251 (#327) ############################################ PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE In a mechanism of this type there are so many interesting matters to be studied that the student is Ulkely to overlook the dominant question--viz. what type of a bobbin or spool build is required? A strong warning must be given against this probable mistake. The technologist must decide the type of build he re- quires, and the mechanic must be required to give this. The question may be asked what difference does the winding of the yarn on to the spool, for example, make, so long as it is well wound ? All the difference between success and abject failure! This may seem to be a strong statement to make, but it is absolute fact. The length of the pick and the concomitant length of yarn for each pick decides the variations in tension on the yarn as it is drawn from the spool by the travers- ing of the shuttle during weaving, and this decides the perfection or otherwise of the fabric produced. Prob- ably every width of cloth (in the loom) and possibly every weave should be traversed for specially. Here is room for beautifully delicate researches on "tension- ing " for which it will be necessary to make much more refined "tension indicators” than have been produced up to the present. Mechanical Doffing Methods. -- In the case of Distaff and Wheel spinning one spinner or spinster con- trolled one spindle completely. With the introduction of Billeys and Jennies in which one man or woman controlled from sixteen to sixty spindles, "pieceners and “ doffers " came into being, and as the piecening and doffing were quite simple operations requiring deft fingers and little bodily strength, it was but natural that this work should be relegated to children. If the pleasures which children have experienced in being skilfully useful were placed against the pains which 251
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