38 (#74) ############################################## WOOLLEN AND WORSTED SPINNING ( strips of card clothing arranged across the doffer, so that each sliver was in length just the width of the doffer." These slivers were piecened together either at the billey” by hand, or at the carder by the “piecening machine”; but in either case it will be realized that the fibres, owing to the method of stripping from the doffer, would almost all be concentrically arranged in the sliver and, upon being spindle-drafted upon the "billey," or upon the mule, would take a longitudinal spiral form. This fibre arrangement resulted in a wonderfully efficient thread, and a fabric capable of receiving an extra- ordinary “finish.” The thread taken off the doffer concentrically, as in the modern condenser, in which the fibres lie not spirally but mostly longitudinally in the length of the thread, is so different that in the early days of the proposed change from one system to the other, some woollen manufacturers for years refused to make the change, and others who made the change re- verted to the old style but finally were constrained by economic fact to accept the new method of condensing. The modern condenser should deliver the condensed slivers roughly about half to two-thirds the desired yarn skeins ; so regularly condensed that the mule without breaking these filaments will put in the necessary spindle-draft and twist and thus produce the required woollen yarn. > or From time to time fashion runs on to fancy effects such as random" knickerbocker yarn. Two methods of producing random effects are discussed later; also a description of a very simple method of producing knickerbocker and other "flecking " effects. Every carding engineer should be prepared to break away from standard practice and thoughtfully set to work to produce novelties when such are required. * See Journal of the Textile Institute, Vol. III., p. 303, 1912. 38
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