South America.
By the packet from BUerps:Ayres, whiclt sailed fromT thence on theg th of AJigust, welbhet reccived private letters and files of p,apers to that date, which emmunicate various detatls of the state of the contest in Pent. Th-y possess the interests wlich naturally belong to the last act of thdtevcutful drama-tthe fall of the Spinish power it America, the catasrophe of which has long been foreoeen by all reflecting persons. 'le most curious portion of the inteUli- geace is that which relates b the disWnsion of the Royalist Generals in Peru, and the dlefectioriof Olaneta, the stanchest Royalist of' themn all, which is now in rtbstance confirmed, though not as thc Te-. sult of a battle, or in the nanner stated by the despatehl of the In. tendant of Truxillo. It is affirmed by the editor of the Argos, a Btsenos.A,yres journal, a-d apparently with justice, that the original cause of these dltseesions was tnot an attachment by any of the leaders eithet to the Royalist. or the Constitu. lional cause, but motives of personal aggrandizement alone-a sentiment not infraquentl; paramount to every other. These motives, aggrayated by azsedet of insulting treatment on the part of La Serna, of Valdez, awd ol Canterac, excited sa violent a feeling in the breast of Olaneta, that ,o gratify his revenge he formed un al- liance with Colonel Lanza, a patriotofficer, who had long carried on a species of guerilla warfare against the Royalists in Upper Peru,and placed himself in open hdstility against hic former coUeague. Such was the bitterness of Oianeta for the injurious treatmnent he had, in his own opinion, received, that he took a step which, unless blinded by passion, he would have seen must have ended in the ruin of them all. By-thelatestaccoantsreceived at Buenos-Ayres from Salta, Valdez and Olaneta were on the point of comiur to a ge- noral action, having ptcviously, as is stated, had severai lkrinnishes of no great mo.enLt. It stUil rem-tains to be cleared up in what manner the union o Olaneta with Colonel Lanza became known to Bolivar, who was placed at a distance of o00 leagues from either, yet appears to have kno-n it early in M1ay, and to have founded on it that deapatrh to the Congress at Bogota, in which lie informs them that no further reinforcements were necessary. Of the date, too, of thealliance with Colonel L-anza, we have no informa- tion, though, from circumstances, we may conjecture it to have taken place early in 4tpril. Lt was not, however, till the 20th of June, that Olaneta made Inown, by a proclamation issued at Po. tosi, his dlsagreemeutswitibthe other Spanish Generals. In this do- cument, which is published in the Buenos-Ayres papers, he makes no mention of bis new, ally, of whom, perhaps, he felt a little ashamed, but enters at great lengtlh into the state of poli- tica in Spain, and the ground of hlis difterenees with Can- terac, La Serna, and Valdez. He evidently alluhtes to him, however, when he says, that" the duty of defending and preserving entire the rights of the King, bad forced him to take steps as repug- nant to himself as they were forced upon him by imperious circum- stances." In one passage of his proclamation, he charges his rivals with having the intention to keep possession of Peru for the pUrpose of affording an asylum to those fugitives driven fromn Spain by their attachment to the Constitution. WVithout entering fturther into parti- culars which the near approach of the catastrophe must deprive olfall interest, it may bessufficient to say, that tlie strength of Olancta, and his opposition at so critical a period, necessarily paralyzed the efforts of nearly half of the Spanish armny in Peru. The facts vahich occurred subsequently to his proclamnation may be brlcfly described. On the approach of Valdez,Olaneta suddenly changed his quarters fromrr Potosi, which he left on the 25th of June, to Tarija, carrying off with him, however, all the moveable property on which he could lay his hands. He was likely to furnish ample employment for Valdez, having adopted a desultory mode of vwarfare, fcr whic'h his knowledge of the coantry, and hiis numerous connexionts in It, gave him great advantages. Valhlez was understood even to cz erience great difli- culties in obtaining the requisite supplies for hie: troops. Colonel Lanza, acting under Olaneta, is said to have had possession of the road from Oruro to Cochabanmba; and illarquiegui, President of Cliarcas, with Colonel Stomocuto, was coyering the line of approach to Tarija. Canterac, on hig side, has been beset with difficulties. Proclam,a- tiOsS, accompanied with threats