preceding paragraph with regard to a child habitually resident in a Contracting State shall lapse as soon as the authorities which have jurisdiction under Articles 5 to 10 have taken the measures required by the situation.3. The measures taken under paragraph 1 with regard to a child who is habitually resident in a non-Contracting State shall lapse in each Contracting State as soon as measures required by the situation and taken by the authorities of another State are recognised in the Contracting State in question.Article 121. Subject to Article 7, the authorities of a Contracting State, in whose territory the child or property belonging to the child is present, have jurisdiction to take measures of a provisional character for the protection of the person or property of the child which have a territorial effect limited to the State in question, in so far as such measures are not incompatible with measures already taken by authorities which have jurisdiction under Articles 5 to 10.2. The measures taken under the preceding paragraph with regard to a child habitually resident in a Contracting State shall lapse as soon as the authorities which have jurisdiction under Articles 5 to 10 have taken a decision in respect of the measures of protection which may be required by the situation.3. The measures taken under paragraph 1 with regard to a child who is habitually resident in a non-Contracting State shall lapse in the Contracting State where the measures were taken as soon as measures required by the situation and taken by the authorities of another State are recognised in the Contracting State in question.Article 131. The authorities of a Contracting State which have jurisdiction under Articles 5 to 10 to take measures for the protection of the person or property of the child must abstain from exercising this jurisdiction if, at the time of the commencement of the proceedings, corresponding measures have been requested from the authorities of another Contracting State having jurisdiction under Articles 5 to 10 at the time of the request and are still under consideration.2. The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not apply if the authorities before whom the request for measures was initially introduced have declined jurisdiction.Article 14The measures taken in application of Articles 5 to 10 remain in force according to their terms, even if a change of circumstances has eliminated the basis upon which jurisdiction was founded, so long as the authorities which have jurisdiction under the Convention have not modified, replaced or terminated such measures.CHAPTER IIIAPPLICABLE LAWArticle 151. In exercising their jurisdiction under the provisions of Chapter II, the authorities of the Contracting States shall apply their own law.2. However, in so far as the protection of the person or the property of the child requires, they may exceptionally apply or take into consideration the law of another State with which the situation has a substantial connection.3. If the child's habitual residence changes to another Contracting State, the law of that other State governs, from the time of the change, the conditions of application of the measures taken in the State of the former habitual residence.Article 161. The attribution or extinction of parental responsibility by operation of law, without the intervention of a judicial or administrative authority, is governed by the law of the State of the habitual residence of the child.2. The attribution or extinction of parental responsibility by an agreement or a unilateral act, without intervention of a judicial or administrative authority, is governed by the law of the State of the child's habitual residence at the time when the agreement or unilateral act takes effect.3. Parental responsibility which exists under the law of the State of the child's habitual residence subsists after a change of that habitual residence to another State.4. If the child's habitual residence changes, the attribution of parental responsibility by operation of law to a person who does not already have such responsibility is governed by the law of the State of the new habitual residence.Article 17The exercise of parental responsibility is governed by the law of the State of the child's habitual residence. If the child's habitual residence changes, it is governed by the law of the State of the new habitual residence.Article 18The parental responsibility referred to in Article 16 may be terminated, or the conditions of its exercise modified, by measures taken under this Convention.Article 191. The validity of a transaction entered into between a third party and another person who would be entitled to act as the child's legal representative under the law of the State where the transaction was concluded cannot be contested, and the third party cannot be held liable, on the sole ground that the other person was not entitled to act as the child's legal representative under the law designated by the provisions of this Chapter, unless the third party knew or should have known that the parental responsibility was governed by the latter law.2. The preceding paragraph applies only if the transaction was entered into between persons present on the territory of the same State.Article 20The provisions of this Chapter apply even if the law designated by them is the law of a non-Contracting State.Article 211. In this Chapter the term "law" means the law in force in a State other than its choice of law rules.2. However, if the law applicable according to
20The provisions of this Chapter apply even if the law designated by them is the law of a non-Contracting State.Article 211. In this Chapter the term "law" means the law in force in a State other than its choice of law rules.2. However, if the law applicable according to Article 16 is that of a non-Contracting State and if the choice of law rules of that State designate the law of another non-Contracting State which would apply its own law, the law of the latter State applies. If that other non-Contracting State would not apply its own law, the applicable law is that designated by Article 16.Article 22The application of the law designated by the provisions of this Chapter can be refused only if this application would be manifestly contrary to public policy, taking into account the best interests of the child.CHAPTER IVRECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENTArticle 231. The measures taken by the authorities of a Contracting State shall be recognised by operation of law in all other Contracting States.2. Recognition may however be refused:(a) if the measure was taken by an authority whose jurisdiction was not based on one of the grounds