of service (QoS) requirements of multimedia transmission in a resource-constrained sensor network environment places new challenges to routing. As an outcome, optimal energy and application-specific QoS aware routing for WMSNs has gained considerable research attention recently. In this paper, current state-of-the-art in energy-efficient routing techniques for WMSNs is surveyed together with the highlights of the performance issues of each strategy. We outline the design challenges of routing protocols for WMSNs followed by the limitations of current techniques designed for non-multimedia data transmission. Further, a classification of recent routing protocols for WMSNs and a discussion of possible future research trends are presented. <s> BIB021 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> Depending upon the technological developments, the same fast evolution has occurred in the structures of sensor networks, their composing devices which are sensor nodes, and their application areas. Those tiny, energy-constrained, mostly non-real-time data transmitting sensor nodes have evolved to more energy-containing, camera-adapted, real-time multimedia-data-transmitting devices. Developments in the usage areas and the capabilities have revealed some other problems such as time limited data transmission. In this paper, we propose a multichannel cross-layer architecture for Quality of Service (QoS) constrained multimedia sensor networks. The proposed architecture considers both the time and energy efficiency concepts. Energy efficiency is succeeded by ensuring the fair load distribution among the nodes during a real-time multimedia packet stream transmission. Besides ensuring the fair load distribution, on-time packet transmission is also assured by constructing the paths with a hard reservation technique depending on the predetermined QoS constraints. Simulations show that the proposed architecture provides higher performance than the Greedy approach and the LEERA scheme. <s> BIB022 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> The problem of an ageing population has become serious in the past few years as the degeneration of various physiological functions has resulted in distinct chronic diseases in the elderly. Most elderly are not willing to leave home for healthcare centers, but caring for patients at home eats up caregiver resources, and can overwhelm patients' families. Besides, a lot of chronic disease symptoms cause the elderly to visit hospitals frequently. Repeated examinations not only exhaust medical resources, but also waste patients' time and effort. To make matters worse, this healthcare system does not actually appear to be effective as expected. In response to these problems, a wireless remote home care system is designed in this study, where ZigBee is used to set up a wireless network for the users to take measurements anytime and anywhere. Using suitable measuring devices, users' physiological signals are measured, and their daily conditions are monitored by various sensors. Being transferred through ZigBee network, vital signs are analyzed in computers which deliver distinct alerts to remind the users and the family of possible emergencies. The system could be further combined with electric appliances to remotely control the users' environmental conditions. The environmental monitoring function can be activated to transmit in real time dynamic images of the cared to medical personnel through the video function when emergencies occur. Meanwhile, in consideration of privacy, the video camera would be turned on only when it is necessary. The caregiver could adjust the angle of camera to a proper position and observe the current situation of the cared when a sensor on the cared or the environmental monitoring system detects exceptions. All physiological data are stored in the database for family enquiries or accurate diagnoses by medical personnel. <s> BIB023 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology. Center for Environmental Sensing and Modeling <s> BIB024 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> Wireless rechargeable sensor networks (WRSNs) have emerged as an alternative to solving the challenges of size and operation time posed by traditional battery-powered systems. In this paper, we study a WRSN built from the industrial wireless identification and sensing platform (WISP) and commercial off-the-shelf RFID readers. The paper-thin WISP tags serve as sensors and can harvest energy from RF signals transmitted by the readers. This kind of WRSNs is highly desirable for indoor sensing and activity recognition and is gaining attention in the research community. One fundamental question in WRSN design is how to deploy readers in a network to ensure that the WISP tags can harvest sufficient energy for continuous operation. We refer to this issue as the energy provisioning problem. Based on a practical wireless recharge model supported by experimental data, we investigate two forms of the problem: point provisioning and path provisioning. Point provisioning uses the least number of readers to ensure that a static tag placed in any position of the network will receive a sufficient recharge rate for sustained operation. Path provisioning exploits the potential mobility of tags (e.g., those carried by human users) to further reduce the number of readers necessary: mobile tags can harvest excess energy in power-rich regions and store it for later use in power-deficient regions. Our analysis shows that our deployment methods, by exploiting the physical characteristics of wireless recharging, can greatly reduce the number of readers compared with those assuming traditional coverage models. <s> BIB025 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> Multipath routing is an efficient technique to route data in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) because it can provide reliability, security and load balance, which are especially critical in the resource constrained system such as WSNs. In this paper we provide a survey of the state-of-the-art of proposed multipath routing protocols for WSNs, which are classified into three