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"Deleuze:" "You have selected a format as an ABC primer, you have indicated to me some themes, and in this, I do not know exactly what the questions will be, so that I have only been able to think a bit beforehand about the themes" "For me, answering a question without having thought about it a bit is something inconceivable." "What saves me in this is the particular condition:" "should any of this be at all useful, all of it will be used only after my death." "So, you understand, I feel myself being reduced to the state of a pure archive for Pierre-André Boutang, to a sheet of paper," "so that lifts my spirits and comforts me immensely, and nearly in the state of pure spirit, I speak after my death, and we know well that a pure spirit if you've made tables turn." "But we know as well that a pure spirit is not someone who gives answers that are either very profound or very intelligent." "They can be cursory." "So anything goes in this, let's begin, A-B-C, whatever you want." "So anything goes in this, let's begin, A-B-C, whatever you want." "Parnet:" "We begin with and "A" is "Animal."" "We can cite, as if it were you saying it, a quote from W.C. Fields:" ""A man who doesn't like animals or children can't be all bad."" "We'll leave aside the children for the moment, but domestic animals," "I know that you don't care for them much." "And in this, you don't even accept the distinction made by Baudelaire and Cocteau-cats are not any better than dogs for you." "On the other hand, throughout your work, there is a bestiary that is quite repugnant;" "that is, besides deers that are noble animals, you talk copiously of ticks, of fleas, of a certain number of repugnant little animals of this kind." "What I want to add is that animals have been very useful in your writings, starting with Anti-Oedipus, through a concept that has become quite important, the concept of "becoming-animal"" "So I would like to know a bit more clearly what is your relationship to animals." "Deleuze:" "What you said there about my relation with domestic animals... it's not really domestic, or tamed, or wild animals that concern me," "or cats or dogs" "The problem, rather, is with animals that are both familiar and familial." "Familiar or familial animals, tamed and domesticated, I don't care for them, whereas domesticated animals that are not familiar and familial, I like them fine because I am quite sensitive to something in these animals." "What happened to me is what happens in lots of families, there is neither dog nor cat, and then one of our children," "Fanny's and mine, came home with a tiny cat, no bigger than his little hand, that he found out in the country somewhere, in a basket or somewhere, and from that fatal moment onward, I have always had a cat around the house." "What do I find unpleasant in these animals- although that certainly was no major ordeal-l can handle it." "What do I find unpleasant?" "I don't like things that rub against me and a cat spends its time rubbing up against you." "I don't like that, and with dogs, it's altogether different:" "what I fundamentally reproach them for is always barking." "A bark really seems to me the stupidest cry..." "There are animal cries in nature, a variety of cries, and barking is truly the shame of the animal kingdom." "Whereas I can stand much better (on the condition that it not be for too long a time) the howling at the moon, a dog howling at the moon..." "Parnet: at death..." "Deleuze:" "At death, who knows?" "I can stand this better than barking." "And since I learned quite recently that cats and dogs were cheating the Social Security system, my antipathy has increased even more." "What I mean is..." "What I am going to say is completely idiotic because people who really like cats and dogs obviously do have a relationship with them that is not human." "For example, you see that children do not have a human relationship with a cat, but rather an infantile relationship with animals." "What is really important is for people to have an animal relationship with an animal." "So what does it mean to have an animal relationship with the animal?" "It doesn't consist of talking to it..." "but in any case," "I cant stand the human relationship with the animal." "I know what I am saying because I live on a rather deserted street where people walk their dogs, and what I hear from my window is quite frightening, the way that people talk to their animals." "Even psychoanalysis notices this!" "Psychoanalysis is so fixated on familiar or familial animals, on animals of the family, that any animal, in a dream, for example," "is interpreted by psychoanalysis as being an image of the father, mother, or child, that is, an animal as a family member." "I find that odious, I can't stand it, and you only have to think of two paintings by the Douanier Rousseau, the dog in the cart who is truly the grandfather, the grandfather in a pure state," "and the war horse is a veritable beast." "So the question is, what kind of relationship do you have with an animal?" "If you have a human relationship with an animal" "But again, generally people who like animals don't have a human relationship with animals, they have an animal relationship with the animal, and that's quite beautiful." "Even hunters-and I don't like hunters- but even hunters have an astonishing relationship with the animal..." "And you asked me also Well, other animals, it's true that I am fascinated by animals like spiders, ticks, fleas" "They are as important as dogs and cats." "And there are relationships with animals there, someone who has ticks, who has fleas, what does that mean?" "These are relationships with some very active animals." "So what fascinates me in animals?" "Because really, my hatred for certain animals is nourished by my fascination with many other animals." "If I try to take stock vaguely of this, what is it that impresses me in an animal?" "The first thing that impresses me is the fact that every animal has a world, and it's curious because there are a lot of humans, a lot of people who do not have a world." "They live the life of everybody, that is, of just any one and any thing." "Animals, they have worlds." "What is an animal world?" "It's sometimes extraordinarily limited, and that's what moves me." "Finally, animals react to very few things..." "Cut me off if you see that" "Deleuze:" "Yes, so, in this story of the first characteristic of the animal, it's really the existence of specific, special animal worlds." "Perhaps it is sometimes the poverty of these worlds, the reduced character of these worlds, that impresses me so much." "For example, we were talking earlier about an animal like the tick." "The tick responds, reacts to three things, three stimuli, period, that's it, in a natural world that is immense, three stimuli, that's it:" "that is, it tends toward the extremity of a tree branch, it's attracted by light, it can wait on top of this branch, it can wait for years without eating, without anything, in a completely amorphous state." "It waits for a ruminant, an herbivore, an animal to pass under its branch, it lets itself fall... it's a kind of olfactory stimulus..." "the tick smells, it smells the animal that passes under its branch, that's the second stimulus:" "light first, then odor." "Then, when it falls onto the back of the poor animal, it goes looking for the region that is the least covered with hair..." "So, there's a tactile stimulus, and it digs in under the skin." "For everything else, if one can say this, for everything else, it does not give a damn..." "That is, in a nature teeming [with life], it extracts, selects three things." "Parnet:" "And is that your life's dream?" "That's what attracts you to animals?" "Deleuze:" "That's what constitutes a world, that's what constitutes a world." "Parnet:" "Hence, your animal-writing relationship, that is, the writer, for you, is also someone who has a world... it's more compl-Yes, I don't know, because there are other aspects:" "it is not enough to have a world to be an animal." "What fascinates me completely are territorial matters." "With Felix [Guattari], we really created a concept, nearly a philosophical concept, with the idea of territory." "Animals with territory-OK, there are animals without territory, fine- but animals with territory, it's amazing because constituting a territory is, for me, nearly the birth of art." "How an animal marks its territory, everyone knows, everyone always invokes stories of anal glands, of urine, of... with which it marks the borders of its territory." "But it's a lot more than that: what intervenes in marking a territory is also a series of postures, for example, lowering oneself/lifting oneself up;" "a series of colors, baboons, for example, the color of buttocks of baboons that they display at the border of territories..." "Color, song, posture: these are the three determinants of art:" "I mean, color and lines-animal postures are sometimes veritable lines- color, line, song-that's art in its pure state." "And so, I tell myself that when they leave their territory or return to their territory, it's in the domain of property and ownership." "It's very curious that it is in the domain of property and ownership, that is," ""my properties," in the manner of Beckett or Michaux." ""my proper-ties, in the manner" of Beckett or Michaux." "Territory constitutes the properties of the animal, and leaving the territory, they risk it, and there are animals that recognize their partner, they recognize them in the territory, but not outside the territory." "Parnet:" "Which one?" "Deleuze:" "That's what I call a marvel..." "I don't recall which bird, you have to believe me on this..." "So, with Félix-l am leaving the animal subject," "I pass on to a philosophical question because we can mix all kinds of things in the Abécédaire." "I tell myself: philosophers sometimes get criticized for creating barbaric words." "But, put yourself in my place:" "for certain reasons," "I am interested in reflecting on this notion of territory, and I tell myself, territory is defined in relation to a movement by which one leaves the territory." "So, to address this, I need a word that is apparently "barbaric."" "Henceforth, with Félix, we constructed a concept that" "I like a lot, the concept of "deterritorialization."" "We've been told that it's a hard word to pronounce, and then asked what it means, what its use is..." "So this is a beautiful case of a philosophical concept that can only be designated by a word that does not yet exist, even if we later discover that there are equivalents in other languages." "For example, I happened to notice that in Melville, there appears all the time "outlandish"- I pronounce poorly," "you can correct it yourself-but "outlandish" is precisely the equivalent of "the deterritorialized," word for word." "So, I tell myself that for philosophy- before returning to animals- for philosophy, it is quite striking:" "it is sometimes necessary to invent a barbaric word to account for a notion with innovative pretensions:" "the notion with innovative pretensions is that there is no territory, without a vector of exiting the territory;" "there is no exiting the territory, that is, deterritorialization, without at the same time an effort of reterritorializing oneself elsewhere, on something else." "All this functions with animals, and that's what fascinates me." "What is fascinating generally is the whole domain of signs." "Animals emit signs, they ceaselessly emit signs, they produce signs." "That is, in the double sense, they react to signs- for example, a spider, everything that touches its web, it reacts to anything, reacts to signs- and they produce signs" "for example, the famous sign, is that a wolf sign, a wolf track or something else?" "I admire enormously people who know how to recognize [tracks], for example, hunters-real hunters, not hunt club hunters, but real hunters who can recognize the animal that has passed by." "At that point, they are animal, they have with the animal an animal relationship." "That's what I mean by having an animal relationship with an animal." "Parnet:" "And this emission of signs, this reception of signs, is there a connection with writing and the writer, and the animal?" "Deleuze:" "Of course." "If someone were to ask me what it means to be an animal," "I would answer: it's being on the lookout." "It's a being fundamentally on the lookout." "Parnet:" "Like the writer?" "Deleuze:" "The writer, well, yes, on the lookout, the philosopher, on the lookout, obviously, we are on the lookout." "For me, you see, the ears of the animal: it does nothing without being on the lookout, it's never relaxed, an animal. it's eating, [yet] has to be on the lookout" "to see if something is happening behind its back, on either side, etc." "It's terrible, this existence "aux aguets."" "So you make the connection with the writer, what is the relation between the animal and the writer...?" "Parnet: you made it before I did..." "Deleuze:" "That's true..." "One almost has to say that, at the limit..." "A writer, what is it?" "He writes, he writes "for" readers, of course, but what does "for" mean?" "It means toward them," "A writer..." "He writes toward his readers, in a way, he writes "for" readers." "But one has to say that the writer writes also for non-readers, that is, not intended for them, but "in their place."" "So "for" means two things: intended for them and in their place." "Artaud wrote pages that nearly everyone knows," ""I write for the illiterate, I write for idiots."" "Faulkner writes for idiots." "That doesn't mean so that idiots would read, that the illiterate would read, it means "in the place of" the illiterate." "I mean," "I write "in the place of" barbarians, I write "in the place of" animals." "And what does that mean?" "Why does one dare say something like that," "I write in the place of idiots, the illiterate, animals?" "Because that is what one does, literally, when one writes." "When one writes, one is not pursuing some private little affair." "They really are stupid fools;" "really, it's the abomination of literary mediocrity, in every era, but particularly quite recently, that makes people believe that to create a novel, for example, it suffices to have some little private affair, some little personal affair" "one's grandmother who died of cancer, or someone's personal love affair- and there you go, you can write a novel based on this." "It's shameful to think things like that." "Writing is not anyone's private affair, but rather it means throwing oneself into a universal affair, be it a novel or philosophy." "Now what does that mean?" "Parnet:" "So this 'writing for," that is, "intended for" or "in the place of,"" "it's a bit like what you said in A Thousand Plateaus about" "[Lord] Chandos by Hofmannstahl, in the very beautiful phrase:" ""the writer is a sorcerer because he sees the animal as the only population before which he is responsible."" "Deleuze:" "That's it, absolutely right." "And for a very simple reason," "I think it's quite simple... it's not at all a literary declaration what you just read from Hofmannsthal, it's something else." "Writing means necessarily pushing language-and pushing syntax, since language is syntax- up to a certain limit," "a limit that can be expressed in several ways: it can be just as well the limit that separates language from silence, or the limit that separates language from music, or the limit that separates language from something that would be," "what?" "Let's say, the wailing, the painful wailing..." "Parnet:" "But not the barking, surely!" "Deleuze:" "Oh, no, not barking, although who knows?" "There might be a writer who is capable..." "The painful wailing?" "Well, everyone says, why yes, it's Kafka, it's Metamorphosis, the manager who cries out, "Did you hear?" "It sounds like an animal,"" "the painful wailing of Gregor." "Or else the mass of mice, one writes for the mass of mice, the mass of rats that are dying because, contrary to what is said, it's not men who know how to die, but animals," "and when men die, they die like animals." "Here we return to cats, and I have a lot of respect..." "Among the many cats that lived here, there was that little cat who died rather quickly, that is, I saw what a lot of people have seen as well, how an animal seeks a corner to die in..." "There is a territory for death as well, a search for a territory of death, where one can die." "We saw the little cat slide itself right into a tight corner, an angle, as if it were the good spot for it to die in." "So, in a sense, if the writer is indeed one who pushes language to the limit, the limit that separates language from animality, that separates language from the cry, that separates language from song, then one has to say, yes, the writer is responsible to animals who die," "that is, he answers to animals who die, to write, literally, not "for"'-again," "I don't write "for" my dog or for my cat- but writing "in the place of" animals who die, etc., carrying language to this limit." "There is no literature that does not carry language and syntax to this limit that separates man from animal..." "One has to be on this limit..." "That's what I think..." "Even when one does philosophy, that's the case..." "One is on the limit that separates thought from non-thought." "You always have to be at the limit that separates you from animality, but precisely in such a way that you are no longer separated from it." "There is an inhumanity proper to the human body, and to the human mind, there are animal relations with the animal..." "And if we were finished with that would be nice..." "Parnet:" "OK, then, we will pass on to" ""B" is a little bit special, it's on drinking." "OK, so you used to drink, and then stopped drinking, and I would like to know what it was for you to drink when you used to drink..." "Was it for pleasure?" "Deleuze:" "Yeah, I drank a lot..." "I drank a lot..." "So I stopped, but I drank a lot..." "What was it?" "That's not difficult, at least I think not..." "You should question other people who drank a lot, you should question alcoholics." "I believe that drinking is a matter of quantity." "For that reason, there is no equivalent with food, even if there are people who eat copiously- eating always disgusted me, so that's not relevant in my case." "But drinking..." "I understand well that one doesn't drink just anything, that each drinker has a favorite drink, but it's because in that framework that one has to grasp the quantity." "What does this question of quantity mean?" "People make fun of addicts and alcoholics because they never stop saying, "Oh you know, I am in control," "I can stop drinking whenever I want." People make fun of them because they don't understand what drinkers mean." "I have some very clear memories of this," "I think everyone who drank understands this." "When you drink, what you want to reach is the last drink." "Literally, drinking means doing everything in order to reach the final drink." "That's what is interesting." "Parnet:" "At the limit?" "Deleuze:" "Well, what the limit is, is very complicated, let me tell you..." "In other words, an alcoholic is someone who never ceases to stop drinking," "I mean, who never stops having arrived at the last drink." "So what does that mean?" "It's like the expression by [Charles] Péguy that is so beautiful," ""lt's not the final water lily that repeats the first, it's the first water lily that repeats all the others and the final one."" "The first drink, it repeats the last one, it's the last one that counts." "So what does that mean, the last drink, for an alcoholic?" "He gets up in the morning, if he's a morning alcoholic- there are all the kinds that you might want -if he's a morning alcoholic, he is entirely pointed toward the moment when he will reach" "the last drink. it's not the first, the second, the third that interests him... it's a lot more..." "He's clever, full of guile, an alcoholic..." "The last glass means this: he evaluates..." "there is an evaluation." "He evaluates what he can hold, without collapsing... he evaluates..." "It varies considerably with each person." "So he evaluates the last drink, and all the others are going to be his way of passing, of reaching the last glass." "And what does "the last" mean?" "That means that he cannot stand to drink one more glass that particular day." "It's the last one that will allow him to begin drinking the next day... because if he goes all the way to the last drink, on the contrary, that goes beyond his capacity, it's the last in his power." "If he goes beyond the last one in his power in order to reach the last one beyond his power, then he collapses, then he's screwed, he has to go to the hospital, or he has to change his habits," "he has to change assemblages." "So that when he says," ""the last drink," it's not the last one, it's the next-to-last one." "He is searching for the next-to-last one." "In other words, there is a term to say the next-to-last, it's penultimate..." "He does not seek the last drink, he seeks the penultimate one." "Parnet:" "Never the ultimate..." "Deleuze:" "Not the ultimate, because the ultimate would place him outside his arrangement." "The penultimate is the last one... before beginning again the next day." "So I can say that the alcoholic is someone who says, and who never stops saying" "You hear it in the cafés, those groups of alcoholics are so joyful, one never gets tired of listening to them- So the alcoholic is someone who never stops saying, "OK, it's the last one," and the last one varies from" "one person to another, but the last one is the next-to-last one." "Parnet:" "And he's also the one who says, "I'm stopping tomorrow."" "Deleuze: "Stopping tomorrow"?" "No, he never says" ""I'm stopping tomorrow." He says, "I'm stopping today, to be able to start over again tomorrow."" "Parnet:" "And since drinking means not stopping... means stopping drinking constantly, then how does one stop drinking completely, because you stopped drinking completely...?" "Deleuze: it's too dangerous, if one goes too quickly." "Michaux has said everything on that topic." "In my opinion, drug problems and alcohol problems are not that separate." "Michaux said everything on that topic..." "A moment comes when it is too dangerous." "Here again, there is this ridge... when I was talking about this ridge between language and silence, or language and animality." "This ridge is a thin division." "One can very well drink or take drugs..." "One can always do whatever one wants if it doesn't prevent you from working." "If it's a stimulus..." "it's even normal to offer something of one's body as a sacrifice." "There is a whole sacrificial attitude in these activities, drinking, taking drugs, one offers one's body as a sacrifice..." "Why?" "No doubt because there is something entirely too strong that one could not stand without alcohol." "It's not a question of being able to stand alcohol..." "That's perhaps what one believes, what one needs to believe, what one believes oneself to see, to feel, to think, with the result that one has the need in order to stand it," "in order to master it, one needs assistance, from alcohol, drugs, etc." "Deleuze:" "So the question of limits, it's quite simple..." "Drinking, taking drugs, these are almost supposed to make possible" "something that is too strong, even if one has to pay for it afterwards, that's well known." "But it's connected to working, working." "And it's obvious that when everything is reversed and drinking prevents one from working, when taking a drug becomes a way of not working, that's the absolute danger, it no longer has any interest." "And at the same time, it's more and more obvious that although we used to think drinking was necessary, that taking drugs was necessary, they are not necessary..." "Perhaps one has to have gone through that experience to realize that everything one thought one did thanks to drugs or thanks to alcohol, one could do without them." "You see, I admire a lot the way that Michaux considers all this..." "He stops all this, and I see the advantage because I stopped drinking for reasons related to breathing, for health reasons." "It is obvious that one has to stop or do without it." "The only tiny justification possible would be if they did help one to work, even if one has to pay for it physically afterwards." "But the more one continues, the more one realizes that it doesn't help ones work." "Parnet:" "Michaux must have drunk quite a lot and taken a lot of drugs in order to get to the point of doing without in such a state as he did..." "And on the other hand, you said that when you drink, it must not prevent you from working, but that you perceive something that drinking helps you to support, and this "something" is not life..." "so that raises the question about the writers you prefer..." "Deleuze:" "Yes, it is life..." "Parnet:" "It is life?" "Deleuze: it's something too strong in life." "It's not necessarily something that is terrifying, just something that is too strong, it's something too powerful in life." "Some people believe a bit idiotically that drinking puts you on the level of this too-powerful-something." "If you take the whole lineage of the Americans, the great American writers..." "Parnet:" "From Fitzgerald to Lowry..." "Deleuze:" "Fitzgerald, the one I admire the most is Thomas Wolfe... all that is a series of alcoholics, at the same time, that's what allows them..." "no doubt, helps them to perceive this something- too-huge..." "Parnet:" "Yes, but it's also because they themselves had perceived something powerful in life that not everyone could perceive, they felt something powerful in life..." "Deleuze:" "That's right, obviously... it's not alcohol that is going to make you feel..." "Parnet: the power of life for them that they alone could perceive." "Deleuze:" "I completely agree I completely agree" "Parnet: and the same for Lowry..." "Deleuze:" "I completely agree Certainly..." "They created their works, and what alcohol was for them, well, they took a risk, they took a chance on it because they thought, right or wrong, that alcohol would help them with it." "I had the feeling that alcohol helped me create concepts... it's strange... philosophical concepts, yes, that it helped me, and then it wasn't helping me any more, it was getting dangerous for me," "I no longer wanted to work." "At that point, you just have to give it up, that's all..." "Parnet:" "That's more like an American tradition, because we don't know of many French writers who have this penchant for alcohol, and still it's kind of hard to..." "There is something that belongs to their writing..." "Deleuze:" "Well, yes, yes, but French writers, it's not the same vision of writing..." "I don't know..." "If I have been influenced so much by the Americans, it's because of this question of vision." "They are "seers"..." "If one believes that philosophy, writing, is a question, in a very modest fashion, a question of "seeing" something..." "seeing something that others don't see, then it's not exactly the French conception of literature." "Although there are a lot of alcoholics in France..." "Parnet:" "But the alcoholics in France, they stop writing, at least we don't know of any..." "But we don't know of any philosophers either who devote..." "Deleuze:" "Verlaine lived on a street right nearby here, rue Nollet..." "Parnet:" "Ah yes, with the exception of Rimbaud and Verlaine..." "Deleuze:" "It moves me." "When I take the street and I think that it undoubtedly must have been the route that Verlaine took to go to a cafe to drink his absinthe..." "Apparently he lived in a pitiful apartment..." "Parnet:" "Well yes, poets and alcohol..." "Deleuze:" "One of Frances greatest poets who used to shuffle down that street..." "it's marvelous..." "Yes, yes..." "Parnet"." "At the Bar des Arms..." "Deleuze:" "No doubt!" "Parnet:" "Yes, among poets, we know that there were more alcoholics" "OK, well, we have finished with alcohol..." "Deleuze:" "Yep, we've finished My, we're speeding along..." "Deleuze:" "Yep, we've finished My, we're speeding along..." "Parnet: .. so we pass on to and "C" is vast..." "Deleuze:" "What is it?" "Parnet: "C as in Culture."" "Deleuze:" "Sure, why not?" "Parnet:" "OK, you are someone who describes himself as not "cultivated."" "That is, you say that you read, you go to movies, you observe things to gain particular knowledge, something that you need" "for a particular, ongoing project that you are in the process of developing." "But, at the same time, you are someone who, every Saturday, goes out to an art exhibit, goes out to a movie, in the broad cultural domain..." "One gets the impression that you have a kind of practice, an effort towards culture, that you systematize, and that you have a cultural practice, that is, you go out," "you make an effort at a systematic cultural practice, you aim at developing yourself culturally." "And yet, I repeat, you claim that you are not at all "cultivated,"" "so how do you explain this little paradox?" "..." "You're not "cultivated?"" "Deleuze:" "No, because..." "I would say that, in fact..." "When I tell you that," "I don't see myself, really, I don't experience myself as an intellectual or experience myself as "cultivated" for a simple reason:" "when I see someone "cultivated," I am terrified, and not necessarily with admiration, although admiring them from certain perspectives, from others, not at all." "But I am just terrified of a "cultivated person,"" "and this is quite obvious to "cultivated people."" "it's a kind of knowledge, a frightening body of knowledge on everything..." "One sees that a lot with intellectuals, they know everything." "Well, maybe not, but they are informed about everything- they know the history of Italy during the Renaissance, they know the geography of the North Pole, they know... the whole list, they know everything, can talk about anything... it's abominable." "So, when I say that I am neither "cultivated," nor an intellectual," "I mean something quite simple, that I have no "reserve knowledge,"" "At least, there's no problem, at my death, there's no point in looking for what I have left to publish..." "Nothing, nothing, because" "I have no reserves, I have no provisions, no provisional knowledge." "And everything that I learn, I learn for a particular task, and once it's done," "I immediately forget it, so that if ten years later, I have to" "and this gives me great joy- if I have to get involved with something close to or directly within the same subject," "I would have to start again from zero, except in certain very rare cases, for example Spinoza, who is in my heart whom I don't forget." "It's my heart and not my mind." "Otherwise..." "So why don't I admire this "frightening knowledge," these people who talk..." "Parnet:" "Is this knowledge a kind of erudition, or just an opinion on every subject?" "Deleuze:" "No, it's not erudition." "They know... they know how to talk." "First, they've traveled a lot, traveled in geography, in history, but they know how to talk about everything." "I've heard them on t.v., it's frightening..." "I have heard... well, since I am full of admiration for him," "I can even say it, people like Eco, Umberto Eco... it's amazing..." "There you go, it's like pushing on a button, and he knows all of it as well." "I cant say that I envy that entirely, I'm just frightened by it, but I don't envy it at all." "To a certain extent, I ask:" "what does culture consist of?" "And I tell myself that it consists a lot of talking." "I can't keep myself..." "Especially since I have stopped teaching, since I have retired," "I realize that talking is a bit dirty, a bit dirty, whereas writing is clean." "Writing is clean and talking is dirty." "It's dirty because it means being seductive." "I could never stand attending colloquia ever since I was in school, still quite young," "I could never stand colloquia." "I don't travel much, and why not?" "Intellectuals..." "I would gladly travel sometime if..." "Well, actually I wouldn't travel, my health prevents it, but intellectuals travelling is a joke." "They don't travel, they move about in order to go talk..." "They go from one place where they talk in order to go to another place where they are going to talk even during meals, they talk with the local intellectuals." "They never stop talking, and I can't stand talking, talking, talking," "I can't stand it." "So, in my opinion, since culture is closely linked to speaking, in this sense, I hate culture, I cannot stand it." "Parnet:" "Well, we will come back to the separation between writing itself and dirty speech because, nonetheless, you are a very great professor and..." "Deleuze:" "Well, that's different..." "Parnet: and we will come back to it because the letter "P" is about your work as professor, and then we will be able to discuss "seduction"..." "Parnet:" "I still want to come back to this subject that you kind of avoided, to this effort, discipline even, that you impose on yourself-even if, in fact, you don't need to-to see, well, for example, in the last two weeks," "the [Sigmar] Polke exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art." "You go out rather frequently, not to say on a weekly basis, to see a major film or to see art exhibits." "So, you say that you are not erudite, not "cultivated,"" "you have no admiration for "cultivated people," like you just said, so what does this practice, all this effort, correspond to for you?" "Is it a form of pleasure?" "Deleuze:" "I think..." "Yes, certainly, it's a form of pleasure, although not always." "But I see this as part of my investment in being "on the lookout." I don't believe in culture, to some extent, but rather I believe in encounters." "But these encounters don't occur with people." "People always think that it's with people that encounters occur, which is why it's awful..." "Now, in this, that belongs to the domain of culture, intellectuals meeting one another, this disgusting practice of conferences, this infamy." "So encounters, it's not between people that they happen, but with things..." "So I encounter a..." "painting, yes, or a piece of music," "that's how I understand an encounter." "When people want to add an encounter with themselves, with people, well, that doesn't work at all..." "That's not an encounter, and that's why encounters are so utterly, utterly disappointing." "Encounters with people are always catastrophic." "So, as you said, when I go out on Saturdays and Sundays, to the movies, etc., I'm not certain to have an encounter..." "I go out, I am "on the lookout" for encounters, wondering if there might be material for an encounter, in a film, in a painting, so it's great." "I'll give an example because, for me, whenever one does something, it is also a question of moving on from it, simultaneously staying in it and getting out of it." "So, staying in philosophy also means how to get out of philosophy." "But, getting out of philosophy doesn't mean doing something else." "One has to get out while remaining within... it's not doing something else, not writing a novel." "First off, I wouldn't be able to in any event, but even if I could, it would be completely useless." "I want to get out of philosophy by means of philosophy." "That's what interests me..." "Parnet:" "That is...'.7" "Deleuze:" "Here is an example." "Since all this will be after my death, I can speak without modesty." "I just wrote a book on a great philosopher called Leibniz in which" "I insisted on the notion that seemed important in his work, but that is very important for me, the notion of "the fold."" "So, I consider that it's a book of philosophy, on this bizarre little notion of the fold." "What happens to me after that?" "I received a lot of letters, as always..." "There are letters that are insignificant even if they are charming and affectionate and move me deeply," "They are letters that talk about what I have done... letters from intellectuals who liked or didn't like the book..." "And then I receive two other letters that make me rub my eyes in disbelief." "Letters from people who tell me, "Your story of folds, that's us!" and" "I realize that it's from people who belong to an association that has 400 members in France currently, perhaps they now have more, an association of paper folders." "They have a journal, and they send me the journal, and they say, "We agree completely, what you are doing is what we do." So, I tell myself, that's quite something!" "Then I received another kind of letter, and they speak in exactly the same way, saying: "The fold is us!"" "I find this marvelous, all the more so because it reminded me of a story in Plato, since great philosophers do not write in abstractions," "but are great writers and authors of very concrete things." "So, in Plato, there is a story that delights me, and it's no doubt linked to the beginning of philosophy, maybe we will come back to it..." "Plato's theme is..." "He gives a definition, for example, what is a politician?" "A politician is the pastor of men." "And with that definition, lots of people arrive to say: "Hey, you can see, we are politicians!" For example, the shepherd arrives, says "I dress people, so I am the true pastor of men";" "the butcher arrives, "I feed people, so I am the true pastor of men."" "So these rivals arrive, and I feel like I have been through this a bit:" "here come the paper folders who say, we are the fold!" "And the others who wrote and who sent me exactly the same thing, it's really great, they were surfers who, it would seem, have no relation whatsoever with the paper folders." "And the surfers say," ""We understand, we agree completely because what do we do?" "We never stop inserting ourselves into the folds of nature." "For us, nature is an aggregate of mobile folds, and we insert ourselves into the fold of the wave, live in the fold of the wave, that's what our task is." "Living in the fold of the wave." And, in fact, they talk about this quite admirably." "These people are quite..." "They think about what they do, not just surfing, but think about what they do, and maybe we will talk about it one day if we reach sports, at "T as in Tennis"" "Parnet:" "So these belong to the "encounter" category, these encounters with surfers, with paper folders?" "Deleuze:" "Yes, these are encounters." "When I say" ""get out of philosophy through philosophy,"" "this happened to me all the time..." "I encountered the paper folders..." "I don't have to go see them." "No doubt, we'd be disappointed," "I'd be disappointed, and they certainly would be even more disappointed, so no need to see them." "I had an encounter with the surf, with the paper folders, literally," "I went beyond philosophy by means of philosophy." "That's what an encounter is." "So, I think, when I go out to an exhibit," "I am "on the lookout," searching for a painting that might touch me, that might affect me. [Same] when I go to the movies..." "I don't go to the theater because theater is too long, too disciplined, it's too... it's too... it does not seem to be an art that... except in certain cases, except with Bob Wilson and Carmelo Bene," "I don't feel that theater is very much in touch with our era, except for these extreme cases." "But to remain there for four hours in an uncomfortable seat, I can't do it any more for health reasons, so that wipes theater out entirely for me." "But at a painting exhibit or at the movies, I always have the impression that in the best circumstances, I risk having an encounter with an idea..." "Parnet:" "Yes, but there is no..." "I mean, films only for entertainment do not exist at all?" "Deleuze:" "Well, they are not culture..." "Parnet:" "They may not be culture, but there is no entertainment..." "Deleuze:" "Well, entertainment..." "Parnet: that is, everything is situated within your work?" "For the future..." "Deleuze:" "No, it's not work, it's just that I am "on the lookout" for something that might "happen," asking myself, does that disturb me?" "Those [kinds of films]... they amuse me a lot, they are very funny." "Parnet:" "Well, it's not Eddie Murphy who is going to disturb you!" "Deleuze: it's not...?" "Parnet:" "Eddie Murphy, he's a director..." "no, an American comedian and actor whose recent films are enormously successful with the public." "Deleuze:" "I don't know him." "Parnet:" "No, I mean, you never watch... no, you only watch Benny Hill on television..." "Deleuze:" "Yes, well, I find Benny Hill interesting, that interests me." "Well, it's certainly nothing that is necessarily really good or new, but there are reasons why it interests me." "Parnet:" "But when you go out, it's for an encounter." "Deleuze:" "When I go out if there is no idea to draw from it, if I don't say," ""Yes, he had an idea"..." "What do great filmmakers do?" "This is valid for filmmakers too." "What strikes me in the beauty of, for example, a great filmmaker like Minnelli, or like Losey, what affects me if not that they are overwhelmed by ideas, an idea..." "Parnet:" "You're starting in on my [letter] "I"!" "Stop right away!" "Deleuze:" "OK, let's stop on that, but that's what an encounter is for me, one has encounters with things and not with people..." "Parnet:" "Do you have a lot of encounters, to talk about a particular cultural period like right now?" "Deleuze:" "Well, yes, I just told you, with paper folders, with surfers..." "What could you ask for that's more beautiful?" "Parnet:" "But..." "Deleuze:" "But these are not encounters with intellectuals," "I don't have any encounters with intellectuals..." "Parnet:" "But do you..." "Deleuze: or if I have an encounter with an intellectual, it's for other reasons, like" "I like him so I have a meeting with him, for what he is doing, for his ongoing work, his charm, all that..." "One has an encounter with those kinds of elements, with the charm of people, with the work of people, but not with people in themselves." "I don't have anything to do with people, nothing at all." "Parnet:" "Perhaps they rub up against you like cats." "Deleuze:" "Well yes, it could be like that, their rubbing or their barking!" "it's awful!" "Parnet:" "Lets think about culturally rich and culturally poor periods." "So what about now, do you think it's a period that's not too rich, because I often see you get very annoyed watching television, watching the literary shows that we won't name, although when this interview is shown," "the names will have changed." "Do you find this to be a rich period or a particularly poor period that we are living through?" "Deleuze:" "Yes, it's poor, it's poor, but at the same time, it's not at all distressing." "Parnet:" "You find it funny?" "Deleuze:" "Yes, I find it funny." "I tell myself, at my age, this is not the first time that impoverished periods have occurred." "I tell myself, what have I lived through since" "I was old enough to be somewhat enthusiastic?" "I lived through the Liberation and the aftermath." "It was among the richest periods one could imagine, when we were discovering or rediscovering everything..." "The Liberation..." "The war had taken place and that was no piece of cake..." "We were discovering everything, the American novel, Kafka, the domain of research..." "There was Sartre..." "You cannot imagine what it was like," "I mean intellectually, what we were discovering or rediscovering in painting, etc." "One has to understand..." "There was the huge polemic, "Must we burn Kafka?". .." "It's unimaginable and seems a bit infantile today, but it was a very stimulating, creative atmosphere." "And I lived through the period before May '68 that was an extremely rich period all the way to shortly after May '68." "And in the meantime, if there were impoverished periods, that's quite normal, but it's not the fact of poverty that i find disturbing, but rather the insolence or impudence of people who inhabit the impoverished periods." "They are much more wicked than the inspired people who come to life during rich periods." "Parnet:" "Inspired or just well-meaning?" "Because you referred to the Kafka polemic at the time of the Liberation, and there was that Alexander whats-his-name who was very happy with the fact that he had never read Kafka, and he said it while laughing..." "Deleuze:" "Well, yes, he was very happy..." "The stupider they are, the happier they are, since..." "Like those who think, and we come back to this, that literature is now a tiny little private affair..." "If one thinks that, then there's no need to read Kafka, no need to read very much, since if one has a pretty little pen, one is naturally Kafka's equal..." "There's no work involved there, no work at all..." "I mean, how can I explain myself?" "Let's take something more serious on this than those young fools." "I recently went to the Cosmos to see a film..." "Parnet:" "Parajanov?" "Deleuze:" "No, but Parajanov, that was admirable..." "A very moving Russian film that was made about thirty years ago, but that has only been released very recently." "Parnet"." "The Comissar'?" "Deleuze:" "The Commissar." "In this, I found something that was very moving..." "The film was very, very good, couldn't have been better... perfect." "But we noticed with a kind of terror, or a kind of compassion, that it was a film like the ones the Russians used to make before the war..." "Parnet:" "In the time of Eisenstein..." "Deleuze: in the time of Eisenstein, of Dovzhenko." "Everything was there, parallel editing notably, parallel editing that was sublime, etc." "It was as if nothing had happened since the war, as if nothing had happened in cinema." "And I told myself, it's inevitable, the film is good, sure, but it was very strange too, for that reason, and if it was not that good, it was for that reason." "It was literally by someone who had been so isolated in his work that he created a film the way films were made 20 years ago..." "It wasn't all that bad, only that it was quite good, quite amazing for twenty years earlier." "Everything that happened in the meantime, he never knew about it," "I mean, since he had grown up in a desert. it's awful..." "Crossing a desert is nothing much, working in, passing through a desert period is not bad." "What is awful is being born in this desert, and growing up in it..." "That's frightful," "I imagine..." "One must have an impression of solitude..." "Parnet:" "Like for young people who are 18-year's old now, for example?" "Deleuze:" "Right, especially when you understand that when things..." "This is what happens in impoverished periods." "When things disappear, no one notices it for a simple reason:" "when something disappears, no one misses it." "The Stalinian period caused Russian literature to disappear, and the Russians didn't notice, I mean, the majority of Russians, they just didn't notice, a literature that had been a turbulent literature throughout the nineteenth century, it just disappeared." "I know that now people say there are the dissidents, etc., but on the level of a people, the Russian people, their literature disappeared, their painting disappeared, and nobody noticed." "Today, to account for what is happening today, obviously there are new young people who certainly have genius." "Let us suppose, I don't like the expression, but let us suppose that there are new Becketts, the new Becketts of today..." "Parnet:" "I thought you were going to say the "New Philosophers"..." "Deleuze:" "Yes, well..." "But the new Becketts of today..." "Let us assume that they don't get published-after all," "Beckett almost did not get published" "it's obvious nothing would be missed." "By definition, a great author or a genius is someone who brings forth something new." "If this innovation does not appear, then that bothers no one, no one misses it since no one has the slightest idea about it." "If Proust... if Kafka had never been published, no one could say that Kafka would be missed..." "If someone had burned all of Kafka's writings, no one could say, "Ah, we really miss that!" since no one would have any idea of what had disappeared." "If the new Becketts of today are kept from publishing by the current system of publishing, one cannot say, "Oh, we really miss that!"" "I heard a declaration, the most impudent declaration I have ever heard" "I don't dare say to whom it was attributed in some newspaper since these kinds of things are never certain- someone in the publishing field who dared to say: "You know, today, we no longer risk making mistakes" "like Gallimard did when he initially refused to publish Proust since we have the means today. ." "Parnet:" "The headhunters..." "Deleuze:" "You'd think you were dreaming," ""but with the means we have today to locate and recognize new Prousts and new Becketts." That's like saying they have some sort of Geiger counter and that the new Beckett-that is, someone who is completely unimaginable" "since we don't know what kind of innovation he would bring- he would emit some kind of sound if..." "Parnet: if you passed it over his head..." "Deleuze: if you passed it in his path." "So, what defines the crisis today, with all these idiocies?" "The crisis today I attribute to three things-but it will pass," "I still remain quite optimistic- this is what defines a desert period:" "First, that journalists have conquered the book form." "Journalists have always written [books], and I find it quite good that journalists write, but when journalists used to undertake a book, they used to believe that they were moving into a different form of writing," "not the same thing as writing their newspaper articles." "Parnet:" "One can recall that for a long time, there were writers who were also journalists..." "Mallarme, they could do journalism, but the reverse didn't occur..." "Deleuze:" "Now, it's the reverse..." "The journalist as journalist has conquered the book form, that is, he finds it quite normal to write, just like that, a book that would be nothing more than a newspaper article." "And that's not good at all." "The second reason is that a generalized idea has spread that anyone can write since writing has become the tiny little affair of the individual, with family archives, either written archives or archives... in one's head." "Everybody has had a love story, everybody has had a grandmother who was ill, a mother who was dying in awful conditions." "They tell themselves, ok, I can write a novel about it. it's not at all a novel, I mean, really not at all." "So..." "Parnet:" "The third reason?" "Deleuze:" "The third reason is that, you understand, the real customers have changed." "One realizes..." "Of course, people are still there, still well informed, but the customers have changed." "I mean, who are the television customers?" "It's not the people listening, but rather the advertisers, they are the real customers." "The listeners have what the advertisers want." "Parnet:" "The television viewers..." "Deleuze:" "Yes, the television viewers." | 2024-02-01T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/8674 |
Inmates must make an initial court appearance or be sentenced to more than 48 hours to be eligible for commissary/checks. Inmate money will be placed in their account and will be made available through voucher to purchase items at commissary. Money orders will be deposited directly into the account. Personal checks will be placed in the inmates’ property box to pick up upon release.
Friends and family may bring money to the lobby to deposit in an inmate’s account. On cash is accepted. Money orders must come through the U.S. Mail. A member may only put money on one inmates’ account. If a member is a visitor then money can only be placed on the account of the inmate being visited.
Inmates requesting to have the balance of their account available upon their release must submit the request, in writing, two (2) business days prior to their release. Upon release, an inmate’s account balance will be available at 1 p.m. the next business day. Inmates requesting to have the balance of their account mailed, must submit in writing, a request stating their correct mailing address. All other account balance checks will be held by the jail clerical staff and can be picked up during office business hours. If for any reason a stop payment is placed on a check, a fee of $ 15.00 will be charged. Checks will be mailed to other facilities the next business day upon the inmate’s transfer, i.e. MCC, MSP and other County Jails. Checks will not be available when inmates are transported. All account balances will be in check form. Monies brought in for inmates prior to 8 a.m. will be placed in the inmate’s account on that day. Funds may not be transferred from one inmate’s account to another inmate’s account. Checks drawn from one inmate account made payable to another inmate, another inmate’s family member or another inmate’s visitor(s) are not allowed. Funds may not be deposited into an inmate’s account that was received from another inmate, another inmate’s family member or another inmate’s visitor(s). Inmates housed at the Penobscot County Jail are not allowed to drop off money for any inmates for a period of 30 days following release.
Visitation
Non-contact visiting at the Penobscot County Jail is held four (4) evenings per week. This privilege is provided because it is important that inmates maintain ties with family and friends. Inmates must be incarcerated for four (4) days in the Penobscot County Jail before they are eligible for a visit. It is the inmate’s responsibility to communicate information regarding visits to their (potential) visitors. Policies F-150 / F-154 / F-151 / F-155 / F-210;.
An inmate incarcerated in the Penobscot County Jail (minimum four (4) days), who is transferred to another facility (without break in custody) and then returned to the Penobscot County Jail within thirty (30) days, is eligible for visits. Inmates being admitted directly from another correctional facility must complete the four (4) day waiting period. Inmates sentenced to the Penobscot County Jail are not allowed to visit for a period of one (1) year following release. Inmates housed at the Penobscot County Jail, but not sentenced, are not allowed to visit for a period of ninety (90) days following release. Inmates housed at the Penobscot County Jail are not allowed to drop off money for any inmates for a period of 30 days following release.
All non-contact visitation will be pre-approved and set up by appointment only on a first come first serve basis. Inmates will provide a list of no more than eight (8) potential visitors for all visitations. The inmate must mail to their potential visitors, a Private Visitor Solicitation Form. All potential visitors must mail in the completed Private Visitor Solicitation form along with a copy of a photo ID such as a license or state ID, for children a copy of a birth certificate. The form must be mailed to: PENOBSCOT COUNTY SHERIFF’S OFFICE 85 HAMMOND ST. BANGOR, ME. 04401; ATTN; PROGRAMS DIVISION. The inmate will be notified of persons approved for non-contact visits. Inmates can update their visitation lists every 30 days. Information about persons approved for visitation will NOT be given out over the phone. For each visiting day an accumulative list for non-contact visits will be put together by the lobby clerical specialist. The lobby clerical specialist will have in their possession the approved visiting list and will deny any visitor access that has not been pre-approved. There will only be ten (10) inmates allowed at a time for non-contact visits and no more than two (2) visitors per inmate. Children under five (5) years of age that can be placed on a visitors lap will not be considered as part of the two (2) visitors. In order to set up each visit, visitors must call; 207-945-4932 and ask for the lobby clerical specialist. If room is not available during the normal two (2) visiting sessions, (1830-1930 & 1930-2030) then a 3rd or even 4th session will be set up by the lobby clerical specialist. The following days and times have been designated for setting up each visitation day.
1) Tuesday; visitors must call on Monday between the hours of 1230 and 1530 hours;*2) Thursday; visitors must call on Wednesday between the hours of 1230 and 1530 hours;*3) Saturday; visitors must call on Thursday between the hours of 1230 and 1530 hours;*4) Sunday; visitors must call on Friday between the hours of 1230 and 1530 hours.*
Anyone under eighteen (18) years of age shall be accompanied by his or her parent, legal guardian or properly authorized escort**. Only biological or adopted children can be approved for non-contact visits. Emancipated juveniles between fourteen (14) and eighteen (18) will be permitted non-contact visits, only after proper approval. Unaccompanied juveniles between fourteen (14) and eighteen (18), who have written permission from their parents or legal guardians, will only be allowed non-contact visits with an incarcerated parent, after proper approval.** (For the purpose of this paragraph, properly authorized escort means with written permission from parent(s) or legal guardian).
It is the responsibility of the inmate who wants visits, to mail potential visitors the Private Visitor Solicitation Form. The inmate must complete the form as to inmate’s name and ID# prior to mailing. Programs will notify the inmate of whether or not the person has been approved for non-contact visitation.
Forms for non-contact and juvenile visits may be obtained from the Housing Officers.
Non-contact visits are conducted on Sunday (last name M-Z), Tuesday (last name A-L), Thursday (last name M-Z) and Saturday (last name A - L) evenings. Visitation times are posted in the visitation area. Visits will be no more than sixty (60) minutes in length. Visitors must sign in no earlier than fifteen (15) minutes prior to the beginning of the visitation session. A picture ID will be required when signing in for a visit. Once the visitation session starts, additional visitors will not be admitted. Inmates are limited to participating in one (1) visit session per night.
Inmates who are subject to disciplinary sanction and/or administrative segregation will be restricted to (2) two hours of non-contact visits per week.
NON-CONTACT VISIT: Jail personnel will not allow more than two (2) visitors to visit with an inmate at any given time during a scheduled visit.
It is a violation of jail regulations to pass any item to an inmate during visitation. Such items are considered contraband. The visitor and inmate shall be subject to search, and the visitor may be arrested and will lose all future visitation privileges. Visitors will not be allowed to loiter on county property any time prior to the visitation session. If caught loitering on county property prior to the visit, the visitor will be asked to leave the property and will not be allowed to visit with any inmate at PCJ for thirty (30) days. Repeated violations of loitering will result in progressive loss of visiting privileges with any inmate. Policy F-154.
Inmates maybe subject to a pat and/or strip search after a visit with family and friends. Policy F-150
Inmates are not authorized to bring anything from the housing unit to the visitation area. Anything brought down from the housing unit may be confiscated and destroyed and the inmate may be subject to disciplinary action. All inmates will be patted down when leaving their housing units for any reason.
SPECIAL VISITS: the Jail Administrator or designee may approve special visits. Policy F-154
PROFESSIONAL VISITS: Attorneys, Clergy, etc. may visit at any reasonable time daily between 0800-2100 hours, except during formal headcounts, video arraignment, and meal times. Policy F-152 | 2023-11-02T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2347 |
Microsoft Visual Studio Solution File, Format Version 12.00
# Visual Studio 14
VisualStudioVersion = 14.0.25123.0
MinimumVisualStudioVersion = 10.0.40219.1
Project("{8BC9CEB8-8B4A-11D0-8D11-00A0C91BC942}") = "FlightStick", "FlightStick.vcxproj", "{E02A4300-4A99-4942-B968-FCF172750ED6}"
EndProject
Project("{8BC9CEB8-8B4A-11D0-8D11-00A0C91BC942}") = "DirectXTK_XboxOneXDK_2015", "..\..\..\Kits\DirectXTK\DirectXTK_XboxOneXDK_2015.vcxproj", "{4FDFDCCD-EE2E-415C-B458-1E8FDB0D85F2}"
EndProject
Global
GlobalSection(SolutionConfigurationPlatforms) = preSolution
Debug|Durango = Debug|Durango
Profile|Durango = Profile|Durango
Release|Durango = Release|Durango
EndGlobalSection
GlobalSection(ProjectConfigurationPlatforms) = postSolution
{E02A4300-4A99-4942-B968-FCF172750ED6}.Debug|Durango.ActiveCfg = Debug|Durango
{E02A4300-4A99-4942-B968-FCF172750ED6}.Debug|Durango.Build.0 = Debug|Durango
{E02A4300-4A99-4942-B968-FCF172750ED6}.Debug|Durango.Deploy.0 = Debug|Durango
{E02A4300-4A99-4942-B968-FCF172750ED6}.Profile|Durango.ActiveCfg = Profile|Durango
{E02A4300-4A99-4942-B968-FCF172750ED6}.Profile|Durango.Build.0 = Profile|Durango
{E02A4300-4A99-4942-B968-FCF172750ED6}.Profile|Durango.Deploy.0 = Profile|Durango
{E02A4300-4A99-4942-B968-FCF172750ED6}.Release|Durango.ActiveCfg = Release|Durango
{E02A4300-4A99-4942-B968-FCF172750ED6}.Release|Durango.Build.0 = Release|Durango
{E02A4300-4A99-4942-B968-FCF172750ED6}.Release|Durango.Deploy.0 = Release|Durango
{4FDFDCCD-EE2E-415C-B458-1E8FDB0D85F2}.Debug|Durango.ActiveCfg = Debug|Durango
{4FDFDCCD-EE2E-415C-B458-1E8FDB0D85F2}.Debug|Durango.Build.0 = Debug|Durango
{4FDFDCCD-EE2E-415C-B458-1E8FDB0D85F2}.Profile|Durango.ActiveCfg = Profile|Durango
{4FDFDCCD-EE2E-415C-B458-1E8FDB0D85F2}.Profile|Durango.Build.0 = Profile|Durango
{4FDFDCCD-EE2E-415C-B458-1E8FDB0D85F2}.Release|Durango.ActiveCfg = Release|Durango
{4FDFDCCD-EE2E-415C-B458-1E8FDB0D85F2}.Release|Durango.Build.0 = Release|Durango
EndGlobalSection
GlobalSection(SolutionProperties) = preSolution
HideSolutionNode = FALSE
EndGlobalSection
EndGlobal
| 2024-07-22T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/6522 |
Q:
Jenkins doesn't load CSS at HTML published pages
I have a Java program that uses Selenium to test web sites.
However when I run the program in Jenkins it generates a HTML report. When I open the report I get it with out CSS loaded.
To fix this I usually go to Jenkins->Script console and type in the following command:
System.setProperty("hudson.model.DirectoryBrowserSupport.CSP", "")
(As described here: https://wiki.jenkins.io/display/JENKINS/Configuring+Content+Security+Policy)
However after some time this rule is gone, so I need to put it into some config file.
My server is a Ubuntu 18.04 server.
I have installed Jenkins under /var/lib/jenkins
Here I have a file named config.xml, but I cant see any option on this hudson.model.DirectoryBrowserSupport.CSP.
A:
Create a Groovy script file $JENKINS_HOME/init.groovy, or any .groovy file in the directory $JENKINS_HOME/init.groovy.d/ with the following content:
System.setProperty("hudson.model.DirectoryBrowserSupport.CSP", "sandbox allow-scripts; default-src 'self'; img-src *; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; script-src * 'unsafe-inline';")
systemctl restart jenkins
https://wiki.jenkins.io/display/JENKINS/Post-initialization+script
| 2023-12-15T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/1429 |
Characteristics of the cement-solidified municipal solid waste incineration fly ash.
Cement solidification is an important pre-treatment technology for municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash into landfill. The physicochemical properties and leaching characteristics are the foundation for assessing the long-term stability of the fly ash solidified with benchmark cement in landfills. The leaching performances of bulk components (Na, K, Ca, Cl, CO32-, and SO42-) and heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, and Zn) were analyzed based on the percolation column test and pH dependent test respectively. The research showed that in the cement-solidified fly ash, Na and K were mainly in the form of soluble chloride salts and would be washed out severely at the initial leaching stage due to the weak fixation effect of cement. Moreover, a considerable amount of Ca was washed out simultaneously with Na and K, causing a temporary increase in pH value, and then Ca leaching was controlled by the solubility of minerals, mainly calcium carbonate, ettringite formed with CO32- and SO42-. Cement solidification reduced the cumulative release of mobile Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, and Cd contained in MSWI fly ash. In the cement-solidified fly ash, the leaching of Cu and Zn was controlled by mineral solubility under alkaline conditions, Cr was dependent on the redox conditions, and Pb was related to the complex structures formed with Si-O bonds of silicates. A further research on the long-term stability of the cement-solidified fly ash in landfills was needed. | 2024-04-15T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7829 |
WASHINGTON—When Russia began its bombing campaign in Syria last year, the move provoked outrage in Washington and warnings from the White House that Russia faced a quagmire.
But President Vladimir Putin’s announcement that he would draw down some forces this week signaled his determination to skirt such a predicament. After five months of bombing in Syria, Kremlin watchers say, Russia has accomplished what it set out to do.
