Eight Hundred Leagues on the Amazon
, originally titled La Jangada
was first published in 1881. Although Jules Verne owned a yacht, the St.-Michel III
, and traveled frequently, he never set eyes on the Amazon Basin. However, he researched his subject extensively, consulting newspapers, maps, and the works of other authors. No doubt he would have sailed down the Amazon River had he not been shot in the leg by his insane son and had he not been forced to sell the expensive-to-maintain, ten-man-crew, St.-Michel III
due to an unexpected downturn in his financial circumstances.La Jangada
was part of the Voyages Extraordinaires adventure series published by Pierre-Jules Hetzel in Paris. Hetzel helped improve Verne's writings, which until then had been repeatedly rejected by other publishers. Hetzel read a draft of Verne's story about the balloon exploration of Africa, which had been rejected by other publishers for being “too scientific”. With Hetzel's help, Verne rewrote the story, which was published in 1863 in book form as Cinq semaines en ballon
(Five Weeks in a Balloon
). Acting on Hetzel's advice, Verne added comical accents to his novels, changed sad endings into happy ones, and toned down various political messages.
In addition to his extensive travels and voracious reading, Jules Verne made use of a number of maritime experts, cartographers, and various consultants in order to get the details of his stories right. That he has become the second most translated writer (Agatha Christie is first) is testimony to his diligence and the ability to function as a team player intent on creating intimately intriguing novels of lasting value.
Fred Dungan, publisher, DUNGAN BOOKS
THE GIANT RAFT
A CAPTAIN OF THE WOODS
P h y j s l y d d q f d z x g a s g z z q q e h x g k f n d r x u j u
g I o c y t d x v k s b x h h u y p o h d v y r y m h u h p u y d k j o x p h
e t o z l s l e t n p m v f f o v p d p a j x h y y n o j y g g a y m e q y n
f u q l n m v l y f g s u z m q I z t l b q q y u g s q e u b v n r c r e d g
r u z b l r m x y u h q h p z d r r g c r o h e p q x u f I v v r p l p h o n
t h v d d q f h q s n t z h h h n f e p m q k y u u e x k t o g z g k y u u m
f v I j d q d p z j q s y k r p l x h x q r y m v k l o h h h o t o z v d k s
p p s u v j h d.
THE MAN who held in his hand the document of which this
strange assemblage of letters formed the concluding paragraph remained
for some moments lost in thought.
It contained about a hundred of these lines, with the letters at
even distances, and undivided into words. It seemed to have been
written many years before, and time had already laid his tawny finger on
the sheet of good stout paper which was covered with the hieroglyphics.
On what principle had these letters been arranged? He who held the paper
was alone able to tell. With such cipher language it is as with the locks of
some of our iron safes—in either case the protection is the same. The
combinations which they lead to can be counted by millions, and no
calculator's life would suffice to express them. Some particular "word" has
to be known before the lock of the safe will act, and some "cipher" is
necessary before that cryptogram can be read.
He who had just reperused the document was but a simple "captain of the
woods." Under the name of Capitaes do Mato
are known in Brazil those
individuals who are engaged in the recapture of fugitive slaves.
institution dates from 1722. At that period anti-slavery ideas had entered
the minds of a few philanthropists, and more than a century had to elapse
before the mass of the people grasped and applied them. That freedom was a
right, that the very first of the natural rights of man was to be free and to
belong only to himself, would seem to be self-evident, and yet thousands of
years had to pass before the glorious thought was generally accepted, and the
nations of the earth had the courage to proclaim it.
In 1852, the year in which our story opens, there were still slaves in
Brazil, and as a natural consequence, captains of the woods to pursue them.
For certain reasons of political economy the hour of general emancipation had
been delayed, but the black had at this date the right to ransom himself, the
children which were born to him were born free. The day was not far distant
when the magnificent country, into which could be put three-quarters of the
continent of Europe, would no longer count a single slave among its ten
millions of inhabitants.
The occupation of the captains of the woods was doomed, and at
the period we speak of the advantages obtainable from the capture
of fugitives were rapidly diminishing. While, however, the
calling continued sufficiently profitable, the captains of the woods formed
a peculiar class of adventurers, principally composed of freedmen
and deserters—of not very enviable reputation. The slave hunters in
fact belonged to the dregs of society, and we shall not be far wrong
in assuming that the man with the cryptogram was a fitting comrade for his
fellow capitaes do mato. Torres—for that was his name—unlike the
majority of his companions, was neither half-breed, Indian, nor negro. He was
a white of Brazilian origin, and had received a better education than
befitted his present condition. One of those unclassed men who are found so
frequently in the distant countries of the New World, at a time when the
Brazilian law still excluded mulattoes and others of mixed blood from
certain employments, it was evident that if such exclusion had affected
him, it had done so on account of his worthless character, and not
because of his birth.
Torres at the present moment was not, however, in Brazil. He had
just passed the frontier, and was wandering in the forests of Peru,
from which issue the waters of the Upper Amazon.
He was a man of about thirty years of age, on whom the fatigues of
a precarious existence seemed, thanks to an exceptional temperament and an
iron constitution, to have had no effect. Of middle height, broad shoulders,
regular features, and decided gait, his face was tanned with the scorching
air of the tropics. He had a thick black beard, and eyes lost under
contracting eyebrows, giving that swift but hard glance so characteristic of
insolent natures. Clothed as backwoodsmen are generally clothed, not over
elaborately, his garments bore witness to long and roughish wear. On his
head, stuck jauntily on one side, was a leather hat with a large brim.
Trousers he had of coarse wool, which were tucked into the tops of the thick,
heavy boots which formed the most substantial part of his attire, and over
all, and hiding all, was a faded yellowish poncho.
But if Torres was a captain of the woods it was evident that he was not
now employed in that capacity, his means of attack and defense being
obviously insufficient for any one engaged in the pursuit of the blacks. No
firearms—neither gun nor revolver. In his belt only one of those weapons,
more sword than hunting-knife, called a manchetta, and in addition he had
an enchada, which is a sort of hoe, specially employed in the pursuit of
the tatous and agoutis which abound in the forests of the Upper Amazon, where
there is generally little to fear from wild beasts.
On the 4th of May, 1852, it happened, then, that our adventurer
was deeply absorbed in the reading of the document on which his eyes
were fixed, and, accustomed as he was to live in the forests of
South America, he was perfectly indifferent to their splendors.
Nothing could distract his attention; neither the constant cry of the
howling monkeys, which St. Hillaire has graphically compared to the ax of
the woodman as he strikes the branches of the trees, nor the sharp
jingle of the rings of the rattlesnake (not an aggressive reptile, it
is true, but one of the most venomous); neither the bawling voice of
the horned toad, the most hideous of its kind, nor even the solemn
and sonorous croak of the bellowing frog, which, though it cannot
equal the bull in size, can surpass him in noise.
Torres heard nothing of all these sounds, which form, as it were,
the complex voice of the forests of the New World. Reclining at the
foot of a magnificent tree, he did not even admire the lofty boughs
of that pao ferro, or iron wood, with its somber bark, hard as
the metal which it replaces in the weapon and utensil of the
Indian savage. No. Lost in thought, the captain of the woods turned
the curious paper again and again between his fingers. With the cipher, of
which he had the secret, he assigned to each letter its true value. He read,
he verified the sense of those lines, unintelligible to all but him, and then
he smiled—and a most unpleasant smile it was.
Then he murmured some phrases in an undertone which none in the solitude
of the Peruvian forests could hear, and which no one, had he been anywhere
else, would have heard.
"Yes," said he, at length, "here are a hundred lines very
neatly written, which, for some one that I know, have an importance that
is undoubted. That somebody is rich. It is a question of life or death for
him, and looked at in every way it will cost him something."
And, scrutinizing the paper with greedy eyes, "At a conto  only
for each word of this last sentence it will amount to a considerable
sum, and it is this sentence which fixes the price. It sums up the
entire document. It gives their true names to true personages; but
before trying to understand it I ought to begin by counting the number
of words it contains, and even when this is done its true meaning may
In saying this Torres began to count mentally.
"There are fifty-eight words, and that makes fifty-eight contos.
With nothing but that one could live in Brazil, in America, wherever
one wished, and even live without doing anything! And what would it
be, then, if all the words of this document were paid for at the
same price? It would be necessary to count by hundreds of contos.
Ah! there is quite a fortune here for me to realize if I am not
the greatest of duffers!"
It seemed as though the hands of Torres felt the enormous sum, and were
already closing over the rolls of gold. Suddenly his thoughts took another
"At length," he cried, "I see land; and I do not regret the voyage which
has led me from the coast of the Atlantic to the Upper Amazon. But this man
may quit America and go beyond the seas, and then how can I touch him? But
no! he is there, and if I climb to the top of this tree I can see the roof
under which he lives with his family!" Then seizing the paper and shaking it
with terrible meaning: "Before tomorrow I will be in his presence; before
tomorrow he will know that his honor and his life are contained in these
lines. And when he wishes to see the cipher which permits him to read them,
he—well, he will pay for it. He will pay, if I wish it, with all his
fortune, as he ought to pay with all his blood! Ah! My worthy comrade, who
gave me this cipher, who told me where I could find his old colleague,
and the name under which he has been hiding himself for so many
years, hardly suspects that he has made my fortune!"
For the last time Torres glanced over the yellow paper, and then, after
carefully folding it, put it away into a little copper box which he used for
a purse. This box was about as big as a cigar case, and if what was in it was
all Torres possessed he would nowhere have been considered a wealthy man. He
had a few of all the coins of the neighboring States—ten double-condors in
gold of the United States of Colombia, worth about a hundred francs;
Brazilian reis, worth about as much; golden sols of Peru, worth, say, double;
some Chilian escudos, worth fifty francs or more, and some smaller coins; but
the lot would not amount to more than five hundred francs, and
Torres would have been somewhat embarrassed had he been asked how or
where he had got them. One thing was certain, that for some months,
after having suddenly abandoned the trade of the slave hunter, which
he carried on in the province of Para, Torres had ascended the basin
of the Amazon, crossed the Brazilian frontier, and come into
Peruvian territory. To such a man the necessaries of life were but
few; expenses he had none—nothing for his lodging, nothing for
his clothes. The forest provided his food, which in the backwoods cost him
naught. A few reis were enough for his tobacco, which he bought at the
mission stations or in the villages, and for a trifle more he filled his
flask with liquor. With little he could go far.
When he had pushed the paper into the metal box, of which the lid shut
tightly with a snap, Torres, instead of putting it into the pocket of his
under-vest, thought to be extra careful, and placed it near him in a hollow
of a root of the tree beneath which he was sitting. This proceeding, as it
turned out, might have cost him dear.
It was very warm; the air was oppressive. If the church of the nearest
village had possessed a clock, the clock would have struck two, and, coming
with the wind, Torres would have heard it, for it was not more than a couple
of miles off. But he cared not as to time. Accustomed to regulate his
proceedings by the height of the sun, calculated with more or less accuracy,
he could scarcely be supposed to conduct himself with military precision. He
breakfasted or dined when he pleased or when he could; he slept when and
where sleep overtook him. If his table was not always spread, his bed was
always ready at the foot of some tree in the open forest. And in
other respects Torres was not difficult to please. He had traveled
during most of the morning, and having already eaten a little, he began
to feel the want of a snooze. Two or three hours' rest would, he thought,
put him in a state to continue his road, and so he laid himself down on the
grass as comfortably as he could, and waited for sleep beneath the
Torres was not one of those people who drop off to sleep without certain
preliminaries. HE was in the habit of drinking a drop or two of strong
liquor, and of then smoking a pipe; the spirits, he said, overexcited the
brain, and the tobacco smoke agreeably mingled with the general haziness of
Torres commenced, then, by applying to his lips a flask which he carried
at his side; it contained the liquor generally known under the name of
chica in Peru, and more particularly under that of caysuma in the
Upper Amazon, to which fermented distillation of the root of the sweet manioc
the captain had added a good dose of tafia or native rum.
When Torres had drunk a little of this mixture he shook the flask, and
discovered, not without regret, that it was nearly empty.
"Must get some more," he said very quietly.
Then taking out a short wooden pipe, he filled it with the coarse
and bitter tobacco of Brazil, of which the leaves belong to that
old petun introduced into France by Nicot, to whom we owe
the popularization of the most productive and widespread of
This native tobacco had little in common with the fine qualities of our
present manufacturers; but Torres was not more difficult to please in this
matter than in others, and so, having filled his pipe, he struck a match and
applied the flame to a piece of that stick substance which is the secretion
of certain of the hymenoptera, and is known as "ants' amadou." With the
amadou he lighted up, and after about a dozen whiffs his eyes closed, his
pipe escaped from his fingers, and he fell asleep.
 One thousand reis are equal to three francs, and a conto of reis is
worth three thousand francs.
ROBBER AND ROBBED
TORRES SLEPT for about half an hour, and then there was a noise
among the trees—a sound of light footsteps, as though some visitor
was walking with naked feet, and taking all the precaution he could
lest he should be heard. To have put himself on guard against
any suspicious approach would have been the first care of our
adventurer had his eyes been open at the time. But he had not then awoke,
and what advanced was able to arrive in his presence, at ten paces
from the tree, without being perceived.
It was not a man at all, it was a "guariba."
Of all the prehensile-tailed monkeys which haunt the forests of
the Upper Amazon—graceful sahuis, horned sapajous, gray-coated
monos, sagouins which seem to wear a mask on their grimacing
faces—the guariba is without doubt the most eccentric. Of sociable
disposition, and not very savage, differing therein very greatly from the
mucura, who is as ferocious as he is foul, he delights in company,
and generally travels in troops. It was he whose presence had
been signaled from afar by the monotonous concert of voices, so like
the psalm-singing of some church choir. But if nature has not made
him vicious, it is none the less necessary to attack him with caution, and
under any circumstances a sleeping traveler ought not to leave himself
exposed, lest a guariba should surprise him when he is not in a position to
This monkey, which is also known in Brazil as the "barbado," was
of large size. The suppleness and stoutness of his limbs proclaimed him a
powerful creature, as fit to fight on the ground as to leap from branch to
branch at the tops of the giants of the forest.
He advanced then cautiously, and with short steps. He glanced to
the right and to the left, and rapidly swung his tail. To
these representatives of the monkey tribe nature has not been content
to give four hands—she has shown herself more generous, and added
a fifth, for the extremity of their caudal appendage possesses a perfect
power of prehension.
The guariba noiselessly approached, brandishing a study cudgel, which,
wielded by his muscular arm, would have proved a formidable weapon. For some
minutes he had seen the man at the foot of the tree, but the sleeper did not
move, and this doubtless induced him to come and look at him a little nearer.
He came forward then, not without hesitation, and stopped at last about three
On his bearded face was pictured a grin, which showed his
sharp-edged teeth, white as ivory, and the cudgel began to move about in a
way that was not very reassuring for the captain of the woods.
Unmistakably the sight of Torres did not inspire the guariba
with friendly thoughts. Had he then particular reasons for wishing evil
to this defenseless specimen of the human race which chance had delivered
over to him? Perhaps! We know how certain animals retain the memory of the
bad treatment they have received, and it is possible that against
backwoodsmen in general he bore some special grudge.
In fact Indians especially make more fuss about the monkey than
any other kind of game, and, no matter to what species it belongs,
follow its chase with the ardor of Nimrods, not only for the pleasure
of hunting it, but for the pleasure of eating it.
Whatever it was, the guariba did not seen disinclined to
change characters this time, and if he did not quite forget that nature
had made him but a simple herbivore, and longed to devour the captain
of the woods, he seemed at least to have made up his mind to get rid
of one of his natural enemies.
After looking at him for some minutes the guariba began to move
round the tree. He stepped slowly, holding his breath, and getting
nearer and nearer. His attitude was threatening, his countenance
ferocious. Nothing could have seemed easier to him than to have crushed
this motionless man at a single blow, and assuredly at that moment
the life of Torres hung by a thread.
In truth, the guariba stopped a second time close up to the tree, placed
himself at the side, so as to command the head of the sleeper, and lifted his
stick to give the blow.
But if Torres had been imprudent in putting near him in the crevice of
the root the little case which contained his document and his fortune, it was
this imprudence which saved his life.
A sunbeam shooting between the branches just glinted on the case,
the polished metal of which lighted up like a looking-glass. The
monkey, with the frivolity peculiar to his species, instantly had
his attention distracted. His ideas, if such an animal could have
ideas, took another direction. He stopped, caught hold of the case,
jumped back a pace or two, and, raising it to the level of his eyes,
looked at it not without surprise as he moved it about and used it like
a mirror. He was if anything still more astonished when he heard
the rattle of the gold pieces it contained. The music enchanted him.
It was like a rattle in the hands of a child. He carried it to his mouth,
and his teeth grated against the metal, but made no impression on it.
Doubtless the guariba thought he had found some fruit of a new kind, a
sort of huge almost brilliant all over, and with a kernel playing freely in
its shell. But if he soon discovered his mistake he did not consider it a
reason for throwing the case away; on the contrary, he grasped it more
tightly in his left hand, and dropped the cudgel, which broke off a dry twig
in its fall.
At this noise Torres woke, and with the quickness of those who
are always on the watch, with whom there is no transition from
the sleeping to the waking state, was immediately on his legs.
In an instant Torres had recognized with whom he had to deal.
"A guariba!" he cried.
And his hand seizing his manchetta, he put himself into a posture
The monkey, alarmed, jumped back at once, and not so brave before
a waking man as a sleeping one, performed a rapid caper, and glided under
"It was time!" said Torres; "the rogue would have settled me without any
Of a sudden, between the hands of the monkey, who had stopped at about
twenty paces, and was watching him with violent grimaces, as if he would like
to snap his fingers at him, he caught sight of his precious case.
"The beggar!" he said. "If he has not killed me, he has done what
is almost as bad. He has robbed me!"
The thought that the case held his money was not however, what
then concerned him. But that which made him jump was the recollection
that it contained the precious document, the loss of which
was irreparable, as it carried with it that of all his hopes.
"Botheration!" said he.
And at the moment, cost what it might to recapture his case,
Torres threw himself in pursuit of the guariba.
He knew that to reach such an active animal was not easy. On the ground
he could get away too fast, in the branches he could get away too far. A
well-aimed gunshot could alone stop him as he ran or climbed, but Torres
possessed no firearm. His sword-knife and hoe were useless unless he could
get near enough to hit him.
It soon became evident that the monkey could not be reached unless
by surprise. Hence Torres found it necessary to employ cunning in dealing
with the mischievous animal. To stop, to hide himself behind some tree trunk,
to disappear under a bush, might induce the guariba to pull up and retrace
his steps, and there was nothing else for Torres to try. This was what he
did, and the pursuit commenced under these conditions; but when the captain
of the woods disappeared, the monkey patiently waited until he came into
sight again, and at this game Torres fatigued himself without result.
"Confound the guariba!" he shouted at length. "There will be no end to
this, and he will lead me back to the Brazilian frontier. If only he would
let go of my case! But no! The jingling of the money amuses him. Oh, you
thief! If I could only get hold of you!"
And Torres recommenced the pursuit, and the monkey scuttled off
with renewed vigor.
An hour passed in this way without any result. Torres showed
a persistency which was quite natural. How without this document could he
get his money?
And then anger seized him. He swore, he stamped, he threatened
the guariba. That annoying animal only responded by a chuckling which
was enough to put him beside himself.
And then Torres gave himself up to the chase. He ran at top
speed, entangling himself in the high undergrowth, among those
thick brambles and interlacing creepers, across which the guariba
passed like a steeplechaser. Big roots hidden beneath the grass lay often
in the way. He stumbled over them and again started in pursuit. At length,
to his astonishment, he found himself shouting:
"Come here! come here! you robber!" as if he could make him understand
His strength gave out, breath failed him, and he was obliged to
stop. "Confound it!" said he, "when I am after runaway slaves across
the jungle they never give me such trouble as this! But I will have
you, you wretched monkey! I will go, yes, I will go as far as my legs
will carry me, and we shall see!"
The guariba had remained motionless when he saw that the adventurer had
ceased to pursue him. He rested also, for he had nearly reached that degree
of exhaustion which had forbidden all movement on the part of Torres.
He remained like this during ten minutes, nibbling away at two or three
roots, which he picked off the ground, and from time to time he rattled the
case at his ear.
Torres, driven to distraction, picked up the stones within his
reach, and threw them at him, but did no harm at such a distance.
But he hesitated to make a fresh start. On one hand, to keep on in chase
of the monkey with so little chance of reaching him was madness. On the
other, to accept as definite this accidental interruption to all his plans,
to be not only conquered, but cheated and hoaxed by a dumb animal, was
maddening. And in the meantime Torres had begun to think that when the night
came the robber would disappear without trouble, and he, the robbed one,
would find a difficulty in retracing his way through the dense forest. In
fact, the pursuit had taken him many miles from the bank of the river,
and he would even now find it difficult to return to it.
Torres hesitated; he tried to resume his thoughts with coolness,
and finally, after giving vent to a last imprecation, he was about
to abandon all idea of regaining possession of his case, when once
more, in spite of himself, there flashed across him the thought of
his document, the remembrance of all that scaffolding on which his
future hopes depended, on which he had counted so much; and he resolved
to make another effort.
Then he got up.
The guariba got up too.
He made several steps in advance.
The monkey made as many in the rear, but this time, instead of plunging
more deeply into the forest, he stopped at the foot of an enormous ficus—the
tree of which the different kinds are so numerous all over the Upper Amazon
To seize the trunk with his four hands, to climb with the agility of a
clown who is acting the monkey, to hook on with his prehensile tail to the
first branches, which stretched away horizontally at forty feet from the
ground, and to hoist himself to the top of the tree, to the point where the
higher branches just bent beneath its weight, was only sport to the active
guariba, and the work of but a few seconds.
Up there, installed at his ease, he resumed his interrupted repast, and
gathered the fruits which were within his reach. Torres, like him, was much
in want of something to eat and drink, but it was impossible! His pouch was
flat, his flask was empty.
However, instead of retracing his steps he directed them toward
the tree, although the position taken up by the monkey was still
more unfavorable for him. He could not dream for one instant of
climbing the ficus, which the thief would have quickly abandoned for
And all the time the miserable case rattled at his ear.
Then in his fury, in his folly, Torres apostrophized the guariba.
It would be impossible for us to tell the series of invectives in which he
indulged. Not only did he call him a half-breed, which is the greatest of
insults in the mouth of a Brazilian of white descent, but curiboca—that
is to say, half-breed negro and Indian, and of all the insults that one man
can hurl at another in this equatorial latitude curiboca is the
But the monkey, who was only a humble quadruman, was simply amused
at what would have revolted a representative of humanity.
Then Torres began to throw stones at him again, and bits of roots
and everything he could get hold of that would do for a missile. Had
he the hope to seriously hurt the monkey? No! he no longer knew what
he was about. To tell the truth, anger at his powerlessness had
deprived him of his wits. Perhaps he hoped that in one of the movements
which the guariba would make in passing from branch to branch the
case might escape him, perhaps he thought that if he continued to
worry the monkey he might throw it at his head. But no! the monkey did
not part with the case, and, holding it with one hand, he had still
three left with which to move.
Torres, in despair, was just about to abandon the chase for good, and to
return toward the Amazon, when he heard the sound of voices. Yes! the sound
of human voices.
Those were speaking at about twenty paces to the right of him.
The first care of Torres was to hide himself in a dense thicket. Like a
prudent man, he did not wish to show himself without at least knowing with
whom he might have to deal. Panting, puzzled, his ears on the stretch, he
waited, when suddenly the sharp report of a gun rang through the woods.
A cry followed, and the monkey, mortally wounded, fell heavily on
the ground, still holding Torres' case.
"By Jove!" he muttered, "that bullet came at the right time!"
And then, without fearing to be seen, he came out of the thicket,
and two young gentlemen appeared from under the trees.
They were Brazilians clothed as hunters, with leather boots,
light palm-leaf hats, waistcoats, or rather tunics, buckled in at
the waist, and more convenient than the national poncho. By their features
and their complexion they were at once recognizable as of Portuguese
Each of them was armed with one of those long guns of Spanish make which
slightly remind us of the arms of the Arabs, guns of long range and
considerable precision, which the dwellers in the forest of the upper Amazon
handle with success.
What had just happened was a proof of this. At an angular distance
of more than eighty paces the quadruman had been shot full in the head.
The two young men carried in addition, in their belts, a sort
of dagger-knife, which is known in Brazil as a foca, and which hunters
do not hesitate to use when attacking the ounce and other wild animals which,
if not very formidable, are pretty numerous in these forests.
Torres had obviously little to fear from this meeting, and so he went on
running toward the monkey's corpse.
But the young men, who were taking the same direction, had less ground
to cover, and coming forward a few paces, found themselves face to face with
The latter had recovered his presence of mind.
"Many thanks, gentlemen," said he gayly, as he raised the brim of
his hat; "in killing this wretched animal you have just done me a
The hunters looked at him inquiringly, not knowing what value to attach
to his thanks.
Torres explained matters in a few words.
"You thought you had killed a monkey," said he, "but as it happens you
have killed a thief!"
"If we have been of use to you," said the youngest of the two, "it was
by accident, but we are none the less pleased to find that we have done some
And taking several steps to the rear, he bent over the guariba, and, not
without an effort, withdrew the case from his stiffened hand.
"Doubtless that, sir, is what belongs to you?"
"The very thing," said Torres briskly, catching hold of the case
and failing to repress a huge sigh of relief.
"Whom ought I to thank, gentlemen," said he, "for the service you have
"My friend, Manoel, assistant surgeon, Brazilian army," replied
the young man.
"If it was I who shot the monkey, Benito," said Manoel, "it was you that
pointed him out to me."
"In that case, sirs," replied Torres, "I am under an obligation to you
both, as well to you, Mr. Manoel, as to you, Mr. ——"
"Benito Garral," replied Manoel.
The captain of the woods required great command over himself to
avoid giving a jump when he heard this name, and more especially when
the young man obligingly continued:
"My father, Joam Garral, has his farm about three miles from here.
If you would like, Mr. ——"
"Torres," replied the adventurer.
"If you would like to accompany us there, Mr. Torres, you will
be hospitably received."
"I do not know that I can," said Torres, who, surprised by
this unexpected meeting, hesitated to make a start. "I fear in truth
that I am not able to accept your offer. The occurrence I have
just related to you has caused me to lose time. It is necessary for me
to return at once to the Amazon—as I purpose descending thence
"Very well, Mr. Torres," replied Benito, "it is not unlikely that
we shall see you again in our travels, for before a month has passed
my father and all his family will have taken the same road as you."
"Ah!" said Torres sharply, "your father is thinking of recrossing
the Brazilian frontier?"
"Yes, for a voyage of some months," replied Benito. "At least we hope to
make him decide so. Don't we, Manoel?"
Manoel nodded affirmatively.
"Well, gentlemen," replied Torres, "it is very probable that we
shall meet again on the road. But I cannot, much to my regret, accept
your offer now. I thank you, nevertheless, and I consider myself as
twice your debtor."
And having said so, Torres saluted the young men, who in turn
saluted him, and set out on their way to the farm.
As for Torres he looked after them as they got further and further away,
and when he had lost sight of them—
"Ah! he is about to recross the frontier!" said he, with a deep voice.
"Let him recross it! and he will be still more at my mercy! Pleasant journey
to you, Joam Garral!"
And having uttered these words the captain of the woods, making for the
south so as to regain the left bank of the river by the shortest road,
disappeared into the dense forest.
