Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Thematic analysis <s> This study investigated the factors associated with online environmental community members' intention to participate in environmental activities in the Chinese context, employing the framework of the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Using data from a survey of community members (N=211), structural equation modeling analyses confirmed the roles of subjective norm and self-efficacy in affecting intention to participate in environmental activities. Unlike other TPB studies, however, the study discovered that attitude was not significantly associated with intention. In addition, other relevant factors, including ego involvement, group identification, perceived salience of environmental problems, perceived popularity of environmental activities, and perceived interactivity of the community websites, were found to be associated with the intention of participation, either directly or indirectly. The theoretical and practical implications were discussed. <s> BIB001 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Thematic analysis <s> The Internet has emerged as an important communication platform for the support of collective action, but little is known about how it influences the psychosocial motives for participation. Two quantitative studies were conducted within two different mobilizing contexts, in which offline collective actions were launched through computer-mediated communication. We examined whether and how the frequency with which people participated in online political discussions moderated the effects of the psychosocial predictors of collective action, specifically politicized identity, anger, collective efficacy, and morality. Results showed that collective action intention was predicted by politicized identity only when participants reported a higher versus lower frequency of online discussion. However, anger did not predict collective action when people had the chance to express this emotion through a higher versus lower frequency of online discussion. Moreover, collective efficacy and morality supported collective action intention in participants who reported a higher versus lower frequency of online discussion. We theorize on how computer-mediated communication, and its specific features, can be studied as a mobilizing context that influences the psychosocial motives to participate in collective action. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. <s> BIB002 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Thematic analysis <s> Collective action has been studied by social psychologists for over a century. Social network sites such as Facebook have further extended the ability of individuals to instigate social, political and organizational change, and provide a new context in which to study collective action. Drawing on social identity theory (SIT), self-categorization theory (SCT) and uses and gratifications theory (UGT), this study explores the role of individuals’ group identification, social identity gratifications (SIG) and Facebook group use intensity on their willingness to participate in collective actions instigated through a Facebook group. Members of a Facebook group representing a cause against management completed an online survey (N = 406). Factor analyses reveal that motivations based on psychological affiliation with the group explained the most variance for Facebook group use. Moreover, compared to Facebook group use intensity, SIG were the stronger mediator between group identification and willingness to participate in collective action. The study demonstrates the utility of blending concepts from SIT, SCT and UGT to explore how socially motivated uses of the media can predict collective actions. <s> BIB003 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Thematic analysis <s> Background Michigan ranks as the sixth lowest state for registered organ donors. To increase enrollment, the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) funded the addition of a social networking component to enhance the existing traditional Wolverine–Buckeye Challenge campaign. The goal for all campaign materials was to heighten students’ social identification by featuring college images (football helmets) on materials directing students to a webpage where they could register as an organ donor and ‘score a point’ for their school. This paper reports the number of registrations for the campaign as well as the relative effectiveness of traditional materials (i.e. print) vs. social networking routes (i.e. Facebook). Method The number of registrations in which individuals ‘credited’ the University of Michigan for their online registration during the campaign periods was recorded by the Michigan Secretary of State to determine the source through which individuals learned of organ donation. These daily... <s> BIB004 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Thematic analysis <s> This research examined how social self-efficacy, collective self-esteem, and need to belong can be used to predict teens’ use of social media. The particular focus was on how these social psychological variables together with social media use account for variation in teens’ participation in a flash mob – an exemplar of 21st-century collective action. Empirical data come from a survey of teens in a major Midwestern city in the USA. Teens’ need to belong was positively associated with the amount of time they reported spending on social networking sites, even when controlling for gender, race, and household socio-economic status. Both teens’ social self-efficacy and time spent on YouTube were positively associated with their intention to participate in a flash mob in the future. These and other findings are discussed in the context of the role of social media in youth culture and collective action. <s> BIB005 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Thematic analysis <s> Anecdotes of past social movements suggest that Internet-enabled technologies, especially social media platforms, can facilitate collective actions. Recently, however, it has been argued that the participatory