Russia... | 2024-07-16T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/9458 |
Q:
How to clear input in SlideTextInput (custom TextInput component)?
and of course sorry if the question is somewhat dumb.
In the app I'm developing a user should be able to swipe on the TextInput. Since TextInput only listens to taps I used this gist: https://gist.github.com/MikeShi42/87b65984f0a31e38d553cc056fcda017
(BTW @Michael Shi thanks a ton)
However, once I changed TextInput to SlideTextInput the Clear button ceased to work.
clearInput() {
this.setState({text: ''});
}
render() {
return (
<Button name='clear' action={this.clearInput} />
<SlideTextInput
style={styles.input}
ref='input'
onChangeText={(text) => this.setState({text: text})}
placeholder={this.state.placeholder}
value={this.state.text}
multiline={true}
returnKeyType='done'
blurOnSubmit={true} />
)
}
I also tried this.refs.input.setNativeProps({text: ''}); instead of just passing a new value prop (that should be — and was — sufficient for normal TextInput), and calling forceUpdate(), but again to no avail. I don't see much changes in SlideTextInput.js compared to the original TextInput component, but I must be missing something that would explain such bad behaviour?
UPD: the answer was pretty simple in the end. Instead of linking the component to its native counterpart (ref={this._setNativeRef}) like original TextInput does, SlideTextInput has it ref'ed to a string (ref="input"). I changed it back and voila.
A:
The answer was pretty simple in the end. Instead of linking the component to its native counterpart (ref={this._setNativeRef}) like original TextInput does, SlideTextInput has it ref'ed to a string (ref="input") (it's not about props in my code it's about SlideTextInput.js file itself). I changed it back and voila.
| 2023-08-09T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/5938 |
Hillary & Debbie
Polls show Hillary has credibility problems with voters. How is she trying to change voter minds?
The Packet reports (not on the front page, only page 6A), Debbie Wasserman Schultz, human proof that the “the Peter Principle” is alive & well, was forced to resign after released WikiLeaks emails clearly proved the DNC was in the Hillary Campaigns back pocket and did what they could to sabotage Bernie Sanders.
Poor Debbie is now out of her other job.
Wait! To the rescue comes Lying, Dishonest Hillary!
In less than 24 hours, Hillary hires her and makes Debbie honorary Chairman (a homophonic term) of the Clinton campaign 50-state program.
Doesn’t that say ‘I (Hillary) want no part of underhanded activity. Clintons can be trusted to do what is proper for the American people. If only Hillary remembered to tell Debbie to use a private server in her house.
Do Hillary’s Super Delegates have special privileges in the general election too? How can you trust her wisdom and judgment? | 2024-07-18T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/3261 |
A neighborhood is more than just a few homes in the same ZIP code; it’s a community of people brought together from all walks of life. These individuals aren’t just friendly faces you wave to everyday––they’re often the first you can count on to lend a helping hand when you need it the most, often without expecting to be thanked or rewarded. From cleaning a driveway for a neighbor who is sick to securing a delivered package when another neighbor is away, these acts of kindness happen everyday in communities across the country.
At Ring, we want to make it even easier for you to share those good deeds with your community. That’s why we’re launching “Neighborly Moments,” a new posting category in the Neighbors app that lets you highlight these acts of kindness and help your community celebrate them together. We’re excited to make this category available to you, as it’s rooted in our mission of making neighborhoods safer.
These Neighborly Moments may seem like small gestures, such as shoveling snow in a neighbor’s driveway, but can actually be a huge help. That’s how it was for Brandon, a dad of a newborn in Westfield, Indiana, after a big snowstorm. He got an alert on his Ring Video Doorbell and saw his neighbor stepping in to help at that crucial time.
“We had just come home with our son, who was born two months premature,” he said. “Then we had a fairly big snow, and since it was our first winter in the house, I didn’t even have a shovel yet. We were very thankful.”
Brandon shared his gratitude with his community on the Neighbors app, as did Tom in Washington, D.C., when his neighbor shoveled his steps without being asked because he knew Tom was sick. Since that first time, Tom said the neighbor has continued to shovel his steps when it snows because Tom travels for work and the neighbor doesn’t want his fiance to have to shovel.
“The act of kindness went a long way,” Tom said.
When DeAn, in Pueblo, Colorado, realized that her neighbor had shoveled her walk, she was “highly surprised” because she initially thought it was her son. It was only when going back through her Ring video recordings that she realized her neighbor had done a good deed in secret. DeAn has metastatic cancer and wasn’t able to shovel the walk herself, which was particularly challenging around the holidays.
“For somebody to shovel my walks is such a benefit for me [and] my mailman,” she said. “My neighbors have done nice things for me and since they don’t accept gifts, I’ll sneak a gift card into their mailbox to let them know I appreciate their greatness.”
She also made sure her community had a chance to appreciate that selfless act by sharing it to the Neighbors app.
“Good to know that there are really good people in this world,” said a neighbor in response to the post.
Neighborly Moments don’t have to happen in the snow. In Las Vegas, Janet’s trash was inadvertently dumped all over her walkway by the garbage truck, leaving a scattered mess in her front yard. She wasn’t there to see it, but her Ring Floodlight Cam caught a kindly neighbor jogging by who saw all of the spilled trash and cleaned it up before continuing on her run.
“It was a very sweet act of her!” Janet said. She posted it on the Neighbors app to let the community know that a good neighbor is helping keep their streets clean.
Steve lives in Meridian, Idaho, but was traveling recently. Even though he canceled the paper and stopped the mail, he said some things continued to be delivered to his house. When a neighbor was walking by, he realized that the house was clearly empty and moved the items out of sight. Steve said it’s the second time the same person has stepped in to make sure that his packages aren’t stolen.
“It is gratifying to know that there are still people in our neighborhoods like this that care enough to help a fellow neighbor,” Steve said. He shared his gratitude with neighbors on the app to let them know that there is a porch angel taking care of their community. Neighbors immediately responded to the kind gesture.
“Thank you for sharing,” said one neighbor while another responded, “there is still good in this world and it’s always good to point it out!”
These are just a few examples of the Neighborly Moments, which can be anything, even something as vital and serious as being alerted to a house fire or a flood and helping one another make it to safety. The new “Neighborly Moments” category will make it even easier for you to share these good deeds and celebrate the kindness of those good Samaritans with your community.
Join the Neighbors app now to get started! | 2024-07-20T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7096 |
Q:
Implementing css/svg contrast filter using sharp (libvips)
I'm using libvips to transform images on the backend with a css/svg preview on the frontend to save resources.
I'm struggling with implementing the contrast css/svg filter function.
The specification shows contrast as a linear transformation in form of:
out = slope * in + intercept
where intercept should be:
intercept = - (0.5 * slope) + 0.5
This way, I can use contrast(1.25) in css preview of image modifications.
However, implementing this linear function in libvips through JS library sharp:
sharp.linear(contrast, - (0.5 * contrast) + 0.5)
Looking deeper into contrast changes for an image, the expectat result is that highs are put even higher and lows even lower. This looks like a contradition with the specification because the spec applies linear transformation so it should always multiple and add, makes highs higher but also lows a little big higher.
Using linear in sharp (and so in libvips) to change contrast the output actually looks like a brightness filter, which in the spcecification for css/svg filter is in form linear transformation without addition
out = slope * in
This looks to me like I might be misunderstanding what intercept does in svg linear function. Also, comparing svg and css shows differences. Using contrast(2) in css should mimic slope = 2 and intercept = -(0.5 * 2) + 0.5 = -0.5 in svg, which is not the case in this fiddle:
.svg {
filter: url(#contrast);
}
.css {
filter: contrast(2);
}
<img src="https://dev-cdn.swbpg.com/o/g/1515254671.jpeg" width="300">
<img class="svg" src="https://dev-cdn.swbpg.com/o/g/1515254671.jpeg" width="300">
<img class="css" src="https://dev-cdn.swbpg.com/o/g/1515254671.jpeg" width="300">
<svg>
<filter id="contrast">
<feComponentTransfer>
<feFuncR type="linear" slope="2" intercept="-0.5"/>
<feFuncG type="linear" slope="2" intercept="-0.5"/>
<feFuncB type="linear" slope="2" intercept="-0.5"/>
</feComponentTransfer>
</filter>
</svg>
You can clearly see that the second image with svg filter looks different than the third one using css filter.
Is my understanding of filters completely wrong? I would expect there should some treshold somewhere to invert multiplication into division for lows.
How can I implement css contrast in different evnironments as a linear function with the same result?
A:
Your intuition is not correct :) For input values less than 0.5 - the formula decreases the brightness - why? Let's take a contrast value of 2 and an input value of 0.4
Output = 2*0.4 - (0.5 *2) + 0.5
Output = 0.8 - 1 + 0.5
Output = 0.3
As you can see, when the input is lower than 0.5, the output will be always be less than the input because the sum of the slope component and the first (negative) component of the intercept will be equal to the contrast multiplied by the difference between the input and 0.5
This is the formula results on unitized values (floored and ceilinged on 0/1).
Also CSS Filters use sRGB color space by default. SVG Filters use linearRGB. You need to set the SVG filter color space to sRGB by adding attribute: color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" to your svg element. When you do this - your images look the same.
.svg {
filter: url(#contrast);
}
.css {
filter: contrast(2);
}
<img src="https://dev-cdn.swbpg.com/o/g/1515254671.jpeg" width="300">
<img class="svg" src="https://dev-cdn.swbpg.com/o/g/1515254671.jpeg" width="300">
<img class="css" src="https://dev-cdn.swbpg.com/o/g/1515254671.jpeg" width="300">
<svg color-interpolation-filters="sRGB">
<filter id="contrast">
<feComponentTransfer>
<feFuncR type="linear" slope="2" intercept="-0.5"/>
<feFuncG type="linear" slope="2" intercept="-0.5"/>
<feFuncB type="linear" slope="2" intercept="-0.5"/>
</feComponentTransfer>
</filter>
</svg>
| 2023-09-11T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7039 |
package com.example;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.config.server.EnableConfigServer;
@EnableConfigServer
@SpringBootApplication
public class Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
}
}
| 2024-05-03T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/4231 |
When Chiefs kicker Cairo Santos was placed on injured reserve following the Chargers game, the Chiefs signed Harrison Butker off the Carolina Panthers' practice squad. On Thursday, Butker spoke about his upcoming debut at Arrowhead Stadium, and his unusual Twitter handle. David [email protected]
When Chiefs kicker Cairo Santos was placed on injured reserve following the Chargers game, the Chiefs signed Harrison Butker off the Carolina Panthers' practice squad. On Thursday, Butker spoke about his upcoming debut at Arrowhead Stadium, and his unusual Twitter handle. David [email protected]
Never miss a local story.
He challenged veteran Graham Gano, who missed eight field goals last season, and Butker had a solid preseason. He converted both of his field goals and all four extra points. But the Panthers decided to go with Gano and eventually assigned Butker to their practice squad.
He got the call from the Chiefs on Monday.
Butker finished as Georgia Tech’s career scoring leader and saved his best year for last, when he made 15 of 17 field-goal attempts, including all four in a bowl game. He also made all 46 of his extra-point attempts.
Oh, and there’s his Twitter handle, @buttkicker87.
“It came from a trainer at Georgia Tech my freshman year,” Butker said. “People say a lot of stuff about my last name … I kind of made it a funny thing to be ‘Butt Kicker.’ I just went with it.”
As for Santos, he made all 15 kicks this season — 12 extra points and three field goals — before suffering the injury in the Chiefs’ 24-10 victory over the Los Angeles Chargers.
According to trainer Rick Burkholder, Santos pulled his right groin on his first boot during warm ups and aggravated it during the game. A roughing the kicker penalty didn’t have anything to do with the injury, nor was it related to a groin injury Santos suffered in the preseason, Burkholder said.
The injury continues a trend of the Chiefs losing a player to injury per game. In the opening victory over New England, safety Eric Berry went down with a ruptured Achilles. In the victory over Philadelphia, center Mitch Morse was lost for several weeks with a foot injury.
Now it’s Santos, who is expected to miss at least several weeks.
“Cairo’s been there, done that,” Reid said. “But we have trust in Harrison, too, or we wouldn’t have brought him in here.” | 2024-01-19T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/6412 |
Tag Archives: stephen king
King fans were super excited to finally get an actual trailer for the upcoming Castle Rock show on Hulu. Do we have any idea what it’s going to be about? No. Are we any less excited? No. It’s full of King references we’re excited to see pay off in a weekly series and I personally and wishing the year would hurry up so we can get into 2018 and get closer to the premiere.
While we wait I have constructed a list below that makes it so we can sort of create our own Castle Rock universe with movies that are already available. You’ve probably seen them all but may not have noticed that they are all actually connected accidentally just by adapting the source material that is connected. So here is your list in viewing order. And spoiler alert I’ll be giving a quick synopsis of the movies and also how it’s connected to the rest in the list and possibly the books they are based on. Just be warned.
Stand By Me (1986)
One of the more sentimental Stephen King movies. A group of boys go to find a dead body of one of their classmates and along the way each comes to terms with their place in the world.
This movie sort of sets the stage. It’s summer in 1959 so we get to see a more quaint version of Castle Rock. The town is only really our starting point and stopping point but all of our characters live there. There’s not much crossover here for our movie universe other than this happened in our main setting for this viewing session. In the book Kiefer Sutherland’s character Ace Merrill actually plays a big part in the book NEEDFUL THINGS as he gets out of jail and returns to Castle Rock just as things are starting to break down in Castle Rock. But we’ll get to that in a bit.
The Dead Zone (1983)
One of my favorites on the list. After getting into a car crash and being in a coma for 5 years Johnny Smith finds out he has a gift. If he touches you he can see your future. Good or bad. Once he shakes the hand of Greg Stillson he sees a future filled with death. What can he do to stop it?
Here we start to see the dark side of Castle Rock. For part of the first half of the movie we see that a serial killer is stalking the streets attacking women. Sheriff Bannerman (played awesomely by Tom Skerritt) is at the end of his rope trying to find the killer so he turns to Johnny to see what he can find. They find their killer and from there Johnny moves on to stop nuclear armageddon. This section of the film though will feature heavily in our next movie.
Cujo (1983) –
Simple concept. A woman and her son are trapped in their car at a lonesome farm by a rabid Saint Bernard.
Again we’re present in Castle Rock. Here we find a pretty simple story. Woman in the car with the dog right? Well here’s where our connections come in. In the beginning of the movie Tad is afraid of the monster in his closet. In the book that monster he’s afraid of is the boogeyman that the serial killer from The Dead Zone had become around town. People whispered about it and Frank Dodd has become sort of an urban legend around town. So Tad is afraid of the killer from The Dead Zone. And later in the book it’s sort of just thrown around (not seriously but Tad sort of thinks about it while trapped) that the evil that possessed Frank Dodd has now gone into Cujo.
The other big connection we have is that the sheriff that ends up out at the farm is none other than our friend Sheriff Bannerman (not awesomely played by Tom Skerritt).
The Dark Half (1993)
Thad Beaumont is a successful writer who’s pen name has just been outed. He decides to publicly kill off his alter ego rather than paying a blackmailer. Bad news is his alter ego doesn’t want to be dead.
In this George Romero directed movie Michael Rooker plays the sheriff Alan Pangborn (who is supposed to be a main character in the new Castle Rock series). He’s Bannerman’s replacement. He’s now in charge of the strange things that happen around Castle Rock. Also we meet his deputy briefly Norris Ridgewick.
Needful Things (1993)
A new shop opens up in Castle Rock. It claims to be able to give you whatever you desire . . . for a price.
Max Von Sydow plays the devil and has shown up to reek havoc in Castle Rock. This time out our main character is Sheriff Alan Pangborn (this time played by Ed Harris). He tries to keep Castle Rock from destroying itself but it’s a hard task. Helping him is his trusty deputy Norris Ridgewick. In the book we actually visit a lot of the famous locations from these previous movies/stories. Some old characters come back. Ace Merrill plays a big part.
So there you have it. That’s your cinematic journey through Castle Rock. I will say you could also do The Shawshank Redemption but it doesn’t feature in our journey here. It does seem that it will play a part in the new Hulu series.
Just about everyone that knows me knows how obsessed with Stephen King I am. It’s not just that I enjoy his work but I obsess over it. It probably came from the 4th Dark Tower book where we find out that everything he’s ever written is connected some how.
My mom was a big King fan back in the day. She had a bookcase full of King books. I’d pull them out and look at the covers. I knew I’d always be too scared to read them, but they sat there and I’d stare at them.
It finally happened when I was 10. The IT miniseries was on TV and even though it looked scary I still watched it. I’m sure my parents regret that. I couldn’t sleep without nightmares for awhile. Then suddenly the urge came over me. I had to read IT. I needed to know more about this evil clown. How I convinced anyone to let me buy a copy of IT I’ll never know but they let me.
I read it within 6 months. I know but it’s over a thousand pages and I was 11. Give me some slack. From that point on I pretty much devoured every King book I could get my hands on. My mom seemed encouraged by my interest and even let me borrow books from her collection. Now the very books I used to get scared just looking at just the covers I was reading one after the other.
I give King credit for a lot of things with me. I feel there is a point in every person’s life where they make the decision “do I keep reading for fun or do I just read because I have to for school and I move on to other things for fun?” He kept me reading. I would keep up to date on his current books. Getting them for Christmas and Birthday presents from family members. I read other authors as well but nothing could bring me to a screaming halt like King.
Then I discovered within this collection of books The Dark Tower. I had avoided it because I’m not really into fantasy novels. But decided to give the first one a shot. I enjoyed it enough I wanted to see where it would go so I got the second book. Then the third. After that the 4th book would change everything.
I was used to seeing references to other King works in his books. Castle Rock of course was a big nexus point but things like The Stand and some of his other short stories like The Mist (yes more a novella), The Jaunt, The Long Walk, etc. took place in worlds that there was no way could be in the same reality as Castle Rock.
In the 4th Dark Tower book a character whom I thought was a stand alone character told another character that he was trying to win over to his side “I once had a man that would pledge ‘My Life For You!'” Everything changed. Suddenly this quest for the Dark Tower now had resonance across every word King had every put to paper. It all mattered.
I continued on the journey to the tower and was sad to say goodbye to the friends I had made in that world but never stopped making friends with his new characters. Some books are better than others as that is with any story. I never quit. King has kept me reading and dreaming. Most importantly King has kept me writing.
I had dreams of being a big novelist. I also had dreams of being a big filmmakers. Age has let me look at the realities of this world and I let myself be content to just write and make movies because I want to with no goal of hitting it big. I’d actually like to avoid that if possible. I just want to enjoy doing it.
This Friday I finally close a circle as I’ll be heading up to the Chicago area to see King and his son Owen talk about their new book Sleeping Beauties. I’ve been holding out going to one of these because I always hoped there would be a chance to meet him at a signing so I could extend my hand and say “Thank you for everything you’ve given me.” It doesn’t look like he does many straight up signings anymore so this may be the only chance I’ll have to at least be in an event with him. I’m going to take it and enjoy every minute I can of him and his son sitting on stage telling stories and talking about weaving stories together. There are worse ways to spend a Friday.
When IT was first announced as being up on the remake slot (or re-adaptation if you want to approach it that way) I was not really that thrilled with the idea. I once met the director of the 1990 TV miniseries version of IT. I straight up told him that I blamed him for the reason I didn’t like clowns. Anyone in my age range will tell you that Tim Curry pretty much ruined the ever enjoying a clown again. For me there was no way anyone could ever do Pennywise justice. Tim Curry had terrified a whole generation with some grease paint and a wicked smile.
The longer it went on I hoped more and more that IT would be put in the old development hell section of Hollywood where things like Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash or such gems as a sequel to Bubba Ho-Tep seemed to live. I wouldn’t get my wish. I began my crusade of denying this movie. Hell no we won’t go . . . . to the cinema to see a new IT! The chant was awkward so I dropped it but I kept saying there was no way a new IT would be good. Then the first trailer hit. Suddenly a slight crack in my facade began to show. I was still adamant that Pennywise wouldn’t be nearly as good as Tim Curry’s but damn did the footage look pretty good.
Trailer 2 hit. The cracks were really showing now. IT actually looked scary. As much as I love the 1990 TV movie version because it scared my 10 year old self senseless it has lost some of the scary luster it once held and now I just appreciate it for how it USED to scare me. These trailers had made it look actually scary again. Yeah but still he was no Tim Curry. What I learned this weekend is that he didn’t need to be.
I’d been waiting to hate on this movie since it was first announced and now here I sit opening weekend telling you I can’t. Don’t get me wrong, it still has some quibbles with me, but I actually can say I really enjoyed it. They took a story I’ve loved all my life and gave it a loving tribute to it’s source material. The time frame is updated to 1989. Making the kids pretty much the same age I was when I saw IT for the first time. Suddenly I’m caught in a nostalgia loop. I’m reliving my childhood through these characters and they were also about to get the piss scared out of them by a killer clown.
The casting is about spot on perfect for me. I have no complaints what so ever. Bill is great as an awkward leader consumed by his brother’s disappearance. Eddie is one sneeze away from being put into an iron lung by his over bearing mother. Richie is the foul mouthed class clown we all wished we could have been. And there’s Bev. Poor poor Bevie. I worry about her a lot.
These kids feel like friends. It’s no stretch of the imagination to see these kids hanging out. The chemistry on screen is near perfect. Henry Bowers has traded in his duck tail hair cut and leather jacket for a mullet and sleeveless t-shirts fitting right into the 1989 setting. Pennywise. Oh let me tell you about this Dancing Clown. Bill Skarsgard brings a new twist onto King’s terrifying shape shifter. He doesn’t try to do what Tim Curry did. He didn’t do an impression. He creates something new. Which is exactly what you need in a remake like this. Something new. This evil clown doesn’t lure you in with his innocent clown tricks. No. This clown lures you in with his smile and then keeps right on smiling as he rips your guts out. If Tim Curry gave 10 year old me nightmares then Skarsgard is going to give the almost 40 year old me some sleepless nights for the next few days.
I am pleading with you if you have been on the fence to give the new IT a try. And this is from a fan who denounced it from the start. Give it a chance. You might just get a few night terrors of your own.
I actually have seen IT twice this weekend. First with a few friends I had made plans with a few months ago and then just today I got a chance to go see IT with an invitation for free passes to try the 4DX version. A new 4DX theater had opened in Illinois and I was curious to check it out so I gladly accepted. With 4DX you get an immersive experience. Your seat will move and vibrate along with the movie. You’ll get fans blowing when the characters are riding their bikes so you can feel the wind rushing past your head. New smells will enter the theater during every scene. There was strobe lights to help accentuate the lightning. Mist and air from the seats in front of you to bring you into the wet and surprising scenes. Seems like a great idea . . .
. . .unless you’re trying to watch an atmospheric horror film. Sadly it didn’t help with this movie. The audience also didn’t help. Lots of talking and people checking phones. Part of me thinks the 4DX didn’t help with this. When you have air blasting in your face and your friends are laughing it seemed to open up the idea that you could just talk about it at full volume. Many times during the film my seat was shaking and moving all over the place and making it hard to pay attention to what was going on on screen. I looked over at my friend Scott who came with me to see him almost a foot higher than me because our seats were moving at such a weird pace.
Also I didn’t smell anything. Nothing seemed to change during the movie. I felt bad as this was Scott’s first time seeing the film and what was supposed to be an immersive experience seemed to be distracting him from actually enjoying the movie. I don’t think it’s a bad idea overall. If I saw Jurassic World in this theater I probably would have enjoyed every second of it but for a movie like this it seemed to make it harder to enjoy the film. I say YES to 4DX but not for something like this.
Outside of that GO SEE IT! From the box office it would seem like a lot of you did which means we will probably see more R rated horror films and more Stephen King in the theater. Both of which can be good things.
On the way home from the theater me and Scott decided to break out the recorder and talk about our experience. There was a lot of road noise so I did best I could to get rid of it but you may hear some bleeps and bloops. Sorry.
I’m a huge King nerd. That’s not a secret. I’ve been on record that I just don’t know about this IT remake. Not that I don’t think they could improve on it with a higher budget and less restrictions but the big point of contention with me is Pennywise. I mean how do you even come close to living up to Tim Curry’s performance?
Well we got our fist look at the new trailer and while everything looks good and it has a creepiness to it there is still no real look at the Pennywise performance. We see some flashes of him and such but no dialogue and no real interaction with the characters. But I know I’ll still be there opening weekend as since I’m a constant reader I have to. Check out the trailer below and let us know what you think.
WHAT IS GOING ON!!?!??!? As a certified King nerd imagine my mind exploding on Friday when the below teaser trailer was dropped online by J.J. Abrams company Bad Robot. Anyone who has listened to me babble about King for years knows I’ve always wished that a cinematic Stephen King universe was a thing but with the rights to his books being spread across multiple big name film studios it was never going to happen. Well maybe I’m wrong. Maybe.
They haven’t come right out and said what this is other than it’s a 10 episode series on Hulu that will cover multiple stories across King’s works. No word on which stories or novels. The fictional town of Castle Rock was first shown to us constant readers in The Dead Zone and would then go on to be the setting for many of King’s biggest stories. The Body (Stand By Me), Cujo, The Dark Half, Needful Things, and multiple short stories take place there. Also such books as Christine, IT, and The Tommyknockers make reference to the town. So it’s connections are vast. Until we know more about what this is going to be all we have is the all too short teaser below. I am beyond excited.
I’m a huge Stephen King nerd. To anyone that knows me this is not a surprise. In the sub-set of this I am a big Dark Tower fan as well. Reading through his books and finding the connections was a giant thrill. Even before getting into the Dark Tower set of books knowing that in Needful Things we revisit the farm from Cujo made me excited. Reading and seeing that the monster that Tad is afraid lives in his closet in Cujo is Frank Dodd from The Dead Zone blew my mind.
While today shared universes are abundant in films and even some in books back when these books were coming out it wasn’t nearly as common. So getting a reference to another book you had read was like a new experience.
Later I got into the Dark Tower books and found out that everything King has written is connected to this one set of stories. Every character and every plot can be traced back to the Tower through any amount of small to large references.
When it was announced that at Comicon that they were actually printing up versions of the childrens book Charlie The Choo-Choo as exclusive items I tried to get anyone I knew that was there to grab me one. Sadly it was not meant to be. Luckily Simon and Schuster saw there was a demand for this so they decided to make it a mass market book.
I was lucky enough to get sent a review copy and I was jumping up and down with glee when it came in the mail. It serves as a basic meta prop from the Dark Tower book. Jake finds a copy of Charlie The Choo-Choo in a book store in the Tower books and now there is a real version you can hold in your hands.
With the movie coming up it’s a fun item to have. I read through it and it is presented with great artwork from Ned Dameron as it tells the tale of old Charlie as he is seen as obsolete next to the more modern diesel engine, who looks like I imagine Blaine The Mono looks from The Wastelands. It’s a fun thing to own if you’re a big King fan like I am. I have it sitting on my shelf with the Dark Tower books. | 2024-01-08T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/4840 |
# Installation
If you'd like to install CDash in a [Docker](https://www.docker.com) container, please see our
[Docker installation guide](docker.md).
## Prerequisite software
Before installing CDash, you will need:
- A web server: [Apache](https://httpd.apache.org) or [NGINX](https://www.nginx.com)
- A database: [MySQL v5.x+](https://www.mysql.com) or [PostgreSQL v9.2+](https://www.postgresql.org)
- [PHP 7.2 - 7.4](https://www.php.net)
- [Composer](https://getcomposer.org) (to install PHP dependencies)
- [npm v6](https://www.npmjs.com/) (to install Javascript dependencies)
## PHP modules
CDash needs the following PHP modules installed and enabled.
- bcmath
- bz2
- php_curl
- gd
- json
- ldap
- mbstring
- pdo_mysql or pdo_pgsql
- xsl
## Web server configuration
CDash is built on top of the [Laravel framework](https://laravel.com).
Laravel's routing system requires your web server to have the `mod_rewrite` module enabled.
It also requires your web server to honor .htaccess files `(AllowOverride All)`.
See [Laravel documentation](https://laravel.com/docs/6.x/installation#pretty-urls) for more information.
## Download CDash
If you haven't already done so, [download CDash from GitHub](https://github.com/Kitware/CDash/releases) or clone it using git.
```bash
git clone https://github.com/Kitware/CDash
```
## Expose CDash to the web
Only CDash's `public` subdirectory should be served to the web.
The easiest way to achieve this is to create a symbolic link in your DocumentRoot
(typically `/var/www`) that points to `/path/to/CDash/public`.
## Adjust filesystem permissions
The user that your web server is running under will need write access to the CDash directory.
In the following example, we assume your web server is run by the `www-data` user.
```bash
# Modify CDash directory to belong to the www-data group
chgrp -R www-data /path/to/CDash
# Make the CDash directory writeable by group.
chmod -R g+rw /path/to/CDash
```
## Install/upgrade steps
Perform the follow steps when you initially install CDash and upon each subsequent upgrade.
```bash
# Install PHP and JavaScript dependencies
composer install --no-dev --prefer-dist
npm install
```
## Configure CDash and generate build files
If you don't already have a `.env` file in the root of your CDash tree, start with
one based on the default configuration, and set your application key.
```bash
cp .env.example .env
php artisan key:generate
```
Next, if you haven't already done so, create the file `app/cdash/config/config.local.php`
and populate it with any non-default settings you require. The most important values
to set here are:
* The `$CDASH_DB_*` variables. These indicate how to connect to the database.
* `$CDASH_BASE_URL` should be set to the root URL of CDash (ie `https://localhost/CDash`)
In most other cases, reasonable default values apply if the variables are not explicitly set.
Once you're happy with the contents of `config.local.php`, run the following command to migrate
your config settings into the `.env` file used by Laravel.
```bash
php artisan config:migrate
```
At this point, make sure your `.env` file has a `APP_URL` entry, and that the following line
appears somewhere further down in the file:
```
MIX_APP_URL="${APP_URL}"
```
Once you're happy with your config settings, run `npm` to generate CDash's frontend.
```bash
# Generate build files
npm run dev
```
## Finish CDash installation
Open up your new CDash instance in a web browser. You should be automatically
redirected to `install.php`. Fill out the installation form to create the
database tables and the initial admin user.
Once that is complete you can create a project and start submitting builds to it.
| 2023-10-04T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/5771 |
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How to Find a Reliable Carpet Cleaner
Being a certified and licensed cleaner for 15 years, I have seen numerous clients who do not have a single idea about finding a reliable carpet cleaner. A common man does not understand the nuances involved in carpet cleaning and the ones present in the cleaning industry. They usually fall for those cleaners who are after making bucks and not cleaning carpets. So I decided to write this down to help all those people who are looking for a nice, professional, licensed, and certified cleaner for their carpets to help them choose the best carpet cleaner. Read more
Our Services
We Provide the Following Services to any Suburbs within 100km from Melbourne CBD
Carpet Repair
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How to Find a Reliable Carpet Cleaner
Being a certified and licensed cleaner for 15 years, I have seen numerous clients who do not have a single idea about finding a reliable carpet cleaner. A common man does not understand the nuances involved in carpet cleaning and the ones present in the cleaning industry. They usually fall for those cleaners who are after making bucks and not cleaning carpets. So I decided to write this down to help all those people who are looking for a nice, professional, licensed, and certified cleaner for their carpets to help them choose the best carpet cleaner. Read more
Celebrating 10 Years of Cleaning in Melbourne
Carpet Cleanings Melbourne operating under SK Cleaning Services since 2005, since then we have thousands of 100% satisfied customers.Mark & Team wanted to thanks all our customers for recommending us to their family and friends and posting excellent reviews on Google, Facebook, Product Reviews, WOMO, True Local and all other sites. We especially wanted to extend our thanks to families who believe that no other company could perform better cleaning than us when it comes to | 2023-11-24T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2841 |
Senior Conservative MP Ken Clarke has warned there are some Government ministers who are “not excessively fond of workers’ rights” and retaining them after Brexit.
The comments from the former Chancellor came during the second of eight late-night sittings in the Commons on the EU (Withdrawal) Bill – the legislation that aims to transpose EU law onto the UK statue book after Brexit.
But the Government avoided any serious backbench rebellion after five amendments to the bill were voted down by MPs in the Commons on Wednesday evening.
Clause 58 – put forward by the Labour frontbench – sought to ensure that after Britain’s departure from the bloc that EU derived employment rights, environmental protection, health and safety standards and consumer standards can only be amended by primary legislation.
The amendment was defeated by 311 votes 299, giving the Government a slim majority. Just one Conservative rebel, Mr Clarke, voted with Labour for the amendment.
Shadow Brexit minister Matthew Pennycook said his party had put forward the amendment to the bill to prevent secondary legislation being used by future governments to “chip away at rights, entitlements, protections and standards that the public enjoy and wish to retain” after Brexit.
During the debate the former Chancellor and pro-European Conservative asked why, if the Government did not intend to water down workers’ rights after Brexit, ministers were not prepared to enshrine this in the Bill by backing the amendment.
“Heaven forbid by party should swing to the right at any time in its long and distinguished history,” he said.
“There are members of the present Government who are not excessively fond of lizards and bats and or workers' rights, and we could be all reassured if he will undertake to put on the face of the bill reduced formal powers.”
Despite voting with the Government the former Conservative attorney general Dominic Grieve warned that laws protecting such rights will be brought to the “lowest possible status” in Parliament after Brexit.
Brexit: the deciders Show all 8 1 /8 Brexit: the deciders Brexit: the deciders European Union's chief Brexit negotiator, Michel Barnier Getty Brexit: the deciders French President Emmanuel Macron Getty Brexit: the deciders German Chancellor Angela Merkel Reuters Brexit: the deciders Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker EPA Brexit: the deciders The European Parliament's chief Brexit negotiator Guy Verhofstadt Getty Brexit: the deciders Britain's Prime Minister Theresa May Getty Images Brexit: the deciders Britain's Chancellor of the Exchequer, Philip Hammond PA Brexit: the deciders After the first and second appointed Brexit secretaries resigned (David Davis and Dominic Raab respectively), Stephen Barclay is currently heading up the position PA
Mr Grieve later said he wanted an assurance from Government that the matter was being looked at, also describing Labour's proposed change as having “problems of its own”.
He went on: “I put the Government on notice that we are going to have to draw together the issues that we're debating today, and indeed I'm convinced it will be similar issues next week, all of which derive from the same problem, as to the way the Government has approached this and drafted this legislation at the moment, and it must be remedied.”
On the Government benches, Robert Buckland, the solicitor general told the Commons: “The Brexit process will in no way whatsoever be used to undermine or curtail the rights of workers that have been enshrined both in domestic law and in law by virtue of the EU.”
Mr Buckland added there was an essential clause to preserve the domestic statute book and to provide certainty over what was domestic law. He later later hinted he was prepared to make concessions at report stage following questioning from Mr Grieve and Mr Clarke.
MPs in the Commons also voted down an amendment to the EU Withdrawal Bill put forward by Caroline Lucas by 313 to 295.
The amendment sought to ensure that animals continue to be treated as sentient being after Brexit in domestic law. “The omission in terms of the transferral of this bit of EU law into UK law, I understand the reasons that's it not been able to be directly transposed, but I think it is something that we could very easily rectify,” she told MPs.
“I'm not expecting anyone to find any great controversy about that, I think we're simply saying, and what new clause 30 is simply seeking to do, is to make sure that we close that gap.
“I am not suggesting for a moment that as a result of not closing it we're all suddenly going to go out and start murdering kittens. No one is suggesting anything like that.
“But what we are simply saying is that this is an important protocol.”
Theresa May asked about Brexit scrutiny in light of Telegraph 'mutineer' front page
During the debates on the various amendments Priti Patel, who resigned from Government last week following a series of undisclosed meetings with Israeli officials, also made her first speech as a backbench MP since stepping down as International Development Secretary.
She joked about her “intensive course” over the past week on “how to stage an exit” as she backed the Government’s Brexit plans.
“Of course I am speaking today in this debate following an intensive course over the past week, I think it's fair to say, on how to stage an exit which was the focus of a degree of international attention,” she said.
“So for anyone who is still tracking my movements, it's fair to say that I can confirm that as I walked into the chamber this afternoon I passed statues and portraits commemorating some of our greatest statesmen including Margaret Thatcher and Winston Churchill, statesmen who stood up and defended democracy, freedom and sovereignty of our great nation.”
David Davis announces final Brexit bill will be a seperate act of parliament
Referring to the proposed legislation, Ms Patel added: “This Bill paves the way for a smooth withdrawal from the European Union and it complements many of the debates and discussions that have happened, Article 50 and delivers on the will of the British people as expressed in the referendum.”
At Prime Minister’s Questions earlier on Wednesday, Theresa May said the Government was listening to the contributions being made in the debate and “listening carefully to those who wish to improve the Bill”. | 2024-05-24T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/9277 |
Binding of HTLV-III/LAV to T4+ T cells by a complex of the 110K viral protein and the T4 molecule.
Human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) or lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) is tropic for human T cells with the helper-inducer phenotype, as defined by reactivity with monoclonal antibodies specific for the T4 molecule. Treatment of T4+ T cells with monoclonal antibodies to T4 antigen blocks HTLV-III/LAV binding, syncytia formation, and infectivity. Thus, it has been inferred that the T4 molecule itself is a virus receptor. In the present studies, the surfaces of T4+ T cells were labeled radioactively, and then the cells were exposed to virus. After the cells were lysed, HTLV-III/LAV antibodies were found to precipitate a surface protein with a molecular weight of 58,000 (58K). By blocking and absorption experiments, this 58K protein was identified as the T4 molecule. No cell-surface structures other than the T4 molecule were involved in the antibody-antigen complex formation. Two monoclonal antibodies, each reactive with a separate epitope of the T4 molecule, were tested for their binding capacities in the presence of HTLV-III/LAV. When HTLV-III/LAV was bound to T4+ T cells, the virus blocked the binding of one of the monoclonal antibodies, T4A (OKT4A), but not of the other, T4 (OKT4). When HTLV-III/LAV was internally radiolabeled and bound to T4+ T cells which were then lysed, a viral glycoprotein of 110K (gp110) coprecipitated with the T4 molecule. The binding of gp110 to the T4 molecule may thus be a major factor in HTLV-III/LAV tropism and may prove useful in developing therapeutic or preventive measures for the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. | 2023-09-09T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/4059 |
eXceed Jade Penetrate Black Package
eXceed Jade Penetrate Black Package
eXceed 3rd reboots the eXceed storyline, taking it in a new direction. In this installment, Rayne Lindwurm, a descendent of the Dragon Clan, fights her way through a tournament to become one of the 7 Cardinal Lords who rule her world, Pandemonium.
eXceed Jade Penetrate Black Package is the third game in the bullet hell series and once again changes up the gameplay. You no longer have the ability to switch between colors to absorb bullets, instead you charge an energy meter to power your special attack by grazing bullets. The slow button from the first game is also back but this time it not only slows you down but causes your shots to lock onto enemies. Collecting power ups give you helpers that can also shoot and lock onto enemies. Like the second game in the series, the text has been translated into English and it allows you to play with a controller. I consider this to be the best one in the series, not great but enjoyable if you get it for a low price. | 2023-08-18T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/8683 |
// This file in UTF8 encoded
// numbers
_0 zero
_1 youn
_2 de
_3 twa
_4 kat
_5 senk
_6 sis
_7 set
_8 uit
_9 nef
_10 dis
_11 onz
_12 douz
_13 trez
_14 katoz
_15 kenz
_16 sez
_17 diset
_18 dizuit
_19 diznef
_20 ven
_21 venteyen
_22 vennde
_23 venntwa
_24 vennkat
_25 vennsenk
_26 vennsis
_27 vennset
_28 ventuit
_29 ventnef
_30 trant
_40 karan
_50 senkant
_60 swasant
_70 swasanndis
// TODO proper names for following numbers should be set
_80 katr@vE~z2
_0C sA~
_1C0 sA~t2
_0M1 mil
_1M1 mil
_0M2 miljO~
_0M3 miljar
_0and e
_dpt virgyl
_roman rom'E~
// Unstressed words
// Pronouns
mwen $u
ou $u
li $u
nou $u
yo $u
// TODO other unstressed words should be added here
| 2023-09-21T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/6066 |
Comparison between vacuum aspiration and forceps plus blunt curettage for the evacuation of complete hydatidiform moles.
Suction curettage is recommended for molar evacuation rather than sharp curettage because of its safety. However, the superiority of suction curettage with respect to the incidence of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) has not been reported. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of two evacuation procedures, vacuum aspiration and forceps/blunt curettage, for complete hydatidiform moles (CHMs) to determine the differences between them. Patients with androgenetic CHM determined by multiplex short tandem repeat polymorphism analysis were included in this observational cohort study. Patients underwent evacuation with forceps and blunt curettage (forceps group) before March 2013 and with vacuum aspiration (vacuum group) thereafter. GTN was diagnosed based on the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2000 criteria. The incidence of GTN and other clinical parameters were compared. Ninety-two patients were diagnosed with androgenetic CHM. The number of patients in the forceps and vacuum groups was 41 and 51, respectively. The incidence of GTN was 12.2% (5/41) and 13.7% (7/51) in the forceps and vacuum groups, respectively, which was not significantly different (P = 1, Fisher's exact test). No major adverse events, such as uterine perforation and blood transfusion, were noted in either group. The median surgery time was shorter in the vacuum group (16 min) than in the forceps group (25 min) (P = 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test). There were no differences in the incidence of GTN between the forceps and vacuum groups for androgenetic CHM. However, vacuum aspiration could have the advantage of a shorter surgery period. The use of vacuum aspiration for molar pregnancy seems to be safer. Therefore, we recommend suction curettage for the first evacuation of hydatidiform moles. | 2023-10-24T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/6897 |
11:45am: The Nationals and Rangers discussed Torrealba, but one person involved told Kilgore “it doesn’t look like a fit.”
TUESDAY, 8:49am: The Rangers and Nationals are expected to discuss Torrealba today, tweets Adam Kilgore of the Washington Post.
MONDAY, 10:25pm: The Rangers have designated catcher Yorvit Torrealba for assignment, Troy Renck of the Denver Post reports (on Twitter). Torrealba became expendable with the acquisition of Geovany Soto.
The Rangers are likely to trade Torrealba, MLB.com's T.R. Sullivan reports. The 34-year-old has a .236/.302/.342 batting line in 182 plate appearances this year. | 2024-03-17T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/8557 |
Prairie Lea, Texas
Prairie Lea is an unincorporated community in Caldwell County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had an estimated population of 255 in 2000. It is part of the Austin–Round Rock Metropolitan Statistical Area.
History
The community, Caldwell County's oldest, was built on the 1820 land grant of Joe Martin of Gonzales. Sam Houston named the town for his future wife Margaret Lea Houston. Edmund Bellinger, a veteran of the Battle of San Jacinto and Battle of Plum Creek, became Prairie Lea's first settler in 1839. Other early settlers were largely slave-holding families. Growth followed the establishment of a sawmill, gristmill, and gin by Thomas Mooney on the nearby San Marcos River. The remains of this dam can still be seen today. James Hugh Callihan opened the first store in the community in 1849. By 1853 there was a hotel, two stores, and a post office in Prairie Lea. During the Civil War, men from Prairie Lea served with John Bell Hood's Texas Brigade and joined forces with an army in northern Virginia and took part in the ill-fated Sibley Campaign in New Mexico Territory. Members of that expedition who were either starving or stranded were brought back to their homes by a community committee that had organized wagons, mules, harnesses, food, and supplies for the mission in June 1862. A gristmill called Mooney gristmill paid for other food supplies by a special county tax and donations to the families living in Caldwell County made destitute by the war. Hardship in the community was caused by reconstruction. Nothing could stop violence in the community, not even the stationing of troops nor appeals to the Freedmen's Bureau. Some families living in the community moved to Mexico. Peace and prosperity did come back to the community by the 1870s, but an 1877 fire destroyed the community's business district, which contained 17 stores. By 1884, Prairie Lea had a population of 100 with gristmills, cotton gins and two churches. It eventually shipped cotton. By 1914, the number of residents had grown to 350, and had three general stores and two blacksmith shops. Development of the nearby Luling oilfield during the 1920s caused an increase in Prairie Lea's population. During the latter half of the twentieth century, the population slowly declined. By 1990, Prairie Lea was home to 100 residents. That number had risen to 255 in 2000 with five small businesses and two churches operating in the community.
Although Prairie Lea is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP Code of 78661.
Geography
Prairie Lea is situated along State Highway 80 in southwestern Caldwell County, approximately six miles northwest of Luling and ten miles southwest of Lockhart near the San Marcos River. The nearest major city is Austin, located 44 miles to the north.
Education
The community's first school was organized in a log cabin in 1848, and was used for church services as well. A charter school called Prairie Lea Academy was established by a Masonic order in 1852, and then a school for girls called Prairie Lea Female Institute opened in 1860. It had a school in 1853, and another school was built by the Grange in 1878. Another school was established in 1890. A five-room school building was constructed in 1925. Higher enrollment caused the school to add five new classrooms the following year. By the 1940s students in nearby Fentress and Stairtown attended the school. It was still the focus of community life in 1990, and was classified as a cooperative educational effort.
Today, Prairie Lea, including Fentress and Stairtown are all served by the Prairie Lea Independent School District. There is only one campus, Prairie Lea School, and it serves students in grades Pre-kindergarten through twelfth. It is home to the Prairie Lea Indians.
References
External links
Category:Unincorporated communities in Caldwell County, Texas
Category:Unincorporated communities in Texas
Category:Greater Austin | 2024-01-19T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2025 |
The recent improvement of relations between Israel and Saudi Arabia has been significant for a few reasons. Not only is it an indication that hostilities between Israel and its neighbours could improve with time but that the perception of Israel as the enemy is fading fast. This has been illustrated by a visit to Jerusalem in July of this year by a Saudi delegation, the New York Times reported. However, despite such progress, relations have often not been as they are now, demonstrated in the wars fought over the course of the previous half century. It is with this in mind that I would like to focus on one war in particular: the Six Day War in 1967, mainly because it not only represented the greatest achievement but equally the greatest opportunity missed for Israel.
It is largely because of this war that we have the problems that we have today. The focus therefore will be on why that is the case, how it could have been so different and what the solution is going forward
A miraculous victory
The Six Day War was fought from 5th-10th June 1967 between Israel and Egypt, Jordan and ##Syria. Many Israelis have often referred to it as a biblical miracle mainly not only due to the fact that they were fighting a battle on multiple fronts but also because of the differences in personnel and arsenal. It was also a unique war due to the fact that it was a preemptive war; in anticipation of Egyptian movement on the Israeli border, Israel launched a series of preemptive airstrikes against Egyptian airfields. After six long days, Israel emerged victorious.
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However, despite what seemed as an impossible victory, it is what happened next that is still felt today.
Land seized
In defeating its Arab neighbours, the rewards were great for Israel. Not only did they conquer Sinai, but the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip too. It was clear that Israel were in a very strong position. But it is what one does with that strength that is most telling. Israel were in a position where they could have returned the land taken for peace deals, ensured that the nation itself was no longer under any threat and set about building internally for the future. But they did not do that. It seemed that greed had set in. What I do not understand is how things had changed in 20 years. In 1948 a partition plan was put forward by the United Nations which proposed dividing what was then Palestine into independent Arab and Jewish states. Although the Arab leaders rejected, the Jewish Agency for Palestine did not. If the land suggested was sufficient then, why not in 1967?
Missed opportunities
However, despite the strong position that they were in, no deals were struck.
It was as a result of this decision that set the tone for the next fifty years. The Yom Kippur War of 1973, the rise of the ##PLO, the emergence of Hamas, the intifadas and the threat of ##Hezbollah all happened as a result of the war. This desire for land, which they feel was unlawfully taken, has caused Israel much greater harm than without it. The deal with Egypt illustrates this. In 1979 Israel and Egypt signed a peace treaty. The Politico website stated that as a result of the withdrawal by Israel of its armed forces and civilians from the Sinai Peninsula, a peace deal was struck. It was a clear example of what could have been.
What now?
It is clear that today's problems are heavily rooted in the mistakes made after the 1967 war. How different the world could have been had the right decisions been taken? It was meant to be a war to guarantee Israel's security, but it in fact did the exact opposite. Going forward, Israel must realise the mistakes that were made. Although the political climate is different today, there is still the chance to return land for peace. The West Bank and Gaza, if managed correctly, can still be returned. There can still be two states living side by side. The partition plan once proposed can still become a reality.
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Poulshot nursery raises money for Devizes Opportunity Centre appeal
Nursery manager Sarah Wheeler, who works closely with staff at Devizes Opportunity Centre, is proud her children, staff and parents have supported our Give Us A Chance Appeal.
On Friday youngsters at Townsend Barn Nursery, Poulshot, took part in a number of games to raise money for our appeal and Sport Relief.
Mrs Wheeler said: “We have children who come to us who also go to the opportunity centre so we know how important the work they do really is.
“We thought it would be good for all of our youngsters to raise money for a local community charity as well as Sport Relief.
“I am very proud of all of them. It was a fantastic day and all you could hear were giggles as they took part. We are going to continue fundraising for the opportunity centre throughout the year. I don’t know what would happen if the centre wasn’t there.
“All of our children have individual education plans and so if we have a child who also goes to the centre we meet staff there to talk about their needs. It is very reassuring for parents to know we are all working together to get the best possible outcome for their child.”
On Friday morning 33 children took part in an obstacle course featuring stilts, bean bags, egg and spoon and running through tyres. In the afternoon youngsters aged one and two took part in yoga while the pre-school children were coached on cricket and had a go at batting, throwing and catching.
The £100 raised and will be split equally between the opportunity centre and Sport Relief.
The nursery, which opened two years ago to cater for children from birth to four, now has 80 children on its roll and there are waiting lists for some ages.
Two plucky mums with special reasons to support the appeal are raising money by holding a head shave.
Reece Gidley, six, who has Downs Syndrome, now goes to the special unit at Wansdyke Primary School in Devizes, but his mum Anita has not forgotten the help her son received at the centre.
Poppy Rose Ellison Balchin, three, who has a number of developmental problems, attends the centre and her mum Lily Balchin from Melksham also wants to help. Both women will take part in a sponsored head shave after Easter at the centre.
Ipsoregulated
This website and associated newspapers adhere to the Independent Press Standards Organisation's Editors' Code of Practice. If you have a complaint about the editorial content which relates to inaccuracy or intrusion, then please contact the editor here. If you are dissatisfied with the response provided you can contact IPSO here | 2024-07-12T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/1480 |
/*
* Scala classfile decoder (https://www.scala-lang.org)
*
* Copyright EPFL and Lightbend, Inc.
*
* Licensed under Apache License 2.0
* (http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0).
*
* See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for
* additional information regarding copyright ownership.
