EUR-Lex - 31999L0031 - EN Avis juridique important | 31999L0031 Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste Official Journal L 182 , 16/07/1999 P. 0001 - 0019 COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 1999/31/ECof 26 April 1999on the landfill of wasteTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 130s(1) thereof,Having regard to the proposal from the Commission(1),Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee(2),Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 189c of the Treaty(3),(1) Whereas the Council resolution of 7 May 1990(4) on waste policy welcomes and supports the Community strategy document and invites the Commission to propose criteria and standards for the disposal of waste by landfill;(2) Whereas the Council resolution of 9 December 1996 on waste policy considers that, in the future, only safe and controlled landfill activities should be carried out throughout the Community;(3) Whereas the prevention, recycling and recovery of waste should be encouraged as should the use of recovered materials and energy so as to safeguard natural resources and obviate wasteful use of land;(4) Whereas further consideration should be given to the issues of incineration of municipal and non-hazardous waste, composting, biomethanisation, and the processing of dredging sludges;(5) Whereas under the polluter pays principle it is necessary, inter alia, to take into account any damage to the environment produced by a landfill;(6) Whereas, like any other type of waste treatment, landfill should be adequately monitored and managed to prevent or reduce potential adverse effects on the environment and risks to human health;(7) Whereas it is necessary to take appropriate measures to avoid the abandonment, dumping or uncontrolled disposal of waste; whereas, accordingly, it must be possible to monitor landfill sites with respect to the substances contained in the waste deposited there, whereas such substances should, as far as possible, react only in foreseeable ways;(8) Whereas both the quantity and hazardous nature of waste intended for landfill should be reduced where appropriate; whereas the handling of waste should be facilitated and its recovery enhanced; whereas the use of treatment processes should therefore be encouraged to ensure that landfill is compatible with the objectives of this Directive; whereas sorting is included in the definition of treatment;(9) Whereas Member States should be able to apply the principles of proximity and self-sufficiency for the elimination of their waste at Community and national level, in accordance with Council Directive 75/442/EEC of 15 July 1975 on waste(5) whereas the objectives of this Directive must be pursued and clarified through the establishment of an adequate, integrated network of disposal plants based on a high level of environmental protection;(10) Whereas disparities between technical standards for the disposal of waste by landfill and the lower costs associated with it might give rise to increased disposal of waste in facilities with low standards of environmental protection and thus create a potentially serious threat to the environment, owing to transport of waste over unnecessarily long distances as well as to inappropriate disposal practices;(11) Whereas it is therefore necessary to lay down technical standards for the landfill of waste at Community level in order to protect, preserve and improve the quality of the environment in the Community;(12) Whereas it is necessary to indicate clearly the requirements with which landfill sites must comply as regards location, conditioning, management, control, closure and preventive and protective measures to be taken against any threat to the environment in the short as well as in the long-term perspective, and more especially against the pollution of groundwater by leachate infiltration into the soil;(13) Whereas in view of the foregoing it is necessary to define clearly the classes of landfill to be considered and the types of waste to be accepted in the various classes of landfill;(14) Whereas sites for temporary storage of waste should comply with the relevant requirements of Directive 75/442/EEC;(15) Whereas the recovery, in accordance with Directive 75/442/EEC, of inert or non-hazardous waste which is suitable, through their use in redevelopment/restoration and filling-in work, or for construction purposes may not constitute a landfilling activity;(16) Whereas measures should be taken to reduce the production of methane gas from landfills, inter alia, in order to reduce global warming, through the reduction of the landfill of biodegradable waste and the requirements to introduce landfill gas control;(17) Whereas the measures taken to reduce the landfill of biodegradable waste should also aim at encouraging the separate collection of biodegradable waste, sorting in general, recovery and recycling;(18) Whereeas, because of the particular features of the landfill method of waste disposal, it is necessary to introduce a specific permit procedure for all classes of landfill in accordance with the general licensing requirements already set down in Directive 75/442/EEC and the general requirements of Directive 96/61/EC concerning integrated pollution prevention and control(6) whereas the landfill site's compliance with such a permit must be verified in the course of an inspection by the competent authority before the start of disposal operations;(19) Whereas, in each case, checks should be made to establish whether the waste may be placed in the landfill for which it is intended, in particular as regards hazardous waste;(20) Whereas, in order to prevent threats to the environment, it is necessary to introduce a uniform waste acceptance procedure on the basis of a classification procedure for waste acceptable in the different categories of landfill, including in particular standardised limit values; whereas to that end a consistent and standardised system of waste characterisation, sampling and analysis must be established in time to facilitate implementation of this Directive; whereas the acceptance criteria must be particularly specific with regard to inert waste;(21) Whereas, pending the establishment of such methods of analysis or of the limit values necessary for characterisation, Member States may for the purposes of this Directive maintain or draw up national lists of waste which is acceptable or unacceptable for landfill, or define criteria, including limit values, similar to those laid down in this Directive for the uniform acceptance procedure;(22) Whereas for certain hazardous waste to be accepted in landfills for non-hazardous waste acceptance criteria should be developed by the technical committee;(23) Whereas it is necessary to establish common monitoring procedures during the operation and after-care phases of a landfill in order to indentify any possible adverse environmental effect of the landfill and take the appropriate corrective measures;(24) Whereas it is necessary to define when and how a landfill should be closed and the obligations and responsibility of the operator on the site during the after-care period;(25) Whereas landfill sites that have been closed prior to the date of transposition of this Directive should not be suject to its provisions on closure procedure;(26) Whereas the future conditions of operation of existing landfills should be regulated in order to take the necessary measures, within a specified period of time, for their adaptation to this Directive on the basis of a site-conditioning plan;(27) Whereas for operators of existing landfills having, in compliance with binding national rules equivalent to those of Article 14 of this Directive, already submitted the documentation referred to in Article 14(a) of this Directive prior to its entry into force and for which the competent authority authorised the continuation of their operation, there is no need to resubmit this documentation nor for the competent authority to deliver a new authorisation;(28) Whereas the operator should make adequate provision by way of a financial security or any other equivalent to ensure that all the obligations flowing from the permit are fulfilled, including those relating to the closure procedure and after-care of the site;(29) Whereas measures should be taken to ensure that the price charged for waste disposal in a landfill cover all the costs involved in the setting up and operation of the facility, including as far as possible the financial security or its equivalent which the site operator must provide, and the estimated cost of closing the site including the necessary after-care;(30) Whereas, when a competent authority considers that a landfill is unlikely to cause a hazard to the environment for longer than a certain period, the estimated costs to be included in the price to be charged by an operator may be limited to that period;(31) Whereas it is necessary to ensure the proper application of the provisions implementing this Directive throughout the Community, and to ensure that the training and knowledge acquired by landfill operators and staff afford them the necessary skills;(32) Whereas the Commission must establish a standard procedure for the acceptance of waste and set up a standard classification of waste acceptable in a landfill in accordance with the committee procedure laid down in Article 18 of Directive 75/442/EEC;(33) Whereas adaptation of the Annexes to this Directive to scientific and technical progress and the standardisation of the monitoring, sampling and analysis methods must be adopted under the same committee procedure;(34) Whereas the Member States must send regular reports to the Commission on the implementation of this Directive paying particular attention to the national strategies to be set up in pursuance of Article 5; whereas on the basis of these reports the Commission shall report to the European Parliament and the Council;HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVEArticle 1Overall objective1. With a view to meeting the requirements of Directive 75/442/EEC, and in particular Articles 3 and 4 thereof, the aim of this Directive is, by way of stringent operational and technical requirements on the waste and landfills, to provide for measures, procedures and guidance to prevent or reduce as far as possible negative effects on the environment, in particular the pollution of surface water, groundwater, soil and air, and on the global environment, including the greenhouse effect, as well as any resulting risk to human health, from landfilling of waste, during the whole life-cycle of the landfill.2. In respect of the technical characteristics of landfills, this Directive contains, for those landfills to which Directive 96/61/EC is applicable, the relevant technical requirements in order to elaborate in concrete terms the general requirements of that Directive. The relevant requirements of Directive 96/61/EC shall be deemed to be fulfilled if the requirements of this Directive are complied with.Article 2DefinitionsFor the purposes of this Directive:(a) "waste" means any substance or object which is covered by Directive 75/442/EEC;(b) "municipal waste" means waste from households, as well as other waste which, because of its nature or composition, is similar to waste from household;(c) "hazardous waste" means any waste which is covered by Article 1(4) of Council Directive 91/689/EEC of 12 December 1991 on hazardous waste(7)(d) "non-hazardous waste" means waste which is not covered by paragraph (c);(e) "inert waste" means waste that does not undergo any significant physical, chemical or biological transformations. Inert waste will not dissolve, burn or otherwise physically or chemically react, biodegrade or adversely