A Survey on Industrial Internet of Things: A Cyber-Physical Systems Perspective <s> II. ARCHITECTURE OF I-IOT, APPLICATIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS <s> Roadmap for the development of industrial cyber-physical systems.Description of 4 prototype implementations for industrial automation based on cyber-physical systems technologies.Overview of key CPS challenges to increase Technology Readiness Levels. Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) is an emergent approach that focuses on the integration of computational applications with physical devices, being designed as a network of interacting cyber and physical elements. CPS control and monitor real-world physical infrastructures and thus is starting having a high impact in industrial automation. As such design, implementation and operation of CPS and management of the resulting automation infrastructure is of key importance for the industry. In this work, an overview of key aspects of industrial CPS, their technologies and emerging directions, as well as challenges for their implementation is presented. Based on the hands-on experiences gathered from four European innovation projects over the last decade (i.e. SOCRADES, IMC-AESOP, GRACE and ARUM), a key challenges have been identified and a prioritization and timeline are pointed out with the aim to increase Technology Readiness Levels and lead to their usage in industrial automation environments. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on Industrial Internet of Things: A Cyber-Physical Systems Perspective <s> II. ARCHITECTURE OF I-IOT, APPLICATIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS <s> Fog/edge computing has been proposed to be integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) to enable computing services devices deployed at network edge, aiming to improve the user’s experience and resilience of the services in case of failures. With the advantage of distributed architecture and close to end-users, fog/edge computing can provide faster response and greater quality of service for IoT applications. Thus, fog/edge computing-based IoT becomes future infrastructure on IoT development. To develop fog/edge computing-based IoT infrastructure, the architecture, enabling techniques, and issues related to IoT should be investigated first, and then the integration of fog/edge computing and IoT should be explored. To this end, this paper conducts a comprehensive overview of IoT with respect to system architecture, enabling technologies, security and privacy issues, and present the integration of fog/edge computing and IoT, and applications. Particularly, this paper first explores the relationship between cyber-physical systems and IoT, both of which play important roles in realizing an intelligent cyber-physical world. Then, existing architectures, enabling technologies, and security and privacy issues in IoT are presented to enhance the understanding of the state of the art IoT development. To investigate the fog/edge computing-based IoT, this paper also investigate the relationship between IoT and fog/edge computing, and discuss issues in fog/edge computing-based IoT. Finally, several applications, including the smart grid, smart transportation, and smart cities, are presented to demonstrate how fog/edge computing-based IoT to be implemented in real-world applications. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey on Industrial Internet of Things: A Cyber-Physical Systems Perspective <s> II. ARCHITECTURE OF I-IOT, APPLICATIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS <s> Industrial applications aimed at real-time control and monitoring of cyber-physical systems pose significant challenges to the underlying communication networks in terms of determinism, low latency, and high reliability. The migration of these networks from wired to wireless could bring several benefits in terms of cost reduction and simplification of design, but currently available wireless techniques cannot cope with the stringent requirements of the most critical applications. In this paper, we consider the problem of designing a high-performance wireless network for industrial control, targeting at Gbps data rates and 10- ${\mu }$ s-level cycle time. To this aim, we start from analyzing the required performance and deployment scenarios, then we take a look at the most advanced standards and emerging trends that may be applicable. Building on this investigation, we outline the main directions for the development of a wireless high-performance system. <s> BIB003
Industry 4.0 represents the fourth industrial revolution looming on the horizon, in which information communication technologies are applied to industrial manufacturing and automation so that the productivity and efficiency can be improved. From Industry 4.0, there emerges two key paradigms: I-IoT and Industrial Cyber-Physical System (I-CPS). Generally speaking, I-IoT enables sensing and interconnection of industrial devices and equipment by applying emerging IoT technologies in industrial manufacturing and automation systems. Similarly, I-CPS is an extension of traditional CPS that was initially intended for critical systems (power generation, transportation, infrastructure, etc.), but has since been applied more broadly, defined by the intertwining of cyber and physical systems for command and control, security, resiliency and automation. I-CPS can be considered the merger of industrial cyber and physical systems that provide productive and efficient manufacturing and automation BIB002 , BIB003 - BIB001 . In the following, we present the architecture of I-IoT, and its applications and characteristics in more detail.