Why does the Gauss-Bonnet theorem apply only to even number of dimensons? One can use the Gauss-Bonnet theorem in 2D or 4D to deduce topological characteristics of a manifold by doing integrals over the curvature at each point.
First, why isn't there an equivalent theorem in 3D? Why can not the theorem be proved for odd number of dimensions (i.e. what part of the proof prohibits such generalization)?
Second and related, if there was such a theorem, what interesting and difficult problem would become easy/inconsistent? (the second question is intentionally vague, no need to answer if it is not clear)

First, for a discussion involving Chern's original proof, check here, page 18. 
I think the reason is that the original Chern-Gauss-Bonnet theorem can be treated topologically as
$$
\int_{M} e(TM)=\chi_{M}
$$
and for odd dimensional manifolds, the Euler class is "almost zero" as $e(TM)+e(TM)=0$. So it vanishes in de rham cohomology. On the other hand, $\chi_{M}=0$ if $\dim(M)$ is odd. So the theorem now trivially holds for odd dimension cases. 
Another perspective is through Atiyah-Singer index theorem. The Gauss-Bonnet theorem can be viewed as a special case involving the index of the de rham Dirac operator:
$$
D=d+d^{*}
$$
But on odd dimensional bundles, the index of $D$ is zero. Therefore both the left and right hand side of Gauss-Bonnet are zero. 
I heard via street rumor that there is some hope to "twist" the Dirac operator in K-theory, so that the index theorem gives non-trivial results for odd dimensions. But this can be rather involved, and is not my field of expertise. One expert on this is Daniel Freed, whom you may contact on this. 