*/
package scala.tools.scalap
package scalax
package rules
package scalasig
import scala.language.implicitConversions
import scala.language.postfixOps
import ClassFileParser._
import scala.reflect.internal.pickling.ByteCodecs
object ScalaSigParser {
import Main.{ BYTES_VALUE, SCALA_LONG_SIG_ANNOTATION, SCALA_SIG, SCALA_SIG_ANNOTATION }
// TODO scala/bug#9296 duplicated code, refactor
def scalaSigFromAnnotation(classFile: ClassFile): Option[ScalaSig] = {
import classFile._
def getBytes(bytesElem: AnnotationElement): Array[Byte] = bytesElem.elementValue match {
case ConstValueIndex(index) => bytesForIndex(index)
case ArrayValue(signatureParts) => mergedLongSignatureBytes(signatureParts)
}
def mergedLongSignatureBytes(signatureParts: Seq[ElementValue]): Array[Byte] = signatureParts.iterator.flatMap {
case ConstValueIndex(index) => bytesForIndex(index)
}.toArray
def bytesForIndex(index: Int) = constantWrapped(index).asInstanceOf[StringBytesPair].bytes
classFile.annotation(SCALA_SIG_ANNOTATION)
.orElse(classFile.annotation(SCALA_LONG_SIG_ANNOTATION)).map {
case Annotation(_, elements) =>
val bytesElem = elements.find(elem => constant(elem.elementNameIndex) == BYTES_VALUE).get
val bytes = getBytes(bytesElem)
val length = ByteCodecs.decode(bytes)
ScalaSigAttributeParsers.parse(ByteCode(bytes.take(length)))
}
}
def scalaSigFromAttribute(classFile: ClassFile): Option[ScalaSig] =
classFile.attribute(SCALA_SIG).map(_.byteCode).map(ScalaSigAttributeParsers.parse)
def parse(classFile: ClassFile): Option[ScalaSig] = {
val scalaSig = scalaSigFromAttribute(classFile)
scalaSig match {
// No entries in ScalaSig attribute implies that the signature is stored in the annotation
case Some(ScalaSig(_, _, entries)) if entries.length == 0 =>
scalaSigFromAnnotation(classFile)
case x => x
}
}
def parse(clazz: Class[_]): Option[ScalaSig] = {
val byteCode = ByteCode.forClass(clazz)
val classFile = ClassFileParser.parse(byteCode)
parse(classFile)
}
}
object ScalaSigAttributeParsers extends ByteCodeReader {
def parse(byteCode: ByteCode) = expect(scalaSig)(byteCode)
val nat = apply {
def natN(in: ByteCode, x: Int): Result[ByteCode, Int, Nothing] = in.nextByte match {
case Success(out, b) => {
val y = (x << 7) + (b & 0x7f)
if ((b & 0x80) == 0) Success(out, y) else natN(out, y)
}
case _ => Failure
}
in => natN(in, 0)
}
val rawBytes = nat >> bytes
val entry = nat ~ rawBytes
val symtab = nat >> entry.times
val scalaSig = nat ~ nat ~ symtab ^~~^ ScalaSig
val utf8 = read(x => x.fromUTF8StringAndBytes.string)
val longValue = read(_.toLong)
}
case class ScalaSig(majorVersion: Int, minorVersion: Int, table: Seq[Int ~ ByteCode]) extends DefaultMemoisable {
case class Entry(index: Int, entryType: Int, byteCode: ByteCode) extends DefaultMemoisable {
def scalaSig = ScalaSig.this
def setByteCode(byteCode: ByteCode) = Entry(index, entryType, byteCode)
}
def hasEntry(index: Int) = table isDefinedAt index
def getEntry(index: Int) = {
val entryType ~ byteCode = table(index)
Entry(index, entryType, byteCode)
}
def parseEntry(index: Int) = applyRule(ScalaSigParsers.parseEntry(ScalaSigEntryParsers.entry)(index))
implicit def applyRule[A](parser: ScalaSigParsers.Parser[A]) = ScalaSigParsers.expect(parser)(this)
override def toString = "ScalaSig version " + majorVersion + "." + minorVersion + {
for (i <- 0 until table.size) yield i + ":\t" + parseEntry(i) // + "\n\t" + getEntry(i)
}.mkString("\n", "\n", "")
lazy val symbols: Seq[Symbol] = ScalaSigParsers.symbols
lazy val topLevelClasses: List[ClassSymbol] = ScalaSigParsers.topLevelClasses
lazy val topLevelObjects: List[ObjectSymbol] = ScalaSigParsers.topLevelObjects
}
object ScalaSigParsers extends RulesWithState with MemoisableRules {
type S = ScalaSig
type Parser[A] = Rule[A, String]
val symTab = read(_.table)
val size = symTab ^^ (_.size)
def entry(index: Int) = memo(("entry", index)) {
cond(_ hasEntry index) -~ read(_ getEntry index) >-> { entry => Success(entry, entry.entryType) }
}
def parseEntry[A](parser: ScalaSigEntryParsers.EntryParser[A])(index: Int): Parser[A] =
entry(index) -~ parser >> { a => entry => Success(entry.scalaSig, a) }
def allEntries[A](f: ScalaSigEntryParsers.EntryParser[A]) = size >> { n => anyOf((0 until n) map parseEntry(f)) }
lazy val entries = allEntries(ScalaSigEntryParsers.entry) as "entries"
lazy val symbols = allEntries(ScalaSigEntryParsers.symbol) as "symbols"
lazy val methods = allEntries(ScalaSigEntryParsers.methodSymbol) as "methods"
lazy val attributes = allEntries(ScalaSigEntryParsers.attributeInfo) as "attributes"
lazy val topLevelClasses = allEntries(ScalaSigEntryParsers.topLevelClass)
lazy val topLevelObjects = allEntries(ScalaSigEntryParsers.topLevelObject)
}
object ScalaSigEntryParsers extends RulesWithState with MemoisableRules {
import ScalaSigAttributeParsers.{nat, utf8, longValue}
type S = ScalaSig#Entry
type EntryParser[A] = Rule[A, String]
implicit def byteCodeEntryParser[A](rule: ScalaSigAttributeParsers.Parser[A]): EntryParser[A] = apply { entry =>
rule(entry.byteCode) mapOut (entry setByteCode _)
}
def toEntry[A](index: Int) = apply { sigEntry => ScalaSigParsers.entry(index)(sigEntry.scalaSig) }
def parseEntry[A](parser: EntryParser[A])(index: Int) = (toEntry(index) -~ parser)
implicit def entryType(code: Int) = key filter (_ == code)
val index = read(_.index)
val key = read(_.entryType)
lazy val entry: EntryParser[Any] = symbol | typeEntry | literal | name | attributeInfo | annotInfo | children | get
val ref = byteCodeEntryParser(nat)
val termName = 1 -~ utf8
val typeName = 2 -~ utf8
val name = termName | typeName as "name"
def refTo[A](rule: EntryParser[A]): EntryParser[A] = ref >>& parseEntry(rule)
lazy val nameRef = refTo(name)
lazy val symbolRef = refTo(symbol)
lazy val typeRef = refTo(typeEntry)
lazy val constantRef = refTo(literal)
val symbolInfo = nameRef ~ symbolRef ~ nat ~ (symbolRef?) ~ ref ~ get ^~~~~~^ SymbolInfo
def symHeader(key: Int): EntryParser[Any] = (key -~ none | (key + 64) -~ nat)
def symbolEntry(key: Int) = symHeader(key) -~ symbolInfo
val noSymbol = 3 -^ NoSymbol
val typeSymbol = symbolEntry(4) ^^ TypeSymbol as "typeSymbol"
val aliasSymbol = symbolEntry(5) ^^ AliasSymbol as "alias"
val classSymbol = symbolEntry(6) ~ (ref?) ^~^ ClassSymbol as "class"
val objectSymbol = symbolEntry(7) ^^ ObjectSymbol as "object"
val methodSymbol = symHeader(8) -~ /*(ref?) -~*/ symbolInfo ~ (ref?) ^~^ MethodSymbol as "method"
val extRef = 9 -~ nameRef ~ (symbolRef?) ~ get ^~~^ ExternalSymbol as "extRef"
val extModClassRef = 10 -~ nameRef ~ (symbolRef?) ~ get ^~~^ ExternalSymbol as "extModClassRef"
lazy val symbol: EntryParser[Symbol] = oneOf(
noSymbol,
typeSymbol,
aliasSymbol,
classSymbol,
objectSymbol,
methodSymbol,
extRef,
extModClassRef) as "symbol"
val classSymRef = refTo(classSymbol)
val attribTreeRef = ref
val typeLevel = nat
val typeIndex = nat
lazy val typeEntry: EntryParser[Type] = oneOf(
11 -^ NoType,
12 -^ NoPrefixType,
13 -~ symbolRef ^^ ThisType,
14 -~ typeRef ~ symbolRef ^~^ SingleType,
15 -~ constantRef ^^ ConstantType,
16 -~ typeRef ~ symbolRef ~ (typeRef*) ^~~^ TypeRefType,
17 -~ typeRef ~ typeRef ^~^ TypeBoundsType,
18 -~ classSymRef ~ (typeRef*) ^~^ RefinedType,
19 -~ symbolRef ~ (typeRef*) ^~^ ClassInfoType,
20 -~ typeRef ~ (symbolRef*) ^~^ MethodType,
21 -~ typeRef ~ (refTo(typeSymbol)+) ^~^ PolyType,
// TODO: make future safe for past by doing the same transformation as in the
// full unpickler in case we're reading pre-2.9 classfiles
21 -~ typeRef ^^ NullaryMethodType,
22 -~ typeRef ~ (symbolRef*) ^~^ MethodType,
42 -~ typeRef ~ (attribTreeRef*) ^~^ AnnotatedType,
51 -~ typeRef ~ symbolRef ~ (attribTreeRef*) ^~~^ AnnotatedWithSelfType,
48 -~ typeRef ~ (symbolRef*) ^~^ ExistentialType) as "type"
lazy val literal: EntryParser[Any] = oneOf(
24 -^ (()),
25 -~ longValue ^^ (_ != 0L),
26 -~ longValue ^^ (_.toByte),
27 -~ longValue ^^ (_.toShort),
28 -~ longValue ^^ (_.toChar),
29 -~ longValue ^^ (_.toInt),
30 -~ longValue ^^ (_.toLong),
31 -~ longValue ^^ (l => java.lang.Float.intBitsToFloat(l.toInt)),
32 -~ longValue ^^ (java.lang.Double.longBitsToDouble),
33 -~ nameRef,
34 -^ null,
35 -~ typeRef,
36 -~ symbolRef
)
lazy val attributeInfo = 40 -~ symbolRef ~ typeRef ~ (constantRef?) ~ (nameRef ~ constantRef *) ^~~~^ AttributeInfo // sym_Ref info_Ref {constant_Ref} {nameRef constantRef}
lazy val children = 41 -~ (nat*) ^^ Children //sym_Ref {sym_Ref}
lazy val annotInfo = 43 -~ (nat*) ^^ AnnotInfo // attarg_Ref {constant_Ref attarg_Ref}
lazy val topLevelClass = classSymbol filter isTopLevelClass
lazy val topLevelObject = objectSymbol filter isTopLevel
def isTopLevel(symbol: Symbol) = symbol.parent match {
case Some(ext: ExternalSymbol) => true
case _ => false
}
def isTopLevelClass (symbol: Symbol) = !symbol.isModule && isTopLevel(symbol)
}
case class AttributeInfo(symbol: Symbol, typeRef: Type, value: Option[Any], values: Seq[String ~ Any]) // sym_Ref info_Ref {constant_Ref} {nameRef constantRef}
case class Children(symbolRefs: Seq[Int]) //sym_Ref {sym_Ref}
case class AnnotInfo(refs: Seq[Int]) // attarg_Ref {constant_Ref attarg_Ref}
/***************************************************
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 1 EMPTYtree
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 2 PACKAGEtree type_Ref sym_Ref mods_Ref name_Ref {tree_Ref}
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 3 CLASStree type_Ref sym_Ref mods_Ref name_Ref tree_Ref {tree_Ref}
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 4 MODULEtree type_Ref sym_Ref mods_Ref name_Ref tree_Ref
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 5 VALDEFtree type_Ref sym_Ref mods_Ref name_Ref tree_Ref tree_Ref
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 6 DEFDEFtree type_Ref sym_Ref mods_Ref name_Ref numtparams_Nat {tree_Ref} numparamss_Nat {numparams_Nat {tree_Ref}} tree_Ref tree_Ref
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 7 TYPEDEFtree type_Ref sym_Ref mods_Ref name_Ref tree_Ref {tree_Ref}
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 8 LABELtree type_Ref sym_Ref tree_Ref {tree_Ref}
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 9 IMPORTtree type_Ref sym_Ref tree_Ref {name_Ref name_Ref}
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 11 DOCDEFtree type_Ref sym_Ref string_Ref tree_Ref
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 12 TEMPLATEtree type_Ref sym_Ref numparents_Nat {tree_Ref} tree_Ref {tree_Ref}
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 13 BLOCKtree type_Ref tree_Ref {tree_Ref}
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 14 CASEtree type_Ref tree_Ref tree_Ref tree_Ref
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 15 SEQUENCEtree type_Ref {tree_Ref}
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 16 ALTERNATIVEtree type_Ref {tree_Ref}
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 17 STARtree type_Ref {tree_Ref}
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 18 BINDtree type_Ref sym_Ref name_Ref tree_Ref
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 19 UNAPPLYtree type_Ref tree_Ref {tree_Ref}
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 20 ARRAYVALUEtree type_Ref tree_Ref {tree_Ref}
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 21 FUNCTIONtree type_Ref sym_Ref tree_Ref {tree_Ref}
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 22 ASSIGNtree type_Ref tree_Ref tree_Ref
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 23 IFtree type_Ref tree_Ref tree_Ref tree_Ref
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 24 MATCHtree type_Ref tree_Ref {tree_Ref}
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 25 RETURNtree type_Ref sym_Ref tree_Ref
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 26 TREtree type_Ref tree_Ref tree_Ref {tree_Ref}
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 27 THROWtree type_Ref tree_Ref
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 28 NEWtree type_Ref tree_Ref
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 29 TYPEDtree type_Ref tree_Ref tree_Ref
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 30 TYPEAPPLYtree type_Ref tree_Ref {tree_Ref}
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 31 APPLYtree type_Ref tree_Ref {tree_Ref}
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 32 APPLYDYNAMICtree type_Ref sym_Ref tree_Ref {tree_Ref}
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 33 SUPERtree type_Ref sym_Ref tree_Ref name_Ref
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 34 THIStree type_Ref sym_Ref name_Ref
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 35 SELECTtree type_Ref sym_Ref tree_Ref name_Ref
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 36 IDENTtree type_Ref sym_Ref name_Ref
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 37 LITERALtree type_Ref constant_Ref
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 38 TYPEtree type_Ref
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 39 ANNOTATEDtree type_Ref tree_Ref tree_Ref
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 40 SINGLETONTYPEtree type_Ref tree_Ref
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 41 SELECTFROMTYPEtree type_Ref tree_Ref name_Ref
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 42 COMPOUNDTYPEtree type_Ref tree_Ref
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 43 APPLIEDTYPEtree type_Ref tree_Ref {tree_Ref}
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 44 TYPEBOUNDStree type_Ref tree_Ref tree_Ref
* | 49 TREE len_Nat 45 EXISTENTIALTYPEtree type_Ref tree_Ref {tree_Ref}
* | 50 MODIFIERS len_Nat flags_Long privateWithin_Ref
* SymbolInfo = name_Ref owner_Ref flags_LongNat [privateWithin_Ref] info_Ref
* NameInfo = <character sequence of length len_Nat in Utf8 format>
* NumInfo = <len_Nat-byte signed number in big endian format>
* Ref = Nat
* AnnotInfoBody = info_Ref {annotArg_Ref} {name_Ref constAnnotArg_Ref}
* AnnotArg = Tree | Constant
* ConstAnnotArg = Constant | AnnotInfo | AnnotArgArray
*
* len is remaining length after `len`.
*/
| 2023-08-29T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/1381 |
Jon Voight and John Schlesinger wrapped filming in Texas and Voight noticed how red the director's face was. Voight thought Schlesinger was having a heart attack and asked him if he was okay. "He looked up at me and said, 'What have we done? What will they think of us?' After all, we had made a film about a dishwasher who lives in New York and f*cks a lot of women," Voight told Esquire. "In the moment he'd finished it, he was shaking. All of a sudden, he saw it as banal and vulgar. He's having an anxiety attack and I grabbed his shoulders to shake him out of it. I said, 'John, we will live the rest of our artistic lives in the shadow of this great masterpiece.' He said, 'You think so?' I said, 'I'm absolutely sure of it.' The only reason I said such an extravagant thing was because I wanted to get him out of it and nothing would take him out of it but that. But the statement turned out to be true." | 2024-07-05T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/3837 |
Q:
"Before date" versus "by date"
Is it incorrect to say "Please do this before Tuesday"?
Is there a difference between that and "Please do this by Tuesday"?
A:
There is a difference, yes.
If you want the job to be ready on Tuesday morning, you would say
Please do this before Tuesday
If you need it to be done either before or during Tuesday, you would say
Please do this by Tuesday
In other words, using by is inclusive, it means do this on any day up to and including the day specified. Using before is non inclusive, it means that I expect it to be done when I arrive on Tuesday morning.
A:
If you want to be precise and want it done literally before a certain time, then "before" is the the word to use. If you want it done on or before the specified day or time, the "by" is the right word.
A couple of other expressions that are used (especially in business) are "not later than" (abbreviated NLT)) and "by close of business" (abbreviated COB).
| 2024-04-16T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7358 |
Luminescence properties of multilayer coated single structure ZnS/CdS/ZnS nanocomposites.
Water soluble ZnS, CdS and multilayer coated ZnS/CdS/ZnS nanocomposites were successfully synthesized by chemical method in an air atmosphere. Structural, morphology and optical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-visible absorption (UV-vis) and photoluminescence (PL) spectrometer. The obtained particles are highly crystalline and monodisperse with an average particle size of 4.3-5.6nm range. A significant red shift was observed by increasing the CdS thickness in ZnS/CdS/ZnS nanocomposites. The PL position of ZnS and CdS compound is tuned in the visible region by the way of alteration layer thickness. | 2024-04-28T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2725 |
Method development, matrix effect, and risk assessment of 49 multiclass pesticides in kiwifruit using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.
In the present study, a liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method with a minimal matrix effect (ME) was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of a diverse range of pesticides (49) in kiwifruit. Samples extracted by the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) citrate-buffered method were analyzed either without purification or following purification (with primary secondary amine (PSA) or PSA + graphitized carbon black (GCB)). With the addition of a clean-up step, the suppression of the ME decreased, with a higher number of pesticides determined by the application of PSA + GCB. The method exhibited good linearity with coefficients of determination (R2) ≥ 0.9972 and satisfactory recoveries (70-120%) with a relative standard deviations (RSDs) <10%. The limits of quantification (LOQ) were lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) and the CODEX Alimentarius. The developed method was applied to the real samples and the results indicated that the quantitated levels of all pesticides, except for pyraclostrobin and carbendazim, are lower than the MRLs set by the regulatory authorities. The percentage of the acceptable daily intake was <20%, suggesting that there is no risk associated with the intake of residual pesticides through kiwifruit. | 2023-09-13T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/3735 |
Local conjunctival immunotherapy: the effect of dermatophagoides pteronyssinus local conjunctival immunotherapy on conjunctival provocation test in patients with allergic conjunctivitis.
We evaluated the effect of local conjunctival immunotherapy (LCIT) with standardized dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) extracts on antigen-specific conjunctival provocation test (CPT) in patients with allergic conjunctivitis in a double blind, placebo-controlled study. We use the CPT because in our experience is the more objective parameter to evaluate the sensitivity to allergens in this patients. The patients were selected on the basis of symptoms, positive prick test, positive CPT and elevated serum and tears total and specific IgE. The CPT was assessed with increased dilution of Dp extracts instilled into the lower fornix. Conjunctival hyperemia, tearing, itching, burning and swelling of eyelids were scored according a 4-point rating scale. Patients were randomly assigned to 2 groups of 12. The first group was treated with Dp extracts and the second group with placebo during 6 months. A drop of diluted antigen was instilled in both eyes daily, in 2-fold increased concentrations, the first 10 AU/ml. The maintenance dose was 1,000 AU/ml or the maximal dose which did not provoke symptoms. The symptoms were controlled with oral and/or local antihistamines. We evaluated the CPT before and after the treatment. The patients did not receive antihistamines during the 15 previous days to carrying-out the CPT. Ten of the twelve patients of the active group complete the treatment. One of the patients dropped out of the study because experienced local reaction with a dose of 1,000 AU/ml and refused to continue with the treatment. Other patient was disqualified for failure to comply with the protocol. One patient, which experienced itching and tearing with a dose of 1,000 AU/ml, tolerate 100 AU/ml. We continue with this dose until the end of treatment. The remaining patients tolerate 1,000 AU/ml as maintenance dose. A significant difference was observed in the score of CPT between LCIT treated patients and placebo group after 6 month of LCIT. We propose LCIT as a useful alternative to traditional subcutaneous immunotherapy in patients with allergic conjunctivitis. | 2024-02-10T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7524 |
Q:
Charles Proxy + Android HTTPS
So here are some similar but outdated answers that might have helped me few years/months ago:
Why can't I see http or https traffic from Chrome Browser for Android on Charles Proxy?
How to get charles proxy work with Android 7 nougat?
I followed all of the instructions, I can read http requests fine, but not https requests. Still can't figure what I am doing wrong. There isn't much of my own to post since I have just followed the above guides.
I think the main issue is how do I force the app I am trying to debug to use my certificate? The manifest modifications don't seem to do the trick.
A:
See this question which has updated answers for Charles 4 and Android 7.
You must install the cert from Charles help menu, and you must use Settings -> Security -> Install from storage on device.
Your app needs a network_security_config.xml
You must use a debuggable app
| 2023-10-13T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/5732 |
Reviews
Stephen Sondheim’s Sweeney Todd hits the stage in the Conant Theatre at Oglethorpe this weekend only. You kind of know the story line; it’s about that barber who got sent down to Australia by some corrupt judge, and years later shows up in London Town seeking revenge in a somewhat bloody way.
Barber Sweeney Todd (Shane Desmond-Williams) hooks up with Mrs. Lovett, who is a lousy baker trying to eke out a living by making and selling her awful pasties. She was using road kill as a filler, until Sweeney figures out a much heartier source. Mrs. Lovett is sung by Heather Witt, and she and Sweeney make quite a pair. But wait. . . . you’ll also enjoy Kristin Moye as the nut-case beggar woman. She’s a hoot.
The tale involves a young sailor (Ivan Segovia) who falls for Johanna (Sarah Elizabeth Peavy) who turns out to be the daughter of Sweeney, who has been raised in very tight circumstances by the judge who sent Sweeney away. The judge (Wade Thomas) has the hots for his foster daughter and would wed her, would she be willing to do so. Ugh…. And he is supported by a colorful Beadle (Charlie Bradshaw) who is a civil servant guard. The other three principals are Adolfo Pirelli (Joey Yates) and his assistant Tobias Ragg (Jeffrey Akana) who also winds up working for the pie lady. Joey Yates doubles as the loony Jonas Fogg who runs an asylum.
However that is not the entire cast. They are joined by a company of 19 more players who are the street people and help to move the story along. This is an incredible work by this local opera group, for just a 3-night run. The sets alone must have taken some great work to move into the theatre. They are backed up by an off-stage orchestra, and the costuming is great as well.
There are two numbers which will ring a bell, and they areNot While I’m Around(also referred to often as Nothing’s gonna hurt you . . .) sung to Mrs. Lovett by Tobias, andPretty Womensung by Sweeney and the judge. If you expect to see a lot of blood and corpses, please know that is not the case. It is part of the story, but it isn’t thrust at you in a manner to revolt you. What this is, is an excellent and highly professional production of a contemporary classic work directed by Michael Nutter, with the orchestra under the baton of Michael Giel.
If you like musical theatre and/or opera in English; then this is a must see; so go visit their website where you can reserve your seats and enjoy the show. CCityOpera.org
The life of an aspiring opera singer is a precarious one. After completing conservatory training, the singer ideally sets out to audition for roles with the intention of setting the world ablaze with his or her artistry. But oftentimes a 22-year-old is too green to land a job with an opera company that spends perhaps $1 million per production and can’t afford to take a chance on untested talent. For that reason, most conservatory graduates initially seek out training programs for emerging professionals, such as Atlanta’s Capitol City Opera Company.
The company was founded 30 years ago and hires Atlanta-based singers for both its main stage and outreach endeavors to schools and elsewhere. It offers lighter repertoire and opera cabaret throughout the season, as well as its signature event, “Dinner and a Diva” at Petite Auberge in Toco Hills. It operates on a shoestring budget in order to fulfill its mission: to nurture young singers and honor them with a paycheck for their work.
Last weekend the Capitol City Opera staged Giacomo Puccini’s “La Bohème” at Oglethorpe University’s Conant Performing Arts Center. With “Bohème,” his fourth opera, first performed in 1896, Puccini mastered something that had eluded him 10 years earlier with his “Le Villi.” He depicted a troupe of young, struggling artists in Paris who exhibited a sentimentality with which the audience could identify. He dispensed with supernatural subject matter and overblown displays of emotion.
Accordingly, Capitol City Artistic Director Michael Nutter double-cast the show and matched Puccini’s economy with simplicity of stage direction, scenery and instrumentation. The well-rounded cast of singers was accompanied by string quartet and piano, conducted by Michael Giel. Rather than sounding sparse, the small ensemble was aesthetically satisfying and well suited to the young singers.
Amanda Smolek was smartly cast; she conveyed a sympathetic Mimí and displayed both the stamina and vocal warmth to pull off such a challenging lyric role. Her Rodolfo, Brendan Callahan-Fitzgerald, possesses a tenor voice with metallic overtones, but the duo sang pleasantly together throughout. Elisabeth Slaten, a recent graduate of the Peabody Conservatory, is a fine singing actress and performed Musetta with aplomb. Special mention must be made of Jinho Park, who expertly sang the role of the painter Marcello. Park is a graduate of the Manhattan School of Music and makes his living as a choral conductor here in Atlanta; he was clearly the most seasoned artist in the cast.
The ensemble hit its stride in the final act, when the contrast between comedy and tragedy is most starkly juxtaposed. Colline (the melodramatic Iván Segovia) and Schaunard (baritone Jonathan L.B. Spuhler) jousted with mops and brooms while Rodolfo snatched away from Marcello his prized keepsake, a red lace scarf previously worn by his former lover, Musetta. The choreography couldn’t have been more precisely executed, leaving the audience in stitches, and wholly unprepared for Mimí’s final entrance and subsequent quiet death.
It's hard to imagine how much work has to go into creating a new opera. A story, a score, a
libretto, sets, costumes, and so much more. And to stage it for three days only, just boggles the mind. But, that's exactly what is being offered to us in Atlanta by Capitol City Opera Company.
The story is that of The Secret Agent, published in 1907, and set in London in 1886 where an anarchist, almost a Trotskyite coeroes an underling to create havoc by setting off a bomb adjacent to the Greenwich Observatory.
Atlanta composer Curtis Bryant created the score, and a 17 member orchestra is playing live; although they are backstage since there is not pit at the Conant Center. Interesting that the librettist, Allen Reichman, is a retired forensic psychiatrist. No wonder he was so attracted to Joseph Conrad's story line.
The story is one with evil intent, screw-ups, death, grieving, and resolution. Sort of typical opera. One aspect that is quite different is that this one is sung in English, albeit there are a couple of large screen TVs where the words being sung are displayed. That's nice, although you pretty much are going to be able to hear and understand the words coming from the performers. But, these screens also are used to advise the audience of the scene changes, so you know where the action is taking place.
Probably the most unusual voice is that of countertenor Chase Davidson, who is Stevie, the
developmentally delayed young man. That high range is quite rare. Most of the action is carried by Wade Thomas who sings as Adolf Verloc who was coerced by a foreign embassy official, Mr.
Vladimir (Keith Lee) to do the dirty deeds. Stevie's sister, Winnie, is sung by Elisabeth Claxton and in Act II, we meet up with Chief Inspector Heat (Tony Yezzi), whose specialty is investigating anarchists.
Is this one going to be another La Boheme or Traviata? I wouldn't think so. It doesn't have the oldtime charisma, nor memorable melodic passages. But, it is a really wonderful accomplishment for this company which specializes in advancing the careers of local performers and opera specialists. This may be some of the folks you have seen singing at La Petite Auberge in Toco Hills; but we have to stand and salute them for bringing a full-scale production to a stage as they have done. To Artistic Director Michael Nutter, Music Director Catherine Giel, Conductor Michael Giel and each and every member of the cast and crew we say Molto Bravo!
When you hear the word "secret agent" you think of the cold war era of 007, where spies, anarchist, and evil doers are ready to take over the world. You don' really think an unassuming opera. This weekend the Capitol City Opera is producing a world premiere of The Secret Agent.
I got to see the dress rehearsal, which was the first for me with the Capitol City Opera who always does an exquisite job. I usually see their productions In final form and have always been impressed. I love opera and they fill a much needed niche in the opera community.
However the dress rehearsal can be a bit bumpy with lots of starts and stops and
distractions abound. I did get the gist of the story of how you are taken to the underground
world of the 1930s London, before the start of World War II. The use of shadows and shifting sets makes for a believable transformation with a live in house orchestra that is set behind the stage. The performers really filled the halls of the Oglethorpe University Theatre.
The story Is about Adolf Verloc (Wade Thomas) who seems to be a mild manner proprietor of a
pornography shop In London bulls really a foreign agent. His mission Is anarchism and he wants
to contribute more to the cause. His larger task assigned Is to plant and set off a bomb, not to kill but to showcase the Incompetency of the government. This sets for an adventure Into Intrigue, suspense and how even a simple plan can have unexpected consequence. The Secret Agent includes passion, forbidden love affair, and a roller coaster of unexpected twists and turns.
Since 1983, the Capitol City Opera is the only company in the Southeast primarily to help local
singers and artist with their careers. You can truly say I saw them when, before they hit the big stages around the world. This company has something for everybody, performing locally with Dinner and a Diva and reaching out to school.
This world premiere of The Secret Agent is sung in English and based on the novel by Joseph
Conrad with the music by Curtis Byrant and Libretto by Allen Reichman. A bravo of a performance, check out The Secret Agent which runs through March 17, 2013
No doubt about it, Tartuffe was a huge hit! We had a terrific opening night with our partner Legally Pink, a fantastic Saturday sponsor party, and the composer himself attended our Sunday matinee! We want to thank everyone who worked so hard, and especially want to thank our patrons who came out to support us! It was wonderful to sing to such receptive and appreciative audiences. Three standing ovations and wonderful reviews. Read all about our season closer -- and stay tuned for exciting news about our upcoming season.
This year's "On the Lightside" at Callenwolde featured the music of Rodgers and Hammerstein, sung by some of our most popular singers. Patrons brought their own picnic suppers -- and what suppers they brought! From roast salmon to roast beef, from cakes to coleslaw, it was a feast at every table!
Flowers and decorative tableware added to the festivites and the roomed looked as good as it smelled.
And of course we had our yearly silent auction. All of our auction items found a buyer, and one lucky winner is now planning for a weeks vacation at a villa in Italy (where even the BAD food is GOOD!) | 2024-07-07T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/8606 |
function [Result] = iFeta(eta,d1,d2);
%Implemented by Christian Beckmann
res = d1*(1-Feta(eta,d1/d2));
Result = zeros(1,d1);
for k= 1 : d1;
%Result(k) = eta(max(find(res>=k)));
Result(k) = eta(find(res>=k,1,'last'));
end;
| 2024-07-19T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/1872 |
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---
abstract: 'We present a method to demonstrate Anderson localization in an optically induced randomized potential. By usage of computer controlled spatial light modulators, we are able to implement fully randomized nondiffracting beams of variable structural size in order to control the modulation length (photonic grain size) as well as the depth (disorder strength) of a random potential induced in a photorefractive crystal. In particular, we quantitatively analyze the localization length of light depending on these two parameters and find that they are crucial influencing factors on the propagation behavior leading to variably strong localization. Thus, we corroborate that transverse light localization in a random refractive index landscape strongly depends on the character of the potential, allowing for a flexible regulation of the localization strength by adapting the optical induction configuration.'
author:
- 'Martin Boguslawski,$^{1,*}$ Sebastian Brake,$^1$ Julien Armijo,$^{1,2}$ Falko Diebel,$^1$ Patrick Rose,$^1$ and Cornelia Denz,$^{1}$'
title: Analysis of transverse Anderson localization in refractive index structures with customized random potential
---
Introduction
============
As a well known but nonetheless fascinating effect in condensed-matter physics, Anderson localization (AL) [@Anderson] describes the increased probability of a wave function to be localized in a randomized potential in the vicinity of its initial position. As a consequence of disorder, the transport of waves is suppressed and the conduction is diminished causing materials to become insulating. Historically, this intriguing effect was investigated primarily in solid-state matters with respect to its electrical conductivity [@Lee].
However, since AL is essentially a coherent wave phenomenon relying on multiple interference effects, it can be observed with any kind of waves, be they matter waves, like electrons in solids, or ultracold atoms [@Kondov; @Jendrzejewski], or waves like sound or light [@Hu; @Wiersma]. In the past 20 years the question arose whether AL can be observed in photonic systems as well, featuring a random refractive index potential [@John]. Optical systems additionally offer the advantage that the non-interacting, linear regime is easily achieved. Against this background various photonic systems were employed to successfully demonstrate AL [@DeRaedt; @Chabanov] in recent years. In general, this process helps to establish a deeper insight into the still not completeley understood physics of AL. Especially considering photonic random systems, a lot of theoretical discussions were carried out to identify AL in numerous configurations and with respect to various parameters [@Feng; @Dimitropoulos; @Jovic1; @Lobanov; @Abouraddy].
Furthermore, important experimental work was done to demonstrate AL of light waves, for instance in a granular medium of high refractive index modulation in three dimensions [@Wiersma]. Transverse localization [@DeRaedt] in a medium with a refractive index modulation in one or two dimensions was explored in semi-conductor substrates including nonlinear effects [@Lahini] and direct laser written random photonic systems [@Rechtsman; @Ghosh], but also in disordered optical glass fibers [@Karbasi] as well as in photorefractive crystals [@Schwartz; @Levi].
All these works and many more demonstrated that in random (photonic) systems the effect of localization emerges due to the coherent character of wave fields. In such a system, eigenstates are localized rather than extended, where the exponential decay of the mean envelope of propagating waves is characteristic for AL [@Lee]. Moreover, the last-mentioned contributions introduced the randomization of regular refractive index structures using the optical induction technique, where the authors showed that the regularity-to-randomization ratio can be varied continuously.
In this contriubtion, we stochastically analyze influences of the structural size, which we term as a photonic grain size ([PGS]{}), and the disorder strength of optically induced transversely fully random but longitudinally constant refractive index structures on the degree of transverse localization. To randomize the refractive index of a photorefractive crystal in this manner, we implement a particular light field of transverse randomness and longitudinally uniform intensity, in the following referred to as random nondiffracting beam ([RNDB]{}). Calculations and corresponding statistics of the [RNDB]{}’s field distribution will be subject of the second section. Section 3 describes the experimental preparation of random refractive index structures by optical induction, allowing for transverse AL of light. Monitoring and analyzing output distributions of probe light fields which show AL is subject of section 4. In the last section, we explore the influence of a changing random potential on the localization behavior, which is quantified by the localization length. Therefore, we vary the structural size of the [RNDB]{} in order to analyze the impact of a changing [PGS]{} on the localization on the one hand. On the other hand, we successively increase the disorder strength for a whole stochastic set of potential realizations in order to demonstrate AL of controllable localization strengths.
Random nondiffracting beam
==========================
In general, nondiffracting beams—first studied by Durnin [@Durnin1; @Durnin2]—are characterized by a modulated intensity distribution transverse to the direction of propagation while the intensity remains constant in longitudinal direction. As an additional feature, all nondiffracting beams exhibit the intriguing effect of self-healing [@Bouchal2]. Mathematically, the static field distribution of nondiffracting beams is a solution of the time invariant Helmholtz equation, which is separable into a transverse and a longitudinal part. The Fourier transform of the transverse field distribution reveals a ring shaped spectrum. This circle distribution is a condition for the translation invariance in direction of propagation $z$, meaning a longitudinal $k_z$ component of equal length for all contributing wave components. In turn, the radius of the circle [$k_r$ ]{}determines the structural size of the transverse modulation [$g = \pi/k_r$ ]{}in real space which is highly versatile for various spectra ranging from periodic and quasiperiodic to circular, elliptical and parabolic symmetries [@Boguslawski; @Bouchal1; @Bandres]. Of course, experimentally implemented nondiffracting beams are not infinitely extended, in fact implying a thin ring rather than a circle which contains all the spatial spectrum.
We exploit the approach of a ring shaped spatial spectrum to develop a nondiffracting beam of random transverse intensity distribution. To calculate the field distribution of such a [RNDB]{}, we perturb the phase distribution of the ring shaped spectrum by random values in the interval $[0, 2\pi[$. An inverse Fourier transform yields the corresponding field distribution of the random nondiffracting beam in real space [@Cottrell]. Figure \[fig:randNDB\] presents one of the calculated distributions in real as well as in Fourier space. In real space, the intensity distribution shown in [Fig. \[fig:randNDB\]]{}(a) resembles a random pattern with a particular [PGS]{} of $g = \unit{20}{\micro\meter}$. This randomness is also apparent in the real space phase distribution presented in [Fig. \[fig:randNDB\]]{}(b). The power spectral density $P$, depicted logarithmically in [Fig. \[fig:randNDB\]]{}(c, rhs), represents a lowpass filtered spectrum with a sharp frequency limit. This limit is determined by the [PGS]{} of the [RNDB]{}’s intensity and is given by the double radius of the Fourier ring of the [RNDB]{} as shown in [Fig. \[fig:randNDB\]]{}(c, lhs). Additionally we observe an accumulation of the spectral weighting on the outside circle of the power spectrum $P$ and near its center, which is depicted in Figs. \[fig:randNDB\](c, rhs) and [\[fig:randNDB\]]{}(f). We further characterize the intensity by the 2D autocorrelation $C(\vec r)$ function of the intensity. Therefore, we use the Wiener-Khinchin theorem to determine $C$.
![ Simulated distributions for a randomized nondiffracting writing beam configuration with a [PGS]{} of $g = \unit{20}{\micro\meter}$. In (a) the intensity and in (b) the phase distributions in real space are depicted. In (c) a comparison between the spatial spectrum of the writing beam (lhs) and the logarithmic spectrum of its intensity (rhs) is drawn, $k_r$ is the ring radius of the writing beam’s transverse Fourier spectrum. Distribution in (d) presents the autocorrelation function of the intensity presented in (a). In (e) the mean autocorrelation through the maximum as well as the corresponding correlation length $l_c$ and in (f) the mean power spectrum through the spectral center is plotted (both averaged over 100 different distributions). []{data-label="fig:randNDB"}](figure1.pdf){width=".8\textwidth"}
The resulting autocorrelation function features a central intense lobe, whose width $l_c$, defined as the diameter of the first dark ring, is the correlation length of the disorder and scales directly on the chosen [PGS]{}. Slices of the autocorrelation function and the power spectral density both averaged over 100 different random intensity distributions are shown in [Fig. \[fig:randNDB\]]{}(e) and [\[fig:randNDB\]]{}(f). In the former, one clearly can notice a series of local maxima beyond the central lobe. Their presence is due to the particular disorder we use, with a spectrum contained in a disk with more weight on the outside circle \[cf. [Fig. \[fig:randNDB\]]{}(f)\]. However, altogether no prominent long-range order is significant for the random intensity structure.
Optical induction of random refractive index distributions
==========================================================
In analogy to the technique of optical induction of periodic and quasiperiodic as well as curvilinear refractive index modulations [@Rose], we use the introduced [RNDB]{}s to generate a random index modulation. Since the propagation behavior in random media will be analyzed stochastically we generate a set of 100 different random structures of fixed [PGS]{} which is precalculated and stored to achieve reproducibility of the experiment.
![Sketch of the experimental setup to induce random photonic structures. A/PSLM: amplitude/phase spatial light modulator, BS: beam splitter, Cam: camera, L: lens, LED: white light emitting diode, $\lambda/2$: half-wave plate, M: mirror, MO: microscope objective, P: polarizer, PH: pin hole, PS: positioning stage, S: shutter, SBN: photorefractive crystal.[]{data-label="fig:figure2"}](figure2.pdf)
In order to induce the random 2D refractive index landscape, we use the experimental setup presented in [Fig. \[fig:figure2\]]{}. Employing a frequency doubled solid state laser (Nd:YAG, ), we modulate the wave field of a plane wave with a phase-only spatial light modulator (PSLM). For these experiments we solely randomize the phase of the spatial spectrum by introducing an appropriate random phase distribution to the PSLM. The modulation of the phase is sufficient to reproduce the desired intensity distribution since an adequate propagation distance transfers the phase modulation to an according amplitude modulation of the field. In this context we use an amplitude modulator (ASLM) and a linear polarizer (P) to filter the relevant spatial frequencies in Fourier space. A half-wave plate ($\lambda/2$) and a second polarizer provide the proper linear polarization for the writing configuration (see further below for details).
Subsequently, a 4$f$-arrangement of two lenses images a [RNDB]{} into a volume of interest where the crystal is placed. To guarantee a distribution of refractive index invariant in the direction of propagation, the interference volume of the writing beam has to be analyzed. We implement a computer controlled positioning stage with an imaging system including a camera and a lens which enables a translation over $\unit{100}{\milli\meter}$ in the direction of propagation. In this manner we are able to record the transverse intensity distribution in particular planes, for instance to detect the intensity of the writing beam at different propagation lengths. By stacking all planes we get the full three-dimensional intensity information.
In [Fig. \[fig:figure3\]]{} we present the different intensity distributions in transverse as well as in longitudinal planes. A comparison between the transverse intensity distribution at the front face with the one at the back face can be drawn in Figs. \[fig:figure3\](a[) and \[fig:figure3\](]{}b). These transverse and longitudinal intensity distributions indicate that nondiffracting field distributions with random transverse intensity modulation are very well suited for being used as writing beams in order to optically induce longitudinally elongated 2D random photonic structures.
![ Experimentally recorded intensity profiles of a nondiffracting writing beam with random transverse intensity distribution. (a) and (b) present nearly identical transverse intensity modulations at the front and the back face of the crystal, (c) and (d) show the intensity development with propagation in $z$ direction in the central vertical and horizontal longitudinal plane, cf. dotted lines in (a).[]{data-label="fig:figure3"}](figure3.pdf)
For the optical induction of a refractive index structure, the photorefractive medium, namely a cerium doped strontium barium niobate (SBN) crystal, is illuminated with a corresponding light field while externally biased. In general, the SBN crystal exhibits an anisotropic electrooptic characteristic [@Terhalle1]. That is, for the extraordinary polarization (parallel to the crystal’s symmetry axis, $c$ axis), the relevant electrooptic coefficient $\unit{r_{33} = 235}{\pico\meter\per\volt}$ is approximately five times larger than the relevant one for an ordinarily polarized wave field, $\unit{r_{13} = 47}{\pico\meter\per\volt}$ [@Vazquez]. Thus the effect of the induced refractive index on an extraordinarily polarized light field is significantly higher compared to a field holding ordinary polarization.
Applied to our optical system, this anisotropy allows us to switch between writing and probe beam propagation: In first approximation, the writing beam does not experience the induced structure, while for the probe beam which will be introduced in the next section, the refractive index change is proportional to the writing beam intensity.
Transverse localization in random structures
============================================
During the probing process of the written structure, the external field is switched off and—provided that the intensity of the probe beam is small—the modulation of the refractive index remains until active deletion. That is, the refractive index can be re-homogenized by illuminating the SBN sample for several seconds with a bright incoherent cold-light source.
We introduce the probe beam as a tightly focused Gaussian beam of a HeNe laser with $\lambda_p = \unit{633}{\nano\meter}$. In [Fig. \[fig:figure2\]]{}, the probe beam setup is depicted as the red arm where a combination of lenses provides a tight focus and a polarizer and a half-wave plate again configure the proper linear polarization state parallel to the $c$ axis of the SBN crystal. The Gaussian beam waist is directly positioned in front of the crystal and its transverse position defines the input center, as depicted in [Fig. \[fig:figure4\]]{}(a). Due to the tight focusing to $w_0 = \unit{(17.8\pm0.7)}{\micro\meter}$ Gaussian beam waist, the spatial spectrum of the probe beam is broad which enables an analysis of the transmission behavior through the random potential landscape for various spatial frequencies.
In a potential absent of refractive index modulation the probe beam experiences a transverse beam broadening due to diffraction, as shown in [Fig. \[fig:figure4\]]{}(b). This configuration describes the lower limiting case of a general behavior where for significant potential modulation the broadening is suppressed due to AL, resembling transversely an exponential distribution in the vicinity of the input position of a wave field [@DeRaedt].
A set of random intensity modulations is characterized by a fixed [PGS]{} $g$ and illumination time ${T}$, leading to comparable contrasts of the induced refractive index modulations.
In order to probe each single potential landscape, the intensity distribution of the Gaussian input probe beam at the back face of the crystal is recorded. Exemplarily, a single representative intensity distribution of a probed random potential is depicted in [Fig. \[fig:figure4\]]{}(c). Here and in all single probe measurements, the transverse center of the back plane of the crystal corresponds to the input center at the front face of the crystal. Thus, the Gaussian probe beam’s direction of propagation is perpendicular to each transverse plane showing refractive index modulation.
Subsequently, we analyze stochastically the intensity distribution of the whole set by calculating the average of the transverse intensity at the output face of the crystal, as shown in [Fig. \[fig:figure4\]]{}(d) for $g = \unit{16.1}{\micro\meter}$. To identify localization, we show a slice of the 2D intensity profile along the $x$ direction, i.e. an intensity profile integrated over 11 lines in [Fig. \[fig:figure5\]]{}. One clearly identifies a region around the central position where the intensity distribution decays exponentially. This is indicated by a linear slope in the logarithmic scale which is a prominent indication of AL. The localization lenght $\xi$ is obtained by fitting the $x$ profile of the localized intensity $I(\vec r)$ by the behavior: $$\begin{aligned}
I({x}) = \exp\left(-2\frac{\left|{x} - {x_0}\right|}{\xi}\right).\end{aligned}$$ Here $x_0$ indicates the beam center. For a particular set of random structures with $g = \unit{16.1}{\micro\meter}$, we find $\xi = \unit{{(100.2\pm 1.1)}}{\micro\meter}$ as shown in [Fig. \[fig:figure5\]]{}. The uncertainty is given through the error estimates of the slopes compared to their linear fitting functions.
In the following considerations we exclusively investigate the localization behavior of light in the direction parallel to the $c$ axis. Since a significant orientational anisotropy is specific for SBN crystals due to a strong drift of the charge carriers in direction of the external field [@Terhalle1], the modulation of the refractive index and connected to that the disorder strength parallel to the $c$ axis are much stronger than perpendicular to the symmetry axis. This causes an asymmetry of localization in these two directions where the localization in vertical direction is much weaker than parallel to the $c$ axis. For comparisons of both orientations we added the logarithmic intensity plot in vertical direction in [Fig. \[fig:figure5\]]{} (dashed black line) and find that the localization is much weaker in this direction.
To clearly identify the localization behavior in a random potential in contrast to the case without randomization, the output intensity for a vanishing disorder strength is added in [Fig. \[fig:figure5\]]{}. This profile is roughly parabolic, since the intensity distribution for this particular case resembles a broadened Gaussian function due to the influence of diffraction on the input light field configuration.
Comparing its distribution with the localized one, it becomes obvious that the localization effect does not occur all over the recorded area but up to a finite distance from the input center. Moreover, the outer tails of the distribution of the random case are comparable to the Gaussian beam. For an intermediate region, the localized case is less brighter than the Gaussian, which of course is a consequence of energy conservation. This behavior identifies a noteworthy characteristic—an amount around a determined transverse distance from the injection center rather than the complete contributing probe field is localized.
Photonic grain size and degree of randomness
============================================
Since we developed a setup which enables in a highly flexible manner the induction of a random potential providing the conditions for AL, we are now able to explore the influence of the shape of the refractive index on the localization behavior. In the following we will thus focus on the effect of the [PGS]{} as well as the disorder strength of the random structure, since these are two major properties of the underlying potential determining the propagation characteristics of light.
We firstly vary the [PGS]{} by changing the structural size of the set of [RNDB]{} from $g = \unit{13}{\micro\meter}$ to $\unit{24}{\micro\meter}$. In [Fig. \[fig:figure6\]]{} we plot the localization length $\xi$ against the structural size $g$. Here, an inverse relationship is prominent which shows that with increasing structural size the localization length is decreased. Thus, the [PGS]{} of the random potential has a crucial effect on the localization length, where for larger [PGS]{} the propagating light experiences a stronger localization compared to modulation of the refractive index on smaller scales. [Considering a photonic waveguide system, one explanation for such a dependency could be the enhanced coupling between adjacent refractive index maxima when reducing the mutual distance which is directly connected to the [PGS]{}. However, a detailed explanation of this behavior would need further investigations to identify the essential cause.]{}
We further investigate the [modulation depth]{} of the potential as an influencing parameter of the localization length. [In this context, the modulation depth can be considered as a disorder strength ${\Delta}$ of the system]{}. To control [this parameter]{} we adapt the illumination time as the refractive index modulation develops exponentially with enduring illumination [@Maniloff].
In order to extract a measure for the [disorder strength]{} as a function of the illumination time we employ the technique of waveguiding [@Terhalle2]. Thus, during the illumination sequence we send a plane wave onto the random potential landscape of particular contrast and record the intensity distribution at the back face of the crystal. Expecting that every change of the intensity is caused by an increased refractive index contrast, we sum up every absolute intensity change of each pixel after one illumination period. According to that, we calculate the mean value over all pixels.
[Since we assume that the disorder strength ${\Delta}$ is governed by the refractive index modulation depth with exponential relation on the illumination time, we expect an exponential behavior for ${\Delta}$:]{} $$\begin{aligned}
{\Delta}({{T}}) = 1 - \exp(-{{T}}/{\tau_w}),
\label{eq:tempRI_developmt}\end{aligned}$$ where the temporal development of ${\Delta}$ depends on the time constant ${\tau_w}$.
In [Fig. \[fig:figure7\]]{} the disorder strength ${\Delta}$ [is plotted ]{}against the illumination time ${T}$. [Although there is a mismatch between data and fitting model for short illumination times, the exponential model shows sufficient accuracy for longer illumination. In particular, data points for larger ${T}$ and therefore for stronger disorder are more relevant for our investigation since the localization length $\xi$ can be determined more precisely (cf. [Fig. \[fig:figure9\]]{}).]{} [Alltogether]{}, approximating the measured data enables us to determine the relative [disorder]{} strength as a function of illumination time ${T}$, obtaining the respective time constant ${\tau_w}= \unit{(64.0{\pm0.4})}{\second}$. [Here the error is the standard deviation obtained through the analysis of a set of five pictures per illumination time]{}.
To [further]{} identify a dependency of the localization length on the strength of disorder ${\Delta}$, we successively induce a set of 100 random photonic structures of $g = \unit{16.1}{\micro\meter}$ with various writing times. This can be achieved by changing between writing and probing the photonic structure after particular illumination times ${T}$ [where the structure is probed each $\unit{5}{\second}$ until ${T}= \unit{30}{\second}$ and each $\unit{10}{\second}$]{} up to a maximal illumination time of $\unit{90}{\second}$. Comparing with [Fig. \[fig:figure7\]]{}, such an illumination corresponds to an $80 \%$ saturated refractive index structure. In [Fig. \[fig:figure8\]]{} localization profiles for three different illumination times and for the initial state are plotted logarithmically. Here, a successive change of the central distribution is significant—from short illumination times resembling a weak localization area to a pronounced region of localization showing an increasingly steep linear slope of logarithmic intensity. Plotting the respective localization lengths $\xi$ against the strength of disorder ${\Delta}$ as presented in [Fig. \[fig:figure9\]]{}, a monotonically decreasing dependency can be extracted for increasing disorder. Again, one can affirm that for a higher disorder the coupling between adjacent refractive index maxima is diminished resulting in stronger AL. This in turn implies, by adapting the writing time of the index modulation in order to vary the disorder strength of the potential we are able to control the localization length in a highly adaptable way.
Conclusion
==========
To conclude, we developed a method to randomly modulate the refractive index of a photorefractive crystal implementing an optical induction method by use of nondiffracting writing beams with random transverse intensity distributions. We found that such a photonic structure exhibits Anderson localization, since a Gaussian input distribution localizes exponentially around the input center after propagation in the random potential. Further we quantitatively investigated on parameters influencing the localization length where the structural modulation size identified as a photonic grain size as well as the disorder strength of the refractive index allow for manipulating the localization ability of the photonic system. In this context, we further presented an alternative way to Anderson localization by successively increasing the disorder strength of a random potential rather than to increase the order-to-disorder ratio in an initially regular pattern. Thus, the introduced model system enabling to adapt the photonic random potential is highly suitable to be applied for the investigation on light localization in potentials of changing random conditions.
Acknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}
===============
We acknowledge support by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and Open Access Publication Fund of University of Muenster. [J. A. acknowledges support from Programa ICM P10-030-F and Programa de Financiamiento Basal de CONICYT (FB0824/2008).]{}
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S. John, “Electromagnetic [a]{}bsorption in a [d]{}isordered [m]{}edium near a [p]{}hoton [m]{}obility [e]{}dge,” Phys. Rev. Lett. **53,** 2169[-2172]{} (1984).
H. De Raedt, A. Lagendijk, and P. de Vries, “Transverse [l]{}ocalization of [l]{}ight,” Phys. Rev. Lett. **62,** 47[-50]{} (1989).
A. A. Chabanov, M. Stoytchev, and A. Z. Genack, “Statistical signatures of photon localization,” Nature **404,** 850[-853]{} (2000).
S. Feng, L. Golubović, and Y.-C. Zhang, “Directed [w]{}ave [p]{}ropagation in [r]{}andom [m]{}edia: [s]{}uperdiffusion and [p]{}hase [t]{}ransitions,” Phys. Rev. Lett. **65,** 1028[-1031]{} (1990).
D. Dimitropoulos and B. Jalali, “Stochastic differential equation approach for waves in a random medium,” Phys. Rev. E **79,** 036606 (2009).
D. M. Jović, M. R. Belić, and C. Denz, “Transverse localization of light in nonlinear photonic lattices with dimensionality crossover,” Phys. Rev. A **84,** 043811 (2011).
V. E. Lobanov, Y. V. Kartashov, V. A. Vysloukh, and L. Torner, “Anderson localization in Bragg-guiding arrays with negative defects,” Opt. Lett. **37,** 4020[-4022]{} (2012).
A. F. Abouraddy, G. Di Giuseppe, D. N. Christodoulides, and B. E. A. Saleh, “Anderson localization and colocalization of spatially entangled photons,” Phys. Rev. A **86,** 040302 (2012).
Y. Lahini, A. Avidan, F. Pozzi, M. Sorel, R. Morandotti, D. N. Christodoulides, and Y. Silberberg, “Anderson Localization and [n]{}onlinearity in [o]{}ne-[d]{}imensional [d]{}isordered [p]{}hotonic [l]{}attices,” Phys. Rev. Lett. **100,** 013906 (2008).
M. Rechtsman, A. Szameit, F. Dreisow, M. Heinrich, R. Keil, S. Nolte, and M. Segev, “Amorphous [p]{}hotonic [l]{}attices: [b]{}and [g]{}aps, [e]{}ffective [m]{}ass, and [s]{}uppressed [t]{}ransport,” Phys. Rev. Lett. **106,** 193904 (2011).
