Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Introduction <s> Can people feel worse off as the options they face increase? The present studies suggest that some people--maximizers--can. Study 1 reported a Maximization Scale, which measures individual differences in desire to maximize. Seven samples revealed negative correlations between maximization and happiness, optimism, self-esteem, and life satisfaction, and positive correlations between maximization and depression, perfectionism, and regret. Study 2 found maximizers less satisfied than nonmaximizers (satisficers) with consumer decisions, and more likely to engage in social comparison. Study 3 found maximizers more adversely affected by upward social comparison. Study 4 found maximizers more sensitive to regret and less satisfied in an ultimatum bargaining game. The interaction between maximizing and choice is discussed in terms of regret, adaptation, and self-blame. <s> BIB001 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Introduction <s> The traditional power grid has been designed in a hierarchical fashion, with energy pushed from the large scale production factories towards the end users. With the increasing availability of micro and medium scale generating facilities, the situation is changing. Many end users can now produce energy and share it over the power grid. Of course, end users need incentives to do so and want to act in an open decentralized energy market. In the present work, we offer a novel analysis of the medium and low voltage power grids of the North Netherlands using statistical tools from the complex network analysis field. We use a weighted model based on actual grid data and propose a set of statistical measures to evaluate the adequacy of the current infrastructure for a decentralized energy market. Further, we use the insight gained by the analysis to propose parameters that tie the statistical topological measures to economic factors that influence the attractiveness of participating in such decentralized energy market, thus identifying the important topological parameters to work on to facilitate such open decentralized markets. <s> BIB002 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Introduction <s> Smart meter is an advanced energy meter that measures consumption of electrical energy providing additional information compared to a conventional energy meter. Integration of smart meters into electricity grid involves implementation of a variety of techniques and software, depending on the features that the situation demands. Design of a smart meter depends on the requirements of the utility company as well as the customer. This paper discusses various features and technologies that can be integrated with a smart meter. In fact, deployment of smart meters needs proper selection and implementation of a communication network satisfying the security standards of smart grid communication. This paper outlines various issues and challenges involved in design, deployment, utilization, and maintenance of the smart meter infrastructure. In addition, several applications and advantages of smart meter, in the view of future electricity market are discussed in detail. This paper explains the importance of introducing smart meters in developing countries. In addition, the status of smart metering in various countries is also illustrated. <s> BIB003 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Introduction <s> For 100 years, there has been no change in the basic structure of the electrical power grid. Experiences have shown that the hierarchical, centrally controlled grid of the 20th Century is ill-suited to the needs of the 21st Century. To address the challenges of the existing power grid, the new concept of smart grid has emerged. The smart grid can be considered as a modern electric power grid infrastructure for enhanced efficiency and reliability through automated control, high-power converters, modern communications infrastructure, sensing and metering technologies, and modern energy management techniques based on the optimization of demand, energy and network availability, and so on. While current power systems are based on a solid information and communication infrastructure, the new smart grid needs a different and much more complex one, as its dimension is much larger. This paper addresses critical issues on smart grid technologies primarily in terms of information and communication technology (ICT) issues and opportunities. The main objective of this paper is to provide a contemporary look at the current state of the art in smart grid communications as well as to discuss the still-open research issues in this field. It is expected that this paper will provide a better understanding of the technologies, potential advantages and research challenges of the smart grid and provoke interest among the research community to further explore this promising research area. <s> BIB004 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Introduction <s> Abstract We can state that the replacement of the traditional meters by smart meters is an unstoppable process all over the world. This is a hard duty of the utilities but also a great opportunity for the energy traders, distributors and users, too. It is difficult to reach the energy consciousness of the public institutions and the households because of the lack of special energy management knowledge. Also the rare energy data feed-back does not allow the control of consumption. The intelligent meters enable the development of a remote-energy management system that helps the energy user decrease the energy costs and also the amount of the used energy. We analyzed the energy management activity and we show that the smart meters make a good base for the remotely deployed energy management function. The smart meters have closely on-line communication to a remote center. The frequent data provided by the meters can be processed only automatically. We recommend a narrow