affect other matter with which it comes into contact in a way likely to give rise to environmental pollution or harm human health. The total leachability and pollutant content of the waste and the ecotoxicity of the leachate must be insignificant, and in particular not endanger the quality of surface water and/or groundwater;(f) "underground storage" means a permanent waste storage facility in a deep geological cavity such as a salt or potassium mine;(g) "landfill" means a waste disposal site for the deposit of the waste onto or into land (i.e. underground), including:- internal waste disposal sites (i.e. landfill where a producer of waste is carrying out its own waste disposal at the place of production), and- a permanent site (i.e. more than one year) which is used for temporary storage of waste,but excluding:- facilities where waste is unloaded in order to permit its preparation for further transport for recovery, treatment or dispsal elsewhere, and- stoarage of waste prior to recovery or treatment for a period less than three years as a general rule, or- storage of waste prior to disposal for a period less than one year;(h) "treatment" means the physical, thermal, chemical or biological processes, including sorting, that change the characteristics of the waste in order to reduce its volume or hazardous nature, facilitate its handling or enhance recovery;(i) "leachate" means any liquid percolating through the deposited waste and emitted from or contained within a landfill;(j) "landfill gas" means all the gases generated from the landfilled waste;(k) "eluate" means the solution obtained by a laboratory leaching test;(l) "operator" means the natural or legal person responsible for a landfill in accordance with the internal legislation of the Member State where the landfill is located; this person may change from the preparation to the after-care phase;(m) "biodegradable waste" means any waste that is capable of undergoing anaerobic or aerobic decomposition, such as food and garden waste, and paper and paperboard;(n) "holder" means the producer of the waste or the natural or legal person who is in possession of it;(o) "applicant" means any person who applies for a landfill permit under this Directive;(p) "competent authority" means that authority which the Member States designate as responsible for performing the duties arising from this Directive;(q) "liquid waste" means any waste in liquid form including waste waters but excluding sludge;(r) "isolated settlement" means a settlement:- with no more than 500 inhabitants per municipality or settlement and no more than five inhabitants per square kilometre and,- where the distance to the nearest urban agglomeration with at least 250 inhabitants per square kilometre is not less than 50 km, or with difficult access by road to those nearest agglomerations, due to harsh meteorological conditions during a significant part of the year.Article 3Scope1. Member States shall apply this Directive to any landfill as defined in Article 2(g).2. Without prejudice to existing Community legislation, the following shall be excluded from the scope of this Directive:- the spreading of sludges, including sewage sludges, and sludges resulting from dredging operations, and similar matter on the soil for the purposes of fertilisation or improvement,- the use of inert waste which is suitable, in redevelopment/restoration and filling-in work, or for construction purposes, in landfills,- the deposit of non-hazardous dredging sludges alongside small waterways from where they have been dredged out and of non-hazardous sludges in surface water including the bed and its sub soil,- the deposit of unpolluted soil or of non-hazardous inert waste resulting from prospecting and extraction, treatment, and storage of mineral resources as well as from the operation of quarries.3. Without prejudice to Directive 75/442/EEC Member States may declare at their own option, that the deposit of non-hazardous waste, to be defined by the committee established under Article 17 of this Directive, other than inert waste, resulting from prospecting and extraction, treatment and storage of mineral resources as well as from the operation of quarries and which are deposited in a manner preventing environmental pollution or harm to human health, can be exempted from the provisions in Annex I, points 2, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 of this Directive.4. Without prejudice to Directive 75/442/EEC Member States may declare, at their own option, parts or all of Articles 6(d), 7(i), 8(a)(iv), 10, 11(1)(a), (b) and (c), 12(a) and (c), Annex I, points 3 and 4, Annex II (except point 3, level 3, and point 4) and Annex III, points 3 to 5 to this Directive not applicable to:(a) landfill sites for non-hazardous or inert wastes with a total capacity not exceeding 15000 tonnes or with an annual intake not exceeding 1000 tonnes serving islands, where this is the only landfill on the island and where this is exclusively destined for the disposal of waste generated on that island. Once the total capacity of that landfill has been used, any new landfill site established on the island shall comply with the requirements of this Directive;(b) landfill sites for non-hazardous or inert waste in isolated settlements if the landfill site is destined for the disposal of waste generated only by that isolated settlement.Not later than two years after the date laid down in Article 18(1), Member States shall notify the Commission of the list of islands and isolated settlements that are exempted. The Commission shall publish the list of islands and isolated settlements.5. Without prejudice to Directive 75/442/EEC Member States may declare, at their own option, that underground storage as defined in Article 2(f) of this Directive can be exempted from the provisions in Article 13(d) and in Annex I, point 2, except first indent, points 3 to 5 and in Annex III, points 2, 3 and 5 to this Directive.Article 4Classes of landfillEach landfill shall be classified in one of the following classes:- landfill for hazardous waste,- landfill for non-hazardous waste,- landfill for inert waste.Article 5Waste and treatment not acceptable in landfills1. Member States shall set up a national strategy for the implementation of the reduction of biodegradable waste going to landfills, not later than two years after the date laid down in Article 18(1) and notify the Commission of this strategy. This strategy should include measures to achieve the targets set out in paragraph 2 by means of in particular, recycling, composting, biogas production or materials/energy recovery. Within 30 months of the date laid down in Article 18(1) the Commission shall provide the European Parliament and the Council with a report drawing together the national strategies.2. This strategy shall ensure that:(a) not later than five years after the date laid down in Article 18(1), biodegradable municipal waste going to landfills must be reduced to 75 % of the total amount (by weight) of biodegradable municipal waste produced in 1995 or the latest year before 1995 for which standardised Eurostat data is available(b) not later than eight years afte the date laid down in Article 18(1), biodegradable municipal waste going to landfills must be reduced to 50 % of the total amount (by weight) of biodegradable municipal waste produced in 1995 or the latest year before 1995 for which stadardised Eurostat data is available;(c) not later than 15 years after the date laid down in Article 18(1), biodegradable municipal waste going to landfills must be reduced to 35 % of the total amount (by weight) of biodegradable municipal waste produced in 1995 or the lates year before 1995 for which standardised Eurostat data is available.Two years before the date referred to in paragraph (c) the Council shall reexamine the above target, on the basis of a report from the Commission on the practical experience gained by Member States in the pursuance of the targets laid down in paragraphs (a) and (b) accompanied, if appropriate, by a proposal with a view to confirming or amending this target in order to ensure a high level of environmental protection.Member States which in 1995 or the latest year before 1995 for which standardised EUROSTAT data is available put more than 80 % of their collected municipal waste to landfill may postpone the attainment of the targets set out in paragraphs (a), (b), or (c) by a period not exceeding four years. Member States intending to make use of this provision shall inform in advance the Commission of their decision. The Commission shall inform other Member States and the European Parliament of these decisions.The implementation of the provisions set out in the preceding subparagraph may in no circumstances lead to the attainment of the target set out in paragraph (c) at a date later than four years after the date set out in paragraph (c).3. Member States shall take measures in order that the following wastes are not accepted in a landfill:(a) liquid waste;(b) waste which, in the conditions of landfill, is explosive, corrosive, oxidising, highly flammable or flammable, as defined in Annex III to Directive 91/689/EEC;(c) hospital and other clinical wastes arising from medical or veterinary establishments, which are infectious as defined (property H9 in Annex III) by Directive 91/689/EEC and waste falling within category 14 (Annex I.A) of that Directive.(d) whole used tyres from two years from the date laid down in Article 18(1), excluding tyres used as engineering material, and shredded used tyres five years from the date laid down in Article 18(1) (excluding in both instances bicylce tyres and tyres with an outside diameter above 1 400 mm);(e) any other type of waste which does not fulfil the acceptance criteria determined in accordance with Annex II.4. The dilution of mixture of waste solely in order to meet the waste acceptance criteria is prohibited.Article 6Waste to be accepted in the different classes of landfillMember States shall take measures in order that:(a) only waste that has been subject to treatment is landfilled. This provision may not apply to inert waste for which treatment is not technically feasible, nor to any other waste for which such treatment does not contribute to the objectives of this Directive, as set out in Article 1, by reducing the quantity of the waste or the hazards to human health or the environment;(b) only hazardous waste that fulfils the criteria set out in accordance with Annex II is assigned to a hazardous landfill;(c) landfill for non-hazardous waste may be used for:(i) municipal waste;(ii) non-hazardous waste of any other origin, which fulfil the criteria for the acceptance of waste at landfill for non-hazardous waste set out in accordance with Annex II;(iii) stable, non-reactive hazardous wastes (e.g. solidified, vitrified), with leaching behaviour equivalent to those of the non-hazardous wastes referred to in point (ii), which fulfil the relevant acceptance criteria set out in accordance with Annex II. These hazarouds wastes shall not be deposited in cells destined for biodegradable non-hazardous waste,(d) inert waste landfill sites shall be used only for inert waste.Article 7Application for a permitMember States shall take measures in order that the application for a landfill permit must contain at least particulars of the following:(a) the identity of the applicant and of the operator when they are different entities;(b) the description of the types and total quantity of waste to be deposited;(c) the proposed capacity of the disposal site;(d) the description of the site, including its hydrogeological and geological characteristics;(e) the proposed methods for pollution prevention and abatement;(f) the proposed