THE GARRAL FAMILY
THE VILLAGE of Iquitos is situated on the left bank of the Amazon, near
the seventy-fourth meridian, on that portion of the great river which still
bears the name of the Mar⮯n, and of which the bed separates Peru from the
republic of Ecuador. It is about fifty-five leagues to the west of the
Iquitos, like every other collection of huts, hamlet, or village
met with in the basin of the Upper Amazon, was founded by
the missionaries. Up to the seventeenth year of the century the
Iquito Indians, who then formed the entire population, were settled in
the interior of the province at some distance from the river. But one
day the springs in their territory all dried up under the influence of
a volcanic eruption, and they were obliged to come and take up their abode
on the left of the Mar⮯n. The race soon altered through the alliances which
were entered into with the riverine Indians, Ticunas, or Omaguas, mixed
descent with a few Spaniards, and today Iquitos has a population of two or
three families of half-breeds.
The village is most picturesquely grouped on a kind of esplanade,
and runs along at about sixty feet from the river. It consists of
some forty miserable huts, whose thatched roofs only just render
them worthy of the name of cottages. A stairway made of crossed trunks
of trees leads up to the village, which lies hidden from the
traveler's eyes until the steps have been ascended. Once at the top he
finds himself before an inclosure admitting of slight defense,
and consisting of many different shrubs and arborescent plants,
attached to each other by festoons of lianas, which here and there have
made their way above the summits of the graceful palms and
At the time we speak of the Indians of Iquitos went about in almost
a state of nudity. The Spaniards and half-breeds alone were clothed, and
much as they scorned their indigenous fellow-citizens, wore only a simple
shirt, light cotton trousers, and a straw hat. All lived cheerlessly enough
in the village, mixing little together, and if they did meet occasionally, it
was only at such times as the bell of the mission called them to the
dilapidated cottage which served them for a church.
But if existence in the village of Iquitos, as in most of the hamlets of
the Upper Amazon, was almost in a rudimentary stage, it was only necessary to
journey a league further down the river to find on the same bank a wealthy
settlement, with all the elements of comfortable life.
This was the farm of Joam Garral, toward which our two young
friends returned after their meeting with the captain of the woods.
There, on a bend of the stream, at the junction of the River
Nanay, which is here about five hundred feet across, there had
been established for many years this farm, homestead, or, to use
the expression of the country, fazenda, then in the height of
its prosperity. The Nanay with its left bank bounded it to the north
for about a mile, and for nearly the same distance to the east it
ran along the bank of the larger river. To the west some small
rivulets, tributaries of the Nanay, and some lagoons of small extent,
separated it from the savannah and the fields devoted to the pasturage of
It was here that Joam Garral, in 1826, twenty-six years before the date
when our story opens, was received by the proprietor of the fazenda.
This Portuguese, whose name was Magalha볬 followed the trade
of timber-felling, and his settlement, then recently formed, extended for
about half a mile along the bank of the river.
There, hospitable as he was, like all the Portuguese of the old
race, Magalha볠lived with his daughter Yaquita, who after the death of
her mother had taken charge of his household. Magalha볠was an
excellent worker, inured to fatigue, but lacking education. If he
understood the management of the few slaves whom he owned, and the dozen
Indians whom he hired, he showed himself much less apt in the
various external requirements of his trade. In truth, the establishment
at Iquitos was not prospering, and the affairs of the Portuguese
were getting somewhat embarrassed.
It was under these circumstances that Joam Garral, then twenty-two years
old, found himself one day in the presence of Magalha볮 He had arrived in
the country at the limit both of his strength and his resources. Magalha볠
had found him half-dead with hunger and fatigue in the neighboring forest.
The Portuguese had an excellent heart; he did not ask the unknown where he
came from, but what he wanted. The noble, high-spirited look which Joam
Garral bore in spite of his exhaustion had touched him. He received him,
restored him, and, for several days to begin with, offered him a hospitality
which lasted for his life.
Under such conditions it was that Joam Garral was introduced to the farm
Brazilian by birth, Joam Garral was without family or fortune. Trouble,
he said, had obliged him to quit his country and abandon all thoughts of
return. He asked his host to excuse his entering on his past
misfortunes—misfortunes as serious as they were unmerited. What he sought,
and what he wished, was a new life, a life of labor. He had started on his
travels with some slight thought of entering a fazenda in the interior. He
was educated, intelligent. He had in all his bearing that inexpressible
something which tells you that the man is genuine and of frank and upright
character. Magalha볬 quite taken with him, asked him to remain at the farm,
where he would, in a measure, supply that which was wanting in the worthy
Joam Garral accepted the offer without hesitation. His intention
had been to join a seringal, or caoutchouc concern, in which in
those days a good workman could earn from five to six piastres a day,
and could hope to become a master if he had any luck; but Magalha볠
very truly observed that if the pay was good, work was only found in
the seringals at harvest time—that is to say, during only a few months of
the year—and this would not constitute the permanent position that a young
man ought to wish for.
The Portuguese was right. Joam Garral saw it, and entered
resolutely into the service of the fazenda, deciding to devote to it all
Magalha볠had no cause to regret his generous action. His
business recovered. His wood trade, which extended by means of the Amazon
up to Para, was soon considerably extended under the impulse of
Joam Garral. The fazenda began to grow in proportion, and to spread
out along the bank of the river up to its junction with the Nanay.
A delightful residence was made of the house; it was raised a
story, surrounded by a veranda, and half hidden under
beautiful trees—mimosas, fig-sycamores, bauhinias, and paullinias,
whose trunks were invisible beneath a network of scarlet-flowered
bromelias and passion-flowers.
At a distance, behind huge bushes and a dense mass of
arborescent plants, were concealed the buildings in which the staff of
the fazenda were accommodated—the servants' offices, the cabins of
the blacks, and the huts of the Indians. From the bank of the
river, bordered with reeds and aquatic plants, the tree-encircled house
was alone visible.
A vast meadow, laboriously cleared along the lagoons, offered excellent
pasturage. Cattle abounded—a new source of profit in these fertile
countries, where a herd doubles in four years, and where ten per cent.
interest is earned by nothing more than the skins and the hides of the
animals killed for the consumption of those who raise them! A few sitios,
or manioc and coffee plantations, were started in parts of the woods which
were cleared. Fields of sugar-canes soon required the construction of a mill
to crush the sacchariferous stalks destined to be used hereafter in
the manufacture of molasses, tafia, and rum. In short, ten years after the
arrival of Joam Garral at the farm at Iquitos the fazenda had become one of
the richest establishments on the Upper Amazon. Thanks to the good management
exercised by the young clerk over the works at home and the business abroad,
its prosperity daily increased.
The Portuguese did not wait so long to acknowledge what he owed to Joam
Garral. In order to recompense him in proportion to his merits he had from
the first given him an interest in the profits of his business, and four
years after his arrival he had made him a partner on the same footing as
himself, and with equal shares.
But there was more that he had in store for him. Yaquita, his daughter,
had, in this silent young man, so gentle to others, so stern to himself,
recognized the sterling qualities which her father had done. She was in love
with him, but though on his side Joam had not remained insensible to the
merits and the beauty of this excellent girl, he was too proud and reserved
to dream of asking her to marry him.
A serious incident hastened the solution.
Magalha볠was one day superintending a clearance and was
mortally wounded by the fall of a tree. Carried home helpless to the farm,
and feeling himself lost, he raised up Yaquita, who was weeping by
his side, took her hand, and put it into that of Joam Garral, making
him swear to take her for his wife.
"You have made my fortune," he said, "and I shall not die in
peace unless by this union I know that the fortune of my daughter
"I can continue her devoted servant, her brother, her protector, without
being her husband," Joam Garral had at first replied. "I owe you all,
Magalha볮 I will never forget it, but the price you would pay for my
endeavors is out of all proportion to what they are worth."
The old man insisted. Death would not allow him to wait; he demanded the
promise, and it was made to him.
Yaquita was then twenty-two years old, Joam was twenty-six. They loved
each other and they were married some hours before the death of Magalha볬
who had just strength left to bless their union.
It was under these circumstances that in 1830 Joam Garral became the new
fazender of Iquitos, to the immense satisfaction of all those who composed
the staff of the farm.
The prosperity of the settlement could not do otherwise than grow when
these two minds were thus united.
A year after her marriage Yaquita presented her husband with a son, and,
two years after, a daughter. Benito and Minha, the grandchildren of the old
Portuguese, became worthy of their grandfather, children worthy of Joam and
The daughter grew to be one of the most charming of girls. She
never left the fazenda. Brought up in pure and healthy surroundings, in
the midst of the beauteous nature of the tropics, the education given
to her by her mother, and the instruction received by her from her father,
were ample. What more could she have learned in a convent at Manaos or Belem?
Where would she have found better examples of the domestic virtues? Would her
mind and feelings have been more delicately formed away from her home? If it
was ordained that she was not to succeed her mother in the management of the
fazenda, she was equal to any other position to which she might be
With Benito it was another thing. His father very wisely wished him to
receive as solid and complete an education as could then be obtained in the
large towns of Brazil. There was nothing which the rich fazender refused his
son. Benito was possessed of a cheerful disposition, an active mind, a lively
intelligence, and qualities of heart equal to those of his head. At the age
of twelve he was sent into Para, to Belem, and there, under the direction of
excellent professors, he acquired the elements of an education which could
not but eventually make him a distinguished man. Nothing in literature, in
the sciences, in the arts, was a stranger to him. He studied as if the
fortune of his father would not allow him to remain idle. He was not among
such as imagine that riches exempt men from work—he was one of those noble
characters, resolute and just, who believe that nothing should diminish our
natural obligation in this respect if we wish to be worthy of the name of
During the first years of his residence at Belem, Benito had made
the acquaintance of Manoel Valdez. This young man, the son of a
merchant in Para, was pursuing his studies in the same institution as
Benito. The conformity of their characters and their tastes proved no
barrier to their uniting in the closest of friendships, and they
became inseparable companions.
Manoel, born in 1832, was one year older than Benito. He had only
a mother, and she lived on the modest fortune which her husband had left
her. When Manoel's preliminary studies were finished, he had taken up the
subject of medicine. He had a passionate taste for that noble profession, and
his intention was to enter the army, toward which he felt himself
At the time that we saw him with his friend Benito, Manoel Valdez
had already obtained his first step, and he had come away on leave
for some months to the fazenda, where he was accustomed to pass
his holidays. Well-built, and of distinguished bearing, with a
certain native pride which became him well, the young man was treated by
Joam and Yaquita as another son. But if this quality of son made him
the brother of Benito, the title was scarcely appreciated by him
when Minha was concerned, for he soon became attached to the young girl
by a bond more intimate than could exist between brother and sister.
In the year 1852—of which four months had already passed before
the commencement of this history—Joam Garral attained the age
of forty-eight years. In that sultry climate, which wears men away
so quickly, he had known how, by sobriety, self-denial, suitable
living, and constant work, to remain untouched where others had
prematurely succumbed. His hair, which he wore short, and his beard, which
was full, had already grown gray, and gave him the look of a Puritan.
The proverbial honesty of the Brazilian merchants and fazenders
showed itself in his features, of which straightforwardness was the
leading characteristic. His calm temperament seemed to indicate an
interior fire, kept well under control. The fearlessness of his look denoted
a deep-rooted strength, to which, when danger threatened, he could never
appeal in vain.
But, notwithstanding one could not help remarking about this quiet man
of vigorous health, with whom all things had succeeded in life, a depth of
sadness which even the tenderness of Yaquita had not been able to
Respected by all, placed in all the conditions that would seem necessary
to happiness, why was not this just man more cheerful and less reserved? Why
did he seem to be happy for others and not for himself? Was this disposition
attributable to some secret grief? Herein was a constant source of anxiety to
Yaquita was now forty-four. In that tropical country where women
are already old at thirty she had learned the secret of resisting
the climate's destructive influences, and her features, a little sharpened
but still beautiful, retained the haughty outline of the Portuguese type, in
which nobility of face unites so naturally with dignity of mind.
Benito and Minha responded with an affection unbounded and unceasing for
the love which their parents bore them.
Benito was now aged twenty-one, and quick, brave, and
sympathetic, contrasted outwardly with his friend Manoel, who was more
serious and reflective. It was a great treat for Benito, after quite a
year passed at Belem, so far from the fazenda, to return with his
young friend to his home to see once more his father, his mother,
his sister, and to find himself, enthusiastic hunter as he was, in
the midst of these superb forests of the Upper Amazon, some of
whose secrets remained after so many centuries still unsolved by man.
Minha was twenty years old. A lovely girl, brunette, and with large blue
eyes, eyes which seemed to open into her very soul; of middle height, good
figure, and winning grace, in every way the very image of Yaquita. A little
more serious than her brother, affable, good-natured, and charitable, she was
beloved by all. On this subject you could fearlessly interrogate the humblest
servants of the fazenda. It was unnecessary to ask her brother's friend,
Manoel Valdez, what he thought of her. He was too much interested in
the question to have replied without a certain amount of partiality.
This sketch of the Garral family would not be complete, and would lack
some of its features, were we not to mention the numerous staff of the
In the first place, then, it behooves us to name an old negress, of some
sixty years, called Cybele, free through the will of her master, a slave
through her affection for him and his, and who had been the nurse of Yaquita.
She was one of the family. She thee-ed and thou-ed both daughter and mother.
The whole of this good creature's life was passed in these fields, in the
middle of these forests, on that bank of the river which bounded the horizon
of the farm. Coming as a child to Iquitos in the slave-trading times, she had
never quitted the village; she was married there, and early a widow, had lost
her only son, and remained in the service of Magalha볮 Of the Amazon she
knew no more than what flowed before her eyes.
With her, and more specially attached to the service of Minha, was
a pretty, laughing mulatto, of the same age as her mistress, to whom she
was completely devoted. She was called Lina. One of those gentle creatures, a
little spoiled, perhaps, to whom a good deal of familiarity is allowed, but
who in return adore their mistresses. Quick, restless, coaxing, and lazy, she
could do what she pleased in the house.
As for servants they were of two kinds—Indians, of whom there
were about a hundred, employed always for the works of the fazenda,
and blacks to about double the number, who were not yet free, but
whose children were not born slaves. Joam Garral had herein preceded
the Brazilian government. In this country, moreover, the negroes
coming from Benguela, the Congo, or the Gold Coast were always treated
with kindness, and it was not at the fazenda of Iquitos that one
would look for those sad examples of cruelty which were so frequent
on foreign plantations.
MANOEL WAS in love with the sister of his friend Benito, and she was in
love with him. Each was sensible of the other's worth, and each was worthy of
When he was no longer able to mistake the state of his feelings toward
Minha, Manoel had opened his heart to Benito.
"Manoel, my friend," had immediately answered the enthusiastic
young fellow, "you could not do better than wish to marry my sister.
Leave it to me! I will commence by speaking to the mother, and I think
I can promise that you will not have to wait long for her consent."
Half an hour afterward he had done so.
Benito had nothing to tell his mother which she did not know;
Yaquita had already divined the young people's secret.
Before ten minutes had elapsed Benito was in the presence of Minha. They
had but to agree; there was no need for much eloquence. At the first words
the head of the gentle girl was laid on her brother's shoulder, and the
confession, "I am so happy!" was whispered from her heart.
The answer almost came before the question; that was obvious. Benito did
not ask for more.
There could be little doubt as to Joam Garral's consent. But if Yaquita
and her children did not at once speak to him about the marriage, it was
because they wished at the same time to touch on a question which might be
more difficult to solve. That question was, Where should the wedding take
Where should it be celebrated? In the humble cottage which served
for the village church? Why not? Joam and Yaquita had there received
the nuptial benediction of the Padre Passanha, who was then the curate
of Iquitos parish. At that time, as now, there was no distinction
in Brazil between the civil and religious acts, and the registers of
the mission were sufficient testimony to a ceremony which no officer
of the civil power was intrusted to attend to.
Joam Garral would probably wish the marriage to take place at Iquitos,
with grand ceremonies and the attendance of the whole staff of the fazenda,
but if such was to be his idea he would have to withstand a vigorous attack
"Manoel," Minha said to her betrothed, "if I was consulted in the matter
we should not be married here, but at Para. Madame Valdez is an invalid; she
cannot visit Iquitos, and I should not like to become her daughter without
knowing and being known by her. My mother agrees with me in thinking so. We
should like to persuade my father to take us to Belem. Do you not think
To this proposition Manoel had replied by pressing Minha's hand. He also
had a great wish for his mother to be present at his marriage. Benito had
approved the scheme without hesitation, and it was only necessary to persuade
Joam Garral. And hence on this day the young men had gone out hunting in the
woods, so as to leave Yaquita alone with her husband.
In the afternoon these two were in the large room of the house.
Joam Garral, who had just come in, was half-reclining on a couch
of plaited bamboos, when Yaquita, a little anxious, came and
seated herself beside him.
To tell Joam of the feelings which Manoel entertained toward
his daughter was not what troubled her. The happiness of Minha could
not but be assured by the marriage, and Joam would be glad to welcome
to his arms the new son whose sterling qualities he recognized
and appreciated. But to persuade her husband to leave the fazenda
Yaquita felt to be a very serious matter.
In fact, since Joam Garral, then a young man, had arrived in
the country, he had never left it for a day. Though the sight of
the Amazon, with its waters gently flowing to the east, invited him
to follow its course; though Joam every year sent rafts of wood to Manaos,
to Belem, and the seacoast of Para; though he had seen each year Benito leave
after his holidays to return to his studies, yet the thought seemed never to
have occurred to him to go with him.
The products of the farm, of the forest, and of the fields, the fazender
sold on the spot. He had no wish, either with thought or look, to go beyond
the horizon which bounded his Eden.
From this it followed that for twenty-five years Joam Garral had never
crossed the Brazilian frontier, his wife and daughter had never set foot on
Brazilian soil. The longing to see something of that beautiful country of
which Benito was often talking was not wanting, nevertheless. Two or three
times Yaquita had sounded her husband in the matter. But she had noticed that
the thought of leaving the fazenda, if only for a few weeks, brought an
increase of sadness to his face. His eyes would close, and in a tone of mild
reproach he would answer:
"Why leave our home? Are we not comfortable here?"
And Yaquita, in the presence of the man whose active kindness
and unchangeable tenderness rendered her so happy, had not the courage
This time, however, there was a serious reason to make it worth while.
The marriage of Minha afforded an excellent opportunity, it being so natural
for them to accompany her to Belem, where she was going to live with her
husband. She would there see and learn to love the mother of Manoel Valdez.
How could Joam Garral hesitate in the face of so praiseworthy a desire? Why,
on the other hand, did he not participate in this desire to become acquainted
with her who was to be the second mother of his child?
Yaquita took her husband's hand, and with that gentle voice which
had been to him all the music of his life:
"Joam," she said, "I am going to talk to you about something which
we ardently wish, and which will make you as happy as we are."
"What is it about, Yaquita?" asked Joam.
"Manoel loves your daughter, he is loved by her, and in this union they
will find the happiness——"
At the first words of Yaquita Joam Garral had risen, without being able
to control a sudden start. His eyes were immediately cast down, and he seemed
to designedly avoid the look of his wife.
"What is the matter with you?" asked she.
"Minha? To get married!" murmured Joam.
"My dear," said Yaquita, feeling somewhat hurt, "have you any objection
to make to the marriage? Have you not for some time noticed the feelings
which Manoel has entertained toward our daughter?"
"Yes; and a year since——"
And Joam sat down without finishing his thoughts. By an effort of
his will he had again become master of himself. The
unaccountable impression which had been made upon him disappeared. Gradually
his eyes returned to meet those of Yaquita, and he remained
thoughtfully looking at her.
Yaquita took his hand.
"Joam," she said, "have I been deceived? Had you no idea that
this marriage would one day take place, and that it would give her
every chance of happiness?"
"Yes," answered Joam. "All! Certainly. But, Yaquita, this wedding—this
wedding that we are both thinking of—when is it coming off? Shortly?"
"It will come off when you choose, Joam."
"And it will take place here—at Iquitos?"
This question obliged Yaquita to enter on the other matter which she had
at heart. She did not do so, however, without some hesitation, which was
"Joam," said she, after a moment's silence, "listen to me.
Regarding this wedding, I have got a proposal which I hope you will approve
of. Two or three times during the last twenty years I have asked you
to take me and my daughter to the provinces of the Lower Amazon, and
to Para, where we have never been. The cares of the fazenda, the
works which have required your presence, have not allowed you to grant
our request. To absent yourself even for a few days would then
have injured your business. But now everything has been successful
beyond your dreams, and if the hour of repose has not yet come for you,
you can at least for a few weeks get away from your work."
Joam Garral did not answer, but Yaquita felt his hand tremble in hers,
as though under the shock of some sorrowful recollection. At the same time a
half-smile came to her husband's lips—a mute invitation for her to finish
what she had begun.
"Joam," she continued, "here is an occasion which we shall never
see again in this life. Minha is going to be married away from us, and
is going to leave us! It is the first sorrow which our daughter has caused
us, and my heart quails when I think of the separation which is so near! But
I should be content if I could accompany her to Belem! Does it not seem right
to you, even in other respects that we should know her husband's mother, who
is to replace me, and to whom we are about to entrust her? Added to this,
Minha does not wish to grieve Madame Valdez by getting married at a distance
from her. When we were married, Joam, if your mother had been alive, would
you not have liked her to be present at your wedding?"
At these words of Yaquita Joam made a movement which he could
"My dear," continued Yaquita, "with Minha, with our two sons, Benito and
Manoel, with you, how I should like to see Brazil, and to journey down this
splendid river, even to the provinces on the seacoast through which it runs!
It seems to me that the separation would be so much less cruel! As we came
back we should revisit our daughter in her house with her second mother. I
would not think of her as gone I knew not where. I would fancy myself much
less a stranger to the doings of her life."
This time Joam had fixed his eyes on his wife and looked at her for some
time without saying anything.
What ailed him? Why this hesitation to grant a request which was so just
in itself—to say "Yes," when it would give such pleasure to all who belonged
to him? His business affairs could not afford a sufficient reason. A few
weeks of absence would not compromise matters to such a degree. His manager
would be able to take his place without any hitch in the fazenda. And yet all
this time he hesitated.
Yaquita had taken both her husband's hands in hers, and pressed
"Joam," she said, "it is not a mere whim that I am asking you to grant.
No! For a long time I have thought over the proposition I have just made to
you; and if you consent, it will be the realization of my most cherished
desire. Our children know why I am now talking to you. Minha, Benito, Manoel,
all ask this favor, that we should accompany them. We would all rather have
the wedding at Belem than at Iquitos. It will be better for your daughter,
for her establishment, for the position which she will take at Belem, that
she should arrive with her people, and appear less of a stranger in the town
in which she will spend most of her life."
Joam Garral leaned on his elbows. For a moment he hid his face in
his hands, like a man who had to collect his thoughts before he
made answer. There was evidently some hesitation which he was anxious
to overcome, even some trouble which his wife felt but could not explain.
A secret battle was being fought under that thoughtful brow. Yaquita got
anxious, and almost reproached herself for raising the question. Anyhow, she
was resigned to what Joam should decide. If the expedition would cost too
much, she would silence her wishes; she would never more speak of leaving the
fazenda, and never ask the reason for the inexplicable refusal.
Some minutes passed. Joam Garral rose. He went to the door, and did not
return. Then he seemed to give a last look on that glorious nature, on that
corner of the world where for twenty years of his life he had met with all
Then with slow steps he returned to his wife. His face bore a
new expression, that of a man who had taken a last decision, and with whom
irresolution had ceased.
"You are right," he said, in a firm voice. "The journey is
necessary. When shall we start?"
"Ah! Joam! my Joam!" cried Yaquita, in her joy. "Thank you for me! Thank
you for them!"
And tears of affection came to her eyes as her husband clasped her
to his heart.
At this moment happy voices were heard outside at the door of
Manoel and Benito appeared an instant after at the threshold, almost at
the same moment as Minha entered the room.
"Children! your father consents!" cried Yaquita. "We are going
With a grave face, and without speaking a word, Joam Garral received the
congratulations of his son and the kisses of his daughter.
"And what date, father," asked Benito, "have you fixed for
"Date?" answered Joam. "Date? We shall see. We will fix it at Belem."
"I am so happy! I am so happy!" repeated Minha, as she had done on the
day when she had first known of Manoel's request. "We shall now see the
Amazon in all its glory throughout its course through the provinces of
Brazil! Thanks, father!"
And the young enthusiast, whose imagination was already
stirred, continued to her brother and to Manoel:
"Let us be off to the library! Let us get hold of every book and every
map that we can find which will tell us anything about this magnificent river
system! Don't let us travel like blind folks! I want to see everything and
know everything about this king of the rivers of the earth!"
"THE LARGEST river in the whole world!" said Benito to Manoel Valdez, on
They were sitting on the bank which formed the southern boundary of the
fazenda, and looking at the liquid molecules passing slowly by, which, coming
from the enormous range of the Andes, were on their road to lose themselves
in the Atlantic Ocean eight hundred leagues away.
"And the river which carries to the sea the largest volume of
water," replied Manoel.
"A volume so considerable," added Benito, "that it freshens the
sea water for an immense distance from its mouth, and the force of
whose current is felt by ships at eight leagues from the coast."
"A river whose course is developed over more than thirty degrees
"And in a basin which from south to north does not comprise less
than twenty-five degrees."
"A basin!" exclaimed Benito. "Can you call it a basin, the vast
plain through which it runs, the savannah which on all sides stretches
out of sight, without a hill to give a gradient, without a mountain
to bound the horizon?"
"And along its whole extent," continued Manoel, "like the
thousand tentacles of some gigantic polyp, two hundred tributaries,
flowing from north or south, themselves fed by smaller affluents
without number, by the side of which the large rivers of Europe are but
"And in its course five hundred and sixty islands, without
counting islets, drifting or stationary, forming a kind of archipelago,
and yielding of themselves the wealth of a kingdom!"
"And along its flanks canals, lagoons, and lakes, such as cannot be met
with even in Switzerland, Lombardy, Scotland, or Canada."
"A river which, fed by its myriad tributaries, discharges into
the Atlantic over two hundred and fifty millions of cubic meters of
water every hour."
"A river whose course serves as the boundary of two republics,
and sweeps majestically across the largest empire of South America, as
if it were, in very truth, the Pacific Ocean itself flowing out along its
own canal into the Atlantic."
"And what a mouth! An arm of the sea in which one island, Marajo, has a
circumference of more than five hundred leagues!"
"And whose waters the ocean does not pond back without raising in
a strife which is phenomenal, a tide-race, or pororoca, to which the
ebbs, the bores, and the eddies of other rivers are but tiny ripples fanned
up by the breeze."
"A river which three names are scarcely enough to distinguish, and which
ships of heavy tonnage, without any change in their cargoes, can ascend for
more than three thousand miles from its mouth."
"A river which, by itself, its affluents, and subsidiary streams, opens
a navigable commercial route across the whole of the south of the continent,
passing from the Magdalena to the Ortequazza, from the Ortequazza to the
Caqueta, from the Caqueta to the Putumayo, from the Putumayo to the Amazon!
Four thousand miles of waterway, which only require a few canals to make the
network of navigation complete!"
"In short, the biggest and most admirable river system which we have in
The two young men were speaking in a kind of frenzy of
their incomparable river. They were themselves children of this
great Amazon, whose affluents, well worthy of itself, from the
highways which penetrate Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, New Grenada, Venezuela,
and the four Guianas—English, French, Dutch and Brazilian.
What nations, what races, has it seen whose origin is lost in
the far-distant past! It is one of the largest rivers of the globe.
Its true source still baffles our explorers. Numbers of States still claim
the honor of giving it birth. The Amazon was not likely to escape the
inevitable fate, and Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia have for years disputed as
to the honor of its glorious paternity.
today, however, there seems to be little doubt but that the
Amazon rises in Peru, in the district of Huaraco, in the department
of Tarma, and that it starts from the Lake of Lauricocha, which
is situated between the eleventh and twelfth degree of south latitude.
