en los planos bilateral, regional o internacional. 4. Los Estados Parte podrán celebrar acuerdos o arreglos bilaterales o multilaterales sobre asistencia material y logística, teniendo en cuenta los arreglos financieros necesarios para hacer efectiva la cooperación internacional prevista en la presente Convención y para prevenir, detectar y combatir la delincuencia organizada transnacional. Artículo 31 Prevención 1. Los Estados Parte procurarán formular y evaluar proyectos nacionales y establecer y promover prácticas y políticas óptimas para la prevención de la delincuencia organizada transnacional. 2. Los Estados Parte procurarán, de conformidad con los principios fundamentales de su derecho interno, reducir las oportunidades actuales o futuras de que dispongan los grupos delictivos organizados para participar en mercados lícitos con el producto del delito adoptando oportunamente medidas legislativas, administrativas o de otra índole. Estas medidas deberían centrarse en: a) el fortalecimiento de la cooperación entre los organismos encargados de hacer cumplir la ley o el ministerio público y las entidades privadas pertinentes, incluida la industria; b) la promoción de la elaboración de normas y procedimientos concebidos para salvaguardar la integridad de las entidades públicas y de las entidades privadas interesadas, así como códigos de conducta para profesiones pertinentes, en particular para los abogados, notarios públicos, asesores fiscales y contadores; c) la prevención de la utilización indebida por parte de grupos delictivos organizados de licitaciones públicas y de subsidios y licencias concedidos por autoridades públicas para realizar actividades comerciales; d) la prevención de la utilización indebida de personas jurídicas por parte de grupos delictivos organizados; a este respecto, dichas medidas podrían incluir las siguientes: i) el establecimiento de registros públicos de personas jurídicas y naturales involucradas en la constitución, la gestión y la financiación de personas jurídicas, ii) la posibilidad de inhabilitar por mandato judicial o cualquier medio apropiado durante un período razonable a las personas condenadas por delitos comprendidos en la presente Convención para actuar como directores de personas jurídicas constituidas en sus respectivas jurisdicciones, iii) el establecimiento de registros nacionales de personas inhabilitadas para actuar como directores de personas jurídicas, y iv) el intercambio de información contenida en los registros mencionados en los incisos i) y iii) del presente apartado con las autoridades competentes de otros Estados Parte. 3. Los Estados Parte procurarán promover la reintegración social de las personas condenadas por delitos comprendidos en la presente Convención. 4. Los Estados Parte procurarán evaluar periódicamente los instrumentos jurídicos y las prácticas administrativas pertinentes vigentes a fin de detectar si existe el peligro de que sean utilizados indebidamente por grupos delictivos organizados. 5. Los Estados Parte procurarán sensibilizar a la opinión pública con respecto a la existencia, las causas y la gravedad de la delincuencia
treaties, agreements and arrangements of the requested State Party with respect to investigations, prosecutions and judicial proceedings in relation to the offences for which a legal person may be held liable in accordance with Article 10 of this Convention in the requesting State Party. 3. Mutual legal assistance to be afforded in accordance with this Article may be requested for any of the following purposes: (a) taking evidence or statements from persons; (b) effecting service of judicial documents; (c) executing searches and seizures, and freezing; (d) examining objects and sites; (e) providing information, evidentiary items and expert evaluations; (f) providing originals or certified copies of relevant documents and records, including government, bank, financial, corporate or business records; (g) identifying or tracing proceeds of crime, property, instrumentalities or other things for evidentiary purposes; (h) facilitating the voluntary appearance of persons in the requesting State Party; (i) any other type of assistance that is not contrary to the domestic law of the requested State Party. 4. Without prejudice to domestic law, the competent authorities of a State Party may, without prior request, transmit information relating to criminal matters to a competent authority in another State Party where they believe that such information could assist the authority in undertaking or successfully concluding inquiries and criminal proceedings or could result in a request formulated by the latter State Party pursuant to this Convention. 5. The transmission of information pursuant to paragraph 4 of this Article shall be without prejudice to inquiries and criminal proceedings in the State of the competent authorities providing the information. The competent authorities receiving the information shall comply with a request that said information remain confidential, even temporarily, or with restrictions on its use. However, this shall not prevent the receiving State Party from disclosing in its proceedings information that is exculpatory to an accused person. In such a case, the receiving State Party shall notify the transmitting State Party prior to the disclosure and, if so requested, consult with the transmitting State Party. If, in an exceptional case, advance notice is not possible, the receiving State Party shall inform the transmitting State Party of the disclosure without delay. 