Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> III. APPLICATIONS OF M-IoT <s> Mobile robots are slowly growing in number and complexity due to their applications. A mobile robot needs locomotion mechanisms that enable it to move unbounded throughout its environment. Navigation of robot in a dynamic environment is a complicated issue due to the fact that a variety of obstacles has to be detected and a collision free path must be chosen. For an autonomous robot, obstacle detection and path planning are crucial tasks for the success of the robot. In this work an image based obstacle detection and path planning system is proposed. The basic idea is to implement path planning by considering the spacing between the obstacles and comparing with a predefined threshold to estimate whether it is a traversable path. <s> BIB001 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> III. APPLICATIONS OF M-IoT <s> In this paper, we present a comprehensive methodology to support IoT based semantic traffic monitoring in smart cities to derive the status of traffic on a road segment in order to optimize traffic flow during rush hours. Smart traffic monitoring involves real-time traffic scene analysis from CCTV cameras to detect and identify stalled vehicles and measure traffic density on roads. The scene analysis essentially necessitates tracking and counting the number of moving and stopped vehicles as they progress along the image sequence by utilizing computer vision techniques. The obtained features along with manually annotated traffic data are translated to a higher level information using semantic web technologies, thus providing a common platform to exchange the information. As the perceptual modelling of traffic data involves media patterns so we have employed Multimedia Web Ontology Language (MOWL) for the semantic interpretation and to tackle inherent uncertainties involved in these media documents. MOWL supports hierarchical probabilistic reasoning framework and utilizes time-varying Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBN) to perform semantic comparison and predict the evolution of changing situations. In this paper, we discuss the key tasks of vision and probabilistic reasoning components that provide a feasible solution to identify the cause of traffic jam. The proposed approach can be used to trigger an automatic warning or alerts to traffic authorities in case any anomalous activity is encountered and guide users to take some different route to avoid jam. The experimental results shows effectiveness of real-time vehicle monitoring to assess congestion on road and offer user an assistive environment to operate. <s> BIB002 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> III. APPLICATIONS OF M-IoT <s> In this modern era where energy is the major concern worldwide, it is our prior responsibility & liability to save energy effectively. With the development of technology, where automation system plays a vital role in daily life experience and also it is being preferred over the traditional manual system today. The main purpose of this project is to invent an intelligent system which can make decisions for luminous control (ON/OFF/DIM) considering the light intensity. Here the day and night mode can be identified by fixing a particular intensity value on LDR sensor and street light can be controlled by IR sensor. The interesting part of this paper is the installation of solar cell for the power supply but in course of circumstances, if the solar cell is unable to do so, a secondary backup DC current will maintain the situation immediately. Another remarkable part of this project is to maintain the traffic signal automatically without any help of traffic police and monitor the entire system through internet by installing surveillance camera. All the components of this project are very simple and cost effective but efficient to make a reliable intelligence system. <s> BIB003 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> III. APPLICATIONS OF M-IoT <s> The sudden traffic slowdown especially in fast scrolling roads and highways characterized by a scarce visibility is one of the major causes of accidents among motorized vehicles. It can be caused by other accidents, work-in-progress on roads, excessive motorized vehicles especially at peak times and so on. Typically, fixed traffic sensors installed on roads that interact with drivers’ mobile App through the 4G network can mitigate such a problem, but unfortunately not all roads and highways are equipped with such devices. In this paper, we discuss a possible alternative solution for addressing such an issue considering mobile traffic sensors directly installed in private and/or public transportation and volunteer vehicles. In this scenario a fast real-time processing of big traffic data is fundamental to prevent accidents. In particular, we discuss an IoT Cloud system for traffic monitoring and alert notification based on OpenGTS and MongoDB. Our IoT Cloud system, besides for private drivers, it is very useful for drivers of critical rescue vehicles such as ambulances. Experiments prove that our system provides acceptable response times that allows drivers to receive alert messages in useful time so as to avoid the risk of possible accidents. <s> BIB004 