311 (#405) ############################################ PROCESSES SUBSEQUENT TO TWISTING of suitable size and dyed in the machine specially designed for this purpose. Great care must be taken to avoid " ending" of the hanks or any other irregu- larity. Warp dyeing is usually effected by running the warp in chain form through the dyeing liquor. Great care is necessary to dye "head" and "tail ” alike. Some- ” times such warps are re-wound and woven as wefts. Under these circumstances it may be well to make the warp of the length, required for one thread to wind on to one spool, and to double the warp back one or more times in chaining, so that the beginning and the end form a given spool come from, say, the head end of the warp, and will then show no precise break or difference such as might be anticipated by head and tail coming together in the cloth. These yarns should always be “” weft-mixed " in weaving. Cop and cheese dyeing are now reasonably perfectly effected by machines in which the dyeing liquor is pumped through the cops or cheeses, which are held on perforated or spiral supports, first in one direction and then in the other direction. There is a great advantage in cop and cheese dyeing as compared with hank dyeing—the yarns need not be re-wound and the thread structure is not disintegrated. Again, no pains should be spared to render dyeing- whatever form may be adopted-as perfect as possible. Machinery to be Employed. - The only two . machines which should here claim attention are 1. The cheese winder; and 2. The spooler or weft-pirn winder. The cheese winder is illustrated in Fig. 93. It is placed on the market in a simple form known as the “split-drum winder,” and in a more complex form known as the Leeson or International winder (for 311
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