S. Ghosh, N. D. Psalia, R. R. Thomson, B. P. Pal, R. K. Varshney, and A. K. Kar, “Ultrafast laser inscribed waveguide lattice in glass for direct observation of transverse localization of light,” Appl. Phys. Lett. **100,** 101102 (2012).
S. Karbasi, T. Hawkins, J. Ballato, K. W. Koch, and A. Mafi, “Transverse Anderson localization in a disordered glass optical fiber,” Opt. Mater. Expr. **2,** 1496[-1503]{} (2012).
T. Schwartz, G. Bartal, S. Fishman, and M. Segev, “Transport and Anderson localization in disordered two-dimensional photonic lattices,” Nature **446,** 52[-55]{} (2007).
L. Levi, M. Rechtsman, B. Freedman, T. Schwartz, O. Manela, [and]{} M. Segev, “Disorder-[e]{}nhanced [t]{}ransport in [p]{}hotonic [q]{}uasicrystals,” Science **332,** 1541[-1544]{} (2011).
J. Durnin, J. J. Miceli, Jr., and J. H. Eberly, “Diffraction-free beams,” Phys. Rev. Lett. **58,** 1499[-1501]{} (1987).
J. Durnin, “Exact solutions for nondiffracting beams. I. The scalar theory,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A **4,** 651[-654]{} (1987).
Z. Bouchal, J. Wagner, and M. Chlup, “Self-reconstruction of a distorted nondiffracting beam,” Opt. Commun. **151,** 207[-211]{} (1998).
M. Boguslawski, P. Rose, and C. Denz, “Increasing the structural variety of discrete nondiffracting wave fields,” Phys. Rev. A **84,** 013832 (2011).
Z. Bouchal, “Nondiffracting [o]{}ptical [b]{}eams: Physical [p]{}roperties, [e]{}xperiments, and [a]{}pplications,” Czech. J. Phys. **53,** 537[-578]{} (2003).
M. A. Bandres, J. C. Gutiérrez-Vega, and S. Cháves-Cerda, “Parabolic nondiffracting optical wave fields,” Opt. Lett. **29,** 44[-46]{} (2004).
D. M. Cottrell, J. M. Craven, and J. A. Davis, “Nondiffracting random intensity patterns,” Opt. Lett. **32,** 298[-300]{} (2007).
P. Rose, M. Boguslawski, and C. Denz, “Nonlinear lattice structures based on families of complex nondiffracting beams,” New J. Phys. **14,** 033018 (2012).
B. Terhalle, A. S. Desyatnikov, C. Bersch, D. Träger, L. Tang, J. Imbrock, Y. S. Kivshar, and C. Denz, “Anisotropic photonic lattices and discrete solitons in photorefractive media,” Appl. Phys. B **86,** 399[-405]{} (2007).
R. Vazquez, M. D. Ewbank, and R. R. Neurgaonkar, “Photorefractive properties of doped strontium-barium niobate,” Opt. Commun. **80,** 253[-258]{} (1991).
E. S. Maniloff and K. M. Johnson, “Maximized photorefractive holographic storage,”J. Appl Phys. **70,** 4702[-4707]{} (1991).
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| 2024-05-23T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/6397 |
Q:
Linux Load Averages and HyperThreads
My rough understanding of a Linux load Average is that for every integer a CPU core is working all the time. For example, 1 means on a 4 core system that 1 core is working at capacity. How does HyperThreading factor into this? Is it even considered in load averages?
A:
I generally think of a HyperThreaded core as being 20%-30% of a real core, depending on how effectively your application can leverage multiple threads. They are considered in load average and load average thresholds.
Here's an example of a dual-socket Intel X5570 Nehalem system before and after enabling Hyperthreading. The OS is CentOS 5.8. The actual average system run queue/load average did not change substantially (the app is pretty much single-threaded), but the load threshold did.
That said, there are many times when I disable HyperThreading... For my low-latency and deterministic applications, I want finer control of where application resources are scheduled. There's a penalty for going to a HyperThread core in those cases. Also, I have one particular situation where the application is running on a 4-socket 8-core CPU that has HyperThreading. It's way too many cores... so I just disabled HT to cut from 64 logical CPU's to 32.
| 2024-06-29T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2936 |
Main menu
Post navigation
Latest Taboo Feminisation Release – out now!
The newest release in my taboo feminisation collection has now been released and is available in the Amazon store…soon to be available via Smashwords, Barnes & Noble etc.
In My Sister’s Shoes is the story of Jake, a nineteen year old college boy who’s failing his course. He arrives home to an empty house one day to find his younger stepsister Jenna has once more been into his room without asking. In an act of annoyance he decides to do the same in return. He soon finds himself being caught up by the inexplicable lure of her discarded feminine clothing, and before long is enjoying a covert and quite unplanned dressing up session.
He should have known better, but before he can hide his indiscretion she returns home to catch him in full swing. Her reaction is not what he would have expected – quite the contrary in fact. In a bid to keep his self imposed humiliation a secret he finds himself under her control and having to agree to her demands.
Jenna soon realises that she can turn this situation to her advantage. She swiftly has her stepbrother inextricably entangled in her plans, but more than that, she finds herself experiencing feelings that she knows she really shouldn’t.
Follow both Jake and Jenna as they take their step relationship to a level that they’d never imagined, and Jake is immersed into a deeply sensual world of femininity in a bid to have him fulfil his stepsister’s own ambitions. | 2023-08-01T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/9898 |
This invention relates to a nickel-base superalloy article having a protective layer containing aluminum and a reactive element deposited on its surface, with the carbon content reduced by decarburizing.
In an aircraft gas turbine (jet) engine, air is drawn into the front of the engine, compressed by a shaft-mounted compressor, and mixed with fuel. The mixture is burned, and the hot exhaust gases are passed through a turbine mounted on the same shaft. The flow of combustion gas turns the turbine by impingement against an airfoil section of the turbine blades and vanes, which turns the shaft and provides power to the compressor and fan blades. The hot exhaust gases flow from the back of the engine, driving it and the aircraft forwardly.
The hotter the combustion and exhaust gases, the more efficient is the operation of the jet engine. There is thus an incentive to raise the combustion and exhaust gas temperatures. The maximum temperature of the combustion gases is normally limited by the materials used to fabricate the turbine vanes and turbine blades of the turbine, upon which the hot combustion gases impinge. In current engines, the turbine vanes and blades are made of nickel-based superalloys, and can operate at temperatures of up to about 1800-2100xc2x0 F.
Many approaches have been used to protect the turbine blades and vanes against the highly aggressive combustion-gas environment and to increase the operating temperature limit of the turbine blades and vanes. For example, the composition and processing of the base materials themselves have been improved. Physical cooling techniques may also be used.
In another approach, the surfaces of the turbine blades and vanes are coated with aluminum-containing protective coatings that protect the articles against the combustion gas, and in some cases insulate the articles from the temperature of the combustion gas. The articles are thereby able to run cooler and be more resistant to environmental attack.
The addition of selected elements to the protective coatings may improve the mechanical and environmental properties of the coatings. However, those results have not always been consistent, and there is a large scatter in the data. Even though there has been an indication of improved performance as a result of the presence of such elements, those improvements cannot be relied upon in all cases.
There is a need for an approach to improving the properties obtained in nickel-base superalloys having a protective coating. The present invention fulfills this need, and further provides related advantages.
The present invention provides a procedure that improves the performance of a nickel-base superalloy having a protective coating applied to its surface, and an article having this improved performance. The protective coating contains aluminum and a reactive element such as hafnium, zirconium, yttrium, lanthanum, and/or cerium. The procedure is readily performed with available apparatus, and may be integrated into the coating process. The coating protects the surface of the article against environmental damage, as in the case of conventional protective coatings.
A method for preparing a surface-protected article includes providing an article substrate having a surface and having a nominal bulk composition comprising a nickel-base superalloy. The nickel-base superalloy has more nickel than any other element, and a nominal bulk composition of carbon. The method further includes depositing a protective layer overlying the surface of the article substrate, wherein the protective layer comprises aluminum and a reactive element selected from the group consisting of hafnium, zirconium, yttrium, lanthanum, and cerium, and combinations thereof. The step of depositing a protective layer includes the steps of decarburizing locations where the carbon may serve as a barrier to the mobility of the reactive elements within the protective layer by scavenging the reactive elements and preventing their diffusion in the protective layer, and depositing the protective layer overlying the substrate. The protective layer may be an overlay coating or a diffusion coating. A ceramic layer may be deposited over the protective layer.
The reactive elements (hafnium, zirconium, yttrium, lanthanum, and cerium, and combinations thereof) present in the protective layer yield their greatest benefits when they are in solid solution and free to diffuse within the coating. The impurity element carbon chemically combines with the reactive elements to form compounds that remove the reactive elements from solid solution and thence prevent them from moving within the protective layer. The result is that their advantageous effects are reduced or lost. In the present approach, the carbon which may chemically combine with the reactive elements of the protective layer is partially removed so as to lessen its concentration. The carbon is preferably removed not only from the protective layer itself, but also from the surface region of the substrate, because it may diffuse from the substrate into the protective layer during service.
In practicing the method, the reducing of the carbon content is preferably accomplished by contacting a decarburizing agent to the surface of the substrate to decarburize to a depth of from about 5 to about 100 micrometers, decarburizing a platinum-containing layer after deposition (where the protective layer is a platinum aluminide), depositing the aluminum-containing layer from an atmosphere containing a reducing agent, and/or decarburizing the substrate and protective layer after it is deposited. The decarburizing agent is preferably a reducing gas such as hydrogen or carbon dioxide. Particularly in the case of the overlay protective layer, the starting materials of the protective layer may be decarburized prior to deposition.
The present approach provides a low-carbon region in the protective layer and in the substrate adjacent to the surface where the protective layer is deposited. The low carbon content of the protective layer results in the reactive elements not chemically combining with carbon to produce carbides of the reactive elements, so that the reactive elements remain free to diffuse throughout the protective layer. Such carbides reduce the level of the solute reactive element that is available to strengthen and improve the environmental properties of the coating. However, it is desirable to remove carbon from the surface region of the substrate as well, so that this surface region cannot serve as a diffusion source of carbon into the protective layer during service. The result is improved performance of the coating during service.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following more detailed description of the preferred embodiment, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention. The scope of the invention is not, however, limited to this preferred embodiment. | 2023-12-11T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7235 |
This spacious and light center unit boasts beautiful water views from all rooms & a refreshing cross breeze. Unobstructed views of the marina and intracoastal in this updated unit with attention to de...
Enjoy fantastic views of the ocean, intracoastal and the sweeping vista of Delray Beach in this spacious penthouse. Great split bedroom plan(see floor plan in photos) features a large master suite wi... | 2024-02-19T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/5118 |
A consideration of sensory factors involved in motor functions of the basal ganglia.
There is a sizeable literature concerning basal ganglia (BG) functioning that is based on data from experiments employing a method of analysis that is traditionally used with other motor areas. A brief review of this literature is presented and the following conclusion is reached: as compared to the success of traditional methodologies in elucidating the workings of other motor systems, their use in BG investigations has proven disappointing. A possible reason for the shortcomings of traditional analyses in BG research is discussed. The remainder of this review concerns an alternative approach to the study of the BG that follows from consideration of a variety of clinical and experimental findings. The literature suggests that sensory aspects of BG functioning must be taken into account to fully appreciate the role of this system in motor control. A review of the literature concerning the latter suggests two points: The BG function as sensory analyzer for motor systems. That is, the BG convert sensory data from a form that is receptor oriented to a form that is relevant for guiding movement. The BG ultimately affect movement by gating sensory inputs into other motor areas rather than by directly affecting these areas. This sensory-based model of BG functioning explains a number of apparent discrepancies in the literature. In addition, seemingly anomalous findings are reconciled with the overwhelming evidence that the BG are a motor system. In particular, the suggestions of a BG role in attention and cognition are viewed as being intrinsic rather than orthogonal to the role of the BG in movement. | 2023-11-01T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2879 |
Q:
Solution to $x = \frac{(1-F\left(x\right))}{f(x)}$ with gaussian random var
I want to find the solution to:
$x = (1-F(x))/f(x)$ where $F()$ is the distribution and $f()$ the density of a gaussian random variable.
Notice that it is also equivalent to solving $x = 1/h(x)$ where $h()$ is the hazard function.
In other words (in the gaussian case), I want to find the solution to:
$x = \frac{\Phi(-(x-\mu)/\sigma)}{\frac{1}{\sigma}\phi((x-\mu)/\sigma)} $
My first question would be: is there any closed form solution?
I supposed there was no closed form solution to it, so I just solved it numerically. However it seems like I found a weird property:
if $X \sim N(\mu, \sigma)$ (with distrib F and density f) and $Y = aX \sim N(a\mu, a\sigma)$ (with distrib $F_a$ and density $f_a$), then what happens numerically is that I get a linear relationship if I plot the solution $x^*$ with respect to $a$.
More precisely it would seem that $x^{**}$ solution to $x^{**} = (1-F_a(x^{**}))/f_a(x^{**})$ is actually equal to:
$x^{**} = a x^*$ (where $x^*$ is solution to $x^* = (1-F(x^*))/f(x^*)$.
i.e., if we write $x^* \equiv c(\mu, \sigma)$ (where $c$ stands for constant), then $x^{**} \equiv c(a \mu, a \sigma) = a \ c(\mu, \sigma)$.
What I was wondering is (i) whether or not it is true (seems to be numerically but we never know), (ii) if so, how to prove it? (so far I'm only able to show that if the solution is linear, then indeed it is consistently linear via the equation, but it's completely tautological).
Ideally I would like to be able to determine a closed form solution to $x = (1-F(x))/f(x)$ in the gaussian case but I don't think it's possible.
Notice that this linearity property seems to also hold for lognormal distributions. (in which case $Y = aX \sim LN(\mu + log(a), \sigma)$ if $X \sim LN(\mu, \sigma)$)
A:
If $x^*$ satisfy the equation
$$ x^* = \frac {\displaystyle \Phi\left(-\frac {x^*-\mu} {\sigma}\right)} {\displaystyle \frac {1} {\sigma}\phi\left(\frac {x^*-\mu} {\sigma}\right)} = \frac {1} {h(x^*;\mu,\sigma)}$$
Then we also have
$$ ax^* = \frac {\displaystyle \Phi\left(-\frac {(ax^*)-(a\mu)} {(a\sigma)}\right)} {\displaystyle \frac {1} {(a\sigma)}\phi\left(\frac {(ax^*)-(a\mu)} {(a\sigma)}\right)} = \frac {1} {h(ax^*;a\mu, a\sigma)}$$
So the result is not surprising.
| 2024-03-19T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/3737 |
Q:
How to enable MKMapView 3D view?
I have an MKMapView in a window, and pitchEnabled is true (and I've confirmed this in the debugger). The "3D" thingy in the middle of the compass is grayed out, and clicking or dragging it does nothing. Option-dragging the map (like I do in Maps.app) doesn't do anything, either.
From my interpretation of the docs, setting pitchEnabled should let me use the 3D view, like Maps.app does. Am I mistaken? Is there something else I need to do to allow my users to get a 3D map view?
A:
You can get close to the experience of 3D mode by adjusting the camera angle from which you view the map and making buildings visible. The example below allows you view the Eiffel Tower in 3D:
viewDidLoad() {
super.viewDidLoad()
mapView.mapType = MKMapType.Standard
mapView.showsBuildings = true // displays buildings
let eiffelTowerCoordinates = CLLocationCoordinate2DMake(48.85815, 2.29452)
mapView.region = MKCoordinateRegionMakeWithDistance(eiffelTowerCoordinates, 1000, 100) // sets the visible region of the map
// create a 3D Camera
let mapCamera = MKMapCamera()
mapCamera.centerCoordinate = eiffelTowerCoordinates
mapCamera.pitch = 45
mapCamera.altitude = 500 // example altitude
mapCamera.heading = 45
// set the camera property
mapView.camera = mapCamera
}
example from: this question
| 2023-08-07T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/5892 |
/*
* Copyright 2020 ThoughtWorks, Inc.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package com.thoughtworks.go.config;
import java.util.Map;
import com.thoughtworks.go.config.validation.NameTypeValidator;
import com.thoughtworks.go.domain.ConfigErrors;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
@ConfigTag("param")
public class ParamConfig implements Validatable {
@ConfigAttribute(value = "name", optional = false) private String name;
@ConfigValue private String value;
private final ConfigErrors configErrors = new ConfigErrors();
public static final String NAME = "name";
public static final String VALUE = "valueForDisplay";
public ParamConfig() {
//Required for MagicalLoader
}
public ParamConfig(String name, String value) {
this.name = name;
this.value = value;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public String getValue() {
return value;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public void setValue(String value) {
this.value = value;
}
public boolean validateTree(ValidationContext validationContext) {
validate(validationContext);
return errors().isEmpty();
}
@Override
public void validate(ValidationContext validationContext) {
if (new NameTypeValidator().isNameInvalid(name)) {
errors().add(NAME, NameTypeValidator.errorMessage("parameter", name));
}
}
public void validateName(Map<String, ParamConfig> paramConfigMap, ValidationContext validationContext) {
CaseInsensitiveString parentName = validationContext.getPipeline().name();
if (StringUtils.isBlank(name)) {
configErrors.add("name", String.format("Parameter cannot have an empty name for pipeline '%s'.", parentName));
return;
}
String currentParamName = name.toLowerCase();
ParamConfig paramWithSameName = paramConfigMap.get(currentParamName);
if (paramWithSameName != null) {
paramWithSameName.addNameConflictError(name, parentName);
addNameConflictError(name, parentName);
return;
}
paramConfigMap.put(currentParamName, this);
}
private void addNameConflictError(String paramName, Object parentName) {
configErrors.add("name", String.format("Param name '%s' is not unique for pipeline '%s'.", paramName, parentName));
}
@Override
public ConfigErrors errors() {
return configErrors;
}
@Override
public void addError(String fieldName, String message) {
configErrors.add(fieldName, message);
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (this == o) {
return true;
}
if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) {
return false;
}
ParamConfig that = (ParamConfig) o;
if (name != null ? !name.equals(that.name) : that.name != null) {
return false;
}
return !(value != null ? !value.equals(that.value) : that.value != null);
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
int result = name != null ? name.hashCode() : 0;
result = 31 * result + (value != null ? value.hashCode() : 0);
return result;
}
@Override public String toString() {
return "ParamConfig{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", value='" + value + '\'' +
'}';
}
public String getValueForDisplay(){
return getValue();
}
}
| 2024-03-10T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/5134 |
<?php
/**
* TestLink Open Source Project - http://testlink.sourceforge.net/
* This script is distributed under the GNU General Public License 2 or later.
*
* @filesource stepCreateTestCase.php
* @Author [email protected]
*
* @internal revisions
*/
$method='createTestCase';
$devKey = isset($_REQUEST['apiKey']) ? $_REQUEST['apiKey'] : $tlDevKey;
$args=array();
$args["devKey"] = $devKey;
$args["testprojectid"] = $env->tlProjectID;
$args["testsuiteid"] = $env->tlSuiteID;
$args["testcasename"]='ZZ - TEST CASE NAME IS OK';
$args["summary"]='Test Case created via API';
$args["preconditions"]='Test Link API Up & Running';
$args["authorlogin"]='admin';
$args["checkduplicatedname"]=0;
$args["steps"][]=array('step_number' => 1, 'actions' => 'Start Server', 'expected_results' => 'green light');
$unitTestDescription = "";
echo $unitTestDescription;
$tlIdx++;
$client = new IXR_Client($server_url);
$client->debug = $tlDebug;
$ret = runTest($client,$method,$args,$tlIdx); | 2023-12-18T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/6578 |
Lens Technology
Your lenses should fit your needs,
preferences, and lifestyle. The vision professionals at Vision Shoppe are
trained and experienced in matching customers with lenses uniquely designed
with various materials and enhancements that improve durability, refine vision
capabilities, and protect the eyes.
Varilux® X series™
Lenses
The cutting-edge Varilux X series lens
technology takes the boundaries off your vision, allowing you to see clearly
and sharply at various distances in both your central and peripheral vision
range. No longer do you have to turn your head to look directly at the clock
across the room, the screen on your phone, or the name on the cup at the coffee
shop. Instead, Varilux X series delivers a large reading area, while
eliminating the uncomfortable sensation of feeling off-balanced.Transitions® Lenses
Instead of carrying your traditional
eyeglasses along with a pair of prescription sunglasses, Transitions lenses
allow you to go seamlessly between indoor and outdoor lighting without
switching your frames each time. Inside, the lenses look like any other lenses,
but once outside, they intuitively darken to safeguard your eyes against the
bright glare of the sun. In addition to providing extensive protection against
dangerous UV rays, Transitions lenses include innovative blue light protection,
which shields your eyes against the harmful blue light emitted by smartphones,
computer screens, LED lights, and other artificial light sources.Custom Lenses
If you already have a favorite pair of frames
you want replacement lenses for, Vision Shoppe can help provide custom lenses
according to your unique specifications. We will work with you to determine
which lens type, thickness, color, and upgrades will best fit your vision needs
and aesthetic preferences. | 2024-06-23T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/4738 |
/*
YUI 3.7.3 (build 5687)
Copyright 2012 Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved.
Licensed under the BSD License.
http://yuilibrary.com/license/
*/
YUI.add('model', function (Y, NAME) {
/**
Attribute-based data model with APIs for getting, setting, validating, and
syncing attribute values, as well as events for being notified of model changes.
@module app
@submodule model
@since 3.4.0
**/
/**
Attribute-based data model with APIs for getting, setting, validating, and
syncing attribute values, as well as events for being notified of model changes.
In most cases, you'll want to create your own subclass of `Y.Model` and
customize it to meet your needs. In particular, the `sync()` and `validate()`
methods are meant to be overridden by custom implementations. You may also want
to override the `parse()` method to parse non-generic server responses.
@class Model
@constructor
@extends Base
@since 3.4.0
**/
var GlobalEnv = YUI.namespace('Env.Model'),
Lang = Y.Lang,
YArray = Y.Array,
YObject = Y.Object,
/**
Fired when one or more attributes on this model are changed.
@event change
@param {Object} changed Hash of change information for each attribute that
changed. Each item in the hash has the following properties:
@param {Any} changed.newVal New value of the attribute.
@param {Any} changed.prevVal Previous value of the attribute.
@param {String|null} changed.src Source of the change event, if any.
**/
EVT_CHANGE = 'change',
/**
Fired when an error occurs, such as when the model doesn't validate or when
a sync layer response can't be parsed.
@event error
@param {Any} error Error message, object, or exception generated by the
error. Calling `toString()` on this should result in a meaningful error
message.
@param {String} src Source of the error. May be one of the following (or any
custom error source defined by a Model subclass):
* `load`: An error loading the model from a sync layer. The sync layer's
response (if any) will be provided as the `response` property on the
event facade.
* `parse`: An error parsing a JSON response. The response in question will
be provided as the `response` property on the event facade.
* `save`: An error saving the model to a sync layer. The sync layer's
response (if any) will be provided as the `response` property on the
event facade.
* `validate`: The model failed to validate. The attributes being validated
will be provided as the `attributes` property on the event facade.
**/
EVT_ERROR = 'error',
/**
Fired after model attributes are loaded from a sync layer.
@event load
@param {Object} parsed The parsed version of the sync layer's response to
the load request.
@param {any} response The sync layer's raw, unparsed response to the load
request.
@since 3.5.0
**/
EVT_LOAD = 'load',
/**
Fired after model attributes are saved to a sync layer.
@event save
@param {Object} [parsed] The parsed version of the sync layer's response to
the save request, if there was a response.
@param {any} [response] The sync layer's raw, unparsed response to the save
request, if there was one.
@since 3.5.0
**/
EVT_SAVE = 'save';
function Model() {
Model.superclass.constructor.apply(this, arguments);
}
Y.Model = Y.extend(Model, Y.Base, {
// -- Public Properties ----------------------------------------------------
/**
Hash of attributes that have changed since the last time this model was
saved.
@property changed
@type Object
@default {}
**/
/**
Name of the attribute to use as the unique id (or primary key) for this
model.
The default is `id`, but if your persistence layer uses a different name for
the primary key (such as `_id` or `uid`), you can specify that here.
The built-in `id` attribute will always be an alias for whatever attribute
name you specify here, so getting and setting `id` will always behave the
same as getting and setting your custom id attribute.
@property idAttribute
@type String
@default `'id'`
**/
idAttribute: 'id',
/**
Hash of attributes that were changed in the last `change` event. Each item
in this hash is an object with the following properties:
* `newVal`: The new value of the attribute after it changed.
* `prevVal`: The old value of the attribute before it changed.
* `src`: The source of the change, or `null` if no source was specified.
@property lastChange
@type Object
@default {}
**/
/**
Array of `ModelList` instances that contain this model.
When a model is in one or more lists, the model's events will bubble up to
those lists. You can subscribe to a model event on a list to be notified
when any model in the list fires that event.
This property is updated automatically when this model is added to or
removed from a `ModelList` instance. You shouldn't alter it manually. When
working with models in a list, you should always add and remove models using
the list's `add()` and `remove()` methods.
@example Subscribing to model events on a list:
// Assuming `list` is an existing Y.ModelList instance.
list.on('*:change', function (e) {
// This function will be called whenever any model in the list
// fires a `change` event.
//
// `e.target` will refer to the model instance that fired the
// event.
});
@property lists
@type ModelList[]
@default `[]`
**/
// -- Protected Properties -------------------------------------------------
/**
This tells `Y.Base` that it should create ad-hoc attributes for config
properties passed to Model's constructor. This makes it possible to
instantiate a model and set a bunch of attributes without having to subclass
`Y.Model` and declare all those attributes first.
@property _allowAdHocAttrs
@type Boolean
@default true
@protected
@since 3.5.0
**/
_allowAdHocAttrs: true,
/**
Total hack to allow us to identify Model instances without using
`instanceof`, which won't work when the instance was created in another
window or YUI sandbox.
@property _isYUIModel
@type Boolean
@default true
@protected
@since 3.5.0
**/
_isYUIModel: true,
// -- Lifecycle Methods ----------------------------------------------------
initializer: function (config) {
this.changed = {};
this.lastChange = {};
this.lists = [];
},
// -- Public Methods -------------------------------------------------------
/**
Destroys this model instance and removes it from its containing lists, if
any.
The _callback_, if one is provided, will be called after the model is
destroyed.
If `options.remove` is `true`, then this method delegates to the `sync()`
method to delete the model from the persistence layer, which is an
asynchronous action. In this case, the _callback_ (if provided) will be
called after the sync layer indicates success or failure of the delete
operation.
@method destroy
@param {Object} [options] Sync options. It's up to the custom sync
implementation to determine what options it supports or requires, if
any.
@param {Boolean} [options.remove=false] If `true`, the model will be
deleted via the sync layer in addition to the instance being destroyed.
@param {callback} [callback] Called after the model has been destroyed (and
deleted via the sync layer if `options.remove` is `true`).
@param {Error|null} callback.err If an error occurred, this parameter will
contain the error. Otherwise _err_ will be `null`.
@chainable
**/
destroy: function (options, callback) {
var self = this;
// Allow callback as only arg.
if (typeof options === 'function') {
callback = options;
options = null;
}
self.onceAfter('destroy', function () {
function finish(err) {
if (!err) {
YArray.each(self.lists.concat(), function (list) {
list.remove(self, options);
});
}
callback && callback.apply(null, arguments);
}
if (options && (options.remove || options['delete'])) {
self.sync('delete', options, finish);
} else {
finish();
}
});
return Model.superclass.destroy.call(self);
},
/**
Returns a clientId string that's unique among all models on the current page
(even models in other YUI instances). Uniqueness across pageviews is
unlikely.
@method generateClientId
@return {String} Unique clientId.
**/
generateClientId: function () {
GlobalEnv.lastId || (GlobalEnv.lastId = 0);
return this.constructor.NAME + '_' + (GlobalEnv.lastId += 1);
},
/**
Returns the value of the specified attribute.
If the attribute's value is an object, _name_ may use dot notation to
specify the path to a specific property within the object, and the value of
that property will be returned.
@example
// Set the 'foo' attribute to an object.
myModel.set('foo', {
bar: {
baz: 'quux'
}
});
// Get the value of 'foo'.
myModel.get('foo');
// => {bar: {baz: 'quux'}}
// Get the value of 'foo.bar.baz'.
myModel.get('foo.bar.baz');
// => 'quux'
@method get
@param {String} name Attribute name or object property path.
@return {Any} Attribute value, or `undefined` if the attribute doesn't
exist.
**/
// get() is defined by Y.Attribute.
/**
Returns an HTML-escaped version of the value of the specified string
attribute. The value is escaped using `Y.Escape.html()`.
@method getAsHTML
@param {String} name Attribute name or object property path.
@return {String} HTML-escaped attribute value.
**/
getAsHTML: function (name) {
var value = this.get(name);
return Y.Escape.html(Lang.isValue(value) ? String(value) : '');
},
/**
Returns a URL-encoded version of the value of the specified string
attribute. The value is encoded using the native `encodeURIComponent()`
function.
@method getAsURL
@param {String} name Attribute name or object property path.
@return {String} URL-encoded attribute value.
**/
getAsURL: function (name) {
var value = this.get(name);
return encodeURIComponent(Lang.isValue(value) ? String(value) : '');
},
/**
Returns `true` if any attribute of this model has been changed since the
model was last saved.
New models (models for which `isNew()` returns `true`) are implicitly
considered to be "modified" until the first time they're saved.
@method isModified
@return {Boolean} `true` if this model has changed since it was last saved,
`false` otherwise.
**/
isModified: function () {
return this.isNew() || !YObject.isEmpty(this.changed);
},
/**
Returns `true` if this model is "new", meaning it hasn't been saved since it
was created.
Newness is determined by checking whether the model's `id` attribute has
been set. An empty id is assumed to indicate a new model, whereas a
non-empty id indicates a model that was either loaded or has been saved
since it was created.
@method isNew
@return {Boolean} `true` if this model is new, `false` otherwise.
**/
isNew: function () {
return !Lang.isValue(this.get('id'));
},
/**
Loads this model from the server.
This method delegates to the `sync()` method to perform the actual load
operation, which is an asynchronous action. Specify a _callback_ function to
be notified of success or failure.
A successful load operation will fire a `load` event, while an unsuccessful
load operation will fire an `error` event with the `src` value "load".
If the load operation succeeds and one or more of the loaded attributes
differ from this model's current attributes, a `change` event will be fired.
@method load
@param {Object} [options] Options to be passed to `sync()` and to `set()`
when setting the loaded attributes. It's up to the custom sync
implementation to determine what options it supports or requires, if any.
@param {callback} [callback] Called when the sync operation finishes.
@param {Error|null} callback.err If an error occurred, this parameter will
contain the error. If the sync operation succeeded, _err_ will be
`null`.
@param {Any} callback.response The server's response. This value will
be passed to the `parse()` method, which is expected to parse it and
return an attribute hash.
@chainable
**/
load: function (options, callback) {
var self = this;
// Allow callback as only arg.
if (typeof options === 'function') {
callback = options;
options = {};
}
options || (options = {});
self.sync('read', options, function (err, response) {
var facade = {
options : options,
response: response
},
parsed;
if (err) {
facade.error = err;
facade.src = 'load';
self.fire(EVT_ERROR, facade);
} else {
// Lazy publish.
if (!self._loadEvent) {
self._loadEvent = self.publish(EVT_LOAD, {
preventable: false
});
}
parsed = facade.parsed = self._parse(response);
self.setAttrs(parsed, options);
self.changed = {};
self.fire(EVT_LOAD, facade);
}
callback && callback.apply(null, arguments);
});
return self;
},
/**
Called to parse the _response_ when the model is loaded from the server.
This method receives a server _response_ and is expected to return an
attribute hash.
The default implementation assumes that _response_ is either an attribute
hash or a JSON string that can be parsed into an attribute hash. If
_response_ is a JSON string and either `Y.JSON` or the native `JSON` object
are available, it will be parsed automatically. If a parse error occurs, an
`error` event will be fired and the model will not be updated.
You may override this method to implement custom parsing logic if necessary.
@method parse
@param {Any} response Server response.
@return {Object} Attribute hash.
**/
parse: function (response) {
if (typeof response === 'string') {
try {
return Y.JSON.parse(response);
} catch (ex) {
this.fire(EVT_ERROR, {
error : ex,
response: response,
src : 'parse'
});
return null;
}
}
return response;
},
/**
Saves this model to the server.
This method delegates to the `sync()` method to perform the actual save
operation, which is an asynchronous action. Specify a _callback_ function to
be notified of success or failure.
A successful save operation will fire a `save` event, while an unsuccessful
save operation will fire an `error` event with the `src` value "save".
If the save operation succeeds and one or more of the attributes returned in
the server's response differ from this model's current attributes, a
`change` event will be fired.
@method save
@param {Object} [options] Options to be passed to `sync()` and to `set()`
when setting synced attributes. It's up to the custom sync implementation
to determine what options it supports or requires, if any.
@param {Function} [callback] Called when the sync operation finishes.
@param {Error|null} callback.err If an error occurred or validation
failed, this parameter will contain the error. If the sync operation
succeeded, _err_ will be `null`.
@param {Any} callback.response The server's response. This value will
be passed to the `parse()` method, which is expected to parse it and
return an attribute hash.
@chainable
**/
save: function (options, callback) {
var self = this;
// Allow callback as only arg.
if (typeof options === 'function') {
callback = options;
options = {};
}
options || (options = {});
self._validate(self.toJSON(), function (err) {
if (err) {
callback && callback.call(null, err);
return;
}
self.sync(self.isNew() ? 'create' : 'update', options, function (err, response) {
var facade = {
options : options,
response: response
},
parsed;
if (err) {
facade.error = err;
facade.src = 'save';
self.fire(EVT_ERROR, facade);
} else {
// Lazy publish.
if (!self._saveEvent) {
self._saveEvent = self.publish(EVT_SAVE, {
preventable: false
});
}
if (response) {
parsed = facade.parsed = self._parse(response);
self.setAttrs(parsed, options);
}
self.changed = {};
self.fire(EVT_SAVE, facade);
}
callback && callback.apply(null, arguments);
});
});
return self;
},
/**
Sets the value of a single attribute. If model validation fails, the
attribute will not be set and an `error` event will be fired.
Use `setAttrs()` to set multiple attributes at once.
@example
model.set('foo', 'bar');
@method set
@param {String} name Attribute name or object property path.
@param {any} value Value to set.
@param {Object} [options] Data to be mixed into the event facade of the
`change` event(s) for these attributes.
@param {Boolean} [options.silent=false] If `true`, no `change` event will
be fired.
@chainable
**/
set: function (name, value, options) {
var attributes = {};
attributes[name] = value;
return this.setAttrs(attributes, options);
},
/**
Sets the values of multiple attributes at once. If model validation fails,
the attributes will not be set and an `error` event will be fired.
@example
model.setAttrs({
foo: 'bar',
baz: 'quux'
});
@method setAttrs
@param {Object} attributes Hash of attribute names and values to set.
@param {Object} [options] Data to be mixed into the event facade of the
`change` event(s) for these attributes.
@param {Boolean} [options.silent=false] If `true`, no `change` event will
be fired.
@chainable
**/
setAttrs: function (attributes, options) {
var idAttribute = this.idAttribute,
changed, e, key, lastChange, transaction;
options || (options = {});
transaction = options._transaction = {};
// When a custom id attribute is in use, always keep the default `id`
// attribute in sync.
if (idAttribute !== 'id') {
// So we don't modify someone else's object.
attributes = Y.merge(attributes);
if (YObject.owns(attributes, idAttribute)) {
attributes.id = attributes[idAttribute];
} else if (YObject.owns(attributes, 'id')) {
attributes[idAttribute] = attributes.id;
}
}
for (key in attributes) {
if (YObject.owns(attributes, key)) {
this._setAttr(key, attributes[key], options);
}
}
if (!YObject.isEmpty(transaction)) {
changed = this.changed;
lastChange = this.lastChange = {};
for (key in transaction) {
if (YObject.owns(transaction, key)) {
e = transaction[key];
changed[key] = e.newVal;
lastChange[key] = {
newVal : e.newVal,
prevVal: e.prevVal,
src : e.src || null
};
}
}
if (!options.silent) {
// Lazy publish for the change event.
if (!this._changeEvent) {
this._changeEvent = this.publish(EVT_CHANGE, {
preventable: false
});
}
this.fire(EVT_CHANGE, Y.merge(options, {changed: lastChange}));
}
}
return this;
},
/**
Override this method to provide a custom persistence implementation for this
model. The default just calls the callback without actually doing anything.
This method is called internally by `load()`, `save()`, and `destroy()`.
@method sync
@param {String} action Sync action to perform. May be one of the following:
* `create`: Store a newly-created model for the first time.
* `delete`: Delete an existing model.
* `read` : Load an existing model.
* `update`: Update an existing model.
@param {Object} [options] Sync options. It's up to the custom sync
implementation to determine what options it supports or requires, if any.
@param {Function} [callback] Called when the sync operation finishes.
@param {Error|null} callback.err If an error occurred, this parameter will
contain the error. If the sync operation succeeded, _err_ will be
falsy.
@param {Any} [callback.response] The server's response.
**/
sync: function (/* action, options, callback */) {
var callback = YArray(arguments, 0, true).pop();
if (typeof callback === 'function') {
callback();
}
},
/**
Returns a copy of this model's attributes that can be passed to
`Y.JSON.stringify()` or used for other nefarious purposes.
The `clientId` attribute is not included in the returned object.
If you've specified a custom attribute name in the `idAttribute` property,
the default `id` attribute will not be included in the returned object.
Note: The ECMAScript 5 specification states that objects may implement a
`toJSON` method to provide an alternate object representation to serialize
when passed to `JSON.stringify(obj)`. This allows class instances to be
serialized as if they were plain objects. This is why Model's `toJSON`
returns an object, not a JSON string.
See <http://es5.github.com/#x15.12.3> for details.
@method toJSON
@return {Object} Copy of this model's attributes.
**/
toJSON: function () {
var attrs = this.getAttrs();
delete attrs.clientId;
delete attrs.destroyed;
delete attrs.initialized;
if (this.idAttribute !== 'id') {
delete attrs.id;
}
return attrs;
},
/**
Reverts the last change to the model.
If an _attrNames_ array is provided, then only the named attributes will be
reverted (and only if they were modified in the previous change). If no
_attrNames_ array is provided, then all changed attributes will be reverted
to their previous values.
Note that only one level of undo is available: from the current state to the
previous state. If `undo()` is called when no previous state is available,
it will simply do nothing.
@method undo
@param {Array} [attrNames] Array of specific attribute names to revert. If
not specified, all attributes modified in the last change will be
reverted.
@param {Object} [options] Data to be mixed into the event facade of the
change event(s) for these attributes.
@param {Boolean} [options.silent=false] If `true`, no `change` event will
be fired.
@chainable
**/
undo: function (attrNames, options) {
var lastChange = this.lastChange,
idAttribute = this.idAttribute,
toUndo = {},
needUndo;
attrNames || (attrNames = YObject.keys(lastChange));
YArray.each(attrNames, function (name) {
if (YObject.owns(lastChange, name)) {
// Don't generate a double change for custom id attributes.
name = name === idAttribute ? 'id' : name;
needUndo = true;
toUndo[name] = lastChange[name].prevVal;
}
});
return needUndo ? this.setAttrs(toUndo, options) : this;
},
/**
Override this method to provide custom validation logic for this model.
While attribute-specific validators can be used to validate individual
attributes, this method gives you a hook to validate a hash of all
attributes before the model is saved. This method is called automatically
before `save()` takes any action. If validation fails, the `save()` call
will be aborted.
In your validation method, call the provided `callback` function with no
arguments to indicate success. To indicate failure, pass a single argument,
which may contain an error message, an array of error messages, or any other
value. This value will be passed along to the `error` event.
@example
model.validate = function (attrs, callback) {
if (attrs.pie !== true) {
// No pie?! Invalid!
callback('Must provide pie.');
return;
}
// Success!
callback();
};
@method validate
@param {Object} attrs Attribute hash containing all model attributes to
be validated.
@param {Function} callback Validation callback. Call this function when your
validation logic finishes. To trigger a validation failure, pass any
value as the first argument to the callback (ideally a meaningful
validation error of some kind).
@param {Any} [callback.err] Validation error. Don't provide this
argument if validation succeeds. If validation fails, set this to an
error message or some other meaningful value. It will be passed
along to the resulting `error` event.
**/
validate: function (attrs, callback) {
callback && callback();
},
// -- Protected Methods ----------------------------------------------------
/**
Duckpunches the `addAttr` method provided by `Y.Attribute` to keep the
`id` attribute’s value and a custom id attribute’s (if provided) value
in sync when adding the attributes to the model instance object.
Marked as protected to hide it from Model's public API docs, even though
this is a public method in Attribute.
@method addAttr
@param {String} name The name of the attribute.
@param {Object} config An object with attribute configuration property/value
pairs, specifying the configuration for the attribute.
@param {Boolean} lazy (optional) Whether or not to add this attribute lazily
(on the first call to get/set).
@return {Object} A reference to the host object.
@chainable
@protected
**/
addAttr: function (name, config, lazy) {
var idAttribute = this.idAttribute,
idAttrCfg, id;
if (idAttribute && name === idAttribute) {
idAttrCfg = this._isLazyAttr('id') || this._getAttrCfg('id');
id = config.value === config.defaultValue ? null : config.value;
if (!Lang.isValue(id)) {
// Hunt for the id value.
id = idAttrCfg.value === idAttrCfg.defaultValue ? null : idAttrCfg.value;
if (!Lang.isValue(id)) {
// No id value provided on construction, check defaults.
id = Lang.isValue(config.defaultValue) ?
config.defaultValue :
idAttrCfg.defaultValue;
}
}
config.value = id;
// Make sure `id` is in sync.
if (idAttrCfg.value !== id) {
idAttrCfg.value = id;
if (this._isLazyAttr('id')) {
this._state.add('id', 'lazy', idAttrCfg);
} else {
this._state.add('id', 'value', id);
}
}
}
return Model.superclass.addAttr.apply(this, arguments);
},
/**
Calls the public, overrideable `parse()` method and returns the result.
Override this method to provide a custom pre-parsing implementation. This
provides a hook for custom persistence implementations to "prep" a response
before calling the `parse()` method.
@method _parse
@param {Any} response Server response.
@return {Object} Attribute hash.
@protected
@see Model.parse()
@since 3.7.0
**/
_parse: function (response) {
return this.parse(response);
},
/**
Calls the public, overridable `validate()` method and fires an `error` event
if validation fails.
@method _validate
@param {Object} attributes Attribute hash.
@param {Function} callback Validation callback.
@param {Any} [callback.err] Value on failure, non-value on success.
@protected
**/
_validate: function (attributes, callback) {
var self = this;
function handler(err) {
if (Lang.isValue(err)) {
// Validation failed. Fire an error.
self.fire(EVT_ERROR, {
attributes: attributes,
error : err,
src : 'validate'
});
callback(err);
return;
}
callback();
}
if (self.validate.length === 1) {
// Backcompat for 3.4.x-style synchronous validate() functions that
// don't take a callback argument.
Y.log('Synchronous validate() methods are deprecated since YUI 3.5.0.', 'warn', 'Model');
handler(self.validate(attributes, handler));
} else {
self.validate(attributes, handler);
}
},
// -- Protected Event Handlers ---------------------------------------------
/**
Duckpunches the `_defAttrChangeFn()` provided by `Y.Attribute` so we can
have a single global notification when a change event occurs.
@method _defAttrChangeFn
@param {EventFacade} e
@protected
**/
_defAttrChangeFn: function (e) {
var attrName = e.attrName;
if (!this._setAttrVal(attrName, e.subAttrName, e.prevVal, e.newVal)) {
Y.log('State not updated and stopImmediatePropagation called for attribute: ' + attrName + ' , value:' + e.newVal, 'warn', 'attribute');
// Prevent "after" listeners from being invoked since nothing changed.
e.stopImmediatePropagation();
} else {
e.newVal = this.get(attrName);
if (e._transaction) {
e._transaction[attrName] = e;
}
}
}
}, {
NAME: 'model',
ATTRS: {
/**
A client-only identifier for this model.
Like the `id` attribute, `clientId` may be used to retrieve model
instances from lists. Unlike the `id` attribute, `clientId` is
automatically generated, and is only intended to be used on the client
during the current pageview.
@attribute clientId
@type String
@readOnly
**/
clientId: {
valueFn : 'generateClientId',
readOnly: true
},
/**
A unique identifier for this model. Among other things, this id may be
used to retrieve model instances from lists, so it should be unique.
If the id is empty, this model instance is assumed to represent a new
item that hasn't yet been saved.
If you would prefer to use a custom attribute as this model's id instead
of using the `id` attribute (for example, maybe you'd rather use `_id`
or `uid` as the primary id), you may set the `idAttribute` property to
the name of your custom id attribute. The `id` attribute will then
act as an alias for your custom attribute.
@attribute id
@type String|Number|null
@default `null`
**/
id: {value: null}
}
});
}, '3.7.3', {"requires": ["base-build", "escape", "json-parse"]});
| 2024-02-22T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/9213 |
#
# Copyright (C) 2012 GREE, Inc.
#
# This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
# warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
# arising from the use of this software.
#
# Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
# including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
# freely, subject to the following restrictions:
#
# 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
# claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
# in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
# appreciated but is not required.
# 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
# misrepresented as being the original software.
# 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
#
class WebkitCSSTextContext extends HTML5TextContext
class WebkitCSSTextRenderer extends HTML5TextRenderer
constructor:(@lwf, @context, @textObject) ->
super(@lwf, @context, @textObject)
@alpha = -1
@zIndex = -1
@visible = false
@node = null
@currentCanvas = null
@cmd = {}
destructor: ->
@node.parentNode.removeChild(@node) if @node?
return
destruct: ->
@context.factory.destructRenderer(@)
return
render:(m, c, renderingIndex, renderingCount, visible) ->
if @visible is visible
return if visible is false
else
@visible = visible
if visible is false
@node.style.visibility = "hidden" if @node?
return
else
@node.style.visibility = "visible" if @node?
super(m, c, renderingIndex, renderingCount, visible)
nodeChanged = false
unless @node?
@node = document.createElement("div")
@node.style.width = "#{@canvas.width}px"
@node.style.height = "#{@canvas.height}px"
@node.style.display = "block"
@node.style.pointerEvents = "none"
@node.style.position = "absolute"
@node.style.webkitTransformOrigin = "0px 0px"
@node.style.visibility = "visible"
@context.factory.stage.appendChild(@node)
nodeChanged = true
if typeof document.getCSSCanvasContext isnt 'undefined' and
@currentCanvas isnt @canvas
@node.style.background = "-webkit-canvas(#{@canvas.name}) transparent"
@currentCanvas = @canvas
else if @changed or @currentCanvas isnt @canvas
@node.style.background = "url(#{@canvas.toDataURL('image/png')}) transparent"
@currentCanvas = @canvas
maskMode = @context.factory.maskMode
return if !nodeChanged and !@matrixChanged and
@alpha is c.multi.alpha and
@zIndex is renderingIndex and
maskMode is "normal" and
@node.parentNode is @context.factory.stage
@alpha = c.multi.alpha
@zIndex = renderingIndex
cmd = @cmd
cmd.isBitmap = false
cmd.renderer = @
cmd.matrix = @matrix
cmd.maskMode = maskMode
@context.factory.addCommand(renderingIndex, cmd)
return
| 2024-01-28T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2659 |
She’d been singing for years before that, starting as a kid holding a squeegee stick like a microphone in the mirror, mimicking the actresses in the Egyptian musical melodramas that used to be broadcast on public television here every Friday afternoon. The movies had cult status not just among Israeli Arabs like Nasrin’s family, one-fifth of the population, but also among Israeli Jews, about half of whom have family roots in the Middle East or North Africa.
“My mother would yell from the living room, ‘Enough, you’re driving us crazy!’ I’d make a lot of noise, and it was a small apartment,” Nasrin recalled when we spoke recently in a cafe near the upscale tower where she lives in Tel Aviv.
At 17 she was spotted by a few Moroccan Jewish musicians playing Arabic music at the home of a friend, an Arab girl from Nazareth. After that she spent years working in bars, singing the classics of the Egyptian diva Oum Kalthoum, fending off aggressive and drunk men. “It was a tough world, but that’s where I learned,” she said. She had no other musical education.
She lived at home in those years, helping her diabetic mother and cleaning houses to supplement what her father made driving a cab. In the evenings she’d wait for the band to pull up and honk. “I’d come home from work, shower, get up on high heels, put on jewelry, red lipstick, my huge fur coat and go to the clubs to sing,” she said. This was a questionable pursuit for a Muslim girl. “My mother didn’t want to let me, because what will the neighbors say, the relatives,” she remembered. But the family needed the money, and that settled it.
Winning the TV song contest in 2012 propelled her from the bars onto the bottom rungs of the mizrahi pop scene. She had a hit with the single “Learning to Walk” in Hebrew and a string of others like “Albi Ma’ak,” Arabic for “My Heart Is With You,” which blended both languages in a way that seemed completely natural. Her Hebrew, which she says she picked up in earnest only after high school, improved with coaching, and her look was modified by the glam technicians. But her style remained that of the grand divas of Lebanon and Egypt, like Oum Kalthoum, about whom it’s said that she’d wear boys’ clothes to sneak into the mosque with her brothers to escape the strictures of her Egyptian childhood and unleash her female voice. | 2023-08-29T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/1305 |
To be fair, it wasn't always like this. It was never great, always repetitive, but there used to be a quite impressive cast of characters (as described above, though the rubber chicken was excluded), occasional plot and even drama! Garfield discovering his long-lost mother during a wandering that almost cost him his life was a heartfelt zenith. An actual spark surfaced in that story.
Nowadays Davis has outsourced almost the entire comic, preferring to focus on merchandising. Jon, Garfield and Odie are the only survivors of the cast - nobody else has appeared in years. The three make no attempt to fill this void. They have no life, are perpetually bored and prefer to spend a large portion of their on-panel time complaining about this. I present to you a genuine, unaltered transcription of a strip, 11th/03/03:
There is no plot and even interconnectedness is rare enough to be remarkable. Like some twisted version of Groundhog Day, the comic has trapped a man and his pets to the same, endlessly repeating moments of ennui and apathy.
The smaller effort is the panel-picking Garfield Randomizer. With a few tries, it produces a delightful nugget of absurdity. This didn't last long against the evil lawyers, but the author was considerate enough to leave the source code in view. Frankly: When a random generator gets better results than you, you seriously fail at cartooning.
The greater is a simple but beautiful modification: Remove Garfield's thought bubbles. Suddenly the grey monotony turns into a psychedelic rainbow, punchlines lose redundant underlining, all six facial expressions get their chances to shine and Jon's true madness is exposed. Consider that he can't hear Garfield or Odie, yet he talks to his pets like it was a conversation. His animals are the closest things he has to social contacts. The setting is turned upside down as what seemed to be a loser becomes a mental patient. Personally, I support the theory that Garfield died in his sleep in 1989, driving Jon into deluded isolation.
(Garfield lies in his bunk.)(A chandelier falls on him.)
(Jon places a bunny slipper on the table. Garfield makes no reaction to anything.)Jon: "See the bunny slipper, Garfield?"Jon: "The bunny is sad because he can't find his friend"Jon: "Do you know where his friend is?"
Some claim that Jim Davis is a mad genius who has hidden a surreal and subversive comic inside an utterly mediocre one. It may even be so. Or perhaps on the Last Day he will rise up and face Bill Watterson in a battle that will shake the stars themselves. Who can tell?
Links:http://www.truthandbeautybombs.com/bb/viewtopic.php?t=4997 - Truth and Beauty Bombs, the origin of dialogue removal and an excellent source of images.http://forums.somethingawful.com/showthread.php?s=&threadid=1797416 - Something Awful discussion, this was unavoidable. The best source of images.http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/natetrue/gar.html - The remnants of the Garfield randomizer.
Sources:http://www.garfield.com/comics/comics_archives_strip.html?2003-ga030311 - The first example. Would be better without Garfield's dialogue. Try it!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield - Data. | 2024-04-09T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/4928 |
Reading Eagle: Susan L. Angstadt |
James H. and Geraldine "Geri" Karper of Robeson Township used to have Eagles season tickets when their son was in college. Now their son's step-daughter Shelby is dating Falcons guard Wes Schweitzer and they are switching allegiance for the game this year.
Courtesy of Geri Karper |
Falcons guard Wes Schweitzer and his girlfirend, Shelby Soladar, whose grandparents Jim and Geri Karper are dropping their Eagles allegiance this year to root for Schweitzer's team.
Longtime Eagles fans put family before football
A Robeson Township couple is jumping out of the Eagles' nest and into the Falcons' for this year's playoff game.
Long-time Philadelphia Eagles fans James H. and Geraldine Karper were Eagles season-ticket holders for two years in the early 1970s. They were big fans of quarterback Roman Gabriel. The Karpers gave up the tickets after an unpleasant experience in 1974 when they attended a preseason game and striking players hurled insults at them.
Their son, James P., who was attending college at the time, also was turned off. The family continued to root for the team, however.
Their son, a Wyomissing High and Lehigh University grad, had moved to California more than a decade ago when the Glidden plant in Reading, where he worked in management, was rumored to be closing. He married a woman who had two children and now lives in Calabasas. His stepdaughter, Shelby Soladar, went to San Jose State University, where she met and fell in love with football player Wes Schweitzer.
