est l'un de ses ressortissants, est tenu, à la demande de l'État partie requérant l'extradition, de soumettre l'affaire sans retard excessif à ses autorités compétentes aux fins de poursuites. Lesdites autorités prennent leur décision et mènent les poursuites de la même manière que pour toute autre infraction grave en vertu du droit interne de cet État partie. Les États parties intéressés coopèrent entre eux, notamment en matière de procédure et de preuve, afin d'assurer l'efficacité des poursuites. 11. Lorsqu'un État partie, en vertu de son droit interne, n'est autorisé à extrader ou remettre de toute autre manière l'un de ses ressortissants que si cette personne est ensuite renvoyée dans cet État partie pour purger la peine prononcée à l'issue du procès ou de la procédure à l'origine de la demande d'extradition ou de remise, et lorsque cet État partie et l'État partie requérant s'accordent sur cette option et d'autres conditions qu'ils peuvent juger appropriées, cette extradition ou remise conditionnelle est suffisante aux fins de l'exécution de l'obligation énoncée au paragraphe 10. 12. Si l'extradition, demandée aux fins d'exécution d'une peine, est refusée parce que la personne faisant l'objet de cette demande est un ressortissant de l'État partie requis, celui-ci, si son droit interne le lui permet, en conformité avec les prescriptions de ce droit et à la demande de l'État partie requérant, envisage de faire exécuter lui-même la peine qui a été prononcée conformément au droit interne de l'État partie requérant, ou le reliquat de cette peine. 13. Toute personne faisant l'objet de poursuites en raison de l'une quelconque des infractions auxquelles le présent article s'applique se voit garantir un traitement équitable à tous les stades de la procédure, y compris la jouissance de tous les droits et de toutes les garanties prévus par le droit interne de l'État partie sur le territoire duquel elle se trouve. 14. Aucune disposition de la présente convention ne doit être interprétée comme faisant obligation à l'État partie requis d'extrader s'il a de sérieuses raisons de penser que la demande a été présentée aux fins de poursuivre ou de punir une personne en raison de son sexe, de sa race, de sa religion, de sa nationalité, de son origine ethnique ou de ses opinions politiques, ou que donner suite à cette demande causerait un préjudice à cette personne pour l'une quelconque de ces raisons. 15. Les États parties ne peuvent refuser une demande d'extradition au seul motif que l'infraction est considérée comme touchant aussi à des questions fiscales. 16. Avant de refuser l'extradition, l'État partie requis consulte, le cas échéant, l'État partie requérant afin de lui donner toute possibilité de présenter ses opinions et de donner des informations à l'appui de ses allégations. 17. Les États parties s'efforcent de conclure des accords ou arrangements bilatéraux et multilatéraux pour permettre l'extradition ou pour
United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime Article 1 Statement of purpose The purpose of this Convention is to promote cooperation to prevent and combat transnational organised crime more effectively. Article 2 Use of terms For the purposes of this Convention: (a) «organised criminal group» shall mean a structured group of three or more persons, existing for a period of time and acting in concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crimes or offences established in accordance with this Convention, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit; (b) «serious crime» shall mean conduct constituting an offence punishable by a maximum deprivation of liberty of at least four years or a more serious penalty; (c) «structured group» shall mean a group that is not randomly formed for the immediate commission of an offence and that does not need to have formally defined roles for its members, continuity of its membership or a developed structure; (d) «property» shall mean assets of every kind, whether corporeal or incorporeal, movable or immovable, tangible or intangible, and legal documents or instruments evidencing title to, or interest in, such assets; (e) «proceeds of crime» shall mean any property derived from or obtained, directly or indirectly, through the commission of an offence; (f) «freezing» or «seizure» shall mean temporarily prohibiting the transfer, conversion, disposition or movement of property or temporarily assuming custody or control of property on the basis of an order issued by a court or other competent authority; (g) «confiscation» , which includes forfeiture where applicable, shall mean the permanent deprivation of property by order of a court or other competent authority; (h) «predicate offence» shall mean any offence as a result of which proceeds have been generated that may become the subject of an offence as defined in article 6 of this Convention; (i) «controlled delivery» shall mean the technique of allowing illicit or suspect consignments to pass out of, through or into the territory of one or more States, with the knowledge and under the supervision of their competent authorities, with a view to the investigation of an offence and the identification of persons involved in the commission of the offence; (j) «regional economic integration organisation» shall mean an organisation constituted by sovereign States of a given region, to which its member States have transferred competence in respect of matters governed by this Convention and which has been duly authorised, in accordance with its internal procedures, to sign, ratify, accept, approve or accede to it; references to «States Parties» under this Convention shall apply to such organisations within the limits of their competence. Article 3 Scope of application 1. This Convention shall apply, except as otherwise stated herein, to the prevention, investigation and prosecution of: (a) the offences established in accordance with Articles 5, 6, 8 and 23 of this Convention; and (b) serious crime as defined in article 2 of this Convention; where the offence is transnational in nature and involves an organised criminal group. 