Cross-device media: a review of second screening and multi-device television <s> Supporting tangential browsing <s> Researchers have investigated the possibilities for supporting language learning through a range of technologies, most recently mobile phones and interactive television (iTV). Drawing on a focus group study, we present a scenario demonstrating an approach that blends the features of these two technologies. Three areas are identified for further exploration: pedagogy, technical feasibility and interaction design issues. <s> BIB001 </s> Cross-device media: a review of second screening and multi-device television <s> Supporting tangential browsing <s> In this paper, we describe the development and field trial of a second screen iTV experience called FanFeeds. FanFeeds is a second screen application that allows authoring and consumption of time synchronized secondary content around TV shows. FanFeeds are created by one's social circle as a companion experience to TV shows. For the purpose of concept evaluation, we ran a four-week field trial in 12 households consisting of 4 social groups of 3 friends. A total of 23 unique episodes of 12 different shows were watched while using our prototype. Overall feedback to our concept was mixed. Participants found some good motivations to use the system but they also found a number of concerns related to the nature of the shows they watched and the social dynamics with their friends. Participants revealed that our prototype allowed them to better connect with their TV shows and have an enriched social life around live as well as time-shifted TV content. Participants also described some concerns like distraction from TV show. We explore this contradiction in the paper, along with other valuable lessons we learned. We also report on the motivations that made participants create posts for one another and the different ways in which they used the information from the second screen. <s> BIB002 </s> Cross-device media: a review of second screening and multi-device television <s> Supporting tangential browsing <s> This paper presents a Case Study of the BBC's recent research and development work into the user experience of Internet-Connected Television. User expectations and aspirations around their TV experiences are changing radically as the platform increasingly supplements broadcast network connectivity with IP connectivity. Despite the relative youth of the platform, it is clear that Connected TV and its users support and seek user experiences which are quite distinctive from web browsing on personal computers, or earlier forms of interactive TV platforms. We describe a number of the BBC's recent research projects developing knowledge and tools to support future user experiences for TV, ranging from typography to alternative input interfaces. In each case, we describe the motivation, the development approach and the empirical assessment of impact of the technology and experiences embodied by our prototypes. <s> BIB003 </s> Cross-device media: a review of second screening and multi-device television <s> Supporting tangential browsing <s> Long form TV narratives present multiple continuing characters and story arcs that last over multiple episodes and even over multiple seasons. Writers increasingly take pride in creating coherent and persistent story worlds with recurring characters and references to backstory. Since viewers may join the story at different points and different levels of commitment, they need support to orient them to the fictional world, to remind them of plot threads, and to allow them to review important story sequences across episodes. Using the affordances of the digital medium we can create navigation patterns and auxiliary information streams to minimize confusion and maximize immersion in the story world. In our application, the iPad is used as a secondary screen to create a character map synchronized with the TV content, and to support navigation of story threads across episodes. <s> BIB004 </s> Cross-device media: a review of second screening and multi-device television <s> Supporting tangential browsing <s> The use of a companion app to augment viewing of information-rich television programmes is investigated. The app displays a synchronised graphical abstraction of a programme's content in the form of a concept map. Two experiments were conducted involving participants watching an astronomy documentary with the app. The first compared watching the programme with and without the app, and the second compared non-interactive and interactive versions of the app. Understanding of the programme, cross-device gaze behaviour, and user experience of the app were assessed. Our results show that the companion app improved participants' understanding and recall of the programme. Participants were found to manage their visual attention systematically when using the companion app, and correlations were found in the way they shifted their gaze from TV screen to tablet and back in response to changes in the programme content. Increasing interaction with the app disrupted understanding of the television programme and visual attention. Participants were positive about the value of companion apps for understanding and recall of programmes, but distraction and `knowing where to look' were significant concerns. <s> BIB005 </s> Cross-device media: a review of second screening and multi-device television <s> Supporting tangential browsing <s> United Universe is a second screen transmedia experience aimed at supporting understanding of a complex storyworld presented across media artifacts. Using the highly interconnected and allusive Marvel Cinematic Universe as a primary example, United Universe abstracts a story into the fundamental elements of characters, events, items, and locations, and presents them in a "glanceable" manner to the interactor. As significant story elements are referenced, the application provides explanatory information on the second screen. Drawing from the larger story world made up of multiple comic books, movies, games, and television shows, United Universe aims to provide clarity and background for the novice, and depth and engagement for more knowledgeable viewers. <s> BIB006
There are numerous applications to support tangential browsing, which typically manifest to present passive information presentation to the user. Complementary content is provided at timed intervals, or explored through interactive information search, for example, through tree visualisations BIB005 . This information is generally trivia related to a programme. In the simplest case, this can be a series of slides with pictures and short blurbs to support the programme, for example, BBC's Autumnwatch deployment, which provided time-relevant information, typically simple graphics and text about the programme on a second screen. Such experiences can also be more interactive, for example, a companion app made for Channel 4's multiplatform campaign 'Foxes Live: Wild in the City'. BIB002 The app, which ran alongside the programme, provided the user with real-time information about wild foxes as they viewed them on live TV. In addition to entertaining, these applications also have the potential to educate. Fallahkhair et al. BIB001 describe the potential for supporting language learning using a companion application. They describe an approach that suggests presenting supplementary translations on a mobile device may aid in learning a language by clarifying terms in another language in English, noting that the individual content to assist understanding which does not distract those around them is a significant benefit. This point is later echoed by Vinayagamoorthy et al. BIB003 , who note that secondary screens may be used for providing subtitles to the hard of hearing without affecting other viewers' experiences within the 'typical' living room TV experience. Related to this, many such applications to embellish the second screen experience focus on providing additional information that allows a user to get a better gist of the programme and its characters as a whole. Such applications, in general, assist users in understanding complex concepts in a programme. Murray et al.'s BIB004 'Story-Map', for instance, allows users to not get lost in long-form television narratives. The app allowed for viewers to contextualise characters in relation to each other by making a map that described their ontology, allowing programme viewers to provide some degree of back story, and a clearer understanding of the character relationships. Dowell et al. BIB005 augmented an information-rich programme into an interactive companion application-in this case, they explore how information in an astronomy documentary can be summarised though interactive concept maps. In addition, Eversman et al. BIB006 explored how second screen content can be introduced at key moments in a programme to link together Marvel's United Universe, creating a Transmedia 9 experience in which the affordances of each media are utilised.