326 (#422) ############################################ WOOLLEN AND WORSTED SPINNING to be observed in the spinning of coloured yarns. 2. Inefficient spinning due to harsh treatment in scouring and backwashing is very often in evidence. 3. Hanks "ended," thus producing a repeating defect in the woven or knitted garment, is a defect by no means uncommon. 4. Yarn on spools, etc., left carelessly in the sunlight is acted on, a repeating defect developing, in the fabric following the re- lationship between the length of the repeat of the defect, and the width of the fabric into which the defective yarn is woven. 5. Bad piecenings are a source of constant annoyance, leading to the stoppage of the machine and breakage of needles in knitting and to defective fabrics requiring "mending in woven styles. 6. Badly started and wound spools (spinning or twisting) frequently lead to tight picks and shady pieces. 7. Mixing of different runs ” leads to abso- lutely unsaleable pieces owing to marked (usually weft) bars which cannot be got rid of. 8. Warp stripes repeating on the number of bobbins or cheeses warped with due to re- versing on the mill. 9. Defective conditioning, leading to the mark- ing of every weft spool in the finished fabric and to varied tensionings in the piece. 10. The careless running of threefold yarn on to the spool or bobbin in place of the normal twofold. 60 326
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