Sustainability in Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review for Building up a Knowledge Base <s> B. Conclusions for a Body of Knowledge <s> This paper reports two studies of the implementation of environmental requirements in Swedish road maintenance contracts. It aims to examine the fulfillment and follow-up of the requirements, the c ... <s> BIB001 </s> Sustainability in Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review for Building up a Knowledge Base <s> B. Conclusions for a Body of Knowledge <s> In recent years there has been an increasing respect for green issues. It has been addressed in various products/services as well. There is still no website to support green customers' decision process on electronic commerce (EC). The aim of this study is to understand user EC needs and expectations in order to elicit the design requirements of a useful interface. A questionnaire and an experiment were conducted to get users' green knowledge and to detect user external behaviors interacting with computer when e-shopping. The study is centered on electric green products, including computers, communication devices, and consumer electronics. The results are used to produce the online-shopping process flowchart and several suggestions for improving e-shopping. The suggestions including information search, information display, and web site features have been addressed. From this, further research will focus on the design of web sites supplying consumers with green product information. <s> BIB002 </s> Sustainability in Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review for Building up a Knowledge Base <s> B. Conclusions for a Body of Knowledge <s> Chengdu, the capital city of Sichuan province in western China is the gateway to Tibet. It is also the major habitat for giant panda and the principal city with the largest total tourism economic output in western China. The energy requirement of tourism industry is calculated by combining the 7 energy intensities with tourist consumption data from the Chengdu Domestic Tourist Expenditure Survey in which over 50,000 tourists were involved during 1999-2004. The carbon dioxide emissions of tourism industry are calculated based on the method introduced by IPCC report. Then, decomposition analysis was used to identify key factors causing the change of carbon emission. From 1999 to 2004, the energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission of tourism industry in Chengdu increased from 1.8Â xÂ 107Â GJ to 2.3Â xÂ 107Â GJ and from 1.7Â xÂ 106Â tons to 2.1Â xÂ 106Â tons, respectively. The indirect energy requirements and indirect CO2 emissions dominate the total energy consumptions and total CO2 emissions, with an overwhelming percentage of over 90%. The transportation is the major contributor for energy consumption and carbon emission of tourism industry. The relative importance of the transportation and shopping tends to increase while the food and entertainment tends to decrease. Among the five factors affecting energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission in tourism, energy intensity, expenditure size and the industry size are generally found to be principal drivers of emission growth, whereas energy share and consumption structure are not found to have a sizable influence on the growth of tourism industry emissions. In addition, the energy intensity has a negative effect on the increase of CO2 levels while the expenditure size and the industry size have a positive effect on it. <s> BIB003 </s> Sustainability in Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review for Building up a Knowledge Base <s> B. Conclusions for a Body of Knowledge <s> Abstract The promotion of sustainable practice in property development has resulted in the development of various green technologies. Will green technologies bring about additional cost to the property projects? This paper examines the costs and barriers in applying the green elements to the process of developing property projects. By conducting three case studies in China, it is found that the passive design strategy, for example, walls insulation, low-E window and solar heating appliances are comparatively inexpensive to apply as opposed to ‘active’ design strategies such as solar PV or heat pump technologies. By analyzing the additional cost of the three types of green buildings, it is concluded that the major barrier, the higher costs has hindered the extensive application of green technologies in China. A green strategy plan (GSP) is proposed to provide a vehicle for a more systematic use of green strategies to increase the sustainability of a property project. Research findings in the study provide valuable references to guide property development practice towards the sustainable agenda and the manner in which stakeholders approach or low carbon property development projects. <s> BIB004 </s> Sustainability in Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review for Building up a Knowledge Base <s> B. Conclusions for a Body of Knowledge <s> Abstract The promotion of green strategy in housing development has significant contribution to the implementation of sustainable development principles. Why do the housing developers go for green? This paper examines the benefits and barriers in applying green strategies in the process of housing development and facilities management. The examination is conducted from the whole process of developing a housing project, including project plan and design, construction, and operation and management stages. It is considered by the housing developers that the application of certain types of green strategies can help contribute to building up developers’ competitive advantages, such as solar system and optimizing building envelope thermal performance technology. The four case studies suggest that housing developers believe that the application of these green technologies can contribute to reputation gaining, reduction in construction and operation cost, receiving favorable land prices, and more channels available for financing. On the other hand, the major barriers affecting the application of the green strategies in housing development process have also been identified, such as higher cost for green appliance and higher cost in relation to customers’ demand. Data used for analysis are collected from a comprehensive questionnaire survey and four constructive case studies within the Chinese housing development market. <s> BIB005 </s> Sustainability in Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review for Building up a Knowledge Base <s> B. Conclusions for a Body of Knowledge <s> Abstract Urban wetlands, a complex social–economic–natural ecosystem, are known to provide many valuable ecological benefits to urban ecosystems. There has been much achievement related to wetland research, however, the research on urban wetland planning is lag. In this paper, the methodology on urban wetland planning was explored from the viewpoint of urban planning. Firstly, the major ecological