Those who make the river rise in Bolivia, and descend form the mountains
of Titicaca, have to prove that the true Amazon is the Ucayali, which is
formed by the junction of the Paro and the Apurimac—an assertion which is
now generally rejected.
At its departure from Lake Lauricocha the youthful river starts toward
the northeast for a distance of five hundred and sixty miles, and does not
strike to the west until it has received an important tributary—the Panta.
It is called the Maraᯮ in its journey through Colombia and Peru up to the
Brazilian frontier—or, rather, the Maranhao, for Maraᯮ is only the French
rendering of the Portuguese name.
From the frontier of Brazil to Manaos, where the superb Rio Negro joins
it, it takes the name of the Solima볬 or Solimoens, from the name of the
Indian tribe Solimao, of which survivors are still found in the neighboring
provinces. And, finally, from Manaos to the sea it is the Amasenas, or river
of the Amazons, a name given it by the old Spaniards, the descendants of the
adventurous Orellana, whose vague but enthusiastic stories went to show that
there existed a tribe of female warriors on the Rio Nhamunda, one of the
middle-sized affluents of the great river.
From its commencement the Amazon is recognizable as destined to become a
magnificent stream. There are neither rapids nor obstacles of any sort until
it reaches a defile where its course is slightly narrowed between two
picturesque and unequal precipices. No falls are met with until this point is
reached, where it curves to the eastward, and passes through the intermediary
chain of the Andes. Hereabouts are a few waterfalls, were it not for which
the river would be navigable from its mouth to its source. As it is,
however, according the Humboldt, the Amazon is free for five-sixths of
And from its first starting there is no lack of tributaries, which are
themselves fed by subsidiary streams. There is the Chinchipa, coming from the
northeast, on its left. On its right it is joined by the Chachapoyas, coming
from the northeast. On the left we have the Marona and the Pastuca; and the
Guallaga comes in from the right near the mission station of Laguna. On the
left there comes the Chambyra and the Tigr鬠flowing from the northeast; and
on the right the Huallaga, which joins the main stream twenty-eight hundred
miles from the Atlantic, and can be ascended by steamboats for over two
hundred miles into the very heart of Peru. To the right, again, near
the mission of San Joachim d'Omaguas, just where the upper
basin terminates, and after flowing majestically across the pampas
of Sacramento, it receives the magnificent Ucayali, the great
artery which, fed by numerous affluents, descends from Lake Chucuito, in
the northeast of Arica.
Such are the principal branches above the village of Iquitos. Down the
stream the tributaries become so considerable that the beds of most European
rivers would fail to contain them. But the mouths of these auxiliary waters
Joam Garral and his people will pass as they journey down the Amazon.
To the beauties of this unrivaled river, which waters the finest country
in the world, and keeps along its whole course at a few degrees to the south
of the equator, there is to be added another quality, possessed by neither
the Nile, the Mississippi, nor the Livingstone—or, in other words, the old
Congo-Zaira-Lualaba—and that is (although some ill-informed travelers have
stated to the contrary) that the Amazon crosses a most healthy part of
South America. Its basin is constantly swept by westerly winds. It is not
a narrow valley surrounded by high mountains which border its banks, but a
huge plain, measuring three hundred and fifty leagues from north to south,
scarcely varied with a few knolls, whose whole extent the atmospheric
currents can traverse unchecked.
Professor Agassiz very properly protested against the
pretended unhealthiness o the climate of a country which is destined to
become one of the most active of the world's producers. According to him,
"a soft and gentle breeze is constantly observable, and produces
an evaporation, thanks to which the temperature is kept down, and the sun
does not give out heat unchecked. The constancy of this refreshing breeze
renders the climate of the river Amazon agreeable, and even
The Abb頄urand has likewise testified that if the temperature does not
drop below 25 degrees Centigrade, it never rises above 33 degrees, and this
gives for the year a mean temperature of from 28 degrees to 29 degrees, with
a range of only 8 degrees.
After such statements we are safe in affirming that the basin of
the Amazon has none of the burning heats of countries like Asia
and Africa, which are crossed by the same parallels.
The vast plain which serves for its valley is accessible over its whole
extent to the generous breezes which come from off the Atlantic.
And the provinces to which the river has given its name
have acknowledged right to call themselves the healthiest of a
country which is one of the finest on the earth.
And how can we say that the hydrographical system of the Amazon is not
In the sixteenth century Orellana, the lieutenant of one of the brothers
Pizarro, descended the Rio Negro, arrived on the main river in 1540, ventured
without a guide across the unknown district, and, after eighteen months of a
navigation of which is record is most marvelous, reached the mouth.
In 1636 and 1637 the Portuguese Pedro Texeira ascended the Amazon
to Napo, with a fleet of forty-seven pirogues.
In 1743 La Condamine, after having measured an arc of the meridian
at the equator, left his companions Bouguer and Godin des
Odonais, embarked on the Chinchipe, descended it to its junction with
the Maraᯮ, reached the mouth at Napo on the 31st of July, just in
time to observe an emersion of the first satellite of
Jupiter—which allowed this "Humboldt of the eighteenth century" to
accurately determine the latitude and longitude of the spot—visited
the villages on both banks, and on the 6th of September arrived in
front of the fort of Para. This immense journey had important
results—not only was the course of the Amazon made out in scientific
fashion, but it seemed almost certain that it communicated with the
Fifty-five years later Humboldt and Bonpland completed the valuable work
of La Condamine, and drew up the map of the Manaᯮ as far as Napo.
Since this period the Amazon itself and all its principal
tributaries have been frequently visited.
In 1827 Lister-Maw, in 1834 and 1835 Smyth, in 1844 the
French lieutenant in command of the "Boulonnaise," the Brazilian Valdez
in 1840, the French "Paul Marcoy" from 1848 to 1860, the whimsical painter
Biard in 1859, Professor Agassiz in 1865 and 1866, in 1967 the Brazilian
engineer Franz Keller-Linzenger, and lastly, in 1879 Doctor Crevaux, have
explored the course of the river, ascended many of its tributaries, and
ascertained the navigability of its principal affluents.
But what has won the greatest honor for the Brazilian government is that
on the 31st of July, 1857, after numerous frontier disputes between France
and Brazil, about the Guiana boundary, the course of the Amazon was declared
to be free and open to all flags; and, to make practice harmonize with
theory, Brazil entered into negotiations with the neighboring powers for the
exploration of every river-road in the basin of the Amazon.
Today lines of well-found steamboats, which correspond direct
with Liverpool, are plying on the river from its mouth up to
Manaos; others ascend to Iquitos; others by way of the Tapajoz, the
Madeira, the Rio Negro, or the Purus, make their way into the center of
Peru and Bolivia.
One can easily imagine the progress which commerce will one day make in
this immense and wealthy area, which is without a rival in the world.
But to this medal of the future there is a reverse. No progress can be
accomplished without detriment to the indigenous races.
In face, on the Upper Amazon many Indian tribes have
already disappeared, among others the Curicicurus and the Sorimaos. On
the Putumayo, if a few Yuris are still met with, the Yahuas have abandoned
the district to take refuge among some of the distant tributaries, and the
Maoos have quitted its banks to wander in their diminished numbers among the
forests of Japura.
The Tunantins is almost depopulated, and there are only a few families
of wandering Indians at the mouth of the Jurua. The Teff頩s almost deserted,
and near the sources of the Japur there remained but the fragments of the
great nation of the Uma졮 The Coari is forsaken. There are but few Muras
Indians on the banks of the Purus. Of the ancient Manaos one can count but a
wandering party or two. On the banks of the Rio Negro there are only a few
half-breeds, Portuguese and natives, where a few years ago twenty-four
different nations had their homes.
Such is the law of progress. The Indians will disappear. Before
the Anglo-Saxon race Australians and Tasmanians have vanished. Before
the conquerors of the Far West the North American Indians have been
wiped out. One day perhaps the Arabs will be annihilated by
the colonization of the French.
But we must return to 1852. The means of communication, so numerous now,
did not then exist, and the journey of Joam Garral would require not less
than four months, owing to the conditions under which it was made.
Hence this observation of Benito, while the two friends were
watching the river as it gently flowed at their feet:
"Manoel, my friend, if there is very little interval between our arrival
at Belem and the moment of our separation, the time will appear to you to be
"Yes, Benito," said Manoel, "and very long as well, for Minha cannot by
my wife until the end of the voyage."
A FOREST ON THE GROUND
THE GARRAL family were in high glee. The magnificent journey on
the Amazon was to be undertaken under conditions as agreeable as possible.
Not only were the fazender and his family to start on a voyage for several
months, but, as we shall see, he was to be accompanied by a part of the staff
of the farm.
In beholding every one happy around him, Joam forgot the anxieties which
appeared to trouble his life. From the day his decision was taken he had been
another man, and when he busied himself about the preparations for the
expedition he regained his former activity. His people rejoiced exceedingly
at seeing him again at work. His moral self reacted against his physical
self, and Joam again became the active, energetic man of his earlier years,
and moved about once more as though he had spent his life in the open air,
under the invigorating influences of forests, fields, and running
Moreover, the few weeks that were to precede his departure had been well
At this period, as we have just remarked, the course of the Amazon was
not yet furrowed by the numberless steam vessels, which companies were only
then thinking of putting into the river. The service was worked by
individuals on their own account alone, and often the boats were only
employed in the business of the riverside establishments.
These boats were either ubas, canoes made from the trunk of a tree,
hollowed out by fire, and finished with the ax, pointed and light in front,
and heavy and broad in the stern, able to carry from one to a dozen paddlers,
and of three or four tons burden: egariteas, constructed on a larger
scale, of broader design, and leaving on each side a gangway for the rowers:
orjangada, rafts of no particular shape, propelled by a triangular sail,
and surmounted by a cabin of mud and straw, which served the Indian
and his family for a floating home.
These three kinds of craft formed the lesser flotilla of the Amazon, and
were only suited for a moderate traffic of passengers or merchandise.
Larger vessels, however, existed, either vigilingas ranging
from eight up to ten tons, with three masts rigged with red sails,
and which in calm weather were rowed by four long paddles not at all
easy to work against the stream; or cobertas, of twenty tons burden,
a kind of junk with a poop behind and a cabin down below, with two masts
and square sails of unequal size, and propelled, when the wind fell, by six
long sweeps which Indians worked from a forecastle.
But neither of these vessels satisfied Joam Garral. From the moment that
he had resolved to descend the Amazon he had thought of making the most of
the voyage by carrying a huge convoy of goods into Para. From this point of
view there was no necessity to descend the river in a hurry. And the
determination to which he had come pleased every one, excepting, perhaps,
Manoel, who would for very good reasons have preferred some rapid
But though the means of transport devised by Joam were primitive in the
extreme, he was going to take with him a numerous following and abandon
himself to the stream under exceptional conditions of comfort and
It would be, in truth, as if a part of the fazenda of Iquitos had been
cut away from the bank and carried down the Amazon with all that composed the
family of the fazender—masters and servants, in their dwellings, their
cottages, and their huts.
The settlement of Iquitos included a part of those magnificent forests
which, in the central districts of South America, are practically
Joam Garral thoroughly understood the management of these woods, which
were rich in the most precious and diverse species adapted for joinery,
cabinet work, ship building, and carpentry, and from them he annually drew
The river was there in front of him, and could it not be as safely and
economically used as a railway if one existed? So every year Joam Garral
felled some hundreds of trees from his stock and formed immense rafts of
floating wood, of joists, beams, and slightly squared trunks, which were
taken to Para in charge of capable pilots who were thoroughly acquainted with
the depths of the river and the direction of its currents.
This year Joam Garral decided to do as he had done in preceding years.
Only, when the raft was made up, he was going to leave to Benito all the
detail of the trading part of the business. But there was no time to lose.
The beginning of June was the best season to start, for the waters, increased
by the floods of the upper basin, would gradually and gradually subside until
the month of October.
The first steps had thus to be taken without delay, for the raft was to
be of unusual proportions. It would be necessary to fell a half-mile square
of the forest which was situated at the junction of the Nanay and the
Amazon—that is to say, the whole river side of the fazenda, to form the
enormous mass, for such were the jangadas or river rafts, which attained
the dimensions of a small island.
It was in this jangada, safer than any other vessel of the
country, larger than a hundred egariteas or vigilingas coupled
together, that Joam Garral proposed to embark with his family, his
servants, and his merchandise.
"Excellent idea!" had cried Minha, clapping her hands, when she learned
her father's scheme.
"Yes," said Yaquita, "and in that way we shall reach Belem
without danger or fatigue."
"And during the stoppages we can have some hunting in the forests which
line the banks," added Benito.
"Won't it take rather long?" observed Manoel; "could we not hit
upon some quicker way of descending the Amazon?"
It would take some time, obviously, but the interested observation
of the young doctor received no attention from any one.
Joam Garral then called in an Indian who was the principal manager
of the fazenda.
"In a month," he said to him, "the jangada must be built and ready
"We'll set to work this very day, sir."
It was a heavy task. There were about a hundred Indians and blacks, and
during the first fortnight in May they did wonders. Some people unaccustomed
to these great tree massacres would perhaps have groaned to see giants many
hundred years old fall in a few hours beneath the axes of the woodmen; but
there was such a quantity on the banks of the river, up stream and down
stream, even to the most distant points of the horizon, that the felling of
this half-mile of forest would scarcely leave an appreciable void.
The superintendent of the men, after receiving the instructions of Joam
Garral, had first cleared the ground of the creepers, brushwood, weeds, and
arborescent plants which obstructed it. Before taking to the saw and the ax
they had armed themselves with a felling-sword, that indispensable tool of
every one who desires to penetrate the Amazonian forests, a large blade
slightly curved, wide and flat, and two or three feet long, and strongly
handled, which the natives wield with consummate address. In a few hours,
with the help of the felling-sword, they had cleared the ground, cut down the
underwood, and opened large gaps into the densest portions of the wood.
In this way the work progressed. The ground was cleared in front of the
woodmen. The old trunks were divested of their clothing of creepers, cacti,
ferns, mosses, and bromelias. They were stripped naked to the bark, until
such time as the bark itself was stripped from off them.
Then the whole of the workers, before whom fled an innumerable crowd of
monkeys who were hardly their superiors in agility, slung themselves into the
upper branches, sawing off the heavier boughs and cutting down the topmost
limbs, which had to be cleared away on the spot. Very soon there remained
only a doomed forest, with long bare stems, bereft of their crowns, through
which the sun luxuriantly rayed on to the humid soil which perhaps its shots
had never before caressed.
There was not a single tree which could not be used for some work
of skill, either in carpentry or cabinet-work. There, shooting up
like columns of ivory ringed with brown, were wax-palms one hundred
and twenty feet high, and four feet thick at their base; white
chestnuts, which yield the three-cornered nuts; murichis, unexcelled
for building purposes; barrigudos, measuring a couple of yards at
the swelling, which is found at a few feet above the earth, trees
with shining russet bark dotted with gray tubercles, each pointed stem
of which supports a horizontal parasol; and bombax of superb stature,
with its straight and smooth white stem. Among these magnificent specimens of
the Amazonian flora there fell many quatibos whose rosy canopies towered
above the neighboring trees, whose fruits are like little cups with rows of
chestnuts ranged within, and whose wood of clear violet is specially in
demand for ship-building. And besides there was the ironwood; and
more particularly the ibiriratea, nearly black in its skin, and
so close grained that of it the Indians make their
battle-axes; jacarandas, more precious than mahogany; c泡lpinas,
only now found in the depths of the old forests which have escaped
the woodman's ax; sapucaias, one hundred and fifty feet
high, buttressed by natural arches, which, starting from three yards
from their base, rejoin the tree some thirty feet up the stem,
twining themselves round the trunk like the filatures of a twisted
column, whose head expands in a bouquet of vegetable fireworks made up of
the yellow, purple, and snowy white of the parasitic plants.
Three weeks after the work was begun not one was standing of all
the trees which had covered the angle of the Amazon and the Nanay.
The clearance was complete. Joam Garral had not even had to bestir himself
in the demolition of a forest which it would take twenty or thirty years to
replace. Not a stick of young or old wood was left to mark the boundary of a
future clearing, not even an angle to mark the limit of the denudation. It
was indeed a clean sweep; the trees were cut to the level of the earth, to
wait the day when their roots would be got out, over which the coming spring
would still spread its verdant cloak.
This square space, washed on its sides by the waters of the river
and its tributary, was destined to be cleared, plowed, planted, and
sown, and the following year fields of manioc, coffee-shrubs,
sugar-canes, arrowroot, maize, and peanuts would occupy the ground so
recently covered by the trees.
The last week of the month had not arrived when the trunks, classified
according to their varieties and specific gravity, were symmetrically
arranged on the bank of the Amazon, at the spot where the immense jangada was
to be guilt—which, with the different habitations for the accommodation of
the crew, would become a veritable floating village—to wait the time when
the waters of the river, swollen by the floods, would raise it and carry it
for hundreds of leagues to the Atlantic coast.
The whole time the work was going on Joam Garral had been engaged
in superintending it. From the clearing to the bank of the fazenda he had
formed a large mound on which the portions of the raft were disposed, and to
this matter he had attended entirely himself.
Yaquita was occupied with Cybele with the preparations for
the departure, though the old negress could not be made to understand
why they wanted to go or what they hoped to see.
"But you will see things that you never saw before," Yaquita kept saying
"Will they be better than what I see now?" was Cybele's
Minha and her favorite for their part took care of what
more particularly concerned them. They were not preparing for a
simple voyage; for them it was a permanent departure, and there were
a thousand details to look after for settling in the other country
in which the young mulatto was to live with the mistress to whom she
was so devotedly attached. Minha was a trifle sorrowful, but the
joyous Lina was quite unaffected at leaving Iquitos. Minha Valdez would
be the same to her as Minha Garral, and to check her spirits she
would have to be separated from her mistress, and that was never
Benito had actively assisted his father in the work, which was on
the point of completion. He commenced his apprenticeship to the trade of a
fazender, which would probably one day become his own, as he was about to do
that of a merchant on their descent of the river.
As for Manoel, he divided his time between the house, where Yaquita and
her daughter were as busy as possible, and the clearing, to which Benito
fetched him rather oftener than he thought convenient, and on the whole the
division was very unequal, as may well be imagined.
FOLLOWING A LIANA
IT WAS a Sunday, the 26th of May, and the young people had made up their
minds to take a holiday. The weather was splendid, the heat being tempered by
the refreshing breezes which blew from off the Cordilleras, and everything
invited them out for an excursion into the country.
Benito and Manoel had offered to accompany Minha through the thick woods
which bordered the right bank of the Amazon opposite the fazenda.
It was, in a manner, a farewell visit to the charming environs
of Iquitos. The young men went equipped for the chase, but as
sportsmen who had no intention of going far from their companions in pursuit
of any game. Manoel could be trusted for that, and the girls—for
Lina could not leave her mistress—went prepared for a walk, an
excursion of two or three leagues being not too long to frighten them.
Neither Joam Garral nor Yaquita had time to go with them. For one reason
the plan of the jangada was not yet complete, and it was necessary that its
construction should not be interrupted for a day, and another was that
Yaquita and Cybele, well seconded as they were by the domestics of the
fazenda, had not an hour to lose.
Minha had accepted the offer with much pleasure, and so, after breakfast
on the day we speak of, at about eleven o'clock, the two young men and the
two girls met on the bank at the angle where the two streams joined. One of
the blacks went with them. They all embarked in one of the ubas used in the
service of the farm, and after having passed between the islands of Iquitos
and Parianta, they reached the right bank of the Amazon.
They landed at a clump of superb tree-ferns, which were crowned, at
a height of some thirty feet with a sort of halo made of the
dainty branches of green velvet and the delicate lacework of the
"Well, Manoel," said Minha, "it is for me to do the honors of
the forest; you are only a stranger in these regions of the Upper
Amazon. We are at home here, and you must allow me to do my duty, as
mistress of the house."
"Dearest Minha," replied the young man, "you will be none the
less mistress of your house in our town of Belem than at the fazenda
of Iquitos, and there as here——"
"Now, then," interrupted Benito, "you did not come here to
exchange loving speeches, I imagine. Just forget for a few hours that you
"Not for an hour—not for an instant!" said Manoel.
"Perhaps you will if Minha orders you?"
"Minha will not order me."
"Who knows?" said Lina, laughing.
"Lina is right," answered Minha, who held out her hand to Manoel. "Try
to forget! Forget! my brother requires it. All is broken off! As long as this
walk lasts we are not engaged: I am no more than the sister of Benito! You
are only my friend!"
"To be sure," said Benito.
"Bravo! bravo! there are only strangers here," said the young mulatto,
clapping her hands.
"Strangers who see each other for the first time," added the girl; "who
meet, bow to——"
"Mademoiselle!" said Manoel, turning to Minha.
"To whom have I the honor to speak, sir?" said she in the most serious
"To Manoel Valdez, who will be glad if your brother will
"Oh, away with your nonsense!" cried Benito. "Stupid idea that I had! Be
engaged, my friends—be it as much as you like! Be it always!"
"Always!" said Minha, from whom the word escaped so naturally
that Lina's peals of laughter redoubled.
A grateful glance from Manoel repaid Minha for the imprudence of
"Come along," said Benito, so as to get his sister out of
her embarrassment; "if we walk on we shall not talk so much."
"One moment, brother," she said. "You have seen how ready I am to obey
you. You wished to oblige Manoel and me to forget each other, so as not to
spoil your walk. Very well; and now I am going to ask a sacrifice from you so
that you shall not spoil mine. Whether it pleases you or not, Benito, you
must promise me to forget——"
"That you are a sportsman!"
"What! you forbid me to——"
"I forbid you to fire at any of these charming birds—any of
the parrots, caciques, or curucus which are flying about so happily
among the trees! And the same interdiction with regard to the smaller
game with which we shall have to do today. If any ounce, jaguar, or
such thing comes too near, well——"
"But——" said Benito.
"If not, I will take Manoel's arm, and we shall save or lose ourselves,
and you will be obliged to run after us."
"Would you not like me to refuse, eh?" asked Benito, looking
"I think I should!" replied the young man.
"Well then—no!" said Benito; "I do not refuse; I will obey and
annoy you. Come on!"
And so the four, followed by the black, struck under the splendid trees,
whose thick foliage prevented the sun's rays from every reaching the
There is nothing more magnificent than this part of the right bank
of the Amazon. There, in such picturesque confusion, so many
different trees shoot up that it is possible to count more than a
hundred different species in a square mile. A forester could easily see
that no woodman had been there with his hatchet or ax, for the effects
of a clearing are visible for many centuries afterward. If the new
trees are even a hundred years old, the general aspect still differs
from what it was originally, for the lianas and other parasitic
plants alter, and signs remain which no native can misunderstand.
The happy group moved then into the tall herbage, across the
thickets and under the bushes, chatting and laughing. In front, when
the brambles were too thick, the negro, felling-sword in hand, cleared the
way, and put thousands of birds to flight.
Minha was right to intercede for the little winged world which
flew about in the higher foliage, for the finest representations
of tropical ornithology were there to be seen—green parrots and clamorous
parakeets, which seemed to be the natural fruit of these gigantic trees;
humming-birds in all their varieties, light-blue and ruby red; tisauras
with long scissors-like tails, looking like detached flowers which the wind
blew from branch to branch; blackbirds, with orange plumage bound with brown;
golden-edged beccaficos; and sabias, black as crows; all united in a
deafening concert of shrieks and whistles. The long beak of the toucan
stood out against the golden clusters of the quiriris and
the treepeckers or woodpeckers of Brazil wagged their little
heads, speckled all over with their purple spots. It was truly a scene
But all were silent and went into hiding when above the tops of
the trees there grated like a rusty weathercock the alma de gato
or "soul of the cat," a kind of light fawn-colored sparrow-hawk. If
he proudly hooted, displaying in the air the long white plumes of
his tail, he in his turn meekly took to flight when in the loftier heights
there appeared the gaviao, the large white-headed eagle, the terror of
the whole winged population of these woods.
Minha made Manoel admire the natural wonders which could not be found in
their simplicity in the more civilized provinces of the east. He listened to
her more with his eyes than his ears, for the cries and the songs of these
thousands of birds were every now and then so penetrating that he was not
able to hear what she said. The noisy laughter of Lina was alone sufficiently
shrill to ring out with its joyous note above every kind of clucking,
chirping, hooting, whistling, and cooing.
At the end of an hour they had scarcely gone a mile. As they left
the river the trees assumed another aspect, and the animal life was
no longer met with near the ground, but at from sixty to eighty
feet above, where troops of monkeys chased each other along the
higher branches. Here and there a few cones of the solar rays shot down
into the underwood. In fact, in these tropical forests light does not
seem to be necessary for their existence. The air is enough for
the vegetable growth, whether it be large or small, tree or plant, and all
the heat required for the development of their sap is derived not from the
surrounding atmosphere, but from the bosom of the soil itself, where it is
stored up as in an enormous stove.
And on the bromelias, grass plantains, orchids, cacti, and in short all
the parasites which formed a little forest beneath the large one, many
marvelous insects were they tempted to pluck as though they had been genuine
blossoms—nestors with blue wings like shimmering watered silk, leilu
butterflies reflexed with gold and striped with fringes of green, agrippina
moths, ten inches long, with leaves for wings, maribunda bees, like living
emeralds set in sockets of gold, and legions of lampyrons or pyrophorus
coleopters, valagumas with breastplates of bronze, and green elytr欠with
yellow light pouring from their eyes, who, when the night comes, illuminate
the forest with their many-colored scintillations.
"What wonders!" repeated the enthusiastic girl.
"You are at home, Minha, or at least you say so," said Benito, "and that
is the way you talk of your riches!"
"Sneer away, little brother!" replied Minha; "such beautiful things are
only lent to us; is it not so, Manoel? They come from the hand of the
Almighty and belong to the world!"
"Let Benito laugh on, Minha," said Manoel. "He hides it very well, but
he is a poet himself when his time comes, and he admires as much as we do all
these beauties of nature. Only when his gun is on his arm, good-by to
"Then be a poet now," replied the girl.
"I am a poet," said Benito. "O! Nature-enchanting, etc."
We may confess, however, that in forbidding him to use his gun Minha had
imposed on him a genuine privation. There was no lack of game in the woods,
and several magnificent opportunities he had declined with regret.
In some of the less wooded parts, in places where the breaks
were tolerably spacious, they saw several pairs of ostriches, of
the species known as naudus, from four to five feet high,
accompanied by their inseparable seriemas, a sort of turkey,
infinitely better from an edible point of view than the huge birds they
"See what that wretched promise costs me," sighed Benito, as, at
a gesture from his sister, he replaced under his arm the gun which
had instinctively gone up to his shoulder.
"We ought to respect the seriemas," said Manoel, "for they are
great destroyers of the snakes."
"Just as we ought to respect the snakes," replied Benito, "because they
eat the noxious insects, and just as we ought the insects because they live
on smaller insects more offensive still. At that rate we ought to respect
But the instinct of the young sportsman was about to be put to a still
more rigorous trial. The woods became of a sudden full of game. Swift stags
and graceful roebucks scampered off beneath the bushes, and a well-aimed
bullet would assuredly have stopped them. Here and there turkeys showed
themselves with their milk and coffee-colored plumage; and peccaries, a sort
of wild pig highly appreciated by lovers of venison, and agouties, which are
the hares and rabbits of Central America; and tatous belonging to the order
of edentates, with their scaly shells of patterns of mosaic.