The Karpers' fidelity to the Eagles started to wane in 2016 when Schweitzer, a 6-foot 5-inch, 314-pounder, was taken in the sixth round of the NFL draft by the Atlanta Falcons. They were showered with Falcons' memorabilia.
Soladar, 25, and Schweitzer, 24, live together in Atlanta, and in 2017 Schweitzer won a starting position at right guard.
"I met him, and he's a smart, smart guy," Geri Karper said. "After he's done in the NFL, he wants to get a Ph.D."
Geri and James, 78, will be going to Atlanta soon to watch Soladar and Schweitzer's dog.
So in the playoff game this year, they are putting family first and rooting for their granddaughter's boyfriend. | 2024-01-17T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/8287 |
Thoughts from the interface of science, religion, law and culture
After spending several years touring the country as a stand up comedian, Ed Brayton tired of explaining his jokes to small groups of dazed illiterates and turned to writing as the most common outlet for the voices in his head. He has appeared on the Rachel Maddow Show and the Thom Hartmann Show, and is almost certain that he is the only person ever to make fun of Chuck Norris on C-SPAN.
EVENTS
World Anti-Doping Agency Changes Pot Rules
The World Anti-Doping Agency has changed its rules on marijuana testing, raising the threshold for a positive test far higher in order to only catch those smoking pot during competition, not in between competitions. It’s a good start, but still not far enough:
WADA recently amended its rules on cannabis, raising the threshold for a positive test from 15 nanograms per milliliter to 150 ng/ml. In 1998 at the Nagano Games, Rebagliati recorded a level of 17.8 ng/ml, and argued the test resulted from second-hand smoke, which he still says. Ben Nichols, a spokesperson for WADA, said the raising of the threshold is meant to catch only athletes who smoke during the period of a competition. The drug isn’t prohibited out of competition.
“Our information suggests that many cases do not involve game or event-day consumption,” Nichols said. “The new threshold level is an attempt to ensure that in-competition use is detected and not use during the days and weeks before competition.”
Raising the threshold level to 150 nanograms per milliliter means that an athlete would have to be a “pretty dedicated cannabis consumer” to test positive, according to Allen St. Pierre, executive director of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML).
But why bother testing for it at all? It’s not a performance-enhancing drug, not unless first prize is a box of Twinkies. The only reason it’s even an issue is because of anti-drug hysteria that treats all substances alike. Michael Phelps smoked — in all likelihood smokes — pot. It did not help him win more than 20 medals, of course, but it didn’t hurt him either. It should be completely irrelevant to WADA, the IOC and everyone else as well.
Comments
This issue came up at Nagano in 1998 when Canadian snowboarder Ross Rebagliati (the “g” is silent) won the first ever Olympic gold medal for snowboarding. He tested positive for pot use—Duh! He’s a snowboarder—and was stripped of the medal. It was later restored when it was pointed out that marijuana was not a banned substance. Of course, they’ve since closed that loophole by banning the drug.
To be fair, pot certainly does help one get “into the groove;” that state of single-minded focus that is necessary for high-level competitions. But I assume all competitive athletes have learned how to find their groove just fine with or without pot. If you can’t get there without toking, you shouldn’t be competing at that level in the first place. But the pot ban as it is now is not supported by the evidence or the reasoning offered.
It’s not a performance-enhancing drug, not unless first prize is a box of Twinkies.
You know what would be really awesome? A service that delivers a box of Twinkies. Like, you just, like, call a number, and twenty minutes later, like, you’ve called a number right? and then twenty minutes later, or maybe fifteen, or thirty if there’s traffic on the bridge…Hey: why aren’t there more bridges? They should totally make more bridges. Man, I could go for some Twinkies right now.
(Fun Munchies fact: while I have consumed more than my share of BC’s finest, I think I’ve only once ever eaten a Twinkie, and then only to absorb New York’s psychokinetic energy.)
Yeah, Twinkies suck as weed-feed. You want something with different textures like creamy and crunchy, with hot and cold, salty and sweet, it’s about the contrasts, which tend to feel heightened.
For this reason, I favour regular salted crisps/chips, and sour cream dip with onion soup mix. The soup mix brings the tanginess of onion, the sour cream is both sour and smooth/creamy/cold, the crisps/chips are crunchy/salty. Some favour Doritos with a similar dip. A Middle-Eastern platter of tzatziki, hummus, tabbouleh, and baba ghanouj, with a mixture of dry/crunchy and moist/chewy pita is also a nice substitute.
Or, y’know, I would if I ever used such a thing. Or I’ve heard it said. Or something.
Certainly the risk of injury, to oneself and others in interactive sports, goes up when competing while high. Not as much, perhaps, as when competing while drunk, but enough to merit disqualification from competition regardless of whether or not there remains a hypocritical treatment of alcohol.
There’s absolutely nothing wrong with testing for performance under the influence of any drug that limits judgment or reflexes.
Yeah, Twinkies suck as weed-feed. You want something with different textures like creamy and crunchy, with hot and cold, salty and sweet, it’s about the contrasts, which tend to feel heightened.
Not an expert in this sort of thing, but it sounds like pizza with the right combinations of toppings would be good for this. Which, I suppose, is a contributing factor to empty pizza boxes being considered “drug paraphernalia.”
Definitely pizza, especially served with a dipping sauce (cold and creamy is a nice adjunct to the various others).
So I’ve heard. Isn’t it a Bible verse?
PAUL’S LETTER TO THE RASTAFARIANS 18:12-13:12. And shalt thou then dry the herb given unto thee by God for thy pleasure; for when dried, and immersed in the fat of the lamb*, it shall make a substance by which wonders to behold;
13 But ensure in this that before all things thou preparest in thy house a cornucopia, being of the type of breads and meats and vegetables and stoats and otters’ noses and (“Skip a bit, brother…”)…orangutans, lest thy hunger overcome thy nature, and thou mayest thereby lie with someone, yea, even just for a Dorito.
Here endeth the lesson.
* The Aramaic word says “or corn or any fatty food, really,” but Tyndale was a purist.
‘There’s absolutely nothing wrong with testing for performance under the influence of any drug that limits judgment or reflexes.”
People who are chronic stoners aren’t like, COMPETITVE AS A RULE, dude.
I think that they should test for all drugs in competitive athletes systems and if the use of said drugs has been in a time frame that means they have affected the competitor, then disqualify them. This goes for smack, pot, X, caffeine, nicotine and alcohol.
it’s been pretty conclusively proven that both nicotine and alcohol are far more damaging and addictive than marijuana, oddly neither of the those other two is proscribed for athletic competitors.
Well, I mostly agree that pot should be overall not tested for, but I can imagine exceptions for certain sports.
Keep in mind that in certain sports, additional substances are banned, plus that not only performance enhancing drugs are banned, but sometimes also substances that can give other unfair competitive advantages, like for example raising the pain threshold, so I can totally imagine that in for example some fighting sports pot stays prohibited, just like alcohol etc (I’m thinking about certain fighting sport in particular).
As far as throwing a munch is concerned, pizza has always been popular because it was easy to get without actually leaving the house. Those of us* who had some sense did not like to drive while impaired.
*people who have smoked a fair amount of pot in the past and who wish it was legal now, but who are no longer willing to risk the bullshit of getting caught with it.
@#3 I can’t tell if you are joking or not, but the assertion that marijuana helps people get into the zone is laughable at best. Acute THC consumption actually impairs sustained attention as well as the ability to rapidly process complex visual stimuli, which seems pretty necessary to competitive athletics.
There’s absolutely nothing wrong with testing for performance under the influence of any drug that limits judgment or reflexes.
When an athlete gets seriously injured or injures others, and they find a mind- or performance- altering drug in their system, THEN your argument will have some merit. But right now, you are proposing a personally intrusive fix for a non-problem.
I was a pretty serious, though not elite, distance runner in my day (14:58 5K, 2:24 marathon). I admit that I dreamed of reaching the U.S. Olympic Trials, and I wasn’t far off. In my darkest hour, I considered gaining that extra edge by blowing a shitload of bongs the morning of a race, followed by a five-pound ball of hash. I thank my Heavenly Father for granting me the resolve to resist using banned substances to attain a level of aerobic power not granted by God alone.
(By the same token, I never slit my wrists before a major competition.) | 2023-10-05T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7481 |
Entertainment Daypop Archives
Wednesday morning George and Amal Clooney became first time parents to twins. The couple welcome baby Ella and Alexander Clooney into their lives. George and Amal Clooney welcome twins Via rss.cnn.com Amal and George Clooney are parents.
The Bill Cosby indecent assault trial started on Monday, the lawsuit claims the 79-year-old actor purposely drugged and assaulted Andrea Constand in 2004. Cosby’s defense has attacked her credibility and timelines, while also drawing comparisons to another
The streak of sub par DC movies is over with newly released “Wonder Woman”. Gal Gadot reprises her role as Wonder Woman from “Batman v. Superman: Dawn of Justice” and critics are giving this movie a lot
Ariana Grande hosts a benefit concert for the 22 people who were killed and dozens more injured when a bomb exploded after Grande’s concert at Manchester Arena on May 22. The young singer was emotional with every
JIm Carrey is facing trail in a civil suit over the death of his girlfriend Cathriona White. White’s mother seeking damages in a wrongful death and violation of the drug dealer liability act lawsuit. It’s said the
ABC and Freeform is set to air the Ariana Grande benefit concert for the Manchester Arena victims live. Artists joining the young performer include Justin Bieber, Miley Cyrus, Coldplay, Usher, Katy Perry, and Pharrell Williams. The concert
Guardians of the Galaxy star and ex-WWE Superstar, Dave Bautista is enraged about the racist who tagged LeBron James’ house with the n-word. He said the perpetrator is “the scum of the earth” Dave Bautista Is Seriously
CNN has cut ties with Kathy Griffin after she released photos of her holding up a bloody decapitated head resembling President Donald Trump. She will not be back to co-host of CNN’s annual New Year’s Eve program
George Bush and Michelle Obama share a very special affinity towards each other. After being seated next to each other at many events, the unlikely friendship between the former POTUS and FLOTUS has flourish because of similar | 2024-03-09T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/1287 |
Q:
How to write out the deployed git revision to a file in Capistrano
I use Capistrano to deploy my rails app. How can I write out the git revision being deployed to public_html/revision.txt?
A:
In case anyone else has to do this:
namespace :deploy do
# ...
desc "Write the current version to public_html/revision.txt"
task :write_revision, :except => { :no_release => true } do
run "cd #{latest_release}; git rev-parse HEAD > #{latest_release}/public/revision.txt"
end
# ...
end
after "deploy:update_code", "deploy:write_revision"
A:
You can get the latest commit ID with the log command and then redirect it to your file:
git --no-pager log -1 --pretty=format:%H > public_html/revision.txt
| 2023-12-17T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2833 |
The acquisition of long-term immigration documents is carried out through one of thetwo processes established for such purposes by the National Immigration Institute, Entry Permit and Change of immigration characteristic.
of an immigration status and characteristic takes place when the immigration agent, at the port of entry, stamps the admission seal on the immigration form.
This applies to any nationality so that the foreign national obtains a visa for over 180 days, which shall enable him/her to perform lucrative or non-lucrative activities, in the Mexican consulate he/she selects.
This applies to regulated nationalities in the events where the Consulate denies the foreign national the visa requested.
Process
The process starts at the National Institute of Immigration office, where all the documents required for obtaining the entry permit, are delivered.
The response time, whether acceptance, denial or request of additional requirements is 30 natural days.
In the following cases, the immigration authority shall instruct the consular representation by electronic means to carry out an interview with the interested foreign national, in order to verify his/her identity and the information provided. If acceptable the corresponding visa shall be issued.
The foreign national bearer of a visa that enables him/her to obtain an FM3 or FM2 shall be filed upon his/her admission into the country with FMM; this immigration form only files his/her lawful stay for 30 days as from his/her entry, within such term the FMM shall be replaced with the FM2 or FM3 immigration form, as the case may be, before the INM Regional Delegation that corresponds to his/her address. On the other hand, the foreign national shall find him/herself in an irregular situation and shall be subject to the penalties established by the General Population Law.
The company, institution or individual who has submitted requirements accreditation process to obtain an immigration status or characteristic, shall be the foreign national’s joint responsible for the amount of penalties incurred, and in this case, he/she shall pay for the repatriation expenses.
This applies to restricted nationalities in all the events.
This process may be initiated at the Interior Service or directly at the Exterior Service, in order to obtain a foreign national’s authorization to enter Mexico, under the non-immigrant or immigrant status in any of its characteristics. In any case, the acquisition
Note: As from June 2010, FM3 and FM2 immigration documents shall no longer be issued by consulates.
Part of our services includes identifying your current immigration status in order to offer you the best option for your Mexican visa or long-term immigration document in Mexico. Our immigration & naturalization experts are attorneys with over 10-year experience in the field who have assisted foreign nationals from all over the world to attain their visas and immigration documents under all kinds of immigration statuses and characteristics. | 2024-06-13T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2176 |
// <auto-generated />
using Microsoft.Phone.Controls;
namespace WebClientTest
{
public partial class MainPage
{
private static string[] AllFilesInHTMLFolder()
{
return new[] {
"HTML/canvasjs.min.js",
"HTML/native.js",
};
}
}
} | 2023-10-06T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/3227 |
[Rust] Pre-Alpha
I didn't see a thread about this game yet and I thought it looks pretty cool so I guess I'll make one. The game is called Rust its made by the creators of Garry's Mod it kind of reminds me of an old school MMO. It's currently in a pre-alpha stage and you need a beta key to be able to get in and apparently the only way to get one atm is if you're either a streamer or youtuber or get lucky and get one off their forums.
The game currently runs in a browser but that could change in the future but its like a mix of Minecraft and DayZ. It's like Minecraft because you can craft guns, armor, building structures, savage ore and wood with a pickaxe and you can build custom houses from different types of wooden structures you can either build a small shack or go all out and build a castle or a skyscraper. Doors only operate by the person that placed it so only you can go through it however, you can break down other peoples doors with pickaxes and grenades but it takes a while to break them down. It's like DayZ because it has zombies and PvP also when you die you lose whatever is currently on you.
The game is fairly new so there isn't too many sources to link to really explain what the game is all about but I'll post what I've found:http://www.playrust.com/ - This is their site.http://www.twitch.tv/summit1g - I found this person streaming it with a few friends so if you want to see more random stuff its fun to watch.
Youtube Video I found that explains the game so you can see how it is in better detail.
(I'm not trying to promote any of these people just sources for people to view the game better) | 2024-03-04T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7878 |
const webpack = require('webpack');
const nodeExternals = require('webpack-node-externals');
module.exports = {
entry: './index.js',
output: {
filename: 'index.es5.js',
path: './',
libraryTarget: 'commonjs2',
},
resolve: {
modulesDirectories: [
'node_modules',
],
extensions: ['.js', ''],
},
module: {
loaders: [{
test: /\.js$/,
loader: 'babel',
exclude: /node_modules/,
}],
},
plugins: [
new webpack.optimize.UglifyJsPlugin(),
],
target: 'node',
externals: [nodeExternals()],
};
| 2023-08-31T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/4799 |
Presentation of case {#Sec1}
====================
Dr. A. Lueger: {#FPar1}
--------------
The patient came to Austria as a refugee during the Yugoslav Wars 25 years ago. She was in the 7th week of pregnancy when her husband brought her to the emergency room (ER) of the Graz University Medical Center at 3 o'clock in the morning due to increasing dyspnea. She also complained of a dry cough but there was no fever. She had had a miscarriage 7 months previously and 3 years earlier, the patient had had a cesarean section at 40 weeks of gestation due to fetal distress. A healthy infant was delivered, weighing 3290 g and measuring 52 cm in length. At that time the hemoglobin before the cesarean section was 11.0 g/dL (normal: 12.0--15.3 g/dL), the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was 82.8 fL (normal: 80--98 fL) and hemoglobin after delivery was 9.2 g/dL. On the current admission, she did not complain of any pain and there was no history of a vaginal discharge. She had no known allergies, and the only medication she took was oral replacement of folic acid and iron. Iron deficiency was said to have been present since youth but was never investigated. The electronic hospital record system also showed that she had come to the ER 16 months prior to admission because of fatigue, lassitude and exhaustion. The hemoglobin then was 10.4 g/dL, serum iron was 16 µg/dL (normal: 50--160 µg/dL) and ferritin 6 ng/mL (normal: 30--150 ng/mL). She received intravenous iron, and a work-up of the anemia was recommended, but not pursued by the patient. Physical examination revealed a slimly built person (55 kg, 170 cm, body mass index, BMI 19.0 kg/m^2^), blood pressure 110/80 mm Hg, heart rate 140 bpm, temperature 37.2 °C, O~2~ saturation 100% in room air and pale skin. There was no pulmonary or cardiac abnormality. Electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia. Laboratory results: hemoglobin 8.3 g/dL, MCV 60.3 fL, reticulocytes 13.9 ‰ (normal: 5--20 ‰), leukocytes 9.6 × 10^9^/L (normal: 4.4--11.3 × 10^9^/L), platelets 322 × 10^9^/L (normal: 140--440 × 10^9^/L), albumin 3.1 g/dL (normal: 3.5--5.3 g/dL), serum iron 10 µg/dL, transferrin 1.73 g/L (normal: 2.0--3.6 g/L), transferrin saturation 4% (normal: 16--45%), ferritin 11 ng/mL, vitamin D 8.1 ng/mL (normal: 30--60 ng/mL), parathyroid hormone 117.3 pg/mL (normal: 15--65 pg/mL), osteocalcin 98.0 ng/mL (normal: 1.0--35.0 ng/mL), prothrombin time 14% (normal: 70--120%), international normalized ratio (INR) 4.73 (normal: 2--3.5), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) 88.9 s (normal: 26--36 s), fibrinogen 606 mg/dL (normal: 210--400 mg/dL), antithrombin (AT) 108% (normal: \>75%), D‑dimer 0.67 mg/dL (normal: \<50 mg/dL), factor II 20% (normal: \>70%), factor V 102% (normal: \>70%), factor XI 59% (normal: \>50%), factor XII 73% (normal: \>50%), haptoglobin 2.84 g/L (normal: 0.3--2.0 g/L), folic acid 3.6 ng/mL (normal: 2.7--34.0 ng/mL), vitamin B~12~ 531 pg/mL (normal: 180--1100 pg/mL), C‑reactive protein (CRP) 62.4 mg/dL (normal: \<5.0 mg/dL), thyroid-stimulating hormone 0.62 µU/mL (normal: 0.27--4.2 µU/mL). The patient received intravenous iron and vitamins K and D. Her levels of hemoglobin (12.8 mg/dL), MCV (85.5 fL) and ferritin (38 ng/mL) normalized within 3 weeks and so did prothrombin time and the serum vitamin D level. The remainder of the pregnancy was uneventful.
A diagnostic test was performed.
Differential diagnosis {#Sec2}
======================
Dr. C. Tinchon: {#FPar2}
---------------
The patient under discussion is a young woman with increasing dyspnea and anemia in the 7th week of pregnancy. Anemia is a common condition in pregnancy and is defined as a hemoglobin level \<11 g/dL in the first trimester and below 10.5 g/dL in the second and third trimester \[[@CR1]--[@CR3]\]. It affects up to 40% of pregnant women worldwide and nearly one third in the USA \[[@CR4], [@CR5]\]. It is a risk factor associated with antepartum, intrapartum and postpartum maternal morbidity, and perinatal morbidity and mortality with adverse effects arising proportionally to the severity of anemia \[[@CR6]\]. The topic of anemia in pregnancy is complex and there is a wide variety of potential underlying etiologies that should be considered (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}). However, physiologic anemia (dilutional) and iron deficiency are the two most common causes of anemia in pregnant women. Physiologic anemia is due to an increase in plasma volume by 10--15% at weeks 6--12 of gestation with a further rapid expansion by weeks 30--34, and plateauing or slightly decreasing toward term. All of this occurs despite an adequate increase in red blood cell mass. At term, the total plasma volume of 4700--5200 mL is about 30--50% above that in non-pregnant women, while the increase in red cell mass is only about 10--30% \[[@CR7]\]. This physiologic fall in hemoglobin concentration across pregnancy is often quoted as 5 g/L, but it was found to be as high as 8 g/L in some studies \[[@CR8]\]. Insufficient supply of iron and micronutrients, such as folate, vitamins B~12~, B~6~ and copper due to inappropriate intake, hyperemesis gravidarum or malabsorption may also contribute to an imbalance between availability and increased nutrient requirements for fetal red blood cell production and fetoplacental growth, and consequently result in anemia. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia worldwide and affects about one in three pregnant women \[[@CR9], [@CR10]\]. Laboratory data of the discussed patient showed significantly reduced levels of all iron status parameters (serum iron, transferrin saturation and ferritin) and confirmed the diagnosis of iron deficiency. However, this condition has been known for many years in this patient and could not be improved by regular oral iron supplementation. Assessment of iron status is sometimes challenging. Thus, the markedly reduced transferrin levels observed in the discussed patient may hint at malnutrition, protein deficiency, zinc deficiency, chronic liver injury or conditions, such as acute phase reactions, chronic disease or hereditary hypotransferrinemia \[[@CR11]\]. Iron deficiency may be due to increased loss (gastrointestinal or urogenital bleeding, epistaxis, blood donation, hemoglobinuria caused by intravascular hemolysis), malnutrition, malabsorption, relative iron deficiency during therapy with erythropoietin, infection with *Helicobacter pylori*, or increased physiologic needs. Microcytic anemia may further be caused by chronic inflammation with a subsequent increase in hepcidin \[[@CR12]\], which is an acute phase protein and hormone, and as such is a key regulator of systemic iron balance \[[@CR13]\]. It inhibits iron entry into the plasma compartment from the three main sources of iron, i.e. dietary absorption in the duodenum, the release of recycled iron from macrophages and the release of stored iron from hepatocytes \[[@CR13], [@CR14]\]. Less frequently, microcytic hypochromic anemia may be sideroblastic (hereditary or acquired due to deficiencies in vitamin B~6~ or copper, or due to lead poisoning) and in rare cases it may be caused by thalassemia, sickle cell disease, or it may present as inherited atypical form of microcytic anemia. In the presence of fragmentocytes, microcytic hypochromic anemia may be artificial, i.e. resulting from hyponatremia.Table 1Causes of different forms of anemia in adults. (Adapted from \[[@CR7]\])Reticulocyte countMicrocytic\
MCV \<80 fLNormocytic\
MCV 80--100 fLMacrocytic\
MCV \>100 fLLow or normalIron deficiencyAnemia of chronic disease/inflammationSideroblastic anemiaCopper deficiencyVitamin B~6~ deficiencyZinc deficiencyBleeding (acute)Iron deficiency (early)Anemia of chronic disease/inflammationBone marrow suppression (cancer, aplastic anemia, infection)Chronic renal insufficiencyHypothyroidismHypopituitarismExcess alcoholVitamin B~12~ or folate deficiencyExcess alcoholMyelodysplastic syndromeLiver diseaseHypothyroidismHIV infectionMedications that interfere with nuclear maturationIncreasedThalassemiaHemolysisBleeding (with bone marrow recovery)HemolysisBone marrow recovery (e.g. after infection, vitamin B~12~ or folate replacement and/or iron replacement)HemolysisBone marrow recovery (e.g. after infection, vitamin B~12~ or folate replacement and/or iron replacement)*MCV* mean corpuscular volume
Other causes of anemia besides physiologic factors and iron deficiency that are much less common but should be mentioned in the context of pregnancy include hemolytic anemia due to HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count) syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS); however, in the discussed patient these diagnoses can be ruled out because of lacking clinical and laboratory findings suggesting these conditions (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}).Table 2Comparison of TTP, HUS and HELLP syndrome with regard to symptoms and laboratory findings \[[@CR15], [@CR16]\]TTPHUSHELLPAbdominal pain++++++Low ADAMTS-13 activity+/++--−/+Anemia+++++Elevated LDH++ very high values++ very high values++Elevated transaminases−/+−/+++Fever+----Headache or visual disturbance++--++Hypertension+/++++++Jaundice----+Nausea and vomiting++++++Proteinuria+ and hematuria++++Thrombocytopenia++++++Von Willebrand factor++++--*TTP* thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, *HUS* hemolytic uremic syndrome, *HELLP* hemolysis, elevated liver function tests, low platelets, *LDH* lactate dehydrogenase, *ADAMTS-13* a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 motif 13, +: prevalence of finding in affected patients
Laboratory data further revealed severe vitamin D deficiency with subsequently increased levels of parathyroid hormone and osteocalcin, and deficiency in vitamin K reflected by low levels of clotting factors II, VII, IX and X, predisposing to bruising and hemorrhage. Besides deficiencies in iron, vitamins D and K, the discussed patient also presented with low levels of albumin and transferrin, suggesting a deficiency in protein. Together with a low BMI, all these findings strongly hint at malnutrition or malassimilation, i.e. maldigestion or malabsorption. While maldigestion is due to reduced hydrolysis of nutrients (luminal or at the brush border level), malabsorption may be caused by (1) luminal factors (e.g. impaired hydrolysis, impaired micelle formation, limited bioavailability, bacterial overgrowth), (2) mucosal factors (impaired brush border hydrolase activity, inherited deficiencies, damaged absorbing surface, decreased absorbing surface, surgery, infiltration or infection), or (3) postabsorptive factors (e.g. obstruction of lymphatic system, deficiency in chylomicrons or beta-lipoproteins, protein-losing enteropathy) \[[@CR17]\]. However, chronic iron deficiency and low serum folate levels despite regular supplementation strongly suggest a malabsorption problem in this patient.
Since the patient presented without diarrhea (silent malabsorption), we can exclude liver diseases with disturbed enterohepatic bile acid circulation as a differential diagnosis. Due to a negative history, we can rule out drugs that may cause diarrhea (e.g. olmesartan \[[@CR18]\], mycophenolate mofetil, colchicine, cholestyramine, neomycin, calcium carbonate), tropical sprue (negative travel history), severe malabsorption syndromes in childhood (e.g. disaccharidase deficiency, Hartnup's disease, cystinuria, acrodermatitis enteropathica, alpha-beta-lipoproteinemia, cystic fibrosis), surgery of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. short bowel syndrome, bypass, fistulas), radiation (radiation enteritis), allotransplantation, inactivation of pancreatic enzymes due to Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, immunodeficiency syndromes and isolated fat malabsorption syndromes, such as benign familial hypobetalipoproteinemia. Because of lacking clinical symptoms and laboratory findings, chronic pancreatitis (which causes abdominal pain in up to 80% of patients and maldigestion in about 20% of patients, but not iron deficiency anemia), intestinal lymphoma, chronic merenteric ischemia and vasculitis can be excluded as a diagnosis in this pregnant patient. Since the patient did not complain of diarrhea, conditions such as a neuroendocrine tumor, infection with amoeba, *Trichuris trichiura* (whipworm) or cryptosporidium parasites, autoimmune enteropathy, intestinal amyloidosis, mastocytosis and non-celiac gluten sensitivity are unlikely in this case. Moreover, the absence of edema rules out protein-losing enteropathy as the underlying pathology, while absent eosinophilia makes eosinophilic gastroenteritis or infestation with hookworms *Strongyloides stercoralis, Paragonimus* spp. or *Schistosoma*spp. an improbable diagnosis \[[@CR19]\]. As a differential diagnosis of malabsorption, Whipple's disease, a rare chronic infection in which almost all organ systems can be invaded by the rod-shaped bacterium *Tropheryma whipplei*, should be considered as well. *Tropheryma whipplei* is a ubiquitous bacterium with a wide clinical spectrum of infections encompassing chronic systemic infection (classical Whipple's disease), chronic focal infections, acute infections and healthy carriage \[[@CR20]\]. The annual incidence in central European countries is estimated to be approximately 1/1,000,000 \[[@CR21]\]. It primarily affects middle-aged white men. The main clinical features include gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea and abdominal pain, joint symptoms and weight loss. Up to 60% of affected patients complain of recurrent arthritis, and up to 40% suffer from sacroiliitis \[[@CR22]\]. Furthermore, involvement of the central nervous system, cardiac manifestations (endocarditis) and pulmonary infiltration have all been described \[[@CR23]\]. Although the laboratory data showed a markedly increased level of CRP, which would also be typical for Whipple's disease, the clinical features of the patient did not suggest this rare disorder. In addition, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and infection with *Diphyllobothrium latum* can be ruled out in this case because both conditions would go along with vitamin B~12~ deficiency, which was not present in our patient.
Once considered a pediatric problem, celiac disease has now become an important differential diagnosis in adults as well. Celiac disease, also known as celiac sprue, nontropical sprue or gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is a chronic enteropathy characterized by an autoimmune response in genetically susceptible individuals that affects people of all ages worldwide \[[@CR24]\]. In western countries, the prevalence of celiac disease is about 1% of the general population \[[@CR25], [@CR26]\]. Classical celiac disease diagnosed in children typically presents with diarrhea, malabsorption, failure to thrive and growth retardation \[[@CR27]\]. In adults, the clinical presentation of celiac disease can vary from the asymptomatic state to malabsorption, micronutrient deficiencies, osteoporosis and neurological disorders (\[[@CR28]\]; Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}). Due to malabsorption of micronutrients, anemia and osteopenia or osteoporosis can most often be found in patients with newly diagnosed celiac disease. Anemia, usually secondary to iron deficiency and often refractory to oral iron treatment, affects 60--80% of newly diagnosed patients \[[@CR29]--[@CR31]\], and about 75% of patients have some degree of bone loss \[[@CR32]--[@CR34]\]. Therefore, it is recommended to obtain celiac antibodies whenever there is a clinical or biochemical suspicion of malabsorption \[[@CR35]\]. Serological testing includes anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG-IgA) antibodies and anti-endomysial antibodies (EmA-IgA), detected by immunofluorescence, with equivalent diagnostic accuracy. The anti-gliadin antibody (AGA) test is less reliable; however, it is suggested that IgG and IgA antibodies against deamidated gliadin peptides (DGP)-AGA have a comparable diagnostic accuracy as tTG-IgA \[[@CR36], [@CR37]\]. An IgA deficiency is about 10--15 times more common in patients with celiac disease than in healthy individuals. Genetic testing of HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 is not an absolute requirement for diagnosis, but a negative result makes celiac disease unlikely. In Europe, 85--90% of patients with celiac disease are positive for HLA-DQ2, and 10--15% are positive for HLA-DQ8 \[[@CR38]\]. However, it should be considered that 30--40% of the general population are also positive for these alleles (with HLA-DQ2 more common than HLA-DQ8) but do not have the disease \[[@CR39]\]. HLA testing needs to be performed only once during the lifetime, initial negative serological tests, however, do not exclude the development of celiac disease later in life. Histopathological changes are characterized by typical architectural abnormalities as defined by the Marsh-Oberhuber classification (\[[@CR40]\]; Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"}). Although gluten-free diet usually results in good clinical response, abnormal histopathological findings persist in a high percentage of patients \[[@CR41], [@CR42]\]. Nevertheless, for the diagnosis of celiac disease, it is important that serological and histological diagnostic tests are performed while the patient is on a gluten-containing diet because otherwise the tests may be inconclusive and necessitate a gluten challenge.Table 3Different presentations of celiac disease in adults. (Adapted from \[[@CR24], [@CR53]\])AsymtomaticSymptomaticLatentSilentAtypicalClassicVillous atrophy^a^−+++Serology (tTG-IgA)^a^++++HLA-DQ2 or DQ8++++Nonspecific symptoms^b^−−++/−Chronic diarrhea, steatorrhea−−−+^a^Not all patients are positive at presentation; this might be due to IgA deficiency or gluten-free diet for more than 3 months prior to testing^b^e.g. iron deficiency anemia, osteoporosis, irritable bowel syndromeTable 4Marsh-Oberhuber classification of architectural abnormalities in celiac disease \[[@CR40]\]Marsh0123a3b3cIEL/100 epithelial cells≤25\>25\>25\>25\>25\>25CryptsNormalNormalHyperplasiaHyperplasiaHyperplasiaHyperplasiaVillusNormalNormalNormalModerate atrophySubtotal atrophyTotal atrophyType of lesionRemissionInfiltrativeHyperplasticDestructive----*IEL* intraepithelial lymphocytes
An entity that is less frequently observed in western countries but should nevertheless be mentioned as a differential diagnosis in this case, is infection with *Giardia lamblia*. This protozoan parasite attaches to the intestinal epithelium in the duodenum and jejunum, and disrupts the epithelial barrier function by altering tight junction composition and increasing apoptosis \[[@CR43]\]. Symptoms of acute infection include abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloating and greasy stools that tend to float; indigestion or nausea and vomiting are also frequently reported \[[@CR44]--[@CR46]\]. In chronic giardiasis, symptoms fluctuate and steatorrhea may be due to the formation of a layer of *Giardia* trophozoites that are attached to the duodenal mucosa by a large ventral sucking disk. Besides the described cellular and mechanical effects resulting in increased epithelial permeability, *Giardia lamblia* also causes intestinal abnormalities in the host, such as the loss of intestinal brush border surface area and villus flattening, similar to that observed in celiac disease \[[@CR47]\]. Consequently, infection with *Giardia lamblia* can lead to malabsorption which in rare cases may result in vitamin K deficiency and impaired coagulation \[[@CR48]\] as observed in the discussed patient. However, since eosinophilia is often present in infections with*Giardia lamblia* but was not present in this case, giardiasis can probably be ruled out as a diagnosis.
Due to evidence of malabsorption in this patient, the differential diagnosis should also include Crohn's disease, which can involve all parts of the gastrointestinal tract and present with increased CRP levels (as found in the discussed patient), nausea, vomiting and epigastric pain \[[@CR49]--[@CR51]\]. Although Crohn's disease usually afflicts patients in their 20s and 30s, exacerbation during pregnancy is typically seen in the 2nd or 3rd trimester, but not in the 1st trimester as in the discussed patient. Other forms of inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis and indeterminate colitis, predominantly involving the rectum and variable parts of the colon, are usually not associated with malabsorption and are thus unlikely diagnoses in this case.
All these considerations finally lead to the suggested diagnostic approach of (1) endoscopy with duodenal biopsies, (2) serological testing for tTG-IgA antibodies, (3) quantitative analysis of immunoglobulins and Ig subtypes to rule out IgA deficiency, and (4) testing for parasites and ova in stool, or duodenal aspirate analysis for exclusion of giardiasis.
Dr. C. Tinchon's diagnosis {#Sec3}
==========================
Celiac disease
Discussion of case {#Sec32}
==================
Dr. A. Lueger: {#FPar3}
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As the patient's attending physician, I highly suspected a malabsorption syndrome when routine laboratory data revealed low levels or deficiencies in several micronutrients despite the reported regular supplementation of iron and folate. Since celiac disease is the most frequently occurring malabsorption syndrome, we obtained a measurement of serum tTG-IgA antibodies, and the initial value was 716 U/mL (normal: up to 16 U/mL). The patient was put on a gluten-free diet, and after initial parenteral replacement followed by oral replacement therapy (iron, vitamins D and K), all abnormal parameters returned to normal and they remained unchanged on continued gluten-free diet alone. After 6 months, the tTG-IgA antibody level dropped to the normal range at 15 U/mL.
Dr. G. J. Krejs: {#FPar4}
----------------
Celiac disease is an immune-mediated enteropathy with a strong genetic predisposition, in most cases improving on dietary exclusion of gluten \[[@CR52]\]. Thus, for the diagnosis, it is important that diagnostic work-up is performed while the patient is on a gluten-containing diet, because otherwise the results may be inconclusive. As mentioned, intestinal mucosal biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis. In the discussed patient, however, endoscopy was not performed because of pregnancy. What is the pathologist's opinion on a diagnosis of celiac disease without a small bowel biopsy?
Dr. C. Langner: {#FPar5}
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According to the consensus of the German Society of Gastroenterology, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases and the German Celiac Society, celiac disease can be diagnosed in patients with positive serology and positive histology (i.e. Marsh 2 or 3), and improvement of serological markers on gluten-free diet. Biopsy is not necessary in children with clinical symptoms and signs of malabsorption, who have a serum tTG-IgA antibody titer \>10 times the upper reference limit, positive EmA-IgA antibodies (second independent sample), are positive for HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 and clinically improve on a gluten-free diet \[[@CR53]\]. For histological work-up, at least 6 biopsies should be obtained from different parts of the duodenum including the duodenal bulb, the middle and distal duodenum. Celiac disease is characterized by specific histopathological changes including partial or total villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, an altered villus to crypt ratio, an increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), and increased infiltration of the lamina propria with plasma cells, lymphocytes and eosinophilic and basophilic granulocytes \[[@CR40]\]. The typical architectural abnormalities are defined by the Marsh-Oberhuber classification (Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"}). In patients who clinically do not respond to a gluten-free diet, a repeat biopsy is recommended to verify refractory celiac disease type I or type II. Data show that a gluten-free diet results in good recovery to normal mucosal architecture in about 96% of patients after 2 years. Only 4% of patients display a persistently abnormal mucosal architecture (Marsh 2 or 3). However, the number of IELs is normal in only 56%, and pathologic in 44% of patients with recovered villous architecture \[[@CR54]\]. Regarding the duration of gluten-free diet, it is observed that with time (2--5 years, 5--10, 10--15, 15--20 and over 20 years), persistence of IELs dropped to 85%, 63%, 51%, 48% and 48%, respectively. Lowering the cut-off value for IELs to 25 IEL/100 epithelial cells resulted in an increase of this histopathological finding to 89% of patients after 2--5 years on a gluten-free diet, and to 67% after \>20 years \[[@CR54]\]. Thus, persistence of intraepithelial lymphocytosis is not an indicator of refractory celiac disease. For diagnosis of celiac disease, mucosal architecture (i.e. the appearance of villi and crypts) and clinical symptoms are relevant. In the discussed case, esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with biopsies was not performed because the patient was pregnant and became totally free of symptoms on a gluten-free diet. Thus, EGD does not seem to be necessary in this patient at this time but could be done to verify the histopathological features on a gluten-free diet later.
Dr. G. J. Krejs: {#FPar6}
----------------
Given the dramatic drop in tTG-IgA antibodies and the spectacular response to the gluten-free diet, we think that the diagnosis of celiac disease is conclusive in this case. A small bowel biopsy would be of academic interest to see whether the mucosa has returned to normal, or how much residual disease has remained as described by Dr. Langner.
Dr. K. I. Mayer-Pickel: {#FPar7}
-----------------------
On admission, transvaginal sonography of the pregnant patient (7th week of gestation) showed a normally developed, 8 cm fetus with positive heart action. Besides an intrauterine scar from a former cesarean section, sonography revealed distended small bowel segments with moderate movements in the lower quadrants. Since the further course of the patient's pregnancy was unremarkable, routine medical care of the mother and the fetus was provided by her local gynecologist. In the 37th week of gestation, she was seen again in the outpatient clinic for the purpose of planning an elective cesarean section. At that time, the patient reported to be free of gastrointestinal complaints on a gluten-free diet. Laboratory data showed normal hemoglobin (13.7 g/dL, MCV 86.4 fL) and prothrombin time (110%). One week later, the patient gave birth to a healthy boy (body weight 3450 g, APGAR score 6/8/10) without complications. Thus, the mother and child were discharged on the third postpartum day.
Dr. G. J. Krejs: {#FPar8}
----------------
As reflected by the laboratory data, micronutrient deficiencies were not observed any longer when the patient was on a gluten-free diet. However, if you look at the chances of having celiac disease from the angle of iron deficiency anemia, a recent systematic review showed that 1 in 31 patients with iron deficiency anemia is found to have celiac disease \[[@CR55]\]. As in the discussed patient, vitamin K deficiency reflected by disturbed coagulation is also frequently observed in celiac disease. However, at term, coagulation had normalized upon instituting substitution and elimination of malabsorption by the gluten-free diet. Dr. Raggam, who is an expert in the field of coagulation, was consulted in this case and will now comment.
Dr. R. B. Raggam: {#FPar9}
-----------------
On admission of the discussed patient, both global tests for coagulation, i.e. APTT (88.9 s) and prothrombin time (14%), were significantly altered and the serum level of fibrinogen was markedly increased (606 mg/dL). The APTT and prothrombin time cover all clotting factors except factor XIII and are useful to get an impression of the coagulation system. While a prolonged APTT primarily reflects low levels of clotting factors XII, XI, IX and VIII, it will also be increased when factors X, V or fibrinogen are deficient. Prothrombin time indicates availability of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (VII, X, II), but it will also be altered when the levels of factor V or fibrinogen are low. The alterations observed in the present case strongly suggest vitamin K deficiency, which can be due to low dietary intake or malabsorption, or it may be iatrogenic due to treatment with warfarin, superwarfarin or antibiotics. However, the differential diagnosis should also include the nonspecific (antiphospholipids or lupus inhibitor) and specific acquired antibodies against coagulation factors, hyperfibrinolysis or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Since our patient had an increased level of fibrinogen, normal thrombocytes and a physiologic increase in D-dimer, DIC could be ruled out. On clinical examination, the patient did not show signs of bleeding, which suggests a slowly developing coagulation disturbance with a consequent adaption of procoagulant factors, i.e. factor VIII, von Willebrand factor and fibrinogen. To further differentiate between deficiency in coagulation factors and acquired inhibitors of coagulation factors, the plasma mixing test was employed. This test resulted in a near-normal APTT (42.5 s) and a normal prothrombin time (71%), and thus clearly indicated coagulation factor deficiency in our patient. To evaluate the bleeding risk, thromboelastography, which is a graphical presentation of the formed clot that allows a rapid identification of the underlying cause of disturbed coagulation (i.e. deficiency in coagulation factors, platelets or fibrinogen), was performed. While the clotting time reflects APTT and prothrombin time in this test, the α‑angle, the maximum amplitude of the formed clot and lysis time are indicators of clot formation and stability. In the discussed patient, thromboelastography clearly identified a deficiency in coagulation factors, but it did not indicate an increased bleeding risk as reflected by a steep α‑angle of the formed clot and high clot stability without lysis. The results of thromboelastography show that substitution with coagulation factors was not indicated in the absence of bleeding and may even predispose the patient to thrombotic events. Analysis of single coagulation factor activities then revealed a deficiency in vitamin K-dependent factors II, VII, IX and X.
Dr. G. J. Krejs: {#FPar10}
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Among 174 clinical-pathological conferences in this institution in the last 33 years, 4 cases of celiac disease have been discussed. Celiac disease in adults remains a challenging diagnosis since the clinical presentations can be so different. Dr. Hammer is in charge of the outpatient care that we offer adults with celiac disease.
Dr. H. Hammer: {#FPar11}
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Celiac disease is a chronic multiorgan autoimmune disease that affects the small intestine in genetically predisposed persons, precipitated by the ingestion of gluten \[[@CR56], [@CR57]\]. The disease affects persons from diverse ethnic backgrounds. In western countries, the prevalence of histologically confirmed celiac disease is around 0.6%, and 1% in serological screening of the general population \[[@CR58]\]. A large proportion of patients are diagnosed above the age of 20 years, and while some of these patients may probably have had undetected disease since childhood, other patients developed the disease in adulthood \[[@CR59]\]. A subgroup of patients is regarded as potential or latent celiac disease because they have a normal small bowel mucosa but positive serology along with a positive HLA status (DQ2 or DQ8) \[[@CR60]\]. From my point of view as a clinical gastroenterologist, iron deficiency is a typical presentation of celiac disease, especially if, as in this case, it has persisted for many years, even in the face of ongoing oral iron substitution, or if it is accompanied by other signs of malnutrition and consequences of malabsorption, which have been extensively discussed by the previous speakers and to which I would like to add problems with previous pregnancies. More recently, celiac disease is also suspected and recognized in patients with symptoms resembling the irritable bowel syndrome, osteopenia, amenorrhea, and even small bowel lymphoma. According to the most recent guidelines, the diagnosis of celiac disease in adults is based on a combination of clinical, serological and histopathological data \[[@CR60]\], and tests should be performed while the patient is on a gluten-containing diet. Histology alone is not sufficient for the diagnosis as there are many histological mimics of celiac disease in seronegative patients \[[@CR60]\]. The indications for testing for celiac disease are shown in Table [5](#Tab5){ref-type="table"}.Table 5Recommendations for testing for celiac disease in adults according to the guidelines of the European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) \[[@CR60]\]Endoscopy and duodenal biopsy even if serology is negativeSerology is indicated: biopsy is needed only when serology is positiveChronic (non-bloody) diarrheaDiarrhea with features of malabsorption, especially weight lossIron deficiency anemia in absence of other causesGastrointestinal symptoms with a family history of celiac diseaseGastrointestinal symptoms in patients with an autoimmune disease or IgA deficiencySkin biopsy proven dermatitis herpetiformisPatient with video capsule findings suggestive of villous atrophyUnexplained high-output ileo(colo)stomyIrritable bowel syndromeElevated, otherwise unexplained liver transaminasesChronic gastrointestinal symptoms without a family history of celiac disease or a personal history of autoimmune diseaseMicroscopic colitisHashimoto thyroiditis and Graves' diseaseOsteopenia, osteoporosisUnexplained ataxia or peripheral neuropathyRecurrent aphthous ulcers or dental enamel defectsInfertility, recurrent miscarriage, late menarche, early menopauseChronic fatigue syndromeAcute or chronic pancreatitis, after excluding other causesEpilepsy, headaches including migraines, mood disorders or attention deficit disorder, cognitive impairmentHyposplenism or functional aspleniaPsoriasis or skin lesions other than dermatitis herpetiformisDown's or Turner's syndromePulmonary hemosiderosisIgA nephropathy
Dr. G. J. Krejs: {#FPar12}
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In this case, both the mother and child tested positive for HLA-DQ2. We asked two independent mathematicians about the risk faced by a newborn to contract celiac disease in the future. Based on the prevalence of celiac disease of 1% in the general population and the fact that 90% of patients are HLA-DQ2 positive as compared to only 10% of the general population, calculation revealed a risk of 7.4% for the newborn to develop celiac disease in the future. The pediatrician taking care of the child should consider this when regularly screening the patient to ensure early detection and treatment if necessary.
When I came to the Medical University of Graz 33 years ago, celiac disease was primarily diagnosed in children, but hardly recognized in adults which often led to delays in diagnosis and treatment of the affected patients. For instance, we had a 60-year-old patient who was suspected to have metastatic prostate cancer, but the bone changes were due to celiac disease which was diagnosed as late as during his 12th hospital admission.
Celiac disease is a disorder associated with splenic hypofunction or atrophy (hyposplenism), affecting about one third of adult patients. This may predispose to a higher risk of infections and other complications, as explained by Dr. Bauer.
Dr. P. K. Bauer: {#FPar13}
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Hyposplenism, which occurs in 25--75% of patients with celiac disease \[[@CR61]\], is a common conditon that may result in increased risk of invasive infection caused by encapsulated bacteria, and further predisposes to autoimmune diseases and thromboembolic complications. The spleen is pivotal in the regulation of immune homeostasis by linking innate and adaptive immunity and protecting against infections \[[@CR62], [@CR63]\]. Impaired function subsequently leads to (1) a reduced number of IgM memory B cells and defective activity of opsonizing molecules, which facilitates infections by encapsulated bacteria, such as *Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis* and *Haemophilus influenzae*, and (2) a decreased number of marginal zone B cells, which predisposes to the development of autoimmunity due to regulatory T cell depletion and subsequent increase in autoreactive T cell clones \[[@CR64]\]. Thus, hyposplenic individuals are vulnerable to invasive infections in particular with *Streptococcus pneumoniae,* which is responsible for up to 50% of such infections and often presents with a sudden onset and a fulminant course \[[@CR65]\]. Hyposplenic adult patients with celiac disease face a higher risk of respiratory diseases (mainly pneumonia) \[[@CR66], [@CR75]\] and pneumococcal sepsis \[[@CR67], [@CR68]\]. However, the incidence of infection can be reduced by preventive measures such as vaccination. Currently, a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine exerting its protective effect via a T cell-independent mechanism is recommended for asplenic or hyposplenic adults and children over 5 years of age, and a 13-valent protein conjugate pneumococcal vaccine acting via a T cell-dependent mechanism is available for asplenic or hyposplenic children \<5 years \[[@CR64]\]. In patients with celiac disease the immunological response to vaccination is the same as in the general population \[[@CR76]\].
Further, spleen function was found to be crucial for the presence of IgA-producing plasma cells in the gut \[[@CR69]\] and maintenance of oral tolerance to gluten \[[@CR70]\]. Consequently, the incidence of hyposplenism correlates with the duration of pre-exposure to gluten as shown by the correlation with age at diagnosis \[[@CR71]\]. However, a gluten-free diet does not seem to have a positive effect on the development of hyposplenism in adult patients with celiac disease \[[@CR72]\].
Besides immunological consequences of hyposplenism, the filtering function of the spleen is also impaired in this condition. This results in (1) reduced platelet sequestration which is associated with increased risk of thromboembolism and (2) inappropriate removal of pits from erythrocytes increasing circulating Howell-Jolly bodies and pitted red cells, which in turn predisposes to hyperviscosity \[[@CR73]\]. Thus, patients with celiac disease may also face an increased risk of thromboembolism. However, this risk may also be influenced by altered clotting factors and development of a procoagulative condition secondary to vitamin K deficiency, as observed in the discussed patient. According to the review article by Balaban et al. \[[@CR74]\], extraintestinal manifestations of celiac disease are becoming increasingly prevalent as the initial presenting manifestation. Hematologic features of the disease are occurring quite frequently and can be the sole manifestation of celiac disease. Changes in platelet count or iron status can hint at celiac disease. Screening for celiac disease within this cohort of patients should be kept in mind as well as in patients with IgA deficiency or hemorrhagic manifestations, which cannot be explained otherwise.
Final diagnosis {#Sec4}
===============
Celiac disease with malabsorption of iron, and vitamins D and K.
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Acknowledgements {#FPar14}
================
The authors express their sincere gratitude to Dr. Alina Fakin for language editing of the manuscript. We also thank Manfred P. Krejs and Martina Weisgram for their assistance with mathematics.
Open access funding provided by Medical University of Graz.
E. Fabian, C. Tinchon, A. Lueger, P. K. Bauer, K. I. Mayer-Pickel, R. B. Raggam, H. F. Hammer, C. Langner, and G. J. Krejs declare that they have no competing interests.
| 2024-06-15T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2435 |
Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in cats after intravenous and oral administration.
Fluconazole (100 mg) was administered to six adult cats as an intravenous infusion over 30 minutes, and the same cats received 100 mg of the drug orally 16 weeks later. The cats were bled repeatedly through an indwelling jugular catheter, the plasma fluconazole concentrations were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography, and the concentration-time data were subjected to a non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. The mean (SD) intravenous half-life (13.8 [2.6] hours) was similar to that observed after oral dosing (12.4 [3.0] hours). The plasma clearances (intravenous 0.9 [0.1], oral 0.9 [0.2] ml min-1 kg-1) and the volumes of distribution at steady state (intravenous 1.1 [0.1], oral 1.0 [0.1] litre kg-1) were also similar after the two routes of dosing. The peak plasma concentration was reached 2.6 hours after oral dosing and the drug was completely bioavailable (1.09 [0.05]). On the basis of this single dose study, the administration of 50 mg fluconazole every eight hours to a 4 kg cat should produce average steady state plasma fluconazole concentrations of approximately 33 mg litre-1. | 2024-02-12T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7461 |
This invention relates to a game of the type comprising a play plate on which little balls may roll by gravity, and guide members disposed on said play plate, wherein a part of said guide members can be controlled to define and modify the trajectory each time followed by the balls.
Generally, these types of games have the character of billiard-like or flipper-like games, and therein the trajectory followed by each ball is subjected to partly voluntary and partly casual influences which confere to the game a character of cleverness but restrict its application just to the gaming field, excluding any didactic effect therefrom. | 2023-11-05T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/3162 |
The interplay between innate and adaptive immunity in the lung is central to the development of lung disease including asthma and obliterative bronchiolitis, a condition that occurs with lung transplant rejection. The overall goal of this research program is to identify genes that mediate the host response to a number of environmental toxins and allergens both in mouse models of environmental airway diseases and in human populations. Specific environmental challenges include lipopolysacharide (LPS), allergens (house dust mite and ovalbumin), ozone, and particulate matter.[unreadable] [unreadable] In a human asthma project, our goal is to identify genes that are involved in the development of airflow obstruction and airway inflammation in asthmatics, and to determine whether polymorphisms in these differentially expressed genes predispose individuals to develop asthma. We hypothesize that polymorphisms of genes expressed by airway cells in asthmatics following specific subsegmental airway challenges predispose individuals to the development of asthma. To test this hypothesis, we have identified genes that are differentially expressed by cells in the airway epithelia following specific subsegmental airway challenge with stimuli that induce acquired (house dust mite) or innate (LPS) immune responses, and will then determine whether polymorphisms in these genes are associated with the development of asthma in a separate, well characterized, familial cohort of asthmatics. [unreadable] [unreadable] In another line of investigations, we are using mouse models of environmental airway disease to study the effect of pre-exposure to specific environmental toxins and allergens on the host innate immune system to bacterial toxins. The lung is constantly exposed to a broad spectrum of environmental toxins and allergens but the effect that these environmental exposures have on the host innate immune system is not well understood. We have also developed a mouse model of chronic LPS exposure that is characterized by airway inflammation, persistent airway hyper-reactivity, and airway remodeling with thickening of the subepithelial space. The specific cellular interactions that regulate this process and ultimately lead to airways remodeling remain to be elucidated.[unreadable] [unreadable] There is an increasing amount of evidence suggesting that other factors besides genetics contributes to the development of asthma. For instance, diet and vitamin supplementation, especially during pregnancy, is a potentially important factor. To pursue this, we are examining the role of epigenetics in the development of asthma. We have established a sequence based technique, namely Methylation Specific Digital Karyotaping (MSDK), to identify differentially methylated loci in the mouse genome.[unreadable] [unreadable] Finally, we are examining the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity in the context of transplant biology. Chronic rejection manifest as airway fibrosis limit longterm survival after human lung transplant. Although rejection is thought to occur as a result of the recipient adaptive immune response to the allogenic lung tissue, the lung allograft is also exposed to significant innate immune stimuli in the form of inhalational toxins, infections, and other environmental stimuli. Our hypothesis in this line of investigation is that innate immune activation promotes the development of acute and chronic lung allograft rejection. In order to test this hypothesis we have isolated genetic material and tissue samples from over 200 lung transplant recipients and their respective donors and characterized their clinical outcomes with regards to graft rejection. We have also sought to develop a novel immunologically based murine transplant model of chronic lung rejection to pursue further testing of our hypothesis. | 2023-10-29T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/4438 |
Q:
CAML query with In operator
I'm trying to use CAML query with In operator since it's easyer to build then Or conditions.