operation, monitoring and control plan;(g) the proposed plan for the closure and after-care procedures;(h) where an impact assessment is required under Council Directive 85/337/EEC of 27 June 1985 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment(8), the information provided by the developer in accordance with Article 5 of that Directive;(i) the financial security by the applicant, or any other equivalent provision, as required under Article 8(a)(iv) of this Directive.Following a successful application for a permit, this information shall be made available to the competent national and Community statistical authorities when requested for statistical purposes.Article 8Conditions of the permitMember States shall take measures in order that:(a) the competent authority does not issue a landfill permit unless it is satisfied that:(i) without prejudice to Article 3(4) and (5), the landfill project complies with all the relevant requirements of this Directive, including the Annexes;(ii) the management of the landfill site will be in the hands of a natural person who is technically competent to manage the site; professional and technical development and training of landfill operators and staff are provided;(iii) the landfill shall be operated in such a manner that the necessary measures are taken to prevent accidents and limit their consequences;(iv) adequate provisions, by way of a financial security or any other equivalent, on the basis of modalities to be decided by Member States, has been or will be made by the applicant prior to the commencement of disposal operations to ensure that the obligations (including after-care provisions) arising under the permit issued under the provisions of this Directive are discharged and that the closure procedures required by Article 13 are followed. This security or its equivalent shall be kept as long as required by maintenance and after-care operation of the site in accordance with Article 13(d). Member States may declare, at their own option, that this point does not apply to landfills for inert waste;(b) the landfill project is in line with the relevant waste management plan or plans referred to in Article 7 of Directive 75/442/EEC;(c) prior to the commencement of disposal operations, the competent authority shall inspect the site in order to ensure that it complies with the relevant conditions of the permit. This will not reduce in any way the responsibility of the operator under the conditions of the permit.Article 9Content of the permitSpecifying and supplementing the provisions set out in Article 9 of Directive 75/442/EEC and Article 9 of Directive 96/61/EC, the landfill permit shall state at least the following:(a) the class of the landfill;(b) the list of defined types and the total quantity of waste which are authorised to be deposited in the landfill;(c) requirements for the landfill preparations, landfilling operations and monitoring and control procedures, including contingency plans (Annex III, point 4.B), as well as provisional requirements for the closure and after-care operations;(d) the obligation on the applicant to report at least annually to the competent authority on the types and quantities of waste disposed of and on the results of the monitoring programme as required in Articles 12 and 13 and Annex III.Article 10Cost of the landfill of wasteMember States shall take measures to ensure that all of the costs involved in the setting up and operation of a landfill site, including as far as possible the cost of the financial security or its equivalent referred to in Article 8(a)(iv), and the estimated costs of the closure and after-care of the site for a period of at least 30 years shall be covered by the price to be charged by the operator for the disposal of any type of waste in that site. Subject to the requirements of Council Directive 90/313/EEC of 7 June 1990 on the freedom of access to information on the environment(9)Member States shall ensure transparency in the collection and use of any necessary cost information.Article 11Waste acceptance procedures1. Member States shall take measures in order that prior to accepting the waste at the landfill site:(a) before or at the time of delivery, or of the first in a series of deliveries, provided the type of waste remains unchanged, the holder or the operator can show, by means of the appropraite documentation, that the waste in question can be accepted at that site according to the conditions set in the permit, and that it fulfils the acceptance criteria set out in Annex II;(b) the following reception procedures are respected by the operator:- checking of the waste documentation, including those documents required by Article 5(3) of Directive 91/689/EEC and, where they apply, those required by Council Regulation (EEC) No 259/93 of 1 February 1993 on the supervision and control of shipments of waste within, into and out of the European Community(10);- visual inspection of the waste at the entrance and at the point of deposit and, as appropriate, verification of conformity with the description provided in the documentation submitted by the holder. If representative samples have to be taken in order to implement Annex II, point 3, level 3, the results of the analyses shall be kept and the sampling shall be made in conformity with Annex II, point 5. These samples shall be kept at least one month;- keeping a register of the quantities and characteristics of the waste deposited, indicating origin, date of delivery, identity of the producer or collector in the case of municipal waste, and, in the case of hazardous waste, the precise location on the site. This information shall be made available to the competent national and Community statistical authorities when requested for statistical purposes;(c) the operator of the landfill shall always provide written acknowledgement of receipt of each delivery acepted on the site;(d) without prejudice to the provisions of Regulation (EEC) No 259/93, if waste is not accepted at a landfill the operator shall notify without delay the competent authority of the non-acceptance of the waste.2. For landfill sites which have been exempted from provisions of this Directive by virtue of Article 3(4) and (5), Member States shall take the necessary measures to provide for:- regular visual inspection of the waste at the point of deposit in order to ensure that only non-hazardous waste from the island or the isolated settlement is accepted at the site; and- a register on the quantities of waste that are deposited at the site be kept.Member States shall ensure that information on the quantities and, where possible, the type of waste going to such exempted sites forms part of the regular reports to the Commission on the implementation of the Directive.Article 12Control and monitoring procedures in the operational phaseMember States shall take measures in order that control and monitoring procedures in the operational phase meet at least the following requirements:(a) the operator of a landfill shall carry out during the operational phase a control and monitoring programme as specified in Annex III;(b) the operator shall notify the competent authority of any significant adverse environmental effects revealed by the control and monitoring procedures and follow the decision of the competent authority on the nature and timing of the corrective measures to be taken. These measures shall be undertaken at the expense of the operator.At a frequency to be determined by the competent authority, and in any event at least once a year, the operator shall report, on the basis of aggregated data, all monitoring results to the competent authorities for the purpose of demonstrating compliance with permit conditions and increasing the knowledge on waste behaviour in the landfills;(c) the quality control of the analytical operations of the control and monitoring procedures and/or of the analyses referred to in Article 11(1)(b) are carried out by competent laboratories.Article 13Closure and after-care proceduresMember States shall take measures in order that, in accordance, where appropriate, with the permit:(a) a landfill or part of it shall start the closure procedure:(i) when the relevant conditions stated in the permit are met; or(ii) under the authorisation of the competent authority, at the request of the operator; or(iii) by reasoned decision of the competent authority;(b) a landfill or part of it may only be considered as definitely closed after the competent authority has carried out a final on-site inspection, has assessed all the reports submitted by the operator and has communicated to the operator its approval for the closure. This shall not in any way reduce the responsibility of the operator under the conditions of the permit;(c) after a landfill has been definitely closed, the operator shall be responsible for its maintenance, monitoring and control in the after-care phase for as long as may be required by the competent authority, taking into account the time during which the landfill could present hazards.The operator shall notify the competent authority of any significant adverse environmental effects revealed by the control procedures and shall follow the decision of the competent authority on the nature and timing of the corrective measures to be taken;(d) for as long as the competent authority considers that a landfill is likely to cause a hazard to the environment and without prejudice to any Community or national legislation as regards liability of the waste holder, the operator of the site shall be responsible for monitoring and analysing landfill gas and leachate from the site and the groundwater regime in the vicinity of the site in accordance with Annex III.Article 14Existing landfill sitesMember States shall take measures in order that landfills which have been granted a permit, or which are already in operation at the time of transposition of this Directive, may not continue to operate unless the steps outlined below are accomplished as soon as possible and within eight years after the date laid down in Article 18(1) at the latest:(a) with a period of one year after the date laid down in Article 18(1), the operator of a landfill shall prepare and present to the competent authorities, for their approval, a conditioning plan for the site including the particulars listed in Article 8 and any corrective measures which the operator considers will be needed in order to comply with the requirements of this Directive with the exception of the requirements in Annex I, point 1;(b) following the presentation of the conditioning plan, the competent authorities shall take a definite decision on whether operations may continue on the basis of the said conditioning plan and this Directive. Member States shall take the necessary measures to close down as soon as possible, in accordance with Article 7(g) and 13, sites which have not been granted, in accordance with Article 8, a permit to continue to operate;(c) on the basis of the approved site-conditioning plan, the competent authority shall authorise the necessary work and shall lay down a transitional period for the completion of the plan. Any existing landfill shall comply with the requirements of this Directive with the exception of the requirements in Annex I, point 1 within eight years after the date laid down in Article 18(1);(d) (i) within one year after the date laid down in Article 18(1), Articles 4, 5, and 11 and Annex II shall apply to landfills for hazardous waste;(ii) within three years after the date laid down in Article 18(1), Article 6 shall apply to landfills for hazardous waste.Article 15Obligation to reportAt intervals of three years Member States shall send to the Commission a report on the implementation of this Directive, paying