provided for in Chapter II;b) if the measure was taken, except in a case of urgency, in the context of a judicial or administrative proceeding, without the child having been provided the opportunity to be heard, in violation of fundamental principles of procedure of the requested State;(c) on the request of any person claiming that the measure infringes his or her parental responsibility, if such measure was taken, except in a case of urgency, without such person having been given an opportunity to be heard;(d) if such recognition is manifestly contrary to public policy of the requested State, taking into account the best interests of the child;(e) if the measure is incompatible with a later measure taken in the non-Contracting State of the habitual residence of the child, where this later measure fulfils the requirements for recognition in the requested State;(f) if the procedure provided in Article 33 has not been complied with.Article 24Without prejudice to Article 23(1), any interested person may request from the competent authorities of a Contracting State that they decide on the recognition or non-recognition of a measure taken in another Contracting State. The procedure is governed by the law of the requested State.Article 25The authority of the requested State is bound by the findings of fact on which the authority of the State where the measure was taken based its jurisdiction.Article 261. If measures taken in one Contracting State and enforceable there require enforcement in another Contracting State, they shall, upon request by an interested party, be declared enforceable or registered for the purpose of enforcement in that other State according to the procedure provided in the law of the latter State.2. Each Contracting State shall apply to the declaration of enforceability or registration a simple and rapid procedure.3. The declaration of enforceability or registration may be refused only for one of the reasons set out in Article 23(2).Article 27Without prejudice to such review as is necessary in the application of the preceding Articles, there shall be no review of the merits of the measure taken.Article 28Measures taken in one Contracting State and declared enforceable, or registered for the purpose of enforcement, in another Contracting State shall be enforced in the latter State as if they had been taken by the authorities of that State. Enforcement takes place in accordance with the law of the requested State to the extent provided by such law, taking into consideration the best interests of the child.CHAPTER VCOOPERATIONArticle 291. A Contracting State shall designate a Central Authority to discharge the duties which are imposed by the Convention on such authorities.2. Federal States, States with more than one system of law or States having autonomous territorial units shall be free to appoint more than one Central Authority and to specify the territorial or personal extent of their functions. Where a State has appointed more than one Central Authority, it shall designate the Central Authority to which any communication may be addressed for transmission to the appropriate Central Authority within that State.Article 301. Central Authorities shall cooperate with each other and promote cooperation amongst the competent authorities in their States to achieve the purposes of the Convention.2. They shall, in connection with the application of the Convention, take appropriate steps to provide information as to the laws of, and services available in, their States relating to the protection of children.Article 31The Central Authority of a Contracting State, either directly or through public authorities or other bodies, shall take all appropriate steps to:(a) facilitate the communications and offer the assistance provided for in Articles 8 and 9 and in this Chapter;(b) facilitate, by mediation, conciliation or similar means, agreed solutions for the protection of the person or property of the child in situations to which the Convention applies;(c) provide, on the request of a competent authority of another Contracting State, assistance in discovering the whereabouts of a child where it appears that State for a period of at least one year after the person, institution or other body having rights of custody has or should have had knowledge of the whereabouts of the child, no request for return lodged within that period is still pending, and the child is settled in his or her new environment.2. The removal or the retention of a child is to be considered wrongful where:(a) it is in breach of rights of custody attributed to a person, an institution or any other body, either jointly or alone, under the law of the State in which the child was habitually resident immediately before the removal or retention; and(b) at the time of removal or retention those rights were actually exercised, either jointly or alone, or would have been so exercised but for the removal or retention.The rights of custody mentioned in subparagraph a above, may arise in particular by operation of law or by reason of a judicial or administrative decision, or by reason of an agreement having legal effect under the law of that State.3. So long as the authorities first mentioned in paragraph 1 keep their jurisdiction, the authorities of the Contracting State to which the child has been removed or in which he or she has been retained can take only such urgent measures under Article 11 as are necessary for the protection of the person or property of the child.Article 81. By way of exception, the authority of a Contracting State having jurisdiction under Article 5 or Article 6, if it considers that the authority of another Contracting State would be better placed in the particular case to assess the best interests of the child, may either:- request that other authority, directly or with the assistance of the Central Authority of its State, to assume jurisdiction to take such measures of protection as it considers to be necessary, or- suspend consideration of the case and invite the parties to introduce such a request before the authority of that other State.2. The Contracting States whose authorities may be addressed as provided in the preceding paragraph are:(a) a State of which the child is a national;(b) a State in which property of the child is located;(c) a State whose authorities are seised of an application for divorce or legal separation of the child's parents, or for annulment of their marriage;(d) a State with which the child has a substantial connection.3. The authorities concerned may proceed to an exchange of views.4. The authority addressed as provided in paragraph 1 may assume jurisdiction, in place of the authority