AGREEMENT ON GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT PARTIES TO THIS AGREEMENT (hereinafter referred to as 'Parties'),RECOGNIZING the need for an effective multilateral framework of rights and obligations with respect to laws, regulations, procedures and practices regarding government procurement with a view to achieving greater liberalization and expansion of world trade and improving the international framework for the conduct of world trade;RECOGNIZING that laws, regulations, procedures and practices regarding government procurement should not be prepared, adopted or applied to foreign or domestic products and services and to foreign or domestic suppliers so as to afford protection to domestic products or services or domestic suppliers and should not discriminate among foreign products or services or among foreign suppliers;RECOGNIZING that it is desirable to provide transparency of laws, regulations, procedures and practices regarding government procurement;RECOGNIZING the need to establish international procedures on notification, consultation, surveillance and dispute settlement with a view to ensuring a fair, prompt and effective enforcement of the international provisions on government procurement and to maintain the balance of rights and obligations at the highest possible level;RECOGNIZING the need to take into account the development, financial and trade needs of developing countries, in particular the least-developed countries;DESIRING, in accordance with paragraph 6(b) of Article IX of the Agreement on Government Procurement done on 12 April 1979, as amended on 2 February 1987, to broaden and improve the Agreement on the basis of mutual reciprocity and to expand the coverage of the Agreement to include service contracts;DESIRING to encourage acceptance of and accession to this Agreement by governments not party to it;HAVING UNDERTAKEN further negotiations in pursuance of these objectives;HEREBY AGREE AS FOLLOWS:Article IScope and Coverage1. This Agreement applies to any law, regulation, procedure or practice regarding any procurement by entities covered by this Agreement, as specified in Appendix I (1).2. This Agreement applies to procurement by any contractual means, including through such methods as purchase or as lease, rental or hire purchase, with or without an option to buy, including any combination of products and services.3. Where entities, in the context of procurement covered under this Agreement, require enterprises not included in Appendix I to award contracts in accordance with particular requirements, Article III shall apply mutatis mutandis to such requirements.4. This Agreement applies to any procurement contract of a value of not less than the relevant threshold specified in Appendix I.Article IIValuation of Contracts1. The following provisions shall apply in determining the value of contracts (2) for purposes of implementing this Agreement.2. Valuation shall take into account all forms of remuneration, including any premiums, fees, commissions and interest receivable.3. The selection of the valuation method by the entity shall not be used, nor shall any procurement requirement be divided, with the intention of avoiding the application of this Agreement.4. If an individual requirement for a procurement results in the award of more than one contract, or in contracts being awarded in separate parts, the basis for valuation shall be either:(a) the actual value of similar recurring contracts concluded over the previous fiscal year or 12 months adjusted, where possible, for anticipated changes in quantity and value over the subsequent 12 months; or(b) the estimated value of recurring contracts in the fiscal year or 12 months subsequent to the initial contract.5. In cases of contracts for the lease, rental or hire purchase of products or services, or in the case of contracts which do not specify a total price, the basis for valuation shall be:(a) in the case of fixed-term contracts, where their term is 12 months or less, the total contract value for their duration, or, where their term exceeds 12 months, their total value including the estimated residual value;(b) in the case of contracts for an indefinite period, the monthly instalment multiplied by 48.If there is any doubt, the second basis for valuation, namely (b), is to be used.6. In cases where an intended procurement specifies the need for option clauses, the basis for valuation shall be the total value of the maximum permissible procurement, inclusive of optional purchases.Article IIINational Treatment and Non-discrimination1. With respect to all laws, regulations, procedures and practices regarding government procurement covered by this Agreement, each Party shall provide immediately and unconditionally to the products, services and suppliers of other Parties offering products or services of the Parties, treatment no less favourable than:(a) that accorded to domestic products, services and suppliers; and(b) that accorded to products, services and suppliers of any other Party.2. With respect to all laws, regulations, procedures and practices regarding government procurement covered by this Agreement, each Party shall ensure:(a) that its entities shall not treat a locally-established supplier less favourably than another locally-established supplier on the basis of degree of foreign affiliation or ownership; and(b) that its entities shall not