Internet encourages low-cost and low-risk activism—slacktivism—which may have detrimental consequences for groups that aim to achieve a collective purpose. More precisely, low-threshold digital practices such as signing online petitions or “liking” the Facebook page of a group are thought to derail subsequent engagement offline. We assessed this postulation in three experiments (N = 76, N = 59, and N = 48) and showed that so-called slacktivist actions indeed reduce the willingness to join a panel discussion and demonstration as well as the likelihood to sign a petition. This demobilizing effect was mediated by the satisfaction of group-enhancing motives; members considered low-threshold online collective actions as a substantial contribution to the group's success. The findings highlight that behavior that is belittled as slacktivism addresses needs that pertain to individuals' sense of group membership. Rather than hedonistic motives or personal interests, concerns for the ingroup's welfare and viability influenced the decision to join future collective actions offline. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. <s> BIB006 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Thematic analysis <s> The Gezi Protests, an environmental sit-in that turned into a social movement in Turkey, is often compared to the Arab Spring and the Occupy movement with regard to the importance attributed to social media. This paper examines the role that social media played during the protests, with an emphasis on how trust was built and maintained among the protestors. In-depth interviews with 21 active Gezi protestors revealed that social trust and system trust were intertwined in actual practices. On one side, technological affordances worked as an interface that facilitated social identification, which helped in trusting the person behind the information. On the other side, technological affordances themselves invited different levels of trust, subject to both physical constraints and technological barriers. <s> BIB007 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Thematic analysis <s> Kony2012 was a viral Internet video that attracted unprecedented online interest in promoting a campaign to arrest the leader of an African militant group. The current research considers the social psychological bases of social media-based collective action. In three cross-sectional surveys (N=304) collected before, on, and after the key action date of 20 April 2012, we consider the nature (opinion based or global) and function (emergent or transforming) of social identity in modern forms of social action. Multigroup structural equation modelling showed that Kony2012 action was best captured by an emergent opinion-based social identity. Moreover, the same factors that predicted Kony2012 action generally also predicted engagement in new repertoires of protest (involving the use of social media) and an observable traditional socio-political action (signing a letter to a government minister). The results suggest that there is no sharp dividing line between traditional and new forms of collective action and that both may be understood as valid expressions of collective selfhood. <s> BIB008 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Thematic analysis <s> This study rigorously compares the effectiveness of online mobilization appeals via two randomized field experiments conducted over the social microblogging service Twitter. In the process, we demonstrate a methodological innovation designed to capture social effects by exogenously inducing network behavior. In both experiments, we find that direct, private messages to followers of a nonprofit advocacy organization’s Twitter account are highly effective at increasing support for an online petition. Surprisingly, public tweets have no effect at all. We additionally randomize the private messages to prime subjects with either a “follower” or an “organizer” identity but find no evidence that this affects the likelihood of signing the petition. Finally, in the second experiment, followers of subjects induced to tweet a link to the petition are more likely to sign it—evidence of a campaign gone “viral.” In presenting these results, we contribute to a nascent body of experimental literature exploring political behavior in online social media. <s> BIB009 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Thematic analysis <s> The mobilizing potential of the internet has been widely recognized but also sharply criticized. We propose and test in two studies that the social affirmation use of social media motivates individuals for collective action to achieve social change. In Study 1, we surveyed participants of a university occupation and found that enduring participation was predicted by social affirmation use, mediated by group identification. In Study 2 we experimentally tested our hypothesis, the results of which confirmed that the social affirmation use of a forum (and in particular its interactive aspect) motivated individuals for collective action to achieve social change. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings for theory and research on the mobilizing potential of the internet. <s> BIB010 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Thematic analysis <s> The social identity model of collective action (SIMCA) proposes that collective action flows from identity, perceived injustice, and efficacy beliefs but do these drivers apply for activists in all situations? Intuitively, the social structure that confronts activists should influence when and how they act. In two studies, we consider how activists incorporate the opinions of other people, groups, and institutions as part of their own reality or social structure. In Study 1, quantitative data from 248 activists campaigning for reconciliation between Indigenous and other Australians showed less support for SIMCA when activists faced a divided social movement. In Study 2, qualitative data from 40 online activists suggested that interactions involved identity presentation, used to sharpen and present views of the world and an idealized social structure. Together, findings