having jurisdiction under Article 5 or Article 6, if it considers that this is in the child's best interests.Article 91. If the authorities of a Contracting State referred to in Article 8(2), consider that they are better placed in the particular case to assess the child's best interests, they may either:- request the competent authority of the Contracting State of the habitual residence of the child, directly or with the assistance of the Central Authority of that State, that they be authorised to exercise jurisdiction to take the measures of protection which they consider to be necessary, or- invite the parties to introduce such a request before the authority of the Contracting State of the habitual residence of the child.2. The authorities concerned may proceed to an exchange of views.3. The authority initiating the request may exercise jurisdiction in place of the authority of the Contracting State of the habitual residence of the child only if the latter authority has accepted the request.Article 101. Without prejudice to Articles 5 to 9, the authorities of a Contracting State exercising jurisdiction to decide upon an application for divorce or legal separation of the parents of a child habitually resident in another Contracting State, or for annulment of their marriage, may, if the law of their State so provides, take measures directed to the protection of the person or property of such child if:(a) at the time of commencement of the proceedings, one of his or her parents habitually resides in that State and one of them has parental responsibility in relation to the child, and(b) the jurisdiction of these authorities to take such measures has been accepted by the parents, as well as by any other person who has parental responsibility in relation to the child, and is in the best interests of the child.2. The jurisdiction provided for by paragraph 1 to take measures for the protection of the child ceases as soon as the decision allowing or refusing the application for divorce, legal separation or annulment of the marriage has become final, or the proceedings have come to an end for another reason.Article 111. In all cases of urgency, the authorities of any Contracting State, in whose territory the child or property belonging to the child is present, have jurisdiction to take any necessary measures of protection.2. The measures taken under the preceding paragraph with regard to a child habitually resident in a Contracting State shall lapse as soon as the authorities which have jurisdiction under Articles 5 to 10 have taken the measures required by the situation.3. The measures taken under paragraph 1 with regard to a child who is habitually resident in a non-Contracting State of International Child Abduction, as between Parties to both Conventions. Nothing, however, precludes provisions of this Convention from being invoked for the purposes of obtaining the return of a child who has been wrongfully removed or retained or of organising access rights.Article 51In relations between the Contracting States, this Convention replaces the Convention of 5 October 1961 concerning the powers of authorities and the law applicable in respect of the protection of minors, and the Convention governing the guardianship of minors, signed at The Hague 12 June 1902, without prejudice to the recognition of measures taken under the Convention of 5 October 1961 mentioned above.Article 521. This Convention does not affect any international instrument to which Contracting States are Parties and which contains provisions on matters governed by the Convention, unless a contrary declaration is made by the States, Parties to such instrument.2. This Convention does not affect the possibility for one or more Contracting States to conclude agreements which contain, in respect of children habitually resident in any of the States, Parties to such agreements, provisions on matters governed by this Convention.3. Agreements to be concluded by one or more Contracting States on matters within the scope of this Convention do not affect, in the relationship of such States with other Contracting States, the application of the provisions of this Convention.4. The preceding paragraphs also apply to uniform laws based on special ties of a regional or other nature between the States concerned.Article 531. The Convention shall apply to measures only if they are taken in a State after the Convention has entered into force for that State.2. The Convention shall apply to the recognition and enforcement of measures taken after its entry into force as between the State where the measures have been taken and the requested State.Article 541. Any communication sent to the Central Authority or to another authority of a Contracting State shall be in the original language, and shall be accompanied by a translation into the official language or one of the official languages of the other State or, where that is not feasible, a translation into French or English.2. However, a Contracting State may, by making a reservation in accordance with Article 60, object to the use of either French or English, but not both.Article 551. A Contracting State may, in accordance with Article 60:(a) reserve the jurisdiction of its authorities to take measures directed to the protection of property of a child situated on its territory;(b) reserve the right not to recognise any parental responsibility or measure in so far as it is incompatible with any measure taken by its authorities in relation to that property.2. The reservation may be restricted to certain categories of property.Article 56The Secretary General of The Hague Conference on Private International Law shall at regular intervals convoke a Special Commission in order to review the practical operation of the Convention.CHAPTER VIIFINAL CLAUSESArticle 571. The Convention shall be open for signature by the States which were Members of The Hague Conference on Private International Law at the time of its eighteenth session.2. It shall be ratified, accepted or approved and the instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval shall be deposited with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, depositary of the Convention.Article 581. Any other State may accede to the Convention after it has entered into force in accordance with Article 61, paragraph 1.2. The instrument of accession shall be deposited with the depositary.3. Such accession shall have effect only as regards the relations between the acceding State and those Contracting States which have not raised an objection to its accession in the six months after the receipt of the notification referred to in Article 63(b). Such an objection may also be