2. For the purpose of paragraph 1 of this Article, an offence is transnational in nature if: (a) it is committed in more than one State; (b) it is committed in one State but a substantial part of its preparation, planning, direction or control takes place in another State; (c) it is committed in one State but involves an organised criminal group that engages in criminal activities in more than one State; or (d) it is committed in one State but has substantial effects in another State. Article 4 Protection of sovereignty 1. States Parties shall carry out their obligations under this Convention in a manner consistent with the principles of sovereign equality and territorial integrity of States and that of non-intervention in the domestic affairs of other States. 2. Nothing in this Convention entitles a State Party to undertake in the territory of another State the exercise of jurisdiction and performance of functions that are reserved exclusively for the authorities of that other State by its domestic law. Article 5 Criminalisation of participation in an organised criminal group 1. Each State Party shall adopt such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as criminal offences, when committed intentionally: (a) either or both of the following as criminal offences distinct from those involving the attempt or completion of the criminal activity: (i) agreeing with one or more other persons to commit a serious crime for a purpose relating directly or indirectly to the obtaining of a financial or other material benefit and, where required treaties, agreements and arrangements of the requested State Party with respect to investigations, prosecutions and judicial proceedings in relation to the offences for which a legal person may be held liable in accordance with Article 10 of this Convention in the requesting State Party. 3. Mutual legal assistance to be afforded in accordance with this Article may be requested for any of the following purposes: (a) taking evidence or statements from persons; (b) effecting service of judicial documents; (c) executing searches and seizures, and freezing; (d) examining objects and sites; (e) providing information, evidentiary items and expert evaluations; (f) providing originals or certified copies of relevant documents and records, including government, bank, financial, corporate or business records; (g) identifying or tracing proceeds of crime, property, instrumentalities or other things for evidentiary purposes; (h) facilitating the voluntary appearance of persons in the requesting State Party; (i) any other type of assistance that is not contrary to the domestic law of the requested State Party. 4. Without prejudice to domestic law, the competent authorities of a State Party may, without prior request, transmit information relating to criminal matters to a competent authority in another State Party where they believe that such information could assist the authority in undertaking or successfully concluding inquiries and criminal proceedings or could result in a request formulated by the latter State Party pursuant to this Convention. 5. The transmission of information pursuant to paragraph 4 of this Article shall be without prejudice to inquiries and criminal proceedings in the State of the competent authorities providing the information. The competent authorities receiving the information shall comply with a request that said information remain confidential, even temporarily, or with restrictions on its use. However, this shall not prevent the receiving State Party from disclosing in its proceedings information that is exculpatory to an accused person. In such a case, the receiving State Party shall notify the transmitting State Party prior to the disclosure and, if so requested, consult with the transmitting State Party. If, in an exceptional case, advance notice is not possible, the receiving State Party shall inform the transmitting State Party of the disclosure without delay. 6. The provisions of this Article shall not affect the obligations under any other treaty, bilateral or multilateral, that governs or will govern, in whole or in part, mutual legal assistance. 7. Paragraphs 9 to 29 of this Article shall apply to requests made pursuant to this Article if the States Parties in question are not bound by a treaty of mutual legal assistance. If those States Parties are bound by such a treaty, the corresponding provisions of that treaty shall apply unless the States Parties agree to apply paragraphs 9 to 29 of this Article in lieu thereof. States Parties are strongly encouraged to apply these paragraphs if they facilitate cooperation. 