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> III. APPLICATIONS OF M-IoT <s> One of the ways to reduce road accident is to identify the humps and potholes present in the path. In this paper, an internet of things based road monitoring system (IoT-RMS) is proposed to identify the potholes and humps in the road. The pathway which is affected by the pothole is greatly influenced by the scattering signal of the ultrasonic sensor. So the magnitude of the reflected signal decreased due to the roughness of the surface and the signal amplitude is difficult to analyze. The Kirchofft's theory basically applied for real-time analysis and it has certain limitations. To overcome this difficulty, an accelerometer has been included with the ultrasonic sensor to measure variation present in the signal and optimized using honey bee optimization (HBO) technique. The IoT-RMS automatically updates the status of the road with location information in the cloud. Each road vehicles can access the information from the server and estimate the speed according to the potholes and humps present on the road. The simulation has been done and the result shows that the IoT-RMS can be accommodated in road vehicles to reduce the accidents. The proposed system is implemented and tested using Arduino Uno with ESP 8266. <s> BIB005 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> III. APPLICATIONS OF M-IoT <s> IoT stands for Internet of things which is defined as an intercommunication of heterogeneous smart devices acting as a single network. In IoT, every device is connected via internet with different devices having different capabilities within a network. IoT is implemented almost in every field of life which is an extension of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Smart city is implemented through smart nodes in real scenarios to make digital environment in all field of life including smart parking, banking, sewerage system, waste management, environmental monitoring, smart transport and healthcare centers. However, there is a very little practical use of IoT and smart cities infrastructure in real life. In this paper, we have focused on intelligent traffic monitoring system using graph theory and formal methods. Our proposed model has various nodes that are assumed within a city including roads, objects and traffic signals to make a collective intelligent traffic guidance and monitoring system. Many operations including finding shortest path in terms of time and distance, finding specific area within city and finding safest and low rush ways towards the destination. The graph based model is transformed into a formal model using Vienna Development Method-Specification Language (VDM-SL). The proof of correctness is provided by various facilities available in the VDM-SL toolbox. <s> BIB006 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> III. APPLICATIONS OF M-IoT <s> With the popularity of vehicles, it has been gradually an urgent issue that children, patients, the elderly and other vulnerable people left behind in the vehicle which may lead to casualties. An Internet of Things (IoT) based Intelligent Life Monitoring System for Vehicles is proposed, which combines vehicle interior environment monitoring and emergency management mechanism. Based on theoretical research and analysis, a demo system is designed and implemented. <s> BIB007 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> III. APPLICATIONS OF M-IoT <s> Traffic Congestion and traffic monitoring is one of the important problems all over the world. This work uses IOT and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to improve traffic conditions. An ANFIS traffic light controller with inputs as waiting time and vehicle density is developed using MATLAB SIMULINK environment. A camera is used to capture the traffic scenes and this image is transferred to the cloud using Arduino UNO and ThingSpeak Platform. The image is then analyzed in the server using ANFIS controller and appropriate control signals are sent to the traffic signals. <s> BIB008
Multimedia objects equipped with Internet connectivity and interaction with other objects without human intervention FIGURE 5. The use case of M-IoT for road management systems that includes accident detection and prevention system (  , BIB004 ), traffic estimation and congestion prevention systems BIB002 , lane and path hole detection ( BIB001 , BIB005 ), trespassing detection BIB006 , automatic emergency detection and alerts generation systems BIB007 , and traffic signal monitoring system ( BIB008 , BIB003 ). leads toward the vast opportunities for the betterment of humankind in daily life. Since multimedia data is rich in information. Features like face recognition, motion detection, license plate identification, driver drowsiness indication, patient state, crowd detection, path hole, and obstacle detection, retina scanning for authorization and crime detection can be extracted employing various data aggregation, analytics and extraction tools. A heterogeneous network of multimedia objects, ubiquitous data transmission, and cloud-based multimedia content analytics paved the path for smart cities. In this section, we have classified numerous M-IoT applications based on different roles in the smart city. Table 5 classifies and summarizes the applications of M-IoT.