Technical Feasibility of Hermetia illucens in Integrated Waste Management, Renovated with Sewage Water, an Overview <s> Overview of Black Soldier Fly and Larvae <s> Fly larvae may provide an effective method to mitigate two large and growing global concerns: the use of fish meal derived from capture fisheries in aquaculture diets and manure management in livestock and poultry facilities. A 9-wk feed trial was conducted to determine whether fly larvae could be used as a partial fish meal and fish oil replacement in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, diets. A trout diet was formulated to contain 40% crude protein and 15% fat. Sixty-seven percent of the protein in the control diet was derived from fish meal, and all the fat was derived from fish oil. Two of the test diets included using the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, prepupae, which are 40% protein and 30% fat, as 25 and 50% replacement for the fish meal component of the control diet. The total protein derived from black soldier fly prepupae in these two test diets was 15 and 34%, respectively. A third test diet included using housefly, Musca domestica, pupae, which is 70% protein and 16% fat, as 25% replacement for the fish meal component of the control diet. Data suggest that a rainbow trout diet where black soldier fly prepupae or housefly pupae constitute 15% of the total protein has no adverse effect on the feed conversion ratio of fish over a 9-wk feeding period. In addition, the diet with black soldier fly prepupae permitted a 38% reduction in fish oil (i.e., from 13 to 8%); however, fish fed black soldier fly diets low in fish oil had reduced levels of omega-3 fatty acids in their muscle fillets. The findings from this study suggest that either the black soldier fly or the housefly may be a suitable feedstuff for rainbow trout diets. <s> BIB001 </s> Technical Feasibility of Hermetia illucens in Integrated Waste Management, Renovated with Sewage Water, an Overview <s> Overview of Black Soldier Fly and Larvae <s> Larvae of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), are voracious feeders of organic material and may thus be used in simple engineered systems to reduce organic waste in l... <s> BIB002 </s> Technical Feasibility of Hermetia illucens in Integrated Waste Management, Renovated with Sewage Water, an Overview <s> Overview of Black Soldier Fly and Larvae <s> Biodiesel is one promising approach to reduce the consumption of petroleum. However, biodiesel economy has been hampered by the production of oilseed plants. Therefore, alternative feedstocks are urgently needed to enable biodiesel production from cheaper materials. Insect recourse which is rated as the most diverse animal group is rich and ubiquitous in the world. Insect could convert organic waste into insect fat which was further extracted as a novel feedstock for biodiesel production, and then the residual after extraction can be used as protein feedstuff. This paper reviewed the research and developmental progress on insect fat, especially the possibility of insect fat as potential feedstock of biodiesel. <s> BIB003 </s> Technical Feasibility of Hermetia illucens in Integrated Waste Management, Renovated with Sewage Water, an Overview <s> Overview of Black Soldier Fly and Larvae <s> Arthropod development can be used to determine the time of colonization of human remains to infer a minimum postmortem interval. The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera. Stratiomyidae) is native to North America and is unique in that its larvae can consume a wide range of decomposing organic material, including carrion. Larvae development was observed on six resources: control poultry feed, liver, manure, kitchen waste, fruits and vegetables, and fish rendering. Larvae fed manure were shorter, weighed less, and took longer to develop. Kitchen waste produced longer and heavier larvae, whereas larvae fed fish had almost 100% mortality. Black soldier flies can colonize human remains, which in many instances can coincide with food and organic wastes. Therefore, it is necessary to understand black soldier fly development on different food resources other than carrion tissue to properly estimate their age when recovered from human remains. <s> BIB004
Hermetia illucens, customarily known as black soldier fly, categorized under Animilia kingdom and subcategorized as insecta class and diptera order. Though significant identification features are prevalent in adult flies and consistently used in order to segregate it from the common house fly, the larval identification causes significant dilemma among researchers. Despite the criticality of identification during the larval instar, occasionally segregation may carry out based on the size of the larva (Figure 1) . The detail characteristics and features of BSF are discussed in Table 1  . Figure 1 . Overview of waste decomposition through larval feeding. BIB001 . Poultry manure also showed promising potential as a substrate on the larval body composition based on the study undertaken by Oonincx et al.  . Crude fat content is another prime nutritional element which should be accounted. Though in average a larva comprises ~30% fat of total dry matter, based on the requirement the value can be amplified and chicken manure as a feedstock is capable of addressing this complex phenomenon BIB003 . Another contradictory study conducted by Nguyen et al. BIB004 reported an enhanced nutritional profile of BSF larvae with higher protein and fat content, those infested on fish and liver rather than poultry manure. Occasionally the body composition of the larvae also varies in the due course of maturation and development. As instance the protein content in larvae varies inversely to its age, assorted studies addressed varying protein percentage for different period of larval development such as ~61% for 5 days old larva (reported as optimum) and subsequent values were 45% and 41% for 15 and 20 days old larvae respectively  . Previous studies also quantified the amount of dry matter in young larvae which found to be varying between 20% and 45% of total body weight BIB002 [78] BIB004 [76]  subjected to factors like stage of larva and influent diet  . Unlike the protein content dry matter found to be varying proportionally with the age of larvae and often higher values are encountered in consecutive instars stages.