particular attention to the national strategies to be set up in pursuance of Article 5. The report shall be drawn up on the basis of a questionnaire or outline drafted by the Commission in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 6 of Directive 91/692/EEC(11) The questionnaire or outline shall be sent to Member States six months before the start of the period covered by the report. The report shall be sent to the Commission within nine months of the end of the three-year period covered by it.The Commission shall publish a Community report on the implementation of this Directive within nine months of receiving the reports from the Member States.Article 16CommitteeAny amendments necessary for adapting the Annexes to this Directive to scientific and technical progress and any proposals for the standardisation of control, sampling and analysis methods in relation to the landfill of waste shall be adopted by the Commission, assisted by the Committee established by Article 18 of Directive 75/442/EEC and in accordance with the procedure set out in Article 17 of this Directive. Any amendments to the Annexes shall only be made in line with the principles laid down in this Directive as expressed in the Annexes. To this end, as regards Annex II, the following shall be observed by the Committee: taking into account the general principles and general procedures for testing and acceptance criteria as set out in Annex II, specific criteria and/or test methods and associated limit values should be set for each class of landfill, including if necessary specific types of landfill within each class, including underground storage. Proposals for the standardisation of control, sampling and analysis methods in relation to the Annexes of this Directive shall be adopted by the Commission, assisted by the Committee, within two years after the entry into force of this Directive.The Commission, assisted by the Committee, will adopt provisions for the harmonisation and regular transmission of the statistical date referred to in Articles 5, 7 and 11 of this Directive, within two years after the entry into force of this Directive, and for the amendments of such provisions when necessary.Article 17Committee procedureThe Commission shall be assisted by a Committee composed of the representatives of the Member States and chaired by the representative of the Commission.The representative of the Commission shall submit to the Committee a draft of the measures to be taken. The Committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft within a time limit which the chairman may lay down according to the urgency of the matter. The opinion shall be delivered by the majority laid down in Article 148(2) of the Treaty in the case of decisions which the Council is required to adopt on a proposal from the Commission. The votes of the representatives of the Member States within the Committee shall be weighted in the manner set out in that Article. The chairman shall not vote.The Commission shall adopt the measures envisaged if they are in accordance with the opinion of the Committee.If the measures envisaged are not in accordance with the opinion of the Committee, or if no opinion is delivered, the Commission shall, without delay, submit to the Council a proposal relating to the measures to be taken. The Council shall act by a qualified majority.If on the expiry of a period of three months from the date of referral to the Council, the Council has not acted, the proposed measures shall be adopted by the Commission.Article 18Transposition1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive not later than two years after its entry into force. They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof.When Member States adopt these measures, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or shall be accompanied by such reference on the occasion of their official publication. The methods of making such a reference shall be laid down by Member States.2. Member States shall communicate the texts of the provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive to the Commission.Article 19Entry into forceThis Directive will enter into force on the day of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities.Article 20AddresseesThis Directive is addressed to the Member States.Done at Luxembourg, 26 April 1999.For the CouncilThe PresidentJ. FISCHER(1) OJ C 156, 24.5.1997, p. 10.(2) OJ C 355, 21.11.1997, p. 4.(3) Opinion of the European Parliament of 19 February 1998 (OJ C 80, 16.3.1998, p. 196), Council common position of 4 June 1998 (OJ C 333, 30.10.1998, p. 15) and Decision of the European Parliament of 3 February 1999 (OJ C 150, 28.5.1999, p. 78)(4) OJ C 122, 18.5.1990, p. 2.(5) OJ L 194, 25.7.1975, p. 39. Directive as last amended by Commission Decision 96/350/EC (OJ L 135, 6.6.1996, p. 32).(6) OJ L 257, 10.10.1996, p. 26.(7) OJ L 377, 31.12.1991, p. 20. Directive as last amended by Directive 94/31/EC (OJ L 168, 2.7.1994, p. 28);(8) OJ L 175, 5.7.1985, p. 40. Directive as amended by Directive 97/11/EC (OJ L 73, 14.3.1997, p. 5).(9) OJ L 158, 23.6.1990, p. 56.(10) OJ L 30, 6.2.1993, p. 1. Regulation as amended by Regulation (EC) No 120/97 (OJ L 22, 24.1.1997, p. 14).(11) OJ L 377, 31.12.1991, p. 48.ANNEX IGENERAL REGUIREMENTS FOR ALL CLASSES OF LANDFILLS1. Location1.1. The location of a landfill must take into consideration requirements relating to:(a) the distances from the boundary of the site to residential and recreation areas, waterways, water bodies and other agricultural or urban sites;(b) the existence of groundwater, coastal water or nature protection zones in the area;(c) the geological and hydrogeological conditions in the area;(d) the risk of flooding, subsidence, landslides or avalanches on the site;(e) the protection of the nature or cultural patrimony in the area.1.2. The landfill can be authorised only if the characteristics of the site with respect to the abovementioned requirements, or the corrective measures to be taken, indicate that the landfill does not pose a serious environmental risk.2. Water control and leachate managementAppropriate measures shall be taken, with respect to the characteristics of the landfill and the meteorological conditions, in order to:- control water from precipitations entering into the landfill body,- prevent surface water and/or groundwater from entering into the landfilled waste,- collect contaminated water and leachate. If an assessment based on consideration of the location of the landfill and the waste to be accepted shows that the landfill poses no potential hazard to the environment, the competent authority may decide that this provision does not apply,- treat contaminated water and leachate collected from the landfill to the appropriate standard required for their discharge.The above provisions may not apply to landfills for inert waste.3. Protection of soil and water3.1. A landfill must be situated and designed so as to meet the necessary conditions for preventing pollution of the soil, groundwater or surface water and ensuring efficient collection of leachate as and when required according to Section 2. Protection of soil, groundwater and surface water is to be achieved by the combination of a geological barrier and a bottom liner during the operational/active phase and by the combination of a geological barrier and a bottom liner during the operational/active phase and by the combination of a geological barrier and a top liner during the passive phase/post closure.3.2. The geological barrier is determined by geological and hydrogeological conditions below and in the vicinity of a landfill site providing sufficient attenuation capacity to prevent a potential risk to soil and groundwater.The landfill base and sides shall consist of a mineral layer which satisfies permeability and thickness requirements with a combined effect in terms of protection of soil, groundwater and surface water at least equivalent to the one resulting from the following requirements:- landfill for hazardous waste: K <= 1,0 × 10- 9 m/s; thickness >= 5 m,- landfill for non-hazardous waste: K <= 1,0 × 10- 9 m/s; thickness >= 1 m,- landfill for inert waste: K <= 1,0 × 10- 7 m/s; thickness >= 1 m,m/s: meter/second.Where the geological barrier does not naturally meet the above conditions it can be completed artificially and reinforced by other means giving equivalent protection. An artificially established geological barrier should be no less than 0,5 metres thick.3.3. In addition to the geological barrier described above a leachate collection and sealing system must be added in accordance with the following principles so as to ensure that leachate accumulation at the base of the landfill is kept to a minimum:Leachate collection and bottom sealing>TABLE>Member States may set general or specific requirements for inert waste landfills and for the characteristics of the abovementioned technical means.If the competent authority after a consideration of the potential hazards to the environment finds that the prevention of leachate formation is necessary, a surface sealing may be prescribed. Recommendations for the surface sealing are as follows:>TABLE>3.4. If, on the basis of an assessment of environmental risks taking into account, in particular, Directive 80/68/EEC(1), the competent authority has decided, in accordance with Section 2 ("Water control and leachate management"), that collection and treatment of leachate is not necessary or it has been established that the landfill poses no potential hazard to soil, groundwater or surface water, the requirements in paragraphs 3.2 and 3.3 above may be reduced accordingly. In the case of landfills for inert waste these requirements may be adapted by national legislation.3.5. The method to be used for the determination of the permeability coefficient for landfills, in the field and for the whole extension of the site, is to be developed and approved by the Committee set up under Article 17 of this Directive.4. Gas control4.1. Appropriate measures shall be taken in order to control the accumulation and migration of landfill gas (Annex III).4.2. Landfill gas shall be collected from all landfills receiving biodegradable waste and the landfill gas must be treated and used. If the gas collected cannot be used to produce energy, it must be flared.4.3. The collection, treatment and use of landfill gas under paragraph 4.2 shall be carried on in a manner which minimises damage to or deterioration of the environment and risk to human health.5. Nuisances and hazardsMeasures shall be taken to minimise nuisances and hazards arising from the landfill through:- emissions of odours and dust,- wind-blown materials,- noise and traffic,- birds, vermin and insects,- formation and aerosols,- fires.The landfill shall be equipped so that dirt originating from the site is not dispersed onto public roads and the surrounding land.6. StabilityThe emplacement of waste on the site shall take place in such a way as to ensure stability of the mass of waste and associated structures, particularly in respect of avoidance of slippages. Where an artificial barrier is established it must be ascertained that the geological substratum, considering the morphology of the landfill, is sufficiently stable to prevent settlement that may cause damage to the barrier.7. BarriersThe landfill shall be secured to prevent free access to the site. The gates shall be locked outside operating hours. The system of control and access to each facility should contain a programme of measures to detect and discourage illegal dumping in the facility.