327 (#423) ############################################ SPATU DEFECTS IN RAW MATERIALS ब cing af Telesku rathy te is mora of CEE In 11. Defects due to the careless handling of the yarn. Defects such as these have been coming up every day in the works for the last fifty years, and, curiously enough, new types of defects are still appearing. Of all the foregoing b (6) and c (4) are perhaps the most interesting and may here be further considered with profit. Repeating defects such as these may come into yarns in the following ways :- 1. By "ending" in hank-dyeing. Here the defect will usually repeat on 36 in. or 54 in. according to the length of hank employed. 2. By “ending” in the warp-dyeing of weft yarns, in this case the length being so great that the defect appears as a weft bar or bobbin-width defect. 3. A repeating defect in the actual twisting. Thus in mule spinning there may often be traces of the approx- imately two-yard draw. Such defects as this, however, will be distributed by “running" over more than once during dressing while the yarn is alive. Thus in dressing a cotton warp for lustre goods the warp is first got on to a warper's beam, then run over on to another warper's beam to the loom beam; by this means irregular tensions and twists being distributed. Much tension seems to eliminate twist irregularities.* 4. An indirect dyeing defect is illustrated by c (4). A further illustration of this occurs in the mercerizing of yarns, in which irregularities may not show until the piece into which these yarns are woven is dyed. MIHA 1 5. An indirect twisting defect due, for example, to the effects of the “throw" in the split-drum winder - * If an irregularly twisted yarn is pulled tight the twists will be seen to distribute themselves along its length much more regularly than when it is allowed to rest slack. mleri 08 327
206 207 Textile Machine
214 215 Textile Machine
218 219 Textile Machine
291 293 Textile Machine