And truly Benito showed more than virtue, and even genuine heroism, when
he came across some tapirs, called "antas" in Brazil, diminutives of the
elephant, already nearly undiscoverable on the banks of the Upper Amazon and
its tributaries, pachyderms so dear to the hunters for their rarity, so
appreciated by the gourmands for their meat, superior far to beef, and above
all for the protuberance on the nape of the neck, which is a morsel fit for a
His gun almost burned his fingers, but faithful to his promise he kept
But yet—and he cautioned his sister about this—the gun would go off in
spite of him, and probably register a master-stroke in sporting annals, if
within range there should come a tamandoa assa, a kind of large and very
Happily the big ant-eater did not show himself, neither did
any panthers, leopards, jaguars, guepars, or cougars, called indifferently
ounces in South America, and to whom it is not advisable to get too
"After all," said Benito, who stopped for an instant, "to walk is very
well, but to walk without an object——"
"Without an object!" replied his sister; "but our object is to see, to
admire, to visit for the last time these forests of Central America, which we
shall not find again in Para, and to bid them a fast farewell."
"Ah! an idea!"
It was Lina who spoke.
"An idea of Lina's can be no other than a silly one," said
Benito, shaking his head.
"It is unkind, brother," said Minha, "to make fun of Lina when she has
been thinking how to give our walk the object which you have just regretted
"Besides, Mr. Benito, I am sure my idea will please you," replied
"Well, what is it?" asked Minha.
"You see that liana?"
And Lina pointed to a liana of the cipos kind, twisted round
a gigantic sensitive mimosa, whose leaves, light as feathers, shut up at
the least disturbance.
"Well?" said Benito.
"I proposed," replied Minha, "that we try to follow that liana to
its very end."
"It is an idea, and it is an object!" observed Benito, "to follow this
liana, no matter what may be the obstacles, thickets, underwood, rocks,
brooks, torrents, to let nothing stop us, not even——"
"Certainly, you are right, brother!" said Minha; "Lina is a
"Come on, then!" replied her brother; "you say that Lina is absurd so as
to say that Benito is absurd to approve of it!"
"Well, both of you are absurd, if that will amuse you," returned Minha.
"Let us follow the liana!"
"You are not afraid?" said Manoel.
"Still objections!" shouted Benito.
"Ah, Manoel! you would not speak like that if you were already on your
way and Minha was waiting for you at the end."
"I am silent," replied Manoel; "I have no more to say. I obey. Let
us follow the liana!"
And off they went as happy as children home for their holidays.
This vegetable might take them far if they determined to follow it
to its extremity, like the thread of Ariadne, as far almost as that which
the heiress of Minos used to lead her from the labyrinth, and perhaps
entangle them more deeply.
It was in fact a creeper of the salses family, one of the cipos
known under the name of the red japicanga, whose length
sometimes measures several miles. But, after all, they could leave it when
The cipo passed from one tree to another without breaking
its continuity, sometimes twisting round the trunks, sometimes
garlanding the branches, here jumping form a dragon-tree to a rosewood,
then from a gigantic chestnut, the Bertholletia excelsa, to some
of the wine palms, baccabas, whose branches have been
appropriately compared by Agassiz to long sticks of coral flecked with green.
Here round tucumas, or ficuses, capriciously twisted like
centenarian olive-trees, and of which Brazil had fifty-four varieties; here
round the kinds of euphorbias, which produce caoutchouc, gualtes,
noble palm-trees, with slender, graceful, and glossy stems;
and cacao-trees, which shoot up of their own accord on the banks of
the Amazon and its tributaries, having different melastomas, some with red
flowers and others ornamented with panicles of whitish berries.
But the halts! the shouts of cheating! when the happy company
thought they had lost their guiding thread! For it was necessary to go
back and disentangle it from the knot of parasitic plants.
"There it is!" said Lina, "I see it!"
"You are wrong," replied Minha; "that is not it, that is a liana
of another kind."
"No, Lina is right!" said Benito.
"No, Lina is wrong!" Manoel would naturally return.
Hence highly serious, long-continued discussions, in which no one would
Then the black on one side and Benito on the other would rush at
the trees and clamber up to the branches encircled by the cipo so as
to arrive at the true direction.
Now nothing was assuredly less easy in that jumble of knots, among which
twisted the liana in the middle of bromelias, karatas, armed with their
sharp prickles, orchids with rosy flowers and violet lips the size of gloves,
and oncidiums more tangled than a skein of worsted between a kitten's
And then when the liana ran down again to the ground the difficulty of
picking it out under the mass of lycopods, large-leaved heliconias,
rosy-tasseled calliandras, rhipsalas encircling it like the thread on an
electric reel, between the knots of the large white ipomas, under the fleshy
stems of the vanilla, and in the midst of the shoots and branchlets of the
grenadilla and the vine.
And when the cipo was found again what shouts of joy, and how
they resumed the walk for an instant interrupted!
For an hour the young people had already been advancing, and nothing had
happened to warn them that they were approaching the end.
They shook the liana with vigor, but it would not give, and the
birds flew away in hundreds, and the monkeys fled from tree to tree, so
as to point out the way.
If a thicket barred the road the felling-sword cut a deep gap, and the
group passed in. If it was a high rock, carpeted with verdure, over which the
liana twisted like a serpent, they climbed it and passed on.
A large break now appeared. There, in the more open air, which is
as necessary to it as the light of the sun, the tree of the tropics, par
excellence, which, according to Humboldt, "accompanies man in the infancy of
his civilization," the great provider of the inhabitant of the torrid zones,
a banana-tree, was standing alone. The long festoon of the liana curled round
its higher branches, moving away to the other side of the clearing, and
disappeared again into the forest.
"Shall we stop soon?" asked Manoel.
"No; a thousand times no!" cried Benito, "not without having reached the
end of it!"
"Perhaps," observed Minha, "it will soon be time to think
"Oh, dearest mistress, let us go on again!" replied Lina.
"On forever!" added Benito.
And they plunged more deeply into the forest, which, becoming clearer,
allowed them to advance more easily.
Besides, the cipo bore away to the north, and toward the river.
It became less inconvenient to follow, seeing that they approached
the right bank, and it would be easy to get back afterward.
A quarter of an hour later they all stopped at the foot of a ravine in
front of a small tributary of the Amazon. But a bridge of lianas, made of
bejucos, twined together by their interlacing branches, crossed the
stream. The cipo, dividing into two strings, served for a handrail, and
passed from one bank to the other.
Benito, all the time in front, had already stepped on the swinging floor
of this vegetable bridge.
Manoel wished to keep his sister back.
"Stay—stay, Minha!" he said, "Benito may go further if he likes,
but let us remain here."
"No! Come on, come on, dear mistress!" said Lina. "Don't be afraid, the
liana is getting thinner; we shall get the better of it, and find out its
And, without hesitation, the young mulatto boldly ventured
"What children they are!" replied Minha. "Come along, Manoel, we
And they all cleared the bridge, which swayed above the ravine like
a swing, and plunged again beneath the mighty trees.
But they had not proceeded for ten minutes along the interminable cipo,
in the direction of the river, when they stopped, and this time not without
"Have we got to the end of the liana?" asked Minha.
"No," replied Benito; "but we had better advance with care. Look!" and
Benito pointed to the cipo which, lost in the branches of a high ficus, was
agitated by violent shakings.
"What causes that?" asked Manoel.
"Perhaps some animal that we had better approach with a
And Benito, cocking his gun, motioned them to let him go on a bit, and
stepped about ten paces to the front.
Manoel, the two girls, and the black remained motionless where
Suddenly Benito raised a shout, and they saw him rush toward a
tree; they all ran as well.
Sight the most unforeseen, and little adapted to gratify the eyes!
A man, hanging by the neck, struggled at the end of the liana,
which, supple as a cord, had formed into a slipknot, and the shakings
came from the jerks into which he still agitated it in the
last convulsions of his agony!
Benito threw himself on the unfortunate fellow, and with a cut of
his hunting-knife severed the cipo.
The man slipped on to the ground. Manoel leaned over him, to try
and recall him to life, if it was not too late.
"Poor man!" murmured Minha.
"Mr. Manoel! Mr. Manoel!" cried Lina. "He breathes again! His
heart beats; you must save him."
"True," said Manoel, "but I think it was about time that we came up."
He was about thirty years old, a white, clothed badly enough,
much emaciated, and he seemed to have suffered a good deal.
At his feet were an empty flask, thrown on the ground, and a cup
and ball in palm wood, of which the ball, made of the head of a
tortoise, was tied on with a fiber.
"To hang himself! to hang himself!" repeated Lina, "and young
still! What could have driven him to do such a thing?"
But the attempts of Manoel had not been long in bringing the
luckless wight to life again, and he opened his eyes and gave an "ahem!"
so vigorous and unexpected that Lina, frightened, replied to his cry with
"Who are you, my friend?" Benito asked him.
"An ex-hanger-on, as far as I see."
"But your name?"
"Wait a minute and I will recall myself," said he, passing his hand over
his forehead. "I am known as Fragoso, at your service; and I am still able to
curl and cut your hair, to shave you, and to make you comfortable according
to all the rules of my art. I am a barber, so to speak more truly, the most
desperate of Figaros."
"And what made you think of——"
"What would you have, my gallant sir?" replied Fragoso, with a smile; "a
moment of despair, which I would have duly regretted had the regrets been in
another world! But eight hundred leagues of country to traverse, and not a
coin in my pouch, was not very comforting! I had lost courage
To conclude, Fragoso had a good and pleasing figure, and as he recovered
it was evident that he was of a lively disposition. He was one of those
wandering barbers who travel on the banks of the Upper Amazon, going from
village to village, and putting the resources of their art at the service of
negroes, negresses, Indians and Indian women, who appreciate them very
But poor Fragoso, abandoned and miserable, having eaten nothing
for forty hours, astray in the forest, had for an instant lost his
head, and we know the rest.
"My friend," said Benito to him, "you will go back with us to
the fazenda of Iquitos?"
"With pleasure," replied Fragoso; "you cut me down and I belong to you.
I must somehow be dependent."
"Well, dear mistress, don't you think we did well to continue our walk?"
"That I do," returned the girl.
"Never mind," said Benito; "I never thought that we should finish
by finding a man at the end of the cipo."
"And, above all, a barber in difficulties, and on the road to
hang himself!" replied Fragoso.
The poor fellow, who was now wide awake, was told about what had passed.
He warmly thanked Lina for the good idea she had had of following the liana,
and they all started on the road to the fazenda, where Fragoso was received
in a way that gave him neither wish nor want to try his wretched task
THE HALF-MILE square of forest was cleared. With the carpenters remained
the task of arranging in the form of a raft the many venerable trees which
were lying on the strand.
And an easy task it was. Under the direction of Joam Garral the Indians
displayed their incomparable ingenuity. In everything connected with
house-building or ship-building these natives are, it must be admitted,
astonishing workmen. They have only an ax and a saw, and they work on woods
so hard that the edge of their tools gets absolutely jagged; yet they square
up trunks, shape beams out of enormous stems, and get out of them joists and
planking without the aid of any machinery whatever, and, endowed with
prodigious natural ability, do all these things easily with their skilled and
The trees had not been launched into the Amazon to begin with;
Joam Garral was accustomed to proceed in a different way. The whole
mass of trunks was symmetrically arranged on a flat part of the
bank, which he had already leveled up at the junction of the Nanay with
the great river.
There it was that the jangada was to be built; thence it was that
the Amazon was to float it when the time came for it to start for
And here an explanatory note is necessary in regard to the geography of
this immense body of water, and more especially as relating to a singular
phenomenon which the riverside inhabitants describe from personal
The two rivers which are, perhaps, more extensive than the great artery
of Brazil, the Nile and the Missouri-Mississippi, flow one from south to
north across the African continent, the other from north to south through
North America. They cross districts of many different latitudes, and
consequently of many different climates.
The Amazon, on the contrary, is entirely comprised—at least it is from
the point where it turns to the east, on the frontiers of Ecuador and
Peru—between the second and fourth parallels of south latitude. Hence this
immense river system is under the same climatic conditions during the whole
of its course.
In these parts there are two distinct seasons during which rain falls.
In the north of Brazil the rainy season is in September; in the south it
occurs in March. Consequently the right-hand tributaries and the left-hand
tributaries bring down their floods at half-yearly intervals, and hence the
level of the Amazon, after reaching its maximum in June, gradually falls
This Joam Garral knew by experience, and he intended to profit by
the phenomenon to launch the jangada, after having built it in comfort
on the river bank. In fact, between the mean and the higher level
the height of the Amazon could vary as much as forty feet, and between the
mean and the lower level as much as thirty feet. A difference of seventy feet
like this gave the fazender all he required.
The building was commenced without delay. Along the huge bank the trunks
were got into place according to their sizes and floating power, which of
course had to be taken into account, as among these thick and heavy woods
there were many whose specific gravity was but little below that of
The first layer was entirely composed of trunks laid side by side.
A little interval had to be left between them, and they were
bound together by transverse beams, which assured the solidity of
the whole. Pia硢a ropes strapped them together as firmly as any chain
cables could have done. This material, which consists of the ramicles of a
certain palm-tree growing very abundantly on the river banks, is in universal
use in the district. Pia硢a floats, resists immersion, and is cheaply
made—very good reasons for causing it to be valuable, and making it even an
article of commerce with the Old World.
Above this double row of trunks and beams were disposed the joists and
planks which formed the floor of the jangada, and rose about thirty inches
above the load water-line. The bulk was enormous, as we must confess when it
is considered that the raft measured a thousand feet long and sixty broad,
and thus had a superificies of sixty thousand square feet. They were, in
fact, about to commit a whole forest to the Amazon.
The work of building was conducted under the immediate direction of Joam
Garral. But when that part was finished the question of arrangement was
submitted to the discussion of all, including even the gallant Fragoso.
Just a word as to what he was doing in his new situation at
The barber had never been so happy as since the day when he had
been received by the hospitable family. Joam Garral had offered to
take him to Para, on the road to which he was when the liana, according
to his account, had seized him by the neck and brought him up with a round
turn. Fragoso had accepted the offer, thanked him from the bottom of his
heart, and ever since had sought to make himself useful in a thousand ways.
He was a very intelligent fellow—what one might call a "double
right-hander"—that is to say, he could do everything, and could do
everything well. As merry as Lina, always singing, and always ready with some
good-natured joke, he was not long in being liked by all.
But it was with the young mulatto that he claimed to have contracted the
"A famous idea that of yours, Miss Lina," he was constantly saying, "to
play at 'following the liana!' It is a capital game even if you do not always
find a poor chap of a barber at the end!"
"Quite a chance, Mr. Fragoso," would laughingly reply Lina; "I
assure you, you owe me nothing!"
"What! nothing! I owe you my life, and I want it prolonged for a hundred
years, and that my recollection of the fact may endure even longer! You see,
it is not my trade to be hanged! If I tried my hand at it, it was through
necessity. But, on consideration, I would rather die of hunger, and before
quite going off I should try a little pasturage with the brutes! As for this
liana, it is a lien between us, and so you will see!"
The conversation generally took a joking turn, but at the bottom Fragoso
was very grateful to the mulatto for having taken the initiative in his
rescue, and Lina was not insensible to the attentions of the brave fellow,
who was as straightforward, frank, and good-looking as she was. Their
friendship gave rise to many a pleasant, "Ah, ah!" on the part of Benito, old
Cybele, and others.
To return to the Jangada. After some discussion it was decided, as the
voyage was to be of some months' duration, to make it as complete and
comfortable as possible. The Garral family, comprising the father, mother,
daughter, Benito, Manoel, and the servants, Cybele and Lina, were to live in
a separate house. In addition to these, there were to go forty Indians, forty
blacks, Fragoso, and the pilot who was to take charge of the navigation of
Though the crew was large, it was not more than sufficient for
the service on board. To work the jangada along the windings of the
river and between the hundreds of islands and islets which lay in
its course required fully as many as were taken, for if the
current furnished the motive power, it had nothing to do with the
steering, and the hundred and sixty arms were no more than were necessary
to work the long boathooks by which the giant raft was to be kept
In the first place, then, in the hinder part of the jangada they built
the master's house. It was arranged to contain several bedrooms and a large
dining-hall. One of the rooms was destined for Joam and his wife, another for
Lina and Cybele near those of their mistresses, and a third room for Benito
and Manoel. Minha had a room away from the others, which was not by any means
the least comfortably designed.
This, the principal house, was carefully made of
weather-boarding, saturated with boiling resin, and thus rendered
water-tight throughout. It was capitally lighted with windows on all sides.
In front, the entrance-door gave immediate access to the common room.
A light veranda, resting on slender bamboos, protected the exterior from
the direct action of the solar rays. The whole was painted a light-ocher
color, which reflected the heat instead of absorbing it, and kept down the
temperature of the interior.
But when the heavy work, so to speak, had been completed,
Minha intervened with:
"Father, now your care has inclosed and covered us, you must allow us to
arrange our dwelling to please ourselves. The outside belongs to you, the
inside to us. Mother and I would like it to be as though our house at the
fazenda went with us on the journey, so as to make you fancy that we had
never left Iquitos!"
"Do just as you like, Minha," replied Joam Garral, smiling in the
sad way he often did.
"That will be nice!"
"I leave everything to your good taste."
"And that will do us honor, father. It ought to, for the sake of
the splendid country we are going through—which is yours, by the way, and
into which you are to enter after so many years' absence."
"Yes, Minha; yes," replied Joam. "It is rather as if we were returning
from exile—voluntary exile! Do your best; I approve beforehand of what you
On Minha and Lina, to whom were added of their own free will Manoel on
the one side and Fragoso on the other, devolved the care of decorating the
inside of the house. With some imagination and a little artistic feeling the
result was highly satisfactory.
The best furniture of the fazenda naturally found its place within, as
after arriving in Para they could easily return it by one of the igariteos.
Tables, bamboo easy-chairs, cane sofas, carved wood shelves, everything that
constituted the charming furniture of the tropics, was disposed with taste
about the floating home. No one is likely to imagine that the walls remained
bare. The boards were hidden beneath hangings of most agreeable variety.
These hangings were made of valuable bark, that of the tuturis, which is
raised up in large folds like the brocades and damasks and softest
and richest materials of our modern looms. On the floors of the rooms were
jaguar skins, with wonderful spots, and thick monkey furs of exquisite
fleeciness. Light curtains of the russet silk, produced by the sumauma,
hung from the windows. The beds, enveloped in mosquito curtains, had their
pillows, mattresses, and bolsters filled with that fresh and elastic
substance which in the Upper Amazon is yielded by the bombax.
Throughout on the shelves and side-tables were little odds and
ends, brought from Rio Janeiro or Belem, those most precious to Minha
being such as had come from Manoel. What could be more pleasing in her
eyes than the knickknacks given by a loving hand which spoke to
her without saying anything?
In a few days the interior was completed, and it looked just like
the interior of the fazenda. A stationary house under a lovely clump
of trees on the borders of some beautiful river! Until it
descended between the banks of the larger stream it would not be out of
keeping with the picturesque landscape which stretched away on each side
We may add that the exterior of the house was no less charming than the
In fact, on the outside the young fellows had given free scope to their
taste and imagination.
From the basement to the roof it was literally covered with foliage. A
confused mass of orchids, bromelias, and climbing plants, all in flower,
rooted in boxes of excellent soil hidden beneath masses of verdure. The trunk
of some ficus or mimosa was never covered by a more startlingly tropical
attire. What whimsical climbers—ruby red and golden yellow, with variegated
clusters and tangled twigs—turned over the brackets, under the ridges, on
the rafters of the roof, and across the lintels of the doors! They had
brought them wholesale from the woods in the neighborhood of the fazenda. A
huge liana bound all the parasites together; several times it made the round
of the house, clinging on to every angle, encircling every projection,
forking, uniting, it everywhere threw out its irregular branchlets,
and allowed not a bit of the house to be seen beneath its
enormous clusters of bloom.
As a delicate piece of attention, the author of which can be
easily recognized, the end of the cipo spread out before the very window
of the young mulatto, as though a long arm was forever holding a
bouquet of fresh flowers across the blind.
To sum up, it was as charming as could be; and as Yaquita, her daughter,
and Lina were content, we need say no more about it.
"It would not take much to make us plant trees on the jangada,"
"Oh, trees!" ejaculated Minha.
"Why not?" replied Manoel. "Transported on to this solid platform, with
some good soil, I am sure they would do well, and we would have no change of
climate to fear for them, as the Amazon flows all the time along the same
"Besides," said Benito, "every day islets of verdure, torn from
the banks, go drifting down the river. Do they not pass along with
their trees, bushes, thickets, rocks, and fields, to lose themselves in
the Atlantic eight hundred leagues away? Why, then, should we
not transform our raft into a floating garden?"
"Would you like a forest, miss?" said Fragoso, who stopped
"Yes, a forest!" cried the young mulatto; "a forest with its birds and
"Its snakes, its jaguars!" continued Benito.
"Its Indians, its nomadic tribes," added Manoel, "and even
"But where are you going to, Fragoso?" said Minha, seeing the
active barber making a rush at the bank.
"To look after the forest!" replied Fragoso.
"Useless, my friend," answered the smiling Minha. "Manoel has given me a
nosegay and I am quite content. It is true," she added, pointing to the house
hidden beneath the flowers, "that he has hidden our house in his betrothal
THE EVENING OF THE FIFTH OF JUNE
WHILE THE master's house was being constructed, Joam Garral was
also busied in the arrangement of the out-buildings, comprising
the kitchen, and offices in which provisions of all kinds were intended to
In the first place, there was an important stock of the roots of
that little tree, some six or ten feet in height, which yields the
manioc, and which form the principal food of the inhabitants of
these inter-tropical countries. The root, very much like a long
black radish, grows in clumps like potatoes. If it is not poisonous
in Africa, it is certain that in South America it contains a more noxious
juice, which it is necessary to previously get rid of by pressure. When this
result is obtained, the root is reduced to flour, and is then used in many
ways, even in the form of tapioca, according to the fancy of the
On board the jangada there was a huge pile of this useful
product destined for general consumption.
As for preserved meats, not forgetting a whole flock of sheep, kept in a
special stable built in the front, they consisted principally of a quantity
of the presunto hams of the district, which are of first-class quality;
but the guns of the young fellows and of some of the Indians were reckoned on
for additional supplies, excellent hunters as they were, to whom there was
likely to be no lack of game on the islands and in the forests bordering on
the stream. The river was expected to furnish its daily quota; prawns, which
ought rather to be called crawfish; tambagus, the finest fish in the
district, of a flavor superior to that of salmon, to which it is
often compared; pirarucus with red scales, as large as sturgeons,
which when salted are used in great quantities throughout
Brazil; candirus, awkward to capture, but good to eat; piranhas,
or devil-fish, striped with red bands, and thirty inches long;
turtles large and small, which are counted by millions, and form so large
a part of the food of the natives; some of every one of these things
it was hoped would figure in turn on the tables of the master and
And so each day shooting and fishing were to be regularly
For beverages they had a good store of the best that country produced;
caysuma or machachera, from the Upper and Lower Amazon, an agreeable
liquor of slightly acidulated taste, which is distilled from the boiled root
of the sweet manioc; beiju, from Brazil, a sort of national brandy, the
chica of Peru; the mazato of the Ucayali, extracted from the boiled
fruits of the banana-tree, pressed and fermented; guarana, a kind of
paste made from the double almond of the paulliniasorbilis, a genuine
tablet of chocolate so far as its color goes, which is reduced to a
fine powder, and with the addition of water yields an excellent drink.
And this was not all. There is in these countries a species of
dark violet wine, which is got from the juice of the palm, and
the aromatic flavor of this assais is greatly appreciated by
the Brazilans, and of it there were on board a respectable number
of frasques (each holding a little more than half a gallon), which
would probably be emptied before they arrived at Para.
The special cellar of the jangada did honor to Benito, who had
been appointed its commander-in-chief. Several hundred bottles of
sherry, port, and letubal recalled names dear to the earlier conquerors
of South America. In addition, the young butler had stored away
certain demijohns, holding half a dozen gallons each, of excellent
tafia, a sugared brandy a trifle more pronounced in taste than the
As far as tobacco was concerned, there was none of that coarse
kind which usually contents the natives of the Amazonian basin. It
all came direct from Villa Bella da Imperatriz—or, in other words,
fro the district in which is grown the best tobacco in Central America.
The principal habitation, with its annexes—kitchen, offices,
and cellars—was placed in the rear—or, let us say, stern of
the craft—and formed a part reserved for the Garral family and
their personal servants.
In the center the huts for the Indians and the blacks had been erected.
The staff were thus placed under the same conditions as at the fazenda of
Iquitos, and would always be able to work under the direction of the
To house the crew a good many huts were required, and these gave to the
jangada the appearance of a small village got adrift, and, to tell the truth,
it was a better built and better peopled village than many of those on the
For the Indians Joam Garral had designed regular cabins—huts
without walls, with only light poles supporting the roof of foliage. The
air circulated freely throughout these open constructions and swung
the hammock suspended in the interior, and the natives, among whom
were three or four complete families, with women and children, were
lodged as if they were on shore.
The blacks here found their customary sheds. They differed from
the cabins by being closed in on their four faces, of which only one
gave access to the interior. The Indians, accustomed to live in the
open air, free and untrammeled, were not able to accustom themselves
to the imprisonment of the ajoupas, which agreed better with the life of
In the bow regular warehouses had arisen, containing the goods
which Joam Garral was carrying to Belem at the same time as the products
of his forests.
There, in vast storerooms, under the direction of Benito, the rich cargo
had been placed with as much order as if it had been carefully stowed away in
a ship's hold.
In the first place, seven thousand arrobas of caoutchouc, each of about
thirty pounds, composed the most precious part of the cargo, for every pound
of it was worth from three to four francs. The jangada also took fifty
hundredweight of sarsaparilla, a smilax which forms an important branch of
foreign trade throughout the Amazon districts, and is getting rarer and rarer
along the banks of the river, so that the natives are very careful to spare
the stems when they gather them. Tonquin bans, known in Brazil under the name
of cumarus, and used in the manufacture of certain essential
oils; sassafras, from which is extracted a precious balsam for
wounds; bales of dyeing plants, cases of several gums, and a quantity
of precious woods, completed a well-adapted cargo for lucrative and
easy sale in the provinces of Para.
Some may feel astonished that the number of Indians and negroes embarked
were only sufficient to work the raft, and that a larger number were not
taken in case of an attack by the riverside Indians.
Such would have been useless. The natives of Central America are not to
be feared in the least, and the times are quite changed since it was
necessary to provide against their aggressions. The Indians along the river
belong to peaceable tribes, and the fiercest of them have retired before the
advancing civilization, and drawn further and further away from the river and
its tributaries. Negro deserters, escaped from the penal colonies of Brazil,
England, Holland, or France, are alone to be feared. But there are only a
small number of these fugitives, they only move in isolated groups across
the savannahs or the woods, and the jangada was, in a measure,
secured from any attack on the parts of the backwoodsmen.
On the other hand, there were a number of settlements on
the river—towns, villages, and missions. The immense stream no
longer traverses a desert, but a basin which is being colonized day by
day. Danger was not taken into consideration. There were no
precautions against attacks.
To conclude our description of the jangada, we have only to speak of one
or two erections of different kinds which gave it a very picturesque
In the bow was the cabin of the pilot—we say in the bow, and not at the
stern, where the helmsman is generally found. In navigating under such
circumstances a rudder is of no use. Long oars have no effect on a raft of
such dimensions, even when worked with a hundred sturdy arms. It was from the
sides, by means of long boathooks or props thrust against the bed of the
stream, that the jangada was kept in the current, and had its direction
altered when going astray. By this means they could range alongside either
bank, if they wished for any reason to come to a halt. Three or four ubas,
and two pirogues, with the necessary rigging, were carried on board, and
afforded easy communications with the banks. The pilot had to look after
the channels of the river, the deviations of the current, the eddies which
it was necessary to avoid, the creeks or bays which afforded favorable
anchorage, and to do this he had to be in the bow.
If the pilot was the material director of this immense machine—for can
we not justly call it so?—another personage was its spiritual director; this
was Padre Passanha, who had charge of the mission at Iquitos.