Here is my CAML
<View Scope="RecursiveAll">
<Query>
<Where>
<In>
<FieldRef Name="Title" />
<values>
<Value Type="Text">A1</Value>
<Value Type="Text">NPD</Value>
<Value Type="Text">NPD2</Value>
</values>
</In>
</Where>
</Query>
</View>
Unfortunately it returns nothing but if I search the values one by one it works. What is my mistake?
Here is the complete CSOM code
var xmlQuery = '<View Scope="RecursiveAll"><Query><Where><In><FieldRef Name="Title" /><values>';
$("select[title='Perf Decl selected values'] option").each(function(){
xmlQuery += '<Value Type="Text"><![CDATA[' + this.text + ']]></Value>';
});
var context = SP.ClientContext.get_current();
var web = context.get_web();
var lists = web.get_lists();
var listId = "BEE6E734-9B7D-4852-ACE2-E641D6EDE2A3";// perf decl list
var list = lists.getById(listId);
var query=new SP.CamlQuery();
xmlQuery += '</values></In></Where></Query></View>';
alert( xmlQuery );
query.set_viewXml(xmlQuery);
resultsPD = list.getItems(query);
context.load(resultsPD);
context.executeQueryAsync(Function.createDelegate(this, this.onQuerySucceededPerfDecl), Function.createDelegate(this, this.onQueryFailedPerfDecl));
function onQueryFailedPerfDecl(sender, args) {
alert('Request PerfDecl failed. ' + args.get_message() + '\n' + args.get_stackTrace());
flag = false;
}
function onQuerySucceededPerfDecl(sender, args) {
alert('succed');
var listItemInfo = '';
var listItemEnumerator = resultsPD.getEnumerator();
var cptR = 0;
while (listItemEnumerator.moveNext()) {
if(cptR == 0){
tabPerf += "<table>";
}
var oListItem = listItemEnumerator.get_current();
tabPerf += "<tr><td>" + oListItem.get_item('Title') +"</td><td>" + oListItem.get_item('Perf_x0020_Decl') + "</td></tr>";
alert('movenex');
cptR++;
}
if(cptR > 0){
tabPerf += "</table>";
}else{
tabPerf += "";
}
$("input[title='PerfDeclTab']").val(tabPerf);
flag = true;
alert("tabPerf == " + tabPerf);
return flag;
}
A:
CAML schema is case-sensitive. You need to change <values> to <Values>.
In general all elements are capitalized, but for some reason there are elements like <CHOICES> written in uppercase. When in doubt, best reffer to Collaborative Application Markup Language (CAML) schemas on MSDN.
| 2023-09-12T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/3504 |
Why doesn't Colace work for me?
I have constipation and the nurse that saw me at the ER yesterday told me to take Colace since it's a gentle stool softener. Wrong! It does nothing but make the constipation worse, on top of frequent gas and stomach pain.
Why do I have to keep explaining to the doctors I see that it doesn't work??
Responses (3)
Collase is soap. It is perhaps the least likely drug to cause constipation. Please look elsewhere for relief. I combined it with a high fibre diet for modest success. I finally added a laxative cereal for breakfast, Uncle Sam or All Bran and I am finally normal, moving my bowel 5-7 times per week. Good luck.
All Colace does is soften the stool, if the problem is that your intestines aren't moving, then the stool will go no where. You need Colace and a laxative. I just found a good one called prunelax. Any lax with senna in it with the Colace will help. Nurses aren't trained to deal with different types of constipation anymore. Increase your water intake too. | 2024-01-13T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/3778 |
Schwarzenegger Swings The Ball–Sort Of
A couple weeks ago, I brought up that the Governator had a singular opportunity to force California still further into the forefront on greenish building and cleantech. The bills up for consideration would have produced the USGBC’s LEED-Golden standard a requirement for all newfangled government buildings and hiked the minimal energy efficiency for residential construction. Regrettably, he elected not to bless those bills. He did bless a number of light-green bills, including a couple that accept half-steps toward the goal of permeative greenish building in California. Most of the rest of his light-green legislation slate, notwithstanding, dealt with other of import topics, like water conservation and monitoring of toxic chemicals. So it was far from a defeat for those who desire to visit California proceed to advance in light-green-ness. Some of the light-green building-interrelated bills, at present law: AB 1109 will supercharge energy efficiency in indoor lighting; a more reasonable proposal than unlimited banning of incandescents, it allows for a more assailable militant framework for creating the changes bechance. AB 1470 incentivizes solar water heating up system installation to the tune of 200,000 such installations by 2017. A few recycled water-interrelated bills, one that will make a permit process for those searching to employ recycled water in landscape irrigation, and another that prepares out requirements for use of recycled water in toilet flushing in condominiums. Not quite the comprehensive strike many had hoped for, but surely much better than nothing. Beting the Devil’s Advocate, there is some sense in a step-by-step approach in that it doesn’t force builders to take up a dozen newfangled ways of faring things all at in one case, slaping on a Brobdingnagian jump in builder’s cost. Plumping one piece at a time may pay builders and progressing owners time to adjust to each unexampled change. So the effect of espousing LEED-Gold could be achieved over the next five years of incremental changes. That approach is far from optimum in terms of seting a flag and correcting the received, but it may good pay back the job performed, anyhow. | 2024-01-31T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7231 |
import React from "react";
export default (props) => {
return (
<svg t="1583493434509" className="icon" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
p-id="4635" width="48" height="48">
<path
d="M683.9 863.6H340.1V775C216.1 710.9 137 582.3 137 441.7c0-206.8 168.2-375 375-375s375 168.2 375 375c0 140.6-79.1 269.2-203.1 333.3v88.6z m-281.3-62.5h218.8v-65.9l18.4-8.3C752 676.5 824.5 564.5 824.5 441.7c0-172.3-140.2-312.5-312.5-312.5S199.5 269.4 199.5 441.7c0 122.8 72.5 234.8 184.7 285.1l18.4 8.3v66zM340.1 894.8h343.8v62.5H340.1z"
p-id="4636"></path>
<path d="M793.2 457.3h-62.5c0-120.6-98.1-218.8-218.8-218.8V176c155.2 0.1 281.3 126.2 281.3 281.3z"
p-id="4637"></path>
</svg>
);
}
| 2024-01-04T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/4203 |
Sometimes, more is less. Photo: Brooks Kraft/Corbis via Getty Images
Republicans enjoy disproportionate influence over America’s most powerful political and economic institutions. In 2015, the Harvard Business Review found that GOP voters occupied 50 percent of the seats on U.S. corporate boards, while Democrats laid claim to a mere 24 percent. In 2016, Republicans placed one of their own in the White House despite majoritarian opposition (yet again), while receiving a share of congressional seats that far outstripped their candidates’ share of all ballots cast. Meanwhile, the party’s members have held the balance of power on America’s highest court for decades, while boasting wild overrepresentation among the leadership of our nation’s most influential religious institutions, military brass, and police officers.
On the campuses of America’s elite liberal arts colleges, however, Republicans are badly outnumbered. And since most of the GOP’s pundits and public intellectuals attended such colleges — and like to present themselves as courageous dissenters from an oppressive liberal orthodoxy (as opposed to apologists for the discredited worldview of an extractive economic elite) — the dearth of Republicans in academia is regularly posited as a scandal in our popular discourse, in a manner that underrepresentation of Democrats in corporate boardrooms never is.
On occasion, Republicans’ indignant demands for more (partisan) affirmative action and (ideological) diversity in American higher education grow so loud, broad-minded Democrats decide to join the chorus — as the legal scholar Cass Sunstein did earlier this week.
In a Bloomberg column titled, “Colleges Have Way Too Many Liberal Professors,” Sunstein reviews the findings of a new study on the partisan affiliation of faculty at 51 of the 66 highest-ranked liberal-arts colleges in the United States. He notes that Democratic professors outnumbered Republican ones at all 51 schools, and in every field of study across them; in history, the ratio of Democrats to Republicans was 17 to 1 — while in the faculty lounges of Wellesley, Williams, and Swarthmore, it exceeded 120 to 1.
Sunstein argues that these figures should be a source of concern for two reasons. First, in fields where a scholar’s ideological leanings can be apparent in their work — such as history or political science — departments dominated by Democrats are liable to discriminate (consciously or otherwise) against Republican academics. And second, departments with a “prevailing political orthodoxy” are likely to do students a disservice, by keeping them ensconced in “a kind of information cocoon.”
One could pick a variety of bones with this argument. To name a couple: Few people would cite the overrepresentation of Republicans on corporate boards, or in police forces, as dispositive evidence of partisan discrimination within those institutions. Rather, most recognize that something inherent to the vocations of “CEO” or “cop” (or at least, inherent to those vocations in our current social context) selects for and/or shapes a right-leaning outlook. And there’s good evidence that Democrats’ overrepresentation in academia is the product of a similar species of “natural” selection. Separately, Sunstein does not substantiate the claim that left-leaning academics habitually fail to expose their students to conservative points of view.
To my mind, though, the primary flaw in Sunstein’s piece has less to do with its central argument about the need for greater ideological diversity on college campuses, than with the way it opts to measure such diversity. It seems plausible to me that there are academic departments in the U.S. that would benefit from hiring a few more right-leaning (and/or heterodox) thinkers. But that doesn’t necessarily mean that they need to hire more historians and political scientists who identify with the modern Republican Party.
After all, the ideology of the contemporary GOP is no garden-variety conservatism. Rather, it is a peculiarly noxious (and dull) strand of reactionary thought that deserves to be marginalized. Its most respectable ideas — which is to say, those that pertain to the proper role of government (as opposed to the proper role of black football players during the national anthem) — have been rejected by mainstream conservative parties in every other Western democracy, and by most Republican voters in our own. And while such ideas do have a claim to political relevance, their resilient influence is not a reflection of their popular appeal or empirical validity, but merely of their utility to America’s aspiring oligarchs. For this reason, it is hardly more intellectually suspect for a university’s faculty to unanimously disdain Paul Ryan’s worldview, than it would be for them to universally reject the legitimacy of feudal rule.
And that is all the more true in the Trump era, when Republicanism’s plutocratic pieties have become wedded to a proto-authoritarian, ethno-nationalist demagogy — and anti-democratic electoral strategy — that are fundamentally irreconcilable with the bedrock, (small-l) liberal values of toleration, empiricism, universal suffrage, and equality before the law.
Given these realities, universities should feel no obligation to seek out scholars who proudly identify with the contemporary GOP. And those who worry about the health of American intellectual life should take pains to avoid perpetuating the notion that the only alternative to embracing center-left orthodoxy is to support Donald Trump’s political party.
The GOP is not a normal, center-right party by international standards.
One problem with equating a paucity of Republican professors with a dearth of ideological diversity is that the ideology of the contemporary GOP is an extremist creed that has few adherents outside of America’s conservative elite. Thus, there is no inherent reason why a university faculty could not feature a diverse range of political views, including conservative ones, without employing any registered Republicans.
No major right-of-center party — in any other developed democracy — shares the GOP’s maniacal hostility to social welfare spending, basic labor rights, and environmental regulations; nor its skepticism about the existence of man-made climate change; nor the fanaticism of its commitment to the upward redistribution of economic resources. The U.K.’s Tory prime minister, Theresa May, recently called for £2 billion in new funding for public housing, while lamenting “the stigma that still clings” to such accommodations. Germany’s right-of-center chancellor Angela Merkel argues that man-made climate change “will determine the fate of the world,” and has made reducing carbon emissions one of her party’s signature policy positions (her achievements on this front fall short of her ideals, but in the present discussion, our concern is the latter). Meanwhile, Canada’s conservatives proudly support single-payer health care, boasting earlier this year that, under Stephen Harper’s leadership, the party “increased funding for health care to record levels,” and promising that if Canadians return the right wing to power, it will “continue to increase funding for health care at 6 per cent a year to ensure that all Canadians have access to high-quality health care regardless of ability to pay.”
By contrast, the current GOP government has attempted to slash funding for public housing, gut federal health-care spending (from a baseline that leaves more than 40 million Americans without any form of health insurance, and in the middle of an official “public health emergency”), and provide trillions of dollars in tax breaks to an economic elite that was already claiming a far higher share of after-tax income than their peers in Western Europe — all while pursuing an environmental agenda ostensibly aimed at maximizing the amount of carbon the U.S. puts into the atmosphere.
Republican voters do not actually share the worldview of elite Republican intellectuals.
The discrepancy between the GOP’s governing agenda and those of other conservative parties in the developed world does not reflect Americans’ “frontier spirit” or “rugged individualism.” Although the party’s intellectual elites (which is to say, the Republicans that a university would be most likely to hire) do tend to endorse its ideological program, relatively few ordinary Republicans do.
Recent polls have found that (at least) a plurality of Republican voters want the government to increase federal spending on health care, make public colleges tuition-free, provide a “public option for the internet,” require large corporations to put workers’ representatives on their boards, mount robust “government efforts to regulate pollution,” “provide a decent standard of living for people unable to work” — and oppose cutting taxes on wealthy individuals and corporations. Such findings are buttressed by more thorough studies of the 2016 electorate — and by the GOP’s own internal polling. A survey recently commissioned by the Republican National Committee found that “increasing funding for veterans’ mental health services, strengthening and preserving Medicare and Social Security, and reforming the student loan system all scored higher” among “soft Republican” voters “than Trump’s favored subjects of tax cuts, border security, and preserving the Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency.”
The GOP’s awareness that its ideas lack popular appeal is reflected in its efforts to restrict access to the ballot, ram through legislation with minimal public oversight, baldly lie to the public about the substance of said legislation, and disseminate campaign advertisements that either grossly misrepresent the party’s policy objectives, or else, frame political conflict around symbolic “culture war” flashpoints that have little intellectual or policy content.
Importantly, the political inviability of the party’s policy ideas does not reflect popular prejudice — most of the core premises of the elite Republican worldview have fared no better in empirical studies than they have in public opinion polls (i.e., supply-side tax cuts have not reliably spurred higher rates of growth; high deficits have not inevitably produced runaway inflation; and the welfare state has not hurt low-income people more than it has helped them).
All of which is to say: The GOP does not derive its status as a mainstream political party from the quality of its ideas, but rather, from election rules that render third parties nonviable; social cleavages that enable identity-based polarization; and the fact that America’s reactionary billionaires spend far more of their money trying to influence politics than their peers in other nations.
And if you take exception to that last bit — if you doubt that the contemporary GOP’s governing ideology is tantamount to unthinking fealty to the whims of concentrated capital — please allow Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke to clarify the point:
Would campus discourse really be impoverished by the a dearth of advocates for this philosophy of government?
It is possible for universities to foster ideological diversity without employing apologists for a plutocratic party that suppresses nonwhite votes, cultivates racial animus, and demonizes intellectuals.
Liberal-arts colleges absolutely have an interest in exposing their students to a wide range of ideas and ideological perspectives. But in 2018, the Democrats’ big tent is broad enough to house Howard Schultz and Bernie Sanders; Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Dan Lipinski. Which is to say, it very nearly encompasses the full spectrum of mainstream ideological debate in most other Western countries.
What’s more, in the Trump era, the broader anti-GOP coalition has grown even more ideologically varied than the Democratic one — while the Republican Party, itself, has grown increasingly tolerant of proto-authoritarian attempts to politicize federal law enforcement, restrict access to the ballot, stigmatize dissent, demonize vulnerable minority populations, and vilify higher education.
While I agree that colleges and universities need to be mindful of the partisan nature of their support, the change in Republican attitudes toward them are *really* recent. pic.twitter.com/j6gkoBmaeL — Matt Blackwell (@matt_blackwell) September 20, 2018
Thus, it is possible for universities to cultivate an intellectually vibrant environment while employing few defenders of America’s ruling political party. And, at this moment in our history, there are plenty of legitimate reasons for a liberal-arts institution to have few proud Republicans in its faculty lounge.
Sunstein may well have a point about left-wing group-think on American campuses. But the measure of a college’s intellectual vitality should not be the percentage of Republicans among its tenured faculty — because the irrelevance of ideas in American politics can be fairly measured by the percentage of Republicans in Congress. A hegemonic, center-left orthodoxy might pose a threat to the liberal-arts project at some colleges. But the party of Trump poses a far graver one. | 2023-11-15T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/9075 |
Gent's Citizen Watch
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Citizen Eco-Drive proves that style and sustainability can co-exist with ecologically-friendly timepieces. Utilizing the power of light, Citizen Eco-Drive technology converts light into stored energy to power the watch for at least six months, even in the dark. Fueled by light, it never needs a battery. | 2024-07-20T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7261 |
---
abstract: |
We examine the quantum states produced through parametric amplification with internal quantum noise. The internal diffusion arises by coupling both modes of light to a reservoir for the duration of the interaction time. The Wigner function for the diffused two-mode squeezed state is calculated. The nonlocality, separability, and purity of these quantum states of light are discussed. In addition, we conclude by studying the nonlocality of two other continuous variable states: the Werner state and the phase-diffused state for two light modes.\
author:
- 'Sonja Daffer,$^1$ Krzysztof W$\acute{\mbox{o}}$dkiewicz,$^{1,2}$'
- 'John K. McIver$^1$'
title: 'Nonlocality of Two-Mode Squeezing with Internal Noise'
---
Introduction
============
The two-mode squeezed state is the paradigm of the EPR state for light modes. In recent years such states have been experimentally realized and thus have been used in a number of applications [@mandel1995]. In particular, these states can be used to demonstrate that quantum mechanics is nonlocal. Using the polarization states of the two modes, a violation of Bell’s inequality has been experimentally realized [@aspect1982]. In addition, an experiment based on parity measurements to demonstrate nonlocality has been proposed [@banaszek1998]. Using parity considerations, a positive everywhere Wigner function has been shown to be nonlocal.
In particular, by using a phase space representation, nonlocality for the continuous variable squeezed state can be analyzed. Because squeezed states can be experimentally demonstrated, a lot of attention has been given to studying how noise affects these states. Up to the present, nonlocality for a pure two-mode squeezed state coupled to an external reservoir has been investigated [@kim2000]. This noise has been introduced into the state by coupling each mode of the squeezed state to independent external reservoirs. Alternatively, this can be interpreted as transmitting the two modes through some noisy quantum channel.
Finding an exact analytic expression for the Wigner function is often an operose task. Gaussian Wigner functions are prevalent because they are exact solutions to equations which can be easily dealt with. However, in most cases only numerical solutions exist. And in some cases analytic solutions exist, but only under certain approximations. An exact, non-Gaussian solution for the Wigner function for a nondegenerate parametric oscillator has been obtained for the steady-state [@kheruntsyan2000]. Although the state is a two-mode squeezed state with internal quantum noise, the steady state solution exhibits no nonlocal features and, therefore, is not useful for tests of Bell-type inequalities.
Parametric amplification generates the two-mode squeezed state via nonlinear interactions in a crystal. A laser beam passes through a crystal for some time and the output is two modes of light which are correlated. The degree of correlation depends on the interaction time as well as the strength of the nonlinearity. Ideally, this process generates a pure quantum state which is nonseparable. We will consider the nonideal process where quantum noise is present inside the crystal.
The purpose of this paper is to study the nonlocal features of the two-mode squeezed state with internal noise. We solve the Wigner function exactly to analyze the dynamics of nonlocality and study the many features of this quantum state, such as separability and the behavior in the steady state. We begin this paper by considering two modes which are coupled via a diffusive nonlinear crystal. The Hamiltonian has an interaction term plus noise terms which couple each mode to a heat bath. A linear quantum Fokker-Planck equation is solved for the Gaussian Wigner function of the state. An analysis of the steady state conditions is given. In Section III conditions for purity and separability of the state are provided. A discussion of the class of nonseparable mixed states which exhibit quantum nonlocality follows. An application to Bell’s inequality is given in Section IV, where the effect of noise on the nonlocality of the state is discussed. With Section V we conclude by examining two types of mixed entangled states: the continuous variable Werner state and a phase-diffused state.
Wigner function.
================
The Wigner function for a two-mode squeezed state is well-known to be $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:w2mss}
W_{2mss}(\alpha_1,\alpha_2)=\frac{4}{\pi^2} \textrm{exp}[-2 \cosh(2r)(|\alpha_1|^2+|\alpha_2|^2)
\\
+ 2 \sinh(2r)(\alpha_1 \alpha_2+\alpha_1^\star \alpha_2^\star)]
\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ for two coherent modes of light $\alpha_1$ and $\alpha_2$. The amount of squeezing of the state is determined by the parameter $r$ which depends on the nonlinearity of the crystal as well as the interaction time of the light propagating through the crystal.
In this paper, we derive the Wigner function for a two-mode squeezed state which has internal noise. In this case a pure squeezed state is not produced. Rather, there is a quantum diffusion process present during the generation of the squeezed light. This is intrinsic quantum noise which is present for the duration of the interaction time.
The Hamiltonian, in the interaction picture, describing the process of parametric amplification in the presence of noise is $$\begin{aligned}
\hat{H}&=&i \hbar \kappa ( \hat{a}^\dagger_1 \hat{a}^\dagger_2
-\hat{a}_1 \hat{a}_2 )
+\sum_{i=1,2} \hbar (\hat{a}^\dagger_i \hat{\Gamma}_i +
\hat{a}_i
\hat{\Gamma}^\dagger_i)\end{aligned}$$ where $\kappa$ describes the nonlinearity of the crystal. The parameter $\hat{\Gamma}$ is a reservoir operator which introduces quantum white noise into the system characterized by the mean photon number $\bar{n}$.
The equation of motion for the density operator which describes the quantum state of the two light modes is given by the master equation $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:master}
\frac{d \hat{\rho}}{dt}
&=& \kappa (\hat{a}^\dagger_1 \hat{a}^\dagger_2 \hat{\rho} -
\hat{\rho}
\hat{a}_1^\dagger \hat{a}^\dagger_2 - \hat{a}_1 \hat{a}_2
\hat{\rho}
+\hat{\rho} \hat{a}_1 \hat{a}_2) \\
&+& \sum_{i=1,2}
\frac{\gamma_i}{2}(\bar{n}_i+1) ( 2 \hat{a}_i
\hat{\rho} \hat{a}_i^\dagger - \hat{a}^\dagger_i \hat{a}_i \hat{\rho}
- \hat{\rho} \hat{a}^\dagger_i \hat{a}_i) \nonumber \\
&+& \sum_{i=1,2}\frac{\gamma_i}{2} \bar{n}_i
( 2 \hat{a}^\dagger_i
\hat{\rho} \hat{a}_i -\hat{a}_i \hat{a}^\dagger_i \hat{\rho} -
\hat{\rho} \hat{a}_i \hat{a}^\dagger_i) \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ which is obtained by averaging over the reservoir variables. The two field modes are coupled to a bath which has a mean photon number given by $\bar{n}$ and we will assume that the single photon loss rate for each mode is equal so that $\gamma_1=\gamma_2$.
The method to convert the above operator equation into a c-number equation is straightforward with the use of the characteristic function for the Wigner representation defined as $$\label{eq:charfunc}
\chi(\mbox{\boldmath$\beta$})\equiv Tr(\hat{D} \hat{\rho})=e^{-\frac{1}{2}
{\scriptsize{\mbox{\boldmath$\beta$}} }^\dagger {\textbf{\small V}} {\scriptsize{\mbox{\boldmath$\beta$}} } }$$ where $\mbox{\boldmath$\beta$}=(\beta_1,\beta_1^\star,\beta_2,\beta_2^\star)$ is a four-vector and the operator $\hat{D}$ is the displacement operator for the two modes $$\hat{D}=\hat{D}_1 \hat{D}_2=e^{\beta_1 \hat{a}^\dagger_1-\beta^\star_1 \hat{a}_1}
e^{\beta_2 \hat{a}^\dagger_2-\beta^\star_2 \hat{a}_2}.$$ The matrix $\textbf{V}$ is a 4$\times$4 covariance matrix for the two modes. A double Fourier transform of the characteristic function defines the Wigner function $W(\mbox{\boldmath$\alpha$})$ for the two modes. Using standard procedures the master equation (\[eq:master\]) can be mapped into the following Fokker-Planck equation for the Wigner function $$\frac{\partial}{\partial t} W({\bf x},t)=
\left[ - A_{ij} \frac{\partial}{\partial x_i} x_j+
\frac{1}{2} D_{ij} \frac{\partial}{\partial x_i} \frac{\partial}{\partial x_j}
\right] W({\bf x},t)$$ in terms of the real position and momentum variables. The transform is given by $\alpha_1= x_1+i x_2$ and $\alpha_2= x_3+i
x_4$, so that $x_1$ and $x_3$ are position variables and $x_2$ and $x_4$ are momentum variables. The drift matrix, $A_{ij}$, and the diffusion matrix, $D_{ij}$, are constant matrices, thus defining a quantum Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. The drift matrix is $$\textbf{A}= \left(
\begin{array}{cccc}
-\frac{\gamma}{2} & 0 & \kappa & 0 \\
0 & -\frac{\gamma}{2} & 0 & -\kappa \\
\kappa & 0 & -\frac{\gamma}{2} & 0 \\
0 & -\kappa & 0 & -\frac{\gamma}{2}
\end{array}
\right)$$ and the positive-definite diffusion matrix is $$\textbf{D}= \frac{\gamma}{4}(2\bar{n}+1)\left(
\begin{array}{cccc}
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 1
\end{array}
\right).$$
The general solution to a linear, multi-dimensional Fokker-Planck equation is known and can be solved exactly by the method of Fourier transform [@carmichael1999]. The general Green function solution for a linear Fokker-Planck equation is a conditional distribution which is a multi-dimensional Gaussian having the form
$$W({\bf x},t|{\bf {x'}},0)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\textrm{det}\textbf{Q}(t)}}
\textrm{exp}\left[ -\frac{1}{2}({\bf x}-e^{\textbf{A}t}
{\bf {x'}})^{\scriptsize\textsf{T}}
\textbf{Q}^{-1}(t) ({\bf x}-e^{\textbf{A}t} {\bf {x'}})
\right].$$
The matrix $\textbf{Q}$ is a time-dependent matrix which depends on the elements of the diffusion matrix and the eigenvalues of the drift matrix.
From this solution the unconditional distribution is found through $$W({\bf x},t)=\int W({\bf x},t|{\bf {x'}},0) W({\bf {x'}},0) \textrm{d}
{\bf {x'}}.$$ The initial condition is taken to be the two-mode vacuum state given by $$W({\bf x},0)=\left( \frac{2}{\pi} \right)^2 e^{-2(x_1^2+ x_2^2+
x_3^2+x_4^2)}$$ in terms of the real variables. After integration over the primed variables and transforming back to the complex variables, we have the following form for the Wigner function $$\label{eq:wigner}
W(\mbox{\boldmath$\alpha$},t)=\left( \frac{2}{\pi} \right)^2
\frac{1}{h(t)} \hspace{.1in}
\textrm{exp} \left[- \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{
\emph{f}(\alpha_1,\alpha_2,t)
}{h(t)} \right) \right]$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
\emph{f}(\alpha_1,\alpha_2,t)&=&c_1(t) (\alpha_1
\alpha_1^\star+\alpha_2
\alpha_2^\star) \\
&+& c_2(t) (\alpha_1 \alpha_2+\alpha_1^\star \alpha_2^\star)
\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ with time-dependent functions $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:cparameter}
c_1&=&2(e^{-p_2}+e^{-p_1}) \nonumber \\
&+&(2\bar{n}+1)(p_1+p_2)
\left( \frac{1-e^{-p_1}}{p_1} + \frac{1-e^{-p_2}}{p_2} \right) \nonumber \\
c_2&=&-2(e^{-p_2}-e^{-p_1}) \\
&+&(2\bar{n}+1)(p_1+p_2)\left( \frac{1-e^{-p_1}}{p_1} - \frac{1-e^{-p_2}}{p_2}
\right),
\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:hparameter}
h = \left[ e^{-p_1}
+ (2\bar{n}+1)\left( \frac{p_1+p_2}{2} \right) \left( \frac{1-e^{-p_1}}{p_1} \right)\right] \\
\times \left[ e^{-p_2}
+ (2\bar{n}+1)\left( \frac{p_1+p_2}{2} \right) \left( \frac{1-e^{-p_2}}{p_2} \right)
\right] \nonumber.\end{aligned}$$ The dimensionless time parameters $p_1=d+2r$ and $p_2=d-2r$ have been used. We call $d=\gamma t$ the diffusion parameter and $r=\kappa t $ the squeezing parameter. It should be emphasized that $c_1=c_1(t), c_2=c_2(t),$ and $h=h(t)$ and, throughout this paper, we occasionally omit the function’s dependent variables for simplicity.
The eigenvalues of the drift matrix are doubly degenerate and are $$\lambda_{1,2}=-\frac{1}{2}(\gamma+2 \kappa),
\hspace{.2in}
\lambda_{3,4}=-\frac{1}{2}(\gamma-2 \kappa).$$ The condition for a steady state solution to exist is that the eigenvalues of the drift matrix all have negative real parts. Thus, the parameters $p_1$ and $p_2$ alone determine whether a steady state solution for the Wigner function exists. If $\frac{\gamma}{2 \kappa}>1$ then a steady-state solution exists. The steady state Wigner function is a squeezed thermal state given by $$W=
\frac{\textrm{exp} \left[- \frac{2}{2\bar{n}+1} \left(
|\alpha_1|^2+|\alpha_2|^2 -\frac{2\kappa}{\gamma} \left(
\alpha_1\alpha_2+\alpha_1^\star \alpha_2^\star \right)
\right) \right] } { \left( \pi/2 \right)^2
(2\bar{n}+1)^2/\left(1-(\frac{2\kappa}{\gamma})^2\right)}.$$ This steady state solution is undefined if $2\kappa=\gamma$. If $\kappa=0$ the steady state solution is a thermal state. For the case of a pure two-mode squeezed state, $\gamma=0$, there is no steady state solution because as the interaction time approaches infinity the Wigner function approaches an EPR state with perfect correlations.
Purity and Separability of Gaussian States
==========================================
Purity
------
In terms of the Wigner representation, a general two-mode Gaussian state may be written as $$W(\mbox{\boldmath$\alpha$})=\frac{\sqrt{\textrm{det}\textbf{W}}}{\pi^2}
e^{-\frac{1}{2} {\scriptsize{\mbox{\boldmath$\alpha$}} }^\dagger {\textbf{\small W}} {\scriptsize{\mbox{\boldmath$\alpha$}} }}.$$ For the state in Eq. (\[eq:wigner\]), $\textbf{W}$ takes the simple form $$\textbf{W}=\frac{1}{2h}\left(
\begin{array}{cccc}
c_1 & 0 & 0 & c_2 \\
0 & c_1 & c_2 & 0 \\
0 & c_2 & c_1 & 0 \\
c_2 & 0 & 0 & c_1
\end{array}
\right).$$ The $\textbf{V}$ matrix can be obtained from the $\textbf{W}$ matrix through the relation between the Weyl-Wigner characteristic function and the Wigner function. They are related by a Fourier transform which leads to $$\textbf{W}=\textbf{E} \textbf{V}^{-1} \textbf{E}$$ where the matrix $\textbf{E}$=diag\[1,-1,1,-1\]. From this we have that $$\textbf{V}= \frac{1}{\sqrt{\textrm{det}\textbf{W}}} \textbf{W}$$ so that both matrices differ only by a factor.
The form of the covariance matrix is $$\label{eq:vmatrix}
\textbf{V}=\left(
\begin{array}{cccc}
N+\frac{1}{2} & 0 & 0 & M \\
0 & N+\frac{1}{2} & M & 0 \\
0 & M & N+\frac{1}{2} & 0 \\
M & 0 & 0 & N+\frac{1}{2}
\end{array}
\right).$$ with the identification $N+1/2=2hc_1/(c_1^2-c_2^2)$ and $M=2hc_2/(c_1^2-c_2^2)$. $N$ quantifies the correlation $\langle
\hat{a}^\dagger_i \hat{a}_i \rangle$ for mode $i$, while $M$ quantitifies the correlation between modes related to squeezing $\langle \hat{a}_1 \hat{a}_2 \rangle$.
Gaussian operators which are projectors represent pure states [@englert2002]. The condition for a Gaussian Wigner function to represent a pure state may be written concisely as $\sqrt{\textrm{det} \textbf{W}}=4$. The Gaussian operator corresponding to Eq.(\[eq:wigner\]) is a projector provided $$c_1(t)^2-c_2(t)^2=16h(t)^2.$$ From this condition, it is established that only one pure state exists, namely, that for which both $r\neq0$ and $\gamma=0$. This corresponds to a squeezed state which is generated in the absence of noise. The presence of the internal quantum noise always produces a mixed state. The resulting mixed states may be separable or nonseparable, depending on the parameters of the model.
Separability
------------
A separability criterion for two-mode Gaussian states has been established which relies on the partial transposition map acting on the two-party state [@simon2000]. It has been shown that this criterion is equivalent to determining that the quantum state is P-representable. A two-mode Gaussian state is P-representable, and hence, separable, if and only if $$\label{eq:sepcondition}
\textbf{V}-\frac{1}{2} \textbf{I} \geq 0$$ where **V** is the covariance matrix for the characteristic function found in Eq.(\[eq:charfunc\]) which takes the special form of Eq.(\[eq:vmatrix\]). The separability condition is also equivalent to the condition that the matrix elements of (\[eq:vmatrix\]) satisfy $N \geq M$.
The state in Eq. (\[eq:wigner\]) is separable if and only if the eigenvalues of Eq.(\[eq:sepcondition\]) are nonnegative. There are four eigenvalues which are doubly degenerate. They are $$\begin{aligned}
e_{1,2}&=&\frac{(1-e^{-p_2})(d\bar{n}+r)}{p_2} \nonumber \\
e_{3,4}&=&\frac{(1-e^{-p_1})(d\bar{n}-r)}{p_1} .\end{aligned}$$ The first eigenvalue has the property that the sign$(e_{1,2})$ is positive for all parameter space. It is not important for establishing the nonseparability of the state. The second eigenvalue determines the nonseparability of the state. For certain regions of the parameter space it is negative, while in other regions it is positive. The negativity of $e_{3,4}$ may be summarized as sign$(e_{3,4})$=sign$(d\bar{n}-r)$. Hence, the state is nonseparable if and only if $$r > d \bar{n}.$$ This is the requirement that the squeezing parameter be greater than the product of the single-photon loss rate described by the internal diffusion parameter and the mean photon number of the reservoir. Fig. 1 shows a parametric plot for varying mean photon number $\bar{n}$. States which lie on or above the solid line are separable states. The dots show states which have $\bar{n}=0$ for different values of the diffusion parameter $d$. We immediately see that if $\bar{n}=0$ then $e_2<0$ for all parameter space so that the system is never separable. Therefore, one may conclude that this system is entangled for all of parameter space when coupled to a zero-temperature heat bath. This is interesting because the diffusion parameter may be made as large as desired and still the state is nonseparable, even as the diffusion approaches infinity.
The nonseparable states may be further classified into two sets: those which exhibit quantum nonlocality and those which do not.
Nonseparable mixed states exhibiting quantum nonlocality
========================================================
If the two-mode squeezed state is generated with internal noise present then the resulting state will be a mixed state. Although all pure entangled states violate some Bell inequality, it is not clear in general which mixed entangled states will do so. If no noise is present then there always exists, for a fixed $r$, some range of values for $J$ which will correspond to a nonlocal state. The presence of the diffusion parameter will destroy the nonlocal features until some critical value for d is reached such that the state goes from nonlocal to classically correlated. Thus, in addition to the pure states ($d=0$) which are nonlocal, there is a set of mixed states ($d\neq0$) which is also nonlocal.
To study the nonlocal properties of the state (\[eq:wigner\]) we use the formalism of parity operator correlations developed in [@banaszek1998]. The Wigner function is related to the expectation value of a displaced parity operator in phase space given by $\Pi(\alpha_1,\alpha_2)=\langle
\hat{D}(\alpha_1)(-1)^{\hat{n}_1} \hat{D}^\dagger(\alpha_1)
\otimes \hat{D}(\alpha_2)(-1)^{\hat{n}_2}
\hat{D}^\dagger(\alpha_2) \rangle $. This expectation value defines a correlation function $$\Pi(\alpha_1,\alpha_2)=\left( \frac{\pi}{2} \right)^2
W(\alpha_1,\alpha_2)$$ for parity measurements of mode 1 and mode 2, which is proportional to the two-mode Wigner function. In analogy with the case of dichotomic spin states, a Bell combination may be written, using correlations between parity measurements, as $$\label{eq:bellcombo}
\emph{B}=\Pi(0,0)+\Pi(\sqrt{\emph{J}},0)+
\Pi(0,-\sqrt{\emph{J}})-\Pi(\sqrt{\emph{J}},-\sqrt{\emph{J}}).$$
For a two-mode squeezed state with internal noise the combination $\emph{B}$ will be a function of the interaction time as well as the squeezing and noise parameters. The Bell combination is $$\begin{aligned}
\emph{B}(\emph{J},t) = \frac{1}{\emph{h}(t)}
\Biggl[
1 + 2 \hspace{.05in} \textrm{exp} \Biggr. &\left( -\emph{J}\hspace{.05in} \frac{c_1(t)}{2 h(t)}
\right) \\
- \hspace{.05in} \textrm{exp} &\Biggl.\left(
-\emph{J} \hspace{.05in}\frac{c_1(t)+c_2(t)}{h(t)} \right)
\Biggr] \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ where the functions $c_1,c_2,$ and $h$ are given by Eqs.(\[eq:cparameter\],\[eq:hparameter\]) which are implicitly functions of time, and $\emph{J}$ is the square of the coherent amplitude of the light mode.
A search algorithm finds a local maximum for $\emph{B}$ and returns the values of the free parameters. The function $\emph{B}$ has a maximum of 2.19 with values $\emph{J}=.01, r=1.5,
d=0$, and $\bar{n}=0$. As expected, the Bell combination is most nonlocal when there is no noise present and the squeezed state is a pure two-mode squeezed state. In this case, one finds a stronger violation for large r and small intensity $J$. To see how the internal noise affects the nonlocality of the state we set $r=1.5$ and let $J$ and $d$ vary in Fig.2.
It is clear that the diffusion parameter destroys the nonlocal features of the state. Fig. 3 shows a cross-section of the three dimensional graph of Fig. 2 for $J=.01$. The Bell combination is greater than 2 for small values of the diffusion parameter, $d$. On a large scale, we find that as d increases the Bell combination decreases, reaches a minimum, and then increases to approach 2 from below.
Continuous Variable Werner States
=================================
Using the two-mode squeezed state of Eq.(\[eq:w2mss\]), a class of nonseparable, non-Gaussian, mixed states can be explored. We will consider two cases: a convex combination of a pure entangled state with an uncorrelated mixed state, and a convex combination of a pure entangled state with a classically correlated state. The first case is the analogue of the Werner state for continuous variables. Werner [@werner1989] investigated the state $$\hat{\rho}= p | \Psi \rangle \langle \Psi | + \frac{1-p}{\textrm{d}^2} \hat{I}_A \otimes
\hat{I}_B$$ for $0<p<1$ which is a convex combination of a maximally entangled state $| \Psi \rangle =\frac{1}{\sqrt{\textrm{d}}}
\sum_{i=1}^{\textrm{d}} |i\rangle_A \otimes |i\rangle_B$ for finite dimension $\textrm{d}^2$ with a maximally mixed state obtained by a partial trace over the maximally entangled state. It was shown that such a state is nonseparable if and only if $$\label{eq:wernercondition}
p>\frac{1}{1+\textrm{d}}.$$
Nonlocality of the continuous variable Werner state
---------------------------------------------------
A natural extension of a Werner state for infinite dimensions is a convex combination of a maximally entangled state with the maximally mixed state $$\label{eq:cvwernerstate}
\hat{\rho}_W= p \hat{\rho}^{AB}_{2mss} + (1-p) \hat{\rho}^{A}_{T} \otimes
\hat{\rho}^{B}_{T}$$ for two modes of light, A and B. This state is analogous to the Werner state when the squeezing parameter r is infinite. The continuous variable phase-space representation of this state is given by $$\label{eq:cvwigner}
W_{W}= p W_{2mss}(\alpha_1,\alpha_2) +(1-p) W_{T}(\alpha_1)W_{T}(\alpha_2)$$ where $W_{T}(\alpha)$ is the marginal Wigner function obtained by the integration $$W_{T}(\alpha)= \int W_{2mss}(\alpha_1,\alpha_2) d^2 \alpha_2=
\frac{2}{\pi} \frac{e^{-\frac{-2(|\alpha|^2)}{\cosh(2r)}}}{\cosh(2r)}$$ over the variables of one mode. When r is infinite, the Wigner function $W_{2mss}$ is the EPR state and the function $W_{T}(\alpha)$ has infinite variance representing a maximally mixed state of knowledge. Note that Eq.(\[eq:cvwigner\]) is not a Gaussian operator, but rather, it is a linear superposition of Gaussian operators. The separability conditions for a linear superposition of two Gaussian operators have not yet been established. However, it has been shown that the state $\hat{\rho}_W$ is nonseparable if $p>0$ [@mista2002]. This is the limit of the finite dimensional case, Eq.(\[eq:wernercondition\]), as the dimension of the Hilbert space, d, approaches infinity.
A test of nonlocality for the state $W_{W}$ in phase space can be performed using the same Bell combination given by Eq.(\[eq:bellcombo\]). It is found that the state remains nonlocal for a region of mixtures lying between $p=.9$ and $1$. Adding a mixed state to the entangled state rapidly degrades the nonlocal features.
Nonlocality of the phase-diffused state
---------------------------------------
In addition to the Werner state of Eq.(\[eq:cvwernerstate\]) for continuous variables, a different convex combination has some interesting properties. Let us consider the state $$\label{eq:wernertypestate}
W = p W_{2mss} + (1-p) \overline{W}$$ which is a convex combination of a two-mode squeezed state with a phase-averaged state. Rather than integrating over one mode of light, an integration over the phases of both modes is performed. The state $$\label{eq:phaseaveragedstate}
\overline{W}= \int_0^{2 \pi} \int_0^{2 \pi} W_{2mss} \frac{d \phi_1}{2 \pi} \frac{d \phi_2}{2
\pi}$$ describes phase diffusion of two light modes such that each mode has a completely random phase. The integral of Eq.(\[eq:phaseaveragedstate\]) leads to a phase-averaged Wigner function given by $$\overline{W}= \frac{4}{\pi^2}e^{-2 \cosh{(2r)}(|\alpha_1|^2+|\alpha_2|^2)}
I_0(4|\alpha_1||\alpha_2|\sinh{(2r)})$$ where $I_0$ is the modified Bessel function of the first kind. In contrast to the Werner state, this state does not factorize into a product of functions containing each mode. The state $\overline{W}$ is a classically correlated state. The state of Eq.(\[eq:wernertypestate\]) now being considered is a mixture of a state containing quantum correlations and a state containing classical correlations. The nonlocality of this state is examined by considering an expansion for small intensity, $J$, of the Bell combination given by Eq.(\[eq:bellcombo\]). This expansion $$B=2+4Jp \sinh(2s)+O(J^2)$$ reveals that the state (\[eq:wernertypestate\]) is nonlocal for all $p>0$. This is seen in Fig.(5) which shows that only the case $p=0$ washes out the nonlocal features completely. Thus, we have presented a classically correlated state which, when mixed with even the smallest amount of a quantum correlated state, shows nonlocal features.
Conclusion
==========
In this paper we examined the two-mode squeezed state with internal quantum noise. The Fokker-Planck equation was solved to obtain an exact solution for the Wigner function. The steady-state and nonsteady-state regimes were explored. We found that nonlocal features of this state exist in the regime where no steady-state solution exists.
The parameter space contains separable and nonseparable states, both mixed and pure. Only one pure state exists which is nonseparable. Nearly all states in the parameter space are mixed states. Using the Gaussian Wigner function for the state, the separability criterion was determined to identify those mixed states which are nonseparable. There exists a set of nonseparable mixed states for which the quantum diffusion can be large $0<d<\infty$.
Using the Wigner function, a test of nonlocality in phase space determined the effect of internal quantum noise on Bell’s inequality. As expected, the noise parameters reduce the nonlocality of the state. But there is still a region of mixed entangled states which are nonlocal. To further study nonseparable mixed states exhibiting nonlocality, we investigated Werner-type states for continuous variables. We found that mixing the two-mode squeezed state with a product of two thermal states destroys the nonlocal features state. Additionally, we found that mixing the pure two-mode squeezed state with a phase-diffused, classically correlated state did not destroy the nonlocal features, regardless of the amount of mixing. With this, we have provided an example of a classically correlated state which, when mixed with even the smallest amount of pure entangled state, is nonlocal.
This work was partially supported by a KBN grant No. 2PO3B 02123 and the European Commission through the Research Training Network QUEST.\
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| 2024-05-13T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/8743 |
Good News Friday
Georgia has passed one of the toughest laws on human trafficking in the country. A major hub for traffickers, Georgia will now require a 25-year minimum sentence for anyone convicted of using coercion to traffic someone under the age of 18. Relative to other state laws, that’s dang high. Good job, y’all. You’ve earned statewide sweet tea.
2. The Fight Against Wrongful Imprisonment Grows Stronger
This country had a collective freak out earlier this week about a chick who they believe was found wrongfully innocent of murder. Well how about the hundreds of people found wrongfully guilty all the time? They’re subjected to horrible conditions in prison, exhorbitant legal fees, ruined marriages and reputations, and even execution. And it’s a woman not dying that makes us attack the legal system?
Now the Oklahoma City University School of Law is opening a new legal clinic to work on wrongful conviction cases. And the Wisconsin Innocence Project is expanding to include a new advisory board involving area police, former prosecutors, defense attorneys and social scientists. We can’t continue to put innocent people to death. America looks a whole lot like its favorite villain Casey Anthony when that happens.
3. My Latest Writing Project Might Not Suck. Read: Might.
I mentioned a while back that I’m pursuing writing the book to a musical. I’m keeping the project close to the vest right now, as before I can begin I have to work out a lot of legal details. This past week I pitched my idea to an entertainment law organization, and it wasn’t turned down! It hasn’t been accepted either, so I don’t have representation yet, but I’m hoping I’ll know more late summer/early fall as our conversations continue.
We are off on a epic journey to Montana for the next couple of weeks, but I’ll be writing nonetheless. If my posts randomly cite an elk, or if I start campaigning against gun control and converting into an anarchist, that’s why. | 2024-07-27T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/1105 |
Uber is expanding its JUMP bike-share service to additional neighborhoods in Seattle, pledging to add 2,000 new bikes to its fleet over the next few weeks.
The new service area includes Queen Anne, West Seattle, Georgetown, Beacon Hill, Rainier Valley, the University District, and parts of additional north end neighborhoods. At launch, JUMP’s service had only 500 bikes available to rent in Seattle’s urban core.
Last week, Uber made headlines for the $25 fee it charges riders who leave bikes outside the service area. The fee raised questions about whether Uber was complying with Seattle’s permit regulations, which require bike-share operators to serve neighborhoods historically neglected by transportation providers.
Nathan Hambley, a spokesperson for Uber, told GeekWire the fee is automatically displayed in the JUMP app in all markets to discourage riders from leaving bikes outside the service boundary. He said no riders in Seattle had been charged the fee.
Uber plans to expand its JUMP service to all neighborhoods in Seattle in the coming months. | 2024-07-11T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2349 |
Evolution and animal welfare.
Animal welfare is a topic often thought to reside outside mainstream biology. The complexity of the methods used to assess welfare (such as health, physiology, immunological state, and behavior) require an understanding of a wide range of biological phenomena. Furthermore, the "welfare" of an animal provides a framework in which a diversity of its responses can be understood as fitness-enhancing mechanisms. Different methods for assessing animal welfare are discussed, with particular emphasis on the role of an animal's own choices and reinforcement mechanisms. No part of biology is as yet able to explain consciousness, but by confronting the possibility that nonhuman animals have conscious experienced of suffering, animal welfare studies force a consideration of even this hardest problem of all biological phenomena in a particularly direct and evolutionary way. | 2024-07-09T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/1013 |
Bill S.358
188th (2013 - 2014)
An Act relative to best management practices in water
Bill Title: An Act relative to best management practices in water
By Mr. Eldridge, a petition (accompanied by bill, Senate, No. 358) of James B. Eldridge, Kay Khan, Denise Andrews, Jennifer E. Benson and other members of the General Court for legislation relative to best management practices in water. Environment, Natural Resources and Agriculture.
SECTION 1. Section 6 of Chapter 29C of the general laws, as appearing in the 2010 Official Edition, is hereby amended by adding the following subsection:-
(6) No later than February 1, 2014, the department and board, with input from the division of local services, shall establish and publish guidelines for best management practices in water management. Said guidelines shall include but not be limited to the practice of full cost pricing including which direct and indirect costs shall be included in full cost pricing, sound financial management, the use of a stormwater enterprise fund, and the adoption of an asset management plan. The demonstration of adoption of said best management practices shall be considered favorably in decisions about funding as provided for in this section. Projects involving multiple municipalities shall be given preference in decisions about funding as provided for in this section.
SECTION 2. Section 18 of Chapter 29C of the General Laws, as so appearing, is hereby amended by adding at the end of subsection (d), the following sentence:-
The Drinking Water Revolving Fund shall be subject to subsection (6) of section 6 of Chapter 29C of the General Laws.
The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. The General Court provides this information as a public service and while we endeavor to keep the data accurate and current to the best of our ability, we make no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, about the completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability or availability with respect to the website or the information contained on the website for any purpose. Any reliance you place on such information is therefore strictly at your own risk.
Unsupported Bill Output Format
The document text is in an unsupported format to view in a browser.
Please use the "Download PDF" link if you wish to View/Print this document. | 2023-10-24T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/4374 |
Lim Su-jeong (taekwondo)
Lim Su-jeong (임수정; ; born August 20, 1986) is a female South Korean taekwondo practitioner.
Asian Games
At the age of 16, she won the gold medal in flyweight (–51 kg) at the 2002 Asian Games, beating 2004 Olympic bronze medalist Yaowapa Boorapolchai of Thailand in the final.
In 2007, Lim won the gold medal in featherweight (–59 kg) at the 24th Summer Universiade in Bangkok, Thailand, defeating 2005 World Championship bronze medalist Chonnapas Premwaew of Thailand 8–1 in the final.
Olympic Games
She qualified for the 2008 Beijing Olympics, finishing in first place in the –57 kg category at the World Qualification Tournament in Manchester, England. Lim won the gold medal in the women's 57 kg category at the 2008 Olympics, defeating Azize Tanrıkulu of Turkey.
References
External links
Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:South Korean female taekwondo practitioners
Category:Olympic taekwondo practitioners of South Korea
Category:Taekwondo practitioners at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic gold medalists for South Korea
Category:Asian Games medalists in taekwondo
Category:Olympic medalists in taekwondo
Category:Taekwondo practitioners at the 2002 Asian Games
Category:Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea
Category:Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games
Category:Universiade medalists in taekwondo
Category:Universiade gold medalists for South Korea
Category:World Taekwondo Championships medalists | 2024-03-31T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/5886 |
Q:
MySQL / MariaDB - Remove all but last record per day from database
I'm using MariaDB and would like to purge records periodically from my database leaving only the last record in the DB per day, so over 7 days there would be only 7 records remaining.
I've found something similar to what I want to do here.
DELETE FROM `table` WHERE id NOT IN ( SELECT id FROM (
SELECT id
FROM `table`
ORDER BY id DESC
LIMIT 1 ) foo );
This deletes all but the last record but I would like something which will leave the last record each day so I have the latest entry daily. The solution doesn't have to iterate back through the days, I can run this every day at say midnight to process the day before.
I have a column called 'stamp' which is a timestamp column.