categories, infrastructure based, non-infrastructure based and coding based, based on the special techniques used in building multiple paths and delivering sensing data. For each category, we study the design of protocols, analyze the tradeoff of each design, and overview several representing protocols. In addition, we give a summery of design goals, challenges, and evaluation metrics for multipath routing protocols in resource constrained systems in general. <s> BIB026 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> Solid waste management is one of the most important challenges in urban areas throughout the world and it is becoming a critical issue in developing countries where a rapid increase in population has been observed. Waste collection is a complex process that requires the use of large amount of money and an elaborate management of logistics. In this paper an approch to smart waste collection is proposed able to improve and optimize the handling of solid urban waste. Context of smart waste management requires interconnection among heterogeneous devices and data sharing involving a large amount of people. Smart-M3 platform solves these problems offering a high degree of decoupling and scalability.Waste collection is made by real-time monitoring the level of bin's fullness through sensors placed inside the containers. This method enables to exempt from collecting semi-empty bins. Furthermore, incoming data can be provided to decisional algorithms in order to determine the optimal number of waste vehicles or bins to distribute in the territory. The presented solution gives important advantages for both service providers and consumers. The formers could obtain a sensible cost reduction. On the other hand, users may benefit from a higher level of service quality. In order to make users feel closer to their community, they can interact with the system to be aware about the fulness state of the nearest bins. Finally, a mechanism for collecting “green points” was introduced for encouraging citizens to recycle. <s> BIB027 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> Different from energy harvesting which generates dynamic energy supplies, the mobile charger is able to provide stable and reliable energy supply for sensor nodes, and thus enables sustainable system operations. While previous mobile charging protocols either focus on the charger travel distance or the charging delay of sensor nodes, in this work we propose a novel Energy Synchronized Charging (ESync) protocol, which simultaneously reduces both of them. Observing the limitation of the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP)-based solutions when nodes energy consumptions are diverse, we construct a set of nested TSP tours based on their energy consumptions, and only nodes with low remaining energy are involved in each charging round. Furthermore, we propose the concept of energy synchronization to synchronize the charging re- quests sequence of nodes with their sequence on the TSP tours. Experiment and simulation demonstrate ESync can reduce charger travel distance and nodes charging delay by about 30% and 40% respectively. <s> BIB028 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> The concentration of data traffic towards the sink in a wireless sensor network causes the nearby nodes to deplete their batteries quicker than other nodes, which leaves the sink stranded and disrupts the sensor data reporting. To mitigate this problem the usage of mobile sinks is proposed. Mobile sinks implicitly provide load-balancing and help achieving uniform energy-consumption across the network. However, the mechanisms to support the sink mobility (e.g., advertising the location of the mobile sink to the network) introduce an overhead in terms of energy consumption and packet delays. With these properties mobile sink routing constitutes an interesting research field with unique requirements. In this paper, we present a survey of the existing distributed mobile sink routing protocols. In order to provide an insight to the rationale and the concerns of a mobile sink routing protocol, design requirements and challenges associated with the problem of mobile sink routing are determined and explained. A definitive and detailed categorization is made and the protocols' advantages and drawbacks are determined with respect to their target applications. <s> BIB029 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> Wireless sensor networks with mobile sinks, mWSNs, have attracted a lot of attention recently. This is because sink mobility can greatly alleviate the hotspot issue in WSNs and further prolong the network lifetime. However, sink mobility also causes unexpected changes in network topology and data routing paths, which can largely affect the routing performance in such networks. Design of efficient routing protocols for mWSNs has been a critical issue, and much work has been carried out in this aspect. In this article, we first classify existing protocols based on different design criteria and then present a survey of the state-of-the-art routing protocols in this area. We illustrate how each of the protocols works, and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we point out some future directions for efficient routing in mWSNs. <s> BIB030 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> More than 50 billion devices are estimated to be connected to the Internet by 2020. Incompatibility of devices and protocols (usually proprietary devices and protocols) are one of the major hurdles to be overcome to realise the Internet of Things (IoT) vision. IoT devices are typically constrained devices and this creates dependencies between the hardware, software and protocols used in the device. Open hardware and software platforms to support emerging IoT trends are required. A wireless sensor network gateway was developed in a three-month period using off-the-shelf components. The gateway was based on the Raspberry PI single-board computer; it implemented 6LoWPAN mesh and wireless access point functionality for mobile and low power sensing and actuation devices. The gateway was tested in the following use-case: integrate