Cycling Digits puzzle I'm trying to answer the following:
"I have in mind a number which, when you remove the units digit and place it at the front, gives the same result as multiplying the original number by $2$. Am I telling the truth?"
I think the answer to that is no. It's easy to prove that it's false for numbers with two digits: Let $N = d_0 + 10 \cdot d_1$. Then $2N = 2 d_0 + 20 d_1$ and the "swapped" number is $N^\prime = d_1 + 10 d_0$. We would like to have $2d_0 + 20 d_1 = d_1 + 10d_0$ which amounts to $8d_0 = 19d_1$. The smallest value for which this equality is fulfilled is $d_0 = 19, d_1 = 8$ but $19$ is not $\leq 9$ that is, is not a digit, hence there is no solution.
Using the same argument I can show that the claim is false for $3$-digit numbers. 
I conjecture that it's false for all numbers. How can I show that? Is there a more general argument than mine, for all numbers? Thanks for helps.

The number has to be divisible by 9
The remainder left by a number when divided by $9$ is equal to the sum of its digits. Now, here, you are not changing the digits when transferring the digits, so the remainder does not change. However, multiplying by two should double the remainder module nine and this is a contradiction unless the number is divisible by $9$.

Solution
Assume that the number $u = 9k$ and the representation of $u$ is $$\overline{a_{n}a_{n-1}\ldots a_{1} a_{0}} = u = 9k$$. Then $$\overline{a_{0}a_{n}\ldots a_{2} a_{1}} = 2u = 18k$$.
Hence multiplying by 10 we get,
 $$\overline{a_{0}a_{n}\ldots a_{2} a_{1}} * 10 + a_{0} = 180k + a_{0}$$. 
Regrouping the digits and then writing the original number as $9k$, we get 
$$a_{0}*10^{n+1} +  \overline{a_{n}a_{n-1}\ldots a_{1} a_{0}}= 180k + a_{0}$$
which implies that
\begin{align}
&a_{0}*10^{n+1} +  9k = 180k + a_{0}\\ \\
&\left(10^{n+1} -1 \right) a_{0} = 171k\\ \\
&\underbrace{\overline{99\ldots999}}_{n+1}a_{0} = 171k
\end{align}
that is $$171k = 9*\left( \underbrace{\overline{11\ldots111}}_{n+1}\right) a_{0}$$
hence $$19k = \left( \overline{11\ldots 111}\right) a_{0}$$ 
So, the problem comes down to finding the solutions of the above equation. 
Combinining this with Ross Millikan's Analysis, we get the equation
$$ 10^{n+1} = 171k + a_{0}$$ 
and 
$$ 9k \equiv a_{0} \, \mathrm{ mod } \, 10$$
