Galois group of $x^4-2$ ${{{{{}}}}}$ (I know the existence of Galois group of $x^4-2$, so please don't start tagging this question as duplicate)
The degree of the field extension is 8, so the only group that the Galois group can be isomorphic to is $D_4$, the symmetry group of the square.
Now, I know about the definition of $D_4$, which is $D_4= \langle a,b\mid a^4=1,b^2=1,ba=a^{-1}b\rangle$. Why then are the elements of $D_4$ $a, a^2, a^3, b, ab, a^2b, a^3b$ and id? Would it make any sense to make a Cayley table of the automorphisms and $D_4$? How do I know that all the automorphisms are in $D_4$?
Furthermore, how can I know the Galois group is isomorphic to $D_4$ in another way?
I know it's a lot of questions, but could someone please answer something, it might clear up a lot for me. :)

One of the many questions in your post is why the elements of $D_4$ are those 8 expressions in $a$ and $b$? From your definition of $D_4$ (as presentation) it is clear that elements are expressions of the type: $$a^{k_1}ba^{k_2}b\ldots ba_{k_n}\qquad(*)$$ where $k_j$'s are integers between 1 to 3. Allowing $k_1$ and $k_n$ to be zero takes care of generating expressions starting/ending in $b$.
Now the condition $ba= a^{-1}b$ can be used straighten all the expressions: that is, if $b$ happens to be ahead of a we can make the $a$ to come ahead, but at a price. The should be replaced by its inverse, which is the same as $a^3$.  Thus all the $a$'s can migrate to the left leaving all the $b$'s to the right. As $b^2$ is is identity, an expressions of the type $(*)$  with en even number of $b$'s will simplify to a mere power of $a$, and expressions with an odd number of $b$'s end as a power of $a$ followed by a single $b$. 
