pour faire face à la criminalité transnationale organisée perpétrée au moyen de techniques modernes. Article 28 Collecte, échange et analyse d'informations sur la nature de la criminalité organisée 1. Chaque État partie envisage d'analyser, en consultation avec les milieux scientifiques et universitaires, les tendances de la criminalité organisée sur son territoire, les circonstances dans lesquelles elle opère, ainsi que les groupes professionnels et les techniques impliqués. 2. Les États parties envisagent de développer leurs capacités d'analyse des activités criminelles organisées et de les mettre en commun directement entre eux et par le biais des organisations internationales et régionales. À cet effet, des définitions, normes et méthodes communes devraient être élaborées et appliquées selon qu'il convient. 3. Chaque État partie envisage de suivre ses politiques et les mesures concrètes prises pour combattre la criminalité organisée et d'évaluer leur mise en oeuvre et leur efficacité. Article 29 Formation et assistance technique 1. Chaque État partie établit, développe ou améliore, dans la mesure des besoins, des programmes de formation spécifiques à l'intention du personnel de ses services de détection et de répression, y compris des magistrats du parquet, des juges d'instruction et des agents des douanes, ainsi que d'autres personnels chargés de prévenir, de détecter et de réprimer les infractions visées par la présente convention. Ces programmes peuvent prévoir des détachements et des échanges de personnel. Ils portent en particulier, dans la mesure où le droit interne l'autorise, sur les points suivants: a) méthodes employées pour prévenir, détecter et combattre les infractions visées par la présente convention; b) itinéraires empruntés et techniques employées par les personnes soupçonnées d'implication dans des infractions visées par la présente convention, y compris dans les États de transit, et mesures de lutte appropriées; c) surveillance du mouvement des produits de contrebande; d) détection et surveillance du mouvement du produit du crime, des biens, des matériels ou des autres instruments, et méthodes de transfert, de dissimulation ou de déguisement de ce produit, de ces biens, de ces matériels ou de ces autres instruments, ainsi que les méthodes de lutte contre le blanchiment d'argent et contre d'autres infractions financières; e) rassemblement des éléments de preuve; f) techniques de contrôle dans les zones franches et les ports francs; g) matériels et techniques modernes de détection et de répression, y compris la surveillance électronique, les livraisons surveillées et les opérations d'infiltration; h) méthodes utilisées pour combattre la criminalité transnationale organisée perpétrée au moyen d'ordinateurs, de réseaux de télécommunication ou d'autres techniques modernes, et i) méthodes utilisées pour la protection des victimes et des témoins. 2. Les États parties s'entraident pour planifier et exécuter des programmes de recherche et de formation conçus pour échanger des connaissances spécialisées dans les domaines visés au paragraphe 1 et, à cette fin, mettent aussi à profit, lorsqu'il y a lieu, des conférences et séminaires régionaux et
submit the request to its competent authorities for the purpose of obtaining an order of confiscation and, if such an order is granted, give effect to it; or (b) submit to its competent authorities, with a view to giving effect to it to the extent requested, an order of confiscation issued by a court in the territory of the requesting State Party in accordance with Article 12(1), of this Convention insofar as it relates to proceeds of crime, property, equipment or other instrumentalities referred to in Article 12(1), situated in the territory of the requested State Party. 2. Following a request made by another State Party having jurisdiction over an offence covered by this Convention, the requested State Party shall take measures to identify, trace and freeze or seize proceeds of crime, property, equipment or other instrumentalities referred to in Article 12(1), of this Convention for the purpose of eventual confiscation to be ordered either by the requesting State Party or, pursuant to a request under paragraph 1 of this Article, by the requested State Party. 3. The provisions of Article 18 of this Convention are applicable, mutatis mutandis, to this Article. In addition to the information specified in Article 18(15), requests made pursuant to this Article shall contain: (a) in the case of a request pertaining to paragraph 1(a) of this Article, a description of the property to be confiscated and a statement of the facts relied upon by the requesting State Party sufficient to enable the requested State Party to seek the order under its domestic law; (b) in the case of a request pertaining to paragraph 1(b) of this Article, a legally admissible copy of an order of confiscation upon which the request is based issued by the requesting State Party, a statement of the facts and information as to the extent to which execution of the order is requested; (c) in the case of a request pertaining to paragraph 2 of this Article, a statement of the facts relied upon by the requesting State Party and a description of the actions requested. 