What are the properties of functions that cannot be expressed in closed form? Do they necessarily have asymptotes? Can they be finite over the first interval ($0$ to $x$), infinite over the second ($x$ to $y$), and return to be finite over a third ($y$ to $z$)?  When expressed as an infinite series, do the endpoints of their radii of convergence correspond to asymptotes?  Thanks.

"Closed form" is an arbitrary term which basically means nothing. 
In its most extreme form, it would mean that only polynomials are in "closed form". Common wisdom would probably add trigonometric and exponential functions into the mix, but there is no substantial reasons why these functions would be considered "good" while others are "bad". 
To illustrate what I mean, consider these two functions:
$$
f(x)=\sum_{k=0}^\infty\frac{x^k}{k!},\ \ \ g(x)=\sum_{k=0}^\infty\frac{x^k}{(5k+1)!}.
$$
The first one is the exponential, a very respected function with its own notation, i.e. $f(x)=e^x$. The second function is "exotic" (I guess, I didn't make an effort to think about it, the point is just that it isn't one of the canonical functions) but it is probably almost as "good" as the exponential. 
Finally, to address your question directly, given almost any possible property of a function ("good" or "bad" behaviour), there is most likely a "non-closed-form" function with that property. 
