A Survey on Mobile Crowd-Sensing and Its Applications in the IoT Era <s> A. INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIRED FOR THE PROPOSED MCS FRAMEWORK <s> Data and continuous data streams from mobile users/devices are becoming increasingly important for numerous applications including urban modelling, transportation, and more recently for mobile crowd-sensing to support citizen journalism and participatory sensing where sensor informatics and social networking meet. While significant efforts have focused towards the analysis of mobile user data, a key challenge that needs to be addressed in order to realize the full-potential is to address the scalability issues of real-time data collection and processing at run time. By scalability, we refer to both the challenges of data capture from a large number of users, as well as the issues of energy consumed on individual devices as a result of that capture. In this paper, we present mobile/on-board data stream mining as an effective approach to address the scalability issues of mobile data collection and run-time processing and as a significant component of mobile run-time analytics. We present experimental evaluation using the Nokia mobile data challenge open track dataset to show the significant energy and bandwidth savings that mobile data stream mining can achieve with no significant loss of useful information in this process. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on Mobile Crowd-Sensing and Its Applications in the IoT Era <s> A. INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIRED FOR THE PROPOSED MCS FRAMEWORK <s> Rich-sensor smart phones have made possible the recent birth of the mobile sensing research area as part of ubiquitous sensing which integrates other areas such as wireless sensor networks and web sensing. There are several types of mobile sensing: individual, participatory, opportunistic, crowd, social, etc. The object of sensing can be people-centered or environment-centered. The sensing domain can be home, urban, vehicular… Currently there are barriers that limit the social acceptance of mobile sensing systems. Examples of social barriers are privacy concerns, restrictive laws in some countries and the absence of economic incentives that might encourage people to participate in a sensing campaign. Several technical barriers are phone energy savings and the variety of sensors and software for their management. Some existing surveys partially tackle the topic of mobile sensing systems. Published papers theoretically or partially solve the above barriers. We complete the above surveys with new works, review the barriers of mobile sensing systems and propose some ideas for efficiently implementing sensing, fusion, learning, security, privacy and energy saving for any type of mobile sensing system, and propose several realistic research challenges. The main objective is to reduce the learning curve in mobile sensing systems where the complexity is very high. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey on Mobile Crowd-Sensing and Its Applications in the IoT Era <s> A. INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIRED FOR THE PROPOSED MCS FRAMEWORK <s> The research on the efforts of combining human and machine intelligence has a long history. With the development of mobile sensing and mobile Internet techniques, a new sensing paradigm called Mobile Crowd Sensing (MCS), which leverages the power of citizens for large-scale sensing has become popular in recent years. As an evolution of participatory sensing, MCS has two unique features: (1) it involves both implicit and explicit participation; (2) MCS collects data from two user-participant data sources: mobile social networks and mobile sensing. This paper presents the literary history of MCS and its unique issues. A reference framework for MCS systems is also proposed. We further clarify the potential fusion of human and machine intelligence in MCS. Finally, we discuss the future research trends as well as our efforts to MCS. <s> BIB003
The proposed mobile crowd-sensing framework mandates an infrastructure composed of four main components BIB001 , BIB003 , BIB002 , which are data collection, communication media, data source aggregation/fusion, and data storage and classification. Figure 4 shows the MCS infrastructure and its main components. The explanation of each component can be introduced as the following: 1-Data collection, with the help of an expert group to maintain larger participant base and deliver the required verification of the usability of the collected sensing data.