for example, spot checks carried out on, animals or vehicle during transport. Paragraph 5 Strikes and similar circumstances can severely affect the welfare of animals in transport and the Parties therefore felt it necessary to refer in the revised Convention to the need to protect animals as far as possible in such circumstances; but they did not consider it appropriate to indicate how this should be done other than to specify that such action should be in accordance with the principles of the revised Convention. Article 5 Authorisation of transporters Paragraph 1 For the purpose of this Convention, transport for commercial purposes is not limited to transport where an immediate exchange of money, goods or services take place in connection with the actual transport. For instance, it also includes transport which directly or indirectly involve or aim at a financial gain. A farmer transporting his own animals to a slaughterhouse in his own vehicle is thus considered transporting animals for commercial purposes. Furthermore, a transport of sport or breeding horses to a competition, show or exhibition which does not necessarily involve prize money but which may increase the value of the horses, is also considered to be a transport for commercial purposes. Article 6 Design and construction Paragraph 2 It is understood that for the purpose of this Convention, «poultry» does not include ratites. For poultry, standing upright is not recommended as they risk falling on top of one another during transport, resulting in other welfare problems. Article 7 Planning Paragraph 7 This task of the person responsible for the transport of animals is particularly important when the animals change from one means of transport to another during the journey. It is also important when the animals are unloaded and later on reloaded during the same journey, for instance at resting points, and whenever the responsibility of their welfare changes from one person to another. Article 8 Attendants Paragraphs 1 and 2 If the driver is also the attendant, he/she must have undergone specific and appropriate training or have had equivalent practical experience. The word «specific» indicates that the training must be adapted to the species being transported and the means of transport. The Parties expressed the wish that, in the near future, all those persons referred to in this Article would have had a training period and that, in this way, reference to experience only will no longer be possible. Paragraph 3 Even in the absence of an attendant, in accordance with Article 7(7), a person shall always be designated who would be responsible for the welfare of the animals at any time during the journey. Article 9 Fitness for transport Paragraph 2(b) The term «for experimental or scientific purposes» is to be defined in accordance with the European Convention for the protection of vertebrate animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes (ETS 123). Paragraph 2(c) Emergency treatment means veterinary treatment necessarily carried out in a clinic or a hospital. Article 10 Inspection/Certificate Paragraph 2 It is understood that the sanitary certificate usually delivered by the authorised veterinarian will be sufficient warrant provided that all items for which provision is made in this paragraph are included. It is preferable to use a single document. Paragraph 3 The first two paragraphs of this Article specify the provisions which should normally apply. The Parties recognised, however, that there would be certain circumstances in which these provisions might be waived in accordance with specific agreements reached between Parties. The intention is that such waiver would only be exercised where the welfare of the animals is not prejudiced. This waiver may be exercised, for example, in the case of horses for sporting purposes. Article 13 Equipment and procedures Paragraph 1 «Loading» does not mean only at the time of departure, but also any loading during transport. «Unloading» does not mean only at the time of arrival at destination, but also any unloading during transport. The term «properly constructed ramp» includes the width which needs to be appropriate to the species loaded or unloaded. Paragraph 2 When drafting the Convention, Parties considered that foot battens presented the greatest advantages from an animal welfare point of view. However, they wished to leave the way open for the development of other equivalent systems. Article 14 Handling Paragraph 3 This provision does not prohibit the leading of an animal, without excessive force, with a rope or head collar. Article 15 Separation Paragraph 1 The provision concerning hostile species takes into account the need to ensure that such animals should not be able to see, hear, or smell each other. Article 17 Space allowances (floor area and height) Paragraph 1 (See also comment on