a battery-operated 6LoWPAN-enabled smart water meter to an IPv6 building network. Several factors that influence the gateway's performance and reliability were identified and should be considered when deploying gateway devices for future endeavours. <s> BIB031 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become more and more diversified and are today able to also support high data rate applications, such as multimedia. In this case, per-packet channel handshaking/switching may result in inducing additional overheads, such as energy consumption, delays and, therefore, data loss. One of the solutions is to perform stream-based channel allocation where channel handshaking is performed once before transmitting the whole data stream. Deciding stream-based channel allocation is more critical in case of multichannel WSNs where channels of different quality/stability are available and the wish for high performance requires sensor nodes to switch to the best among the available channels. In this work, we will focus on devising mechanisms that perform channel quality/stability estimation in order to improve the accommodation of stream-based communication in multichannel wireless sensor networks. For performing channel quality assessment, we have formulated a composite metric, which we call channel rank measurement (CRM), that can demarcate channels into good, intermediate and bad quality on the basis of the standard deviation of the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and the average of the link quality indicator (LQI) of the received packets. CRM is then used to generate a data set for training a supervised machine learning-based algorithm (which we call Normal Equation based Channel quality prediction (NEC) algorithm) in such a way that it may perform instantaneous channel rank estimation of any channel. Subsequently, two robust extensions of the NEC algorithm are proposed (which we call Normal Equation based Weighted Moving Average Channel quality prediction (NEWMAC) algorithm and Normal Equation based Aggregate Maturity Criteria with Beta Tracking based Channel weight prediction (NEAMCBTC) algorithm), that can perform channel quality estimation on the basis of both current and past values of channel rank estimation. In the end, simulations are made using MATLAB, and the results show that the Extended version of NEAMCBTC algorithm (Ext-NEAMCBTC) outperforms the compared techniques in terms of channel quality and stability assessment. It also minimizes channel switching overheads (in terms of switching delays and energy consumption) for accommodating stream-based communication in multichannel WSNs. <s> BIB032 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> In rechargeable sensor networks (RSNs), energy harvested by sensors should be carefully allocated for data sensing and data transmission to optimize data gathering due to time-varying renewable energy arrival and limited battery capacity. Moreover, the dynamic feature of network topology should be taken into account, since it can affect the data transmission. In this paper, we strive to optimize data gathering in terms of network utility by jointly considering data sensing and data transmission. To this end, we design a data gathering optimization algorithm for dynamic sensing and routing (DoSR), which consists of two parts. In the first part, we design a balanced energy allocation scheme (BEAS) for each sensor to manage its energy use, which is proven to meet four requirements raised by practical scenarios. Then in the second part, we propose a distributed sensing rate and routing control (DSR2C) algorithm to jointly optimize data sensing and data transmission, while guaranteeing network fairness. In DSR2C, each sensor can adaptively adjust its transmit energy consumption during network operation according to the amount of available energy, and select the optimal sensing rate and routing, which can efficiently improve data gathering. Furthermore, since recomputing the optimal data sensing and routing strategies upon change of energy allocation will bring huge communications for information exchange and computation, we propose an improved BEAS to manage the energy allocation in the dynamic environments and a topology control scheme to reduce computational complexity. Extensive simulations are performed to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithms in comparison with existing algorithms. <s> BIB033 </s> A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework <s> Introduction <s> The collaborative charging issue in Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks (WRSNs) is a popular research problem. With the help of wireless power transfer technology, electrical energy can be transferred from wireless charging vehicles (WCVs) to sensors, providing a new paradigm to prolong network lifetime. Existing techniques on collaborative charging usually take the periodical and deterministic approach, but neglect influences of non-deterministic factors such as topological changes and node failures, making them unsuitable for large-scale WRSNs. In this paper, we develop a t emporal- s patial c harging scheduling a lgorithm, namely TSCA, for the on-demand charging architecture. We aim to minimize the number of dead nodes while maximizing energy efficiency to prolong network lifetime. First, after gathering charging requests, a WCV will compute a feasible movement solution. A basic path planning algorithm is then introduced to adjust the charging order for better efficiency. Furthermore, optimizations are made in a global level. Then, a node deletion algorithm is developed to remove low efficient charging nodes. Lastly, a node insertion algorithm is executed to avoid the death of abandoned nodes. Extensive simulations show that, compared with state-of-the-art charging scheduling algorithms, our scheme can achieve promising performance in charging throughput, charging efficiency, and other performance metrics. <s> BIB034