functionality for the central energy monitoring application. By enlarging the circle the managed energy, the efficiency of the total energy applications and the sustainability can be raised. <s> BIB005 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Introduction <s> With the exploding power consumption in private households and increasing environmental and regulatory restraints, the need to improve the overall efficiency of electrical networks has never been greater. That being said, the most efficient way to minimize the power consumption is by voluntary mitigation of home electric energy consumption, based on energy-awareness and automatic or manual reduction of standby power of idling home appliances. Deploying bi-directional smart meters and home energy management (HEM) agents that provision real-time usage monitoring and remote control, will enable HEM in “smart households.” Furthermore, the traditionally inelastic demand curve has began to change, and these emerging HEM technologies enable consumers (industrial to residential) to respond to the energy market behavior to reduce their consumption at peak prices, to supply reserves on a as-needed basis, and to reduce demand on the electric grid. Because the development of smart grid-related activities has resulted in an increased interest in demand response (DR) and demand side management (DSM) programs, this paper presents some popular DR and DSM initiatives that include planning, implementation and evaluation techniques for reducing energy consumption and peak electricity demand. The paper then focuses on reviewing and distinguishing the various state-of-the-art HEM control and networking technologies, and outlines directions for promoting the shift towards a society with low energy demand and low greenhouse gas emissions. The paper also surveys the existing software and hardware tools, platforms, and test beds for evaluating the performance of the information and communications technologies that are at the core of future smart grids. It is envisioned that this paper will inspire future research and design efforts in developing standardized and user-friendly smart energy monitoring systems that are suitable for wide scale deployment in homes. <s> BIB006 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Introduction <s> In addition to providing for a more reliable distribution infrastructure, the smart grid promises to give the end users better pricing and usage information. It is thus interesting for them to be ready to take advantage of features such as dynamic energy pricing and real-time choice of operators. In this work, we propose a system to monitor and control an office environment and to couple it with the smart grid. The idea is to schedule the operation of devices according to policies defined by the users, in order to minimize the cost of operation while leaving unaffected user comfort and productivity. The implementation of the system and its testing in a living lab environment show interesting economic savings of an average of about 35% and in some cases even overall energy savings in the order of 10% for a building equipped with renewable generation plants, and economic and energy savings of 20% and 10%, respectively, for a building without local renewable installations. <s> BIB007 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Introduction <s> This study is a contribution to the on-going debate over whether there is a relationship between energy consumption and climatic change variables, although the developed regions are among the most energy intensive economies in the world, little attention has been paid to the features of their energy consumption and climatic variations. Therefore, this study empirically investigates the two variables dynamic relationship in five broader regions of the world i.e., South Asia, Middle East and North Africa (MENA region), Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia and Pacific and the aggregate data of the World. The major climatic variables include atmospheric, topographic, living organisms threatened; water system and growth factors are used to investigate energy–climate nexus over a period of 1975–2011. The results of the study indicate that there exists a long-run equilibrium relationship between energy consumption and climatic variables which shows climatic variations due to changes in energy consumption in different regions of the world. Although, the causality results are mixed among regions, we do find a systematic pattern. The present study find evident of unidirectional causality between the electric power consumption and climatic factors in the World’s selected region. Sound and effective energy consumption strategy may reduce the burden of global warming situation in the world. <s> BIB008 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Introduction <s> The smart grid is conceived of as an electric grid that can deliver electricity in a controlled, smart way from points of generation to active consumers. Demand response (DR), by promoting the interaction and responsiveness of the customers, may offer a broad range of potential benefits on system operation and expansion and on market efficiency. Moreover, by improving the reliability of the power system and, in the long term, lowering peak demand, DR reduces overall plant and capital cost investments and postpones the need for network upgrades. In this paper a survey of DR potentials and benefits in smart grids is presented. Innovative enabling technologies and systems, such as smart meters, energy controllers, communication systems, decisive to facilitate the coordination of efficiency and DR in a smart grid, are described and discussed with reference to real industrial case studies and research projects. <s> BIB009 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Introduction <s> To promote the successful introduction of sustainable energy systems, more insight is needed into factors influencing consumer’s