Mixed methods and survey research in family medicine and community health <s> Integration and basic characteristics <s> A practical, step-by-step core research text that balances coverage of qualitative, quantitative and combined methods Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research offers a truly balanced, inclusive, and integrated overview of the processes involved in educational research. This text first examines the general steps in the research process and then details the procedures for conducting specific types of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods studies. Direct guidance on reading research is offered throughout the text, and features provide opportunities for practice. Throughout the 6th Edition, examples are now drawn from a broad range of fields, including program evaluation, multicultural research, counseling, school psychology, and learning and cognition. In addition, enhanced coverage incorporates the latest technology-based strategies and online tools, and more information about single-subject research methods. Also available with MyLab Education MyLab is the teaching and learning platform that empowers you to reach every student. By combining trusted author content with digital tools and a flexible platform, MyLab personalizes the learning experience and improves results for each student. MyLab Education helps learners understand the basic vocabulary of educational research, acquire hands-on experience, and get guided practice in understanding research articles and in conducting and reporting their own research. Note: You are purchasing a standalone product; MyLab Education does not come packaged with this content. Students, if interested in purchasing this title with MyLab Education, ask your instructor to confirm the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information. If you would like to purchase both the physical text and MyLab Education, search for: 0134458966 / 9780134458960 Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research plus MyLab Education with Enhanced Pearson eText -- Access Card Package Package consists of: 0134519361 / 9780134519364 Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research 0134546563 / 9780134546568 MyLab Education with Enhanced Pearson eText -- Access Card -- for Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research <s> BIB001 </s> Mixed methods and survey research in family medicine and community health <s> Integration and basic characteristics <s> List of Tables List of Figures Preface Purpose of This Book Audience for the Book Book Features Acknowledgments Chapter 1: Understanding Mixed Methods Research Purpose and Organization Clarifying Terms What Is Mixed Methods Research? The Importance of Mixed Methods Research Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine Chapter 2: Examining Preliminary Considerations Consider Worldview Stances The Basics of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Research Problems Addressed by Mixed Methods Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine Chapter 3: Locating and Reviewing Mixed Methods Studies Searching for and Reviewing Mixed Methods Studies A Mixed Methods Notation System and Visual Diagrams Four Examples of Mixed Methods Studies Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine Chapter 4: Choosing a Mixed Methods Design Classifications of Mixed Methods Designs The Four Major Types of Mixed Methods Designs Selecting a Type of Mixed Methods Design Implementing the Design Decisions Writing a Paragraph to Identify a Study's Design Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine Chapter 5: Introducing a Mixed Methods Study Writing a Mixed Methods Title Stating the Problem in the Introduction The Purpose Statement Research Questions and Hypotheses Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine Chapter 6: Collecting Data in Mixed Methods Research Procedures in Qualitative and Quantitative Data Collection Data Collection in Mixed Methods Design Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine Chapter 7: Analyzing Data in Mixed Methods Research Procedures in Quantitative and Qualitative Data Analysis Data Analysis With Mixed Methods Designs Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine Chapter 8: Writing and Evaluating Mixed Methods Research General Guidelines for Writing Organize the Structure of the Writing So That It Relates to the Designs Evaluating a Mixed Methods Study Within Designs Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine Chapter 9: Questions Often Raised About Mixed Methods Research Anticipate Mixed Methods Questions What Is Mixed Methods Research? Is Mixed Methods Research Accepted? Is Mixed Methods Research Realistic? Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine Chapter 10: Future Directions for Mixed Methods Research Needed Developments in Mixed Methods Research Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine Appendix A. A Triangulation Design Appendix B. An Embedded Design Appendix C. An Explanatory Design Appendix D. An Exploratory Design References Index About the Authors <s> BIB002
