A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Introduction <s> This article surveys several research challenges in interdomain routing. We introduce and describe these challenges in a comprehensible manner, along with a review of the most compelling contributions and ongoing research efforts addressing each of the exposed issues. During this analysis we identify the relation between these research challenges and now they influence each other. We also present our perspectives on why these issues remain largely unsolved, and point out why some of the proposals made so far have not yet been adopted. We hope this can provide some insight on future directions in this complex research area. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Introduction <s> During the routing convergence processes of BGP system, the end-to-end reachability can be temporarily disrupted due to transient routing failures or loops in the forwarding paths. This could lead to severe performance degradation and even service disruption, especially for the real-time interactive applications. In this paper, we explore feasible modifications of BGP to eliminate transient routing failures and loops. First, we find that the existing BGP convergence acceleration solutions, such as ghost-flushing and EPIC, can eliminate transient forwarding loops but exacerbate transient routing failures. Then we propose an indicative re-routing scheme, which enable BGP to piggyback an indicator of alternative paths with each route, to improve route visibility and thus eliminate transient routing failures. However, we find that it might worsen transient forwarding loops at the same time. Finally, we exploit the synergy of the combination of the two types of schemes and propose an indicative+EPIC rerouting scheme. It is found capable of eliminating both transient forwarding failures and loops. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Introduction <s> Due to the existence of multiple stakeholders with conflicting goals and policies, alterations to the existing Internet architecture are now limited to simple incremental updates; deployment of any new, radically different technology is next to impossible. To fend off this ossification, network virtualization has been propounded as a diversifying attribute of the future inter-networking paradigm. By introducing a plurality of heterogeneous network architectures cohabiting on a shared physical substrate, network virtualization promotes innovations and diversified applications. In this paper, we survey the existing technologies and a wide array of past and state-of-the-art projects on network virtualization followed by a discussion of major challenges in this area. <s> BIB003 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Introduction <s> Internet routing introduces many interesting challenges, far beyond the basic problem of computing paths on a graph. This talk presents an overview of several open research questions in Internet routing, with the broader goal of placing the design of future routing architectures on a stronger theoretical foundation. <s> BIB004 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Introduction <s> In this paper, we examine changes in Internet inter-domain traffic demands and interconnection policies. We analyze more than 200 Exabytes of commercial Internet traffic over a two year period through the instrumentation of 110 large and geographically diverse cable operators, international transit backbones, regional networks and content providers. Our analysis shows significant changes in inter-AS traffic patterns and an evolution of provider peering strategies. Specifically, we find the majority of inter-domain traffic by volume now flows directly between large content providers, data center / CDNs and consumer networks. We also show significant changes in Internet application usage, including a global decline of P2P and a significant rise in video traffic. We conclude with estimates of the current size of the Internet by inter-domain traffic volume and rate of annualized inter-domain traffic growth. <s> BIB005 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Introduction <s> The largest IXPs carry on a daily basis traffic volumes in the petabyte range, similar to what some of the largest global ISPs reportedly handle. This little-known fact is due to a few hundreds of member ASes exchanging traffic with one another over the IXP's infrastructure. This paper reports on a first-of-its-kind and in-depth analysis of one of the largest IXPs worldwide based on nine months' worth of sFlow records collected at that IXP in 2011. A main finding of our study is that the number of actual peering links at this single IXP exceeds the number of total AS links of the peer-peer type in the entire Internet known as of 2010! To explain such a surprisingly rich peering fabric, we examine in detail this IXP's ecosystem and highlight the diversity of networks that are members at this IXP and connect there with other member ASes for reasons that are similarly diverse, but can be partially inferred from their business types and observed traffic patterns. In the process, we investigate this IXP's traffic matrix and illustrate what its temporal and structural properties can tell us about the member ASes that generated the traffic in the first place. While our results suggest that these large IXPs can be viewed as a microcosm of the Internet ecosystem itself, they also argue for a re-assessment of the mental picture that our community has about this ecosystem. <s> BIB006 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Introduction <s> Business relationships between ASes in the Internet are typically confidential, yet knowledge of them is essential to understand many aspects of Internet structure, performance, dynamics, and evolution. We present a new algorithm to infer these relationships using BGP paths. Unlike previous approaches, our algorithm does not assume the presence (or seek to maximize the number) of valley-free paths, instead relying on three assumptions about the Internet's inter-domain structure: (1) an AS enters into a provider relationship to become globally reachable; and (2) there exists a peering clique of ASes at the top of the hierarchy, and (3) there is no cycle of p2c links. We assemble the largest source of validation data for AS-relationship inferences to date, validating 34.6% of our 126,082 c2p and p2p inferences to be 99.6% and 98.7% accurate, respectively. Using these inferred relationships, we evaluate three algorithms for inferring each AS's customer cone, defined as the set of ASes an AS can reach using customer links. We demonstrate the utility of our algorithms for studying the rise and fall of large transit providers over the last fifteen years, including recent claims about the flattening of the AS-level topology and the decreasing influence of tier-1 ASes on the global Internet. <s> BIB007 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Introduction <s> Currently many aspects of the classical architecture of the Internet are etched in stone - a so called ossification of the Internet - which has led to major obstacles in IPv6 deployment and difficulty in using IP multicast services. Yet, there exist many reasons