Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Distributed energy resources <s> Integrated distributed energy resources play a crucial role in modernized power systems. They can decrease emissions, decrease the resistive losses and add to the security and reliability of electric networks. They can be of different nature and may contain fossil-fuelled generating units, wind units, fuel cells, storage devices and solar panels. In this article, first different distributed energy resources are introduced briefly, then, the operation and control strategies of integrated distributed energy resources will be reviewed. The review of existing research works in this field and finding the research gaps can lead to useful directions for future researchers who are interested to work in this field. <s> BIB001 </s> Energy management for user’s thermal and power needs: A survey <s> Distributed energy resources <s> In many electric systems worldwide the penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) at the distribution levels is increasing. This penetration brings in different challenges for electricity system management; however if the flexibility of those DER is well managed opportunities arise for coordination. At high voltage levels under responsibility of the system operator, trading mechanisms like contracts for ancillary services and balancing markets provide opportunities for economic efficient supply of system flexibility services. In a situation with smart metering and real-time management of distribution networks, similar arrangements could be enabled for medium- and low-voltage levels. This paper presents a review and classification of existing DER as flexibility providers and a breakdown of trading platforms for DER flexibility in electricity markets. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) <s> BIB002
''Distributed Energy Resources'' (DER) is a broad term that can include all resources generating electricity BIB001 and/or heat near the point of use at distribution levels, mainly with the aim of achieving energy cost savings and emission lowering, while reducing transmission congestions and energy losses. Following the classification suggested in BIB002 , DERs can be distinguished according to their role within the system, i.e., generation, transformation, and storage. The most common DERs are summarized in Table 5 and their interconnections are outlined in Fig. 3 . The triangles are the sources, either dispatchable (on the left) or non-dispatchable ones (on the right), and electricity and/or heat are produced via generation DERs (hexagons). Transformation DERs (trapezoids) take electricity as input to satisfy the thermal load, which includes both heating and cooling. Both electric and thermal storage devices are represented by cylinders and connected to the system by bi-directional flows.