A religious family, like that of Joam Garral's, had availed themselves
enthusiastically of this occasion of taking him with them.
Padre Passanha, then aged seventy, was a man of great worth, full
of evangelical fervor, charitable and good, and in countries where
the representatives of religion are not always examples of the virtues, he
stood out as the accomplished type of those great missionaries who have done
so much for civilization in the interior of the most savage regions of the
For fifty years Padre Passanha had lived at Iquitos, in the mission of
which he was the chief. He was loved by all, and worthily so. The Garral
family held him in great esteem; it was he who had married the daughter of
Farmer Magalha볠to the clerk who had been received at the fazenda. He had
known the children from birth; he had baptized them, educated them, and hoped
to give each of them the nuptial blessing.
The age of the padre did not allow of his exercising his
important ministry any longer. The horn of retreat for him had sounded; he
was about to be replaced at Iquitos by a younger missionary, and he
was preparing to return to Para, to end his days in one of those
convents which are reserved for the old servants of God.
What better occasion could offer than that of descending the river with
the family which was as his own? They had proposed it to him, and he had
accepted, and when arrived at Belem he was to marry the young couple, Minha
But if Padre Passanha during the course of the voyage was to take
his meals with the family, Joam Garral desired to build for him a dwelling
apart, and heaven knows what care Yaquita and her daughter took to make him
comfortable! Assuredly the good old priest had never been so lodged in his
The parsonage was not enough for Padre Passanha; he ought to have
The chapel then was built in the center of the jangada, and a
little bell surmounted it.
It was small enough, undoubtedly, and it could not hold the whole of the
crew, but it was richly decorated, and if Joam Garral found his own house on
the raft, Padre Passanha had no cause to regret the poverty-stricken church
Such was the wonderful structure which was going down the Amazon. It was
then on the bank waiting till the flood came to carry it away. From the
observation and calculation of the rising it would seem as though there was
not much longer to wait.
All was ready to date, the 5th of June.
The pilot arrived the evening before. He was a man about fifty, well up
in his profession, but rather fond of drink. Such as he was, Joam Garral in
large matters at different times had employed him to take his rafts to Belem,
and he had never had cause to repent it.
It is as well to add that Araujo—that was his name—never saw
better than when he had imbibed a few glasses of tafia; and he never did
any work at all without a certain demijohn of that liquor, to which
he paid frequent court.
The rise of the flood had clearly manifested itself for several
days. From minute to minute the level of the river rose, and during
the twenty-four hours which preceded the maximum the waters covered
the bank on which the raft rested, but did not lift the raft.
As soon as the movement was assured, and there could be no error as to
the height to which the flood would rise, all those interested in the
undertaking were seized with no little excitement. For if through some
inexplicable cause the waters of the Amazon did not rise sufficiently to
flood the jangada, it would all have to be built over again. But as the fall
of the river would be very rapid it would take long months before similar
On the 5th of June, toward the evening, the future passengers of
the jangada were collected on a plateau which was about a hundred
feet above the bank, and waited for the hour with an anxiety
There were Yaquita, her daughter, Manoel Valdez, Padre Passanha, Benito,
Lina, Fragoso, Cybele, and some of the servants, Indian or negro, of the
Fragoso could not keep himself still; he went and he came, he ran down
the bank and ran up the plateau, he noted the points of the river gauge, and
shouted "Hurrah!" as the water crept up.
"It will swim, it will swim!" he shouted. "The raft which is to take us
to Belem! It will float if all the cataracts of the sky have to open to flood
Joam Garral was on the raft with the pilot and some of the crew. It was
for him to take all the necessary measures at the critical moment. The
jangada was moored to the bank with solid cables, so that it could not be
carried away by the current when it floated off.
Quite a tribe from one hundred and fifty to two hundred Indians, without
counting the population of the village, had come to assist at the interesting
They were all keenly on the watch, and silence reigned over
the impressionable crowd.
Toward five o'clock in the evening the water had reached a level higher
than that of the night before—by more than a foot—and the bank had already
entirely disappeared beneath the liquid covering.
A certain groaning arose among the planks of the enormous structure, but
there was still wanting a few inches before it was quite lifted and detached
from the ground.
For an hour the groanings increased. The joists grated on all sides. A
struggle was going on in which little by little the trunks were being dragged
from their sandy bed.
Toward half-past six cries of joy arose. The jangada floated at
last, and the current took it toward the middle of the river, but,
in obedience to the cables, it quietly took up its position near the bank
at the moment that Padre Passanha gave it his blessing, as if it were a
vessel launched into the sea whose destinies are in the hands of the Most
FROM IQUITOS TO PEVAS
ON THE 6th of June, the very next day, Joam Garral and his people bade
good-by to the superintendent and the Indians and negroes who were to stay
behind at the fazenda. At six o'clock in the morning the jangada received all
its passengers, or rather inhabitants, and each of them took possession of
his cabin, or perhaps we had better say his house.
The moment of departure had come. Araujo, the pilot, got into his place
at the bow, and the crew, armed with their long poles, went to their proper
Joam Garral, assisted by Benito and Manoel, superintended
At the command of the pilot the ropes were eased off, and the
poles applied to the bank so as to give the jangada a start. The
current was not long in seizing it, and coasting the left bank, the
islands of Iquitos and Parianta were passed on the right.
The voyage had commenced—where would it finish? In Para, at
Belem, eight hundred leagues from this little Peruvian village, if
nothing happened to modify the route. How would it finish? That was
the secret of the future.
The weather was magnificent. A pleasant pampero tempered the ardor
of the sun—one of those winds which in June or July come from off the
Cordilleras, many hundred leagues away, after having swept across the huge
plain of the Sacramento. Had the raft been provided with masts and sails she
would have felt the effects of the breeze, and her speed would have been
greater; but owing to the sinuosities of the river and its abrupt changes,
which they were bound to follow, they had had to renounce such
In a flat district like that through which the Amazon flows, which
is almost a boundless plain, the gradient of the river bed is
scarcely perceptible. It has been calculated that between Tabatinga on
the Brazilian frontier, and the source of this huge body of water,
the difference of level does not exceed a decimeter in each league.
There is no other river in the world whose inclination is so slight.
It follows from this that the average speed of the current cannot
be estimated at more than two leagues in twenty-four hours, and sometimes,
while the droughts are on, it is even less. However, during the period of the
floods it has been known to increase to between thirty and forty
Happily, it was under these latter conditions that the jangada was
to proceed; but, cumbrous in its movements, it could not keep up to
the speed of the current which ran past it. There are also to be
taken into account the stoppages occasioned by the bends in the river,
the numerous islands which had to be rounded, the shoals which had to
be avoided, and the hours of halting, which were necessarily lost when the
night was too dark to advance securely, so that we cannot allow more than
twenty-five kilometers for each twenty-four hours.
In addition, the surface of the water is far from being
completely clear. Trees still green, vegetable remains, islets of
plants constantly torn from the banks, formed quite a flotilla of
fragments carried on by the currents, and were so many obstacles to
The mouth of the Nanay was soon passed, and lost to sight behind a point
on the left bank, which, with its carpet of russet grasses tinted by the sun,
formed a ruddy relief to the green forests on the horizon.
The jangada took the center of the stream between the
numerous picturesque islands, of which there are a dozen between Iquitos
Araujo, who did not forget to clear his vision and his memory by
an occasional application to his demijohn, maneuvered very ably
when passing through this archipelago. At his word of command fifty
poles from each side of the raft were raised in the air, and struck
the water with an automatic movement very curious to behold.
While this was going on, Yaquita, aided by Lina and Cybele, was getting
everything in order, and the Indian cooks were preparing the breakfast.
As for the two young fellows and Minha, they were walking up and down in
company with Padre Passanha, and from time to time the lady stopped and
watered the plants which were placed about the base of the
"Well, padre," said Benito, "do you know a more agreeable way
"No, my dear boy," replied the padre; "it is truly traveling with
all one's belongings."
"And without any fatigue," added Manoel; "we might do hundreds
of thousands of miles in this way."
"And," said Minha, "you do not repent having taken passage with us? Does
it not seem to you as if we were afloat on an island drifted quietly away
from the bed of the river with its prairies and its trees? Only——"
"Only?" repeated the padre.
"Only we have made the island with our own hands; it belongs to us, and
I prefer it to all the islands of the Amazon. I have a right to be proud of
"Yes, my daughter; and I absolve you from your pride. Besides, I am not
allowed to scold you in the presence of Manoel!"
"But, on the other hand," replied she, gayly, "you should teach Manoel
to scold me when I deserve it. He is a great deal too indulgent to my little
"Well, then, dear Minha," said Manoel, "I shall profit by
that permission to remind you——"
"That you were very busy in the library at the fazenda, and that
you promised to make me very learned about everything connected with
the Upper Amazon. We know very little about it in Para, and here we
have been passing several islands and you have not even told me
"What is the good of that?" said she.
"Yes; what is the good of it?" repeated Benito. "What can be the use of
remembering the hundreds of names in the 'Tupi' dialect with which these
islands are dressed out? It is enough to know them. The Americans are much
more practical with their Mississippi islands; they number them——"
"As they number the avenues and streets of their towns," replied Manoel.
"Frankly, I don't care much for that numerical system; it conveys nothing to
the imagination—Sixty-fourth Island or Sixty-fifth Island, any more than
Sixth Street or Third Avenue. Don't you agree with me, Minha?"
"Yes, Manoel; though I am of somewhat the same way of thinking as
my brother. But even if we do not know their names, the islands of
our great river are truly splendid! See how they rest under the shadows of
those gigantic palm-trees with their drooping leaves! And the girdle of reeds
which encircles them through which a pirogue can with difficulty make its
way! And the mangrove trees, whose fantastic roots buttress them to the bank
like the claws of some gigantic crab! Yes, the islands are beautiful, but,
beautiful as they are, they cannot equal the one we have made our own!"
"My little Minha is enthusiastic today," said the padre.
"Ah, padre! I am so happy to see everybody happy around me!"
At this moment the voice of Yaquita was heard calling Minha into
The young girl smilingly ran off.
"You will have an amiable companion," said the padre. "All the joy
of the house goes away with you, my friend."
"Brave little sister!" said Benito, "we shall miss her greatly, and the
padre is right. However, if you do not marry her, Manoel—there is still
time—she will stay with us."
"She will stay with you, Benito," replied Manoel. "Believe me, I have a
presentiment that we shall all be reunited!"
The first day passed capitally; breakfast, dinner, siesta, walks,
all took place as if Joam Garral and his people were still in
the comfortable fazenda of Iquitos.
During these twenty-four hours the mouths of the rivers Bacali, Chochio,
Pucalppa, on the left of the stream, and those of the rivers Itinicari,
Maniti, Moyoc, Tucuya, and the islands of this name on the right, were passed
without accident. The night, lighted by the moon, allowed them to save a
halt, and the giant raft glided peacefully on along the surface of the
On the morrow, the 7th of June, the jangada breasted the banks of
the village of Pucalppa, named also New Oran. Old Oran, situated
fifteen leagues down stream on the same left bank of the river, is
almost abandoned for the new settlement, whose population consists
of Indians belonging to the Mayoruna and Orejone tribes. Nothing can
be more picturesque than this village with its ruddy-colored banks,
its unfinished church, its cottages, whose chimneys are hidden amid
the palms, and its two or three ubas half-stranded on the shore.
During the whole of the 7th of June the jangada continued to follow the
left bank of the river, passing several unknown tributaries of no importance.
For a moment there was a chance of her grounding on the easterly shore of the
island of Sinicure; but the pilot, well served by the crew, warded off the
danger and remained in the flow of the stream.
In the evening they arrived alongside a narrow island, called
Napo Island, from the name of the river which here comes in from
the north-northwest, and mingles its waters with those of the
Amazon through a mouth about eight hundred yards across, after
having watered the territories of the Coto and Orejone Indians.
It was on the morning of the 7th of June that the jangada was
abreast the little island of Mango, which causes the Napo to split into
two streams before falling into the Amazon.
Several years later a French traveler, Paul Marcoy, went out to examine
the color of the waters of this tributary, which has been graphically
compared to the cloudy greenish opal of absinthe. At the same time he
corrected some of the measurements of La Condamine. But then the mouth of the
Napo was sensibly increased by the floods and it was with a good deal of
rapidity that its current, coming from the eastern slopes of Cotopaxi,
hurried fiercely to mingle itself with the tawny waters of the Amazon.
A few Indians had wandered to the mouth of this river. They were robust
in build, of tall stature, with shaggy hair, and had their noses pierced with
a rod of palm, and the lobes of their ears lengthened to their shoulders by
the weight of heavy rings of precious wood. Some women were with them. None
of them showed any intention of coming on board. It is asserted that these
natives are cannibals; but if that is true—and it is said of many of
the riverine tribes—there must have been more evidence for
the cannibalism than we get today.
Some hours later the village of Bella Vista, situated on a
somewhat lower bank, appeared, with its cluster of magnificent trees,
towering above a few huts roofed with straw, over which there drooped
the large leaves of some medium-sized banana-trees, like the
waters overflowing from a tazza.
Then the pilot, so as to follow a better current, which turned off from
the bank, directed the raft toward the right side of the river, which he had
not yet approached. The maneuver was not accomplished without certain
difficulties, which were successfully overcome after a good many resorts to
This allowed them to notice in passing some of those numerous
lagoons with black waters, which are distributed along the course of
the Amazon, and which often have no communication with the river. One
of these, bearing the name of the Lagoon of Oran, is of fair size,
and receives the water by a large strait. In the middle of the stream
are scattered several islands and two or three islets curiously
grouped; and on the opposite bank Benito recognized the site of the
ancient Oran, of which they could only see a few uncertain traces.
During two days the jangada traveled sometimes under the left
bank, sometimes under the right, according to the condition of the
current, without giving the least sign of grounding.
The passengers had already become used to this new life. Joam
Garral, leaving to his son everything that referred to the commercial side
of the expedition, kept himself principally to his room, thinking
and writing. What he was writing about he told to nobody, not
even Yaquita, and it seemed to have already assumed the importance of
a veritable essay.
Benito, all observation, chatted with the pilot and acted as
manager. Yaquita, her daughter, and Manoel, nearly always formed a
group apart, discussing their future projects just as they had walked
and done in the park of the fazenda. The life was, in fact, the same.
Not quite, perhaps, to Benito, who had not yet found occasion
to participate in the pleasures of the chase. If, however, the forests of
Iquitos failed him with their wild beasts, agoutis, peccaries, and cabiais,
the birds flew in flocks from the banks of the river and fearlessly perched
on the jangada. When they were of such quality as to figure fairly on the
table, Benito shot them; and, in the interest of all, his sister raised no
objection; but if he came across any gray or yellow herons, or red or white
ibises, which haunt the sides, he spared them through love for Minha. One
single species of grebe, which is uneatable, found no grace in the eyes of
the young merchant; this was the caiarara, as quick to dive as to swim or
fly; a bird with a disagreeable cry, but whose down bears a high price in
the different markets of the Amazonian basin.
At length, after having passed the village of Omaguas and the mouth of
the Ambiacu, the jangada arrived at Pevas on the evening of the 11th of June,
and was moored to the bank.
As it was to remain here for some hours before nightfall,
Benito disembarked, taking with him the ever-ready Fragoso, and the
two sportsmen started off to beat the thickets in the environs of
the little place. An agouti and a cabiai, not to mention a
dozen partridges, enriched the larder after this fortunate excursion.
At Pevas, where there is a population of two hundred and
sixty inhabitants, Benito would perhaps have done some trade with the
lay brothers of the mission, who are at the same time wholesale merchants,
but these had just sent away some bales of sarsaparilla and arrobas of
caoutchouc toward the Lower Amazon, and their stores were empty.
The jangada departed at daybreak, and passed the little archipelago of
the Iatio and Cochiquinas islands, after having left the village of the
latter name on the right. Several mouths of smaller unnamed affluents showed
themselves on the right of the river through the spaces between the
Many natives, with shaved heads, tattooed cheeks and foreheads, carrying
plates of metal in the lobes of their ears, noses, and lower lips, appeared
for an instant on the shore. They were armed with arrows and blow tubes, but
made no use of them, and did not even attempt to communicate with the
FROM PEVAS TO THE FRONTIER
DURING THE FEW days which followed nothing occurred worthy of note. The
nights were so fine that the long raft went on its way with the stream
without even a halt. The two picturesque banks of the river seemed to change
like the panoramas of the theaters which unroll from one wing to another. By
a kind of optical illusion it appeared as though the raft was motionless
between two moving pathways.
Benito had no shooting on the banks, for no halt was made, but game was
very advantageously replaced by the results of the fishing.
A great variety of excellent fish were taken—pacos,"
"surubis," "gamitanas, of exquisite flavor, and several of those large
rays called duridaris, with rose-colored stomachs and black
backs armed with highly poisonous darts. There were also collected
by thousands those candirus, a kind of small silurus, of which
many are microscopic, and which so frequently make a pincushion of
the calves of the bather when he imprudently ventures into their
The rich waters of the Amazon were also frequented by many other aquatic
animals, which escorted the jangada through its waves for whole hours
There were the gigantic pria-rucus, ten and twelve feet
long, cuirassed with large scales with scarlet borders, whose flesh was
not much appreciated by the natives. Neither did they care to capture many
of the graceful dolphins which played about in hundreds, striking with their
tails the planks of the raft, gamboling at the bow and stern, and making the
water alive with colored reflections and spurts of spray, which the refracted
light converted into so many rainbows.
On the 16th of June the jangada, after fortunately clearing
several shallows in approaching the banks, arrived near the large island
of San Pablo, and the following evening she stopped at the village
of Moromoros, which is situated on the left side of the
Amazon. Twenty-four hours afterward, passing the mouths of the Atacoari
or Cocha—or rather the furo, or canal, which communicates with
the lake of Cabello-Cocha on the right bank—she put in at the
rising ground of the mission of Cocha. This was the country of the
Marahua Indians, whose long floating hair, and mouths opening in the
middle of a kind of fan made of the spines of palm-trees, six inches
long, give them a cat-like look—their endeavor being, according to
Paul Marcoy, to resemble the tiger, whose boldness, strength, and
cunning they admire above everything. Several women came with these
Marahuas, smoking cigars, but holding the lighted ends in their teeth. All
of them, like the king of the Amazonian forests, go about almost naked.
The mission of Cocha was then in charge of a Franciscan monk, who
was anxious to visit Padre Passanha.
Joam Garral received him with a warm welcome, and offered him a seat at
On that day was given a dinner which did honor to the Indian cook. The
traditional soup of fragrant herbs; cake, so often made to replace bread in
Brazil, composed of the flour of the manioc thoroughly impregnated with the
gravy of meat and tomato jelly; poultry with rice, swimming in a sharp sauce
made of vinegar and malagueta; a dish of spiced herbs, and cold cake
sprinkled with cinnamon, formed enough to tempt a poor monk reduced to the
ordinary meager fare of his parish. They tried all they could to detain
him, and Yaquita and her daughter did their utmost in persuasion. But
the Franciscan had to visit on that evening an Indian who was lying ill at
Cocha, and he heartily thanked the hospitable family and departed, not
without taking a few presents, which would be well received by the neophytes
of the mission.
For two days Araujo was very busy. The bed of the river
gradually enlarged, but the islands became more numerous, and the
current, embarrassed by these obstacles, increased in strength. Great care
was necessary in passing between the islands of Cabello-Cocha,
Tarapote, and Cacao. Many stoppages had to be made, and occasionally they
were obliged to pole off the jangada, which now and then threatened to
run aground. Every one assisted in the work, and it was under
these difficult circumstances that, on the evening of the 20th of
June, they found themselves at Nuestra-Senora-di-Loreto.
Loreto is the last Peruvian town situated on the left bank of the river
before arriving at the Brazilian frontier. It is only a little village,
composed of about twenty houses, grouped on a slightly undulating bank,
formed of ocherous earth and clay.
It was in 1770 that this mission was founded by the Jesuit missionaries.
The Ticuma Indians, who inhabit the territories on the north of the river,
are natives with ruddy skins, bushy hair, and striped designs on their faces,
making them look like the lacquer on a Chinese table. Both men and women are
simply clothed, with cotton bands bound round their thighs and stomachs. They
are now not more than two hundred in number, and on the banks of the Atacoari
are found the last traces of a nation which was formerly so powerful under
its famous chiefs.
At Loreto there also live a few Peruvian soldiers and two or
three Portuguese merchants, trading in cotton stuffs, salt fish,
Benito went ashore, to buy, if possible, a few bales of this
smilax, which is always so much in demand in the markets of the Amazon.
Joam Garral, occupied all the time in the work which gave him not
a moment's rest, did not stir. Yaquita, her daughter, and Manoel
also remained on board. The mosquitoes of Loreto have a
deserved reputation for driving away such visitors as do not care to
leave much of their blood with the redoubtable diptera.
Manoel had a few appropriate words to say about these insects, and they
were not of a nature to encourage an inclination to brave their stings.
"They say that all the new species which infest the banks of the Amazon
collect at the village of Loreto. I believe it, but do not wish to confirm
it. There, Minha, you can take your choice between the gray mosquito, the
hairy mosquito, the white-clawed mosquito, the dwarf mosquito, the trumpeter,
the little fifer, the urtiquis, the harlequin, the big black, and the red of
the woods; or rather they make take their choice of you for a little repast,
and you will come back hardly recognizable! I fancy these bloodthirsty
diptera guard the Brazilian frontier considerably better than the
poverty-stricken soldiers we see on the bank."
"But if everything is of use in nature," asked Minha, "what is the use
"They minister to the happiness of entomologists," replied Manoel; "and
I should be much embarrassed to find a better explanation."
What Manoel had said of the Loreto mosquitoes was only too true.
When Benito had finished his business and returned on board, his face
and hands were tattooed with thousands of red points, without
counting some chigoes, which, in spite of the leather of his boots,
had introduced themselves beneath his toes.
"Let us set off this very instant," said Benito, "or these
wretched insects will invade us, and the jangada will become
"And we shall take them into Para," said Manoel, "where there
are already quite enough for its own needs."
And so, in order not to pass even the night near the banks, the jangada
pushed off into the stream.
On leaving Loreto the Amazon turns slightly toward the
southwest, between the islands of Arava, Cuyari, and Urucutea. The jangada
then glided along the black waters of the Cajaru, as they mingled with
the white stream of the Amazon. After having passed this tributary on
the left, it peacefully arrived during the evening of the 23d of
June alongside the large island of Jahuma.
The setting of the sun on a clear horizon, free from all haze, announced
one of those beautiful tropical nights which are unknown in the temperate
zones. A light breeze freshened the air; the moon arose in the constellated
depths of the sky, and for several hours took the place of the twilight which
is absent from these latitudes. But even during this period the stars shone
with unequaled purity. The immense plain seemed to stretch into the infinite
like a sea, and at the extremity of the axis, which measures more than two
hundred thousand millions of leagues, there appeared on the north the single
diamond of the pole star, on the south the four brilliants of the
The trees on the left bank and on the island of Jahuma stood up in sharp
black outline. There were recognizable in the undecided silhouettes the
trunks, or rather columns, of copahus, which spread out in umbrellas,
groups of sandis, from which is extracted the thick and sugared milk,
intoxicating as wine itself, and vignaticos eighty feet high, whose
summits shake at the passage of the lightest currents of air. "What a
magnificent sermon are these forests of the Amazon!" has been justly said.
Yes; and we might add, "What a magnificent hymn there is in the nights of
The birds were giving forth their last evening notes—bentivis, who
hang their nests on the bank-side reeds; niambus, a kind of partridge,
whose song is composed of four notes, in perfect accord; kamichis, with
their plaintive melody; kingfishers, whose call responds like a signal to the
last cry of their congeners; canindes, with their sonorous trumpets; and
red macaws, who fold their wings in the foliage of the jaquetibas, when
night comes on to dim their glowing colors.
On the jangada every one was at his post, in the attitude of repose. The
pilot alone, standing in the bow, showed his tall stature, scarcely defined
in the earlier shadows. The watch, with his long pole on his shoulder,
reminded one of an encampment of Tartar horsemen. The Brazilian flag hung
from the top of the staff in the bow, and the breeze was scarcely strong
enough to lift the bunting.
At eight o'clock the three first tinklings of the Angelus escaped from
the bell of the little chapel. The three tinklings of the second and third
verses sounded in their turn, and the salutation was completed in the series
of more rapid strokes of the little bell.
However, the family after this July day remained sitting under
the veranda to breathe the fresh air from the open.
It had been so each evening, and while Joam Garral, always silent, was
contented to listen, the young people gayly chatted away till bedtime.
"Ah! our splendid river! our magnificent Amazon!" exclaimed the
young girl, whose enthusiasm for the immense stream never failed.
"Unequaled river, in very truth," said Manoel; "and I do not understand
all its sublime beauties. We are going down it, however, like Orellana and La
Condamine did so many centuries ago, and I am not at all surprised at their
"A little fabulous," replied Benito.
"Now, brother," said Minha seriously, "say no evil of our Amazon."
"To remind you that it has its legends, my sister, is to say no ill of
"Yes, that is true; and it has some marvelous ones," replied Minha.
"What legends?" asked Manoel. "I dare avow that they have not yet found
their way into Para—or rather that, for my part, I am not acquainted with
"What, then do you learn in the Belem colleges?" laughingly
"I begin to perceive that they teach us nothing," replied Manoel.
"What, sir!" replied Minha, with a pleasant seriousness, "you do
not know, among other fables, that an enormous reptile called
the minhocao, sometimes visits the Amazon, and that the waters of
the river rise or fall according as this serpent plunges in or quits them,
so gigantic is he?"
"But have you ever seen this phenomenal minhocao?"
"Alas, no!" replied Lina.
"What a pity!" Fragoso thought it proper to add.
"And the 'Mae d'Aqua,'" continued the girl—"that proud and redoubtable
woman whose look fascinates and drags beneath the waters of the river the
imprudent ones who gaze a her."
"Oh, as for the 'Mae d'Aqua,' she exists!" cried the naﶥ Lina; "they
say that she still walks on the banks, but disappears like a water sprite as
soon as you approach her."
"Very well, Lina," said Benito; "the first time you see her just let me
"So that she may seize you and take you to the bottom of the
river? Never, Mr. Benito!"
"She believes it!" shouted Minha.
"There are people who believe in the trunk of Manaos," said
Fragoso, always ready to intervene on behalf of Lina.
"The 'trunk of Manaos'?" asked Manoel. "What about the trunk
"Mr. Manoel," answered Fragoso, with comic gravity, "it appears
that there is—or rather formerly was—a trunk of turuma, which
every year at the same time descended the Rio Negro, stopping several
days at Manaos, and going on into Para, halting at every port, where
the natives ornamented it with little flags. Arrived at Belem, it came
to a halt, turned back on its road, remounted the Amazon to the Rio Negro,
and returned to the forest from which it had mysteriously started. One day
somebody tried to drag it ashore, but the river rose in anger, and the
attempt had to be given up. And on another occasion the captain of a ship
harpooned it and tried to tow it along. This time again the river, in anger,
broke off the ropes, and the trunk mysteriously escaped."
"What became of it?" asked the mulatto.
"It appears that on its last voyage, Miss Lina," replied Fragoso,
"it mistook the way, and instead of going up the Negro it continued in the
Amazon, and it has never been seen again."
"Oh, if we could only meet it!" said Lina.
"If we meet it," answered Benito, "we will put you on it! It will take
you back to the mysterious forest, and you will likewise pass into the state
of a legendary mind!"
"And why not?" asked the mulatto.
"So much for your legends," said Manoel; "and I think your river
is worthy of them. But it has also its histories, which are
worth something more. I know one, and if I were not afraid of
grieving you—for it is a very sad one—I would relate it."