(1) OJ L 20, 26.1.1980, p. 43. Directive as last amended by Directive 91/692/EEC (OJ L 377, 31.12.1991, p. 48).ANNEX IIWASTE ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA AND PROCEDURES1. IntroductionThis Annex describes:- general principles for acceptance of waste at the various classes of landfills. The future waste classification procedure should be based on these principles,- guidelines outlining preliminary waste acceptance procedures to be followed until a uniform waste classification and acceptance procedure has been developed. This procedure will, together with the relevant sampling procedures, be developed by the technical Committee referred to in Article 16 of this Directive. The technical Committee shall develop criteria which have to be fulfilled for certain hazardous waste to be accepted in landfills for non-hazardous waste. These criteria should, in particular, take into account the short, medium and long term leaching behaviour of such waste. These criteria shall be developed within two years of the entry into force of this Directive. The technical Committee shall also develop criteria which have to be fulfilled for waste to be accepted in underground storage. These criteria must take into account, in particular, that the waste is not to be expected to react with each other and with the rock.This work by the technical Committee, with the exception of proposals for the standardisation of control, sampling and analysis methods in relation to the Annexes of this Directive which shall be adopted within two years after the entry into force of this Directive, shall be completed within three years from the entry into force of this Directive and must be carried out having regard to the objectives set forth in Article 1 of this Directive.2. General principlesThe composition, leachability, long-term behaviour and general properties of a waste to be landfilled must be known as precisely as possible. Waste acceptance at a landfill can be based either on lists of accepted or refused waste, defined by nature and origin, and on waste analysis methods and limit values for the properties of the waste to be accepted. The future waste acceptance procedures described in this Directive shall as far as possible be based on standardised waste analysis methods and limit values for the properties of waste to be accepted.Before the definition of such analysis methods and limit values, Member States should at least set national lists of waste to be accepted or refuses at each class of landfill, or defined the criteria required to be on the lists. In order to be accepted at a particular class of landfill, a type of waste must be on the relevant national list or fulfil criteria similar to those required to be on the list. These lists, or the equivalent criteria, and the analysis methods and limit values shall be sent to the Commission within six months of the transposition of this Directive or whenever they are adopted at national level.These lists or acceptance criteria should be used to establish site specific lists, i.e. the list of accepted waste specified in the permit in accordance with Article 9 of this Directive.The criteria for acceptance of waste on the reference lists or at a class of landfill may be based on other legislation and/or on waste properties.Criteria for acceptance at a specific class of landfill must be derived from considerations pertaining to:- protection of the surrounding environment (in particular groundwater and surface water),- protection of the environmental protection systems (e.g. liners and leachate treatment systems),- protection of the desired waste-stabilisation processes within the landfill,- protection against human-health hazards.Examples of waste property-based criteria are:- requirements on knowledge of total composition,- limitations on the amount of organic matter in the waste,- requirements or limitations on the biodegradability of the organic waste components,- limitations on the amount of specified, potentially harmful/hazardous components (in relation to the abovementioned protection criteria),- limitations on the potential and expected leachability of specified, potentially harmful/hazardous components (in relation to the abovementioned protection criteria),- ecotoxicological properties of the waste and the resulting leachate.The property-based criteria for acceptance of waste must generally be most extensive for inert waste landfills and can be less extensive for non-hazardous waste landfills and least extensive for hazardous waste landfills owing to the higher environmental protection level of the latter two.3. General procedures for testing and acceptance of wasteThe general characterisation and testing of waste must be based on the following three-level hierarchy:Level 1: Basic characterisation. This constitutes a thorough determination, according to standardised analysis and behaviour-testing methods, of the short and long-term leaching behaviour and/or characteristic properties of the waste.Level 2: Compliance testing. This constitutes periodical testing by simpler standardised analysis and behaviour-testing methods to determine whether a waste complies with permit conditions and/or specific reference criteria. The tests focus on key variables and behaviour identified by basic characterisation.Level 3: On-site verification. This constitutes rapid check methods to confirm that a waste is the same as that which has been subjected to compliance testing and that which is described in the accompanying documents. It may merely consist of a visual inspection of a load of waste before and after unloading at the landfill site.A particular type of waste must normally be characterised at Level 1 and pass the appropriate criteria in order to be accepted on a reference list. In order to remain on a site-specific list, a particular type of waste must a regular intervals (e.g. annually) be tested at Level 2 and pass the appropriate criteria. Each waste load arriving at the gate of a landfill must be subjected to Level 3 verification.Certain waste types may be exempted permanently to temporarily from testing at Level 1. This may be due to impracticability to testing, to unavailability of appropriate testing procedures and acceptance criteria or to overriding legislation.4. Guidelines for preliminary waste acceptance proceduresUntil this Annex is fully completed only Level 3 testing is mandatory and Level 1 and Level 2 applied to the extent possible. At this preliminary stage waste to be accepted at a particular class of landfill must either be on a restrictive national or site-specific list for that class of landfill or fulfil criteria similar to those required to get on the list.The following general guidelines may be used to set preliminary criteria for acceptance of waste at the three major classes of landfill or the corresponding lists.Inert waste landfills: only inert waste as defined in Article 2(e) can be accepted on the list.Non-hazardous waste landfills: in order to be accepted on the list a waste type must not be covered by Directive 91/689/EEC.Hazardous waste landfills: a preliminary rough list for hazardous waste landfills would consist of only those waste types covered by Directive 91/689/EEC. Such waste types should, however not be accepted on the list without prior treatment if they exhibit total contents or leachability of potentially hazardous components that are high enough to constitute a short-term occupational or environmental risk or to prevent sufficient waste stabilisation within the projected lifetime of the landfill.5. Sampling of wasteSampling of waste may pose serious problems with respect to representation and techniques owing to the heterogeneous nature of many wastes. A European standard for sampling of waste will be developed. Until this standard is approved by Member States in accordance with Article 17 of this Directive, the Member States may apply national standards and procedures.ANNEX IIICONTROL AND MONITORING PROCEDURES IN OPERATION AND AFTER-CARE PHASES1. IntroductionThe purpose of this Annex is to provide the minimum procedures for monitoring to be carried out to check:- that waste has been accepted to disposal in accordance with the criteria set for the category of landfill in question,- that the processes within the landfill proceed as desired,- that the environmental protection systems are functioning fully as intended,- that the permit conditions for the landfill are fulfilled.2. Meteorological dataUnder their reporting obligation (Article 15), Member States should supply data on the collection method for meteorological data. It us up to Member States to decide how the data should be collected (in situ, national meteorological network, etc.).Should Member States decide that water balances are an effective tool for evaluating whether leachate is building up in the landfill body or whether the site is leaking, it is recommended that the following data are collected from monitoring at the landfill or from the nearest meteorological station, as long as required by the competent authority in accordance with Article 13(c) of this Directive:>TABLE>3. Emission data: water, leachate and gas controlSampling of leachate and surface water if present must be collected at representative points. Sampling and measuring (volume and composition) of leachate must be performed separately at each point at which leachate is discharged from the site. Reference: general guidelines on sampling technology, ISO 5667-2 (1991).Monitoring of surface water is present shall be carried out at not less than two points, one upstream from the landfill and one downstream.Gas monitoring must be representative for each section of the landfill. The frequency of sampling and analysis is listed in the following table. For leachate and water, a sample, representative of the average composition, shall be taken for monitoring.The frequency of sampling could be adapted on the basis of the morphology of the landfill waste (in tumulus, buried, etc). This has to be specified in the permit.>TABLE>4. Protection of groundwaterA. SamplingThe measurements must be such as to provide information on groundwater likely to be affected by the discharging of waste, with at least one measuring point in the groundwater inflow region and two in the outflow region. This number can be increased on the basis of a specific hydrogeological survey and the need for an early identification of accidental leachate release in the groundwater.Sampling must be carried out in at least three locations before the filling operations in order to establish reference values for future sampling. Reference: Sampling Groundwaters, ISO 5667, Part 11, 1993.B. MonitoringThe parameters to be analysed in the samples taken must be derived from the expected composition of the leachate and the groundwater quality in the area. In selecting the parameters for analysis account should be taken of mobility in the groundwater zone. Parameters could include indicator parameters in order to ensure an early recognition of change in water quality(1).>TABLE>C. Trigger levelsSignificant adverse environmental effects, as referred to in Articles 12 and 13 of this Directive, should be considered to have occurred in the case of groundwater, when an analysis of a groundwater sample shows a significant change in water quality. A trigger level must be determined taking account of the specific hydrogeological formations in the location of the landfill and groundwater quality. The trigger level must be laid down in the permit whenever possible.The observations must be evaluated by means of control charts with established control rules and levels for each downgradient well. The control levels must be determined from local variations in groundwater quality.5. Topography of the site: data on the landfill body>TABLE>(1) Recommended parameters: ph, TOC, phenols, heavy metals, fluoride, AS, oil/hydrocarbons.

