Something connected with Arzelà-Ascoli theorem Let $X$ be a Polish space. Assume that $(C_m)_{m\in\mathbb{N}}$ is an increasing sequence of compact subsets of $X$ and denote $C=\bigcup_{m}C_m$. Let  $\{f_n:n\in\mathbb{N}\}$ be a family of functions from $X$ in $\left[0,1\right]$, which is equicontinuous on compact subsets of $X$.
By  the Arzelà-Ascoli theorem we can find  a subsequence $(f_{k_n})_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ convergent to a function $f$ uniformly on the set $C_m$, for any $m \in \mathbb{N}$.
Naturally $f$ is continuous on each set $C_m$, but a function with this property need not to be continuous on the set $C$.

Can one choose a subsequence in such a way that the limit be a continuous function on $C$?

As for me, this concept is too optimistic, but it was used in the paper Remarks on Ergodic Conditions for Markov Processes on Polish Spaces by Stettner (page 110, step 3).

Your function $f$ is in fact continuous on $C$. The reason is that a function defined on a metric space is continuous iff its restriction to any compact set is continuous. Here are some more details.
Let $(x_i)$ be a sequence in $C$ converging to $x\in C$. Then $K=\{ x\}\cup \{ x_i;\; i\in\mathbb N\}$ is a compact subset of $X$. So $(f_n)$ is equicontinuous on $K$, and since $(f_{k_n})$ converges pointwise to $f$ on $K$ (because $K\subset C$), this implies that $f(x_i)\to f(x)$.
