141 (#195) ############################################ CHAPTER IV WOOLLEN FRAME SPINNING-TWISTING-WINDING FANCY YARN PRODUCTION Frame Spinning (Woollen).–The small production of a mule, owing to its intermittent action, in comparison with the production of an ordinary continuous spinning frame has drawn the attention of many inventors, but in England it was not until about 1912 that a really successful mechanism was designed. The fundamental difficulty lies in the fact that it is impossible to put permanent twist into a sliver which is held at both ends. Thus between any thinkable delivery rollers and the bobbin upon which the spun yarn is to be wound, it is impossible to put in any permanent twist other than that given by the rotation of the delivery rollers and the sliver they are delivering; or by the rotation of the bobbin carrying the yarn already spun; or by both actions. The bobbin, as the simpler proposition, is rotated in all modern spinning machines. But the twist required for the spun yarn is far too much for the purpose of " drafting-twist," so that any frame in which “ drafting-twist” is required-to allow “spindle- draft to be applied to the condensed sliver--must have at least two distinct twisting actions :- 1. A drafting-twist action combined with the necessary drafting; and 2. A yarn-twist action combined with the winding up of the spun yarn on to the spindle or bobbin. 141
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