Partial Differentiation of an equation using implicit differentiation confusion I wanted to ask a question about implicit differentiation in partial differentiation. 
When I was at school, I remember partial differentiation as something like this:

When you have a function composed of $x$ and $y$'s and you run into a $y$ term, differentiate with respect to $y$ and multiply by $\frac{dy}{dx}$ i.e. 
  $$\frac{d}{dx} = \frac{d}{dy} \times \frac{dy}{dx}$$

Now, I read a problem on the Physics section yesterday afternoon that is relevant to my Chemistry course and I couldn't work it out.
If I have the equation

\begin{aligned} \frac{F\left(N_{A}, N_{B}\right)}{k T}=& N_{A} \ln \left(\frac{N_{A}}{N}\right)+N_{B} \ln \left(\frac{N_{B}}{N}\right) \\ &+\left(\frac{z w_{A A}}{2 k T}\right) N_{A}+\left(\frac{z w_{B B}}{2 k T}\right) N_{B}+\chi_{A B} \frac{N_{A} N_{B}}{N} \end{aligned}

I can get a quantity called the Chemical potential $\mu_{A}$ by differentiating the above equation with respect to $N_A$ while keeping $N_B$ and $T$ constant. 

$$\mu_{A}=\left(\frac{\partial F} {\partial N_{A}}\right)_{T, N_{B}}$$

(The above equation is called the Free Energy Equation)
$N$ is the total number of molecules in the system, $N_A$ and $N_B$ are the number of molecules of A and B respectively. $N$ is not constant. They are related quite simply as via the sum:

$$N = N_A + N_B$$

which makes sense. 
This equation also shows us that a small change in $N_A$ will also yield a small change in $N$ hence why $N$ is not constant, as mentioned above. 
So I wanted to get from this equation, $\mu_{A}$
$$\frac{\mu_{A}}{k T}=\left[\frac{\partial}{\partial N_{A}}\left(\frac{F}{k T}\right)\right]_{T, N_{B}}$$
which makes sense. 
The result given from the book (page 7), however, confused me. 
They gave the result as 
$$=\ln \left(\frac{N_{A}}{N}\right)+1-\frac{N_{A}}{N}-\frac{N_{B}}{N}+\frac{z w_{A A}}{2 k T}+\chi_{A B} \frac{\left(N_{A}+N_{B}\right) N_{B}-N_{A} N_{B}}{\left(N_{A}+N_{B}\right)^{2}}$$
and only the last two terms made sense. 
The OP asked where the terms 
$$-\frac{N_{A}}{N}-\frac{N_{B}}{N}$$ 
came from and the answer given was as follows:

You missed the $N$ in the logarithm. Since $N_{B}$ is kept constant while changing $N_{A}$, the total number of particles $N=N_{A}+N_{B}$ changes as well. The missing term is
  $$\dfrac{\partial N}{\partial N_{A}}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial N}\left[N_{A}\ln\left(\dfrac{N_{A}}{N}\right)+N_{B}\ln\left(\dfrac{N_{B}}{N}\right)\right]=-\dfrac{N_{A}}{N}-\dfrac{N_{B}}{N}$$

and in the comments the value of $\dfrac{\partial N}{\partial N_{A}}$ was clarified to be $1$, again using the equation $N = N_A + N_B$. I understood this step. 
but I then thought, if that was the case, how did the terms $$\ln \left(\frac{N_{A}}{N}\right)+1$$ arise then?
My original thought, similar to the OP was to differentiate:
$$\dfrac{\partial}{\partial N_{A}}\left[N_{A}\ln\left(\dfrac{N_{A}}{N}\right)+N_{B}\ln\left(\dfrac{N_{B}}{N}\right)\right]$$ 
but as explained, this assumed $N$ was constant, which it is not. 
How are the terms
$$\ln \left(\frac{N_{A}}{N}\right)+1$$ 
yielded by this application of implicit differentiation, if $\dfrac{\partial N}{\partial N_{A}} = 1$ using $\dfrac{\partial N}{\partial N_{A}}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial N}$?

You're right that $N$ is not a constant; in fact, it's shorthand for a function $N(N_A, N_B) = N_A + N_B$. 
$N$ is substituted for convenience.  If you want to differentiate the expression $F/kB$ with respect to $N_A$, one option is to replace $N$ with $N_A+N_B$ wherever it occurs. $N$ is defined to be $N_A+N_B$ so this replacement is always okay, and when you differentiate the overall substituted expression with respect to $N_A$, you will get the right answer.
The full expression, with substitution, is: 
$$\begin{aligned}F(a,b)/kB = & a \ln \left(\frac{a}{a+b}\right)+b \ln \left(\frac{b}{a+b}\right) \\ &+\left(\frac{z w_{A A}}{2 k T}\right) a+\left(\frac{z w_{B B}}{2 k T}\right) b+\chi_{A B} \frac{ab}{a+b} \end{aligned}$$
which consists of five terms. You can differentiate each of them separately with respect to $a$ then add up the results. For example, you can work out that the derivative of the first term is  $\frac{b}{a+b} + \ln \left(\frac{a}{a+b}\right)$ and the derivative of the second term is  $\frac{-b}{a+b}$.
Added together, these two terms give you $$\ln(\frac{a}{a+b}).$$ Actually this is equal to the first four mysterious terms $\ln(N_A/N)+1 - N_A/N - N_B/N$ in your answer—note that the four terms are actually simpler than they appear because the last three cancel:
$$1 - \frac{N_A}{N} - \frac{N_B}{N} = 1 - \frac{N_A+N_B}{N} = 1 - \frac{N}{N} = 1 - 1 = 0$$
so those four mysterious terms are equivalent to simply
$$\ln\left(\frac{N_A}{N}\right)$$

Instead of using the substitution route, you can also just apply the chain rule. Done properly, this must give you the same result.
Let's try it just on a simple term like $\ln(N_A/ N)$. We have:
$$\begin{align*}\partial_a \ln\left(\frac{a}{n}\right) &= \frac{1}{a/n} \cdot \partial_a \frac{a}{n} & \text{\{chain rule for ln\}}\\ &= \frac{1}{a/n} \cdot \frac{\partial_a(n)a - \partial_a(a)n}{n^2}&\text{\{quotient rule\}}\\ &= \frac{1}{a/n} \cdot \frac{1\cdot a - 1\cdot n}{n^2}\\& = \frac{n}{a}\frac{a-n}{n^2} \\&= \frac{1}{a}\frac{a-n}{n} \\&= \frac{1}{a}\frac{a}{n} - \frac{1}{a}\frac{n}{n} \\&= \frac{1}{n} - \frac{1}{a}\end{align*}$$
So when we compute the derivative of a more complex term like $N_A\ln(N_A/N)$, the product rule says that this is:
$$N_A \cdot \partial_{N_A} \ln\left(\frac{N_A}{N}\right) + \partial_{N_A}[N_A] \cdot \ln\left(\frac{N_A}{N}\right) $$
$$=N_A\left(\frac{1}{N} - \frac{1}{N_A}\right) + 1\cdot \ln\left(\frac{N_A}{N}\right) = \left(\frac{N_A}{N}-1\right) + \ln\left(\frac{N_A}{N}\right)$$