of extermination, for giving refuge and support to some of the partisan Chiefs, have been addressed to the Inhabitants of the Sierra or inountainous districts, but witliott effect. Ilia offers, too, to bribe those Chiefs to de- sert the independent cause, have been treated with contenpt. By tht lattst infortnation received by way of Buenos. Avres, daiR (leneral, on wshoin the whole brunt of the contest has fallen, was in the Sierra de Jauja, with 7,000 troops of tpe line. Bolivar's plan of attack WBas to divide his army into three corps. One division, commanded by General Sucre, marched along the Sierra. and on the 14th of June was 17 leagties from the valey of Jauja, above wvhich Canterac liad chosen his position. (leneral Miller, at the head of 2,000 cavalry, was marching on Li- ma. Bolivar remained in the rear with the reserve, acting as a pro- tection to the corps of Suzce and Aliller, and waited onlv the arrival of the last reinforcement d 3,600 men from Guayaquil, to make R mTiovement against Canter.c. Bolivar had with him a force of 15,000 men. All the accounts by way of Buenos-Aryes agree in predicting a result of the conte6t i, fivour of the Independent army. A Buenos-Ayres piper, the Argus, of the 25th of August, con- tains the following account o' a change of Government in Chile:- On the lkh of July, the Director Freyre, being unable to give movement to the maehine of this Government, divested himself of his authority before the Steate; bat having learnt that this body would not receive his resignation, he declared to them that hc would retain Ithe command of the nilitary force, as the oldest General of the Re- public, In these circonstances, the Senate, being under the neces- s sity of coming to someresolution, called into their prcsence the 31i- nisters of State, and mequired them to request of the Direetor a de- tailedl statement of the articles which, in his opinion, impeded the exercise of his authority, in orler that they miglht proceed to reform or to suspend themn. The Ministers resisted this call, declaring that in the oninion of the Government no reform of the Constitu. tion coald take place, fr that the whole of it was radically wrong. The Senate being embsrrassed with this discussion, and unable to come to any definitive resolution, a part of the people met in the S(ae Capittilar, to take such measures as the ease required. This latter body proceeded hn fact to appoint a Governor, and the chloice fell on Faantecilla, who immediately published an order, convoking the people to the Sala Capitu&smr. About 200 of them having as. sembled, General Freye was declared Director of the State, by acclamation. At the sanme time it was resolyed, that the Constitu. tion sanctioned in 1823 should be abrogated ; that the Senate ;should be abolished, and t1hat a commission shouild be anpointed to revise the Constitution of 1818. After these steps were taken, the tranquillity of the people of Chile returned to its forner state, and nothing gave any reason to fear that it would be again in- terrupted." In addition to the letters from which we have extracted the pre. ceding summary, we have received Rio.laneiro Gazettes from the Ist to tie 24th of August. The Dinrio of the 23d1 contains the fol. lowing decree:- it Yilling to yield to the representations of the British Govern. mcnt, I have thought proper to dismiss from the scrvice of the Na. tional andI Iomperial Navy, Captain John Taylor, commending hiin highly for the great zeal and intelligence which he (lisplayed iu all the commissions with which he has been intrusted. My Supreme Military Council-will hold itself bound to observe and cause to be executedl this decree. " Palace of Rio de Janciro, August 7, 1824. (Signed) "THE EMPEROR. (Countiersigned) "FRANCISCO VILLEIIA BORBOZA.' The Diarzo of the 20th had prepared us for this official paper by the following article:-_ There are national sacrifices which art really hard, but which policy renders necessary and indispensable. Our Oovernment has just made one of these sacrifices to policy and to the friendship of Great Brita:in. The brave and intrepid Taylor. we are assured, has just been dismissedI from our naval service, thit having been required by Great Britain because Alr. Taylor quittee its service and entered into that of Brazil. Our navy suffers a severn loss in the dismissal of Mr. Taylor. This officer had chosen thb Southern Ocean to be the theatre of his glory, and had already sur- rounded the Imperial Throne with the first trophies of his labours, He WieS the first who showed our flag before the Tagus, and wha with the greatest zeal maintained a strict blockade of Pernambucs during four months of a stormy winter; and it is in the beginninu of so brilliant a career that English policy deprives us of this hraVt man, and obliges him to withdraw from the service of his Imperia Majesty and the natlon.