A:
If you have a date/datetime field, then you could do something like this:
DELETE a FROM `table` a INNER JOIN `table` b on (date_format(a.date, '%Y-%m-%d') = date_format(b.date, '%Y-%m-%d') and a.id < b.id)
I am using a myorders table instead of table, but it pretty much looks the same:
| 2024-03-02T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2898 |
Group
Searches
Help
#3 Nagiosweb 2 Host problem
Status: closed-fixed
Owner:
nobody
Labels:
None
Priority:
5
Updated:
2005-12-16
Created:
2005-02-22
Creator:
Anonymous
Private:
No
If you will delete a host with corresponding service using
nagiosweb2, it permit to delete it but once you restart
the nagisoweb admin, it will prompt you an error because
you did not delete the service associated with the
deleted host. To resolve the issue, you have to manually
delete the entry to its database or just email me for an
update of host.php source where i made some
modification to resolve the issue .. | 2024-06-05T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/9077 |
Herbert London: Blindness In the Rationalist Tradition
President Obama and Secretary of State Kerry have conceded that some portion of the money released to Iran through the lifting of sanctions will result in “bad behavior,” a euphemism for terrorism. The supposition of the president’s team is that despite the bad behavior, Iran, unconstrained by sanctions, will in time join the community of responsible nations. In other words our concessions will yield a positive response from the Supreme Leader Khamenei and his acolytes.
What is in evidence in these negotiations is the implicit Western belief in rationalism, a stance that suggests our enemies, with the appropriate incentives, will act just as we would. “Trust but verify” is the qualifier President Reagan used in his negotiations with the Soviets. President Obama, on the other hand, has resorted to trust and have faith in rational expectations. What happens when the adversary is irrational remains unclear. A theological belief system and acceptance of taqiyya or a religious lie to promote the interests of Islam, challenge assumptions of rationality.
Nonetheless, rationalists persist. At a recent meeting a discussion took place on ways to combat ISIL’s influence in the Middle East. The intelligent and well-meaning host argued that a campaign designed to show the unspeakable and monstrous crimes of ISIL combatants might discourage many from joining this poisonous group. Here was the rationalist world view on display – clear, hopeful and seemingly sensible. Yet the one point rationalists cannot seem to comprehend is that rationalism doesn’t defeat irrationalism. At some point, even if it isn’t in his nature and even if there is recalcitrance to embrace this position, the rationalist must be as ruthless as his enemy.
The only way to defeat the dragon is to deliver enough heat to counter his fire. President Lincoln had to send a message to Generals Grant, Sherman and Sheridan – destroy the enemy, General Patton wasn’t loved by Eisenhower or FDR, but he could be as ruthless in war as the Nazi forces. Victory against relentless enemies doesn’t occur because of films and conferences, it occurs because of sacrifice and bloodshed. That is the axiom of war.
For those who want to avoid war at all costs, there is talk, negotiation and concession. But this is merely a delaying tactic until that moment when the enemy feels sufficient strength or recognizes weakness in his opponent to attack. History speaks volumes on this point.
Yet the same mistake will be made in the West as it was made in the past because we are constrained by an unwillingness to recognize evil. For us, there is always a rationalization, a belief that there must be a reason for “bad behavior.” When the attack on 9/11 occurred there were rationalists publishing articles about American misdeeds in the Middle East and a host of explanations each having some scintilla of evidence behind it. But it would not be said that this attack was an act of evil and, in order to correct it, we must stamp out that evil using every means available to us.
As a consequence we negotiate, hoping that enemies who say “death to America” don’t really mean it. President Obama rationalizes by saying “that’s politics.” Too bad no one from the press asks if his political statements should be put under the same lens.
Goethe’s Mephistopheles tells Faust “I am the spirit that denies! And justly so, for all that time creates, He does well who annihilates!” Alas, we deny those who wish to annihilate. We assume that we are immune. That history – this time – will not repeat itself, that the beast who wants to destroy will betray his instincts and act as we would like. Unfortunately the enemy of the West isn’t only found in the desert of the Middle East or the steppes of Russia, but within ourselves and a rationalist view that is unwilling to recognize evil.
Herbert London is President of the London Center for Policy Research, a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute and author of the book The Transformational Decade (University Press of America). You can read all of Herb London’s commentaries at www.londoncenter.org
The views expressed by commentators are solely those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views of this station or its management.
Related Content
The Second Law of Thermodynamics, that relies on energy, states the every natural thermodynamic process proceeds with the sum of entropies of all bodies taking part in the process increasing. Entropy, in other words, is inevitable. In human relations, it is precisely what one wants to avoid. We struggle against entropy through hope, faith, determination and reason.
When Klemens Von Metternich, 19th century Austrian diplomat extraordinaire, thought about European stability, he walked a tightrope between the Tsar’s goals with those of Napoleon. He had Austria serve as an “impartial mediator” in Napoleon’s invasion of Russia and at the same time promising to throw Austria’s weight against Napoleon. This pretense of neutrality was maintained until 1813 when Napoleon was increasingly pressed by this adversaries.
Despite the Marxist assertion that economic factors drive the forces of history, modernity offers a different response. Jacobins during the French Revolution argued that politics – understood as the quest for power – drives history. Here, too, history provides an equivocal response. It is in the warehouse of liberal dogma that if you have a democracy and a free market, the quest for historical justification is in the offing. Presumably these are the characteristics of a smooth running machine of state. | 2024-05-09T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/9543 |
Two-dimensional materials (such as graphene and molybdenite) or different kinds of nanostructures (such as nanowires, nanoparticles, and nanoribbons) open new possibilities for novel electronic devices with as-yet-undiscovered properties. However, a major hindrance to building commercial devices out of these low-dimensional materials is the lack of a fast, effective, and controlled way to manipulate them during device processing. In this respect, electron-beam lithography and atomic force microscopy are increasingly important tools, but they require expensive equipment and often suffer from low fabrication throughput. The ability to align nanostructures in electronic devices in a bottom-up approach is therefore critical for increasing production capacity and commercializing these devices.
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires have excellent properties that make them very attractive for applications such as white lighting, photovoltaics, UV photodetection, and gas sensing.1 In these structures, the surface charge is closely related to the conduction mechanism through the nanowire core. In other traditional semiconductor materials, such as silicon or gallium arsenide, the surface oxidation somehow passivates surface states through the formation of an amorphous oxide. In comparison to other metal oxide materials, ZnO is also attractive for its superior conductivity, especially when it is doped with group III elements such as aluminum or gallium.
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is the use of a nonuniform electric field to exert a force on a dielectric (polarizable by an applied electric field) structure. We have used DEP to integrate nanowire structures into different substrates pre-patterned with metal electrodes separated by a few microns. The technique, first introduced by Pohl in the 1950s, has in recent years been used to manipulate and separate different types of particles.2–4 In this way, we have fabricated single- and multi-nanowire resistive sensors in a reproducible and controlled environment, allowing the thorough study of their electro-optical properties as a function of nanowire size.5 In addition, we have built a novel compact continuous flow system with the ability to control the frequency, amplitude signal, waveform, and flow speed, providing a wide range of DEP conditions for aligning nanomaterials.
By applying an alternating current signal between electrodes, we have shown that DEP traps nanowires suspended in ethanol at distances several times larger than the electrode spacing: see Figure 1. Once the nanowire material is polarized by the signal, it is attracted by the dielectrophoretic force toward the electrode gap in about a second or less, depending on its distance to the alignment site. Statistical analysis reveals that the DEP process preferentially attracts those nanowires with the smallest diameters. The thinner nanowires' smaller mass allows faster displacement, and they present less inertia to the torque needed to align them to the electrodes. Once trapped, the high mechanical stability of the nanowires allows further surface cleaning, which suggests that strong bonds form between the nanowire and the metal electrode. In contrast, sonication (that is, exposing to high-frequency sound waves) has been shown to break the nanowire-metal bond, freeing the electrode gap to begin the trapping process anew.
Figure 1. (a) Dielectrophoresis (DEP) alignment of multiple zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs) across coplanar aluminum (Al) electrodes. (b) Sequence of a trapping process. The nanowire travels several microns through the ethanol solvent in a linear motion until it reaches the gap between electrodes. There, the nanowire is twisted over the gap remaining perpendicularly aligned across the electrodes. (c) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of a single-nanowire device using aluminum-doped ZnO (AZO or ZnO:Al) as DEP electrodes and Al metal contacts. (d) Light (under illumination by UV light of wavelength, λ, of 370nm) and dark current of a single-nanowire UV sensor with a 100nm diameter.
DEP has been used successfully to fabricate ZnO nanowire-based sensors for UV, water vapor, and ethanol. The conducting properties of nanowires are considerably affected by the electronic charge at the surface, and two conduction mechanisms govern the nanowires' electrical properties. The first mechanism is limited to the nanowire core and is dominant in large-diameter nanowires. The second mechanism takes place through trapping and de-trapping processes at surface states and dominates in the thinnest nanowires. Hence, the main difference between the mechanisms is whether the surface states play an active or passive role in the electrical current through the nanowire.
In DEP-fabricated UV sensors, the second conduction mechanism leads to very high gains, close to those obtained in single-photon detectors, although the dynamic response is limited by long recovery times after UV exposure.6 As water vapor and ethanol sensors, the nanowire devices react to low surface coverage, proving the close relationship between the surface charges and the electrical conduction through the nanowire.
We have also explored using DEP to develop nanowire sensors based on a p-type material such as copper oxide. In contrast to ZnO light sensors, these devices exhibit faster responses limited by the resistance-capacitance constant of the equivalent circuit: see Figure 2.7
Figure 2. (a) Time response of a ZnO:Al/copper oxide nanowire/ZnO:Al heterostructure diode under pulsed illumination. (b) Decay and rise times, limited by the resistance-capacitance constant, obtained as a function of the load resistance.
In summary, we have shown that DEP offers a low-cost, bottom-up approach to integrating suspended dielectric metal oxide nanowires in electronic devices such as UV, water vapor, and ethanol sensors. In future work, we will integrate different types of nanostructures to widen the sensing capabilities of the platform and also study the use of flexible substrates to host the nanosensors.
This work is sponsored by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness contract TEC2010-20796 and the AVANSENS program S2009/PPQ-1642 of the Community of Madrid. The authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution of Antonio García Marín and Carlos Guerrero. They also thank Juan Piqueras of Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and David J. Rogers of Nanovation for fruitful discussions. | 2024-06-09T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/3608 |
Q:
ios UiPickerView with CountryPicker class
Im trying to add the UiPickerView class from https://github.com/nicklockwood/CountryPicker
I want to use with storyboard in my viewController but the delegate method is never getting called although the pickerView shows the countries.
Here is what ive done:
ive imported the CountryPicker folder and Flags folder, in the storyboard controller ive added a UiPickerView and assign it to CountryPicker class.
The ViewController.h and .m files are exactly the same as the example.
i cant find what im missing.
Also i tried init the object and call the setSelectedCountry method from my ViewController.m file but its also not doing anything.
ViewController.h
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
#import "CountryPicker.h"
@interface ViewController : UIViewController <CountryPickerDelegate>
@end
ViewController.m
#import "ViewController.h"
@interface ViewController ()
@end
@implementation ViewController
- (void)viewDidLoad
{
[super viewDidLoad];
CountryPicker *picker = [[CountryPicker alloc] init];
[picker.delegate self];
[picker setSelectedCountryCode:@"US" animated:YES];
}
- (void)countryPicker:(__unused CountryPicker *)picker didSelectCountryWithName:(NSString *)name code:(NSString *)code
{
NSLog(@"country: %@",name);
}
@end
A:
You need to create an IBOutlet from the storyboard to your code Apple Docs
Remove the code you have in your viewDidLoad that creates a new picker.
Then for the the new IBOutlet you've created, set self as the delegate, so if your outlet was called picker your viewDidLoad should look as follows:
- (void)viewDidLoad
{
[super viewDidLoad];
self.picker.delegate = self;
[self.picker setSelectedCountryCode:@"US" animated:YES];
}
| 2024-02-07T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7126 |
Deciphering the impact of cerebellar and basal ganglia dysfunction in accuracy and variability of motor timing.
Studies in motor timing have shown that the basal ganglia and cerebellum play an important role in temporal processing. Timing studies in Cerebellar/ataxic Disorders (CD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) patients contrast the roles of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in motor timing. Here, we used a synchronization-continuation task to compare accuracy and variability of motor timing during repetitive tapping. We compared data collected for the present study - from patients with CD and healthy controls - to data from a previous study with patients with PD. We asked participants to tap at Inter-stimulus Intervals (ISIs) of 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 ms. Using Linear Mixed Models (LMMs), we explored how ISI, Task Phase, and Diagnosis interacted to determine the (i) the accuracy and (ii) the variability of tapping. In our analysis of accuracy, we found evidence that during the synchronization phase, at ISI=250 ms, CD patients lagged 'behind the beat'; whereas our previous work has suggested that medicated PD patients hasten 'ahead of the beat'. In our analysis of variability, we observed that at ISIs below 1000 ms, CD patients showed greater variability in motor timing than the healthy controls, while PD patients showed less variability than CD patients and healthy controls during the synchronization phase at the 1000 ms ISI. These results highlight the differential performance on explicit motor timing between patients with disorders of the cerebellum and basal ganglia. Our results illustrate a novel approach to discerning cognitive control of motor timing. | 2024-03-27T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/4519 |
---
layout: page
title: Database troubleshooting
---
# Database user access control
<p class="lead">
These instructions are for Debian — do consult the PostgreSQL
documentation if you are having trouble at this stage.
</p>
At this point you might need to configure PostgreSQL to allow password-based
access to the `fms` database as the user `fms` from using Unix-domain sockets.
Edit the file `/etc/postgresql/9.6/main/pg_hba.conf` (note that the version
number in this path will vary depending on the version of Debian you are
using) and add as the first line:
local fms fms md5
You will then need to restart PostgreSQL with:
$ sudo service postgresql restart
If you want to access the database from the command line, you can add
the following line to `~/.pgpass`:
localhost:*:fms:fms:somepassword
Then you should be able to access the database with:
$ psql -U fms fms
## Configuration
When you've got everything working, you'll need to update the
[database config settings]({{ "/customising/config/#fms_db_host" | relative_url }}).
| 2024-06-04T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/3530 |
Q:
How to append data to a SQL Server table with IDENTITY primary key using function sqlSave() in R?
I created a table in SQL Server as follows:
CREATE TABLE testPK
(
ID INT NOT NULL IDENTITY (1, 1) PRIMARY KEY,
NumVal NUMERIC (18, 4)
)
Now I want to append data to testPK from an R program using the RODBC function sqlSave() as follows:
# Specify data to append
test.dt <- data.table(NumVal = 1.0)
# Assign connection
myconn <- odbcDriverConnect(connectionString)
# Append test.dt to SQL table testPK
sqlSave(channel = myconn, dat = test.dt, tablename = 'testPK',
rownames = FALSE, append = TRUE)
# Close connection
odbcCloseAll()
However, this returns the error message
Error in odbcUpdate(channel, query, mydata, coldata[m, ], test = test, :
missing columns in 'data'
I didn't provide a value for column ID in my data table because I'm assuming that the IDENTITY specification on that column of my SQL table causes SQL Server to generate a unique value when a new record is appended. How can I achieve this result from R?
The same question has been posted here, but with no accepted solution.
A:
I was not able to reach a solution using sqlSave() so I used the approach that is outlined here for appending an arbitrary number of columns to a SQL table. In the case of my single-column data table, the following code achieved the desired result:
# Specify data to append
test.dt <- data.table(NumVal = 1.0)
# Assign connection
myconn <- odbcDriverConnect(connectionString)
# Concatenate the VALUES portion of the query
values <- paste("(", test.dt$NumVal, ")", sep = "", collapse = ",")
# Create the full query
testQuery <- paste("INSERT INTO testPK (NumVal) VALUES", values)
# Append test.dt to SQL table testPK
sqlQuery(channel = myconn, query = testQuery)
# Close connection
odbcCloseAll()
| 2023-12-24T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/3626 |
Q:
How to use LIKE in a query to find multiple words?
I have a cust table
id name class mark
1 John Deo Matt Four 75
2 Max Ruin Three 85
3 Arnold Three 55
4 Krish Star HN Four 60
5 John Mike Four 60
6 Alex John Four 55
I would like to search for a customer which might be given as John Matt without the deo string. How to use a LIKE condition for this?
SELECT * FROM cust WHERE name LIKE '%John Matt%'
The result should fetch the row 1.
what if the search string is Matt Deo or john
The above can't be implemented when trying to find an exact name. How can I make the LIKE query to fetch the customer even if 2 strings are given?
A:
If the pattern to be matched is
string1<space>anything<space>string2
you can write:
like string1||' % '||string2
| 2024-07-21T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/8686 |
Anton Toutov, Caltech grad student and discoverer of a renewable catalyst, immersed in chemical formulas on a chalkboard. Credit: Caltech Resnick Institute
Of what use is a newborn baby? This rhetorical question, variously attributed to Benjamin Franklin, Michael Faraday and Thomas Edison, is meant to suggest that a novel discovery or invention whose ultimate utility is not yet known should be viewed as a bouncing bundle of potential.
Along these lines, the eight-minute video Element 19 can be considered a sort of birth announcement. It heralds what Caltech's Resnick Sustainability Institute, which produced the video and funded the work it describes, calls a breakthrough in sustainable chemistry.
The baby in this metaphor is a catalyst that, unlike its cousins that pervade modern industry, is based not on precious metals like gold and platinum, but rather on something you can get out of a banana: potassium. The father (or perhaps more accurately if we ignore the gender problem, the mother) is a Caltech grad student named Anton Toutov, who reports that the delivery was long and difficult.
This new technology is already capable of manufacturing chemicals used in pharmaceuticals, agriculture and cosmetics in a much more environmentally friendly way than traditional methods. The catalyst requires little or no processing with petrochemicals and operates at much lower temperatures than standard catalytic methods, both of which keep its carbon footprint tiny. It can reduce air pollution from certain kinds of transportation fuels and, unlike the precious-metal processes it replaces, it produces no toxic waste. But like a baby, its ultimate accomplishments may be yet to come.
Magic trick
The story began in the Caltech laboratory of professor Robert Grubbs, co-recipient of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, where postdoc Alexey Fedorov was leading an experiment in chemically breaking apart a tough kind of plant matter called lignin. Success could lead to the ability to turn waste material from paper mills and farms into carbon-neutral biofuels, among other uses. Toutov, who at the time was still hoping to be accepted as a Ph.D. candidate, was working with him.
They noticed that, in addition to the chemical reaction they had intended, another reaction—thought to require the assistance of a precious-metal catalyst—had taken place without one. Performing the role of a precious metal, apparently, was a very un-precious compound of potassium. For chemists, it was like seeing David Copperfield make the Statue of Liberty disappear.
Was this the chemical equivalent of a magician's trick, explainable by some unnoticed but completely ordinary sleight of hand? Or was it the first glimmer of a brand-new way of doing chemistry? Toutov made it his mission to find out.
Working with Grubbs, he used a spectrometer to search for trace amounts of precious metal in the mixture. Nothing. They arranged for the experiment to be repeated in other labs by other scientists, and the other scientists got the same results.
Ball-and-stick diagram of potassium tert-butoxide, a common chemical that can replace precious metals in certain kinds of reactions.
So the phenomenon was real. But was it significant? After all, the reaction produced only tiny amounts of the silicon compound that was of interest and required a comparatively large amount of the potassium compound. Toutov tried to improve the process, but the process refused to cooperate.
Anton Toutov (left), Kerry Betz (right) and their supervisor, Robert Grubbs.
"The first two years were essentially a total disaster," he said. "People were like, you've got to know when to fold the cards. You've got to know when to call it a day."
He joined one of the more well-established projects in the lab, he said, "so that I could get some results, get a paper and eventually graduate with at least something. But I really, really wanted to follow through with these ideas because I knew that if it worked, it would be a breakthrough. Or at least I wanted to know for sure that it wasn't going to work. So on my own time, which ended up being like the hours of 1 to 6 a.m., I went to the lab and worked on this silicon project."
Finally, he set himself an eight-week time limit to either succeed or give up forever. As in any good cliffhanger, he found the important improvements he was seeking just as the clock was about to run out. "And then," he said, "it just exploded—in a good way."
"It really surprised everybody, including me, that this works," Grubbs said.
Unleashing minds
So what, exactly, is happening in this reaction? No one knows.
"It's really powerful and we have no idea how it works," Toutov said. "It's a new way of atoms moving around. We don't know why they're moving around the way that they are, but they seem to be induced in some way by this potassium catalyst."
"It is clear that the mechanism of how this is all happening is really very different than the way we've been classically thinking about these sorts of problems," said Caltech professor Brian Stoltz who, along with Grubbs, has been serving as an advisor to Toutov and his team. "And I think that is the most eye-opening aspect of it. It's going to unleash people's minds and have them think about solving hard problems in very, very different ways. I think that's going to lead to a lot of new outcomes."
In the video, Toutov puts it this way: "We thought that only precious metals are able to do these very challenging chemical reactions. Turns out that's not true. Turns out nature figured this out millions of years ago, and we're only now starting to catch up."
Where once Toutov was a team of one, there are now more than a dozen people working on the catalysis project at Caltech, UCLA and Stanford. "I'm coordinating it," Toutov said, "but they're working from different perspectives and from different angles to expand the method and understand it."
Caltech, as you will probably not be surprised to hear, has accepted Toutov as a Ph.D. candidate.
So bid welcome to the latest newborn baby to emerge from the Caltech nursery. Or maybe, for you X-Men fans, a newborn mutant since it sort of looks like others of its kind but is in reality a radical departure from anything that went before.
It may turn out to have abilities that are interesting and useful, but limited. Or it may grow up to change the world.
What is a catalyst and why should we care?
In a chemical reaction, the catalyst is the middleman, the matchmaker, the guy who brokers the deal. It's a chemical that interacts with other chemicals in such a way that an otherwise impossible reaction goes forward and produces the desired result, with the catalyst emerging from all the tumult in its original form.
According to Caltech's Resnick Sustainability Institute, the discovery of catalysts more than a century ago gave rise to the modern chemical industry, which uses catalysts in the production of some 90 percent of the world's consumer chemicals and industrial goods.
Caltech chemistry professor Robert Grubbs tells the following story about fighter aircraft in World War II: Germany's Messerschmitts were wiping out Britain's Spitfires until a chemist in Chicago found a catalyst that increased the octane of gasoline. By the Battle of Britain, the Spitfire engines on higher-octane gasoline could compete with the Messerschmitts. "And so," he said, "catalysis won the Battle of Britain."
Explore further Cheap and abundant chemical outperforms precious metals as a catalyst
More information: The story is provided by the NASA's Global Climate Change website: The story is provided by the NASA's Global Climate Change website: climate.nasa.gov/news/2273/ | 2023-12-27T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/5514 |
Q:
Add a GET parameter to a POST request with RestSharp
I want to make a POST request to a URL like this:
http://localhost/resource?auth_token=1234
And I want to send JSON in the body. My code looks something like this:
var client = new RestClient("http://localhost");
var request = new RestRequest("resource", Method.POST);
request.AddParameter("auth_token", "1234");
request.AddBody(json);
var response = client.Execute(request);
How can I set the auth_token parameter to be a GET parameter and make the request as POST?
A:
The current version of RestSharp has a short method that makes use of a template:
var request = new RestRequest("resource?auth_token={token}", Method.POST);
request.AddUrlSegment("token", "1234");
Alternatively, you can add a parameter without a template:
var request = new RestRequest("resource", Method.POST);
request.AddQueryParameter("auth_token", "1234);
or
var request = new RestRequest("resource", Method.POST);
request.AddParameter("auth_token", "1234", ParameterType.QueryString);
A:
This should work if you 1) add the token to the resource url and 2) specify ParameterType.UrlSegment like this:
var client = new RestClient("http://localhost");
var request = new RestRequest("resource?auth_token={authToken}", Method.POST);
request.AddParameter("auth_token", "1234", ParameterType.UrlSegment);
request.AddBody(json);
var response = client.Execute(request);
This is far from ideal - but the simplest way I've found... still hoping to find a better way.
| 2023-12-27T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/8660 |
packing machine in cement industry
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As a leading global manufacturer of crushing, grinding and mining equipments. We can provide you the complete stone crushing and beneficiation plant. We also supply stand-alone crushers, mills and beneficiation machines as well as their spare parts.
Contact Us
You can get contact with us through online consulting, demand table submission, e-mails and telephones. | 2024-02-09T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2781 |
Isolation of an N-alkylprotoporphyrin IX from chick embryo livers following the administration of 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-4-ethyl-2,6-dimethylpyridine.
The ferrochelatase-lowering activity of 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (DDC) analogues in chick embryo hepatocyte culture has been assumed to be due to the formation of an N-alkylprotoporphyrin IX. This assumption required confirmation. For this reason the 4-ethyl analogue of DDC was administered to phenobarbital-pretreated 19-day-old chick embryos. This resulted in hepatic accumulation of a green pigment with ferrochelatase-inhibitory activity. The green pigment was identified as an N-alkylprotoporphyrin IX by comparison of the electronic absorption spectra of its dimethyl ester and Zn complex with the corresponding spectra obtained from synthetic N-ethylprotoporphyrin IX. | 2024-05-19T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/6795 |
My response:I’m going to go with the #1 pick Matthew Stafford for a number of reasons. First of all, he already has a premier wide receiver in Calvin Johnson. Megatron is a physical specimen that will only get better. He also has talented second-year tight end Brandon Pettigrew that will grow with him. Having two young, talented pieces in place is a great start.
Mark Sanchez started to get with tight end Dustin Keller in the playoffs, but his options are limited. Plus, the Jets don’t need Sanchez to have a big game to win. The Lions, on the other hand, don’t have a good defense. If they are going to win, it’s going to be a shootout. The Jets are built on defense and their running game. It’s unlikely that they are going to change it any time soon. If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.
I also favor Stafford as a long-term fantasy quarterback because he plays in a dome. While Sanchez has to deal with the elements, Stafford is at ease in climate-controlled Ford Field. Nothing derails a fantasy championship like a late-season nor’easter.
Great point about the supporting cast. I think the Jets commitment to power running and eating up clock will also limit Sanchez in the long run (unless Rex doesn’t survive the next few seasons). I think Stafford will be given a little more free reign with the weapons around him. | 2024-03-17T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2329 |
Q:
Inhaling or ingesting cat's hairs
I discussed with somebody about the fact that I would like to buy a cat. The answer was that it can be dangerous, but in a different way than I expected.
Their argument was that inhaling or ingesting the cat's hairs can cause the (human) body to react, causing local bleeding, complications, possibly encouraging cancer growth. Also, their statement was that the human body does not have the ability to remove those hairs - similar to a cat vomiting hair balls.
While it makes sense in a way, it is still contrary to the overwhelming experience: people own cats and do not get sick - at least, not in this way.
Does anyone have reliable information about this?
A:
That sounds like made up panic. Now, I will freely admit this anecdotal, but having grown around cats, with several friends who also grew up with cats, this "ingesting cats hair is dangerous" doesn't really hold water. It is about as likely as ingesting your own hair, and about as dangerous.
Now, matter is different if you have allergies, in which case it doesn't really matter. Although I would share anecdote of my brother, who does have pet allergies, but they work rather interestingly. Without a cat or other pet, his body becomes sensitive and will react to various animals, but if he has pets or regularly interacts with animals, his body "gets used to it" (highly scientific term used by doctor) and stops overreacting.
In order to have enough hair (human or cat. Human body treats two as the same, hence my "as dangerous" comment earlier) to cause trouble you need to be actively eating it. I do not mean "swallows one strand every week", I mean actively picking it up and eating clumps of them.
TL;DR
No, it is not dangerous unless you are actively trying to eat as much at hair as possible.
A:
Your friend probably either was the victim of a scam or heard of an anecdotal story and misunderstood.
Regular cell damage due to bruising, local bleeding and other processes like inflammation can sometimes lead to cancer if the irritation is chronic. There are also a few viruses (like HPV) that can lead to changes in cell structure and eventually cancer.
Now, how would cat hair cause such a chronic irritation? My honest oppinion is that it can't. The usual hairs in a cat's coat are about as thick as human hair and our bodies are well equiped to deal with those if not ingested in vast amounts.
Whiskers are much thicker, though, and the scaly outer structure gives them interesting physical properties. If you let a hair glide through two of your fingers, you'll notice that it glides very smoothly from root to tip, but with much more resistance from tip to root (the same applies to human hair, but to a lesser extent). This means that if you ingest a piece of whisker, if it survives all the way into the intestine and if it happens to get caught root first in your intestine (or you manage to poke it into your skin somehow), it can only move in one direction. It migrates very slowly through the tissue, causing constant irritation and microscoping tissue damage, and the body will eventually encapsulate it in a dense ball of cells (commonly known as "tumor") as a protective measure. This process is known from awns or "mean seeds" (the tough hairs at the tips of grass seeds) as documented here.
To be honest, I have no idea if this can actually happen with hairs. The human body is able to digest hairs in the stomach and might be able to desintegrate cat hairs outside of the digestive system. But I couldn't find any evidence that any human ever developed cancer due to cat hair.
| 2023-10-18T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/8297 |
Oregonian Media Group, the new company formed by owners Advance Publications Inc. last year, will conduct a national search for his replacement.
Arizona State released an announcement this afternoon that Bhatia will join the Cronkite School as the next Edith Kinney Gaylord Visiting Professor.
"Bhatia will start the yearlong appointment this summer, the university said in a press release, "working with more
than two dozen students from across the country in the Carnegie-Knight
News21 initiative, an in-depth multimedia journalism experience based at
Cronkite. In the fall semester, he will teach Journalism Ethics and
Diversity."
His predecessor, Sandra Mims Rowe, served as a visiting professor of journalism ethics at Arizona State after leaving The Oregonian.
Bhatia's legacy from four years at the top of the paper will include leading the paper's shift to a web-first model—along with conducting two rounds of newsroom layoffs and reducing home delivery to four days a week.
Last June, Bhatia received the new title of vice president of content for Oregonian Media Group, a new company overseeing The Oregonian's move to web-based reporting.
He and publisher N. Christian Anderson III oversaw the reduction of home delivery to four days a week, and laid off as many as 49 reporters, editors, designers and photographers—nearly a quarter of the paper's remaining news staff. Bhatia told WW the decisions were painful to make. "Our newsroom is a family of outstanding journalists and people,” he said. “I agonized over every decision.”
The Oregonian has replaced many of these reporters with new hires in recent months. Bhatia became more visible in the paper's pages, answering questions about the digital shift from upset readers.
In January, WW reported Bhatia applied for—but did not win—a job as dean of the University of Nebraska's journalism school.
At least one of the journalists Bhatia laid off last summer offered a what appeared to be veiled comment today on his former boss' exit. | 2023-09-12T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2732 |
INTRODUCTION
============
Transcription initiation, elongation and termination are governed by sequential phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events at the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) ([@gkt1003-B1],[@gkt1003-B2]), which is composed of a consensus heptapeptide repeat sequence YSPTSPS. During transcription initiation, serine 5 (Ser5) of this repeat is phosphorylated by the Kin28 kinase, a modification that promotes the transition from initiation to elongation ([@gkt1003-B3],[@gkt1003-B4]) and recruitment of mRNA capping enzymes ([@gkt1003-B5]). Further, Ser5 phosphorylation leads to recruitment of the Bur1/2 (BUR) kinase complex that phosphorylates the CTD serine 2 (Ser2) ([@gkt1003-B8]). BUR also phosphorylates the C-terminal repeats of universally conserved elongation factor Spt5 (DSIF in higher animals) ([@gkt1003-B11]), which plays an unresolved role in recruitment of the polymerase associated factor (PAF) complex ([@gkt1003-B12],[@gkt1003-B13]). As RNAPII enters into the elongation phase, Ctk1 (metazoan CDK12) further phosphorylates Ser2, in turn promoting recruitment of mRNA processing, termination and export factors ([@gkt1003-B14]). CTD Tyr1 and Thr4 are also phosphorylated in *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* within gene bodies and at 5′-ends, respectively. However, the responsible kinase for Tyr1 phosphorylation remains unknown ([@gkt1003-B17]).
The identification of new CTD modifications and their distinct localization patterns along genes has suggested existence of a 'CTD code' that dynamically regulates transcription, mRNA processing and chromatin structure ([@gkt1003-B20]). This 'code' is thought to function by creating a modular molecular scaffold that recruits processing and modifying factors to the CTD at the appropriate place and time ([@gkt1003-B21],[@gkt1003-B22]). One such factor known to regulate chromatin structure by preventing histone exchange in coding region of genes is Set2 ([@gkt1003-B23],[@gkt1003-B24]), a histone methyltransferase that catalyzes methylation of the histone H3 at lysine 36 (H3K36) ([@gkt1003-B25]).
Spt6, an evolutionarily conserved histone chaperone ([@gkt1003-B30],[@gkt1003-B31]), is another protein that binds the Ser2/Ser5 phosphorylated CTD via its non-canonical C-terminal tandem Src Homology 2 (tSH2) domain ([@gkt1003-B32],[@gkt1003-B33]). Association of Spt6 with RNAPII is important for proper transcription elongation and nucleosome re-assembly in the wake of elongating RNAPII ([@gkt1003-B34],[@gkt1003-B35]). The unstructured N-terminal region of Spt6 binds to histones and a region between the amino acid residues 239--268 interacts with its binding partner Spn1 (Iws1 in mammals) ([@gkt1003-B36]). *In vitro*, binding of Spn1 reduces the affinity of Spt6 toward nucleosomes, suggesting a regulatory role for Spn1 in Spt6-mediated chromatin remodeling ([@gkt1003-B36]). Recent studies also indicate that Spn1 plays a key role in RNAPII recruitment at the *CYC1* gene ([@gkt1003-B37]). Aside from Ser2/Ser5 phosphorylation, *in vitro* peptide pull-down studies indicate that the tSH2 domain of Spt6 also binds to Tyr1-phosphorylated peptides ([@gkt1003-B38]), and recent evidence indicates that Tyr1 phosphorylation is required for the recruitment of Spt6 during transcription elongation and prevents premature termination by inhibiting the binding of termination factors, thus acting as a molecular CTD 'switch' ([@gkt1003-B19]). Spt6 increases the rate of transcription elongation on protein-free DNA templates ([@gkt1003-B39]), and Spt6 co-localizes with the Ser2 phosphorylated form of CTD on polytene chromosomes in *Drosophila melanogaster* ([@gkt1003-B40]). In *Schizosaccharomyces pombe*, Spt6 is required to maintain heterochromatin by regulating the levels of trimethylation of H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9) ([@gkt1003-B43]).
In this study, we have combined the genetics and biochemistry of *S. cerevisiae* to address the link between Spt6 and Set2 methylation at H3K36. In doing so, we found surprisingly that Spt6 is an essential factor required for CTD phosphorylation at Ser2. Our studies elucidated the mechanism of this requirement, as Spt6 is necessary for the function of Ctk1 and *viceversa*. Specifically, we find that Spt6 and Ctk1 co-associate and are required for each other's mutual stability---thus, providing a direct link to the ability of Spt6 to regulate Ser2 CTD phosphorylation; but also suggesting that Ctk1 and Ser2 CTD phosphorylation is driving the maintenance of Spt6 protein stability. In agreement with this, we found that mutations in the CTD that result in loss of Ser2 CTD phosphorylation result in loss of Spt6 protein stability, thereby providing the basis for a feed-forward circuit that tightly maintains Ser2 CTD phosphorylation levels during transcription elongation. Finally, we provide evidence that the ability of the BUR kinase and PAF complex to regulate Ser2 CTD phosphorylation and H3K36 methylation is through control of the Spt6--Ctk1 circuit. We also show one consequence of disrupting this circuit is decreased histone H3 levels, most likely a result of histone deposition due to the loss of Spt6.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
=====================
Yeast strains, plasmids and plate assays
----------------------------------------
The strains and plasmids used in this study are listed in [Supplementary Tables S1](http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1003/-/DC1) and [S2](http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1003/-/DC1), respectively. Yeast strains were transformed with URA plasmids, and cell cultures were serially diluted on selection plates with or without 6-azauracil (6-AU); 6-AU sensitivity was assessed after 3 days of growth. Similarly, strains containing the integrated cryptic initiation cassette (as shown in [Figure 1](#gkt1003-F1){ref-type="fig"}F) were serially diluted and plated on --*HIS* plates with or without galactose for 3 days to detect growth. Figure 1.Spt6 is required for Ser2 RNAPII CTD phosphorylation. (**A**) Domain architecture of Spt6 showing the mutants used in this study. (**B**) Immunoblot analysis showing the histone H3 and H3 lysine 36 methylation (H3K36me) status in the different *spt6* mutant strains. Lysates in the *spt6* mutant strains were loaded to equalize the H3 levels as a control for the H3 modification blots (**C**) Immunoblot analysis showing the endogenous cellular pools of Spt6 and Set2 using anti-Spt6 and anti-Set2 anti-serum. (**D**) Assessment of Ser2 CTD phosphorylation of RNAPII using rat anti-Ser2 phospho-specific antibody. (**E**) 6-AU sensitivity assay underscoring the positive role of Spt6 in transcription elongation. (**F**) Schematic representation of the cryptic reporter strain containing an internal TATA box. Arrow indicates the direction of transcription of the *HIS3* gene. (**G**) *SPT6* is essential for chromatin integrity during transcription elongation. Strains were selected and spotted on media lacking histidine and containing 2% galactose; growth was monitored for 3 days.
Whole cell lysates and immunoblot analysis
------------------------------------------
Strains of the indicated genotype for each experiment were cultured in standard YPD medium. Exponential cultures were lysed by beating in cold with acid washed glass beads in SUMEB buffer as described previously ([@gkt1003-B44]). The lysates were subjected to immunoblot analysis using standard procedures.
Proteasome inhibition assays
----------------------------
Proteasome inhibition in WT yeast cells was performed as described previously ([@gkt1003-B45]). Briefly, yeast strains of indicated genotype were cultured overnight in a modified culture medium using [l]{.smallcaps}-proline as the nitrogen source. From an overnight saturated culture, cells were inoculated into to the same medium containing 0.003% SDS at an OD of 0.5. After 3 h of growth, cells were incubated with 75 μM MG132 for 30 min. At the end of 30 min, cycloheximide was added at a concentration of 100 mM, and aliquots were collected at different time intervals. Lysates were prepared as described previously and were subjected to immunoblot analysis.
Whole cell lysate co-immunoprecipitation
----------------------------------------
Yeast cells were lysed and subjected to co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) as described by Moqtaderi *et al*. ([@gkt1003-B46]). Briefly, cells were lysed by vortexing with acid washed glass beads in buffer A \[450 mM Tris-acetate (pH 7.8), 150 mM potassium acetate, 60% (vol/vol) glycerol, 3 mM EDTA, 3 mM dithiothreitol and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride\]. Protein concentration was estimated by the Bradford method. Lysates were diluted in buffer B \[20 mM Hepes, pH 7.6, 20% (vol/vol) glycerol, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 1 mM EDTA, 125 mM potassium acetate and 1% Nonidet P-40\] and incubated with either anti-Spt6 (1:5000) or anti-HA (1 µg/ml) or anti-FLAG (1 µg/ml) overnight. Lysates were incubated with protein A beads for 2 h at 4°C. After three washes, beads were boiled and subjected to western analysis.
RESULTS
=======
Spt6 is required for Ser2 CTD phosphorylation
---------------------------------------------
The conserved histone chaperone Spt6 contains several functionally important domains, including an unstructured N-terminal region that interacts with histones, a non-canonical C-terminal, tSH2 domain that interacts with phosphorylated RNAPII and a helix--hairpin--helix (HhH) domain that interacts with DNA ([Figure 1](#gkt1003-F1){ref-type="fig"}A). We and others have shown that an internal deletion of the Spt6 HhH domain (*spt6^1004^*) leads to a substantial decrease in H3K36 methylation ([@gkt1003-B47],[@gkt1003-B48]). However, the effects of other Spt6 mutants on H3K36 methylation have not been fully explored, nor is it known how Spt6 mechanistically contributes to establishment of this chromatin mark. Therefore, here we report extension of our studies to other Spt6 mutants, including *spt6-50* (a tSH2 deletion), *spt6-14* (S952F mutation in the HhH domain) and *spt6-F249K* (a mutation that leads to a 10-fold decrease in Spt6 affinity to Spn1). All the *spt6* mutants displayed considerable decreases in H3K36me3 ([Figure 1](#gkt1003-F1){ref-type="fig"}B). Although the *spt6^1004^* mutation showed a considerable decrease in H3K36me2, the other *spt6* mutations did not show a similar degree of change in H3K36me2 levels ([Figure 1](#gkt1003-F1){ref-type="fig"}B). This result was consistent with the *spt6^1004^* allele being the most severe *spt6* mutant, as revealed by the fact that *spt6^1004^* has altered protein stability at permissive temperature and confers lethality at 37C \[[Figure 1](#gkt1003-F1){ref-type="fig"}C; ([@gkt1003-B49])\]. Importantly, the loss of H3K36me3 in these *spt6* mutants could be restored by introduction of wild-type (WT) *SPT6* gene ([Supplementary Figure S1B](http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1003/-/DC1)). Other histone modifications, e.g. H3K4 methylation, H3K79 methylation and H3K56 acetylation, were unaffected in all the *spt6* mutants ([Supplementary Figure S1A](http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1003/-/DC1)), strongly confirming specificity of Spt6 in the Set2/H3K36 methylation pathway. Notable to mention, we normalized our histone westerns based on histone levels rather than total cellular protein or G6PDH levels. This was necessary as we observed noticeable decreases in histones when analyzing the whole cell lysates from our *spt6* mutants (see [Figure 5](#gkt1003-F5){ref-type="fig"}A and text below for explanation).
We previously established an unexpected role for Spt6 in regulating the protein stability of Set2, a result linked to how Spt6 may regulate H3K36 methylation ([@gkt1003-B47]). Examination of the Spt6 mutants in [Figure 1](#gkt1003-F1){ref-type="fig"}B revealed a significant decrease in Set2 protein levels consistent with the strains possessing defects in H3K36 methylation ([Figure 1](#gkt1003-F1){ref-type="fig"}C). Given our recent findings that Set2 stability is primarily regulated through its interaction with the phosphorylated CTD of RNAPII ([@gkt1003-B50]), we therefore asked whether the ability of Spt6 to regulate Set2 stability and H3K36 methylation might be due to the fact that Spt6 regulates CTD phosphorylation. As shown in [Figure 1](#gkt1003-F1){ref-type="fig"}D, examination of the *spt6* mutants revealed a considerable decrease in their Ser2 CTD phosphorylation levels, thus revealing an unexpected role of Spt6 in Ctk1-mediated Ser2 CTD phosphorylation. The greatest decrease of Ser2 CTD phosphorylation was observed in the *spt6-50* mutant, suggesting that the interaction of the tSH2 domain (hence Spt6) with the phosphorylated CTD is important for maintaining Ser2 CTD phosphorylation.
Spt6 is a positive transcription elongation factor ([@gkt1003-B51]). Consistent with this, and in agreement with others, we confirmed the sensitivity of the *spt6* mutants used in this study to 6-AU ([Figure 1](#gkt1003-F1){ref-type="fig"}E), a compound that limits the rNTPs and leads to elongation defects as well as the transcription of the *IMD2* gene ([@gkt1003-B52]). Spt6 was originally shown to be required for maintenance of chromatin structure in the wake of elongating RNAPII ([@gkt1003-B53]). Defects in Spt6 lead to inappropriate transcription initiation from internal cryptic promoters in gene bodies ([@gkt1003-B54]). To evaluate if the *spt6* mutants led to cryptic initiation, we used a *FLO8-HIS3* reporter that, under conditions of de-repressed chromatin structure, expresses the *HIS3* gene from a cryptic promoter located in the *FLO8* gene body ([Figure 1](#gkt1003-F1){ref-type="fig"}F). The two most severe mutants, *spt6^1004^* and *spt6-50*, both caused cryptic initiation from the *FLO8* internal promoter ([Figure 1](#gkt1003-F1){ref-type="fig"}G). These results are consistent with the finding that Spt6 is important for Ser2 CTD phosphorylation, as Set2 stability and H3K36 methylation required for chromatin integrity during transcription elongation is dependent, at least in part, on Ser2 CTD phosphorylation ([@gkt1003-B50]).
Spt6 associates with Ctk1 and is required for its protein stability
-------------------------------------------------------------------
We next sought to determine how Spt6 might regulate Ser2 CTD phosphorylation. Initially, we asked if Spt6 and Ctk1 might be part of a complex. Even though genetic interactions between Spt6 and Ctk1 have been suggested ([@gkt1003-B55]), a physical interaction or their association as a part of a complex has not been demonstrated. We found that HA-tagged Ctk1 co-immunoprecipitated with Spt6 ([Figure 2](#gkt1003-F2){ref-type="fig"}A and B), thereby providing a strong basis for Spt6 regulation of Ctk1-mediated Ser2 CTD phosphorylation. We also examined the levels of Ctk1 in our *spt6* mutants that showed the cryptic initiation phenotype (as shown in [Figure 1](#gkt1003-F1){ref-type="fig"}G), and, surprisingly, found that Ctk1 protein levels were dramatically reduced in the *spt6^1004^* and *spt6-50* mutant strains ([Figure 2](#gkt1003-F2){ref-type="fig"}C). These results suggested that either Spt6 association with Ctk1 is required for Ctk1 protein stability or that Ser2 CTD phosphorylation (probably maintained by Spt6--RNAPII association) is required for Ctk1 stability. Before addressing these two possibilities, we first sought to determine if the loss of Ctk1 occurred due to protein instability. To accomplish this aim, we treated cells with cycloheximide (to inhibit translation) in the presence and absence of MG132 (a proteasome inhibitor) and detected the levels of Ctk1 in WT or *spt6-50* mutant cells. In WT cells, Ctk1 was degraded maximally by 120 min and was partially stabilized in the presence of MG132 ([Figure 2](#gkt1003-F2){ref-type="fig"}D). In the *spt6-50* mutant cells, however, the levels of Ctk1 were significantly stabilized in the presence of MG132 over the time period analyzed (compare + and -- in [Figure 2](#gkt1003-F2){ref-type="fig"}D), indicating that Spt6 is required for Ctk1 protein stability. Consistent with these results, decreases in *CTK1* mRNA have not been found in *spt6^1004^* mutants ([@gkt1003-B54]). Figure 2.Spt6 associates with Ctk1 and regulates its stability in a RNAPII CTD-dependent manner. (**A**) *CTK1* was genomically tagged at the C-terminus with a HA epitope in the *spt6* mutant strains indicated, and these strains were subjected to Co-IP analysis to detect Spt6 protein. (**B**) Immunoprecipitation of Spt6 detects Ctk1. (**C**) Levels of Ctk1 assessed by immunoblot analysis in the indicated *spt6* mutant strains. (**D**) WT and *spt6-50* mutants were treated with cycloheximide in the presence/absence of MG132 for different time intervals (see 'Materials and Methods' section). Ctk1 protein levels were detected by immunoblot analysis.
Ctk1 and the CTD of RNAPII regulate the stability of Spt6
---------------------------------------------------------
We showed previously that loss of Ctk1 leads to a decrease in the protein stability of Set2, culminating in the loss of H3K36 methylation. The Ctk1 kinase is a hetero-trimeric complex comprising the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) subunit (Ctk1), the associated cyclin (Ctk2) and an accessory subunit of unknown function (Ctk3) ([@gkt1003-B56]). Given the intimate connection made above between Ctk1 and Spt6, we asked whether loss of the Ctk1 kinase complex might affect more than just Set2 and perhaps also affect levels of Spt6. Immunoblot analysis of Spt6 from strains having individual deletions of Ctk1 complex members showed a striking decrease in the levels of Spt6 protein ([Figure 3](#gkt1003-F3){ref-type="fig"}A). To determine if reduced Spt6 was due to protein degradation, mediated by the 26S proteasome, we performed the experiment in the presence of MG132 and followed the levels of Spt6 in WT or *ctk1* deletion cells after inhibition of translation with cycloheximide. In WT cells, Spt6 required 60 min to decrease and was stabilized by MG132. In the *ctk1* deletion, Spt6 was dramatically reduced from the start, and its level was significantly restored by MG132 ([Figure 3](#gkt1003-F3){ref-type="fig"}B). Figure 3.Ctk1 is essential to maintain stable pools of cellular Spt6. (**A**) WT and Ctk1 complex member deletion strains were grown to log phase, and the levels of Spt6 protein were analyzed by immunoblot analysis. (**B**) WT and *CTK1* deletion strains were treated with MG132 followed by a cycloheximide chase for different time intervals. Spt6 protein levels were detected by immunoblot analysis. (**C**) Spt6 was immunoprecipitated and subjected to immunoblot analysis with anti-ubiquitin antibody using a modified protocol (see 'Materials and Methods' section). (**D**) A *CTK1* deletion strain was transformed with the WT or catalytically defective *CTK1* plasmids (D342N and T338A) along with the vector control, and Spt6 levels were analyzed by immunoblot analysis. (**E**) Yeast strains containing CTD heptapeptide consensus sequence mutations were analyzed by immunoblot analysis for the levels of Spt6 and CTD phosphorylation levels.
To further confirm the dependence of Spt6 instability on the proteasome, we sought to detect ubiquitinated species of Spt6 in a WT and *ctk1* deletion. As shown in [Figure 3](#gkt1003-F3){ref-type="fig"}D, Spt6 immunoprecipitated with anti-Spt6 antiserum was readily detected by an anti-ubiquitin specific antibody, thus confirming the presence of ubiquitinated species of Spt6.
We next sought to address how Ctk1 might regulate the stability of Spt6. One possible scenario was that Ctk1 mediated phosphorylation at Ser2 is important for Spt6 association with the CTD, which, in turn, would be important for Spt6 stability and Ser2 CTD phosphorylation maintenance. To address this possibility, we asked whether the catalytic activity of Ctk1 was necessary to maintain stability of Spt6. CDKs possess a conserved T loop, wherein phosphorylation of a conserved threonine residue is essential for their catalytic function ([@gkt1003-B56]). Thus, we transformed a *CTK1* deletion strain with WT or mutant *CTK1*-expressing plasmids (T338A or D328N) and assessed the levels of Spt6 by immunoblot analysis. While transformation of full-length *CTK1* rescued the levels of Spt6, the catalytically defective versions of *CTK1* showed little to no rescue ([Figure 3](#gkt1003-F3){ref-type="fig"}D). Because the catalytic activity of Ctk1 was necessary to maintain stability of Spt6, we next asked if this requirement was a direct consequence of the integrity of RNAPII CTD. We found that CTD mutants that affected Ser2 phosphorylation also impacted the levels of Spt6 ([Figure 3](#gkt1003-F3){ref-type="fig"}E). These results clearly established a link between Ctk1-mediated Ser2 CTD phosphorylation in the control of Spt6 stability, a result likely explained by the fact that Spt6 is stabilized via binding of its tSH2 domain to the Ctk1-phosphorylated CTD. They also define a robust feed-forward loop that maintains Ser2 CTD phosphorylation in transcription.
The BUR and PAF complexes function upstream of the Spt6--Ctk1 loop
------------------------------------------------------------------
PAF is a multi-functional complex that regulates histone methylation, mRNA processing, transcription elongation and termination, Ser2 CTD phosphorylation and mRNA 3′-end formation ([@gkt1003-B57]). Because the PAF complex regulates Ser2 CTD phosphorylation, we were led to ask whether PAF regulates this CTD mark through regulation of the Spt6--Ctk1 feed-forward loop described above. We examined PAF member deletion strains for Ser2 CTD phosphorylation, Spt6 and histone methylation levels and observed a substantial loss of Spt6 and Ser2 CTD phosphorylation levels in the *paf1* and *ctr9* deletions, with some loss observed in the *rtf1* and *cdc73* deletions ([Figure 4](#gkt1003-F4){ref-type="fig"}A). No loss of Spt6 and Ser2 CTD phosphorylation was observed in the *leo1* deletion. Loss in Ser2 CTD phosphorylation and Spt6 culminated in loss of H3K36me3 and Set2 ([Figure 4](#gkt1003-F4){ref-type="fig"}A and B, respectively), and, consistent with a loss of Ser2 CTD phosphorylation, we observed a reduction in Ctk1 levels in *paf1* and *ctr9* deletion strains ([Figure 4](#gkt1003-F4){ref-type="fig"}C). In agreement with the multi-functionality of the PAF complex, the *paf1*, *ctr9* and *rtf1* deletions also showed a loss of H3K4 and H3K79 trimethylation. In contrast, no loss of H2B ubiquitylation, H3K4 or H3K79 methylation was observed in any of the *spt6* mutants ([Supplementary Figure S1A](http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1003/-/DC1) and data not shown), underscoring the fact that the PAF complex was functioning properly in the *spt6* and *ctk1* mutant strains, as well as functioning upstream of the Spt6--Ctk1 loop. Figure 4.The BUR and PAF complexes act upstream of Spt6 and Ctk1. (**A**) Immunoblot analysis to detect the levels of Spt6, Set2 and Ser2 CTD phosphorylation in WT and *PAF* member deletion strains. (**B**) Assessment of trimethylation of histone H3 at lysines 4, 36 and 79 in the PAF complex member deletions. (**C**) PAF components *PAF1* or *CTR9* were deleted from a strain in which *CTK1* was tagged with HA. Changes in the levels of HA-tagged Ctk1 were evaluated by immunoblot analysis. (**D**) A WT strain expressing FLAG-tagged *PAF1* was subjected to FLAG immunoprecipitation followed by immunoblot analysis for Spt6 and Set2. (**E**) *PAF* complex member deletions *PAF1* and *CTR9* were examined for cryptic initiation defects as described in [Figure 1](#gkt1003-F1){ref-type="fig"}G. (**F**) *PAF* complex member deletion strains were examined for 6-AU phenotypes. (**G**) Immunoblot analysis of WT and a *BUR2* deletion strain to detect the levels of Spt6 and Ser2 CTD phosphorylation.