"Oh! tell it, by all means, Mr. Manoel," exclaimed Lina; "I like stories
which make you cry!"
"What, do you cry, Lina?" said Benito.
"Yes, Mr. Benito; but I cry when laughing."
"Oh, well! let us save it, Manoel!"
"It is the history of a Frenchwoman whose sorrows rendered these banks
memorable in the eighteenth century."
"We are listening," said Minha.
"Here goes, then," said Manoel. "In 1741, at the time of the expedition
of the two Frenchmen, Bouguer and La Condamine, who were sent to measure a
terrestrial degree on the equator, they were accompanied by a very
distinguished astronomer, Godin des Odonais. Godin des Odonais set out then,
but he did not set out alone, for the New World; he took with him his young
wife, his children, his father-in-law, and his brother-in-law. The travelers
arrived at Quito in good health. There commenced a series of misfortunes for
Madame Odonais; in a few months she lost some of her children. When
Godin des Odonais had completed his work, toward the end of the year
1759, he left Quito and started for Cayenne. Once arrived in this town
he wanted his family to come to him, but war had been declared, and he was
obliged to ask the Portuguese government for permission for a free passage
for Madame Odonais and her people. What do you think? Many years passed
before the permission could be given. In 1765 Godin des Odonais, maddened by
the delay, resolved to ascend the Amazon in search of his wife at Quito; but
at the moment of his departure a sudden illness stopped him, and he could not
carry out his intention. However, his application had not been useless, and
Madame des Odonais learned at last that the king of Portugal had given the
necessary permission, and prepared to embark and descend the river to
her husband. At the same time an escort was ordered to be ready in
the missions of the Upper Amazon. Madame des Odonais was a woman of
great courage, as you will see presently; she never hesitated,
and notwithstanding the dangers of such a voyage across the continent, she
"It was her duty to her husband, Manoel," said Yaquita, "and I
would have done the same."
"Madame des Odonais," continued Manoel, "came to Rio Bamba, at the south
of Quito, bringing her brother-in-law, her children, and a French doctor.
Their endeavor was to reach the missions on the Brazilian frontier, where
they hoped to find a ship and the escort. The voyage at first was favorable;
it was made down the tributaries of the Amazon in a canoe. The difficulties,
however, gradually increased with the dangers and fatigues of a country
decimated by the smallpox. Of several guides who offered their services, the
most part disappeared after a few days; one of them, the last who
remained faithful to the travelers, was drowned in the Bobonasa, in
endeavoring to help the French doctor. At length the canoe, damaged by rocks
and floating trees, became useless. It was therefore necessary to get
on shore, and there at the edge of the impenetrable forest they built
a few huts of foliage. The doctor offered to go on in front with a negro
who had never wished to leave Madame des Odonais. The two went off; they
waited for them several days, but in vain. They never returned.
"In the meantime the victuals were getting exhausted. The forsaken ones
in vain endeavored to descend the Bobonasa on a raft. They had to again take
to the forest, and make their way on foot through the almost impenetrable
undergrowth. The fatigues were too much for the poor folks! They died off one
by one in spite of the cares of the noble Frenchwoman. At the end of a few
days children, relations, and servants, were all dead!"
"What an unfortunate woman!" said Lina.
"Madame des Odonais alone remained," continued Manoel. "There she was,
at a thousand leagues from the ocean which she was trying to reach! It was no
longer a mother who continued her journey toward the river—the mother had
lost her shildren; she had buried them with her own hands! It was a wife who
wished to see her husband once again! She traveled night and day, and at
length regained the Bobonasa. She was there received by some kind-hearted
Indians, who took her to the missions, where the escort was waiting. But she
arrived alone, and behind her the stages of the route were marked with
graves! Madame des Odonais reached Loreto, where we were a few days back.
From this Peruvian village she descended the Amazon, as we are doing at
this moment, and at length she rejoined her husband after a separation
of nineteen years."
"Poor lady!" said Minha.
"Above all, poor mother!" answered Yaquita.
At this moment Araujo, the pilot, came aft and said:
"Joam Garral, we are off the Ronde Island. We are passing
"The frontier!" replied Joam.
And rising, he went to the side of the jangada, and looked long
and earnestly at the Ronde Island, with the waves breaking up against
it. Then his hand sought his forehead, as if to rid himself of
"The frontier!" murmured he, bowing his head by an
But an instant after his head was raised, and his expression was that of
a man resolved to do his duty to the last.
FRAGOSO AT WORK
"BRAZA" (burning embers) is a word found in the Spanish language as far
back as the twelfth century. It has been used to make the word "brazil," as
descriptive of certain woods which yield a reddish dye. From this has come
the name "Brazil," given to that vast district of South America which is
crossed by the equator, and in which these products are so frequently met
with. In very early days these woods were the object of considerable trade.
Although correctly called ibirapitunga, from the place of production, the
name of brazil stuck to them, and it has become that of the
country, which seems like an immense heap of embers lighted by the rays of
the tropical sun.
Brazil was from the first occupied by the Portuguese. About
the commencement of the sixteenth century, Alvarez Cabral, the pilot, took
possession of it, and although France and Holland partially established
themselves there, it has remained Portuguese, and possesses all the qualities
which distinguish that gallant little nation. It is today the largest state
of South America, and has at its head the intelligent artist-king Dom
"What is your privilege in the tribe?" asked Montaigne of an Indian whom
he met at Havre.
"The privilege of marching first to battle!" innocently answered
War, we know, was for a long time the surest and most rapid vehicle of
civilization. The Brazilians did what this Indian did: they fought, they
defended their conquests, they enlarged them, and we see them marching in the
first rank of the civilizing advance.
It was in 1824, sixteen years after the foundation of
the Portugo-Brazilian Empire, that Brazil proclaimed its independence
by the voice of Don Juan, whom the French armies had chased
It remained only to define the frontier between the new empire and that
of its neighbor, Peru. This was no easy matter.
If Brazil wished to extend to the Rio Napo in the west, Peru attempted
to reach eight degrees further, as far as the Lake of Ega.
But in the meantime Brazil had to interfere to hinder the kidnaping of
the Indians from the Amazon, a practice which was engaged in much to the
profit of the Hispano-Brazilian missions. There was no better method of
checking this trade than that of fortifying the Island of the Ronde, a little
above Tabatinga, and there establishing a post.
This afforded the solution, and from that time the frontier of the two
countries passed through the middle of this island.
Above, the river is Peruvian, and is called the Maraᯮ, as has
been said. Below, it is Brazilian, and takes the name of the Amazon.
It was on the evening of the 25th of June that the jangada
stopped before Tabatinga, the first Brazilian town situated on the left
bank, at the entrance of the river of which it bears the name,
and belonging to the parish of St. Paul, established on the right a little
further down stream.
Joam Garral had decided to pass thirty-six hours here, so as to give a
little rest to the crew. They would not start, therefore, until the morning
of the 27th.
On this occasion Yaquita and her children, less likely, perhaps, than at
Iquitos to be fed upon by the native mosquitoes, had announced their
intention of going on ashore and visiting the town.
The population of Tabatinga is estimated at four hundred, nearly
all Indians, comprising, no doubt, many of those wandering families
who are never settled at particular spots on the banks of the Amazon
or its smaller tributaries.
The post at the island of the Ronde has been abandoned for some years,
and transferred to Tabatinga. It can thus be called a garrison town, but the
garrison is only composed of nine soldiers, nearly all Indians, and a
sergeant, who is the actual commandant of the place.
A bank about thirty feet high, in which are cut the steps of a not very
solid staircase, forms here the curtain of the esplanade which carries the
pigmy fort. The house of the commandant consists of a couple of huts placed
in a square, and the soldiers occupy an oblong building a hundred feet away,
at the foot of a large tree.
The collection of cabins exactly resembles all the villages and hamlets
which are scattered along the banks of the river, although in them a
flagstaff carrying the Brazilian colors does not rise above a sentry-box,
forever destitute of its sentinel, nor are four small mortars present to
cannonade on an emergency any vessel which does not come in when
As for the village properly so called, it is situated below, at the base
of the plateau. A road, which is but a ravine shaded by ficuses and miritis,
leads to it in a few minutes. There, on a half-cracked hill of clay, stand a
dozen houses, covered with the leaves of the boiassu palm placed round a
All this is not very curious, but the environs of Tabatinga
are charming, particularly at the mouth of the Javary, which is
of sufficient extent to contain the Archipelago of the Aramasa
Islands. Hereabouts are grouped many fine trees, and among them a large
number of the palms, whose supple fibers are used in the fabrication
of hammocks and fishing-nets, and are the cause of some trade.
To conclude, the place is one of the most picturesque on the
Tabatinga is destined to become before long a station of
some importance, and will no doubt rapidly develop, for there will
stop the Brazilian steamers which ascend the river, and the
Peruvian steamers which descend it. There they will tranship passengers
and cargoes. It does not require much for an English or American
village to become in a few years the center of considerable commerce.
The river is very beautiful along this part of its course. The influence
of ordinary tides is not perceptible at Tabatinga, which is more than six
hundred leagues from the Atlantic. But it is not so with the pororoca,
that species of eddy which for three days in the height of the syzygies
raises the waters of the Amazon, and turns them back at the rate of seventeen
kilometers per hour. They say that the effects of this bore are felt up to
the Brazilian frontier.
On the morrow, the 26th of June, the Garral family prepared to go
off and visit the village. Though Joam, Benito, and Manoel had already set
foot in a Brazilian town, it was otherwise with Yaquita and her daughter; for
them it was, so to speak, a taking possession. It is conceivable, therefore,
that Yaquita and Minha should attach some importance to the event.
If, on his part, Fragoso, in his capacity of wandering barber,
had already run through the different provinces of South America,
Lina, like her young mistress, had never been on Brazilian soil.
But before leaving the jangada Fragoso had sought Joam Garral, and had
the following conversation with him.
"Mr. Garral," said he, "from the day when you received me at the fazenda
of Iquitos, lodged, clothed, fed—in a word, took me in so hospitably—I have
"You owe me absolutely nothing, my friend," answered Joam, "so do
"Oh, do not be alarmed!" exclaimed Fragoso, "I am not going to pay
it off! Let me add, that you took me on board the jangada and gave me the
means of descending the river. But here we are, on the soil of Brazil, which,
according to all probability, I ought never to have seen again. Without that
"It is to Lina, and to Lina alone, that you should tender your thanks,"
"I know," said Fragoso, "and I will never forget what I owe here,
any more than what I owe you."
"They tell me, Fragoso," continued Joam, "that you are going to
say good-by, and intend to remain at Tabatinga."
"By no means, Mr. Garral, since you have allowed me to accompany you to
Belem, where I hope at the least to be able to resume my old trade."
"Well, if that is your intention—what were you going to ask me?"
"I was going to ask if you saw any inconvenience in my working at
my profession on our route. There is no necessity for my hand to
rust; and, besides, a few handfuls of reis would not be so bad at
the bottom of my pocket, more particularly if I had earned them. You know,
Mr. Garral, that a barber who is also a hairdresser—and I hardly like to say
a doctor, out of respect to Mr. Manoel—always finds customers in these Upper
"Particularly among the Brazilians," answered Joam. "As for
"I beg pardon," replied Fragoso, "particularly among the natives.
Ah! although there is no beard to trim—for nature has been very
stingy toward them in that way—there are always some heads of hair to
be dressed in the latest fashion. They are very fond of it, these savages,
both the men and the women! I shall not be installed ten minutes in the
square at Tabatinga, with my cup and ball in hand—the cup and ball I have
brought on board, and which I can manage with pretty pleasantly—before a
circle of braves and squaws will have formed around me. They will struggle
for my favors. I could remain here for a month, and the whole tribe of the
Ticunas would come to me to have their hair looked after! They won't hesitate
to make the acquaintance of 'curling tongs'—that is what they will call
me—if I revisit the walls of Tabatinga! I have already had two tries
here, and my scissors and comb have done marvels! It does not do to
return too often on the same track. The Indian ladies don't have their
hair curled every day, like the beauties of our Brazilian cities. No;
when it is done, it is done for year, and during the twelvemonth they
will take every care not to endanger the edifice which I have
raised—with what talent I dare not say. Now it is nearly a year since I was
at Tabatinga; I go to find my monuments in ruin! And if it is
not objectionable to you, Mr. Garral, I would render myself again
worthy of the reputation which I have acquired in these parts, the
question of reis, and not that of conceit, being, you understand,
"Go on, then, friend," replied Joam Garral laughingly; "but be quick! we
can only remain a day at Tabatinga, and we shall start tomorrow at
"I will not lose a minute," answered Fragoso—"just time to take
the tools of my profession, and I am off."
"Off you go, Fragoso," said Joam, "and may the reis rain into
"Yes, and that is a proper sort of rain, and there can never be too much
of it for your obedient servant."
And so saying Fragoso rapidly moved away.
A moment afterward the family, with the exception of Joam, went ashore.
The jangada was able to approach near enough to the bank for the landing to
take place without much trouble. A staircase, in a miserable state, cut in
the cliff, allowed the visitors to arrive on the crest of the plateau.
Yaquita and her party were received by the commandant of the fort,
a poor fellow who, however, knew the laws of hospitality, and offered them
some breakfast in his cottage. Here and there passed and repassed several
soldiers on guard, while on the threshold of the barrack appeared a few
children, with their mothers of Ticuna blood, affording very poor specimens
of the mixed race.
In place of accepting the breakfast of the sergeant, Yaquita invited the
commandant and his wife to come and have theirs on board the jangada.
The commandant did not wait for a second invitation, and an appointment
was made for eleven o'clock. In the meantime Yaquita, her daughter, and the
young mulatto, accompanied by Manoel, went for a walk in the neighborhood,
leaving Benito to settle with the commandant about the tolls—he being chief
of the custom-house as well as of the military establishment.
That done, Benito, as was his wont, strolled off with his gun into the
adjoining woods. On this occasion Manoel had declined to accompany him.
Fragoso had left the jangada, but instead of mounting to the fort he had made
for the village, crossing the ravine which led off from the right on the
level of the bank. He reckoned more on the native custom of Tabatinga than on
that of the garrison. Doubtless the soldiers' wives would not have wished
better than to have been put under his hands, but the husbands scarcely cared
to part with a few reis for the sake of gratifying the whims of
their coquettish partners.
Among the natives it was quite the reverse. Husbands and wives,
the jolly barber knew them well, and he knew they would give him a
Behold, then, Fragoso on the road, coming up the shady lane beneath the
ficuses, and arriving in the central square of Tabatinga!
As soon as he set foot in the place the famous barber was
signaled, recognized, surrounded. Fragoso had no big box, nor drum, nor
cornet to attract the attention of his clients—not even a carriage
of shining copper, with resplendent lamps and ornamented glass panels, nor
a huge parasol, no anything whatever to impress the public, as they generally
have at fairs. No; but Fragoso had his cup and ball, and how that cup and
ball were manipulated between his fingers! With what address did he receive
the turtle's head, which did for the ball, on the pointed end of the stick!
With what grace did he make the ball describe some learned curve of which
mathematicians have not yet calculated the value—even those who have
determined the wondrous curve of "the dog who follows his master!"
Every native was there—men, women, the old and the young, in
their nearly primitive costume, looking on with all their eyes,
listening with all their ears. The smiling entertainer, half in
Portuguese, half in Ticunian, favored them with his customary oration in a
tone of the most rollicking good humor. What he said was what is said
by all the charlatans who place their services at the public
disposal, whether they be Spanish Figaros or French perruqiers. At the
bottom the same self-possession, the same knowledge of human weakness,
the same description of threadbare witticisms, the same amusing dexterity,
and, on the part of the natives, the same wide-mouth astonishment, the same
curiosity, the same credulity as the simple folk of the civilized
It followed, then, that ten minutes later the public were
completely won, and crowded round Fragoso, who was installed in a loja
of the place, a sort of serving-bar to the inn.
The loja belonged to a Brazilian settled at Tabatinga. There, for
a few vatems, which are the sols of the country, and worth about
twenty reis, or half a dozen centimes each, the natives could get drinks
of the crudest, and particularly assai, a liquor half-sold,
half-liquid, made of the fruit of the palm-tree, and drunk from a coui
or half-calabash in general use in this district of the Amazon.
And then men and women, with equal eagerness, took their places on the
barber's stool. The scissors of Fragoso had little to do, for it was not a
question of cutting these wealthy heads of hair, nearly all remarkable for
their softness and their quality, but the use to which he could put his comb
and the tongs, which were kept warming in the corner in a brasier.
And then the encouragements of the artist to the crowd!
"Look here! look here!" said he; "how will that do, my friends—if you
don't sleep on the top of it! There you are, for a twelvemonth! and these are
the latest novelties from Belem and Rio de Janeiro! The queen's maids of
honor are not more cleverly decked out; and observe, I am not stingy with the
No, he was not stingy with it. True, it was only a little grease, with
which he had mixed some of the juices of a few flowers, but he plastered it
on like cement!
And as to the names of the capillary edifices—for the monuments reared
by the hands of Fragoso were of every order of architecture—buckles, rings,
clubs, tresses, crimpings, rolls, corkscrews, curls, everything found there a
place. Nothing false; no towers, no chignons, no shams! These head were not
enfeebled by cuttings nor thinned by fallings-off, but were forests in all
their native virginity! Fragoso, however, was not above adding a
few natural flowers, two or three long fish-bones, and some fine bone
or copper ornaments, which were brought him by the dandies of
the district. Assuredly, the exquisites of the Directory would have envied
the arrangement of these high-art coiffures, three and four stories high, and
the great Leonard himself would have bowed before his transatlantic
And then the vatems, the handfuls of reis—the only coins for which the
natives of the Amazon exchange their goods—which rained into the pocket of
Fragoso, and which he collected with evident satisfaction. But assuredly
night would come before he could satisfy the demands of the customers, who
were so constantly renewed. It was not only the population of Tabatinga which
crowded to the door of the loja. The news of the arrival of Fragoso was not
slow to get abroad; natives came to him from all sides: Ticunas from the left
bank of the river, Mayorunas from the right bank, as well as those who live
on the Cajuru and those who come from the villages of the Javary.
A long array of anxious ones formed itself in the square. The happy ones
coming from the hands of Fragoso went proudly from one house to another,
showed themselves off without daring to shake themselves, like the big
children that they were.
It thus happened that when noon came the much-occupied barber had
not had time to return on board, but had had to content himself with
a little assai, some manioc flour, and turtle eggs, which he
rapidly devoured between two applications of the curling-tongs.
But it was a great harvest for the innkeeper, as all the
operations could not be conducted without a large absorption of liquors
drawn from the cellars of the inn. In fact, it was an event for the town
of Tabatinga, this visit of the celebrated Fragoso, barber in ordinary and
extraordinary to the tribes of the Upper Amazon!
AT FIVE O'CLOCK in the evening Fragoso was still there, and was asking
himself if he would have to pass the night on the spot to satisfy the
expectant crowd, when a stranger arrived in the square, and seeing all this
native gathering, advanced toward the inn.
For some minutes the stranger eyed Fragoso attentively with
some circumspection. The examination was obviously satisfactory, for
he entered the loja.
He was a man about thirty-five years of age. He was dressed in
a somewhat elegant traveling costume, which added much to his
personal appearance. But his strong black beard, which the scissors had
not touched for some time, and his hair, a trifle long,
imperiously required the good offices of a barber.
"Good-day, friend, good-day!" said he, lightly striking Fragoso on the
Fragoso turned round when he heard the words pronounced in
pure Brazilian, and not in the mixed idiom of the natives.
"A compatriot?" he asked, without stopping the twisting of
the refractory mouth of a Mayouma head.
"Yes," answered the stranger. "A compatriot who has need of
"To be sure! In a minute," said Fragoso. "Wait till I have finished with
And this was done in a couple of strokes with the curling-tongs.
Although he was the last comer, and had no right to the vacant place, he
sat down on the stool without causing any expostulation on the part of the
natives who lost a turn.
Fragoso put down the irons for the scissors, and, after the manner
of his brethren, said:
"What can I do for you, sir?"
"Cut my beard and my hair," answered the stranger.
"All right!" said Fragoso, inserting his comb into the mass of hair.
And then the scissors to do their work.
"And you come from far?" asked Fragoso, who could not work without
a good deal to say.
"I have come from the neighborhood of Iquitos."
"So have I!" exclaimed Fragoso. "I have come down the Amazon
from Iquitos to Tabatinga. May I ask your name?"
"No objection at all," replied the stranger. "My name is Torres."
When the hair was cut in the latest style Fragoso began to thin
his beard, but at this moment, as he was looking straight into his
face, he stopped, then began again, and then:
"Eh! Mr. Torres," said he; "I seem to know you. We must have seen each
"I do not think so," quickly answered Torres.
"I am always wrong!" replied Fragoso, and he hurried on to finish
A moment after Torres continued the conversation which this question of
Fragoso had interrupted, with:
"How did you come from Iquitos?"
"From Iquitos to Tabatinga?"
"On board a raft, on which I was given a passage by a worthy fazender
who is going down the Amazon with his family."
"A friend indeed!" replied Torres. "That is a chance, and if
your fazender would take me——"
"Do you intend, then, to go down the river?"
"No, only to Manaos, where I have business."
"Well, my host is very kind, and I think he would cheerfully
"Do you think so?"
"I might almost say I am sure."
"And what is the name of this fazender?" asked Torres carelessly.
"Joam Garral," answered Fragoso.
And at the same time he muttered to himself:
"I certainly have seen this fellow somewhere!"
Torres was not the man to allow a conversation to drop which was likely
to interest him, and for very good reasons.
"And so you think Joam Garral would give me a passage?"
"I do not doubt it," replied Fragoso. "What he would do for a poor chap
like me he would not refuse to do for a compatriot like you."
"Is he alone on board the jangada?"
"No," replied Fragoso. "I was going to tell you that he is
traveling with all his family—and jolly people they are, I assure you. He
is accompanied by a crew of Indians and negroes, who form part of
the staff at the fazenda."
"Is he rich?"
"Oh, certainly!" answered Fragoso—"very rich. Even the timber
which forms the jangada, and the cargo it carries, constitute a
"The Joam Garral and his whole family have just passed the
"Yes," said Fragoso; "his wife, his son, his daughter, and Miss Minha's
"Ah! he has a daughter?" said Torres.
"A charming girl!"
"Going to get married?"
"Yes, to a brave young fellow," replied Fragoso—"an army surgeon
in garrison at Belem, and the wedding is to take place as soon as we
get to the end of the voyage."
"Good!" said the smiling Torres; "it is what you might call a betrothal
"A voyage of betrothal, of pleasure, and of business!" said
Fragoso. "Madame Yaquita and her daughter have never set foot on
Brazilian ground; and as for Joam Garral, it is the first time he has
crossed the frontier since he went to the farm of old Magalha볮"
"I suppose," asked Torres, "that there are some servants with
"Of course," replied Fragoso—"old Cybele, on the farm for the
last fifty years, and a pretty mulatto, Miss Lina, who is more of
a companion than a servant to her mistress. Ah, what an
amiable disposition! What a heart, and what eyes! And the ideas she has
about everything, particularly about lianas—" Fragoso, started on
this subject, would not have been able to stop himself, and Lina
would have been the object of a good many enthusiastic declarations,
had Torres not quitted the chair for another customer.
"What do I owe you?" asked he of the barber.
"Nothing," answered Fragoso. "Between compatriots, when they meet on the
frontier, there can be no question of that sort."
"But," replied Torres, "I want to——"
"Very well, we will settle that later on, on board the jangada."
"But I do not know that, and I do not like to ask Joam Garral to allow
"Do not hesitate!" exclaimed Fragoso; "I will speak to him if you would
like it better, and he will be very happy to be of use to you under the
And at that instant Manoel and Benito, coming into the town
after dinner, appeared at the door of the loja, wishing to see Fragoso
Torres turned toward them and suddenly said: "There are two gentlemen I
know—or rather I remember."
"You remember them!" asked Fragoso, surprised.
"Yes, undoubtedly! A month ago, in the forest of Iquitos, they got
me out of a considerable difficulty."
"But they are Benito Garral and Manoel Valdez."
"I know. They told me their names, but I never expected to see
Torres advanced toward the two young men, who looked at him
without recognizing him.
"You do not remember me, gentlemen?" he asked.
"Wait a little," answered Benito; "Mr. Torres, if I remember aright; it
was you who, in the forest of Iquitos, got into difficulties with a
"Quite true, gentlemen," replied Torres. "For six weeks I have
been traveling down the Amazon, and I have just crossed the frontier
at the same time as you have."
"Very pleased to see you again," said Benito; "but you have
not forgotten that you promised to come to the fazenda to my father?"
"I have not forgotten it," answered Torres.
"And you would have done better to have accepted my offer; it would have
allowed you to have waited for our departure, rested from you fatigues, and
descended with us to the frontier; so many days of walking saved."
"To be sure!" answered Torres.
"Our compatriot is not going to stop at the frontier," said Fragoso, "he
is going on to Manaos."
"Well, then," replied Benito, "if you will come on board the jangada you
will be well received, and I am sure my father will give you
"Willingly," said Torres; "and you will allow me to thank you
Manoel took no part in the conversation; he let Benito make the offer of
his services, and attentively watched Torres, whose face he scarcely
remembered. There was an entire want of frankness in the eyes, whose look
changed unceasingly, as if he was afraid to fix them anywhere. But Manoel
kept this impression to himself, not wishing to injure a compatriot whom they
were about to oblige.
"Gentlemen," said Torres, "if you like, I am ready to follow you to the
"Come, then," answered Benito.
A quarter of an hour afterward Torres was on board the jangada. Benito
introduced him to Joam Garral, acquainting him with the circumstances under
which they had previously met him, and asked him to give him a passage down
"I am happy, sir, to be able to oblige you," replied Joam.
"Thank you," said Torres, who at the moment of putting forth his
hand kept it back in spite of himself.
"We shall be off at daybreak tomorrow," added Joam Garral, "so you had
better get your things on board."
"Oh, that will not take me long!" answered Torres; "there is only myself
and nothing else!"
"Make yourself at home," said Joam Garral.
That evening Torres took possession of a cabin near to that of
the barber. It was not till eight o'clock that the latter returned to
the raft, and gave the young mulatto an account of his exploits,
and repeated, with no little vanity, that the renown of the
illustrious Fragoso was increasing in the basin of the Upper Amazon.
AT DAYBREAK on the morrow, the 27th of June, the cables were cast off,
and the raft continued its journey down the river.
An extra passenger was on board. Whence came this Torres? No one exactly
knew. Where was he going to? "To Manaos," he said. Torres was careful to let
no suspicion of his past life escape him, nor of the profession that he had
followed till within the last two months, and no one would have thought that
the jangada had given refuge to an old captain of the woods. Joam Garral did
not wish to mar the service he was rendering by questions of too pressing a
In taking him on board the fazender had obeyed a sentiment of humanity.
In the midst of these vast Amazonian deserts, more especially at the time
when the steamers had not begun to furrow the waters, it was very difficult
to find means of safe and rapid transit. Boats did not ply regularly, and in
most cases the traveler was obliged to walk across the forests. This is what
Torres had done, and what he would continue to have done, and it was for
him unexpected good luck to have got a passage on the raft.
From the moment that Benito had explained under what conditions he had
met Torres the introduction was complete, and he was able to consider himself
as a passenger on an Atlantic steamer, who is free to take part in the
general life if he cares, or free to keep himself a little apart if of an
It was noticed, at least during the first few days, that Torres did not
try to become intimate with the Garral family. He maintained a good deal of
reserve, answering if addressed, but never provoking a reply.
If he appeared more open with any one, it was with Fragoso. Did he not
owe to this gay companion the idea of taking passage on board the raft? Many
times he asked him about the position of the Garrals at Iquitos, the
sentiments of the daughter for Manoel Valdez, and always discreetly.
