Find all prime ideals and maximal ideals of $\mathbb{Z}/12\mathbb{Z}$ How do I go about finding these? I know that the prime and maximal ideals in this case are the same, and that an ideal $M$ is only a maximal ideal of $R$ iff $R/M$ is a field, but I don't really know where to start from there, apart from trying each ideal individually.

The key is the Lattice Isomorphism Theorem.
In fact the correspondence between the ideals given in the theorem extends to prime and also to maximal ideals. The latter should be obvious, you may wish to think about why the former is also true. 
Now you are reduced to finding the prime/maximal ideals of $\mathbf{Z}$ that contain the ideal $(12)$. 