4. The decisions or actions provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article shall be taken by the requested State Party in accordance with and subject to the provisions of its domestic law and its procedural rules or any bilateral or multilateral treaty, agreement or arrangement to which it may be bound in relation to the requesting State Party. 5. Each State Party shall furnish copies of its laws and regulations that give effect to this Article and of any subsequent changes to such laws and regulations or a description thereof to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. 6. If a State Party elects to make the taking of the measures referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article conditional on the existence of a relevant treaty, that State Party shall consider this Convention the necessary and sufficient treaty basis. 7. Cooperation under this Article may be refused by a State Party if the offence to which the request relates is not an offence covered by this Convention. 8. The provisions of this Article shall not be construed to prejudice the rights of bona fide third parties. 9. States Parties shall consider concluding bilateral or multilateral treaties, agreements or arrangements to enhance the effectiveness of international cooperation undertaken pursuant to this Article. Article 14 Disposal of confiscated proceeds of crime or property 1. Proceeds of crime or property confiscated by a State Party pursuant to Articles 12 or 13(1), of this Convention shall be disposed of by that State Party in accordance with its domestic law and administrative procedures. 2. When acting on the request made by another State Party in accordance with Article 13 of this Convention, States Parties shall, to the extent permitted by domestic law and if so requested, give priority consideration to returning the confiscated proceeds of crime or property to the requesting State Party so that it can give compensation to the victims of the crime or return such proceeds of crime or property to their legitimate owners. 3. When acting on the request made by another State Party in accordance with Articles 12 and 13 of this Convention, a State Party may give special consideration to concluding agreements or arrangements on: (a) contributing the value of such proceeds of crime or property or funds derived from the sale of such proceeds of crime or property or a part thereof to the account designated in accordance with Article 30(2)(c), of this Convention and to intergovernmental bodies specialising in the fight against organised crime; (b) sharing with other States Parties, on a regular or case-by-case basis, such proceeds of crime or property, or funds derived from the sale of such proceeds of crime or property, in accordance with its domestic law or administrative procedures. Article 15 Jurisdiction 1. Each State Party shall adopt such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offences established in accordance with Articles 5, 6, 8 and 23 of this Convention 7 Measures to combat money-laundering 1. Each State Party: (a) shall institute a comprehensive domestic regulatory and supervisory regime for banks and non-bank financial institutions and, where appropriate, other bodies particularly susceptible to money-laundering, within its competence, in order to deter and detect all forms of money-laundering, which regime shall emphasise requirements for customer identification, record-keeping and the reporting of suspicious transactions; (b) shall, without prejudice to Articles 18 and 27 of this Convention, ensure that administrative, regulatory, law enforcement and other authorities dedicated to combating money-laundering (including, where appropriate under domestic law, judicial authorities) have the ability to cooperate and exchange information at the national and international levels within the conditions prescribed by its domestic law and, to that end, shall consider the establishment of a financial intelligence unit to serve as a national centre for the collection, analysis and dissemination of information regarding potential money-laundering. 2. States Parties shall consider implementing feasible measures to detect and monitor the movement of cash and appropriate negotiable instruments across their borders, subject to safeguards to ensure proper use of information and without impeding in any way the movement of legitimate capital. Such measures may include a requirement that individuals and businesses report the cross-border transfer of substantial quantities of cash and appropriate negotiable instruments. 3. In establishing a domestic regulatory and supervisory regime under the terms of this Article, and without prejudice to any other Article of this Convention, States Parties are called upon to use as a guideline the relevant initiatives of regional, interregional and multilateral organisations against money-laundering. 4. States Parties shall endeavour to develop and promote global, regional, subregional and bilateral cooperation among judicial, law enforcement and financial regulatory authorities in order to combat money-laundering. Article 8 Criminalisation of corruption 1. Each State Party shall adopt such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as criminal offences, when committed intentionally: (a) the promise, offering or giving to a public official, directly or indirectly, of an undue advantage, for the official himself or herself or another person or entity, in order that the official act or refrain from acting in the exercise of his or her official duties; (b) t he solicitation or acceptance by a public official, directly or indirectly, of an undue advantage, for the official himself or herself or another person or entity, in order that the official act or refrain from acting in the exercise of his or her official duties. 