Generally, when he was not walking alone in the bow of the jangada, he kept
to his cabin.
He breakfasted and dined with Joam Garral and his family, but he
took little part in their conversation, and retired when the repast
During the morning the raft passed by the picturesque group of islands
situated in the vast estuary of the Javary. This important affluent of the
Amazon comes from the southwest, and from source to mouth has not a single
island, nor a single rapid, to check its course. The mouth is about three
thousand feet in width, and the river comes in some miles above the site
formerly occupied by the town of the same name, whose possession was disputed
for so long by Spaniards and Portuguese.
Up to the morning of the 30th of June there had been nothing particular
to distinguish the voyage. Occasionally they met a few vessels gliding along
by the banks attached one to another in such a way that a single Indian could
manage the whole—navigar de bubina, as this kind of navigation is called
by the people of the country, that is to say, "confidence navigation."
They had passed the island of Araria, the Archipelago of the
Calderon islands, the island of Capiatu, and many others whose names have
not yet come to the knowledge of geographers.
On the 30th of June the pilot signaled on the right the little village
of Jurupari-Tapera, where they halted for two or three hours.
Manoel and Benito had gone shooting in the neighborhood, and
brought back some feathered game, which was well received in the larder.
At the same time they had got an animal of whom a naturalist would
have made more than did the cook.
It was a creature of a dark color, something like a large Newfoundland
"A great ant-eater!" exclaimed Benito, as he threw it on the deck of the
"And a magnificent specimen which would not disgrace the collection of a
museum!" added Manoel.
"Did you take much trouble to catch the curious animal?" asked Minha.
"Yes, little sister," replied Benito, "and you were not there to ask for
mercy! These dogs die hard, and no less than three bullets were necessary to
bring this fellow down."
The ant-eater looked superb, with his long tail and grizzly hair; with
his pointed snout, which is plunged into the ant-hills whose insects form its
principal food; and his long, thin paws, armed with sharp nails, five inches
long, and which can shut up like the fingers of one's hand. But what a hand
was this hand of the ant-eater! When it has got hold of anything you have to
cut it off to make it let go! It is of this hand that the traveler, Emile
Carrey, has so justly observed: "The tiger himself would perish in its
On the 2d of July, in the morning, the jangada arrived at the foot
of San Pablo d'Oliven硬 after having floated through the midst
of numerous islands which in all seasons are clad with verdure and shaded
with magnificent trees, and the chief of which bear the names of Jurupari,
Rita, Maracanatena, and Cururu Sapo. Many times they passed by the mouths of
iguarapes, or little affluents, with black waters.
The coloration of these waters is a very curious phenomenon. It
is peculiar to a certain number of these tributaries of the Amazon, which
differ greatly in importance.
Manoel remarked how thick the cloudiness was, for it could be
clearly seen on the surface of the whitish waters of the river.
"They have tried to explain this coloring in many ways," said he, "but I
do not think the most learned have yet arrived at a satisfactory
"The waters are really black with a magnificent reflection of
gold," replied Minha, showing a light, reddish-brown cloth, which
was floating level with the jangada.
"Yes," said Manoel, "and Humboldt has already observed the
curious reflection that you have; but on looking at it attentively you
will see that it is rather the color of sepia which pervades the
"Good!" exclaimed Benito. "Another phenomenon on which the savants are
"Perhaps," said Fragoso, "they might ask the opinions of the
caymans, dolphins, and manatees, for they certainly prefer the black waters
to the others to enjoy themselves in."
"They are particularly attractive to those animals," replied
Manoel, "but why it is rather embarrassing to say. For instance, is
the coloration due to the hydrocarbons which the waters hold in
solution, or is it because they flow through districts of peat, coal,
and anthracite; or should we not rather attribute it to the
enormous quantity of minute plants which they bear along? There is
nothing certain in the matter. Under any circumstances, they are excellent
to drink, of a freshness quite enviable for the climate, and
without after-taste, and perfectly harmless. Take a little of the
water, Minha, and drink it; you will find it all right."
The water is in truth limpid and fresh, and would advantageously replace
many of the table-waters used in Europe. They drew several frasques for
It has been said that in the morning of the 2d of July the jangada had
arrived at San Pablo d'Oliven硬 where they turn out in thousands those long
strings of beads which are made from the scales of the coco de piassaba.
This trade is here extensively followed. It may, perhaps, seem singular that
the ancient lords of the country, Tupinambas and Tupiniquis, should find
their principal occupation in making objects for the Catholic religion. But,
after all, why not? These Indians are no longer the Indians of days gone by.
Instead of being clothed in the national fashion, with a frontlet of
macaw feathers, bow, and blow-tube, have they not adopted the
American costume of white cotton trousers, and a cotton poncho woven by
their wives, who have become thorough adepts in its manufacture?
San Pablo d'Oliven硬 a town of some importance, has not less than two
thousand inhabitants, derived from all the neighboring tribes. At present the
capital of the Upper Amazon, it began as a simple Mission, founded by the
Portuguese Carmelites about 1692, and afterward acquired by the Jesuit
From the beginning it has been the country of the Omaguas, whose
name means "flat-heads," and is derived from the barbarous custom of
the native mothers of squeezing the heads of their newborn
children between two plates, so as to give them an oblong skull, which
was then the fashion. Like everything else, that has changed; heads
have re-taken their natural form, and there is not the slightest trace
of the ancient deformity in the skulls of the chaplet-makers.
Every one, with the exception of Joam Garral, went ashore. Torres also
remained on board, and showed no desire to visit San Pablo d'Oliven硬 which
he did not, however, seem to be acquainted with.
Assuredly if the adventurer was taciturn he was not inquisitive.
Benito had no difficulty in doing a little bartering, and
adding slightly to the cargo of the jangada. He and the family received
an excellent reception from the principal authorities of the town,
the commandant of the place, and the chief of the custom-house,
whose functions did not in the least prevent them from engaging in
trade. They even intrusted the young merchant with a few products of
the country for him to dispose of on their account at Manaos and Belem.
The town is composed of some sixty houses, arranged on the plain which
hereabouts crowns the river-bank. Some of the huts are covered with tiles—a
very rare thing in these countries; but, on the other hand, the humble
church, dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul, has only a roof of straw, rather
more appropriate for a stable of Bethlehem than for an edifice consecrated to
religion in one of the most Catholic countries of the world.
The commandant, his lieutenant, and the head of the police accepted an
invitation to dine with the family, and they were received by Joam Garral
with the respect due to their rank.
During dinner Torres showed himself more talkative than usual. He spoke
about some of his excursions into the interior of Brazil like a man who knew
the country. But in speaking of these travels Torres did not neglect to ask
the commandant if he knew Manaos, if his colleague would be there at this
time, and if the judge, the first magistrate of the province, was accustomed
to absent himself at this period of the hot season. It seemed that in putting
this series of questions Torres looked at Joam Garral. It was marked enough
for even Benito to notice it, not without surprise, and he observed that his
father gave particular attention to the questions so curiously propounded
The commandant of San Pablo d'Oliven硠assured the adventurer that the
authorities were not now absent from Manaos, and he even asked Joam Garral to
convey to them his compliments. In all probability the raft would arrive
before the town in seven weeks, or a little later, say about the 20th or the
25th of August.
The guests of the fazender took leave of the Garral family toward
the evening, and the following morning, that of the 3d of July,
the jangada recommenced its descent of the river.
At noon they passed on the left the mouth of the Yacurupa.
This tributary, properly speaking, is a true canal, for it discharges
its waters into the I硬 which is itself an affluent of the Amazon.
A peculiar phenomenon, for the river displaces itself to feed its
Toward three o'clock in the afternoon the giant raft passed the mouth of
the Jandiatuba, which brings its magnificent black waters from the southwest,
and discharges them into the main artery by a mouth of four hundred meters in
extent, after having watered the territories of the Culino Indians.
A number of islands were breasted—Pimaicaira, Caturia,
Chico, Motachina; some inhabited, others deserted, but all covered
with superb vegetation, which forms an unbroken garland of green from
one end of the Amazon to the other.
THE CONTINUED DESCENT
ON THE EVENING of the 5th of July, the atmosphere had been
oppressive since the morning and threatened approaching storms. Large bats
of ruddy color skimmed with their huge wings the current of the
Amazon. Among them could be distinguished the perros voladors,
somber brown above and light-colored beneath, for which Minha,
and particularly the young mulatto, felt an instinctive aversion.
These were, in fact, the horrible vampires which suck the blood of the
cattle, and even attack man if he is imprudent enough to sleep out in the
"Oh, the dreadful creatures!" cried Lina, hiding her eyes; "they fill me
"And they are really formidable," added Minha; "are they
"To be sure—very formidable," answered he. "These vampires have
a particular instinct which leads them to bleed you in the places
where the blood most easily comes, and principally behind the ear.
During the operation the continue to move their wings, and cause
an agreeable freshness which renders the sleep of the sleeper
more profound. They tell of people, unconsciously submitted to
this hemorrhage for many hours, who have never awoke!"
"Talk no more of things like that, Manoel," said Yaquita, "or
neither Minha nor Lina will dare sleep to-night."
"Never fear!" replied Manoel; "if necessary we will watch over them as
"Silence!" said Benito.
"What is the matter?" asked Manoel.
"Do you not hear a very curious noise on that side?" continued Benito,
pointing to the right bank.
"Certainly," answered Yaquita.
"What causes the noise?" asked Minha. "One would think it was
shingle rolling on the beach of the islands."
"Good! I know what it is," answered Benito. "Tomorrow, at
daybreak, there will be a rare treat for those who like fresh turtle eggs
and little turtles!"
He was not deceived; the noise was produced by innumerable chelonians of
all sizes, who were attracted to the islands to lay their eggs.
It is in the sand of the beach that these amphibians choose the
most convenient places to deposit their eggs. The operation commences
with sunset and finishes with the dawn.
At this moment the chief turtle had left the bed of the river
to reconnoiter for a favorable spot; the others, collected in
thousands, were soon after occupied in digging with their hind paddles a
trench six hundred feet long, a dozen wide, and six deep. After laying
their eggs they cover them with a bed of sand, which they beat down
with their carapaces as if they were rammers.
This egg-laying operation is a grand affair for the riverine Indians of
the Amazon and its tributaries. They watch for the arrival of the chelonians,
and proceed to the extraction of the eggs to the sound of the drum; and the
harvest is divided into three parts—one to the watchers, another to the
Indians, a third to the state, represented by the captains of the shore, who,
in their capacity of police, have to superintend the collection of the dues.
To certain beaches which the decrease of the waters has left uncovered, and
which have the privilege of attracting the greater number of turtles, there
has been given the name of "royal beaches." When the harvest is gathered it
is a holiday for the Indians, who give themselves up to games,
dancing, and drinking; and it is also a holiday for the alligators of
the river, who hold high revelry on the remains of the amphibians.
Turtles, or turtle eggs, are an object of very considerable
trade throughout the Amazonian basin. It is these chelonians whom
they "turn"—that is to say, put on their backs—when they come
from laying their eggs, and whom they preserve alive, keeping them
in palisaded pools like fish-pools, or attaching them to a stake by a cord
just long enough to allow them to go and come on the land or under the water.
In this way they always have the meat of these animals fresh.
They proceed differently with the little turtles which are just hatched.
There is no need to pack them or tie them up. Their shell is still soft,
their flesh extremely tender, and after they have cooked them they eat them
just like oysters. In this form large quantities are consumed.
However, this is not the most general use to which the chelonian
eggs are put in the provinces of Amazones and Para. The manufacture
of manteigna de tartaruga, or turtle butter, which will
bear comparison with the best products of Normandy or Brittany, does
not take less every year that from two hundred and fifty to three
hundred millions of eggs. But the turtles are innumerable all along
the river, and they deposit their eggs on the sands of the beach
in incalculable quantities. However, on account of the destruction caused
not only by the natives, but by the water-fowl from the side, the urubus in
the air, and the alligators in the river, their number has been so diminished
that for every little turtle a Brazilian pataque, or about a franc, has to be
On the morrow, at daybreak, Benito, Fragoso, and a few Indians took
a pirogue and landed on the beach of one of the large islands which they
had passed during the night. It was not necessary for the jangada to halt.
They knew they could catch her up.
On the shore they saw the little hillocks which indicated the
places where, that very night, each packet of eggs had been deposited in
the trench in groups of from one hundred and sixty to one hundred
and ninety. These there was no wish to get out. But an earlier laying
had taken place two months before, the eggs had hatched under the
action of the heat stored in the sand, and already several thousands
of little turtles were running about the beach.
The hunters were therefore in luck. The pirogue was filled with
these interesting amphibians, and they arrived just in time for
breakfast. The booty was divided between the passengers and crew of the
jangada, and if any lasted till the evening it did not last any longer.
In the morning of the 7th of July they were before San Jose de Matura, a
town situated near a small river filled up with long grass, and on the
borders of which a legend says that Indians with tails once existed.
In the morning of the 8th of July they caught sight of the village
of San Antonio, two or three little houses lost in the trees at the mouth
of the I硬 or Putumayo, which is about nine hundred meters wide.
The Putumayo is one of the most important affluents of the Amazon. Here
in the sixteenth century missions were founded by the Spaniards, which were
afterward destroyed by the Portuguese, and not a trace of them now
Representatives of different tribes of Indians are found in
the neighborhood, which are easily recognizable by the differences
in their tattoo marks.
The I硠is a body of water coming from the east of the Pasto Mountains
to the northeast of Quito, through the finest forests of wild cacao-trees.
Navigable for a distance of a hundred and forty leagues for steamers of not
greater draught than six feet, it may one day become one of the chief
waterways in the west of America.
The bad weather was at last met with. It did not show itself
in continual rains, but in frequent storms. These could not hinder
the progress of the raft, which offered little resistance to the wind. Its
great length rendered it almost insensible to the swell of the Amazon, but
during the torrential showers the Garral family had to keep indoors. They had
to occupy profitably these hours of leisure. They chatted together,
communicated their observations, and their tongues were seldom idle.
It was under these circumstances that little by little Torres had begun
to take a more active part in the conversation. The details of his many
voyages throughout the whole north of Brazil afforded him numerous subjects
to talk about. The man had certainly seen a great deal, but his observations
were those of a skeptic, and he often shocked the straightforward people who
were listening to him. It should be said that he showed himself much
impressed toward Minha. But these attentions, although they were displeasing
to Manoel, were not sufficiently marked for him to interfere. On the other
hand, Minha felt for him an instinctive repulsion which she was at no
pains to conceal.
On the 5th of July the mouth of the Tunantins appeared on the left bank,
forming an estuary of some four hundred feet across, in which it pours its
blackish waters, coming from the west-northwest, after having watered the
territories of the Cacena Indians. At this spot the Amazon appears under a
truly grandiose aspect, but its course is more than ever encumbered with
islands and islets. It required all the address of the pilot to steer through
the archipelago, going from one bank to another, avoiding the shallows,
shirking the eddies, and maintaining the advance.
They might have taken the Ahuaty Parana, a sort of natural canal, which
goes off a little below the mouth of the Tunantins, and re-enters the
principal stream a hundred an twenty miles further on by the Rio Japura; but
if the larger portion of this measures a hundred and fifty feet across,
the narrowest is only sixty feet, and the raft would there have met with a
On the 13th of July, after having touched at the island of
Capuro, passed the mouth of the Jutahy, which, coming from
the east-southeast, brings in its black waters by a mouth five
hundred feet wide, and admired the legions of monkeys, sulphur-white
in color, with cinnabar-red faces, who are insatiable lovers of the
nuts produced by the palm-trees from which the river derives its name,
the travelers arrived on the 18th of July before the little village
At this place the jangada halted for twelve hours, so as to give a rest
to the crew.
Fonteboa, like most of the mission villages of the Amazon, has
not escaped the capricious fate which, during a lengthened period,
moves them about from one place to the other. Probably the hamlet has
now finished with its nomadic existence, and has definitely
become stationary. So much the better; for it is a charming place, with
its thirty houses covered with foliage, and its church dedicated to
Notre Dame de Guadaloupe, the Black Virgin of Mexico. Fonteboa has
one thousand inhabitants, drawn from the Indians on both banks, who
rear numerous cattle in the fields in the neighborhood. These
occupations do not end here, for they are intrepid hunters, or, if they
prefer it, intrepid fishers for the manatee.
On the morning of their arrival the young fellows assisted at a
very interesting expedition of this nature. Two of these
herbivorous cetaceans had just been signaled in the black waters of the
Cayaratu, which comes in at Fonteboa. Six brown points were seen moving
along the surface, and these were the two pointed snouts and four
pinions of the lamantins.
Inexperienced fishermen would at first have taken these moving
points for floating wreckage, but the natives of Fonteboa were not to be
so deceived. Besides, very soon loud blowings indicated that the spouting
animals were vigorously ejecting the air which had become useless for their
Two ubas, each carrying three fishermen, set off from the bank
and approached the manatees, who soon took flight. The black points
at first traced a long furrow on the top of the water, and
then disappeared for a time.
The fishermen continued their cautious advance. One of them, armed with
a very primitive harpoon—a long nail at the end of a stick—kept himself in
the bow of the boat, while the other two noiselessly paddled on. They waited
till the necessity of breathing would bring the manatees up again. In ten
minutes or thereabouts the animals would certainly appear in a circle more or
In fact, this time had scarcely elapsed before the black points emerged
at a little distance, and two jets of air mingled with vapor were noiselessly
The ubas approached, the harpoons were thrown at the same instant; one
missed its mark, but the other struck one of the cetaceans near his
It was only necessary to stun the animal, who rarely defends
himself when touched by the iron of the harpoon. In a few pulls the
cord brought him alongside the uba, and he was towed to the beach at
the foot of the village.
It was not a manatee of any size, for it only measured about three feet
long. These poor cetaceans have been so hunted that they have become very
rare in the Amazon and its affluents, and so little time is left them to grow
that the giants of the species do not now exceed seven feet. What are these,
after manatees twelve and fifteen feet long, which still abound in the rivers
and lakes of Africa?
But it would be difficult to hinder their destruction. The flesh of the
manatee is excellent, superior even to that of pork, and the oil furnished by
its lard, which is three inches thick, is a product of great value. When the
meat is smoke-dried it keeps for a long time, and is capital food. If to this
is added that the animal is easily caught, it is not to be wondered at that
the species is on its way to complete destruction.
On the 19th of July, at sunrise, the jangada left Fonteboa, and entered
between the two completely deserted banks of the river, and breasted some
islands shaded with the grand forests of cacao-trees. The sky was heavily
charged with electric cumuli, warning them of renewed storms.
The Rio Jurua, coming from the southwest, soon joins the river on
the left. A vessel can go up it into Peru without
encountering insurmountable obstacles among its white waters, which are fed
by a great number of petty affluents.
"It is perhaps in these parts," said Manoel, "that we ought to look for
those female warriors who so much astonished Orellana. But we ought to say
that, like their predecessors, they do nor form separate tribes; they are
simply the wives who accompany their husbands to the fight, and who, among
the Juruas, have a great reputation for bravery."
The jangada continued to descend; but what a labyrinth the Amazon
now appeared! The Rio Japura, whose mouth was forty-eight miles on
ahead, and which is one of its largest tributaries, runs almost
parallel with the river.
Between them were canals, iguarapes, lagoons, temporary lakes,
an inextricable network which renders the hydrography of this country
But if Araujo had no map to guide him, his experience served him
more surely, and it was wonderful to see him unraveling the chaos,
without ever turning aside from the main river.
In fact, he did so well that on the 25th of July, in the
afternoon, after having passed before the village of Parani-Tapera, the raft
was anchored at the entrance of the Lake of Ego, or Teffe, which it
was useless to enter, for they would not have been able to get out of
it again into the Amazon.
But the town of Ega is of some importance; it was worthy of a halt
to visit it. It was arranged, therefore, that the jangada should remain on
this spot till the 27th of July, and that on the morrow the large pirogue
should take the whole family to Ega. This would give a rest, which was
deservedly due to the hard-working crew of the raft.
The night passed at the moorings near a slightly rising shore,
and nothing disturbed the quiet. A little sheet-lightning was
observable on the horizon, but it came from a distant storm which did not
reach the entrance to the lake.
AT SIX o'clock in the morning of the 20th of July, Yaquita, Minha, Lina,
and the two young men prepared to leave the jangada.
Joam Garral, who had shown no intention of putting his foot on
shore, had decided this time, at the request of the ladies of his family,
to leave his absorbing daily work and accompany them on their
excursion. Torres had evinced no desire to visit Ega, to the great
satisfaction of Manoel, who had taken a great dislike to the man and only
waited for an opportunity to declare it.
As to Fragoso, he could not have the same reason for going to Ega as had
taken him to Tabatinga, which is a place of little importance compared to
Ega is a chief town with fifteen hundred inhabitants, and in it reside
all those authorities which compose the administration of a considerable
city—considerable for the country; that is to say, the military commandant,
the chief of the police, the judges, the schoolmaster, and troops under the
command of officers of all ranks.
With so many functionaries living in a town, with their wives
and children, it is easy to see that hair-dressers would be in
demand. Such was the case, and Fragoso would not have paid his
Doubtless, however, the jolly fellow, who could do no business in Ega,
had thought to be of the party if Lina went with her mistress, but, just as
they were leaving the raft, he resolved to remain, at the request of Lina
"Mr. Fragoso!" she said to him, after taking him aside.
"Miss Lina?" answered Fragoso.
"I do not think that your friend Torres intends to go with us
"Certainly not, he is going to stay on board, Miss Lina, but you
wold oblige me by not calling him my friend!"
"But you undertook to ask a passage for him before he had shown
any intention of doing so."
"Yes, and on that occasion, if you would like to know what I think,
I made a fool of myself!"
"Quite so! and if you would like to know what I think, I do not like the
man at all, Mr. Fragoso."
"Neither do I, Miss Lina, and I have all the time an idea that I
have seen him somewhere before. But the remembrance is too vague;
the impression, however, is far from being a pleasant one!"
"Where and when could you have met him? Cannot you call it to mind? It
might be useful to know who he is and what he has been."
"No—I try all I can. How long was it ago? In what country? Under what
circumstances? And I cannot hit upon it."
"Stay on board and keep watch on Torres during our absence!"
"What? Not go with you to Ega, and remain a whole day without
"I ask you to do so!"
"Is it an order?"
"It is an entreaty!"
"I will remain!"
"I thank you!"
"Thank me, then, with a good shake of the hand," replied Fragoso; "that
is worth something."
Lina held out her hand, and Fragoso kept it for a few moments while he
looked into her face. And that is the reason why he did not take his place in
the pirogue, and became, without appearing to be, the guard upon
Did the latter notice the feelings of aversion with which he
was regarded? Perhaps, but doubtless he had his reasons for taking
no account of them.
A distance of four leagues separated the mooring-place from the town of
Ega. Eight leagues, there and back, in a pirogue containing six persons,
besides two negroes as rowers, would take some hours, not to mention the
fatigue caused by the high temperature, though the sky was veiled with
Fortunately a lovely breeze blew from the northwest, and if it
held would be favorable for crossing Lake Teffe. They could go to Ega
and return rapidly without having to tack.
So the lateen sail was hoisted on the mast of the pirogue. Benito took
the tiller, and off they went, after a last gesture from Lina to Fragoso to
keep his eyes open.
The southern shore of the lake had to be followed to get to Ega.
After two hours the pirogue arrived at the port of this ancient mission
founded by the Carmelites, which became a town in 1759, and which General
Gama placed forever under Brazilian rule.
The passengers landed on a flat beach, on which were to be found
not only boats from the interior, but a few of those little
schooners which are used in the coasting-trade on the Atlantic
When the two girls entered Ega they were at first much astonished.
"What a large town!" said Minha.
"What houses! what people!" replied Lina, whose eyes seemed to
have expanded so that she might see better.
"Rather!" said Benito laughingly. "More than fifteen
hundred inhabitants! Two hundred houses at the very least! Some of them
with a first floor! And two or three streets! Genuine streets!"
"My dear Manoel!" said Minha, "do protect us against my brother! He is
making fun of us, and only because he had already been in the finest towns in
Amazones and Para!"
"Quite so, and he is also poking fun at his mother," added Yaquita, "for
I confess I never saw anything equal to this!"
"Then, mother and sister, you must take great care that you do not fall
into a trance when you get to Manaos, and vanish altogether when you reach
"Never fear," answered Manoel; "the ladies will have been
gently prepared for these grand wonders by visiting the principal cities
of the Upper Amazon!"
"Now, Manoel," said Minha, "you are talking just like my brother!
Are you making fun of us, too?"
"No, Minha, I assure you."
"Laugh on, gentlemen," said Lina, "and let us look around, my
dear mistress, for it is very fine!"
Very fine! A collection of houses, built of mud, whitewashed,
and principally covered with thatch or palm-leaves; a few built of
stone or wood, with verandas, doors, and shutters painted a bright
green, standing in the middle of a small orchard of orange-trees in
flower. But there were two or three public buildings, a barrack, and a
church dedicated to St. Theresa, which was a cathedral by the side of
the modest chapel at Iquitos. On looking toward the lake a
beautiful panorama unfolded itself, bordered by a frame of cocoanut-trees
and assais, which ended at the edge of the liquid level, and showed beyond
the picturesque village of Noqueira, with its few small houses lost in the
mass of the old olive-trees on the beach.
But for the two girls there was another cause of wonderment,
quite feminine wonderment too, in the fashions of the fair Egans, not
the primitive costume of the natives, converted Omaas or Muas, but
the dress of true Brazilian ladies. The wives and daughters of
the principal functionaries and merchants o the town pretentiously
showed off their Parisian toilettes, a little out of date perhaps, for
Ega is five hundred leagues away from Para, and this is itself
many thousands of miles from Paris.
"Just look at those fine ladies in their fine clothes!"
"Lina will go mad!" exclaimed Benito.
"If those dresses were worn properly," said Minha, "they might not be so
"My dear Minha," said Manoel, "with your simple gown and straw hat, you
are better dressed than any one of these Brazilians, with their headgear and
flying petticoats, which are foreign to their country and their race."
"If it pleases you to think so," answered Minha, "I do not envy any of
But they had come to see. They walked through the streets,
which contained more stalls than shops; they strolled about
the market-place, the rendezvous of the fashionable, who were
nearly stifled in their European clothes; they even breakfasted at
an hotel—it was scarcely an inn—whose cookery caused them to
deeply regret the excellent service on the raft.
After dinner, at which only turtle flesh, served up in different forms,
appeared, the Garral family went for the last time to admire the borders of
the lake as the setting sun gilded it with its rays; then they rejoined their
pirogue, somewhat disillusioned perhaps as to the magnificence of a town
which one hour would give time enough to visit, and a little tired with
walking about its stifling streets which were not nearly so pleasant as the
shady pathways of Iquitos. The inquisitive Lina's enthusiasm alone had not
They all took their places in the pirogue. The wind remained in
the northwest, and had freshened with the evening. The sail was
hoisted. They took the same course as in the morning, across the lake fed
by the black waters of the Rio Teffe, which, according to the Indians, is
navigable toward the southwest for forty days' journey. At eight o'clock the
priogue regained the mooring-place and hailed the jangada.
As soon as Lina could get Fragoso aside—
"Have you seen anything suspicious?" she inquired.
"Nothing, Miss Lina," he replied; "Torres has scarcely left his
cabin, where he has been reading and writing."
"He did not get into the house or the dining-room, as I feared?"
"No, all the time he was not in his cabin he was in the bow of
"And what was he doing?"
"Holding an old piece of paper in his hand, consulting it with
great attention, and muttering a lot of incomprehensible words."
"All that is not so unimportant as you think, Mr. Fragoso.
