Indoor Human Navigation Systems: A Survey <s> Interaction <s> This paper describes a wearable navigation system based on a haptic directional display embedded in the back of a vest. The system consists of a 4-by-4 array of micromotors for delivering haptic navigational signals to the user's back, an infrared-based input system for locating the user in an environment, and a wearable computer for route planning. User testing was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of this system as a navigation guide for sighted users in an unfamiliar lab area. It is hoped that such a system can be a useful navigation guide for individuals with severe visual impairments in an unfamiliar environment. Future work will address the specific issues concerning blind navigation. <s> BIB001 </s> Indoor Human Navigation Systems: A Survey <s> Interaction <s> The design of mobile navigation systems adapting to limited resources will be an important future challenge. Since typically several different means of transportation have to be combined in order to reach a destination, the user interface of such a system has to adapt to the user's changing situation. This applies especially to the alternating use of different technologies to detect the user's position, which should be as seamless as possible. This article presents a hybrid navigation system that relies on different technologies to determine the user's location and that adapts the presentation of route directions to the limited technical resources of the output device and the limited cognitive resources of the user. <s> BIB002 </s> Indoor Human Navigation Systems: A Survey <s> Interaction <s> Digital maps and route descriptions on a PDA have become very popular for navigation, not the least with the advent of the iPhone and its Google Maps application. A visual support for wayfinding, however, is not reasonable or even possible all the time. A pedestrian must pay attention to traffic on the street, a hiker should concentrate on the narrow trail, and a blind person relies on other modalities to find her way. To overcome these limitations, we developed a non-visual support for wayfinding that guides and keeps a mobile user en route by a tactile display. We designed a belt with vibrators that indicates directions and deviations from the path in an accurate and unobtrusive way. Our first user evaluation showed that on an open field without any landmarks the participants stayed well to given test routes and that wayfinding support is possible with our Tactile Wayfinder. <s> BIB003 </s> Indoor Human Navigation Systems: A Survey <s> Interaction <s> Many navigation systems for visually impaired people have been developed, but few can provide dynamic interactions and adaptability to changes. The aim of this working life project is to create an innovative navigation service solution that will improve the quality of life of the visually impaired. For example, a university campus might be such a large and rambling place that visually impaired people can not always find the services or rooms they want to. Therefore, we are devising new service solutions that exploit the technical features of modern WLAN systems in an innovative way. This paper describes the LaureaPOP system that focuses on the indoor navigation service design in a wireless local area network environment. <s> BIB004 </s> Indoor Human Navigation Systems: A Survey <s> Interaction <s> A challenge to individuals with cognitive impairments in wayfinding is how to remain oriented, recall routines, and travel in unfamiliar areas in a way relying on limited cognitive capacity. According to psychological model of spatial navigation and the requirements of rehabilitation professionals, a novel wayfinding system is presented with an aim to increase workplace and life independence for people suffering from diseases such as traumatic brain injury, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, schizophrenia, Down syndromes, and Alzheimer's disease. This paper describes an approach to providing distributed cognition support of travel guidance for persons with cognitive disabilities. The unique strength of the system is the ability to provide unique-to-the-user prompts that are triggered by context. As this population is very sensitive to issues of abstraction (e.g. icons) and presents the designer with the need to tailor prompts to a 'universe-of-one' the use of images specific to each user and context is implemented. The key to the approach is to spread the context awareness across the system, with the context being flagged by the QR-code tags and the appropriate response being evoked by displaying the appropriate path guidance images indexed by the intersection of specific end-user and context ID embedded in the tags. By separating the context trigger from the pictorial response, responses can be updated independently of the rest of the installed system, and a single QR-code tag can trigger multiple responses in the PDA depending on the end-user and their specific path. A prototype is built and tested in field experiments with real patients. The experimental results show the human-computer interface is friendly and the capabilities of wayfinding are reliable. <s> BIB005 </s> Indoor Human Navigation Systems: A Survey <s> Interaction <s> This paper presents a study of finger-based text entry for mobile devices with touchscreens. Many devices are now coming to market that have no physical keyboards (the Apple iPhone being a very popular example). Touchscreen keyboards lack any tactile feedback and this may cause problems for entering text and phone numbers. We ran an experiment to compare devices with a physical keyboard, a standard touchscreen and a touchscreen with tactile feedback added. We tested this in both static and mobile environments. The results showed that the addition of tactile feedback to the touchscreen significantly improved finger-based text entry, bringing it close to the performance of a real physical keyboard. A second experiment showed that higher specification tactile actuators could improve performance even further. The results suggest that manufacturers should use tactile feedback in their touchscreen devices to regain some of the feeling lost when interacting on a touchscreen with a finger. <s> BIB006
 In addition to issues such as carrying a lot of sensors, which may impede the usability of the system there are a number of other issues to be addressed with regard to interaction design for indoor navigation systems. Interaction using a display BIB002 BIB005 may impede safety and using speech BIB004  may be difficult in noisy environments (such as an airport or theater). Users may also be unable to use a display or audio due to a sensory impairment. Indoor navigation systems must therefore explore more robust forms of interaction, for example, using haptic feedback BIB001 BIB003 . A drawback of haptic feedback is that its provision on mobile devices is often limited to a single vibrotactor and prolonged haptic feedback provision may also drain the battery. Most mobile devices currently have touch screens which are inaccessible to users with visual impairments due to their lack of tactile feedback BIB006 . For example, buttons on more traditional portable devices or on external wireless input devices could be used for navigating an audio menu with possible destinations or common queries. However for blind users it is also important to keep their hands free, since they may already use these to hold a cane. Alternatively input could be provided through the motion sensing capabilities of a portable device as most devices have integrated accelerometer. Users could tilt their mobile device up or down to navigate through an audio menu. Although such type of input would require the user to hold the input device in their hand, it may be possible to integrate an input device in a cane.