6. The provisions of this Article shall not affect the obligations under any other treaty, bilateral or multilateral, that governs or will govern, in whole or in part, mutual legal assistance. 7. Paragraphs 9 to 29 of this Article shall apply to requests made pursuant to this Article if the States Parties in question are not bound by a treaty of mutual legal assistance. If those States Parties are bound by such a treaty, the corresponding provisions of that treaty shall apply unless the States Parties agree to apply paragraphs 9 to 29 of this Article in lieu thereof. States Parties are strongly encouraged to apply these paragraphs if they facilitate cooperation. 8. States Parties shall not decline to render mutual legal assistance pursuant to this Article on the ground of bank secrecy. 9. States Parties may decline to render mutual legal assistance pursuant to this Article on the ground of absence of dual criminality. However, the requested State Party may, when it deems appropriate, provide assistance, to the extent it decides at its discretion, irrespective of whether the conduct would constitute an offence under the domestic law of the requested State Party. 10. A person who is being detained or is serving a sentence in the territory of one State Party whose presence in another State Party is requested for purposes of identification, testimony or otherwise providing assistance in obtaining evidence for investigations, prosecutions or judicial proceedings in relation to offences covered by this Convention may be transferred if the following conditions are met: (a) the person freely gives his or her informed consent; (b) the competent authorities of both States Parties agree, subject to such conditions as those States Parties may deem appropriate. 11. For the purposes of paragraph 10 of this Article: (a) the State Party to which the person is transferred shall have the authority and obligation to keep the person transferred in custody, unless otherwise requested or authorised by the State Party from which the person was transferred; (b) the State Party to which the person is transferred shall without delay implement its obligation to return the person to the custody of the State Party from which the person was transferred as agreed beforehand, or as otherwise agreed, by the competent authorities of both States Parties; (c) the State Party to which the person is transferred shall not require the State Party from which the person was transferred to initiate extradition proceedings for the return of the person; (d) the person transferred shall receive credit for service of the sentence being served in the State from which he or she was transferred for time spent in the custody of the State Party to which he or she was transferred. 12. Unless the State Party from which a person is to be transferred in accordance with paragraphs 10 and 11 of this Article so agrees, that person, whatever his or her nationality, shall lorsque l'acte correspondant est une infraction pénale en vertu du droit interne de l'État où il a été commis et constituerait une infraction pénale en vertu du droit interne de l'État partie appliquant le présent article s'il avait été commis sur son territoire; d) chaque État partie remet au secrétaire général de l'Organisation des Nations unies une copie de ses lois qui donnent effet au présent article, ainsi qu'une copie de toute modification ultérieurement apportée à ces lois ou une description de ces lois et modifications ultérieures; e) lorsque les principes fondamentaux du droit interne d'un État partie l'exigent, il peut être disposé que les infractions énoncées au paragraphe 1 ne s'appliquent pas aux personnes qui ont commis l'infraction principale; f) la connaissance, l'intention ou la motivation, en tant qu'éléments constitutifs d'une infraction énoncée au paragraphe 1, peuvent être déduites de circonstances factuelles objectives. Article 7 Mesures de lutte contre le blanchiment d'argent 1. Chaque État partie: a) institue un régime interne complet de réglementation et de contrôle des banques et institutions financières non bancaires, ainsi que, le cas échéant, des autres entités particulièrement exposées au blanchiment d'argent, dans les limites de sa compétence, afin de prévenir et de détecter toutes formes de blanchiment d'argent, lequel régime met l'accent sur les exigences en matière d'identification des clients, d'enregistrement des opérations et de déclaration des opérations suspectes; b) s'assure, sans préjudice des articles 18 et 27 de la présente convention, que les autorités administratives, de réglementation, de détection et de répression et autres, chargées de la lutte contre le blanchiment d'argent (y compris, quand son droit interne le prévoit, les autorités judiciaires) sont en mesure de coopérer et d'échanger des informations aux niveaux national et international, dans les conditions définies par son droit interne et, à cette fin, envisage la création d'un service de renseignement financier qui fera office de centre national de collecte, d'analyse et de diffusion d'informations concernant d'éventuelles opérations de blanchiment d'argent. 2. Les États parties envisagent de mettre en oeuvre des mesures réalisables de détection et de surveillance du mouvement transfrontière d'espèces et de titres négociables appropriés, sous réserve de garanties permettant d'assurer une utilisation correcte des informations et sans entraver d'aucune façon la circulation des capitaux licites. Il peut être notamment fait obligation aux particuliers et aux entreprises de signaler les transferts transfrontières de quantités importantes d'espèces et de titres négociables appropriés. 