services of urban wetlands, i.e., its efficacies on water purification, flood control, local microclimate adjustment, and scenic creation and cultural heritage are thoroughly discussed based on the ecological complexity research on urban wetland. Then, from the viewpoint of urban wetland planning, urban wetlands were classified as flood control wetlands, water purification wetlands, cultural, scenic wetlands, etc. Urban wetland planning techniques were proposed, including the setting of main functions; the appropriate locations of urban wetlands; the calculation of urban wetland areas; the determination of urban wetland spatial distribution, and the method of estimating ecological water requirements. Finally, after an in-depth investigation of the wetland situations in Beijing, a document for urban wetland planning in Beijing central region was drafted in accordance with development objectives set forth by Beijing government. In the planning, the acreage and spatial location of each type of urban wetlands were determined, and estimates of ecological water requirement by urban wetlands and its deployment were also given. <s> BIB006 </s> Sustainability in Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review for Building up a Knowledge Base <s> B. Conclusions for a Body of Knowledge <s> The operation of reservoir(s) has a certain impact on the downstream hydrologic regime, and even endangers the ecological water safety of river corridor and ecosystems which interact with river system. Therefore, ecological operation needs to be carried out in order to ensure ecological water use of downstream zone. The key technological support is the estimation and integrated calculation of ecological water demand. The connotation of the integrated calculation on ecological water demand lies on that the ecological water demand of different ecosystems is integrated to meet the requirements of water allocation and operation on watershed scale in terms of hydrological cycle. Considering the practical requirement of ecological operation of reservoir(s), this study proposed an integrated calculation approach of ecological water demand according to the ecological water demand in various ecosystems as well as the hydraulic connection among them; it established an integrated calculation model of regional ecological water demand by means of the distributed hydrological model, and studied the integrated calculation in Yalong River basin which is the source area of the west route of South-North Water Transfer Project as an example. The results indicated that the integrated calculation model more effectively combined the ecological water demand and hydraulic connection of ecosystems in time and space, compared with the lumped water balance analysis, since the former conquered the defect of insufficient ecological water source and supplement on multiple spatial and temporal scales, and met the demand of ecological operation of reservoir(s). <s> BIB007 </s> Sustainability in Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review for Building up a Knowledge Base <s> B. Conclusions for a Body of Knowledge <s> Few prior studies on green purchasing examine the impact of top-management commitment to new regulatory requirements, customer pressure, and suppliers' opportunities to adopt new green purchase requirements. This study attempts to fill this research gap and explores the effects of critical drivers on firms' adoption of green purchasing. This study collected 239 useable questionnaires from 863 electronics firms. The empirical results demonstrate that environmental collaboration with suppliers, top-management commitment, and customer pressure influence firms' green purchasing positively and significantly. Besides directly affecting green purchasing, top-management commitment also indirectly affects green purchasing via environmental collaboration with suppliers. Overall, internal motives of top-management commitment and environmental collaboration with suppliers exceed the external motives of regulatory pressure and customer pressure with regard to green purchasing adoption. Top-management commitment is the primary driver of firms' success in adopting green purchasing standards. <s> BIB008 </s> Sustainability in Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review for Building up a Knowledge Base <s> B. Conclusions for a Body of Knowledge <s> Abstract There has been an increasing interest towards firms' environmental sustainability activities to improve practices in their supply chain. Stringent environmental regulations in Europe and US challenge manufacturers to comply with these without losing their competitiveness. This study illustrates the case of a printed circuit board manufacturer in Taiwan that seeks to implement green supply chain management (GSCM) and selects a green supplier to meet its requirements. Choosing the suitable supplier is a key strategic direction in eliminating environmental impact on supply chain management for manufacturing firms. The firm's criteria and supplier selection need to be unified as a system to improve the firm's performance. This study identified the appropriate environmental and non-environmental GSCM criteria for the case firm and developed the following selection method: (i) evaluate the weights of criteria and alternatives as described both by qualitative and quantitative information; and (ii) rank alternative suppliers using a grey relational analysis. The result shows Alternative 3 ranks first among the four evaluated suppliers and demonstrated strong performance in the top three important criteria, namely, environmental management systems, profitability of supplier and relationship supplier closeness. Additionally, the perception weights on criteria itself are same as the most top five in weighted alternative. <s> BIB009
Due to these findings, our envisioned Body of Knowledge has areas that represent the core S in SE publications, plus areas that represent application domains with software and hardware solutions as well as sustainability concepts from related disciplines that we can learn from. This is illustrated in in Fig. 5 . BIB002 web engineering support green customers' decision process on electronic commerce questionnaire and experiment Faith-Ell et al. BIB001 cleaner production application of environmental requirements in Swedish road maintenance semi-structured interviews Liu et al. BIB003 energy energy requirements and carbon dioxide emissions of tourism industry index decomposition analysis Tseng et al. BIB009 cleaner production evaluating a firm's green supply chain management relational analysis, experiment Yen et al. BIB008 business research management's role in adopting green purchasing standards in industry questionnaires Zhang et al. BIB004 , BIB005 property development costs and barriers of green property development in China cost analysis Jia et al. BIB006 ecology urban wetland planning in Beijing ecological complexity research Jin et al. BIB007 hydrology ecological water demand for basin systems integrated calculation 