acceptance of future energy systems. A questionnaire study among 139 Dutch citizens (aged 18–85) was conducted. Participants rated the acceptability of energy systems made up of four varying system attributes: type of energy (renewable or fossil), price (remains stable vs. 25 % increase), adjustments in use (convenience technology or consumers themselves decide on what to change), and production level (energy is produced at a central vs. community vs. household level). Conjoint analyses were conducted to determine the overall acceptability of future energy systems, the relative importance of the various attributes for acceptability, and preference for levels within each attribute. Interesting patterns were uncovered: participants preferred making adjustments in use themselves (autonomous), rather than relying on technology to make the changes for them. Consumers did not exhibit a clear preference for any of the presented production levels, indicating that they would be open to change in this energy system attribute. Because participants preferred energy systems in which adjustments in use are made autonomously and because adjustment type was very important for overall acceptability of energy systems, technological developers and policy makers should take this into consideration. <s> BIB010 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Introduction <s> Innovations in the residential sector are required to reduce environmental impacts, as the sector is a contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. The increasing demand for electricity and the emergence of smart grids have presented new opportunities for home energy management systems (HEMS) in demand response markets. HEMS are demand response tools that shift and curtail demand to improve the energy consumption and production profile of a dwelling on behalf of a consumer. HEMS usually create optimal consumption and productions schedules by considering multiple objectives such as energy costs, environmental concerns, load profiles and consumer comfort. The existing literature has presented several methods, such as mathematical optimization, model predictive control and heuristic control, for creating efficient operation schedules and for making good consumption and production decisions. However, the effectiveness of the methods in the existing literature can be difficult to compare due to diversity in modelling parameters, such as appliance models, timing parameters and objectives. The present chapter provides a comparative analysis of the literature on HEMS, with a focus on modelling approaches and their impact on HEMS operations and outcomes. In particular, we discuss a set of HEMS challenges such as forecast uncertainty, modelling device heterogeneity, multi-objective scheduling, computational limitations, timing considerations and modelling consumer well-being. The presented work is organized to allow a reader to understand and compare the important considerations, approaches, nomenclature and results in prominent and new literary works without delving deeply into each one. <s> BIB011 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Introduction <s> In recent decades researchers and companies around the world have developed proposals related to Home Energy Management Systems. This paper presents a review of the most relevant literature published on that subject focused on infrastructure, communication media – protocols, variables managed by the system, software and the role of the end user. For this research, around seventy energy management models were studied, and their main advances and contributions were analyzed. In addition, based on this review and the empties observed on existing home energy management models, a preliminary model is proposed. In the proposal, the main elements of the studied models are grouped and the new model is combined with external variables, which influence the implementation of the management system, to give the end-user its proper role as an active part of the electricity value chain, as a strategy to contribute with home energy efficiency providing new demand patterns. <s> BIB012 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Introduction <s> Microgrids are expected to become part of the next electric power system evolution, not only in rural and remote areas but also in urban communities. Since microgrids are expected to coexist with traditional power grids (such as district heating does with traditional heating systems), their planning process must be addressed to economic feasibility, as a long-term stability guarantee. Planning a microgrid is a complex process due to existing alternatives, goals, constraints and uncertainties. Usually planning goals conflict each other and, as a consequence, different optimization problems appear along the planning process. In this context, technical literature about optimization techniques applied to microgrid planning have been reviewed and the guidelines for innovative planning methodologies focused on economic feasibility can be defined. Finally, some trending techniques and new microgrid planning approaches are pointed out. <s> BIB013 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Introduction <s> Integrated distributed energy resources play a crucial role in modernized power systems. They can decrease emissions, decrease the resistive losses and add to the security and reliability of electric networks. They can be of different nature and may contain fossil-fuelled generating units, wind units, fuel cells, storage devices and solar panels. In this article, first different distributed energy resources are introduced briefly, then, the operation and control strategies of integrated distributed energy resources will be reviewed. The review of existing research works in this field and finding the research gaps can lead to useful directions for future researchers who are interested to work in this field. <s> BIB014 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Introduction <s> Variability and intermittency are some of the main features that characterize renewable energy sources. Intermittency usually includes both predictable and unpredictable variations. The many drawbacks of intermittency of renewable sources can be overcome by considering some special design considerations. Integrating more than one renewable energy source and including backup sources and storage systems are among the few measures to overcome these drawbacks. These additional design considerations usually increase the overall cost of the renewable system. Furthermore, the presence of more than one energy supply/storage system requires the control of energy flow among the various sources. Therefore, optimizing the size of the components and adopting an energy management strategy (EMS) are essential to decreasing the cost of the system and limiting its negative effects. The energy management strategy is commonly integrated with optimization to ensure the continuity of load supply and to decrease the cost of energy production. Therefore, energy management is a term that collects all the systematic procedures to control and minimize the quantity and the cost of energy used to provide a certain application with its requirements. The energy management strategy usually depends on the type of energy system and its components. Various approaches and techniques have been used to develop a successful energy management strategy. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the approaches proposed and used by authors of many papers is conducted. These approaches include both the standalone hybrid renewable energy systems and the grid-connected hybrid renewable systems. More attention is focused on popularly used techniques to address the features of each system. The selected papers in this review cover the various configurations of the hybrid renewable energy systems for electric power generation only. <s> BIB015 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Introduction <s> This study investigated energy saving effects of published papers related to energy management system (EMS), building energy management system (BEMS), industrial, company and factory energy management system (I/C/F/EMS); and EMS for heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) and refrigerating equipment, artificial lighting systems, motors and others (EMS for equipment). From 1976 to 2014, management performance reported by 305 EMS cases (105 BEMS cases, 103 I/C/F EMS cases and 97 cases of EMS for equipment) is analyzed to evaluate varied energy saving effects. Statistical results show that saving effects of BEMS increased from 11.39% to 16.22% yearly. Inversely, saving effects of I/C/F EMS decreased from 18.89% to 10.35%. Regarding to EMS for equipment, there is no obvious trend but only the averaged saving effect can be reported. EMS for artificial lighting systems has the highest saving effect up to 39.5% in average. For HVAC and other equipment, energy saving effects are around 14.07% and 16.66% respectively. These energy saving performances are correlated with developed EMS functions. The key EMS functions could be identified from their developing progress for effective energy savings. Based on the quantitative analysis, the future trends of EMS are discussed. <s> BIB016 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Introduction <s> The integration of large amounts of variable renewable energy poses fundamental challenges to the operation and governance of the energy system. In this article we address the main institutional challenges that are caused by the integration of variable renewable energy sources like solar and wind energy in the European power system. We first address how the variable and unpredictable nature of wind and solar energy increases the demand for flexible resources and we discuss potential sources of flexibility. Next, we elaborate on how the need for more flexibility challenges the prevailing market design of todays liberalized power systems. Furthermore, we discuss the key areas where there is a need for a more integrated approach to research and policy making. The need for a more integrated approach is motivated by exposing a number of critical interdependencies between technical and institutional sub-systems. <s> BIB017 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Introduction <s> An overview of numerical and mathematical modelling-based distributed generation (DG) system optimisation techniques is presented in this review paper. The objective is to compare different aspects of these two broad classes of DG optimisation techniques, explore their applications, and identify potential research directions from reviewed studies. Introductory descriptions of general electrical power system and DG system are first provided, followed by reviews on renewable resource assessment, load demand analysis, model formulation, and optimisation techniques. In renewable resource assessment model review, uncertain solar and wind energy resources are emphasised whereas applications of forecasting models have been highlighted based on their prediction horizons, computational power requirement, and training data intensity. For DG optimisation framework, (solar, wind and tidal) power generator, energy storage and energy balance models are discussed; in optimisation technique section, both numerical and mathematical modelling optimisation methods are reviewed, analysed and criticised with recommendations for their improvements. In overall, this review provides preliminary guidelines, research gaps and recommendations for developing a better and more user-friendly DG energy planning optimisation tool. <s> BIB018
