Find CDF of $U^2$ where $U\sim{}\text{Unif}(-1,1)$. How am I misapplying Universality of the Uniform? Note: This is the same question posted here, but I am seeking clarification on how my attempt is incorrect (i.e., where I went wrong).

If we let $S\sim{}\text{Unif}(0,1)$, then $U = 2S-1$ and $U^2 = (2S-1)^2$ by location-scale transformation. Letting $X = U^2$ we have $X = (2S-1)^2$. 
By universality of the uniform ($X = F^{-1}(S))$, why isn't $F(x) = \frac{\sqrt{x}+1}{2}$ the CDF of $U^2$? I know this is incorrect because $F(x)$ isn't a valid CDF, but I'm a little turned around as to why this logic doesn't work out.

The universality of the uniform tells you that if $\ X\ $ has a continuous distribution $\ F\ $, then $\ T=F(X)\ $ is uniformly distributed over $\ [0,1]\ $, so when $\ F\ $ is invertible $\ X=F^{-1}(T)\ $.  It does not tell you that $\ X=F^{-1}(S)\ $ for any other uniformly distributed random variable $\ S\ $.
In your example, $\ F(x)=\sqrt{x}\ $ so $\ T=\sqrt{X}= |2S-1|\ne S \ $  even though both $\ |2S-1|\ $ and $\ S\ $ are uniformly distributed over $\ [0,1]\ $.