to extend the Internet, e.g., for improving intra-domain and inter-domain routing for high availability of the network, providing end-to-end connectivity for users, and allowing dynamic QoS management of network resources for new applications, such as data center, cloud computing, and network virtualization. To address these requirements, the next-generation architecture for the Future Internet has introduced the concept of Software-Defined Networking (SDN). At the core of this emerging paradigm is the separation and centralization of the control plane from the forwarding elements in the network as opposed to the distributed control plane of existing networks. This decoupling allows deployment of control plane software components (e.g., OpenFlow controller) on computer platforms that are much more powerful than traditional network equipment (e.g., switches/routers) while protecting the data and intellectual property of the vendors of such equipment.A critical understanding of this emerging paradigm is necessary to address the multiple challenges in realizing the Future Internet and to resolve the ossification problem of the existing Internet. To address these requirements, this paper surveys existing technologies and the wide range of recent and state-of-the-art projects on SDN followed by an in-depth discussion of the major challenges in this area. <s> BIB008 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Introduction <s> This paper provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues. The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications. The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making. This paper starts by providing a horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. Compared to other survey papers in the field, our objective is to provide a more thorough summary of the most relevant protocols and application issues to enable researchers and application developers to get up to speed quickly on how the different protocols fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go through RFCs and the standards specifications. We also provide an overview of some of the key IoT challenges presented in the recent literature and provide a summary of related research work. Moreover, we explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies including big data analytics and cloud and fog computing. We also present the need for better horizontal integration among IoT services. Finally, we present detailed service use-cases to illustrate how the different protocols presented in the paper fit together to deliver desired IoT services. <s> BIB009 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Introduction <s> Optical 5G transport networks are the subject of academic and industrial research aimed at identifying the best architectural and deployment options. In this regard, the optimization of both power consumption and equipment cost is a crucial aspect. This paper analyses a number of architectural options (i.e., all optical vs. intermediate electronic processing, with and without network caching) for optical 5G transport networks, with the objective of understanding which alternatives are the most promising in terms of total power consumption and equipment cost. The analysis presented in the paper shows that 10 Gbps transmission equipment combined with optical switching guarantees the best overall performance. On the other hand, 100 Gbps transmission equipment combined with electronic processing and network caching is also a promising approach, especially in fiber scarce scenarios. <s> BIB010 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Introduction <s> In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service. To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper presents the results of a detailed survey on the fifth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of users. In this detailed survey, the prime focus is on the 5G cellular network architecture, massive multiple input multiple output technology, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Along with this, some of the emerging technologies that are addressed in this paper include interference management, spectrum sharing with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology association, full duplex radios, millimeter wave solutions for 5G cellular networks, and cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks and software defined networks. In this paper, a general probable 5G cellular network architecture is proposed, which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of 5G cellular network architecture. A detailed survey is included regarding current research projects being conducted in different countries by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies. <s> BIB011 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Introduction <s> Utilizing the dormant path diversity through multipath routing in the Internet to reach end users—thereby fulfilling their QoS requirements—is rather logical. While offering better resource utilization, better reliability, and often even much better quality of experience (QoE), multipath routing and provisioning was shown to help network and data center operators achieve traffic engineering in the form of load balancing. In this survey, we first highlight the benefits and basic Internet multipath routing components. We take a top-down approach and review various multipath protocols, from application to link and physical layers, operating at different parts of the Internet. We also describe the mathematical foundations of the multipath operation, as well as highlight the issues and challenges pertaining to reliable data delivery, buffering, and security in deploying multipath provisioning in the Internet. We compare the benefits and drawbacks of these protocols operating at different Internet layers and discuss open issues and challenges. <s> BIB012 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Introduction <s> A novel paradigm that changes the scene for the modern communication and computation systems is the Edge Computing. It is not a coincidence that terms like Mobile Cloud Computing, Cloudlets, Fog Computing, and Mobile-Edge Computing are gaining popularity both in academia and industry. In this paper, we embrace all these terms under the umbrella concept of “Edge Computing” to name the trend where computational infrastructures hence the services themselves are getting closer to the end user. However, we observe that bringing computational infrastructures to the proximity of the user does not magically solve all technical challenges. Moreover, it creates complexities of its own when not carefully handled. In this paper, these challenges are discussed in depth and categorically analyzed. As a solution direction, we propose that another major trend in networking, namely software-defined networking (SDN), should be taken into account. SDN, which is not proposed specifically for Edge Computing, can in fact serve as an enabler to lower the complexity barriers involved and let the real potential of Edge Computing be achieved. To fully demonstrate our ideas, initially, we put forward a clear collaboration model for the SDN-Edge Computing interaction through practical