query: When was Fontamara first translated to English?
passage: Fontamara
It is Silone's first novel and is regarded as his most famous work. It received worldwide acclaim and sold more than a million and a half copies in twenty-seven languages.[2] It was first published as a German translation in Zurich, Switzerland in 1933[3] and was published in English by Penguin Books in September 1934.[4] Fontamara is derived from the Italian 'Fonte Amara' (Bitter Stream),[5] which Victor Wolfson used as the title for his 1936 stage adaptation of the book, presented in New York at the Civic Repertory Theatre.[6][7] The novel was also adapted for cinema by director Carlo Lizzani and the film Fontamara was released in 1977.[8][9] Appearing on the eve of the Spanish Civil War, and published just a few months after Hitler came to power, when the world was beginning to take sides for or against fascism, the novel had a galvanising effect on public opinion.[2] Fontamara 'became the very symbol of resistance'[6] and ‘is widely agreed to have played a major role as a document of anti-Fascist propaganda outside Italy in the late 1930s’[10] as it criticises the deceitful and immoral nature of the Fascist party and its followers.
passage: Ugetsu Monogatari
The first English translation was published by Wilfrid Whitehouse in "Monumenta Nipponica" in 1938 and 1941, under the title "Ugetsu Monogatari: Tales of a Clouded Moon". Subsequent English translations have been published by Dale Saunders (1966), Kenji Hamada (1972), Leon Zolbrod (1974) and Anthony H. Chambers (2006).