8. States Parties shall not decline to render mutual legal assistance pursuant to this Article on the ground of bank secrecy. 9. States Parties may decline to render mutual legal assistance pursuant to this Article on the ground of absence of dual criminality. However, the requested State Party may, when it deems appropriate, provide assistance, to the extent it decides at its discretion, irrespective of whether the conduct would constitute an offence under the domestic law of the requested State Party. 10. A person who is being detained or is serving a sentence in the territory of one State Party whose presence in another State Party is requested for purposes of identification, testimony or otherwise providing assistance in obtaining evidence for investigations, prosecutions or judicial proceedings in relation to offences covered by this Convention may be transferred if the following conditions are met: (a) the person freely gives his or her informed consent; (b) the competent authorities of both States Parties agree, subject to such conditions as those States Parties may deem appropriate. 11. For the purposes of paragraph 10 of this Article: (a) the State Party to which the person is transferred shall have the authority and obligation to keep the person transferred in custody, unless otherwise requested or authorised by the State Party from which the person was transferred; (b) the State Party to which the person is transferred shall without delay implement its obligation to return the person to the custody of the State Party from which the person was transferred as agreed beforehand, or as otherwise agreed, by the competent authorities of both States Parties; (c) the State Party to which the person is transferred shall not require the State Party from which the person was transferred to initiate extradition proceedings for the return of the person; (d) the person transferred shall receive credit for service of the sentence being served in the State from which he or she was transferred for time spent in the custody of the State Party to which he or she was transferred. 12. Unless the State Party from which a person is to be transferred in accordance with paragraphs 10 and 11 of this Article so agrees, that person, whatever his or her nationality, shall he or she was transferred for time spent in the custody of the State Party to which he or she was transferred. 12. Unless the State Party from which a person is to be transferred in accordance with paragraphs 10 and 11 of this Article so agrees, that person, whatever his or her nationality, shall not be prosecuted, detained, punished or subjected to any other restriction of his or her personal liberty in the territory of the State to which that person is transferred in respect of acts, omissions or convictions prior to his or her departure from the territory of the State from which he or she was transferred. 13. Each State Party shall designate a central authority that shall have the responsibility and power to receive requests for mutual legal assistance and either to execute them or to transmit them to the competent authorities for execution. Where a State Party has a special region or territory with a separate system of mutual legal assistance, it may designate a distinct central authority that shall have the same function for that region or territory. Central authorities shall ensure the speedy and proper execution or transmission of the requests received. Where the central authority transmits the request to a competent authority for execution, it shall encourage the speedy and proper execution of the request by the competent authority. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be notified of the central authority designated for this purpose at the time each State Party deposits its instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval of or accession to this Convention. Requests for mutual legal assistance and any communication related thereto shall be transmitted to the central authorities designated by the States Parties. This requirement shall be without prejudice to the right of a State Party to require that such requests and communications be addressed to it through diplomatic channels and, in urgent circumstances, where the States Parties agree, through the International Criminal Police Organisation, if possible. 14. Requests shall be made in writing or, where possible, by any means capable of producing a written record, in a language acceptable to the requested State Party, under conditions allowing that State Party to establish authenticity. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be notified of the language or languages acceptable to each State Party at the time it deposits its instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval of or accession to this Convention. In urgent circumstances and where agreed by the States Parties, requests may be made orally, but shall be confirmed in writing forthwith. 15. A request for mutual legal assistance shall contain: (a) the identity of the authority making the request; (b) the subject matter and nature of the investigation, prosecution or judicial proceeding to which the request relates and the name and functions of the authority conducting the investigation, prosecution or judicial proceeding; (c) a summary of the relevant facts, except in relation to requests for the purpose of service of judicial documents; (d) a description of the assistance sought and details of any particular procedure that the requesting State Party wishes to be followed; (e) where possible, the identity, location and nationality of any person concerned; and (f) the purpose for which the evidence, information or action is sought. 