3. Lorsqu'ils instituent un régime interne de réglementation et de contrôle aux termes du présent article, et sans préjudice de tout autre article de la présente convention, les États parties sont invités à prendre pour lignes directrices les initiatives pertinentes prises par les organisations régionales, interrégionales et multilatérales pour lutter contre le blanchiment d'argent. 4. Les États parties s'efforcent de développer et de promouvoir la either or both of the following as criminal offences distinct from those involving the attempt or completion of the criminal activity: (i) agreeing with one or more other persons to commit a serious crime for a purpose relating directly or indirectly to the obtaining of a financial or other material benefit and, where required by domestic law, involving an act undertaken by one of the participants in furtherance of the agreement or involving an organised criminal group; (ii) conduct by a person who, with knowledge of either the aim and general criminal activity of an organised criminal group or its intention to commit the crimes in question, takes an active part in: a. criminal activities of the organised criminal group; b. other activities of the organised criminal group in the knowledge that his or her participation will contribute to the achievement of the above-described criminal aim; (b) organising, directing, aiding, abetting, facilitating or counselling the commission of serious crime involving an organised criminal group. 2. The knowledge, intent, aim, purpose or agreement referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article may be inferred from objective factual circumstances. 3. States Parties whose domestic law requires involvement of an organised criminal group for purposes of the offences established in accordance with paragraph 1(a)(i) of this article shall ensure that their domestic law covers all serious crimes involving organised criminal groups. Such States Parties, as well as States Parties whose domestic law requires an act in furtherance of the agreement for purposes of the offences established in accordance with paragraph 1(a) (i) of this article, shall so inform the Secretary-General of the United Nations at the time of their signature or of deposit of their instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval of or accession to this Convention. Article 6 Criminalisation of the laundering of proceeds of crime 1. Each State Party shall adopt, in accordance with fundamental principles of its domestic law, such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as criminal offences, when committed intentionally: (a) (i) the conversion or transfer of property, knowing that such property is the proceeds of crime, for the purpose of concealing or disguising the illicit origin of the property or of helping any person who is involved in the commission of the predicate offence to evade the legal consequences of his or her action; (ii) the concealment or disguise of the true nature, source, location, disposition, movement or ownership of or rights with respect to property, knowing that such property is the proceeds of crime; (b) subject to the basic concepts of its legal system: (i) the acquisition, possession or use of property, knowing, at the time of receipt, that such property is the proceeds of crime; (ii) participation in, association with or conspiracy to commit, attempts to commit and aiding, abetting, facilitating and counselling the commission of any of the offences established in accordance with this Article. 2. For purposes of implementing or applying paragraph 1 of this Article: (a) each State Party shall seek to apply paragraph 1 of this Article to the widest range of predicate offences; (b) each State Party shall include as predicate offences all serious crime as defined in Article 2 of this Convention and the offences established in accordance with Articles 5, 8 and 23 of this Convention. In the case of States Parties whose legislation sets out a list of specific predicate offences, they shall, at a minimum, include in such list a comprehensive range of offences associated with organised criminal groups; (c) for the purposes of subparagraph (b), predicate offences shall include offences committed both within and outside the jurisdiction of the State Party in question. However, offences committed outside the jurisdiction of a State Party shall constitute predicate offences only when the relevant conduct is a criminal offence under the domestic law of the State where it is committed and would be a criminal offence under the domestic law of the State Party implementing or applying this Article had it been committed there; (d) each State Party shall furnish copies of its laws that give effect to this Article and of any subsequent changes to such laws or a description thereof to the Secretary-General of the United Nations; (e) if required by fundamental principles of the domestic law of a State Party, it may be provided that the offences set forth in paragraph 1 of this Article do not apply to the persons who committed the predicate offence; (f) knowledge, intent or purpose required as an element of an offence set forth in paragraph 1 of this Article may be inferred from objective factual circumstances. Article 7 Measures to combat money-laundering 1. Each State Party: (a) shall institute a comprehensive domestic regulatory and supervisory regime for banks and non-bank financial institutions and, where appropriate, other bodies particularly susceptible to money-laundering, within its competence, in order to exceptional case, advance notice is not possible, the requesting State Party shall inform the requested State Party of the disclosure without delay. 