Summary: Landfill of waste Landfill of waste SUMMARY OF: Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste WHAT IS THE AIM OF THE DIRECTIVE? It aims to prevent, or reduce as much as possible, any negative impact from landfill on surface water, groundwater, soil, air or human health. It does so by introducing stringent technical requirements. KEY POINTS Landfill sites are divided into 3 categories: landfills for hazardous waste;landfills for non-hazardous waste; andlandfills for inert waste (waste which will not decompose or burn, such as gravel, sand and stone). EU countries must implement national strategies to progressively reduce the amount of biodegradable waste sent to landfills. Landfill facilities may not accept used tyres or waste which is liquid, flammable, explosive or corrosive, or from hospitals and medical and veterinary practices. Only waste that has been treated may be landfilled. Municipal waste may go to landfills for non-hazardous waste. National authorities must ensure that the price operators charge for disposing of waste covers all the costs involved from opening to final closure of the site. Operators of landfill sites must apply for a permit and provide the following information: the identity of the applicant, and, in some cases, the operator;a description of the type and quantity of waste to be deposited;the capacity and a description of the site, including operating, monitoring and control plans;ways of preventing and reducing pollution; anddetails of closure and after-care procedures. In 2014, amending Directive 2014/52/EU was adopted to strengthen the quality of the procedure on the assessment of the effects of projects on the environment set out in Directive 2011/92/EU (see summary). This was necessary to ensure consistency and synergy with other areas of EU legislation and policies. Decision 2003/33/EC lays down the criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills. Amending Directive (EU) 2018/850 To underpin the EU’s transition to a circular economy, Directive (EU) 2018/850 amends Directive 1999/31/EC. Directive (EU) 2018/850: introduces restrictions on landfilling from 2030 of all waste that is suitable for recycling or other material or energy recovery;seeks to limit the share of municipal waste landfilled to 10% by 2035;introduces rules on calculating the attainment of municipal waste targets and requires EU countries to put in place an effective quality control and traceability system for municipal waste landfilled;requires the European Commission, with the European Environment Agency, 3 years before each deadline, to draw up early warning reports to identify shortcomings in the attainment of the targets and recommending action to be taken;allows EU countries to use economic instruments and other measures to encourage the application of the waste hierarchy* introduced under Directive 2008/98/EC, the Waste Framework Directive (see summary). FROM WHEN DOES THE DIRECTIVE APPLY? Directive 1999/31/EC has applied since 16 July 1999 and had to become law in the EU countries by 16 July 2001. Amending Directive (EU) 2018/850 had to become law in the EU countries by 5 July 2020. BACKGROUND For more information, see: Waste (European Commission). KEY TERMS Waste hierarchy: a 5-step hierarchy where prevention is the best option, followed by re-use, recycling and other forms of recovery, with disposal such as landfill as the last resort. MAIN DOCUMENT Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste (OJ L 182, 16.7.1999, pp. 1-19) Successive amendments to Directive 1999/31/EC have been incorporated into the original text. This consolidated version is of documentary value only. RELATED DOCUMENTS Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (codification) (OJ L 26, 28.1.2012, pp. 1-21) See consolidated version. Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives (OJ L 312, 22.11.2008, pp. 3-30) See consolidated version. Council Decision 2003/33/EC of 19 December 2002 establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills pursuant to Article 16 of and Annex II to Directive 1999/31/EC (OJ L 11, 16.1.2003, pp. 27-49) last update 22.07.2020


EUR-Lex - 31999Y0713(01) - EN Avis juridique important | 31999Y0713(01) Council Resolution of 8 June 1999 on antibiotic resistance 'A strategy against the microbial threat' Official Journal C 195 , 13/07/1999 P. 0001 - 0003 COUNCIL RESOLUTIONof 8 June 1999on antibiotic resistance"A strategy against the microbial threat"(1999/C 195/01)THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,1. CONSIDERING that antibiotic resistance is a major European and global health problem;2. RECALLING that a high level of human health protection is to be ensured in the definition and implementation of all Community policies and activities;3. CONSIDERING that an effective reduction and prevention of micro-organisms becoming resistant to antibiotics used in human and veterinary medicine and in animal feeding stuffs and preservation of the effectiveness of antibiotics for the treatment of infection cannot be achieved by national initiatives alone, but require a common strategy and coordinated action at Community and international level;4. RECALLING that the growing awareness of this problem has triggered various initiatives and actions in different areas at national, Community and international levels;5. RECALLING the World Health Organisation (WHO) Conference held in Berlin in October 1997 and the report on the medical impact of the use of antimicrobials in food animals resulting from that Conference as well as the WHO Conference held in Verona in December 1997;6. RECALLING the Resolution of the European Parliament of 15 May 1998 on the use of antibiotics in animal feed(1);7. RECALLING the EU Conference on the Microbial Threat held in Copenhagen on 9 and 10 September 1998 and the Recommendations resulting from this conference which identified possible initiatives and actions that could be taken at Community level;8. WELCOMING the own-initiative opinion of the Economic and Social Committee of 9 September 1998(2) on the resistance to antibiotics as a threat to public health;9. RECALLING the Council Regulation (EC) No 2821/98 of 17 December 1998 amending, as regards withdrawal of authorisation of certain antibiotics, Directive 70/524/EEC concerning additives in feedingstuffs(3);10. RECALLING that the Council invited the Commission on the occasion of the adoption of the abovementioned Regulation to submit a report before 30 June 1999 on all the public health, economic and legal implications of the antibiotic resistance issue with regard to the external dimension;11. RECALLING the Decision No 2119/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 September 1998 setting up a network for the epidemiological surveillance and control of communicable diseases in the Community(4) which constitutes a framework for the surveillance of communicable diseases;12. RECALLING that under Directive 95/69/EC(5) establishments manufacturing antibiotics used as additives in feeding stuffs are required to hold a register to ensure the traceability of the quantities of antibiotics used, specifying among other things the nature and the quantity of the additive;13. TAKING NOTE of the opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee of 28 May 1999;14. WELCOMING the projects initiated at European level and supported by the Commission in this area and the actions by the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA) in the area of control of the use of antibiotics;15. STRESSES that antibiotic resistance increases morbidity and mortality due to communicable diseases;16. UNDERLINES that this leads not only to a diminution of quality of life but also to additional health and medical care cost;17. EMPHASISES that antibiotics are indispensable to combat infectious diseases and that it is therefore imperative to preserve the effectiveness of those medicinal products which are still effective;18. CONSIDERS that antibiotic resistance and its various causes need a multidisciplinary and cross-sectorial approach;19. CONSIDERS it necessary in view of the global dimension of this problem that the Member States and the Commission in close cooperation with the Member States promote actively the aims of this Resolution in international organisations, in particular in the WHO, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and International Office of Epizootics (OIE);20. REITERATES its commitment to defining an overall strategy to guard against the development of antibiotic resistance;21. CONSIDERS that this overall strategy should be based on risk assessment using known scientific findings, keeping in mind a precautionary approach, and comprise coordinated control and preventive action and research in particular in the following areas:- control and preventive action relating to- surveillance of antibiotic resistance in humans, animals and foodstuffs and its effects- monitoring and control of usage of antibiotics (in human and veterinary medicine, animal feedingstuffs, horticulture and other agricultural productions, and foodstuffs)- infection control in health care (hospital and non-hospital care)- infection control in animal production- development of new therapeutic and preventive pharmaceuticals- promotion of prudent use of antibiotics and education in pharmacotherapy,- research relating to- effects of preventive measures- development of new antibiotics and alternatives- best use of antibiotics- determinants which enlarge the risk of emergence of antibiotic resistance- mechanisms of the spread and development of antibiotic resistance- best farming practice so to improve animal health;22. CALLS UPON THE MEMBER STATES- to establish multi-disciplinary and cross-sectorial policies in order to facilitate the containment of the spread of antibiotic resistance,- to cooperate in order to enable an effective comparable monitoring of the supply and use of antibiotics and an effective comparable surveillance of antibiotic resistance,- to maintain the principle of antibiotics authorised as human and veterinary medicine being "prescription-only-medicines" and to ensure vigilance on the implementation of this principle,- to promote adherence to the principles of infection control both in hospitals and non-hospital care as