A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> E. Important ICT and Automation Standards <s> IEC 61499 is the newly adopted standard for distributed control systems and follows on from the IEC 61131 standard for programmable logic controllers (PLC). Part of the ISA/O3neida series on distributed industrial automation, this book is a practical guide for component-based development of distributed embedded and control systems as proposed by the new international standard. Each chapter is designed as an independent study unit, making the book ideal for use in university courses, industrial training, or self-study. Working knowledge of the IEC 61499 standard can be achieved in approximately 10 to 15 learning hours. For the control, automation, or software engineer and the embedded systems developer, this book provides concrete directions on how to specify and implement a distributed system according to the IEC 61499 standard and how to create an IEC 61499-compliant control device. The text also sheds some light on the broader embedded systems arena since the IEC 61499 standard provides the higher level (yet executable!) abstraction appropriate for model-based engineering of distributed embedded systems. <s> BIB001 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> E. Important ICT and Automation Standards <s> Currently applied autonomous power supplies are designed for specific energy demands and therefore rather inflexible. For an increased user friendliness, allowing attaching and detaching electrical devices without new load calculations, a flexible Power Distribution System is necessary. This can be reached by applying an Energy Management System. A concept for such a system, that is scalable by distributing it to multiple devices, is presented in this work. Reconfiguration, such as changing the load distribution algorithm, can be realized without downtime. This is possible by implementing the concept as an IEC 61499 application. A field demonstrator is set up using embedded controllers, equipped with a network interface. To perform necessary measurement and switching tasks, an interface board is developed. The desired system behavior, a stable operation of a flexible autonomous power supply system, can be achieved in the simulation on PC hardware as well as on the field demonstrator set up. <s> BIB002 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> E. Important ICT and Automation Standards <s> In our approach, we model an ICT-architecture for the utility domain for both transmission and distribution grids according to the IEC standards 61968 and 61970. To achieve this, we use three basic components. The first component is the Common Information Model (CIM) which is standardized by the IEC 61970/61968 standards. The OPC UA (Unified Architecture) is the second basic component. The OPC UA is also part of an IEC standardization process, called IEC the 62541 family. The concept of semantic web services is the last component. Our proposed architecture combines those three components to build a standards-based smart grid architecture and provides an intelligent, service oriented system for the utility domain. In most smart grid use cases, users know what they are searching for (e.g. the services mentioned in the NIST Interoperability study) but they do not know the proper syntax or system providing services. Hence, the user or system should find the matching service using semantic functions for the search. Our concept uses next generation techniques to become a state-of-the-art interface concerning information exchange between Energy Management Systems (EMS), Distribution Management Systems (DMS) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. <s> BIB003 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> E. Important ICT and Automation Standards <s> An intelligent control architecture for the Smart Grid is proposed which combines two recently developed industrial standards. The utility network is modelled as IEC 61850-compliant logical nodes, embedded in an IEC 61499 distributed automation framework. We make the case that an incremental approach is required for the transition to the future EnergyWeb by bringing intelligence down to the level of substation automation devices to enrich the applications that can be created using interoperable Smart Grid devices. Using Matlab-based simulation environment we demonstrate that the collaborative environment achieves self-healing through simple fault location and power restoration. <s> BIB004 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> E. Important ICT and Automation Standards <s> This paper intends to prove that an open source strategy is an adequate means for pushing current developments within the industrial automation domain and for bringing together interested partners to focus and unite their efforts on the development of an open, distributed and flexible automation environment. After introducing the new IEC 61499 standard and the “Framework for Distributed Industrial Automation and Control” (4DIAC), open source initiative based on the same standard, the authors provide an overview of the various research activities and industrial domains where 4DIAC project outcomes are currently used. Finally, evidences of the support provided by the initiative to both the establishment of new technologies and products, based on open standards, and the appearing of new actors in the industrial automation domain will be provided. <s> BIB005 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> E. Important ICT and Automation Standards <s> For 100 years, there has been no change in the basic structure of the electrical power grid. Experiences have shown that the hierarchical, centrally controlled grid of the 20th Century is ill-suited to the needs of the 21st Century. To address the challenges of the existing power grid, the new concept of smart grid has emerged. The smart grid can be considered as a modern electric power grid infrastructure for enhanced efficiency and reliability through automated control, high-power converters, modern communications infrastructure, sensing and metering technologies, and modern energy management techniques based on the optimization of demand, energy and network availability, and so on. While current power systems are based on a solid information and communication infrastructure, the new smart grid needs a different and much more complex one, as its dimension is much larger. This paper addresses critical issues on smart grid technologies primarily in terms of information and communication technology (ICT) issues and opportunities. The main objective of this paper is to