raised by States at the time when they ratify, accept or approve the Convention after an accession. Any such objection shall be notified to the depositary.Article 591. If a State has two or more territorial units in which different systems of law are applicable in relation to matters dealt with in this Convention, it may at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession declare that the Convention shall extend to all its territorial units or only to one or more of them and may modify this declaration by submitting another declaration at any time.2. Any such declaration shall be notified to the depositary and shall state expressly the territorial units to which the Convention applies.3. If a State makes no declaration under this Article, the Convention is to extend to all territorial units of that State.Article 601. Any State may, not later than the time of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, or at the time of making a declaration in terms of Article 59, make one or both of the reservations provided for in Article 54(2), and Article 55. No other reservation shall be permitted.2. Any State may at any time withdraw a reservation it has made. The withdrawal shall be notified to the depositary.3. The reservation shall cease to have effect on the first day of the third calendar month after the notification referred to in the preceding protection has been taken, may deliver to the person having parental responsibility or to the person entrusted with protection of the child's person or property, at his or her request, a certificate indicating the capacity in which that person is entitled to act and the powers conferred upon him or her.2. The capacity and powers indicated in the certificate are presumed to be vested in that person, in the absence of proof to the contrary.3. Each Contracting State shall designate the authorities competent to draw up the certificate.Article 41Personal data gathered or transmitted under the Convention shall be used only for the purposes for which they were gathered or transmitted.Article 42The authorities to whom information is transmitted shall ensure its confidentiality, in accordance with the law of their State.Article 43All documents forwarded or delivered under this Convention shall be exempt from legalisation or any analogous formality.Article 44Each Contracting State may designate the authorities to which requests under Articles 8, 9 and 33 are to be addressed.Article 451. The designations referred to in Articles 29 and 44 shall be communicated to the Permanent Bureau of The Hague Conference on Private International Law.2. The declaration referred to in Article 34(2), shall be made to the depositary of the Convention.Article 46A Contracting State in which different systems of law or sets of rules of law apply to the protection of the child and his or her property shall not be bound to apply the rules of the Convention to conflicts solely between such different systems or sets of rules of law.Article 47In relation to a State in which two or more systems of law or sets of rules of law with regard to any matter dealt with in this Convention apply in different territorial units:1. any reference to habitual residence in that State shall be construed as referring to habitual residence in a territorial unit;2. any reference to the presence of the child in that State shall be construed as referring to presence in a territorial unit;3. any reference to the location of property of the child in that State shall be construed as referring to location of property of the child in a territorial unit;4. any reference to the State of which the child is a national shall be construed as referring to the territorial unit designated by the law of that State or, in the absence of relevant rules, to the territorial unit with which the child has the closest connection;5. any reference to the State whose authorities are seised of an application for divorce or legal separation of the child's parents, or for annulment of their marriage, shall be construed as referring to the territorial unit whose authorities are seised of such application;6. any reference to the State with which the child has a substantial connection shall be construed as referring to the territorial unit with which the child has such a connection;7. any reference to the State to which the child has been removed or in which he or she has been retained shall be construed as referring to the relevant territorial unit to which the child has been removed or in which he or she has been retained;8. any reference to bodies or authorities of that State, other than Central Authorities, shall be construed as referring to those authorised to act in the relevant territorial unit;9. any reference to the law or procedure or authority of the State in which a measure has been taken shall be construed as referring to the law or procedure or authority of the territorial unit in which such measure was taken;10. any reference to the law or procedure or authority of the requested State shall be construed as referring to the law or procedure or authority of the territorial unit in which recognition or enforcement is sought.Article 48For the purpose of identifying the applicable law under Chapter III, in relation to a State which comprises two or more territorial units each of which has its own system of law or set of rules of law in respect of matters covered by this Convention, the following rules apply:(a) if there are rules in force in such a State identifying which territorial unit's law is applicable, the law of that unit applies;(b) in the absence of such rules, the law of the relevant territorial unit as defined in Article 47 applies.Article 49For the purpose of identifying the applicable law under Chapter III, in relation to a State which has two or more systems of law or sets of rules of law applicable to different categories of persons in respect of matters covered by this Convention, the following rules apply:(a) if there are rules in force in such a State identifying which among such laws applies, that law applies;(b) in the absence of such rules, the law of the system or the set of rules of law with which the child has the closest connection applies.Article 50This Convention shall not affect the application of the Convention of 25 October 1980 on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, as between Parties to both Conventions. Nothing, however, precludes provisions of this Convention from being invoked for the purposes of obtaining the return of a child who has been wrongfully removed or retained or of organising access rights.Article 51In relations between the Contracting States, this Convention replaces