Cross-device media: a review of second screening and multi-device television <s> Supporting social viewing <s> In this paper we present a prototype instant messaging system that allows multiple simultaneous users to access their instant messaging whilst watching TV together in the same room. <s> BIB001 </s> Cross-device media: a review of second screening and multi-device television <s> Supporting social viewing <s> In this paper, we look at how television genres can play a role in the use of social interactive television systems (social iTV). Based on a user study of a system for sending and receiving enriched video fragments to and from a range of devices, we discuss which genres are preferred for talking while watching, talking about after watching and for sending to users with different devices. The results show that news, soap, quiz and sport are genres during which our participants talk most while watching and are thus suitable for synchronous social iTV systems. For asynchronous social iTV systems film, news, documentaries and music programs are potentially popular genres. The plot structure of certain genres influences if people are inclined to talk while watching or not, and to which device they would send a video fragment. We also discuss how this impacts the design and evaluation of social iTV systems. <s> BIB002 </s> Cross-device media: a review of second screening and multi-device television <s> Supporting social viewing <s> Various social television systems and applications, enabling remote communication and interaction between viewers, are currently in development. Although usability guidelines exist for interactive television to ensure a usable system, there are no sociability guidelines for designing or evaluating the social interaction these systems enable. In this paper we present twelve sociability heuristics for evaluating social TV, based on several user studies with social TV systems. <s> BIB003 </s> Cross-device media: a review of second screening and multi-device television <s> Supporting social viewing <s> Despite the ever expanding forms of digital entertainment, there are still TV shows and events that create an audience desire to be part of a mass shared experience. In the past direct inter-audience interaction of such events has been restricted to either a shared location at the time of broadcast or later discussions amongst friends and colleagues often described as 'water cooler moments'. With the advent of online social networks that facilitate status updates these moments can be instantly shared in real-time, creating a second screen for interaction with TV. In this paper we investigate the role of social media as the facilitator of second screen for TV, through the analysis of tweets for weekend primetime UK TV show the X-Factor. The results highlight the rich source of information that can be extracted in real-time and its enormous potential for broadcasters and producers both in terms of reinvigorating live TV viewing and creating new forms of audience interaction. <s> BIB004 </s> Cross-device media: a review of second screening and multi-device television <s> Supporting social viewing <s> With the rise in highly capable, mobile and networked secondary devices, the two-screen Enhanced TV is a more plausible proposition today than ever before. This paper presents a field trial of a prototype that aimed to understand a conceptual merger of TV and second screen user experiences. Our prototype concept can be described as a companion device experience that enhances TV viewing by providing auxiliary information and media on a second screen. The additional media is semantically related and synchronized, in terms of timeline, to the TV content. We ran a three-week field trial in 11 households. Participants used our prototype as a companion to their TV shows. We provided a total of 43 episodes from 10 popular TV shows throughout the study period. Overall feedback to our concept was quite positive. 10 out of our 11 participants said they enjoyed the experience. Our prototype allowed participants to better connect with their TV shows and have an enriched social life around TV. We also report some of the discovered user desires regarding user interaction design such as kinds of customization controls needed and the pacing of posts of additional information to the second screen. <s> BIB005 </s> Cross-device media: a review of second screening and multi-device television <s> Supporting social viewing <s> We link the content of real-time social media response to characteristics of the Super Bowl 2012 TV advertisements, including their advertisers' social media strategies and the categories of the products being advertised. We analyze millions of social media posts about approximately forty-five advertisements during the 2012 Super Bowl. While there are many studies that focus on the popularity of and sentiment of response to Super Bowl ads, we believe ours is the first to go deeper and analyze the textual "content" to understand better the factors contributing to specific types of social media responses among a number of TV advertising dimensions. In this study, we show that the level of online consumer engagement, measured by attracting new followers on Twitter during the Superbowl, can be linked to whether the brand that advertised had a social media strategy or not. In addition, we show that sentiment response, a measure often use to quantify the effectiveness of TV ads, varies by demographic category. <s> BIB006 </s> Cross-device media: a review of second screening and multi-device television <s> Supporting social viewing <s> In this paper, we describe the development and field trial of a second screen iTV experience called FanFeeds. FanFeeds is a second screen application that allows authoring and consumption of time synchronized secondary content around TV shows. FanFeeds are created by one's social circle as a companion experience to TV shows. For the purpose of concept evaluation, we ran a four-week field trial in 12 households consisting of 4 social groups of 3 friends. A total of 23 unique episodes of 12 different shows were watched while using our prototype. Overall feedback to our concept was mixed. Participants found some good motivations to use the system but they also found a number of concerns related to the nature of the shows they watched and the social dynamics with their friends. Participants revealed that our prototype allowed them to better connect with their TV shows and have an enriched social life around live as well as time-shifted TV content. Participants also described some concerns like distraction from TV show. We explore this contradiction in the paper, along with other valuable lessons we learned. We also report on the motivations that made participants create posts for one another and the different ways in which they used the information from the second screen. <s> BIB007 </s> Cross-device media: a review of second screening and multi-device television <s> Supporting social viewing <s> Spoilers---critical plot information about works of fiction that "spoil" a viewer's enjoyment---have prompted elaborate conventions on social media to allow readers to insulate themselves from spoilers. However, these solutions depend on the conscientiousness and rigor of Internet posters and are thus an imperfect system. We create an automatic alternative that could alert users when a piece of text contains a spoiler. An automated spoiler detector serves not only as an additional protection against spoilers, but it also contributes to important problems in computational linguistics. We develop a new dataset of spoilers gathered from social media and create automatic