- "But at the same time that we lament the dismissal of Afr.Taylo: fromu the service of the nation, we congratulate ourselves on his he roic resolution not to abandon the empire of Brazil, of which he con. siders himself as an adopted son. This fact wve state on his owl authority. Our conviction on this subject is increased by a genera report, that this gallant officer is about to be married in a few day; to an acceomplished, beautiful, and amiable lady, the daughter o one of the chief families of this state-an union which promises grea advantages, not only by attaching to iia a man so niecessary, bu by the interest which he will show as a citizen of Brazil and fathe of a family, in the progressive increase of our prosperity. T, possess so excellent an officer, is to possess a treasure. His tory points out to us the assistance whichl has been given to na tions in the most critical periods of their existence by Generals dif misseil from, seryice. their country ought to consider them a lshields of teserve, of infinite itlaportance. Let us congratulate our selves, therefore, on the resolutioh of this deaerving officer, and offb him the testimony of oar respect and consideration." The gentlo sanlabove referred to was Lietstenaut ofa Britis frigate Tn tlg8frigpte hewYassuperseded, in orderto be appointed to another; but during the time thiat he was waiting for the arrival of the latter ship, he resigned his British commission, and accepted a com- mend in the service of the Emperor of BRAzM_. The above article alludes to his displaying the Brazil flag on the coast of Portugal, and this, probably, was one of the reasonsi why his dismissal fromn the Brazil navy was made a point of impor- tance with the British Governmnent. As, however, Mr.'TAY LOh htad resignedlhis British, before he accepted his Brazilian con-miasion, we cannot see any grournd on wbich our Government could interfere to procure his dismissal from the navy of the Emperor, which would not likewise warrant thern in demanding the dismissal of L'ord Cochrane, or any ether Englishman who ci:ose to sarrender the ad- vantages of home, in order to secure the independence of a foreign nation. The Giovernment of Rio de Janeito has surely revealed too much, or gone too for in assigning the interposition of England as a motlye for this ungracious and suicidal exertion of authority; and it may, ere long, have occasion to see that thlis is not the only attack that will be made uipon its independence, or the oBly conces- sion that will be extorted from its weakness. Ve observe by the tile of papers before us, that tbe elections for menbers to the new Legislature are gcing otn with gre-at order aad reasonable despatch. Embassies sent fromn Pernambuco before its surrender, to revolutionize Bahia, had beezs there taken prisoners. We observe in the Diario of the 12th of August, that the Qth of the same month was a brilliant day for the Court of Brazil. On that day took place the solemnity of thc baptism of an Imperial Princess, born the 2d; and the Emperor Don PEDTO made as many promotions, civil,judicial, militaty, and naval, as any legitimate Potentate of Etrope would bave done on a similar o.castor. WSe find that no less than 60 knights were addled to the Order of Christ, and a proportionate number of Grand Crosses, officers, and knights, to the order of the Cross. Among the officers of the latter otter we fintl the name ofthe itdentical Captain JOTiN TAYTJoR,who was dis- missed the Brazilian service two days before. It may gratify somne of our loyal readers to see the name of this transatlantic Princess. It is no less than the following; and we must pity fbe roor Bishop who officiated, if he had not a good memory: -Her Imperial High- ness SEwsOt RA DONSA FRASCISCA-CARO LISA.JCANsNA-CrCHA`R LOTTA-LEOFOL.DIVA.OF 1THE ANGLLs-RolsA-XAv tER-DE PAULA.MSICAETLA-GA3RTtELLA-RA5rAE t.LA- OostzuGA. If the Empress continues to bless Brazil with Princesses, anO tbe Empe- ror is equaUy liberal of names, he m zust soott exhaust the ca3endar. Witbout a proper explanation, the fortunate Prince who may liere. after obtain a promise of the hand of Donana Frandisca-Carolina. Joanna-Carlotta-I,eopoldina-of the Armgels-Romana-Xavicr-de Pau. la-1 3icaella-Gabrneila-Rafaella-Gonzaga, may think that he is going to marry a farily of ten daughters at once. SQOt1_ eMBRUCA.