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are small inexpensive devices with finite energy, limited sensing/processing capability, small memory and transmission capacity BIB032  . They may perform self-organization in ad hoc mode BIB032  BIB022 and have the ability to work autonomously. It makes them front line ally with human beings for executing various critical tasks such as elderly people health-care BIB017 BIB023 , structural examination BIB003 BIB013 , habitat monitoring BIB004 and near-shore environmental inspection BIB001 . WSNs have an indispensable role in metropolitan planning and development such as traffic handling BIB005 BIB006  BIB015 , tunnel monitoring  , parking lot management BIB008 BIB011 , water pipeline monitoring BIB024 , water consumption examining BIB031 , solid waste management BIB027 , gas pipeline monitoring BIB018 and power grids applications  . In addition to that, they have a key role in security and help in intrusion detection BIB009 , surveillance  and reconnaissance activities BIB010 . Besides that, their role in catastrophes administration is admirable such as tsunami detection and countermeasure BIB014 , building fire monitoring BIB019 and disaster management BIB016 . The acronyms used in this survey are defined in Table 1 . Due to unique nature of WSNs, the related techniques devised for the other wireless networks were discovered unsuitable for WSNs. Eventually, new methodologies and approaches were researched and developed for WSNs keeping in view their underlying constraints, so that they may perform the assigned duties in an appropriate manner. At the inception of WSNs related research, the primary focus was energy efficiency BIB032  while throughput, delay and fairness were given secondary importance BIB032   . Such sensor networks were mainly employed for environmental monitoring in terms of temperature, pressure and humidity, etc. As technology flourished, the capabilities of sensor networks were further enhanced and they became able to support high data rate applications e.g., structural health monitoring requires sensor nodes to send more than 500 samples/s for recognizing any structural distortion BIB012 . It has also motivated the researchers to devise Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) oriented applications that may sense the delay and loss-sensitive multimedia data and relay it with high data rate to sink node using one or more routing path(s). Furthermore thanks to Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology that has handled the longstanding energy depletion issue in WSNs and gave birth to Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks (WRSNs). Such WRSNs has the ability to harvest energy and to operate in a long-lasting manner BIB034 BIB033 BIB025 BIB028 . Apart from the different protocols operating at various layers of communication protocol stack, a variety of WSNs based routing protocols are devised that operate at network layer and focus on performance improvement and fairness in terms of energy, throughput, delay, reliability, security and so on. When a reasonable number of WSNs based routing protocols are published and relevant issues are highlighted, then the experienced researchers in this area have taken the initiative for writing a variety of worthy routing-related reviews which focus either entirely or partially on different aspects of routing in WSNs. These reviews include classical BIB007  , multipath BIB026 , energy-efficient BIB021  , secure  , intelligent BIB020 , hierarchical  , mobility based BIB029 BIB030 surveys and so on as outlined in Tables 2 and 3 . In these surveys, the researchers have either completely or partially summarized and categorized the relevant routing protocols for WSNs and also identified the open research issues/challenges. It has helped the research community to concisely understand the particular and somehow unrevealed aspects of various areas of routing in WSNs and motivated them to further explore the unresolved routing-related challenges in WSNs in future. Although a large number of routing-related surveys are published so far for WSNs, however to the best of our knowledge, we have not discovered any review that summarizes the routing-related survey literature in WSNs. To bridge this gap, an effort is made in this paper for analyzing and categorizing the published routing-related survey literature in WSNs. Therefore, the main contributions of this research can be delineated as follows: • Outlining a novel general survey design framework that may analyze routing-related survey literature in WSNs under a variety of concrete design requirements as discussed in Section 3. • Analyzing the published routing-related survey literature in the light of general survey design framework as manifested in Tables 2 and 3. • Presenting a novel taxonomy of routing-related surveys in WSNs which, on the basis of frequency of survey publication, categorizes the routing surveys literature into highly-focused, medium-focused and least-focused areas of survey publication in WSNs as shown in the organization chart in Figure 2 . Furthermore the surveys belonging to each main category are sub-categorized as per the corresponding fields of publication. • Deducing future insights and research directions as a mean of providing guidelines to beginner and expert researchers who are interested in routing-related survey research in future. Karlof et al. BIB002 , 2003 Two types of novel attacks in WSNs, Security analysis routing protocols 2 Lw Al-Karaki et al. BIB007 , 2004 Network-structure and protocoloperation based taxonomy 5 Hg Akkaya et al.  , 2005 Network-structure and protocoloperation based taxonomy 4 Md Yang et al.  Rehan et al. [114] , 2017 Evaluation and comparison of JOINT/DISJOINT single/multi-path and single/multi-radio multichannel routing protocols in WSNs As depicted in Figure 1 , the rest of this paper is outlined as follows. In Section 2, the significance of survey is presented. The Section 3 discusses the novel general survey design framework under the perspective of survey design requirements. In Section 4, an original classification of already published routing surveys for WSNs is presented. The Section 5 put forths insights and future research directions. In Section 6, a comprehensible conclusion and summary is drawn on the basis of proposed research work. 