Why is $\deg(f)$ well-defined? If $M$ and $N$ are boundaryless, compact, connected, oriented $n$-manifolds, and $f:M\to N$ is smooth, then if $\omega_0$ is a $n$-form on $N$ and $\int_N\omega_0\neq 0$, there is a number $a$ such that $\int_M f^*\omega_0=a\int_N\omega_0$.
In fact, if $\omega$ is any $n$-form on $N$, then $\int_M f^*\omega=a\int_N\omega$. How do we know it's the same $a$ for any $\omega$?

First, it is a well known theorem that if $M$ is a connected, orientable $n$-manifold without boundary, then $H^n_c(M)\simeq\mathbb{R}$. Since your manifolds are compact, $H^n_c(M)=H^n(M)$, the latter being the usual de Rham cohomology group. This is a $1$-dimensional $\mathbb{R}$-vector space.
By Stokes' theorem, $\displaystyle\int_N\omega_0\neq 0$ implies $\omega_0$ is not exact, so its cohomology class $[\omega_0]$ spans $H^n(N)$. Let $\omega\in\Omega^n(N)$. Then $[\omega]=c\cdot[\omega_0]$ for some $c$, or $\omega-c\omega_0=d\eta$ for some $(n-1)$-form $\eta$. 
Now suppose 
$$
\int_M f^\ast\omega=b\int_N\omega
$$
for some $b$. You want to show $b=a$. If $c=0$, then $\omega$ is exact, so $\int_N\omega=0$, so we can just set $a=b$. If $c\neq 0$, then
$$
bc\int_N\omega_0=b\int_N\omega-d\eta=b\int_N\omega=\int_Mf^\ast\omega=\int_Mf^\ast(c\omega_0+d\eta)=c\int_Mf^\ast\omega_0=ca\int_N\omega_0.
$$
Since $c\neq 0$ and $\displaystyle\int_N\omega_0\neq 0$, cancelling shows $a=b$. 