20. The requesting State Party may require that the requested State Party keep confidential the fact and substance of the request, except to the extent necessary to execute the request. If the requested State Party cannot comply with the requirement of confidentiality, it shall promptly inform the requesting State Party. 21. Mutual legal assistance may be refused: (a) if the request is not made in conformity with the provisions of this Article; (b) if the requested State Party considers that execution of the request is likely to prejudice its sovereignty, security, public order or other essential interests; (c) if the authorities of the requested State Party would be prohibited by its domestic law from carrying out the action requested with regard to any similar offence, had it been subject to investigation, prosecution or judicial proceedings under their own jurisdiction; (d) if it would be contrary to the legal system of the requested State Party relating to mutual legal assistance for the request to be granted. 22. States Parties may not refuse a request for mutual legal assistance on the sole ground that the offence is also considered to involve fiscal matters. 23. Reasons shall be given for any refusal of mutual legal assistance. 24. The requested State Party shall execute the request for mutual legal assistance as soon as possible and shall take as full account as possible of any deadlines suggested by the requesting State Party and for which reasons are given, preferably in the request. The requested State Party shall respond to reasonable requests by the requesting State Party on progress of its handling of the request. The requesting State Party shall promptly inform the requested State Party when the assistance sought is no longer required. 25. Mutual legal assistance may be postponed by the requested State Party on the ground that it interferes with an ongoing investigation, prosecution or judicial proceeding. 26. Before refusing a request pursuant to paragraph 21 of this Article or postponing its execution pursuant to paragraph 25 of this Article, the requested State Party shall consult with the requesting State Party to consider whether assistance may be granted subject to such terms and conditions as it deems necessary. If the requesting State Party accepts assistance subject to those conditions, it shall comply with the conditions. 27. Without prejudice to the application of paragraph 12 of this Article, a witness, expert or other person who, at the request of the requesting State Party, consents to give evidence in a proceeding or to assist in an investigation, prosecution or judicial proceeding in the territory of the requesting State Party shall not be prosecuted, detained, punished or subjected to any other restriction of his or her personal liberty in that territory in respect of acts, omissions or convictions prior to his or her departure from the territory of the requested State Party. Such safe conduct shall cease when the witness, expert or other person having had, for a period of 15 consecutive days or for any period agreed upon by the States Parties from the date on which he or she has been officially informed that his or her presence is no longer required by the judicial authorities, an opportunity of leaving, has nevertheless remained voluntarily in the territory of the requesting State Party or, having left it, has returned of his or her own free will. 28. The ordinary costs of executing a request shall be borne by the requested State Party, unless otherwise agreed by the States Parties concerned. If expenses of a substantial or extraordinary nature are or will be required to fulfil the request, the States Parties shall consult to determine the terms and conditions under which the request will be executed, as well as the manner in which the costs shall be borne. 29. The requested State Party: (a) shall provide to the requesting State Party copies of government records, documents or information in its possession that under its domestic law are available to the general public; (b) may, at its discretion, provide to the requesting State Party in whole, in part or subject to such conditions as it deems appropriate, copies of any government records, documents or information in its possession that under its domestic law are not available to the general public. 30. States Parties shall consider, as may be necessary, the possibility of concluding bilateral or multilateral agreements or arrangements that would serve the purposes of, give practical effect to or enhance the provisions of this Article. Article 19 Joint investigations States Parties shall consider concluding bilateral or multilateral agreements or arrangements whereby, in relation to matters that are the subject of investigations, prosecutions or judicial proceedings in one or more States, the competent authorities concerned may establish joint investigative bodies. In the absence of such agreements or arrangements, joint investigations may be undertaken by agreement on a case-by-case basis. The States Parties involved shall ensure that the sovereignty of the State Party in whose territory such investigation is to take place is fully respected. Article 20 Special investigative techniques 1. If permitted by the