2. Each State Party shall consider adopting such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as criminal offences conduct referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article involving a foreign public official or international civil servant. Likewise, each State Party shall consider establishing as criminal offences other forms of corruption. 3. Each State Party shall also adopt such measures as may be necessary to establish as a criminal offence participation as an accomplice in an offence established in accordance with this Article. 4. For the purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article and Article 9 of this Convention, «public official» shall mean a public official or a person who provides a public service as defined in the domestic law and as applied in the criminal law of the State Party in which the person in question performs that function. Article 9 Measures against corruption 1. In addition to the measures set forth in Article 8 of this Convention, each State Party shall, to the extent appropriate and consistent with its legal system, adopt legislative, administrative or other effective measures to promote integrity and to prevent, detect and punish the corruption of public officials. 2. Each State Party shall take measures to ensure effective action by its authorities in the prevention, detection and punishment of the corruption of public officials, including providing such authorities with adequate independence to deter the exertion of inappropriate influence on their actions. Article 10 Liability of legal persons 1. Each State Party shall adopt such measures as may be necessary, consistent with its legal principles, to establish the liability of legal persons for participation in serious crimes involving an organised criminal group and for the offences established in accordance with Articles 5, 6, 8 and 23 of this Convention. 2. Subject to the legal principles of the State Party, the liability of legal persons may be criminal, civil or administrative. 3. Such liability shall be without prejudice to the criminal liability of the natural persons who have committed the offences. 4. Each State Party shall, in particular, ensure that legal persons held liable in accordance with this Article are subject to effective, proportionate and dissuasive criminal or non-criminal sanctions, including monetary sanctions. Article 11 Prosecution, adjudication and sanctions 1. Each State Party shall make the commission of an offence established in accordance with Articles 5, 6, 8 and 23 of this material y, cuando así lo prescriba el derecho interno, que entrañe un acto perpetrado por uno de los participantes para llevar adelante ese acuerdo o que entrañe la participación de un grupo delictivo organizado, ii) la conducta de toda persona que, a sabiendas de la finalidad y actividad delictiva general de un grupo delictivo organizado o de su intención de cometer los delitos en cuestión, participe activamente en: a. actividades ilícitas del grupo delictivo organizado, b. otras actividades del grupo delictivo organizado, a sabiendas de que su participación contribuirá al logro de la finalidad delictiva antes descrita; b) la organización, dirección, ayuda, incitación, facilitación o asesoramiento en aras de la comisión de un delito grave que entrañe la participación de un grupo delictivo organizado. 2. El conocimiento, la intención, la finalidad, el propósito o el acuerdo a que se refiere el párrafo 1 del presente artículo podrán inferirse de circunstancias fácticas objetivas. 3. Los Estados Parte cuyo derecho interno requiera la participación de un grupo delictivo organizado para la penalización de los delitos tipificados con arreglo al inciso i) del apartado a) del párrafo 1 del presente artículo velarán por que su derecho interno comprenda todos los delitos graves que entrañen la participación de grupos delictivos organizados. Esos Estados Parte, así como los Estados Parte cuyo derecho interno requiera la comisión de un acto que tenga por objeto llevar adelante el acuerdo concertado con el propósito de cometer los delitos tipificados con arreglo al inciso i) del apartado a) del párrafo 1 del presente artículo, lo notificarán al Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas en el momento de la firma o del depósito de su instrumento de ratificación, aceptación o aprobación de la presente Convención o de adhesión a ella. Artículo 6 Penalización del blanqueo del producto del delito 1. Cada Estado Parte adoptará, de conformidad con los principios fundamentales de su derecho interno, las medidas legislativas y de otra índole que sean necesarias para tipificar como delito, cuando se cometan intencionalmente: a) i) la conversión o la transferencia de bienes, a sabiendas de que esos bienes son producto del delito, con el propósito de ocultar o disimular el origen ilícito de los bienes o ayudar a cualquier persona involucrada en la comisión del delito determinante a eludir las consecuencias jurídicas de sus actos, ii) la ocultación o disimulación de la verdadera naturaleza, origen, ubicación, disposición, movimiento