We next asked if the PAF complex interacts with Spt6, as a possible means of contributing to its regulation. Co-IP experiments showed that Paf1 associates with Spt6, but not Set2 ([Figure 4](#gkt1003-F4){ref-type="fig"}D; [Supplementary Figure S4](http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1003/-/DC1)). Collectively, these data show that the PAF complex interacts with, and may regulate the function of Spt6. Consistent with regulation of Spt6 and Ser2 CTD phosphorylation by PAF, and in agreement with recent reports ([@gkt1003-B54],[@gkt1003-B61]), we found that the deletions of *PAF1* and *CTR9* display a cryptic transcription phenotype ([Figure 4](#gkt1003-F4){ref-type="fig"}E). We also showed that PAF member deletions are sensitive to 6-AU, thus confirming the role of this complex in promoting transcription elongation in addition to maintaining chromatin integrity ([Figure 4](#gkt1003-F4){ref-type="fig"}F).
The recruitment of PAF to the 5′-ends of genes is controlled by the BUR kinase complex, which phosphorylates the CTD Ser2, Rad6 and the C-terminal repeat of Spt5 ([@gkt1003-B11],[@gkt1003-B62],[@gkt1003-B63]). We therefore examined whether loss of Bur2, the cyclin component of Bur1, would lead to defects in Ser2 CTD phosphorylation and Spt6 levels. As assessed by immunoblot analysis, a *BUR2* deletion resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of Spt6 and Ser2 CTD phosphorylation ([Figure 4](#gkt1003-F4){ref-type="fig"}G). This result was consistent with a prior study that showed *bur2* deletions decrease H3K36 methylation ([@gkt1003-B48]), and with our finding that Set2 was also reduced in this strain ([Figure 4](#gkt1003-F4){ref-type="fig"}G). As BUR also phosphorylates the C-terminal repeat domain of Spt5, we asked if this domain might be involved in the regulation of the Spt6--Ctk1 loop, perhaps through the recruitment of PAF complex ([@gkt1003-B64]). Deletion of the C-terminal repeat domain in Spt5 did not have any appreciable effect on the levels of Ser2 CTD phosphorylation, Spt6, Set2, H3K36 methylation or any other histone modification tested ([Supplementary Figure S3](http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1003/-/DC1)). Thus, although loss of this region in Spt5 clearly has functional consequences ([@gkt1003-B65]), and confers sensitivity to 6-AU ([Supplementary Figure S3](http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1003/-/DC1)), the C-terminal region of Spt5 appears unimportant in the regulation of the PAF--Spt6--Ctk1 pathway described herein.
Given Spt6 has been shown to function in the regulation of histone gene expression ([@gkt1003-B68]) and nucleosome deposition ([@gkt1003-B31]), we reasoned that one consequence of disrupting the Spt6--Ctk1 loop would be altered histone levels and sensitivity to hydroxyurea (HU). Previous studies linked defects in BUR and Ctk1 to decreases in cellular histones levels ([@gkt1003-B62],[@gkt1003-B69])---however, the molecular mechanism behind this regulation was unknown. As shown in [Figure 5](#gkt1003-F5){ref-type="fig"}A, we examined several deletions of PAF and Ctk1 complex members, as well as mutants of *spt6* that greatly disrupt the Spt6--Ctk1 loop ([Figure 5](#gkt1003-F5){ref-type="fig"}A), and find that they all show significant decreases in histone H3 levels. RT-PCR analyses in asynchronous cultures of the *spt6-50* and *spt6-F249K* mutants revealed that the *HHT1* and *HHT2* transcripts were unaffected ([Supplementary Figure S5](http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1003/-/DC1)), suggesting that the loss of histones observed in these two *spt6* mutants is largely a result of defects in nucleosome deposition. In addition, these mutants also exhibited significant sensitivity to the replication inhibitor HU ([Figure 5](#gkt1003-F5){ref-type="fig"}B)---consistent with a loss of cellular histone levels. Taken together, these results define a specific function for the Spt6--Ctk1 loop in maintaining appropriate histone levels in cells. The ability of the BUR kinase and PAF complex to affect histone levels is most likely explained through the ability of these complexes to regulate Spt6--Ctk1. Figure 5.The Spt6, Ctk1 and the PAF complex are important to maintain histone levels. (**A**) Immunoblot analysis of histone H3 from the lysates prepared from asynchronous log phase cultures of the indicated mutant strains in comparison to their isogenic WT counterparts. (**B**) Upstream regulators of the Spt6--Ctk1 loop (PAF) and the loop members themselves are sensitive to HU. Serial 10-fold dilutions of yeast strains of the indicated *paf or ctk1* mutations were plated on 25 mM HU plates for 3 days.
DISCUSSION
==========
Spt6, along with Spt4 and Spt5 (mammalian DSIF), were discovered in yeast as canonical transcription factors that suppressed Ty element insertions in promoters of genes ([@gkt1003-B30],[@gkt1003-B70]). Spt6, the only protein in the yeast genome with a tSH2 domain ([@gkt1003-B73]), binds to the Ser2/Ser5 and Tyr1-phosphorylated CTD forms of RNAPII *in vitro* ([@gkt1003-B34],[@gkt1003-B38]) and may regulate and maintain chromatin structure by way of its histone chaperone activities ([@gkt1003-B32],[@gkt1003-B33],[@gkt1003-B74]). While much has been learned regarding the role of Spt6 in transcription elongation ([@gkt1003-B75]), an unresolved mystery has been how this protein contributes to H3K36 methylation in yeast and mammals. A recent clue was provided by the fact that a mutant of Spt6 known to decrease H3K36 methylation also resulted in Set2 protein instability ([@gkt1003-B47]). This finding pointed to a possible link between Spt6 in the control of CTD phosphorylation, because mutations that uncouple Spt6--RNAPII interaction through loss of Ser2 CTD phosphorylation also result in Set2 instability.
In this study, we show through a variety of *spt6* mutants that Spt6 is required for Ser2 CTD phosphorylation---thus providing a molecular basis for the regulation of Set2 protein levels and H3K36me3 ([Figure 1](#gkt1003-F1){ref-type="fig"}B). It was interesting to note, however, that even though H3K36me3 is intimately connected to Ctk1-mediated Ser2 CTD phosphorylation, there were several mutants of *spt6* wherein this equation did not appear to be exact, notably in the *spt6-14* and *spt6-F249K* mutations ([Figure 1](#gkt1003-F1){ref-type="fig"}A and C). In the case of the *spt6-F249K* mutant, only a slight decrease in H3K36me3 levels was observed even though this mutant has significant losses of Set2 and Ser2 CTD phosphorylation. Intriguingly, although H3K36me3 was weakly affected, H3K36me2 was more significantly reduced. Although the molecular basis of this unique regulation is unknown, it may be that Set2 is regulated differently in this *spt6* mutant and is potentially more active (or has a greater residence time on chromatin to account for the increased H3K36me3). In contrast, the *spt6-14* mutant showed loss of H3K36me3 without concomitant decreases in Ser2 CTD phosphorylation and Set2 levels. We suspect this may be revealing the ability of Spt6 to regulate the function of Set2 activity independent of CTD binding. Future experiments will be needed to understand these regulatory differences.
One of the unexpected findings from this study is that Spt6 and Ctk1 associate, perhaps in a complex on the CTD of RNAPII, and their protein stabilities are dependent on each other and the presence of Ser2 CTD phosphorylation. Collectively, these data define a hitherto unrecognized feed-forward loop involving Spt6 binding to Ser2 (and perhaps Tyr1) phosphorylated CTD, which may contribute to Ctk1 recruitment during transcription elongation, which then initiates further rounds of CTD phosphorylation (see model in [Figure 6](#gkt1003-F6){ref-type="fig"}). In agreement with this idea, a recent study by Mayer *et al.* ([@gkt1003-B55]) suggested that recruitment of Spt6 and Ctk1 occur at similar time points across gene bodies. Continued phosphorylation by Spt6-recruited Ctk1 would provide a constant platform for Spt6 binding and may help to further recruit additional Ctk1, and so on. This idea is perhaps reminiscent to recently proposed 'spreading' models for chromatin-modifying enzymes such as SUV39/HP1, wherein HP1 binding to its target H3K9 methylation site promotes SUV39H recruitment and methylation of neighboring nucleosomes ([@gkt1003-B76],[@gkt1003-B77]). A lingering question is why such a feed-forward mechanism is required for Spt6--Ctk1--PAF in transcription elongation? While further studies will be needed to address this question, it may be that Spt6 recruitment to RNAPII acts as a checkpoint or regulatory step in the control of Ser2 phosphorylated-mediated events such as 3′-end processing or transcription termination. Regulating either the recruitment or function of Spt6 would be an efficient means of regulating Ser2 CTD phosphorylation levels during transcription via controlling Ctk1 recruitment. As discussed below, one mechanism that may regulate the initiation of the Spt6--Ctk1 feed-forward loop may be the BUR kinase. Figure 6.Model explaining the role of BUR, PAF and a feed-forward loop involving Spt6 and Ctk1 in the control of Ser2 CTD phosphorylation during transcription elongation. Our studies indicate that Spt6 association to the phosphorylated CTD is important for the maintenance of Ser2 CTD phosphorylation in gene bodies, catalyzed by the Ctk1 kinase complex. Intriguingly, mutations that result in loss of Ser2 CTD phosphorylation also result in decreased protein stability of Spt6, suggesting a feed-forward mechanism that robustly maintains this CTD phosphorylation event. Our results also suggest Spt6 may be associated with (either directly or indirectly; indicated by the question mark) Ctk1. As the PAF complex and BUR kinase complex is known to regulate Ser2 CTD phosphorylation, we find these complexes regulate Spt6 stability---thereby providing a means to explain how these transcription elongation complexes regulate Ser2 CTD phosphorylation and ultimately H3K36 methylation catalyzed by Set2. The arrow below the BUR complex refers to the uncertainty over the role of Bur1-mediated phosphorylation of Spt5 in the recruitment of PAF complex to the promoters of genes and its role in priming Ser2 CTD phosphorylation at the 5′-ends of genes to initiate Spt6 recruitment. While not graphically shown, we note that Tyr1 CTD phosphorylation is also known to contribute to the recruitment of Spt6 to the bodies of genes and may be contributing to its recruitment at the 5′-ends.
Mammalian pTEFb, a homolog of the yeast BUR kinase, primes and maintains Ser2 CTD phosphorylation at the 5′- and 3′-ends of genes ([@gkt1003-B9],[@gkt1003-B10],[@gkt1003-B78]). pTEFb phosphorylates DRB sensitivity inducing factor (DSIF), converting it from a negative to a positive elongation factor ([@gkt1003-B40],[@gkt1003-B79],[@gkt1003-B80]). Another substrate of pTEFb is negative elongation factor, which co-operates with DSIF in transcription elongation ([@gkt1003-B81]), the homolog of which is not present in budding yeast. The budding yeast BUR kinase phosphorylates the Spt5 C-terminal repeat, which is one of the routes to recruiting the PAF complex ([@gkt1003-B11],[@gkt1003-B13]). Our results show that the BUR kinase plays an important role in regulation of Spt6 stability, and, in agreement with other reports, Ser2 CTD phosphorylation ([@gkt1003-B8]). We take these results to suggest that BUR functions in a pathway that is important for the downstream regulation of the Spt6--Ctk1 feed-forward loop. Interestingly, loss of the C-terminal repeat domain in Spt5 did not affect the stability of Spt6 nor did it affect Ser2 CTD phosphorylation or histone methylation ([Supplementary Figure S3](http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1003/-/DC1)). Thus, we favor the view that the BUR kinase does not function to regulate the Spt6--Ctk1 feed-forward loop through the C terminal repeat domain of Spt5. Recently, Qiu *et al.* ([@gkt1003-B8]) showed that the BUR kinase mediates Ser2 CTD phosphorylation at the 5′-ends of genes. These findings suggest the possibility that the BUR kinase plays a role in priming or initiating the onset of the Spt6--Ctk1 feed-forward loop during the start of transcription elongation, by phosphorylating the CTD at Ser2 CTD at the 5′-ends of genes ([Figure 6](#gkt1003-F6){ref-type="fig"}). However, we do not rule out the possibility that Tyr1 phosphorylation also plays a role in Spt6 recruitment to the 5′-ends ([@gkt1003-B19]). Future studies will be required to delineate the roles of Ser2 and Tyr1 phosphorylation in both the recruitment and maintenance of Spt6 along genes.
In addition to BUR regulation of Spt6--Ctk1, we also found an important role for the PAF complex in this regulation. PAF was originally identified as a highly conserved complex that co-purified with RNAPII ([@gkt1003-B82]). Recent studies have shown that PAF regulates co-transcriptional histone methylation and CTD phosphorylation of RNAPII ([@gkt1003-B58],[@gkt1003-B83],[@gkt1003-B84]). For example, PAF is required for mono-ubiquitination of H2B, a dynamic modification required for H3K4 and H3K79 trimethylation ([@gkt1003-B85]). Our interest in this work was to understand how PAF contributed to Ser2 CTD phosphorylation, which we suspected feeds into the Spt6--Ctk1 regulatory loop. Interestingly, PAF is required for the recruitment of Spt6 in *D. melanogaster* ([@gkt1003-B57]), and Kaplan *et al.* ([@gkt1003-B49]) showed that the *spt6^1004^* mutation affects the levels of FLAG-tagged Ctr9 of the PAF complex. These observations show an intimate connection between the PAF complex and Spt6, which is further evidenced by the lethality of double mutants of PAF member deletions with *spt6^1004^* ([@gkt1003-B49])*.* Consistent with these connections, we demonstrate that Spt6 and the PAF complex co-associate (which is an un-explored aspect in their function). Thus, it may be that PAF functions to recruit Spt6 to genes, which then is stabilized through its interaction with phosphorylated CTD at 5′-ends mediated by BUR kinase.
In sum, we have unraveled a previously unknown mechanism involving BUR, PAF, Spt6 and Ctk1 in the regulation and maintenance of RNAPII Ser2 CTD phosphorylation during transcription elongation, which operates through a Spt6--Ctk1 feed-forward regulatory mechanism. Disrupting this concerted mechanism brings about spurious transcription from cryptic promoters and a decrease in histone levels. Given the conservation and function of Spt6 and other members of this regulatory pathway, this mechanism is likely to be highly conserved.
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
==================
[Supplementary Data](http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1003/-/DC1) are available at NAR Online, including \[88--90\].
###### Supplementary Data
We thank Fred Winston (Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School) for the yeast strains and plasmids, Tim Formosa for yeast strains and anti-Spt6 antibody, Mark Solomon (Yale University) for the *ctk1* point mutants and deletion strains, Michael Keogh for the *CTK1* plasmids and the strains that contain cryptic initiation cassette and Howard Fried for editorial suggestions.
FUNDING
=======
Funding for open access charge: NIH \[GM068088 to B.D.S.\].
*Conflict of interest statement.* None declared.
| 2023-11-23T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/1603 |
This week in dork, Turtle Dork has been busy posting trailer reactions on the ITMODcast YouTube channel and he briefly discusses his thought on some of these upcoming films. Wife Dork tries her best to put her brain back together after having it obliterated by Jodorowsky's mind melting Holy Mountain. Mouth Dork comes to terms with what could end up being this year's biggest disappointment to him- Tom Cruise's latest Jack Reacher: Never Go Back. Mouth Dork also continues moving through October with the Halloween Box set and he talks about movies 1-6. Disco discusses his disappointment with Ouija Origin of Evil before taking a few questions from our awesome listeners.
Follow the podcast on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook @ITMODcast. Don't forget to leave a review or comment and as always- thank you for listening! | 2024-05-09T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/7442 |
Q:
Remove one, non-unique value from a 2d array
To expand on my answered question here:
Remove one, non-unique value from an array
Given this table in PostgreSQL 9.6:
CREATE TABLE test_table (
id int PRIMARY KEY
, test_array text[][]
);
With a row like:
INSERT INTO test_table (id, test_array)
VALUES (1 , '{ {A,AA},{A,AB},{B,AA},{B,AB} }');
How would I remove an index from test_array:
a) matching the [0] value,
b) matching both the [0] and [1] values.
I am getting an exception when using array_position:
searching for elements in multidimensional arrays is not supported
Also, how would an update query be constructed based on this matching?
I'm not sure that I can build a query as done in a 1d array.
Any help is appreciated.
A:
Decided to normalize instead (in this instance, breaking the arrays into two tables with reference keys), per a_horse_with_no_name's recommendation.
| 2024-06-01T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/4681 |
Q:
Correct way of using/testing event service in Eclipse E4 RCP
Let me ask two coupled questions that might boil down to one about good application design ;-)
What is the best practice for using event based communication in an e4 RCP application?
How can I write simple unit tests (using JUnit) for classes that send/receive events using dependency injection and IEventBroker ?
Let’s be more concrete: say I am developing an Eclipse e4 RCP application consisting of several plugins that need to communicate. For communication I want to use the event service provided by org.eclipse.e4.core.services.events.IEventBroker so my plugins stay loosely coupled. I use dependency injection to inject the event broker to a class that dispatches events:
@Inject static IEventBroker broker;
private void sendEvent() {
broker.post(MyEventConstants.SOME_EVENT, payload)
}
On the receiver side, I have a method like:
@Inject
@Optional
private void receiveEvent(@UIEventTopic(MyEventConstants.SOME_EVENT) Object payload)
Now the questions:
In order for IEventBroker to be successfully injected, my class needs access to the current IEclipseContext. Most of my classes using the event service are not referenced by the e4 application model, so I have to manually inject the context on instantiation using e.g. ContextInjectionFactory.inject(myEventSendingObject, context);
This approach works but I find myself passing around a lot of context to wherever I use the event service. Is this really the correct approach to event based communication across an E4 application?
how can I easily write JUnit tests for a class that uses the event service (either as a sender or receiver)? Obviously, none of the above annotations work in isolation since there is no context available. I understand everyone’s convinced that dependency injection simplifies testability. But does this also apply to injecting services like the IEventBroker?
This article describes creation of your own IEclipseContext to include the process of DI in tests. Not sure if this could resolve my 2nd issue but I also hesitate running all my tests as JUnit Plug-in tests as it appears impractible to fire up the PDE for each unit test. Maybe I just misunderstand the approach.
This article speaks about “simply mocking IEventBroker”. Yes, that would be great! Unfortunately, I couldn’t find any information on how this can be achieved.
All this makes me wonder whether I am still on the right track or if this is already a case of bad design? And if so, how would you go about redesigning? Move all event related actions to dedicated event sender/receiver classes or a dedicated plugin?
A:
Actually, running a JUnit plug-in test is not that expensive. You can configure the launch configuration to run in headless mode so the only thing loaded is a lightweight PDE without workbench. The same happens when you run a headless build with for example Tycho. Surefire launches your test-bundle as headless plug-in test by default.
The advantage over isolated unit tests is that you can access your plug-in's resources and, most importantly, use dependency injection. If you want to mock an injected object you have to run a plug-in test so you can use InjectorFactory.
This is how you would go about mocking the event service: IEventBroker is an interface, so the only thing you need to do is writing a mock implementation for it
public class IEventBrokerMock implements IEventBroker {
@Override
// Implemented Methods
}
In your test method you would have something like
InjectorFactory.getDefault().addBinding(IEventBroker.class).implementedBy(IEventBrokerMock.class);
ClassUnderTest myObject = InjectorFactory.getDefault().make(ClassUnderTest.class, null);
If you want to work with a context the test method would instead contain
IEclipseContext context = EclipseContextFactory.create();
context.set(IEventBroker.class, new IEventBrokerMock());
ClassUnderTest myObject = ContextInjectionFactory.make(ClassUnderTest.class, context);
If you run this as JUnit plug-in test your object will have the mocked event service injected.
| 2024-01-11T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/3650 |
Background
==========
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by *Leishmania* species which could manifest as visceral, mucous or cutaneous involvement, depending on the host immune response \[[@B1]-[@B4]\].
It is estimated that 1.5 to 2 million people develop symptomatic disease each year \[[@B5]\]. American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) is endemic in some countries in Africa, Middle East, Europe and Latin America, representing a Public Health problem, not only due to its high incidence, but also due to its potential to cause destructive and incapacitating lesions, with high psychosocial impact \[[@B4],[@B6]\].
Renal involvement has been described in visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar), including from mild urinary abnormalities to severe glomerular involvement and renal failure \[[@B7]-[@B10]\]. Renal failure in kala-azar is thought to occur due to interstitial nephritis secondary to immune complex deposition and hypersensitivity to pentavalent antimonials \[[@B6],[@B11]-[@B13]\]. Tubular dysfunction has also been described in kala-azar as urinary concentrating and acidification defects, with few clinical manifestations \[[@B14]\].
In ACL there are very few studies regarding renal function evaluation, and the renal abnormalities described are linked to specific treatment with pentavalent antimonials \[[@B15]\]. These drugs are described to cause acute kidney injury due to hypersensitivity reaction \[[@B12]\]. Other possible mechanisms for kidney injury in ACL have not been investigated by now.
A recent study conducted by our study group found important abnormalities in ACL. Expression of the Na^+^/H^+^ exchanger (NHE3), H^+^-ATPase, and pendrin were all significantly higher in patients with ACL when compared with normal subjects. A combined urinary concentration and acidification defect was found in 32.4% of patients, before specific ACL treatment \[[@B16]\].
The aim of this study is to investigate if these tubular abnormalities persist after specific ACL-treatment.
Methods
=======
Patients
--------
This is a prospective study with 37 patients with confirmed diagnosis of ACL (epidemiologic, clinical and laboratorial) in a public health service in the city of Barbalha, Ceara, Brazil, between July 2008 and July 2009. Exclusion criteria was patients under 15 years-old or older than 60 years, use of pentavalent antimonials in the last 30 days, hypertension (Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 or Diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg), diabetes mellitus, urinary tract infection, systemic lupus erythematosus and other colagenosis, and previous kidney disease. The 37 patients were compared with 10 healthy volunteers. The protocol of this study was revised and approved by the Ethical Comitee of the Walter Cantidio University Hospital, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil. Patients were included in the study after signing the informed consent form.
Diagnosis of ACL
----------------
Diagnosis of ACL was based on epidemiologic and clinical criteria, Montenegro skin test and identification of parasite in tissue biopsy.
Clinical and laboratory parameters
----------------------------------
At the time of medical consult all symptoms and signals were evaluated, as well as race, age, gender, previous chronic diseases, number of skin lesions, time of disease, use of drugs, body mass index, blood pressure, Montenegro skin test, ACL classification. The following laboratory tests were studied in blood and plasma: urea (P~Ur~), creatinine (P~Cr~),pH, (P~osm~) osmolality, bicarbonate (BIC~s~), sodium (P~Na+~), potassium (P~K+~), chloride (P~Cl-~), magnesium (P~Mg++~), calcium (P~Ca++~), phosphorus (P~P-~), albumin/globulin, amilase, fast glucose, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). In urine were studied the following tests: creatinine and urea (U~Cr~ e U~Ur~), sodium (U~Na+~), potassium (U~K+~), chloride (U~Cl-~), calcium (U~Ca++~), phosphorus (U~P-~), magnesium (U~Mg++~), microalbuminuria, urinalysis, osmolality (U~osm~) and pH (U~pH~).
Renal function evaluation
-------------------------
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated through the Cockroft & Gault formula and it was considered abnormal when ≤ 90 ml/min/1,73 Body Surface Area m^2^. In an isolated urine sample collected before concentration and acidification tests, pre- and post-glucantime treatment sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium and microalbuminuria were measured.
All patients underwent food and water deprivation for 12 hours. Fraction excretion of sodium (FE~Na~), potassium (FE~k~), calcium (FE~Ca~), phosphorus (FE~P~), magnesium (FE~Mg~) were calculated by standard formula. Microalbuminuria was measured in an isolated urine sample and normalized by urinary creatinine.
Urinary concentration ability was evaluated through the ratio between urinary and serum osmolality (U/P~osm~) after 12 hours water deprivation, and urinary osmolality (U~osm~) was measured before and 4 hours after administration of intranasal DDAVP® (desmopressin acetate 20mcg/kg - T~0~ and T~4~). Urinary acidification was evaluated by the urinary pH before and after administration of oral CaCl~2~ 2 mEq/kg (T~0~ and T~4~). Acidification defect was determined by the inability in decreasing U~pH~ for less than 5.50.
All patients underwent standard treatment with antimonial (Glucantime®) in the dose of 20 mg/kg/day for 20 days. All tests were done before treatment and 4 weeks after the beginning of the treatment.
Groups definition
-----------------
Pre-glucantime group -- Tests performed before the beginning of treatment.
Post-glucantime group -- Tests performed 4 weeks after the beginning of the treatment.
Analytical methods
------------------
Urea: Determined by colorimetric uricase method (Labtest^®^). The results were expressed in mg/dl. Serum and urinary creatinine: Determined by colorimetric methods, picric acid, Taussky and Bonsness (Labtest^®^). The results were expressed in mg/dl. Serum and urinary Sodium and potassium (P~Na+~ e P~K+~): Determined by photometry technique with spectrophotometry, model B462 MICRONAL (Instrumentation Laboratory, Inc. USA). The results were expressed in mEq/L. Albumin: Determined by bromocresol reaction (Labtest^®^). The results were expressed in g/dl. Globulin: Determined by bromocresol reaction (Labtest^®^). The results were expressed in g/dl. Glucose: Determined by colorimetric glucose oxidase method (Labtest^®^). The results were expressed in mg/dl. Alkaline phosphatase: Determined by phosphatase kinetic method, Bowers and Mc Comb modified (Labtest^®^). The results were expressed in U/L. Amilase: Determined by colorimetric Caraway modified method. Results expressed in U/dl. pH, bicarbonate (HCO3^-^): were determined through "Blood gas analyser" machine (chiron diagnostic 238 - Bayer^®^). The results were expressed in mEq/L for bicarbonate. Urinary pH (U~pH~): measured by pHmetro Digital pG1000, model GEHAKALT. Urinary osmolarity: Determined by the technique pressure steam in osmometer model 5100 C (Wescor Inc., USA). The results were expressed in mOsm/Kg.H~2~O. Microalbuminuria: measured through immunoturbidimetry methods, using Tina-quant^®^ kit (Roche) and the results were expressed in mcg/g creatinine.
Statistical analysis
--------------------
All quantitative data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Differences between two parameters were analyzed either by paired Student t test or by nonparametric methods (Wilcoxon test and Mann--Whitney test). Chi-square test was used to analyze categoricalvariables. Values of P \< 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
=======
Of the 59 patients enrolled in the study with previously diagnosed of ACL on the basis of epidemiological, clinical, biochemical, and histopathological findings 22 were excluded: eight for testing negative on a new histopathological exam; nine for being under 15 years of age or over 60 years of age; two for subsequently declining to participate in the study; one for having hypertension; one for having diabetes mellitus; and one for having used an antimonial (meglumine antimoniate) within the last 30 days. Therefore, the study group included 37 ACL patients who agree to participate. The mean age was 35.6 ± 12 years and 19 (51.4%) were male. Clinical and demographic data were similar between ACL patients and controls (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}).
######
Clinical and demographic data of patients with ACL compared with healthy subjects
**Characteristics** **ACL (n = 37)** **Control (n = 10)** ** *P* **
------------------------------------ ------------------ ---------------------- -----------
**Age (years)** 35.6 ± 12 32.3 ± 11.7 0.442
**Gender**
Male 19 (51.4%) 6 (60%) 0.73
Female 18 (48.6%) 4 (40%)
**Time of disease (days)** 28.5 ± 20.6 \- \-
**Montenegro skin test (+/−)** 22/37 \- \-
**Number of skin lesions**
1 27 (72.9%) \- \-
2 to 4 7 (18.9%) \- \-
\>4 3 (8.1%)
**Systolic blood pressure, mmHg** 122 ±10 117 ± 9.5 0.221
**Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg** 80 ± 4.7 75 ± 8.5 0.079
Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation or %. Student t test.
Montenegro skin test was positive in 59.5% of cases. All patients have ACL in its isolated cutaneous type, 27 had a solitary skin lesion, 7 had 2--4 lesions and 3 had more than 4 lesions. The mean time of disease was 28.5 ± 20.6 days (range 7--90 days).
The laboratory evaluation, before and after treatment with pentavalent antimonial, is shown in Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}. It was observed only a mild decrease in hemoglobin post-treatment. In biochemical analysis it was noted an increase in aminotransferases (p \< 0.05) after treatment. No one patient presented increase in serum amylase with treatment.
######
Laboratory data of 37 patients with ACL before and after specific treatment
**Pre-treatment** **Post-treatment** ** *P* **
---------------------------------------- ------------------- -------------------- -----------
**Hematocrit (%)** 42.6 ± 4.1 40.5 ± 4.2 0.0052
**Hemoglobin (g/%)** 13.9 ± 1.2 13.3 ± 1.5 0.019
**White blood count (/mm**^**3**^**)** 6.359 ± 1918 6.035 ± 1513 0.269
**Platelets (/mm**^**3**^**)** 275.351 ± 66.259 292.702 ± 60.570 0.074
**Arterial pH** 7.35 ± 0.1 7.35 ± 0.1 0.634
**Fasting glucose (mg/dl)** 80 ± 15 80 ± 17 0.915
**Amylase (U/dl)** 143 ± 48 148 ± 62 0.666
**Total Bilirubin (mg/dl)** 0.5 ± 0.27 0.6 ± 0.23 0.810
**Alkaline Phosphatase (U/L)** 93 ± 33 107 ± 52 0.08
**Albumin (g/dl)** 4 ± 0.6 4 ± 0.6 0.696
**Globulin (g/dl)** 3.3 ± 0.86 3.3 ± 0.7 0.135
**AST (g/dl)** 34 ± 15 46 ± 36 0.034
**ALT (U/L)** 28 ± 19 42 ± 33 0.023
**ESR (mm/h)** 30 ± 21 26 ± 18 0.198
Significant *P* \< 0.05. AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation or %. T test and Wilcoxon test.
There was no significant glomerular filtration abnormality before and after treatment (109.6 ± 32 vs. 109.6 ± 28 ml/min/1.73 m^2^, *P* = 0.694). Microalbuminuria was 23.6 ± 26 mg/g creatinine, before treatment, and 14.6 ± 18.9 mg/g creatinine after treatment (p = 0.02). Urinary concentrating defect, based on U/Posm (\<2,8), was observed in 27 patients before treatment and in 30 after treatment (77% vs. 88%, p = 0,344), with no significant difference between pre and post-treatment (2.2 ± 0.7 vs. 1.9 ± 0.75, *P* = 0.718) (Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}).
######
Glomerular and tubular function of 37 patients with ACL before and after specific treatment
**Pre-glucantime (N = 37)** **Post-glucantime (N = 37)** **Control (N = 10)**
---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ------------------------------ ----------------------
**P**~**creat**~**, (mg/dl)** 0.81 ± 0.16 0.81 ± 0.15 0.85 ± 0.18
**CrCl (ml/min/1.73 m**^**2**^**)** 109.6 ± 31.5 108.4 ± 28.5 116.4 ± 22.7
**U/P**~**osm**~**T4** 2.19 ± 0.73 1.95 ± 0.73 3.47 ± 0.33
**U**~**pH**~**T4** 5.45 ± 0.64 5.19 ± 0.60^\*^ 4.82 ± 0.20 ^\#^
**U**~**osm**~**T4** 618 ± 202 552 ± 210 965 ± 81 ^\#^
**FENa, (%)** 1.15 ± 0.74 1.35 ± 1.51\*\* 0.73 ± 0.39
**FEk, (%)** 10 ± 6.6 10.1 ± 7.6 7.50 ± 2.8^\#^
**FECa (%)** 1.07 ± 0.72 1.32 ± 1.01 0.62 ± 0.34^\#^
**FEPO4 (%)** 10.9 ± 9.98 10.9 ± 15.7 9.10 ± 6.4
**FEMg (%)** 1.81 ± 1.70 1.90 ± 1.44 0.90 ± 0.40^\#^
**Microalbuminuria (mg/g creatinine)** 23.6 ± 26\*\*\* 14.6 ± 18.9 6.12 ± 4.06
\* Pre vs. Post-glucantime, p = 0.0066; \# control vs. Pre and post-glucantime, p \< 0.05; \*\*Post-glucantime vs. control, p = 0.048; \*\*\*pre vs. post-glucantime, p = 0.025. DATA: MEAN ± SD. Student t test, Mann--Whitney.
P~crea~ -- SerumCreatinine.
CrCl -- Creatinine clearance.
U/P~osm~ -- Urinary and serum osmolarity ratio.
U~pH~ em T4 -- Urinary pH in T4.
U~osm~ T4 -- Urinary osmolality in T4.
FE: fraction excretion.
Urinary acidification defect, defined as the inability to reduce urinary pH to \< 5.5 after CaCl~2~ administration, was observed in 15 patients before treatment and in only 6 after treatment (40% vs 16%, p = 0.012), with significant difference when comparing the pH values before and after treatment (5.50 ± 0.64 vs. 5.19 ± 0.60, *P* = 0.0066). After treatment, 18 among 36 patients (50%) presented P~HCO3~- \<21 mEq/L, and pH \<7.35 was seen in 42% cases. Regarding excretion fractions (FENa, FEk, FECa, FEP and FEMg) there was no significant differences in the values before and after treatment (Table [4](#T4){ref-type="table"}). FE~Na+~ \> 2% was found in 4 patients (10.8%), FE~k+~ \> 10% in 11 patients (29.7%), FE~Ca++~ \> 3% in 2 patients (5.4%), FE~PO4~- \> 10% in 10 patients (29%) and FE~Mg++~ \> 6% in only 1 patient (2.7%).
######
Prevalence of renal dysfunction in 37 patients with ACL before and after specific treatment
**Pre-treatment** **Post-treatment** **P**
--------------------------------------------------- ------------------- -------------------- -------
**P**~**creat**~**\>1.2 mg/dl** \- \- \-
**CrCl \<90 ml/min/1.73 m**^**2**^ 11 (30%) 12 (32%) 1.000
**Microalbuminuria \> 30 mg/g creat** 12 (39%) 3 (10%) 0.004
**U**~**osm**~**T4 \< 700mmOsm/kg H**~**2**~**O** 21 (62%) 24 (71%) 0.508
**U/P**~**osm**~**T4 \< 2.8** 26 (77%) 30 (88%) 0.344
**U**~**pH**~**T4 \> 5.5** 15 (40%) 6 (16%) 0.012
**EF**~**Na+**~ **\> 2%** 5 (14%) 4 (11%) 1.000
**EF**~**k+**~ **\> 10%** 12 (32%) 11(30%) 1.000
**EF**~**Ca++**~ **\> 3%** 2 (5%) 2 ( 5%) 1.000
**EF**~**PO4-**~ **\> 10%** 17 (46%) 10 (27%) 0.143
**EF**~**Mg++**~ **\> 6%** 1 (2.7%) 1 (2.7%) 1.000
P~crea~ -- plasma creatinine; Cr~Cl~ -- creatinine clearance; U/P~osm~ -- urine and plasma osmolarity ratio; U~pH~ T4 -- urine pH in T4 (4 hours after CaCl~2~ administration); U~osm~ T4 -- urine osmolariry in T4 (4 hours after DDAVP administration); EF~Na~ -- Sodium excretion fraction; EF~K~ -- Potassium excretion fraction; EF~Ca~ -- Calcium excretion fraction; EF~Mg~ -- Magnesium excretion fraction. Data expressed as percentage (%).
None of the patients presented severe adverse reactions to the pentavalent antimonial. Among the 37 studied cases, 5 (13.5%) presented low degree fever, myalgia and asthenia, and one patient had arthralgia and headache.
Discussion
==========
The results of the present study evidence the occurrence of asymptomatic tubular dysfunction probably induced by ACL and that partially improved after specific treatment.
All patients studied had ulcerated lesions. They were in very early stages of the disease, however they presented systemic inflammatory reactions, such as fever, arthralgias and myalgias, which have been previously reported \[[@B17]\]. This can lead to humoral activation, which can explain the finding of renal tubular dysfunction.
In the present study, the number of patients with Cl~Cr~ \< 90 ml/min/1.73 m^2^ did not present significant difference before and after treatment with pentavalent antimonial (11 among 37 before treatment and 12 among 37 after treatment). Previous reports on the renal involvement in ACL have linked renal abnormalities to the use of these drugs, as acute kidney injury by tubulointerstitial nephritis or reaction Jarish-Herxheimer like, which is not in accordance to our findings \[[@B12],[@B15]\].
Renal dysfunction in visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) has been described \[[@B7]-[@B10],[@B18]\]. Lima Verde et al \[[@B14]\] in a study with 50 patients with kala-azar found GFR \< 80 ml/min/1.73 m^2^ in 14 cases (28%). In another study, including 224 patients with kala-azar, acute kidney injury was found in 76 cases (33.9%) and this complication was associated with increased mortality \[[@B10]\]. In a recent study by Daher et al \[[@B19]\], renal tubular dysfunction in kala-azar significantly improved after treatment with pentavalent antimonial. After specific treatment, all patients in the present study still remained with urinary concentrating and two-thirds improved previous acidification defects, suggesting that the tubular damage can be irreversible.
In our study microalbuminuria higher than 30 mg/g was found in 35% of patients before treatment and in only 8% after treatment, suggesting that glomerular lesion in ACL could have been caused by the parasitic disease *per se*, but without GFR reduction. In a study with 11 patients with kala-azar, 8 presented increased microalbuminuria (81.8%), which is higher than that found in ACL \[[@B7]\]. Elnojomi et al \[[@B20]\] detected abnormal microalbuminuria in 35 out of 88 (40%) patients with kala-azar, with no glomerular dysfunction. Microalbuminuria can also be found in other infectious diseases that affect the skin and nerves, such as leprosy. Oliveira et al \[[@B21]\] identified microalbuminuria in 4 out of 59 patients with multibacillary leprosy (8.5%). A higher prevalence of microalbuminuria was found in another study involving leprosy patients. Kirsztajn et al \[[@B22]\]. identified microalbuminuria higher than 20 mg/l in 15.8% of 96 patients with leprosy. In the present study we observed a decrease in microalbuminuria after treatment, which suggests that ACL per se can lead to increased urinary albumin loss. However microalbuminuria is not yet a well defined marker of glomerular dysfunction in infectious diseases.
In the present study, the urinary concentrating ability was evaluated by the ratio U/P~osm~ and U~osm~, measured after 12 h water deprivation and fasting, which was sensitized by the administration of DDAVP. Urinary concentration deficit was found in 27 cases (77%) before treatment and in 31 (88%) after treatment (p = 0.344). There was also no significant difference in the values of U~osm~ after the administration of DDAVP before and after treatment (p = 0.508). Based on these findings we can suggest that ACL *per se* can cause urinary concentrating deficit. The specific treatment did not improve this abnormality, but do not allow a worsening in the tubular lesion.
In a study involving 11 patients with ACL treated with pentavalent antimonial, 40 mg/kg for 30 days, the persisting urinary concentrating deficit was observed in 8 cases (72.7%) \[[@B23]\]. Veiga et al \[[@B24]\], reported 5 cases of ACL treated with pentavalent antimonial in conventional doses, but with a longer duration, which developed urinary concentrating inability. Lima Verde et al \[[@B14]\], found 68% of urinary concentrating capacity defect in patients with kala-azar before pentavalent antimonial therapy. The persistence of this abnormality can be a consequence of ACL itself, which can cause a severe tubular damage. Further investigations, with a longer period of observation after ACL treatment, would be important to establish the long-term outcomes regarding this complication. Maybe urinary concentrating ability can be restored with time in this group of patients.
In the present study urinary acidification defect was found in 40% of the patients before treatment and in 16% after treatment, which suggests an important improvement in acidification ability after specific treatment for ACL. Urinary acidification deficit is less common than concentration deficit. In a study with patients with kala-azar, urinary acidification defect was found in 64% of cases after specific treatment \[[@B14]\].
Conclusions
===========
Renal abnormalities detected in ACL improve partially after specific treatment, especially microalbuminuria and urinary acidification. The persistent urinary concentranting deficit may be related to a permanent damage induced by ACL or maybe an overlap effect of the treatment and the disease. Further studies are required to better understand the mechanisms involved in tubular dysfunction caused by ACL and by the treatment.
Competing interests
===================
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors\' contributions
=======================
RAO and CGL carried the patients\`evaluation and collection of biological samples for laboratory tests and drafted the manuscript. TRS and AMCM carried out the laboratory tests. RMSM participated in the design of the study and performed the statistical analysis. RAO, ACS, LCA, GBSJ, ABL and EFD conceived the study, and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Pre-publication history
=======================
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
<http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2369/13/44/prepub>
Acknowledgements
================
This research was supported by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). The desmopressin acetate was provided by Ferring of Brazil.
| 2023-10-12T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2957 |
Actor Ashton Kutcher entered a Los Angeles courtroom this week, adding more attention to a sensational murder trial.
Michael Gargiulo faces two counts of murder and one count of attempted murder in attacks in the L.A. area between 2001 and 2008. He has pleaded not guilty. Prosecutors are seeking the death penalty in the case.
One of the women Gargiulo is accused of killing had arranged to go on a date with Kutcher in February 2001. And that was the focus on his testimony Wednesday.
Kutcher testified for about an hour, describing how he became concerned when Ashley Ellerin, a 22-year-old fashion student, didn’t respond to his calls or answer her door.
Ellerin’s slaying is just one part of what prosecutors describe as a reign of terror by Gargiulo.
Here is a narrative of the accusations against him from the pages of The Times:
‘Serial sexual-thrill killer’
Prosecutors have called Gargiulo a “serial sexual-thrill killer” who derived pleasure from slaughtering beautiful women.
Court records show a chronology of attacks linked to Gargiulo that began in the Chicago area in 1993.
In August of that year, Tricia Pacaccio, 18, was celebrating her high school graduation with friends before each headed off to college. She was bound for Purdue University, where she’d earned an engineering scholarship. She dropped a peer off about 1 a.m. before heading home. She walked up to her door carrying her house key but never made it inside.
Her father found her on the doorstep later that morning with numerous stab wounds to her chest, shoulder and neck.
Just 17 at the time, Gargiulo was a friend of Pacaccio’s younger brother. It wasn’t until a decade later that investigators discovered the DNA collected from her fingernails was his.
By then, prosecutors say, Gargiulo had moved to the Los Angeles area and killed Ellerin.
Actor Ashton Kutcher testifies in court Wednesday. (Genaro Molina / Los Angeles Times)
A move to L.A.
Gargiulo first met Ellerin when he offered to help her change a flat tire. Later, he offered to help fix a problem with her heater, and from then on, he’d show up uninvited and unannounced at her apartment.
Some reported seeing him park in front of her home at all hours, staring at her residence for long periods of time. Her roommate thought he was a stalker.
Prosecutors allege he entered Ellerin’s Hollywood home one night in February 2001 and stabbed her 47 times, slashing her throat so severely that he almost decapitated her.
Kutcher went to Ellerin’s home after the pair had arranged to have a drink that night, the actor testified, but she did not answer the door.
Gargiulo later moved to the El Monte area, into the same apartment complex as Maria Bruno, 32.
In 2005, prosecutors allege, Gargiulo attacked Bruno as she slept and “quite literally butchered her,” slashing her throat and slicing off her breasts, which he staged for police to find.
Soon after investigators found her body, they spotted a blue surgical bootie outside her apartment door with three drops of Bruno’s blood. Gargiulo’s DNA matched the profile that was found along the elastic band. The same type of booties, which he wore for work as an air conditioner repairman, were found by detectives hidden in his attic.
Before the killing, Gargiulo had been seen trying to open Bruno’s door and peeping through her window.
The last attack linked to him, in April 2008, was unlike the others. Michelle Murphy survived.
Gargiulo and Murphy, who was 27 at the time, lived across from each other, sharing an alley in Santa Monica. In the months leading up to her attack, Gargiulo would greet her outside her apartment.
One night, prosecutors say, she woke up to him stabbing her arms and chest. She kicked him off, causing him to cut his wrist and flee. Investigators found his blood on her bedspread and in the alley.
After his arrest less than two months later in connection with the Santa Monica attack, detectives linked Gargiulo to the killings of Ellerin and Bruno. He wasn’t charged in Illinois with Pacaccio’s slaying until 2011.
A survivor speaks
Murphy was the first witness called by prosecutors in the case.
On the day of the attack, Murphy testified that she washed her bedsheets, jumped rope in the alley behind her Santa Monica apartment complex and watched TV before crawling into bed. She had been asleep for about an hour, she testified, when she woke up to a man straddling her, stabbing her arm and chest with a serrated knife.
She screamed and asked why he was attacking her. The man didn’t say a word, she said.
In a struggle to save herself, Murphy said she wrapped her hands around the knife’s blade and kicked the man off the bed. As he ran out the door, Murphy recalled, he spoke for the first time.
“I’m sorry,” the attacker said.
Murphy testified that she locked the door, closed the living room window the man had climbed in and made two phone calls. She first called the man she’d been dating for two months, who is now her husband, and then the police. An ambulance took her to a hospital, where doctors operated on her hand and stitched her wounds.
She never returned to that Santa Monica apartment. Instead, her family and friends packed up her belongings. Since her attack, Murphy said she’s more vigilant about making sure “everything’s locked.”
“I’m much more aware of anyone around me,” she testified. | 2023-10-22T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/3352 |
Brands Love Content—When They Make It
The wall between publisher and product continues to erode
Thanks to the ease of self-publishing online, marketing has looked increasingly like publishing with each year, and it’s only going to continue moving in that direction. In a panel at today’s Digitas NewFront conference, marketers from SAP, American Express and General Electric discussed their shifts toward branded publishing, concluding that eventually, the difference between brand content producers and media outlets will be indistinguishable. For example, said Steven Rosenbaum, author of the book Curation Nation, many advertisers now employ in-house content strategists to plan distribution and content marketing around their digital publishing campaigns, he said.
American Express is drawn to digital content marketing because of the already-pleasing ROI it’s experiencing on its existing campaigns, said Susan Sobbott, President of American Express OPEN. Beth Comstock, the chief marketing officer of General Electric, said that broadly defined, the conglomerate spends around 40% of its marketing dollars on digital. Susan Popper of SAP said the company’s mix distributes 30% of its ad spend to digital.
Turning a brand into a publisher of content is not without its challenges, though. Navigating the world of social media isn’t always comfortable for brands, which employ too many controls and layers of approvals to respond to the fast-moving digital conversations on Twitter and Facebook. “We’re used to control and it’s hard to give that up. And speed is difficult too,” said Comstock.
And then there are the conversations themselves—submitting a brand to user-generated content relinquishes control, something that’s terrifying to a chief marketing officer. Comstock said “We have to be okay with costumers taking control of our brand. We don’t have a choice.”
The sheer volume of information distributed online makes navigating the conversation “wilier and harrier than any of us ever imagined,” said Rosenbaum. | 2024-03-19T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2599 |
Q:
Unknown Database Error in MySql and Java
I am tried connect to database using this Java code :
try {
String connectionURL = "jdbc:mysql://11.11.111.111:3306/srfms";
Connection connection = null;
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver").newInstance();
connection = DriverManager.getConnection(connectionURL, "root", "password");
if(!connection.isClosed())
out.println("Successfully connected to " + "MySQL server using TCP/IP...");
connection.close();
}catch(Exception ex){
out.println(ex);
}
And this code working successfully.But I must work also another Spring MVC code but this code doesn't work and this is database.properties :
jdbc.driverClassName=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
jdbc.url=jdbc:mysql:////11.11.111.111:3306/srfms
jdbc.username=root
jdbc.password=password
And error is : com.mysql.jdbc.exceptions.jdbc4.MySQLSyntaxErrorException: Unknown database 'srfms'
Edit : jdbc.url=jdbc:mysql:////11.11.111.111:3306/srfms : There is two extra "/" is my problem.Problem is solved.
A:
Have you created srfms database ?
Or you can try this :
public class MyConnect {
String servername ;String port ;
String db_name ;
String db_user;
String db_pass;
public MyConnect() {
servername = "127.0.0.1";
port = "3306";
db_name = "school";
db_user="root";
db_pass="";
}
public MyConnect(String servername, String port, String db_name, String db_user, String
db_pass) {
this.servername = servername;
this.port = port;
this.db_name = db_name;
this.db_user = db_user;
this.db_pass = db_pass;
}
public Connection getcn()
{
Connection cn = null;
try {
String db_url = "jdbc:mysql://" + servername + ":" + port +"/" + db_name;
System.out.println(db_url);
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
cn = DriverManager.getConnection(db_url, db_user, db_pass);
}
catch (ClassNotFoundException | SQLException ex) {
System.out.println(ex.getMessage());
}
return cn;
}
}
| 2024-07-05T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/2450 |
Woman jailed for stealing flowers from Liverpool crematorium Published duration 30 October 2013
media caption Wreaths were later found at Marion Hill's house
A woman has been jailed for stealing flowers from a Liverpool crematorium to then sell on for profit.
Marion Hill and her sister were caught on CCTV taking tributes carrying the words 'Mum' and 'Nan' from Springwood crematorium, Allerton on 7 May.
Wreaths were later found at Hill's house, along with blank condolence cards and "wreath-making accessories".
Hill was jailed for 10 weeks at Liverpool Magistrates' Court. Lyndsay Millett was given a suspended sentence.
Hill, 42, who has previous convictions for fraud and theft and Ms Millett, 37, claimed they had taken the wreaths to put on their own mother's grave.
But the prosecution argued the items found at Hill's home showed involvement in a business in taking wreaths and selling them on.
The court heard the crematorium had set up CCTV after several other sets of flowers went missing.
Both women were subsequently sacked from their jobs Ms Millett was evicted from her home when her landlord found out what she had done, the court heard.
'Distaste and anger'
District Judge Richard Clancy said the pair had committed a "shameful act".
Andrew Hodgson, prosecuting, said: "I would describe this as a despicable crime, they were preying on the misery of people who were already suffering due to the bereavement of their loved ones.
"It is a crime which has caused a lot of distaste and anger in the wider community."
He added that Ms Millett had avoided a jail term "by the skin of her teeth" as "she had no previous convictions and she had childcare responsibilities".
Leanne Kennedy, defending, said the pair were "ashamed and remorseful".
The wreaths captured on CCTV being stolen had been laid for the funeral of Chris Jennat's mother.
He said: "I don't think you can stoop any lower. It's not nice - you go to move the flowers from the crematorium to the grave, and they are not there. | 2024-07-24T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/4034 |
Effects of high-dose and conventional-dose adjuvant chemotherapy on long-term cognitive sequelae in patients with breast cancer: an electrophysiologic study.
The mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits found in a number of patients with breast cancer treated with adjuvant chemotherapy are still unclear. In the current study, we used a combination of measures of brain electric activity and cognitive performance during information processing to elucidate the origin of these cognitive deficits. Twenty-nine patients at high risk with breast cancer treated with adjuvant conventional-dose cyclophosphamide/epirubicin/5-fluorouracil or adjuvant high-dose cyclophosphamide/thiotepa/carboplatin were compared with 23 patients with stage I breast cancer not treated with chemotherapy approximately 4 years after completion of treatment. We studied reaction times and the amplitudes and latencies of the P3, an electrophysiologic index of information processing, in a task with different conditions related to input, central, and output processing of information. The amplitude of the P3 component was significantly reduced in patients with breast cancer treated with high-dose cyclophosphamide/thiotepa/carboplatin compared with patients with breast cancer not treated with chemotherapy. We observed no significant differences in reaction times and P3 latency between the treatment groups. Our data show electrophysiologic alterations in patients with breast cancer treated with high-dose chemotherapy 4 years after completion of treatment. The observed P3 reduction might be a result of suboptimal phasic cortical arousal and problems with the allocation of processing resources in these patients. | 2023-12-18T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/9669 |
Crisis Medicine
Mike Shertz, MD, is a board-certified Emergency Physician practicing in one of the busiest emergency departments in Oregon. His company, CRISIS MEDICINE, trains students to quickly identify and treat immediately life-threatening injuries during a high-risk environment and avoid unnecessary loss of life. Much of that training is provided via online video. Writer-director, Robert Meyer Burnett produced much of the video content currently used by Dr. Shertz and his team.
There’s no substitute for experience. A physician can teach you the science behind medical care in a bad situation. A Special Operations Medic can teach you what really works in a bad situation. Dr. Michael Shertz explains why there’s no substitute for experience when it comes to delivering life-saving care under fire.
In an expansion of the TECC/TCCC guidelines for First Care Providers/All Combatants training offered by CRISIS MEDICINE, Dr. Mike Shertz explains why he says “All lessons are written in blood” when it comes to providing life-saving care under fire.
This on-location footage shows CRISIS MEDICINE’S Dr. Mike Sherz explaining the difference between rigid and non-rigid litters and demonstrating a variety of non-rigid products that can be used on the site of a mass casualty event.
If no commercially available tourniquet is available, a successful tourniquet can be made using the casualty’s own clothing. In this video, CRISIS MEDICINE’S Dr. Mike Shertz demonstrates this technique on an adult. | 2023-11-03T01:26:28.774034 | https://example.com/article/4434 |