Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> E. SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS <s> Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained much attention in today’s research domain for supporting a wide variety of applications including the multimedia applications. Multimedia applications that are regarded as the quality-of-service (QoS)-aware, delay sensitive, and bandwidth hungry applications require enough energy and communication resources. WSNs being the energy-scarce network have now been designed in such a way that they can support these delay-sensitive and time-critical applications. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient routing protocol for heterogeneous WSNs to support the delay sensitive, bandwidth hungry, time-critical, and QoS-aware applications. The proposed QoS-aware and heterogeneously clustered routing (QHCR) protocol not only conserves the energy in the network, but also provides the dedicated paths for the real-time and delay sensitive applications. The inclusion of different energy-levels for the heterogeneous WSNs also provides the stability in the networks while minimizing the delay for the delay-sensitive applications. Extensive simulations have been performed to validate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme. Our proposed routing scheme outperforms other state-of-the-art schemes in terms of the delay performances. <s> BIB001 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> E. SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS <s> The futuristic trend is toward the merging of cyber world with physical world leading to the development of Internet of Things (IoT) framework. Current research is focused on the scalar data-based IoT applications thus leaving the gap between services and benefits of IoT objects and multimedia objects. Multimedia IoT (IoMT) applications require new protocols to be developed to cope up with heterogeneity among the various communicating objects. In this paper, we have presented a cross-layer protocol for IoMT. In proposed methodology, we have considered the cross communication of physical, data link, and routing layers for multimedia applications. Response time should be less, and communication among the devices must be energy efficient in multimedia applications. IoMT has considered both the issues and the comparative simulations in MATLAB have shown that it outperforms over the traditional protocols and presents the optimized solution for IoMT. <s> BIB002 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> E. SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS <s> The number and variety of mobile multicast applications are growing at an unprecedented and unanticipated pace. Mobile network providers are in front of a dramatic increase in multicast traffic load, and this growth is forecasted to continue in fifth-generation (5G) networks. The major challenges come from the fact that multicast traffic not only targets groups of end-user devices; it also involves machine-type communications (MTC) for the Internet of Things (IoT). The increase in the MTC load, predicted for 5G, calls into question the effectiveness of the current multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS). The aim of this paper is to provide a survey of 5G challenges in the view of effective management of multicast applications, and to identify how to enhance the mobile network architecture to enable multicast applications in future 5G scenarios. By accounting for the presence of both human and machine-related traffic, strengths and weaknesses of the state-of-the-art achievements in multicasting are critically analyzed to provide guidelines for future research on 5G networks and more conscious design choices. <s> BIB003 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> E. SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS <s> The vision of wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) nowadays is to afford real-time multimedia applications using the pervasive wireless sensors around us. This necessitates strict QoS conditions, which have led to new emerging challenges in terms of data delivery in the Internet of Things era. Accordingly, multipath routing protocols with multi-constraints are recommended in WMSNs. In this article, a comprehensive overview of both best effort and real-time multipath routing protocols for WMSNs is performed. The results of our investigations, with regard to design issues affecting the development of strategic multipath routing mechanisms that can support multimedia data exchange over a WMSN infrastructure are presented and discussed from the network design perceptions. <s> BIB004 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> E. SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS <s> Abstract This work considers the development of a hybrid sensor and vehicular network that provides safety supports in Intelligent Transportation Systems. Our main interest is the emergency situations in a smart-city and its facilities during and/or after disasters such as earthquakes and severe car collisions where unsafe road segments are often found. We propose agile framework that caters for service-based applications in smart cities where multimedia data is heavily exchanged. Optimized data delivery approach that operates with limited resources in highly dynamic topologies is investigated and proposed. We also propose a solid mathematical model for data packets routing-determination methods. The proposed model assists in utilizing the available vehicles’ resources in data routing while maintaining Quality of Service in a variety of multimedia security and safety applications. We use solid analytical analysis to verify the simulation results in terms of packet received ratio, energy consumption, and average end-to-end delay, to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed model. <s> BIB005 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> E. SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS <s> Use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in conjunction with mobile devices is growing on a daily basis. Mobile phones are not only personal devices that provide communication services, but also versatile and resourceful elements in the Internet of Things (IoT). Nevertheless, despite the referred growth, one key aspect for real-world IoT deployments is still largely overlooked: reliability. In this respect, there is a clear gap between theoretical models and real implementations, as no practical reliability mechanisms are in place for IoT. Proposing, studying, and providing IoT reliability solutions is, thus, fundamental for the massive deployment of IoT technology across all sectors of society. In this context, the main purpose of this paper is to propose, explore, and assess reliability mechanisms for IoT scenarios, based on the use of redundant routes and devices that take advantage of mobile devices, as key elements of IoT. These mechanisms were evaluated in a variety of failure scenarios, both theoretically and through implementations constructed with real, off-the-shelf equipment, showing their good capability to maintain effective communication even in the presence of link failures. <s> BIB006 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> E. SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS <s> Abstract Nowadays, multimedia contents are widely used for various applications to ensure personal and public services. These contents are transferred through different kind of networks, from classical Adhoc networks to the recent Internet of Things (IoT). However, regardless the deployed network, the main goal remains the same: ensuring a better QoE and lower latency especially for emergency traffic. This domain attracts many research activities. In this paper, we tackle this challenging issue and we propose a cross-layer scheme to handle video streaming over wireless sensor networks. Our starting point is to provide a carrier sense aware disjoint multi-path routing protocol able to transmit efficiently video and regular data from many sources to a unique base station (BS). This protocol will cooperate with the application layer in order to provide a frame-aware solution to assign high priority to the most important frames and low priority for the least important ones. This priority concerns mainly the path that will be used by the frames and the queuing policy that will be applied. Our queuing policy involves enqueuing, dequeuing and congestion solving function in order to reduce video latency and enhance the reliability. Our scheme is explained through a theoretical study with illustrative examples. Many simulations have been conducted, they demonstrate improvements of some performance indicators such as packet data rate, delay, loss packet rate and user experience. <s> BIB007 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> E. SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS <s> Wireless sensor networks suffer from some limitations such as energy constraints and the cooperative demands essential to perform multi-hop geographic routing for Internet of things (IoT) applications. Quality of Service (QoS) depends to a great extent on offering participating nodes an incentive for collaborating. This paper presents a mathematical model for a new-generation of forwarding QoS routing determination that enables allocation of optimal path to satisfy QoS parameters to support a wide range of communication-intensive IoT’s applications. The model is used to investigate the effects of multi-hop communication on a traffic system model designed with a Markov discrete-time $M/M/1$ queuing model, applicable to green deployment of duty-cycle sensor nodes. We present analytical formulation for the bit-error-rate, and a critical path-loss model is defined to the specified level of trust among the most frequently used nodes. Additionally, we address the degree of irregularity parameter for promoting adaptation to geographic switching with respect to two categories of transmission in distributed systems: hop-by-hop and end-to-end retransmission schemes. The simulations identified results for the average packet delay transmission, the energy consumption for transmission, and the throughput. The simulations offer insights into the impact of radio irregularity on the neighbor-discovery routing technique of both schemes. Based on the simulation results, the messages en-coded with non-return-to-zero have more green efficiency over multi-hop IoT (without loss of connectivity between nodes) than those encoded with the Manchester operation. The findings presented in this paper are of great help to designers of IoT. <s> BIB008 </s> Multimedia Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey <s> E. SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS <s> With the development of wireless communications and the intellectualization of machines, the Internet of Things (IoT) has been of interest to both industry and academia. Multihop routing and relaying are key technologies that will underpin IoT mesh networks in the future. This paper investigates optimal routing based on the trusted connectivity probability (T-CP) for multihop, underlay, device-to-device (D2D) communications with decode-and-forward relaying. Both random and fixed locations for base stations (BSs) are considered, where the former case assumes that the locations of the BSs are modeled as a Poisson point process (PPP). First, we derive two expressions for the connectivity probability (CP): 1) a tight lower bound and 2) an exact closed-form. Analysis is carried out for the cases where the channel state information (CSI) between BSs and the D2D transmitter is known (CSI-aware) and unknown (no-CSI). Interference from active cellular user equipments (CUEs) is characterized by modeling CUE locations as a PPP. Moreover, motivated by results that have shown that social behavior leads to D2D devices communicating with nearby neighbors, we derive the trust probability for D2D connections by using a rank-based model. Finally, we propose a novel routing algorithm that can achieve the highest T-CP for any pair of D2D devices in a distributed manner. The derived analytical results are verified by Monte Carlo simulations. We show that the proposed routing algorithm achieves almost the same performance as that attained through an exhaustive search. When BSs are located randomly, the optimal path based on the CP is the shortest path between the D2D transmitter and receiver. However, for fixed BSs, the optimal path selection depends on the locations of the BSs, which provides a very useful insight in designing the multihop D2D system for 5G IoT. <s> BIB009
This section covers the wireless multimedia delay-sensitive applications supported by IoT. Feature extraction from audio, video, and images are studied in detail for different applications in security surveillance, traffic, health, and industry monitoring. Various proposed methods for biometric authentication to enhance security systems are highlighted. Multimedia data in optimizing the performance of the industrial process is also detailed in this section. The existing M-IoT applications are more focused on feature extraction, mapping, and analysis of multimedia data. However, mobility has not been considered in the M-IoT network for the successful transmission of the delay-sensitive real-time application. Table 5 classifies the existing work on M-IoT applications and summarizes this section.  In this section, routing protocols for M-IoT has been discussed. The existing research presents the routing protocols from the perspective of energy-awareness, load balancing, fault tolerance, mobility, delay awareness  . QoS-aware routing BIB005 for multimedia data is investigated and presented in BIB001 -  . Cross-layer protocols to improve routing strategies in terms of energy, delay, throughput, and reliability BIB006 have been presented in BIB002 , BIB007 ,  - BIB008 . Challenges and issues in multicasting BIB003 and hop-count based routing schemes have been discussed in BIB004 - BIB009 . However, to support multimedia bandwidth-hungry and delay-sensitive applications, cross-layer and energy-aware protocols need to be explored in detail. The existing studies on multimedia routing protocols do not consider efficient bandwidth utilization and fault tolerance. Lightweight and energy efficient ML algorithms like reinforcement learning, Q-learning, Epsilon greedy are yet to be investigated for latency reduction and improve power conservation for multimedia routing in IoT. Table 8 presents a detailed overview of this section, classifying each study and highlighting it's key features.