16. The requested State Party may request additional information when it appears necessary for the execution of the request in accordance with its domestic law or when it can facilitate such execution. 17. A request shall be executed in accordance with the domestic law of the requested State Party and, to the extent not contrary to the domestic law of the requested State Party and where possible, in accordance with the procedures specified in the request. 18. Wherever possible and consistent with fundamental principles of domestic law, when an individual is in the territory of a State Party and has to be heard as a witness or expert by the judicial authorities of another State Party, the first State Party may, at the request of the other, permit the hearing to take place by video conference if it is not possible or desirable for the individual in question to appear in person in the territory of the requesting State Party. States Parties may agree that the hearing shall be conducted by a judicial authority of the requesting State Party and attended by a judicial authority of the requested State Party. 19. The requesting State Party shall not transmit or use information or evidence furnished by the requested State Party for investigations, prosecutions or judicial proceedings other than those stated in the request without the prior consent of the requested State Party. Nothing in this paragraph shall prevent the requesting State Party from disclosing in its proceedings information or evidence that is exculpatory to an accused person. In the latter case, the requesting State Party shall notify the requested State Party prior to the disclosure and, if so requested, consult with the requested State Party. If, in an exceptional case, advance notice is not possible, the requesting State Party shall inform the requested State Party of the disclosure without delay. 20. The requesting State Party may require that the requested State Party keep confidential the fact and substance of the request, except to the extent necessary to execute the request. If the requested State pertinentes prises par les organisations régionales, interrégionales et multilatérales pour lutter contre le blanchiment d'argent. 4. Les États parties s'efforcent de développer et de promouvoir la coopération mondiale, régionale, sous-régionale et bilatérale entre les autorités judiciaires, les services de détection et de répression et les autorités de réglementation financière en vue de lutter contre le blanchiment d'argent. Article 8 Incrimination de la corruption 1. Chaque État partie adopte les mesures législatives et autres nécessaires pour conférer le caractère d'infraction pénale, lorsque les actes ont été commis intentionnellement: a) au fait de promettre, d'offrir ou d'accorder à un agent public, directement ou indirectement, un avantage indu, pour lui-même ou pour une autre personne ou entité, afin qu'il accomplisse ou s'abstienne d'accomplir un acte dans l'exercice de ses fonctions officielles; b) au fait pour un agent public de solliciter ou d'accepter, directement ou indirectement, un avantage indu pour lui-même ou pour une autre personne ou entité, afin d'accomplir ou de s'abstenir d'accomplir un acte dans l'exercice de ses fonctions officielles. 2. Chaque État partie envisage d'adopter les mesures législatives et autres nécessaires pour conférer le caractère d'infraction pénale aux actes visés au paragraphe 1, impliquant un agent public étranger ou un fonctionnaire international. De même, chaque État partie envisage de conférer le caractère d'infraction pénale à d'autres formes de corruption. 3. Chaque État partie adopte également les mesures nécessaires pour conférer le caractère d'infraction pénale au fait de se rendre complice d'une infraction établie conformément au présent article. 4. Aux fins du paragraphe 1 et de l'article 9 de la présente convention, le terme «agent public» désigne un agent public ou une personne assurant un service public, tel que ce terme est défini dans le droit interne et appliqué dans le droit pénal de l'État partie où la personne en question exerce cette fonction. Article 9 Mesures contre la corruption 1. Outre les mesures énoncées à l'article 8 de la présente convention, chaque État partie, selon qu'il convient et conformément à son système juridique, adopte des mesures efficaces d'ordre législatif, administratif ou autre pour promouvoir l'intégrité et prévenir, détecter et punir la corruption des agents publics. 2. Chaque État partie prend des mesures pour s'assurer que ses autorités agissent efficacement en matière de prévention, de détection et de répression de la corruption des agents publics, y compris en leur donnant une indépendance suffisante pour empêcher toute influence inappropriée sur leurs actions. Article 10 Responsabilité des personnes morales 1. Chaque État partie adopte les mesures nécessaires, conformément à ses principes juridiques, pour établir la responsabilité des personnes morales qui participent à des infractions graves impliquant un groupe criminel organisé et qui commettent les infractions établies conformément aux articles 5, 6, 8 et 23 de la présente