architectures and show that SDN related mechanisms can feasibly operate within the Edge Computing infrastructures. Then, we provide a detailed survey of the approaches that comprise the Edge Computing domain. A comparative discussion elaborates on where these technologies meet as well as how they differ. Later, we discuss the capabilities of SDN and align them with the technical shortcomings of Edge Computing implementations. We thoroughly investigate the possible modes of operation and interaction between the aforementioned technologies in all directions and technically deduce a set of “Benefit Areas” which is discussed in detail. Lastly, as SDN is an evolving technology, we give the future directions for enhancing the SDN development so that it can take this collaboration to a further level. <s> BIB013 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Introduction <s> Recently, several large-scale software defined networking (SDN) testbeds have been designed and developed. These SDN testbeds have spurred numerous network researchers to run their prototypes and experiments, as well as to set up novel architectures for the future Internet. Based on these efforts, SDN testbeds are actively contributing to future network research, bringing forth the attention of both academia and industry. In addition, researchers envisage these large-scale SDN testbeds to be the future Internet. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey and research challenges for large-scale SDN testbeds. We first introduce the related work and background knowledge. Then, an overview of SDN testbeds is presented. In addition, five typical implementations of large-scale SDN testbeds around the world are described in detail, including design objectives, key technologies, deployment, and experiments. Moreover, an in-depth comparison of SDN testbeds is given. Finally, challenges and future works of SDN testbeds are discussed. <s> BIB014 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Introduction <s> The border gateway protocol (BGP) is the Internet’s default inter-domain routing protocol that manages connectivity among autonomous systems (ASes). Over the past two decades many anomalies of BGP have been identified that threaten its stability and reliability. This survey discusses and classifies these anomalies and discusses the 20 most significant techniques used to identify them. Our classification is based on the broad category of approach, BGP features used to identify the anomaly, effectiveness in identifying the anomaly and effectiveness in identifying which AS was the location of the event that caused the anomaly. We also discuss a number of key requirements for the next generation of BGP anomaly detection techniques. <s> BIB015
The last decade has been marked by profound advances in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). It is expected that computer networks will continue to play an important role in the adoption of new ICT, for example the Internet of Things (IoT) BIB009 , edge computing BIB013 , 5G BIB010 BIB011 and others BIB014 . Furthermore, one of the paramount computer network environments is the inter-domain. The main routing technology used in inter-domain routing is the Board Gateway Protocol (BGP)  . The BGP is the standard protocol of the Internet, and it is the "glue" that allows different administrative networks, or Autonomous Systems (ASs), to reach other networks. An AS tunes its BGP configurations to express policies that reflect how the AS connects to others to accommodate its business requirements. Besides that, this protocol has allowed Internet exchange reachability information and network traffic since its early stages. The BGP has a great capacity to scale and significantly contribute to the success of the Internet, but it is nonetheless one of the most inflexible and ossified protocols  BIB008 BIB003 . The lack of end-to-end guarantees of Quality of Service (QoS), complex network management, slow convergence, limitations of routing policy enforcement implications and its capabilities are a few drawbacks of the BGP. For example, the BGP does not have robust traffic engineering techniques to control inbound traffic  and the current Internet routing table explosion is a side effect of the application of BGP traffic engineering tasks by multi-homed ASs, in which it is desired to increase the reliability of their domains by advertising multiple subnets of their network prefixes  . Furthermore, the Internet topology and traffic patterns have been changing since its inception, from a pure hierarchical topology (well-defined tree structure) to a flat AS-level topology (more connected and without a well-defined structured topology) BIB007 . One cause of the Internet topology changing is the expansion of Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) and Internet Exchange Points (IXPs). They have been increasing the path diversity of the Internet, where CDNs and IXPs introduced additional AS connectivity to intensify Internet traffic among ASs BIB005 BIB006 . Nonetheless, the BGP's destination-based forwarding paradigm limits the granularity of distributing network traffic among the multiple paths of the current Internet topology. Hence, the BGP is not capable of exploring the full potential of path diversity in the current Internet, because it computes just one "best" next hop for each network prefix. New promising technologies such as 5G BIB011 and the Internet of Things (IoT) BIB009 have very ambitious requirements (for example, low latency and high bandwidth links) that will stress the network's capabilities, especially in the inter-domain environment. Addressing those network requirements within an Internet not designed to support them is a challenging task. Therefore, new network architectures and technologies have to emerge to explore the full potential of the current Internet infrastructure BIB012 . There are many surveys of the BGP that describe its issues, for example the BGP anomaly BIB015 , security  18] , the expressiveness and safety of policies BIB001 , transient loops BIB002 , scalability BIB004 , low convergence  , and others. However, as far as we know, this is the first survey of inter-domain routing to focus on the control plane of the inter-domain routing. Although the Internet relies mostly on the BGP control plane for inter-domain routing, this survey also includes approaches to change the control plane that goes beyond the BGP. Thus, the contribution of this survey is providing an original classification, i.e., to evolve the control plane of the inter-domain routing. In addition, this paper discusses the challenges for the evolution of current and new control planes. The remaining structure of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 depicts the related surveys. Section 3 provides an overview of important concepts used in inter-domain routing, such as the BGP decision process and traffic engineering tools of the BGP, and others. Section 4 presents the challenges of making new solutions for the control plane of the inter-domain. Section 5 classifies the previous works to evolve the control plane; Section 6 discusses and reports the lessons learned from this survey. Section 7 provides the final thoughts of this survey.