classifiers using machine learning techniques. After establishing baseline performance using lexical features, we develop metadata-based features that substantially improve performance on the spoiler detection task. <s> BIB008 </s> Cross-device media: a review of second screening and multi-device television <s> Supporting social viewing <s> Posting comments on social networks using second screen devices (e.g., tablets) while watching TV is becoming very common. The simplicity of microblogs makes Twitter among the preferred social services used by the TV audience to share messages about TV shows and movies. Thus, users' comments about TV shows are considered a valuable indicator of the TV audience preferences. However, eliciting preferences from a tweet requires to understand if the tweet refers to a specific TV program, a task particularly challenging due to the nature of tweets - e.g., the limited length and the massive use of slangs and abbreviations. In this paper, we present a solution to identify whether a tweet posted by a user refers to one among a set of known TV programs. In such process, referred to as item detection, we assume the system is given a set of items (e.g., the TV shows or movies) together with some features (e.g., the title of the TV show). We tested the solution on a dataset composed by approximately 32000 tweets, where the optimal configuration reached a precision of about 92% with a recall equals to about 65%. <s> BIB009 </s> Cross-device media: a review of second screening and multi-device television <s> Supporting social viewing <s> An increasing number of people are using microblogs to broadcast their thoughts in real time as they watch televised political events. Microblogging social network sites (SNSs) such as Twitter generate a parallel stream of information and opinion. It is presumed that the additional content enhances the viewing experience, but our experiment explores the validity of this assumption. We studied how tweeting, or passively observing Twitter during a debate, influenced affect, recall and vote decision. For most measures, participants' average feeling and recall toward the candidates did not depend on Twitter activity, but Twitter activity did matter for vote choice. People who actively tweeted changed their voting choice to reflect the majority sentiment on Twitter. Results are discussed in terms of the possibility that active tweeting leads to greater engagement but that it may also make people more susceptible to social influence. <s> BIB010 </s> Cross-device media: a review of second screening and multi-device television <s> Supporting social viewing <s> Screen mirroring has been available to consumers for some time, however if every mobile device in the room supports screen mirroring to the main display (e.g. a shared TV), this necessitates a mechanism for managing its use. As such, this paper investigates allowing users in small intimacy groups (friends, family etc.) to self-manage mirrored use of the display, through passing/taking/requesting the display from whomever is currently mirroring to it. We examine the collaborative benefits this scheme could provide for the home, compared to existing multi-device use and existing screen mirroring implementations. Results indicate shared screen mirroring improves perceived collaboration, decreases dominance, preserves independence and has a positive effect on a group's activity awareness. <s> BIB011 </s> Cross-device media: a review of second screening and multi-device television <s> Supporting social viewing <s> The trend of users integrating second screen behaviours in their viewing habits, and practitioners' interest in designing systems to support them has evolved a strong research agenda. In this paper we extend these ideas to explore many-screen interaction, investigating how users, gathered around the television with multiple second screen devices, share, control and coordinate their interactions. We report on a formative evaluation into behaviours with a many-screen prototype app for watching sport programming. The Olympics Second Screen application allows users to watch, share and control highlight programmes in a collocated group. We discuss our findings through recommendations to designers and HCI practitioners. Our results suggest the importance of supporting parallel viewing between collocated viewers, and sharing and queuing of programming between devices. Additionally, results highlight the significance of the television in a viewing ecology, and user awareness of control and interaction. <s> BIB012
Television affords great social interaction (both colocated and remote). Though affected by genre (see BIB002 BIB001 explored how we may integrate online social functionality (instant messaging) into a media centre. Such early interactions, however, have been restricted to a single screen. Social second screening is now an everyday part of the television landscape-we follow hashtags along with living programmes and discuss events in real time (the extent of this 'live' effect can be seen in BIB004 ). Social media such as Twitter is especially engrained in sports and live debate-to the extent where it can affect its outcome BIB010 , and social media campaigns have also been shown to significantly improve brand awareness during major events such as the Superbowl BIB006 . More recently, many academics have then made the logical step to providing second screen interaction to television experiences. Much work around this was influenced by Geerts et al., who in 2008 looked at the implications of the genre on social TV platforms-essentially finding that news, soap, quiz, and sport are genres during which our participants talk most while watching and are thus suitable for synchronous social interactive television systems. In addition, in Geerts et al. BIB003 from a culmination of studies consider a series of heuristics by which designers of social TV systems may better design sociality. Second screening and time-shifted broadcast have become so popular that much work has explored how we can deal with spoilers-clearly, when we view programmes out of sync with their respective social media feeds there will be discontinuities. Basapur et al. BIB007 while trailing their companion app, FANFEEDS (a companion content authoring app with a social element), noted several instances of spoilers-for example, football scores being revealed in the social media feed by one participant before the other had seen the game. Issues with discontinuities such as this between screens have inspired people to look into automatically detecting spoilers in programmes (c.f. BIB008 ), and even looking at detecting exactly what programme a user is referring to online BIB009 . Further to work by Basapur BIB005 BIB007 BIB011  . Their work focuses on extending the somewhat private world of the second screen to properly incorporate multiple viewers towards equal participation and improved awareness in multi-user multi-display contexts. This work utilises the sociability of TV and extends the notion of families and/or friends gathering around their television sets to unwind-using television as a vehicle for conversation and 'real-world' social interaction. Similarly, Anstead et al. BIB012 look at the effects of many-screen viewing on a companion application they developed to allow users to revisit highlights from the 2012 Olympics. They began with one shared tablet, and by gradually introducing new devices they were able to see the effect of introducing new media to the users. In general, they found that the additional devices allow the users to be more personal in their second screen viewing, potentially unbalancing domestic tensions.