A Survey on Multimodal Biometrics and the Protection of Their Templates <s> Conclusions and Discussion <s> Details multimodal biometrics and its exceptional utility for increasingly reliable human recognition systems. Reveals the substantial advantages of multimodal systems over conventional identification methods. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on Multimodal Biometrics and the Protection of Their Templates <s> Conclusions and Discussion <s> Public acceptance of biometric technology is hindered by security and privacy concerns regarding leakage of biometric templates. Biometric cryptosystems alleviate this problem by storing a secure sketch that is typically derived by binding the template with a cryptographic key. However, designing fingerprint cryptosystems is difficult because fingerprint matching is usually based on unordered sets of minutia features having large intra-user variations. To overcome this challenge, we propose a novel minutiae representation known as the Binarized Phase Spectrum (BiPS), which is a fixed-length binary string obtained by quantizing the Fourier phase spectrum of a minutia set. We secure the BiPS representation using a fuzzy commitment scheme employing turbo codes. We also propose a technique for aligning fingerprints based on the focal point of high curvature regions. The proposed system achieves a FNMR of 16.2% and 12.6% on FVC2002-DB1 and DB2 databases, respectively, at zero FMR. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey on Multimodal Biometrics and the Protection of Their Templates <s> Conclusions and Discussion <s> Form a privacy perspective most concerns against the common use of biometrics arise from the storage and misuse of biometric data. Biometric cryptosystems and cancelable biometrics represent emerging technologies of biometric template protection addressing these concerns and improving public confidence and acceptance of biometrics. In addition, biometric cryptosystems provide mechanisms for biometric-dependent key-release. In the last years a significant amount of approaches to both technologies have been published. A comprehensive survey of biometric cryptosystems and cancelable biometrics is presented. State-of-the-art approaches are reviewed based on which an in-depth discussion and an outlook to future prospects are given. <s> BIB003 </s> A Survey on Multimodal Biometrics and the Protection of Their Templates <s> Conclusions and Discussion <s> The term biometrics refers to “automated recognition of individuals based on their behavioral and biological characteristics” (ISO/IEC JTC1 SC37). Several physiological (static) as well as behavioral (non-static) biometric characteristics have been exploited (Jain, Flynn & Ross, 2008) such as fingerprints, iris, face, hand, voice, gait, keystroke dynamics, etc., depending on distinct types of applications (see Figure 1). Biometric traits are acquired applying adequate sensors and distinctive feature extractors are utilized in order to generate a biometric template (reference data) in the enrollment process. During verification (authentication process) or identification (identification can be handled as a sequence of biometric comparisons against the enrollment records in a reference databse) the system processes another biometric measurement from which an according template is extracted and compared against the stored template(s) yielding acceptance/ rejection or hit/ no-hit, respectively. The presented work is motivated by very recent advances in the fields of multi-biometric recognition (Ross et al., 2006) and biometric template protection (Rathgeb & Uhl, 2011). Automatic recognition systems based on a single biometric indicator often have to contend with unacceptable error rates (Ross & Jain, 2003). Multi-biometric systems have improved the accuracy and reliability of biometric systems (Ross et al., 2006). Biometric vendors are already deploying multi-biometric systems (e.g. fingerprint and finger vein by SAFRAN Morpho1) and multi-biometric recognition is performed on large-scale datasets (e.g. within the Aadhaar project (Unique Identification Authority of India, 2012) by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)). However, security of multi-biometric templates is especially crucial as they contain information regarding multiple traits of the same subject (Nagar et al., 2012). The leakage of any kind of template information to unauthorized individuals constitutes serious security and privacy risks, e.g. permanent tracking of subjects without consent (Ratha et al., 2001) or reconstruction of original biometric traits (e.g. fingerprints (Cappelli et al., 2007) or iris textures (Venugopalan & Savvides, 2011)) might become a realistic threat. Therefore, biometric template protection technologies have been developed in order to protect privacy and integrity of stored biometric data. However, so far, template protection schemes which provide provable security/ privacy, and achieve practical recognition rates have remained elusive, even on small datasets. This bookchapter provides a comprehensive overview of <s> BIB004 </s> A Survey on Multimodal Biometrics and the Protection of Their Templates <s> Conclusions and Discussion <s> Evidence of identity (EOI), sometimes mentioned as breeder documents in a physical representation form, refers to a single or a set of evidence that can be used to provide confidence to the claimed identity. Trust of evidence of identity needs prudential assessment by an authority or a service provider before such evidence of identity can be accepted for identity verification or eligibility evaluation purposes. This is especially the case when such purposes have a high risk of cost, security, and other critical consequences. In this paper we analyze the status of deployed EOIs in the scope of ePassport issuance; and then attempt to define the implementation types, fraud scenarios, security objectives, and trust levels for EOIs, which have not been clearly defined in existing research and standardization societies. As