Further, mixing or 'integration' of the two forms of data has become a central feature of mixed methods research. Integration has developed as the buzzword for the innovative feature of mixed methods research, and it provides insight beyond what is learnt from the quantitative and qualitative databases separately. For example, the ability to compare the results of both databases provides a more complete understanding than either database alone. This procedure is called a 'convergent mixed methods design'. It provides the opportunity to check one database against the other (how do people respond when they rate questions on a questionnaire vs when they are asked in person in an interview?). BIB002 Insight can emerge from collecting survey data initially and then following up with interviews to help explain the survey results in more detail. This type of design is call an 'explanatory sequential design'. Insight can also emerge from exploring first with interviews to understand the culture and specific perspectives of individuals, and then designing questionnaires or experimental interventions that respond to these cultural features (called an 'exploratory sequential design'). A new feature to emerge in mixed methods is to think beyond these insights that come through integrating these 'core designs' into more complex procedures, such as experimental trials, social network analyses, evaluation procedures or into community-based health practices. These designs are called 'complex mixed methods designs'. BIB002 In short, what has evolved in recent years is an understanding of the key characteristics of a well-designed mixed methods study as shown in box 1. Understanding the etiology of mixed methods research, how integration operates and the key characteristics of a good mixed methods project are essential understandings that lead to a contribution of mixed methods in family medicine. For researchers in the health sciences, the 'Best Practices in Mixed Methods in the Health Sciences' from the National Institute of Health 6 is a useful guideline for understanding an applying mixed methods research. bAsIC prInCIples of survey reseArCh history Survey research is a quantitative approach to social and health science research. Survey research designs are a set of research procedures in which investigators administer a survey to a sample or to the entire population of people to describe the attitudes, opinions, beliefs, perceptions, behaviours or characteristics of the population. In this procedure, survey researchers collect quantitative, numbered data using questionnaires (eg, mailed questionnaires) or interviews (eg, one-on-one interviews) and statistically analyse the data to describe trends about responses to questions and to test research questions or hypotheses. Researchers also interpret the meaning of the data by relating results of the statistical test back to past research studies. Surveys typically involve quantitative items, but researchers might include qualitative open-ended questions as well. Survey research evolved as a research methodology during the 20th century. During World War II, for example, US surveys examined issues central to the war effort, such as the morale of soldiers, production capacity Open access for weapons and the effectiveness of strategies. Through these studies, survey researchers refined and developed their techniques of large-scale assessments, enabling the emergence of large social research organisations in American universities after the war. For example, investigators established social research centres at the University of California, Berkeley (Survey Research Center), at the University of Chicago (National Opinion Research Center) and at the University of Michigan (Institute for Social Research). In addition, opinion polling organisations, such as Gallup, Roper and the RAND Corporation, furthered the understanding of large-scale data collection. The founding of polling and survey organisations, combined with the use of computers, the availability of data archives and storage, and funding from the federal government, helped to establish the popularity of surveys in research by the mid-20th century. In recent years, both federal and state governments have funded national and state surveys. Recently, individuals have increasingly used the Internet to collect survey data. Researchers can now generate an online survey to easily administer to anyone with Internet access. BIB001 types of surveys Surveys can be conducted over time, longitudinal surveys, or administered at one point in time, cross-sectional surveys. In mixed methods research, cross-sectional surveys are frequently used. The key characteristics of good survey work include several features. The participants who fill out a survey are individuals in a specific population (eg, individuals with chronic heart failure). Survey researchers then select a sample from this population to identify individuals to complete the survey. The most rigorous form of survey sampling is probability sampling, where each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected. The idea, then, is that the researcher draws conclusions from this sample to make inferences about the entire population. Thus, it is not necessary to sample the entire population. However, the size of the sample receiving the survey is important, and it is useful to select as large a sample as possible. Sample size tables in survey texts help identify the appropriate number.  Different forms of surveys exist, and they can be broadly grouped into questionnaires and interviews. A questionnaire is a form used in a survey design in which participants in a study complete a mailed instrument and return it to the researcher. The participant chooses answers to questions and supplies basic personal or demographic information. An interview survey, however, is a form on which the researcher records answers supplied by the participant in the study. A survey researcher does have the choice of different types of questionnaires and interviews: a questionnaire mailed to the participant to be filled out, a questionnaire administered online through the Internet or through email, an interview used in a one-on-one interview or with a small focus group, or a telephone interview.  Of these types, mailed questionnaires are the most popular form used in mixed methods research. Also, increasingly popular is the use an Internet survey with a software program such as Qualtrics 9 or Survey Monkey.  In the health sciences, focus groups are frequently used, and in these the researcher identifies an instrument to record data, convenes a small group of individuals (ie, typically six) and holds a discussion about questions on the instrument.