Summation Index Confusion I've seen various confusing variations of the summation signs, so can anyone give me clarification on them? I understand the most common ones from calculus class, for example:
$$\sum^\infty_{i=1}\frac{1}{i}\to\infty$$
The rest is very confusing, as all the indices and whatnot are on the bottom of the summation, sometimes with nothing on the top. For example, the multinomial theorem:
$$(x_1+\dots +x_k)^n=\sum_{a_1,a_2,\dots ,a_k\geq 0}
{n\choose{a_1,\dots ,a_k}}x_1^{a_1}x_2^{a_2}\cdots x_k^{a_k}$$
Or another formula to calculate $(1+y)^n$ when $n$ isn't necessarily a natural number:
$$(1+x)^n=\sum_{i\geq0}{n\choose{i}}x^i$$
There are also cases of the following exemplar types of summations:
$$\underset{i\text{ odd}}{\sum_{i=0}^n}\dots$$
$$\sum_{a_1=n}^n\dots$$
Can someone please explain what all these indications of summation indices mean? Thank you.

When we take the sum of elements, we don't want to write an infinite expression, like in the case of series $$\sum_{i=1}^\infty\frac{1}{i^2}=\frac{\pi^2}{6};$$ we don't want to  write sums with the number of terms being a variable, like in the case $$\sum_{i=0}^n\binom{n}{i}=2^n.$$ And we don't want to write anything really long or nasty-looking, like $$\sum_{i=0}^{99} \frac{1}{2^i}=2(1-2^{-100}).$$
We want to give some sort of formula for the the terms of our sum - i.e. make them a function of some index - and then describe the possible values of that index. Then the notation conventions come into play. Unless otherwise specified, the index variable is a natural number (I take $0$ as a natural number); so, the sums
$$\sum_{i=0}^{\infty}a_i,\quad \sum_{i\ge 0}a_i,\quad \sum_{i \in \Bbb N}a_i, \quad \sum_{\Bbb N} a_i$$
represent exactly the same thing.
If we use the notation $\sum_{i=j}^{k}a_i$, it means that $i$ runs from $j$ to $k$ with the step of $1$; we can also ask something specific from our index, as in your example $$\sum_{i=0}_{i\ odd}^n a_i,$$where the index $i$ takes only odd values in the interval $[0,n]$. To illustrate, we write
$$\sum_{i=1}_{i\ odd}^7\frac 1i = 1 +\frac 13 +\frac 15+\frac 17.$$
I hope this wall of text helps to clear your confusion.
