A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Advancements in Molecular Communication <s> IV. MACROSCALE MOLECULAR COMMUNICATION <s> Nanotechnology is an emerging field of science devoted to provide new opportunities in a vast range of areas. In this paper, different techniques are proposed to enable the long range interconnection of nano-machines, deployed over distances from a few centimeters up to several meters. Long range nano-communications will enable the development of applications that could not be implemented using other techniques. The usage of both short-range nano techniques and long range micro techniques are not practical or are unfeasible for a huge application scope. Biologically inspired research provides promising features to long range communication, such as very low power consumption and biocompatibility. In this paper, several bio-inspired techniques are discussed following a twofold taxonomy divided according to whether a fixed physical link is required for signal propagation or not, i.e., either wired or wireless communication. In the first group, pheromones, spores, pollen and light transduction are discussed. In the second group, neuron-based communication techniques and capillaries flow circuit are explored. All proposed techniques offer a good framework for long-range molecular communication, and their components and test-beds can benefit from different research expertise, e.g., entomology for pheromones, mycology for spores, neuroscience for axons, and biochemistry for capillaries. <s> BIB001 </s> A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Advancements in Molecular Communication <s> IV. MACROSCALE MOLECULAR COMMUNICATION <s> We instrumented large civil engineering infrastructure items, such as bridges and tunnels, with sensors that monitor their operational performance and deterioration. In so doing we discovered that commercial offerings of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are still geared towards research prototypes and are currently not yet mature for deployment in practical scenarios. We distill the experience gained during this 3-year interdisciplinary project into specific advice for researchers and developers. We discuss problems and solutions in a variety of areas including sensor hardware, radio propagation, node deployment, system security and data visualization. We also point out the problems that are still open and that the community needs to address to enable widespread adoption of WSNs outside the research lab. <s> BIB002
Although use of molecular communication for long range communication between nanomachines has been proposed in BIB001 , engineering a truly macroscale molecular communication system has not been considered in the past. In this work we refer to macroscale molecular communication as a system where the dimensions of the transmitter, receiver, and the distance between them is a few cm or more. These systems have not been considered in the past partly because of the availability of wireless radio technology at these scales, which is very fast and reliable. Nevertheless, there are application for which use of radio technology is not possible or desirable, and molecular communication may be a suitable solution. For example, use of radio based sensor networks for infrastructure monitoring in urban areas can be inefficient and unreliable BIB002 . Therefore, in this section we discuss the physical components required for macroscale molecular communication.