well as in animal production,- to promote optimal prescribing and use of antibiotics (through professional education, guidelines, etc.) and to prevent their unnecessary and inappropriate use in human and veterinary medicine,- to promote actions aimed at raising the awareness of health professionals, farmers and the general public of the problem of antibiotic resistance,- to promote health orientated animal production systems, thus reducing the need for antibiotics,- to promote research in this area,- to cooperate closely with the Commission, in particular in the aforementioned areas;23. INVITES THE COMMISSION- to include as a priority the surveillance of antibiotic resistance in human medicine and in the field of zoonosis control and to promote through the Community network for the epidemiological surveillance and control of communicable diseases complementarity of this surveillance;- to ensure, on the basis of comparable data provided by Member States, the reporting, including conclusions, on the supply and use of antibiotics in particular in human and veterinary medicine as well as in animal feeding, horticulture and other agricultural productions and foodstuffs;- to support the exchange of experience and information concerning the rational usage of antibiotics by appropriate Community activities;- to promote research work in the implementation of the Fifth Research Framework Programme with regard to- the evolution of antibiotic resistance within bacterial populations and the understanding of the transmissibility of resistant bacteria in humans, animal populations and the environment,- possible transmission of antibiotic resistance potentially linked to the use of antibiotic resistance markers in the production of transgenic foodstuffs or feedingstuffs,- the development of new rapid diagnostic and susceptibility testing systems for focused treatment,- effective alternatives to antibiotics to prevent and control communicable diseases;- to consider the opportunity of preparing a proposal for a Recommendation in accordance with the Treaty;- to examine the necessity of reviewing current Community legislation in the areas of human and veterinary medicine, including medicated feedingstuffs, animal feedingstuffs, horticulture and other agricultural productions and foodstuffs, including the Community authorisation system of medicinal products with a view to reaching the objectives of this Resolution;- to pay particular attention to the problem of antibiotic resistance in specific health actions related to applicant countries, in particular in the framework of the PHARE 2000 programme;- to cooperate in this area, in close coordination with the Member States, with the relevant international organisations.(1) OJ C 167, 1.6.1998, p. 306.(2) OJ C 407, 28.12.1998, p. 7.(3) OJ L 351, 29.12.1998, p. 4.(4) OJ L 268, 3.10.1998, p. 1.(5) Council Directive 95/69/EC of 22 December 1995 laying down the conditions and arrangements for approving and registering certain establishments and intermediaries operating in the animal feed sector and amending Directives 70/524/EEC, 74/63/EEC, 79/373/EEC and 82/471/EEC (OJ L 332, 30.12.1995, p. 15). Directive as last amended by Directive 1999/29/EC (OJ L 115, 4.5.1999, p. 32).

Summary: Antibiotic resistance Antibiotic resistance The purpose of this resolution is to develop a common strategy and coordinated action to combat antibiotic resistance. ACT Council Resolution of 8 June 1999 on antibiotic resistance: a strategy against the microbial threat [Official Journal C 195 of 13.07.1999] SUMMARY Antibiotic resistance is a major European and global health problem. Antibiotic resistance increases morbidity and mortality due to communicable diseases, which leads to a diminution in the quality of life and also to additional health and medical care costs. Antibiotics are indispensable in combatting infectious diseases and it is therefore imperative to preserve the effectiveness of those medicinal products which are still effective. Antibiotic resistance and its various causes need a multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral approach. National initiatives are not enough to reduce the risks and to effectively prevent micro-organisms from becoming resistant to antibiotics used in human and veterinary medicine and in animal feedingstuffs, nor can they preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics in the treatment of infectious diseases. A common strategy and coordinated action are required at Community and international levels. Bearing in mind the global dimension of this problem, the Member States and the Commission must actively promote the aims of this resolution in international organisations, in particular in the World Health Organisation (WHO), the UN's Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) and the International Office of Epizootics (OIE). According to the Council, the overall strategy should be based on risk assessment using established scientific findings and comprise coordinated control and preventive action (for example in relation to surveillance of antibiotic resistance in humans, animals and foodstuffs and its effects, infection control in health care and infection control in animal production, development of new therapeutic and preventive medicaments, etc) and research work (notably on the effects of preventive measures, the development of new antibiotics and alternatives, the best use of antibiotics, determinants which increase the risk of emergence of antibiotic resistance, mechanisms of the spread and development of antibiotic resistance, or best farming practice so as to improve animal health). In the context of this strategy, Member States are called upon: to establish multi-disciplinary and cross-sectoral policies in order to facilitate the containment of the spread of antibiotic resistance; to cooperate in order to enable an effective comparable monitoring of the supply and use of antibiotics and an effective comparable surveillance of antibiotic resistance; to maintain the principle of antibiotics authorised as human and veterinary medicine being "prescription-only-medicines" and to ensure vigilance on the implementation of this principle; to promote adherence to the principles of infection control both in hospitals and non-hospital care as well as in animal production; to promote optimal prescribing and use of antibiotics (through professional education, guidelines, etc.) and to prevent their unnecessary and inappropriate use in human and veterinary medicine; to promote actions aimed at raising the awareness of health professionals, farmers and the general public of the problem of antibiotic resistance; to promote health orientated animal production systems, thus reducing the need for antibiotics; to promote research in this area; to cooperate closely with the Commission, in particular in the aforementioned areas. The Commission is invited: to include as a priority the surveillance of antibiotic resistance in human medicine and in the field of zoonosis control and to promote - through the Community network for the epidemiological surveillance and control of communicable diseases - the complementarity of this surveillance; to ensure, on the basis of comparable data provided by Member States, the reporting, including conclusions, on the supply and use of antibiotics in particular in human and veterinary medicine as well as in animal feeding, horticulture and other agricultural productions and foodstuffs; to support the exchange of experience and information concerning the rational usage of antibiotics by appropriate Community activities; to promote research work in the implementation of the Fifth Research Framework Programme with regard to the evolution of antibiotic resistance within bacterial populations and the understanding of the transmissibility of resistant bacteria in humans, animal populations and the environment; to consider the advisability of preparing a proposal for a Recommendation in accordance with the Treaty; to examine the necessity of reviewing current Community legislation in the areas of human and veterinary medicine; to pay particular attention to the problem of antibiotic resistance in specific health actions related to applicant countries, in particular in the framework of the Phare 2000 programme. The Commission should promote cooperation in close coordination with the Member States and the competent international organisations. Last updated: 04.05.2006


EUR-Lex - 31999L0022 - EN Avis juridique important | 31999L0022 Council Directive 1999/22/EC of 29 March 1999 relating to the keeping of wild animals in zoos Official Journal L 094 , 09/04/1999 P. 0024 - 0026 COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 1999/22/ECof 29 March 1999relating to the keeping of wild animals in zoosTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 130s(1) thereof,Having regard to the proposal from the Commission,Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee(1),Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 189c of the Treaty(2),Whereas Council Regulation (EEC) No 338/97 of 9 December 1996 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein(3) requires evidence of the availability of adequate facilities for the accomodation and care of live specimens of a great many species before their importation into the Community is authorised; whereas that Regulation prohibits the display to the public for commercial purposes of specimens of species listed in Annex A thereof unless a specific exemption was granted for education, research or breeding purposes;Whereas Council Directive 79/409/EEC of 2 April 1979 on the conservation of wild birds(4), and Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora(5), prohibit the capture and keeping of and trade in a great number of species, whilst providing for exemptions for specific reasons, such as research and education, repopulation, reintroduction and breeding;Whereas the proper implementation of existing and future Community legislation on the conservation of wild fauna and the need to ensure that zoos adequately fulfil their important role in the conservation of species, public education, and/or scientific research make it necessary to provide a common basis for Member States' legislation with regard to the licensing