highlight the practical importance for activists to have a consensual position about social structure, and of activists’ efforts to reach that consensus. <s> BIB011 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Thematic analysis <s> This study examines the potential for alternative and social media to stimulate the core antecedents of protest participation (identity, efficacy, and anger) in the context of Hong Kong’s pro-democracy movement. Findings from a representative sample supported the social identity model of collective action (SIMCA), such that all antecedents predicted intended protest participation. Identity and anger mediated the relationship between online alternative news and protest intention, while anger and efficacy mediated the relationship between social media news and protest intention. The findings demonstrate the benefits of theoretical integration from related disciplines to better understand the mobilizing potential of collective action through news media use. <s> BIB012 </s> Identity and collective action via computer-mediated communication: A review and agenda for future research <s> Thematic analysis <s> Existing literature on collective action suggests that social protest activity is often driven by structural out-group grievances. This article explores how a framework of grievance-based social movement participation applies to the digital media realm and how social media are reshaping the protest landscape. Our research looks specifically at the case of the #Ferguson Twitter storm that occurred in November 2014. During a 3-week period, over 6 million tweets were sent with the indicator #Ferguson. We examine the statistics and content of those tweets to show that the Ferguson Twitter storm was driven to an enormous volume by four key mobilizers. Tweet content included structural out-group grievances that reflect established expectations about drivers of social movements and protests. In contrast to the emphasis on violence by traditional mass media, online social movement participants emphasized peace, especially after the conflict escalated and rioting in the streets began. <s> BIB013
In the second stage of our review process, we used thematic analysis to report and synthesise the findings from the existing studies (RQ2) according to our two foci of analysis: the role of identity in collective action and CMC's impact on identity processes. Table 3 shows the distribution of articles grouped by focus of analysis, identity type and perspective. Figure 3 illustrates the synthesis of themes (T) and related findings from the literature. The role of identity as a driver of collective action. Research in this area is exclusively onetype (social identity), with the exception of BIB001 , who conceptualise identity as a combination of individual identity and identification with social groups. Social psychologists study this topic by using traditional social identity theory, while bridging scholars combine identity and media theories. In both cases, the objects of analysis are the psychosocial predictors of collective action: social identity, injustice (i.e. feeling of deprivation) and collective efficacy (i.e. the belief that action is effective for achieving goals). We identify two themes (Figure 3 , T1 and T2) discussed in the literature and synthesise the main findings for each theme. First, some authors investigate the role of social identity in new CMC-based forms of collective action -such as online petitions  -that are often lowcost, low-risk and based on mass participation (T1). The main question is whether identity fosters or constrains these forms of mobilisation and if there is a transition offline. Despite such forms of collective action currently being widespread, research on the topic is scant. Furthermore, authors obtain divergent results. On the one hand, some scholars find that online social identities can transform low-threshold online collective action (e.g. tweeting about an online petition) into meaningful online action (e.g. getting the online petition signed) BIB009 . On the other hand, authors argue that if identity consolidation and group enhancement become too strong, they will fail to drive offline collective action BIB006 . This happens because strong online group identification fulfils people's need to perform online low-threshold action and then derail offline collective action that would satisfy the same need. Second, scholars find that identity alone might not be sufficient to predict collective action via CMC (T2). Some authors argue that people's use of CMC maintains an individual's social identification with online groups or communities due to in-group norms for emotion, efficacy and action that are reinforced online BIB003 BIB007 BIB004 BIB013 BIB001 BIB008 , in particular when people use CMC in an interactive way BIB002 BIB010 . Consequently, online social identity strengthens people's willingness to participate in collective action on behalf of the group both online and offline. In addition, we find that the type of CMC matters in the effectiveness of identity as a driver of collective action. For example, when comparing social media with traditional media use in protests, BIB012 finds that social identification can predict the intention to participate in protest only when people use traditional media, whereas other psychosocial antecedents predict collective action in the case of social media use. Similarly, the role of identity in collective action might depend on the type or structure of collective action BIB011 BIB005 . Owing to the massive use of CMC for mobilisation, some new forms of collective action, like flash mobs, have characteristics or conditions that do not require strong identification between the participants to make CMC's impact on identity processes. Defining identity as a process  , we look at the impact of CMC in identity processes during collective action. We found that it is a frequent topic of analysis in both one-and multiple-type studies across all perspectives (Table 3) . However, scholars obtain divergent results regarding whether or not CMC supports such identity processes (Figure 3 , T3 and T4).