provide a contemporary look at the current state of the art in smart grid communications as well as to discuss the still-open research issues in this field. It is expected that this paper will provide a better understanding of the technologies, potential advantages and research challenges of the smart grid and provoke interest among the research community to further explore this promising research area. <s> BIB006 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> E. Important ICT and Automation Standards <s> This paper presents a new approach to power system automation, based on distributed intelligence rather than traditional centralized control. The paper investigates the interplay between two international standards, IEC 61850 and IEC 61499, and proposes a way of combining of the application functions of IEC 61850-compliant devices with IEC 61499-compliant “glue logic,” using the communication services of IEC 61850-7-2. The resulting ability to customize control and automation logic will greatly enhance the flexibility and adaptability of automation systems, speeding progress toward the realization of the smart grid concept. <s> BIB007 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> E. Important ICT and Automation Standards <s> Open source solutions will enable the acceptance and usage of open standards for smart grid applications. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the possible usage of a distributed automation system for controlling electrical power systems with Distributed Energy Resources (DER). The control approach is based on the IEC 61499 reference model for distributed control system and its open source solution 4DIAC whereas the power system is simulated with the open source software PSAT. In addition, a freely available stack implementation of the IEC 61850 standard for substation automation is used for monitoring the process variables. As an example the coordinated voltage control of an Under-Load Tap Changer (ULTC) is implemented as IEC 61499 control application in the 4DIAC framework and the ULTC model together with a model of the distribution network are simulated in the GNU Octave/PSAT environment. <s> BIB008 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> E. Important ICT and Automation Standards <s> Flexible intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) are highly desirable to support free allocation of function to IED by means of software reconfiguration without any change of hardware. The application of generic hardware platforms and component-based software technology seems to be a good solution. Due to the advent of IEC 61850, generic hardware platforms with a standard communication interface can be used to implement different kinds of functions with high flexibility. The remaining challenge is the unified function model that specifies various software components with appropriate granularity and provides a framework to integrate them efficiently. This paper proposes the function-block (FB)-based function model for flexible IEDs. The standard FBs are established by combining the IEC 61850 model and the IEC 61499 model. The design of a simplified distance protection IED using standard FBs is described and investigated. The testing results of the prototype system in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate the feasibility and flexibility of FB-based IEDs. <s> BIB009 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> E. Important ICT and Automation Standards <s> Flexible and adaptable integration of diverse devices and applications used for power system automation is one of the key prerequisites for accelerated and future-proof Smart Grid deployment. International standard IEC 61850 has been globally accepted as one of the prime movers of successful and interoperable Smart Grid integration. However, current IEC 61850 definition lacks the integration capability based on device-level Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) paradigm. SOA is widely applied for enterprise integration and one of the envisioned paradigms for industrial automation domain. Implementing IEC 61850 systems according to device-level SOA principles could significantly facilitate standards-compliant device integration and accelerate overall Smart Grid automation deployment. This article presents a solution for integrating device-level SOA principles into IEC 61850 architecture. Two most prominent device-level SOA technologies, Devices Profile for Web Services (DPWS) and OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA), have been analyzed according to IEC 61850 system requirements. As a result of analysis, a novel middleware platform which integrates both DPWS and OPC UA features into IEC 61850 applications is presented. The proposed solution provides an extensible Smart Grid application framework based on state-of-the-art industrial automation standards thus allowing accelerated Smart Grid integration. <s> BIB010 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> E. Important ICT and Automation Standards <s> The electric energy system is changing more and more into a Smart Grid. A key technology in order to transform the actual grid is the information and communication technology. This means that advanced management, automation, control and communication concepts and systems have to be developed in order to cope with changing and challenging future requirements in the intelligent grid; especially the large-scale integration of distributed energy systems and electric vehicles. As a result of this trend, the future grid will consist of a huge number of intelligent electronic devices in order to manage the distributed and complex nature of Smart Girds. In order to guarantee a high level of interoperability, which is a major requirement for Smart Grids and its related components and devices, the International Electrotechnical Commission has introduced the IEC 61850 standard for power utility automation. Since it covers only interoperability and communication issues, a proper design, modeling and implementation approach is required. The main aim of this paper therefore is to discuss the usage of IEC 61850 together with the IEC 61499 reference model for distributed automation and the development of a related IEC 61499 Compliance Profile for Smart Grids. <s> BIB011 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> E. Important ICT and Automation Standards <s> Universal, intelligent, and multifunctional devices controlling power distribution and measurement will become the enabling technology of the Smart Grid ICT. In this paper, we report on a novel automation architecture which supports distributed