o propiedad de bienes o del legítimo derecho a éstos, a sabiendas de que dichos bienes son producto del delito; b) con sujeción a los conceptos básicos de su ordenamiento jurídico: i) la adquisición, posesión o utilización de bienes, a sabiendas, en el momento de su recepción, de que son producto del delito, ii) la participación en la comisión de cualesquiera de los delitos tipificados con arreglo al of crime or property, in accordance with its domestic law or administrative procedures. Article 15 Jurisdiction 1. Each State Party shall adopt such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offences established in accordance with Articles 5, 6, 8 and 23 of this Convention when: (a) The offence is committed in the territory of that State Party; or (b) The offence is committed on board a vessel that is flying the flag of that State Party or an aircraft that is registered under the laws of that State Party at the time that the offence is committed. 2. Subject to Article 4 of this Convention, a State Party may also establish its jurisdiction over any such offence when: (a) the offence is committed against a national of that State Party; (b) the offence is committed by a national of that State Party or a stateless person who has his or her habitual residence in its territory; or (c) the offence is: (i) one of those established in accordance with Article 5(1), of this Convention and is committed outside its territory with a view to the commission of a serious crime within its territory; (ii) one of those established in accordance with Article 6(1)(b)(ii), of this Convention and is committed outside its territory with a view to the commission of an offence established in accordance with Article 6(1)(a)(i) or (ii) or (b) (i), of this Convention within its territory. 3. For the purposes of Article 16(10), of this Convention, each State Party shall adopt such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offences covered by this Convention when the alleged offender is present in its territory and it does not extradite such person solely on the ground that he or she is one of its nationals. 4. Each State Party may also adopt such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offences covered by this Convention when the alleged offender is present in its territory and it does not extradite him or her. 5. If a State Party exercising its jurisdiction under paragraph 1 or 2 of this Article has been notified, or has otherwise learned, that one or more other States Parties are conducting an investigation, prosecution or judicial proceeding in respect of the same conduct, the competent authorities of those States Parties shall, as appropriate, consult one another with a view to coordinating their actions. 6. Without prejudice to norms of general international law, this Convention does not exclude the exercise of any criminal jurisdiction established by a State Party in accordance with its domestic law. Article 16 Extradition 1. This Article shall apply to the offences covered by this Convention or in cases where an offence referred to in Article 3(1)(a) or (b), involves an organised criminal group and the person who is the subject of the request for extradition is located in the territory of the requested State Party, provided that the offence for which extradition is sought is punishable under the domestic law of both the requesting State Party and the requested State Party. 2. If the request for extradition includes several separate serious crimes, some of which are not covered by this Article, the requested State Party may apply this Article also in respect of the latter offences. 3. Each of the offences to which this Article applies shall be deemed to be included as an extraditable offence in any extradition treaty existing between States Parties. States Parties undertake to include such offences as extraditable offences in every extradition treaty to be concluded between them. 4. If a State Party that makes extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty receives a request for extradition from another State Party with which it has no extradition treaty, it may consider this Convention the legal basis for extradition in respect of any offence to which this Article applies. 5. States Parties that make extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty shall: (a) at the time of deposit of their instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval of or accession to this Convention, inform the Secretary-General of the United Nations whether they will take this Convention as the legal basis for cooperation on extradition with other States Parties to this Convention; and (b) if they do not take this Convention as the legal basis for cooperation on extradition, seek, where appropriate, to conclude treaties on extradition with other States Parties to this Convention in order to implement this Article. 6. States Parties that do not make extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty shall recognise offences to which this Article applies as extraditable offences between themselves. 7. Extradition shall be subject to the conditions provided for by the domestic law of the requested State Party or by applicable extradition treaties, including, inter alia , conditions in relation to the minimum penalty requirement for extradition and the grounds upon which the requested State Party may refuse