 In response to the German closure and censorship of Polish schools , resistance among teachers led almost immediately to the creation of large @-@ scale underground educational activities . Most notably , the Secret Teaching Organization ( Tajna Organizacja Nauczycielska , TON ) was created as early as in October 1939 . Other organizations were created locally ; after 1940 they were increasingly subordinated and coordinated by the TON , working closely with the Underground 's State Department of Culture and Education , which was created in autumn 1941 and headed by Czesław Wycech , creator of the TON . Classes were either held under the cover of officially permitted activities or in private homes and other venues . By 1942 , about 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 students took part in underground primary education ; in 1944 , its secondary school system covered 100 @,@ 000 people , and university level courses were attended by about 10 @,@ 000 students ( for comparison , the pre @-@ war enrollment at Polish universities was about 30 @,@ 000 for the 1938 / 1939 year ) . More than 90 @,@ 000 secondary @-@ school pupils attended underground classes held by nearly 6 @,@ 000 teachers between 1943 and 1944 in four districts of the General Government ( centered on the cities of Warsaw , Kraków , Radom and Lublin ) . Overall , in that period in the General Government , one of every three children was receiving some sort of education from the underground organizations ; the number rose to about 70 % for children old enough to attend secondary school . It is estimated that in some rural areas , the educational coverage was actually improved ( most likely as courses were being organized in some cases by teachers escaped or deported from the cities ) . Compared to pre @-@ war classes , the absence of Polish Jewish students was notable , as they were confined by the Nazi Germans to ghettos ; there was , however , underground Jewish education in the ghettos , often organized with support from Polish organizations like TON . Students at the underground schools were often also members of the Polish resistance . 
 In response to the German closure and censorship of Polish schools , resistance among teachers led almost immediately to the creation of large @-@ scale underground educational activities . Most notably , the Secret Teaching Organization ( Tajna Organizacja Nauczycielska , TON ) was created as early as in October 1939 . Other organizations <a href='uninflect' title='1'><mark>were</mark></a> created locally ; after 1940 they <a href='uninflect' title='2'><mark>were</mark></a> increasingly subordinated and coordinated by the TON , working closely with the Underground <a href='null_genetive' title='3'><mark>'s</mark></a>State Department of Culture and Education , which was created in autumn 1941 and headed by Czesław Wycech , creator of the TON . Classes <a href='uninflect' title='4'><mark>were</mark></a> either held under the cover of officially permitted activities or in private homes and other venues . By 1942 , about 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 students took part in underground primary education ; in 1944 , its secondary school system covered 100 @,@ 000 people , and university level courses <a href='uninflect' title='5'><mark>were</mark></a> attended by about 10 @,@ 000 students ( for comparison , the pre @-@ war enrollment at Polish universities was about 30 @,@ 000 for the 1938 / 1939 year ) . More than 90 @,@ 000 secondary @-@ school pupils<a href='been_done' title='6'><mark></mark></a> attended underground classes held by nearly 6 @,@ 000 teachers between 1943 and 1944 in four districts of the General Government ( centered on the cities of Warsaw , Kraków , Radom and Lublin ) . Overall , in that period in the General Government , one of every three children was receiving some sort of education from the underground organizations ; the number rose to about 70 % for children old enough to attend secondary school . It is estimated that in some rural areas , the educational coverage was actually improved ( most likely as courses <a href='uninflect' title='7'><mark>were</mark></a> being organized in some cases by teachers escaped or deported from the cities ) . Compared to pre @-@ war classes , the absence of Polish Jewish students was notable , as they <a href='uninflect' title='8'><mark>were</mark></a> confined by the Nazi Germans to ghettos ; <a href='dey_it' title='9'><mark>there</mark></a> was , however , underground Jewish education in the ghettos , often organized with support from Polish organizations like TON . Students at the underground schools <a href='uninflect' title='10'><mark>were</mark></a> often also members of the Polish resistance . 
In response to the German closure and censorship of Polish schools , resistance among teachers led almost immediately to da creation of bigass @-@ scale underground educational activities . Most notably , the Secret teachin Organization ( Tajna Organizacja Nauczycielska , TON ) was created as early as in October 1939 . Other organizations was created locally ; after 1940 they was increasingly subordinated and coordinated by tdaTON , workin closely with the Underground  State Department of Culture and Education , which was created in autumn 1941 and headed by Czesław Wycech , creator of thdaON . Classes was either held under thedaver of officially permitted activities or in private homes and other venues . By 1942 , about 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 students took part in underground primary education ; in 1944 , its secondary school system covered 100 @,@ 000 ppl , and university level courses was attended by bou 10 @,@ 000 students ( fa comparison , the pre @-@ war enrollment at Polish universities was about 30 @,@ 000 ffathe 1938 / 1939 year ) . More than 90 @,@ 000 secondary @-@ school pupils done attended underground classes held by nearly 6 @,@ 000 teachers between 1943 and 1944 in four districts of the General Government ( centered on the daies of Warsaw , Kraków , Radom and Lublin ) . Overall , in dat period in the General Government , one of every three children was receiving sum sort of education from the underground organizations ; the ndaer rose to ababt0 % fofahildren old enough to attend secondary school . It is estimated that in ssumrural areas , the educational coverage was actually improved ( most likely as courses was being organized in some cases by teachers escaped or deported from the cities ) . Compared to pre @-@ war classes , the absence of Polish Jewish students was notable , as they was confined by the NadaGermans to ghettos ; it was , however , underground Jewish education in the ghettos , often organized with support from Polish organizations like TON . Students at the unddaround schools was often also members of the Polidaresistance .