A Holistic Survey of Wireless Multipath Video Streaming <s> SCTP and CMT (extension of SCTP) <s> A variety of wireless interfaces are available for today's mobile user to access Internet content. When coverage areas of these different technologies overlap, a terminal equipped with multiple interfaces can use them simultaneously to improve the performance of its applications. In this paper, we motivate the advantages that can be had through simultaneous use of multiple interfaces and present a network layer architecture that enables diverse multiaccess services. In particular, we explore in depth one such service provided by the architecture: Bandwidth Aggregation (BAG) for real-time applications. An important aspect of the architecture when providing BAG services for real-time applications is the scheduling algorithm that partitions the traffic onto different interfaces such that the QoS requirements of the application are met. We propose one such algorithm Earliest Delivery Path First (EDPF), that ensures packets meet their playback deadlines by scheduling packets based on the estimated delivery time of the packets. We show through analysis that EDPF performs close to an idealized Aggregated Single Link (ASL) discipline, where the multiple interfaces are replaced by a single interface with same aggregated bandwidth. A prototype implementation and extensive simulations carried using video and delay traces show the performance improvement BAG with EDPF scheduling offers over using just the Highest Bandwidth Interface (HBI) and other scheduling approaches based on weighted round robin. <s> BIB001 </s> A Holistic Survey of Wireless Multipath Video Streaming <s> SCTP and CMT (extension of SCTP) <s> Poor connectivity is common when we use wireless networks on the go. A natural way to tackle the problem is to take advantage of the multiple network interfaces on our mobile devices, and use all the networks around us. Using multiple networks at a time makes makes possible faster connections, seamless connectivity and potentially lower usage charges. The goal of this paper is to explore how to make use of all the networks with today's technology. Specifically, we prototyped a solution on an Android phone. Using our prototype, we demonstrate the benefits (and difficulties) of using multiple networks at the same time. <s> BIB002 </s> A Holistic Survey of Wireless Multipath Video Streaming <s> SCTP and CMT (extension of SCTP) <s> This paper investigates mobile video delivery in a heterogeneous wireless network from a video server to a multi-homed client. Joint source-channel coding (JSCC) has proven to be an effective solution for video transmission over bandwidth-limited, error-prone wireless networks. However, one major problem with the existing JSCC approaches is that they consider the network between the server and the client as a single transport link. The situation becomes more complicated in the context of multiple available links because involving a low-bandwidth, highly lossy, or long-delay wireless network in the transmission will only degrade the video quality. To address the critical problem, we propose a novel flow rate allocation-based JSCC (FRA-JSCC) approach that includes three key phases: (1) forward error correction redundancy estimation under loss requirement, (2) source rate adaption under delay constraint, and (3) dynamic rate allocation to minimize end-to-end video distortion. We present a mathematical formulation of JSCC to optimize video quality over multiple wireless channels and provide comprehensive analysis for channel distortion. We evaluate the performance of FRA-JSCC through emulations in Exata and compare it with the existing schemes. Experimental results show that FRA-JSCC outperforms the competing models in improving the video peak signal-to-noise ratio as well as in reducing the end-to-end delay. <s> BIB003 </s> A Holistic Survey of Wireless Multipath Video Streaming <s> SCTP and CMT (extension of SCTP) <s> Load distribution is a key research issue in deploying the limited network resources available to support traffic transmissions. Developing an effective solution is critical for enhancing traffic performance and network utilization. In this paper, we investigate the problem of load distribution for real-time traffic over multipath networks. Due to the path diversity and unreliability in heterogeneous overlay networks, large end-to-end delay and consecutive packet losses can significantly degrade the traffic flow’s goodput , whereas existing studies mainly focus on the delay or throughput performance. To address the challenging problems, we propose a G oodput- A ware L oad distribu T i ON (GALTON) model that includes three phases: (1) path status estimation to accurately sense the quality of each transport link, (2) flow rate assignment to optimize the aggregate goodput of input traffic, and (3) deadline-constrained packet interleaving to mitigate consecutive losses. We present a mathematical formulation for multipath load distribution and derive the solution based on utility theory. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated through semi-physical emulations in Exata involving both real Internet traffic traces and H.264 video streaming. Experimental results show that GALTON outperforms existing traffic distribution models in terms of goodput, video Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), end-to-end delay, and aggregate loss rate. <s> BIB004 </s> A Holistic Survey of Wireless Multipath Video Streaming <s> SCTP and CMT (extension of SCTP) <s> Delivering high-definition (HD) wireless video under stringent delay constraint is challenging with regard to the limited network resources and high transmission rate. Concurrent multipath transfer (CMT) using stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) exploits the multihoming feature of mobile devices to establish associations with different access networks. In this paper, we study the multihomed HD video communication with SCTP over heterogeneous wireless networks. The existing CMT schemes mainly treat the traffic data in a content-agnostic fashion, and thus cannot effectively leverage the scarce wireless resources to maximize the perceived video quality. To address this critical issue, we propose a content-aware CMT (CMT-CA) solution that featured by the unequal frame-level scheduling based on estimated video parameters and feedback channel status. First, we develop an analytical framework to model the total distortion of parallel video transmission over multiple wireless access networks. Second, we introduce a joint congestion control and data distribution scheme to minimize the total distortion based on online quality evaluation and