Is there any mathematical operation from which the operands can be traced back from the result without knowing one of them? hope everyone will be doing good.
I don't have any Mathematical background, so this question may seem awkward.
Can I perform some operation on two or more integers, by the result of which can be determined the operands, without knowing any of them.
For example, if I perform some mathemical operation on 5, 6, and 7, and I get 33(for example) as a result, how can I determine what were the original numbers before this operation was performed.

If by operation, you mean "any rule taking two numbers and producing a third", then yes.

Essentially, what you are asking is if there exists an injective (i.e., one to one) function from $\mathbb N\times\mathbb N$ to $\mathbb N$, and indeed, such a function exists. For example, one such function would be $$(a,b)\mapsto 2^a\cdot 3^b$$
For example, if I take the number $48$, I can calculate what the numbers $a$ and $b$ were that matched this number. Because $48=3\cdot16=2^4\cdot3^1$, I know that $a$ was $4$ and $b$ was $1$.
However, I cannot get $33$ as a result of this operation, but there are plenty of operations where all integers can be their result. For example, if the operation is $$(a, b)\mapsto 2^{a-1}\cdot (2b - 1),$$ then I know that the result $33$ can only be the result of $a=1, b=17$.