multiagent intelligence, interoperability, and configurability and enables efficient simulation of distributed automation systems. The solution is based on the combination of IEC 61850 object-based modeling and interoperable communication with IEC 61499 function block executable specification. Using the developed simulation environment, we demonstrate the possibility of multiagent control to achieve self-healing grid through collaborative fault location and power restoration. <s> BIB012 </s> A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems <s> E. Important ICT and Automation Standards <s> The future energy system has to satisfy a continuously growing demand for electricity and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Fulfilling such diverse needs requires the integration of renewable energy resources on a large scale. However, the existing information and communication infrastructure controlling the corresponding power grids and components is not directly designed to master the ever increasing complexity. An upcoming requirement is the need for the functional adaption of the control systems during operation. The main aim of this article is to discuss and analyze requirements as well as to introduce a standard-compliant concept for a reconfigurable software architecture used in intelligent electronic devices for distributed and renewable energy resources. A simulation case study shows the applicability of this approach. A secure adaptation of the functional structure and the corresponding algorithms in device controllers can substantially contribute to a more efficient energy system, while at the same time responding to future needs. <s> BIB013
Due to the increasing number of available ICT/automation solutions for smart grids and constantly changing requirements, standardization is of crucial importance in order to handle interoperability and scalability requirements. These aspects have so far been covered by several standardization organizations and international projects. Specht et al.  and Gungor et al. BIB006 provided a comprehensive overview of important smart grid standards and roadmaps. As an international standardization organization, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) plays a very important role by providing common rules for the planning and operation of smart grid systems. The "IEC Smart Grid Standardization Roadmap" suggests different core standards important for the implementation of smart grids, such as the following: 1) IEC TR 62357 (service-oriented integration architecture); 2) IEC 61970/IEC 61968 (CIM); and 3) IEC 61850 (power utility automation) [17] . Other organizations also provide similar roadmaps for the implementation of intelligent power grids. The "NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards"  , the "DKE German standardization roadmap for Smart Grids"  , and the "IEEE Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology and Information Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS), End-Use Applications, and Loads"  are important examples of such roadmaps and guidelines. The German DKE Smart Grids roadmap also goes one step further by suggesting standards for the implementation of control logic. For this, the usage of IEC 61131-3 for programmable logic controllers  or the IEC 61499 for distributed intelligent automation  is suggested. Both IEC 61131 and IEC 61499 provide promising concepts for the development of control and automation solutions in smart grids, which has already been demonstrated in previous works  . Recently, the OPC UA, which is defined in IEC 62541, has received an increased interest from the smart grid research community [125] . The previous OPC specification for data access (i.e., OPC DA) was particularly developed for Windows-based platforms using mainly COM/DCOM technology, whereas the new OPC UA specification was particularly developed to provide a platform-independent information and communication model, by using service-oriented principles for the data and information exchange. Due to its object-oriented and generic modeling approach, there have been several studies conducted, where existing data models and protocols have been successfully mapped to OPC UA, e.g., CIM and IEC 61850 BIB003 , BIB010 . The IEC 61499 standard BIB001 was particularly developed as a reference architecture for the modeling and design of distributed control algorithms. The distributed nature of the smart grid approach makes IEC 61499 particularly also useful for this domain. This was demonstrated by Hegny et al. BIB002 , where an IEC 61499 application was developed for energy systems focusing on the reduction in the downtime of reconfiguration tasks in energy management systems. The integration of the IEC 61850 and IEC 61499 standards is explored in the literature as well. As an example, Higgins et al. BIB007 introduced an approach to power systems automation based on distributed intelligence combining the use of IEC-61850-compliant devices with the IEC-61499-compliant "glue logic." According to BIB004 , the IEC 61499 reference model providing a distributed function-block-oriented architecture is a proper technology to implement the advanced functions of holons, particularly the bioinspired negotiation behaviors based on the stigmergic approach. Strasser et al. BIB011 discussed the usage of the IEC 61850 standard for power utility automation together with IEC 61499 for distributed automation and the development of a related IEC 61499 Compliance Profile (CP) for smart grid applications. The developed IEC 61499 CP provides a mapping between the IEC 61850 structure with IEC 61499 artefacts, and it also describes common rules for the usage of IEC 61499 together with IEC 61850. Under the scope of the 4DIAC initiative BIB005 , BIB008 , distributed reconfigurable control software for smart grids and components was implemented based on IEC 61850 and IEC 61499. In particular, low-level control algorithms and reconfigurable interfaces for the online update/adaptation of control functions in DERs are covered by BIB013 . Zhabelova and Vyatkin BIB012 introduced an automation architecture that supports distributed multiagent intelligence, combining IEC 61850 object-based modeling and interoperable communication with IEC 61499 function block executable specification. The proposed architecture was applied to achieve self-healing grid through collaborative fault location and power restoration. Zhu et al. BIB009 proposed the function-block-based model for flexible intelligent electronic devices, combining the IEC 61850 and IEC 61499 models. A prototype system was developed in MATLAB/Simulink.