Markov decision process (MDP). The performance of CMT-CA is evaluated through extensive semi-physical emulations in Exata involving HD video encoded with H.264 codec. Experimental results show that CMT-CA outperforms the reference schemes in terms of video peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), end-to-end delay, and goodput. Or conversely, CMT-CA achieves the same video quality with $20$ percent bandwidth conservation. <s> BIB005 </s> A Holistic Survey of Wireless Multipath Video Streaming <s> SCTP and CMT (extension of SCTP) <s> In order to improve the Quality-of-Service (QoS) of latency sensitive applications in next-generation cellular networks, multi-path is adopted to transmit packet stream in real-time to achieve high-quality video transmission in heterogeneous wireless networks. However, multi-path also introduces two important challenges: out-of-order issue and reordering delay. In this paper, we propose a new architecture based on Software Defined Network (SDN) for flow aggregation and flow splitting, and then design a Multiple Access Radio Scheduling (MARS) scheme based on relative Round-Trip Time (RTT) measurement. The QoS metrics including end-to-end delay, throughput and the packet out-of-order problem at the receiver have been investigated using the extensive simulation experiments. The performance results show that this SDN architecture coupled with the proposed MARS scheme can reduce the end-to-end delay and the reordering delay time caused by packet out-of-order as well as achieve a better throughput than the existing SMOS and Round-Robin algorithms. <s> BIB006 </s> A Holistic Survey of Wireless Multipath Video Streaming <s> SCTP and CMT (extension of SCTP) <s> Transport protocols that can exploit multiple paths, especially MPTCP, do not match the requirements of video streaming: high average transmission delay, too strict reliability, and frequent head-of-line phenomenons resulting in abrupt throughput drops. In this paper, we address this mismatch by introducing a cross-layer scheduler, which leverages information from both application and transport layers to re-order the transmission of data and prioritize the most significant parts of the video. Our objective is to maximize the amount of video data that is received in time at the client. We show that current technologies enable the implementation of this cross-layer scheduler without much overhead. We then demonstrate the validity of our approach by studying the performance of an optimal cross-layer scheduler. The gap between the performance of the traditional scheduler versus the optimal scheduler justifies our motivation to implement a cross-layer scheduler in practice. We propose one implementation with basic cross-layer awareness. To evaluate the performance of our proposal, we aggregate a dataset of real MPTCP sessions and we use video stream encoded with HEVC. Our results show that our cross-layer proposal outperforms the traditional scheduler. Viewers not only benefit from the inherent advantages of using MPTCP (such as a better resilience to path failure) but also get a better QoE compared to the traditional scheduler. <s> BIB007 </s> A Holistic Survey of Wireless Multipath Video Streaming <s> SCTP and CMT (extension of SCTP) <s> Making networks aware of applications and vice versa is a current trend in the design of emerging network management and service architectures. Additionally, new protocols and application adaptation approaches have been proposed in order to enhance the transmission of Quality of Service (QoS) sensitive data in the best effort Internet. This paper contributes to the field by studying means to improve the quality and availability of video streaming services in multi-access networks through controlled bitrate adaptation and multipath capabilities. The paper proposes a network management system to achieve advanced control and improved performance for multipath adaptive HTTP video streaming in multi-access networks. The management system builds upon the Distributed Decision Engine (DDE) framework and it is partially implemented and evaluated in the paper using a multi-access network testbed. <s> BIB008 </s> A Holistic Survey of Wireless Multipath Video Streaming <s> SCTP and CMT (extension of SCTP) <s> Compared with using only a single wireless path such as WiFi, leveraging multipath (e.g., WiFi and cellular) can dramatically improve users' quality of experience (QoE) for mobile video streaming. However, Multipath TCP (MPTCP), the de-facto multipath solution, lacks the support to prioritize one path over another. When applied to video streaming, it may cause undesired network usage such as substantial over-utilization of the metered cellular link. In this paper, we propose MP-DASH, a multipath framework for video streaming with the awareness of network interface preferences from users. The basic idea behind MP-DASH is to strategically schedule video chunks' delivery and thus satisfy user preferences. MP-DASH can work with a wide range of off-the-shelf video rate adaptation algorithms with very small changes. Our extensive field studies at 33 locations in three U.S. states suggest that MP-DASH is very effective: it can reduce cellular usage by up to 99% and radio energy consumption by up to 85% with negligible degradation of QoE, compared with off-the-shelf MPTCP. <s> BIB009 </s> A Holistic Survey of Wireless Multipath Video Streaming <s> SCTP and CMT (extension of SCTP) <s> MPTCP (MultiPath TCP) boosts application network performance by aggregating bandwidth over multiple paths. However, it may cause poor performance due to the large number of out-of-order packets especially when the paths have different delays. To resolve this issue, we propose to dynamically add or remove MPTCP paths with the leverage of software-defined networking (SDN). The key idea is to track the available capacity of connected paths and pick the most appropriate paths depending on varying network conditions. To show the feasibility of our approach, we create an SDN platform using Mininet over Wi-Fi networks. Our analysis shows that a faster download and improved quality of experience (QoE) in adaptive rate video streaming is possible with our dynamic MPTCP path control mechanism using SDN. <s> BIB010
CMT-CA BIB005 Server and Client Yap at al. BIB002 Server (depends on the application), Client and Network SDN MARS BIB006 Network Network Layer Proxy BAG BIB001 Client and Network Corbillon et al. BIB007 Server Ojanperä et al. BIB008 Server, Client and Network GALTON BIB004 Server and Client Application Layer Decision FRA-JSCC BIB003 Server and Client MP-DASH BIB009 Server and Client Nam et al. BIB010 Server (depends on the application), Client and Network