A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Ossification <s> Due to the existence of multiple stakeholders with conflicting goals and policies, alterations to the existing Internet architecture are now limited to simple incremental updates; deployment of any new, radically different technology is next to impossible. To fend off this ossification, network virtualization has been propounded as a diversifying attribute of the future inter-networking paradigm. By introducing a plurality of heterogeneous network architectures cohabiting on a shared physical substrate, network virtualization promotes innovations and diversified applications. In this paper, we survey the existing technologies and a wide array of past and state-of-the-art projects on network virtualization followed by a discussion of major challenges in this area. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing <s> Ossification <s> The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the current standard protocol for the inter-domain routing system. Although BGP makes easy to manipulate the output traffic by an Autonomous System (AS), it lacks other desired features such as convenient management of incoming traffic to an AS. Thus, we propose a framework to evolve the control plane routing system that is compatible with BGP (smooth transition), uses SDN technologies and can be used to management the incoming traffic of multihomed ASes. Based on our framework, a load balancing application was developed and applied to a scenario to depict the proof of concept of our framework. The results were compared and discussed with BGP AS-Path Prepending technique, shown an improvement of inbound traffic bandwidth utilization. <s> BIB002
The Internet architecture is no longer a coherent whole. It has various components such as transport protocols, router mechanism, firewalls, load balancers, security mechanisms and other middle-boxes. Furthermore, the BGP is one of the most successful protocols on the Internet, and although many researchers have indicated issues related to the BGP since its inception (e.g., lack of end-to-end service guarantees, long convergence time, security issues  ), practical deployments for new network architecture and protocols in the inter-domain environment are difficult to achieve. The major problem for evolving the inter-domain routing system is called "ossification", where the architecture becomes very dependent on the protocol and new features are inherently difficult to introduce into the network BIB001   . For the BGP, the ossification is due to economic reasons and the fact that backward compatibility has to be assured since there is no flag day to switch to a new architecture. Thus, all BGP appliances have to execute the same version of the protocol to operate appropriately, or anomalies in the network may occur (e.g., BGP black holes). In other words, the BGP is an inflexible protocol as a consequence of the control and data plane being embedded into the network hardware, and hence, whether the protocol is operational depends on the network equipment used. The dependency between a specific infrastructure and the hardware required creates a barrier to architectural innovation in the inter-domain routing. Hence, a new feature for the BGP has to have a minimum integration within heterogeneous networks and interoperate through different administrative domains (e.g., the Internet). Those requirements frustrated new proposals to evolve the BGP and the ecosystem of inter-domain routing BIB002 .