and inspection of zoos, the keeping of animals in zoos, the training of staff and the education of the visiting public;Whereas action at the Community level is required in order to have zoos throughout the Community contributing to the conservation of biodiversity in accordance with the Community's obligation to adopt measures for ex situ conservation under Article 9 of the Convention on Biological Diversity;Whereas a number of organisations such as the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria have produced guidelines for the care and accomodation of animals in zoos which could, where appropriate, assist in the development and adoption of national standards,HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:Article 1AimThe objectives of this Directive are to protect wild fauna and to conserve biodiversity by providing for the adoption of measures by Member States for the licensing and inspection of zoos in the Community, thereby strengthening the role of zoos in the conservation of biodiversity.Article 2DefinitionFor the purpose of this Directive, "zoos" means all permanent establishments where animals of wild species are kept for exhibition to the public for 7 or more days a year, with the exception of circuses, pet shops and establishments which Member States exempt from the requirements of this Directive on the grounds that they do not exhibit a significant number of animals or species to the public and that the exemption will not jeopardise the objectives of this Directive.Article 3Requirements applicable to zoosMember States shall take measures under Articles 4, 5, 6 and 7 to ensure all zoos implement the following conservation measures:- participating in research from which conservation benefits accrue to the species, and/or training in relevant conservation skills, and/or the exchange of information relating to species conservation and/or, where appropriate, captive breeding, repopulation or reintroduction of species into the wild,- promoting public education and awareness in relation to the conservation of biodiversity, particularly by providing information about the species exhibited and their natural habitats,- accommodating their animals under conditions which aim to satisfy the biological and conservation requirements of the individual species, inter alia, by providing species specific enrichment of the enclosures; and maintaining a high standard of animal husbandry with a developed programme of preventive and curative veterinary care and nutrition,- preventing the escape of animals in order to avoid possible ecological threats to indigenous species and preventing intrusion of outside pests and vermin,- keeping of up-to-date records of the zoo's collection appropriate to the species recorded.Article 4Licensing and inspection1. Member States shall adopt measures for licensing and inspection of existing and new zoos in order to ensure that the requirements of Article 3 are met.2. Every zoo shall have a licence within four years after the entry into force of this Directive or, in the case of new zoos, before they are open to the public.3. Each licence shall contain conditions to enforce the requirements of Article 3. Compliance with the conditions shall be monitored inter alia by means of regular inspection and appropriate steps shall be taken to ensure such compliance.4. Before granting, refusing, extending the period of, or significantly amending a licence, an inspection by Member States' competent authorities shall be carried out in order to determine whether or not the licensing conditions or proposed licensing conditions are met.5. If the zoo is not licensed in accordance with this Directive or the licensing conditions are not met, the zoo or part thereof:(a) shall be closed to the public by the competent authority; and/or(b) shall comply with appropriate requirements imposed by the competent authority to ensure that the licensing conditions are met.Should these requirements not be complied with within an appropriate period to be determined by the competent authorities but not exceeding two years, the competent authority shall withdraw or modify the licence and close the zoo or part thereof.Article 5Licensing requirements set out in Article 4 shall not apply where a Member State can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Commission that the objective of this Directive as set out in Article 1 and the requirements applicable to zoos set out in Article 3 are being met and continously maintained by means of a system or regulation and registration. Such a system should, inter alia, contain provisions regarding inspection and closure of zoos equivalent to those in Article 4(4) and (5).Article 6Closure of zoosIn the event of a zoo or part thereof being closed, the competent authority shall ensure that the animals concerned are treated or disposed of under conditions which the Member State deems appropriate and consistent with the purposes and provisions of this Directive.Article 7Competent authoritiesMember States shall designate competent authorities for the purposes of this Directive.Article 8PenaltiesMember States shall determine the penalties applicable to breaches of the national provisions adopted pursuant to this Directive. The penalties shall be effective, proportionate and dissuasive.Article 9Implementation1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this directive not later than 9 April 2002. They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof.When Member States adopt these measures, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or shall be accompanied by such reference on the occasion of their official publication. The methods of making such a reference shall be laid down by the Member States.2. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive.Article 10Entry in forceThis Directive shall enter into force on the day of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities.Article 11This Directive is addressed to the Member States.Done at Brussels, 29 March 1999.For the CouncilThe PresidentF. MÜNTEFERING(1) OJ C 204, 15.7.1996, p. 63.(2) Opinion of the European Parliament of 29 January 1998. (OJ C 56, 23.2.1998, p. 34), Council Common Position of 20 July 1998 (OJ C 364, 25.11.1998, p. 9), and Decision of the European Parliament of 10 February 1999 (not yet published in the Official Journal).(3) OJ L 61, 3.3.1997, p. 1. Regulation as last amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 2307/97 (OJ L 325, 27.11.1997, p. 1).(4) OJ L 103, 25.4.1979, p. 1. Directive as last amended by Directive 97/49/EC (OJ L 223,. 13.8.1997, p. 9).(5) OJ L 206, 22.7.1992, p. 7. Directive as last amended by Commission Directive 97/62/EC (OJ L 305, 8.11.1997, p. 42).

Summary: The role of zoos in the conservation of biodiversity The role of zoos in the conservation of biodiversity SUMMARY OF: Directive 1999/22/EC on the keeping of wild animals in zoos SUMMARY WHAT DOES THE DIRECTIVE DO? It promotes wild animal species protection and conservation by strengthening the role of zoos in the conservation of biodiversity. It includes rules for the licensing and inspection of zoos in order to ensure they respect the required conservation and protection measures. KEY POINTS Scope A ‘zoo’ is defined as a permanent establishment where live wild animals are kept on public display for 7 days per year or more. Pet shops and circuses are excluded from the directive. EU countries can also exempt certain establishments from the directive if they do not display a significant number of animals or species to the public and if this exemption does not undermine the objectives of the directive. Conditions The directive requires EU countries to take measures concerning the granting of licences and the carrying out of regular inspections in zoos in order to check that the conditions required for their granting are met. In order to obtain an operating licence, zoos must: participate in research whose results benefit the preservation of species, the exchange of information on the conservation of species and/or the reproduction in captivity (repopulation, reintroduction of species into the wild, etc.); promote public education and awareness in relation to the conservation of biodiversity, particularly by providing information about the species exhibited and their natural habitats; accommodate their animals under conditions that satisfy the biological and conservation requirements of the individual species by: providing species-specific enrichment of the enclosures, and maintaining a high standard of animal husbandry with developed programmes of preventive and curative veterinary care and nutrition; prevent animals from escaping in order to avoid possible ecological threats (e.g. invasive alien species) to indigenous species, as well as to prevent the intrusion of outside pests; keep up-to-date records of the animals in the establishment which vary according to the species. Licensing and inspection EU countries must adopt rules for licensing and inspecting zoos so as to ensure that the required conservation measures are met. All zoos must hold a licence. Each licence contains conditions to enforce the necessary conservation and protection measures. EU countries’ competent authorities must carry out an inspection before granting, refusing, extending or substantially modifying a licence. In the event that a zoo does not completely or partially comply with the legal requirements, the competent authority must bar public access to the zoo in its entirety or to the part of it that is concerned. In the event of a partial or complete closure of a zoo, the animals involved must be treated or disposed of under conditions that the EU country concerned judges appropriate and compatible with the rules of the directive. Good practices In 2015, the European Commission published the EU zoos directive good practices document. This is designed to help EU countries improve compliance with the directive’s requirements through the sharing of experience and good practice. FROM WHEN DOES THE DIRECTIVE APPLY? It applies from 9 April 1999. EU countries had to incorporate it into national law by 9 April 2002. ACT Council Directive 1999/22/EC of 29 March 1999 relating to the keeping of wild animals in zoos (OJ L 94, 9.4.1999, pp. 24-26) last update 06.06.2016