Since 1990, world energy consumption has increased by 58% (Enerdata, 2018) , raising concerns over supply, depletion of primary resources, and environmental impact. Society has become aware of the strong correlation between energy consumption and climate change BIB008 IEA, 2015) , as the energy sector is responsible of roughly two-thirds of all greenhousegas emissions related to human activities (IEA, 2015) . In 2016, residential and commercial sectors, which include the largest part of buildings, consumed about 40% of total U.S. and Europe energy consumption (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2018; European Commission, 2019), where buildings are responsible for 36% of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. The expansion of the energy production capacity requires long-lasting and expensive procedures that have to overcome several difficulties from both a technical and social point of view. With the increasing amount of medium and small scale RES, the transmission and distribution systems have to be adapted to cope with decentralized and fluctuating supply BIB002 . On the one hand, the construction of new overhead lines faces strong opposition   ; on the other hand, although large-scale storage systems mainly in the form of electrochemical batteries have great potential , their costs and performances need to be further enhanced to significantly improved the flexibility of energy system with high penetration of RES BIB017 . Coal-fired plants have low generation costs (Agora Energiewende, 2014), but high CO 2 emissions; the best hydropower sites -the cleanest way of producing electricity -have been largely already exploited (IRENA, 2012) ; nuclear power -the second lowestcarbon source for electricity (IEA, 2015) -is under constant societal scrutiny for the effects of possible major failures. Within this complex scenario, the DRPs promote the shifting in time of load demand by means of economic incentives and time-varying electricity tariffs, leading to operation optimization and economic benefits for the utilities BIB009 BIB017 . End-users benefit by potentially reducing their energy bills by modifying their consumption patterns. With DRPs utilities limit the risk of bottlenecks along power lines and postpone expensive investments in the infrastructure (U.S. Department of Energy, 2006) . However, a trade-off between automation and user decisions needs to be found. On the one hand, high level of (perceived) control can increase the system acceptability and adoption by its users BIB010 ; on the other hand, too many options and alternatives may result in frustration and decision avoidance BIB001 . An energy management system (EMS) monitors, meters, and controls energy consumption and production of a building, while adjusting equipment usage by means of scheduling algorithms. The operation scheduling problem consists in planning the use of available resources, such as generators and storage, as well as flexible loads, with the aim of minimizing operation costs and/or the environmental impact, while satisfying the energy demand based on systems' signals such as price. This optimization is often achieved with a two-steps process: first, prediction of prices, production, and consumption are used to determine an optimal scheduling for the future; then, the real-time optimal operation is adjusted according to data coming from the market (price signals), the grid (e.g., overloading), and resources (outputs and demand). Nowadays, the implementation and operation of EMSs is made possible by the growing amount of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and the newest big data techniques available to deal with huge amounts of data. The adoption of EMSs enables efficiency improvements, economic benefits for both end-users and utilities, and reduces the environmental impact of the energy sector at all scales, from homes to large buildings to groups of buildings   . The energy management concept includes several aspects, such as smart meters BIB005 BIB003 , communication and control network BIB004 BIB006 , and schedulers BIB007 . The scheduler is the component that has to find a solution to the scheduling problem. There are several surveys available in the literature on this topic; for instance, on modeling and on the complexity of home energy management systems BIB011 BIB012 , on energy management techniques BIB013 BIB015 , on distributed energy resources (DERs) operation and control  BIB018 BIB014 , on intelligent buildings , and on energy saving BIB016 . However, to the best of our knowledge, a review on the operation scheduling problem at the building level is missing. The aim of the present work is to systematize the concepts, models, and optimization techniques of EMSs to help the understanding and, in turn, the design of such systems. We survey the state-of-the-art in energy management for operation scheduling of DERs and end-user's electrical and thermal demand thus allowing us to identify general principles and elaborate novel perspectives for EMSs in residential and office buildings. These are useful guidelines for EMS designers as well as researchers and graduate students investigating new approaches and methods for energy management. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces methods and criteria used to select and compare the studies. A definition of EMS and the main aggregation concepts are discussed in Section 3. Section 4 offers a comparison of several studies on how the optimal scheduling problem is formulated and modeled. In particular, we discuss the economic frameworks, the load models, and different approaches to information uncertainty. Moreover, we describe the different components of the system (generators, loads, and infrastructure) and their interconnections. Section 5 presents the main optimization techniques applied to the scheduling problem, including modeling for uncertainties. The potential economic and environmental achievements enabled by the development of EMSs are summarized in Section 6. Other surveys on energy management are briefly reviewed in Section 7. An overview of the outcomes and of the possible limitations of this work are discussed in Section 8, while conclusions are drawn in Section 9.