Normalizer vs Centralizer In Group Theory, what is the difference between a normalizer and a centralizer of a set S? I'm having a bit of difficulty understanding it...
Thanks in advance!

If $G$ is a group, and $H$ is a subgroup, then the normalizer of $H$ in $G$ is
$$N_G(H) = \{ g\in G \mid g^{-1}Hg = H\},$$
and the centralizer is
$$C_G(H) = \{g\in G \mid gh = hg\text{ for all }h\in H\}.$$
It is easy to see that $C_G(H)\subseteq N_G(H)$, but the converse need not hold.
For example, take $G=S_3$, and let $H = \{ I, (1,2,3), (1,3,2)\}$.
What is $C_G(H)$? It's the collection of all permutations that commute with $I$, with $(1,2,3)$, and with $(1,3,2)$. Since $(1,2)$ does not commute with $(1,2,3)$,
$$(1,2,3)(1,2) = (1,3)\neq (2,3) = (1,2)(1,2,3),$$
then $(1,2)\notin C_G(H)$. However, $(1,2)$ does normalize $H$:
$$\begin{align*}
(1,2)^{-1}I(1,2) &= I\in H;\\
(1,2)^{-1}(1,2,3)(1,2) &= (1,3,2)\in H;\\
(1,2)^{-1}(1,3,2)(1,2) &= (1,2,3)\in H.
\end{align*}$$
So $(1,2)\in N_G(H)$. Similarly, $(1,3)$ and $(2,3)$ are not in the centralizer, but are in the normalizer. $H$ is contained in both.
For another example, take $G=H=S_3$. Then the normalizer is all of $G$, because for every $x,g\in G$ we have $gxg^{-1}\in G$; but the centralizer is equal to the center (the set of things that commute with everything) and the center of $G$ is just the identity.