a pilot survey work in this field, recommendations from policy and technology perspectives towards a highly-trusted EOI framework for standardization are shaped towards future ePassport issuance standardization and practice. Finally, a new design of birth certificate, compliant to the proposed recommendations, is presented as an example of trusted EOI. <s> BIB005 </s> A Survey on Multimodal Biometrics and the Protection of Their Templates <s> Conclusions and Discussion <s> On 14th October 2013 the European Parliament Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE) paved the way on the regulation and harmonisation for electronic identification, authentication and trust services (eIDAS) between EU member states. This upcoming regulation will ensure mutual recognition and acceptance of electronic identification across borders, which also provides an opportunity to establish trusted electronic transactions in the Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA). The contribution of the presented paper is twofold: on the one hand we discuss the adaption of the upcoming eIDAS standard towards trusted banking transactions and outline resulting security and privacy enhancements; on the other hand we extend the eIDAS standard by biometric authenticated transactions which not only boost user convenience, trust and confidence towards eBanking and eBusiness, but suggest to integrate state-of-the-art privacy compliant biometric technologies into the security ecosystem, which is promoted by both, the European Payment Council (EPC) and the European Banking Union (EBU). As a result we identify eIDAS as highly suitable for banking transactions since it is solely based on security protocols and infrastructure which have been for more than ten years proven secure in the civil aviation domain. <s> BIB006 </s> A Survey on Multimodal Biometrics and the Protection of Their Templates <s> Conclusions and Discussion <s> The iris and face are among the most promising biometric traits that can accurately identify a person because their unique textures can be swiftly extracted during the recognition process. However, unimodal biometrics have limited usage since no single biometric is sufficiently robust and accurate in real-world applications. Iris and face biometric authentication often deals with non-ideal scenarios such as off-angles, reflections, expression changes, variations in posing, or blurred images. These limitations imposed by unimodal biometrics can be overcome by incorporating multimodal biometrics. Therefore, this paper presents a method that combines face and iris biometric traits with the weighted score level fusion technique to flexibly fuse the matching scores from these two modalities based on their weight availability. The dataset use for the experiment is self established dataset named Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Iris and Face Multimodal Datasets (UTMIFM), UBIRIS version 2.0 (UBIRIS v.2) and ORL face databases. The proposed framework achieve high accuracy, and had a high decidability index which significantly separate the distance between intra and inter distance. <s> BIB007
In this work, we have presented a concrete approach on the protection of multimodal biometric templates, underlying critical privacy issues, while focusing on the suggestions for future research. Multimodal biometric systems are mostly discussed for the impact of their use on publicly accepted, reliable identification systems BIB006 BIB005 , overcoming the obstacles of uni-modal ones. Researchers propose different methods for combination of biometric traits, testing the possibilities that can induce to an effective fusion scheme for highly accurate recognition systems. During this study, there is an analysis of the three main fusion levels, in terms of theoretical BIB001 and recently published experimental knowledge BIB007  . The limitations of the single characteristic as a verification tool are revealed, while the vitality of multimodalities against fraudulent technologies is under examination. While biometric vendors are deploying multibiometric systems, at the same time concerns arise from the storage and misuse of the data BIB004 . The security of the templates is especially crucial for the confidentiality and integrity of this sensitive information. In the direction of facing a number of threats, works on the two main categories of biometric template protection schemes offer important advantages BIB003 . However, the significant number of studies on single biometric data BIB002 and the lack of security for multimodalities beyond their advantages, shift the organised and dedicated efforts to the connection of these areas. The incorporation of multiple biometrics in template protection schemes seems that can offer suggestions for solution against many drawbacks, while new security interrogations arise. During the last years, studies attempt to generate a compact generic framework and evaluate each proposed multimodal cryptosystem on large-scale datasets. In this line, there are still many open research questions, and the merit of biometric cryptosystems should ideally be expanded. The nature and privacy properties of a system, that can be used in a generalised multimodal way, are highly counter-intuitive and deserve a deeper exposition and evaluation of the ways that could significant to the problematic areas. Summarising, the selection of the optimal fusion level and the choice for the appropriate modals as well as their combination present special interest, because they are the basic challenges in the requirements of each system according to the application design. After all, biometrics is the new digital enabler in a fastadvancing technological world and their greatest strength is their uniqueness, which is also one of their greatest weakness. And if biometric elements are compromised during the verification process, the identity of the user is the primary concern. And it is at this point where cryptographic issues for multibiometrics need to be further investigated.