These readings and writings and old papers have their interest! He
is neither a professor nor a lawyer, this reader and writer!"
"You are right!"
"Still watch him, Mr. Fragoso!"
"I will watch him always, Miss Lina," replied Fragoso.
On the morrow, the 27th of July, at daybreak, Benito gave the pilot the
signal to start.
Away between the islands, in the Bay of Arenapo, the mouth of
the Japura, six thousand six hundred feet wide, was seen for an
instant. This large tributary comes into the Amazon through eight mouths,
as if it were pouring into some gulf or ocean. But its waters come
from afar, and it is the mountains of the republic of Ecuador which
start them on a course that there are no falls to break until two
hundred and ten leagues from its junction with the main stream.
All this day was spent in descending to the island of Yapura,
after which the river, less interfered with, makes navigation much
easier. The current is not so rapid and the islets are easily avoided,
so that there were no touchings or groundings.
The next day the jangada coasted along by vast beaches formed
by undulating high domes, which served as the barriers of immense pasture
grounds, in which the whole of the cattle in Europe could be raised and fed.
These sand banks are considered to be the richest turtle grounds in the basin
of the Upper Amazon.
On the evening of the 29th of July they were securely moored off
the island of Catua, so as to pass the night, which promised to be
On this island, as soon as the sun rose above the horizon,
there appeared a party of Muras Indians, the remains of that ancient
and powerful tribe, which formerly occupied more than a hundred leagues of
the river bank between the Teffe and the Madeira.
These Indians went and came, watching the raft, which
remained stationary. There were about a hundred of them armed with
blow-tubes formed of a reed peculiar to these parts, and which is
strengthened outside by the stem of a dwarf palm from which the pith has
Joam Garral quitted for an instand the work which took up all his time,
to warn his people to keep a good guard and not to provoke these
In truth the sides were not well matched. The Muras are
remarkably clever at sending through their blow-tubes arrows which
cause incurable wounds, even at a range of three hundred paces.
These arrows, made of the leaf of the coucourite palm, are feathered
with cotton, and nine or ten inches long, with a point like a needle, and
poisoned with curare.
Curare, or wourah, the liquor "which kills in a whisper," as
the Indians say, is prepared from the sap of one of the euphorbiace栍
and the juice of a bulbous strychnos, not to mention the paste of venomous
ants and poisonous serpent fangs which they mix with it.
"It is indeed a terrible poison," said Manoel. "It attacks at once those
nerves by which the movements are subordinated to the will. But the heart is
not touched, and it does not cease to beat until the extinction of the vital
functions, and besides no antidote is known to the poison, which commences by
numbness of the limbs."
Very fortunately, these Muras made no hostile demonstrations, although
they entertain a profound hatred toward the whites. They have, in truth, no
longer the courage of their ancestors.
At nightfall a five-holed flute was heard behind the trees in
the island, playing several airs in a minor key. Another flute
answered. This interchange of musical phrases lasted for two or three
minutes, and the Muras disappeared.
Fragoso, in an exuberant moment, had tried to reply by a song in his own
fashion, but Lina had clapped her hand on his mouth, and prevented his
showing off his insignificant singing talents, which he was so willingly
On the 2d of August, at three o'clock in the afternoon, the raft arrived
twenty leagues away from there at Lake Apoara, which is fed by the black
waters of the river of the same name, and two days afterward, about five
o'clock, it stopped at the entrance into Lake Coary.
This lake is one of the largest which communicates with the Amazon, and
it serves as a reservoir for different rivers. Five or six affluents run into
it, and there are stored and mixed up, and emerge by a narrow channel into
the main stream.
After catching a glimpse of the hamlet of Tahua-Miri, mounted on
its piles as on stilts, as a protection against inundation from
the floods, which often sweep up over these low sand banks, the raft
was moored for the night.
The stoppage was made in sight of the village of Coary, a dozen houses,
considerably dilapidated, built in the midst of a thick mass of orange and
Nothing can be more changeable than the aspect of this village,
for according to the rise or fall of the water the lake stretches away
on all sides of it, or is reduced to a narrow canal, scarcely deep enough
to communicate with the Amazon.
On the following morning, that of the 5th of August, they started
at dawn, passing the canal of Yucura, belonging to the tangled system
of lakes and furos of the Rio Zapura, and on the morning of the 6th
of August they reached the entrance to Lake Miana.
No fresh incident occurred in the life on board, which proceeded
with almost methodical regularity.
Fragoso, urged on by Lina, did not cease to watch Torres.
Many times he tried to get him to talk about his past life, but
the adventurer eluded all conversation on the subject, and ended
by maintaining a strict reserve toward the barber.
After catching a glimpse of the hamlet of Tahua-Miri, mounted on
its piles as on stilts, as a protection against inundation from
the floods, which often sweep up and over these low sand banks, the
raft was moored for the night.
His intercourse with the Garral family remained the same. If he
spoke little to Joam, he addressed himself more willingly to Yaquita
and her daughter, and appeared not to notice the evident coolness
with which he was received. They all agreed that when the raft arrived
at Manaos, Torres should leave it, and that they would never speak of him
again. Yaquita followed the advice of Padre Passanha, who counseled patience,
but the good priest had not such an easy task in Manoel, who was quite
disposed to put on shore the intruder who had been so unfortunately taken on
to the raft.
The only thing that happened on this evening was the following:
A pirogue, going down the river, came alongside the jangada, after being
hailed by Joam Garral.
"Are you going to Manaos?" asked he of the Indian who commanded and was
"Yes," replied he.
"When will you get there?"
"In eight days."
"Then you will arrive before we shall. Will you deliver a letter
"Take this letter, then, my friend, and deliver it at Manaos."
The Indian took the letter which Joam gave him, and a handful of
reis was the price of the commission he had undertaken.
No members of the family, then gone into the house, knew anything
of this. Torres was the only witness. He heard a few words
exchanged between Joam and the Indian, and from the cloud which passed over
his face it was easy to see that the sending of this letter
considerably surprised him.
HOWEVER, if Manoel, to avoid giving rise to a violent scene on
board, said nothing on the subject of Torres, he resolved to have
an explanation with Benito.
"Benito," he began, after taking him to the bow of the jangada, "I have
something to say to you."
Benito, generally so good-humored, stopped as he looked at Manoel, and a
cloud came over his countenance.
"I know why," he said; "it is about Torres."
"And I also wish to speak to you."
"You have then noticed his attention to Minha?" said Manoel,
"Ah! It is not a feeling of jealousy, though, that exasperates
you against such a man?" said Benito quickly.
"No!" replied Manoel. "Decidedly not! Heaven forbid I should do such an
injury to the girl who is to become my wife. No, Benito! She holds the
adventurer in horror! I am not thinking anything of that sort; but it
distresses me to see this adventurer constantly obtruding himself by his
presence and conversation on your mother and sister, and seeking to introduce
himself into that intimacy with your family which is already mine."
"Manoel," gravely answered Benito, "I share your aversion for
this dubious individual, and had I consulted my feelings I would
already have driven Torres off the raft! But I dare not!"
"You dare not?" said Manoel, seizing the hand of his friend. "You dare
"Listen to me, Manoel," continued Benito. "You have observed
Torres well, have you not? You have remarked his attentions to my
sister! Nothing can be truer! But while you have been noticing that, have
you not seen that this annoying man never keeps his eyes off my father, no
matter if he is near to him or far from him, and that he seems to have some
spiteful secret intention in watching him with such unaccountable
"What are you talking about, Benito? Have you any reason to think that
Torres bears some grudge against Joam Garral?"
"No! I think nothing!" replied Benito; "it is only a presentiment! But
look well at Torres, study his face with care, and you will see what an evil
grin he has whenever my father comes into his sight."
"Well, then," exclaimed Manoel, "if it is so, Benito, the more
reason for clearing him out!"
"More reason—or less reason," replied Benito. "Manoel, I fear—what? I
know not—but to force my father to get rid of Torres would perhaps be
imprudent! I repeat it, I am afraid, though no positive fact enables me to
explain my fear to myself!"
And Benito seemed to shudder with anger as he said these words.
"Then," said Manoel, "you think we had better wait?"
"Yes; wait, before doing anything, but above all things let us be on our
"After all," answered Manoel, "in twenty days we shall be at
Manaos. There Torres must stop. There he will leave us, and we shall
be relieved of his presence for good! Till then we must keep our eyes
"You understand me, Manoel?" asked Benito.
"I understand you, my friend, my brother!" replied Manoel, "although I
do not share, and cannot share, your fears! What connection can possibly
exist between your father and this adventurer? Evidently your father has
never seen him!"
"I do not say that my father knows Torres," said Benito; "but assuredly
it seems to me that Torres knows my father. What was the fellow doing in the
neighborhood of the fazenda when we met him in the forest of Iquitos? Why did
he then refuse the hospitality which we offered, so as to afterward manage to
force himself on us as our traveling companion? We arrive at Tabatinga, and
there he is as if he was waiting for us! The probability is that these
meetings were in pursuance of a preconceived plan. When I see the shifty,
dogged look of Torres, all this crowds on my mind. I do not know! I am
losing myself in things that defy explanation! Oh! why did I ever think
of offering to take him on board this raft?"
"Be calm, Benito, I pray you!"
"Manoel!" continued Benito, who seemed to be powerless to
contain himself, "think you that if it only concerned me—this man
who inspires us all with such aversion and disgust—I should not
hesitate to throw him overboard! But when it concerns my father, I fear
lest in giving way to my impressions I may be injuring my
object! Something tells me that with this scheming fellow there may be
danger in doing anything until he has given us the right—the right and
the duty—to do it. In short, on the jangada, he is in our power, and
if we both keep good watch over my father, we can spoil his game,
no matter how sure it may be, and force him to unmask and betray himself!
Then wait a little longer!"
The arrival of Torres in the bow of the raft broke off the conversation.
Torres looked slyly at the two young men, but said not a word.
Benito was not deceived when he said that the adventurer's eyes
were never off Joam Garral as long as he fancied he was unobserved.
No! he was not deceived when he said that Torres' face grew evil when he
looked at his father!
By what mysterious bond could these two men—one nobleness itself, that
was self-evident—be connected with each other?
Such being the state of affairs it was certainly difficult for Torres,
constantly watched as he was by the two young men, by Fragoso and Lina, to
make a single movement without having instantly to repress it. Perhaps he
understood the position. If he did, he did not show it, for his manner
changed not in the least.
Satisfied with their mutual explanation, Manoel and Benito promised to
keep him in sight without doing anything to awaken his suspicions.
During the following days the jangada passed on the right the mouths of
the rivers Camara, Aru, and Yuripari, whose waters instead of flowing into
the Amazon run off to the south to feed the Rio des Purus, and return by it
into the main river. At five o'clock on the evening of the 10th of August
they put into the island of Cocos.
They there passed a seringal. This name is applied to a caoutchouc
plantation, the caoutchouc being extracted from the seringueira tree,
whose scientific name is siphonia elastica.
It is said that, by negligence or bad management, the number of
these trees is decreasing in the basin of the Amazon, but the forests
of seringueira trees are still very considerable on the banks of
the Madeira, Purus, and other tributaries.
There were here some twenty Indians collecting and working
the caoutchouc, an operation which principally takes place during
the months of May, June, and July.
After having ascertained that the trees, well prepared by the
river floods which have bathed their stems to a height of about four
feet, are in good condition for the harvest, the Indians are set to
Incisions are made into the alburnum of the seringueiras; below
the wound small pots are attached, which twenty-four hours suffice to fill
with a milky sap. It can also be collected by means of a hollow bamboo, and a
receptacle placed on the ground at the foot of the tree.
The sap being obtained, the Indians, to prevent the separation of
its peculiar resins, fumigate it over a fire of the nuts of the
assai palm. By spreading out the sap on a wooden scoop, and shaking it
in the smoke, its coagulation is almost immediately obtained; it assumes a
grayish-yellow tinge and solidifies. The layers formed in succession are
detached from the scoop, exposed to the sun, hardened, and assume the
brownish color with which we are familiar. The manufacture is then
Benito, finding a capital opportunity, bought from the Indians all the
caoutchouc stored in their cabins, which, by the way, are mostly built on
piles. The price he gave them was sufficiently remunerative, and they were
Four days later, on the 14th of August, the jangada passed the mouths of
This is another of the large affluents of the Amazon, and seems
to possess a navigable course, even for large ships, of over five hundred
leagues. It rises in the southwest, and measures nearly five thousand feet
across at its junction with the main river. After winding beneath the shade
of ficuses, tahuaris, nipa palms, and cecropias, it enters the Amazon by five
Hereabouts Araujo the pilot managed with great ease. The course of the
river was but slightly obstructed with islands, and besides, from one bank to
another its width is about two leagues.
The current, too, took along the jangada more steadily, and on the 18th
of August it stopped at the village of Pasquero to pass the night.
The sun was already low on the horizon, and with the rapidity peculiar
to these low latitudes, was about to set vertically, like an enormous
Joam Garral and his wife, Lina, and old Cybele, were in front of
Torres, after having for an instant turned toward Joam as if he
would speak to him, and prevented perhaps by the arrival of Padre
Passanha, who had come to bid the family good-night, had gone back to
The Indians and the negroes were at their quarters along the
sides. Araujo, seated at the bow, was watching the current which
extended straight away in front of him.
Manoel and Benito, with their eyes open, but chatting and smoking with
apparent indifference, walked about the central part of the craft awaiting
the hour of repose.
All at once Manoel stopped Benito with his hand and said:
"What a queer smell! Am I wrong? Do you not notice it?"
"One would say that it was the odor of burning musk!" replied
Benito. "There ought to be some alligators asleep on the neighboring
"Well, nature has done wisely in allowing them so to
"Yes," said Benito, "it is fortunate, for they are
sufficiently formidable creatures!"
Often at the close of the day these saurians love to stretch themselves
on the shore, and install themselves comfortably there to pass the night.
Crouched at the opening of a hole, into which they have crept back, they
sleep with the mouth open, the upper jaw perpendicularly erect, so as to lie
in wait for their prey. To these amphibians it is but sport to launch
themselves in its pursuit, either by swimming through the waters propelled by
their tails or running along the bank with a speed no man can equal.
It is on these huge beaches that the caymans are born, live, and
die, not without affording extraordinary examples of longevity. Not
only can the old ones, the centenarians, be recognized by the
greenish moss which carpets their carcass and is scattered over
their protuberances, but by their natural ferocity, which increases
with age. As Benito said, they are formidable creatures, and it
is fortunate that their attacks can be guarded against.
Suddenly cries were heard in the bow.
Manoel and Benito came forward and looked.
Three large saurians, from fifteen to twenty feet long, had managed to
clamber on to the platform of the raft.
"Bring the guns! Bring the guns!" shouted Benito, making signs to
the Indians and the blacks to get behind.
"Into the house!" said Manoel; "make haste!"
And in truth, as they could not attack them at once, the best thing they
could do was to get into shelter without delay.
It was done in an instant. The Garral family took refuge in the house,
where the two young men joined them. The Indians and the negroes ran into
their huts and cabins. As they were shutting the door:
"And Minha?" said Manoel.
"She is not there!" replied Lina, who had just run to her
"Good heavens! where is she?" exclaimed her mother, and they all shouted
"There she is, on the bow of the jangada!" said Benito.
"Minha!" shouted Manoel.
The two young men, and Fragoso and Joam Garral, thinking no more
of danger, rushed out of the house, guns in hand.
Scarcely were they outside when two of the alligators made a half turn
and ran toward them.
A dose of buckshot to the head, close to the eye, from Benito, stopped
one of the monsters, who, mortally wounded, writhed in frightful convulsions
and fell on his side.
But the second still lived, and came on, and there was no way
of avoiding him.
The huge alligator tore up to Joam Garral, and after knocking him over
with a sweep of his tail, ran at him with open jaws.
At this moment Torres rushed from the cabin, hatchet in hand, and struck
such a terrific blow that its edge sunk into the jaw of the cayman and left
Blinded by the blood, the animal flew to the side, and, designedly
or not, fell over and was lost in the stream.
"Minha! Minha!" shouted Manoel in distraction, when he got to the bow of
Suddenly she came into view. She had taken refuge in the cabin
of Araujo, and the cabin had just been upset by a powerful blow from
the third alligator. Minha was flying aft, pursued by the monster, who was
not six feet away from her.
A second shot from Benito failed to stop the cayman. He only struck the
animal's carapace, and the scales flew to splinters but the ball did not
Manoel threw himself at the girl to raise her, or to snatch her
from death! A side blow from the animal's tail knocked him down too.
Minha fainted, and the mouth of the alligator opened to crush her!
And then Fragoso jumped in to the animal, and thrust in a knife to the
very bottom of his throat, at the risk of having his arm snapped off by the
two jaws, had they quickly closed.
Fragoso pulled out his arm in time, but he could not avoid the chock of
the cayman, and was hurled back into the river, whose waters reddened all
"Fragoso! Fragoso!" shrieked Lina, kneeling on the edge of the raft.
A second afterward Fragoso reappeared on the surface of the Amazon—safe
But, at the peril of his life he had saved the young girl, who soon came
to. And as all hands were held out to him—Manoel's, Yaquita's, Minha's, and
Lina's, and he did not know what to say, he ended by squeezing the hands of
the young mulatto.
However, though Fragoso had saved Minha, it was assuredly to
the intervention of Torres that Joam Garral owed his safety.
It was not, therefore, the fazender's life that the adventurer wanted.
In the face of this fact, so much had to be admitted.
Manoel said this to Benito in an undertone.
"That is true!" replied Benito, embarrassed. "You are right, and in
a sense it is one cruel care the less! Nevertheless, Manoel, my suspicions
still exist! It is not always a man's worst enemy who wishes him dead!"
Joam Garral walked up to Torres.
"Thank you, Torres!" he said, holding out his hand. The adventurer took
a step or two backward without replying.
"Torres," continued Joam, "I am sorry that we are arriving at the end of
our voyage, and that in a few days we must part! I owe you——"
"Joam Garral!" answered Torres, "you owe me nothing! Your life
is precious to me above all things! But if you will allow me—I have been
thinking—in place of stopping at Manaos, I will go on to Belem. Will you
take me there?"
Joam Garral replied by an affirmative nod.
In hearing this demand Benito in an unguarded moment was about
to intervene, but Manoel stopped him, and the young man checked
himself, though not without a violent effort.
THE ARRIVAL DINNER
IN THE MORNING, after a night which was scarcely sufficient to calm so
much excitement, they unmoored from the cayman beach and departed. Before
five days, if nothing interfered with their voyage, the raft would reach the
port of Manaos.
Minha had quite recovered from her fright, and her eyes and
smiles thanked all those who had risked their lives for her.
As for Lina, it seemed as though she was more grateful to the
brave Fragoso than if it was herself that he had saved.
"I will pay you back, sooner or later, Mr. Fragoso," said
"And how, Miss Lina?"
"Oh! You know very well!"
"Then if I know it, let it be soon and not late!" replied
the good-natured fellow.
And from this day it began to be whispered about that the charming Lina
was engaged to Fragoso, that their marriage would take place at the same time
as that of Minha and Manoel, and that the young couple would remain at Belem
with the others.
"Capital! capital!" repeated Fragoso unceasingly; "but I never thought
Para was such a long way off!"
As for Manoel and Benito, they had had a long conversation about
what had passed. There could be no question about obtaining from
Joam Garral the dismissal of his rescuer.
"Your life is precious to me above all things!" Torres had said.
This reply, hyperbolical and enigmatical at the time, Benito had heard
In the meantime the young men could do nothing. More than ever they were
reduced to waiting—to waiting not for four or five days, but for seven or
eight weeks—that is to say, for whatever time it would take for the raft to
get to Belem.
"There is in all this some mystery that I cannot understand,"
"Yes, but we are assured on one point," answered Manoel. "It is certain
that Torres does not want your father's life. For the rest, we must still
It seemed that from this day Torres desired to keep himself
more reserved. He did not seek to intrude on the family, and was even
less assiduous toward Minha. There seemed a relief in the situation
of which all, save perhaps Joam Garral, felt the gravity.
On the evening of the same day they left on the right the island
of Baroso, formed by a furo of that name, and Lake Manaori, which is
fed by a confused series of petty tributaries.
The night passed without incident, though Joam Garral had advised them
to watch with great care.
On the morrow, the 20th of August, the pilot, who kept near the
right bank on account of the uncertain eddies on the left, entered
between the bank and the islands.
Beyond this bank the country was dotted with large and small lakes, much
as those of Calderon, Huarandeina, and other black-watered lagoons. This
water system marks the approach of the Rio Negro, the most remarkable of all
the tributaries of the Amazon. In reality the main river still bore the name
of the Solimoens, and it is only after the junction of the Rio Negro that it
takes the name which has made it celebrated among the rivers of the
During this day the raft had to be worked under curious conditions.
The arm followed by the pilot, between Calderon Island and the
shore, was very narrow, although it appeared sufficiently large. This
was owing to a great portion of the island being slightly above the
mean level, but still covered by the high flood waters. On each side
were massed forests of giant trees, whose summits towered some fifty
feet above the ground, and joining one bank to the other formed an
On the left nothing could be more picturesque than this flooded forest,
which seemed to have been planted in the middle of a lake. The stems of the
trees arose from the clear, still water, in which every interlacement of
their boughs was reflected with unequaled purity. They were arranged on an
immense sheet of glass, like the trees in miniature on some table epergne,
and their reflection could not be more perfect. The difference between the
image and the reality could scarcely be described. Duplicates of
grandeur, terminated above and below by a vast parasol of green, they seemed
to form two hemispheres, inside which the jangada appeared to follow
one of the great circles.
It had been necessary to bring the raft under these boughs,
against which flowed the gentle current of the stream. It was impossible
to go back. Hence the task of navigating with extreme care, so as to avoid
the collisions on either side.
In this all Araujo's ability was shown, and he was admirably seconded by
his crew. The trees of the forest furnished the resting-places for the long
poles which kept the jangada in its course. The least blow to the jangada
would have endangered the complete demolition of the woodwork, and caused the
loss, if not of the crew, of the greater part of the cargo.
"It is truly very beautiful," said Minha, "and it would be very pleasant
for us always to travel in this way, on this quiet water, shaded from the
rays of the sun."
"At the same time pleasant and dangerous, dear Minha," said Manoel. "In
a pirogue there is doubtless nothing to fear in sailing here, but on a huge
raft of wood better have a free course and a clear stream."
"We shall be quite through the forest in a couple of hours," said
"Look well at it, then!" said Lina. "All these beautiful things pass so
quickly! Ah! dear mistress! do you see the troops of monkeys disporting in
the higher branches, and the birds admiring themselves in the pellucid
"And the flowers half-opened on the surface," replied Minha, "and which
the current dandles like the breeze!"
"And the long lianas, which so oddly stretch from one tree to another!"
added the young mulatto.
"And no Fragoso at the end of them!" said Lina's betrothed. "That
was rather a nice flower you gathered in the forest of Iquitos!"
"Just behold the flower—the only one in the world," said
Lina quizzingly; "and, mistress! just look at the splendid plants!"
And Lina pointed to the nymph桳 with their colossal leaves,
whose flowers bear buds as large as cocoanuts. Then, just where the
banks plunged beneath the waters, there were clumps of mucumus,
reeds with large leaves, whose elastic stems bend to give passage to
the pirogues and close again behind them. There was there what would tempt
any sportsman, for a whole world of aquatic birds fluttered between the
higher clusters, which shook with the stream.
Ibises half-lollingly posed on some old trunk, and gray
herons motionless on one leg, solemn flamingoes who from a distance
looked like red umbrellas scattered in the foliage, and phenicopters
of every color, enlivened the temporary morass.
And along the top of the water glided long and swiftly-swimming snakes,
among them the formidable gymnotus, whose electric discharges successively
repeated paralyze the most robust of men or animals, and end by dealing
death. Precautions had to be taken against the sucurijus serpents, which,
coiled round the trunk of some tree, unroll themselves, hang down, seize
their prey, and draw it into their rings, which are powerful enough to crush
a bullock. Have there not been met with in these Amazonian forests reptiles
from thirty to thirty-five feet long? and even, according to M. Carrey, do
not some exist whose length reaches forty-seven feet, and whose girth is
that of a hogshead?
Had one of these sucurijus, indeed, got on to the raft he would
have proved as formidable as an alligator.
Very fortunately the travelers had to contend with neither gymnotus nor
sucuriju, and the passage across the submerged forest, which lasted about two
hours, was effected without accident.
Three days passed. They neared Manaos. Twenty-four hours more and
the raft would be off the mouth of the Rio Negro, before the capital
of the province of Amazones.
In fact, on the 23d of August, at five o'clock in the evening,
they stopped at the southern point of Muras Island, on the right bank
of the stream. They only had to cross obliquely for a few miles to arrive
at the port, but the pilot Araujo very properly would not risk it on that
day, as night was coming on. The three miles which remained would take three
hours to travel, and to keep to the course of the river it was necessary,
above all things, to have a clear outlook.
This evening the dinner, which promised to be the last of this
first part of the voyage, was not served without a certain amount
of ceremony. Half the journey on the Amazon had been accomplished, and the
task was worthy of a jovial repast. It was fitting to drink to the health of
Amazones a few glasses of that generous liquor which comes from the coasts of
Oporto and Setubal. Besides, this was, in a way, the betrothal dinner of
Fragoso and the charming Lina—that of Manoel and Minha had taken place at
the fazenda of Iquitos several weeks before. After the young master and
mistress, it was the turn of the faithful couple who were attached to them by
so many bonds of gratitude.
So Lina, who was to remain in the service of Minha, and Fragoso, who was
about to enter into that of Manoel Valdez, sat at the common table, and even
had the places of honor reserved for them.
Torres, naturally, was present at the dinner, which was worthy of
the larder and kitchen of the jangada.
The adventurer, seated opposite to Joam Garral, who was always taciturn,
listened to all that was said, but took no part in the conversation. Benito
quietly and attentively watched him. The eyes of Torres, with a peculiar
expression, constantly sought his father. One would have called them the eyes
of some wild beast trying to fascinate his prey before he sprang on it.
Manoel talked mostly with Minha. Between whiles his eyes wandered
to Torres, but he acted his part more successfully than Benito in
a situation which, if it did not finish at Manaos, would certainly end at
The dinner was jolly enough. Lina kept it going with her good
humor, Fragoso with his witty repartees.
The Padre Passanha looked gayly round on the little world he cherished,
and on the two young couples which his hands would shortly bless in the
waters of Para.
"Eat, padre," said Benito, who joined in the general conversation; "do
honor to this betrothal dinner. You will want some strength to celebrate both
marriages at once!"
"Well, my dear boy," replied Passanha, "seek out some lovely and gentle
girl who wishes you well, and you will see that I can marry you at the same
"Well answered, padre!" exclaimed Manoel. "Let us drink to the
coming marriage of Benito."
"We must look out for some nice young lady at Belem," said Minha.
"He should do what everybody else does."
"To the wedding of Mr. Benito!" said Fragoso, "who ought to wish all the
world to marry him!"
"They are right, sir," said Yaquita. "I also drink to your marriage, and
may you be as happy as Minha and Manoel, and as I and your father have
"As you always will be, it is to be hoped," said Torres, drinking
a glass of port without having pledged anybody. "All here have
their happiness in their own hands."
It was difficult to say, but this wish, coming from the adventurer, left
an unpleasant impression.
Manoel felt this, and wishing to destroy its effect, "Look here, padre,"
said he, "while we are on this subject, are there not any more couples to
betroth on the raft?"
"I do not know," answered Padre Passanha, "unless Torres—you are
not married, I believe?"
"No; I am, and always shall be, a bachelor."
Benito and Manoel thought that while thus speaking Torres looked toward
"And what should prevent you marrying?" replied Padre Passanha;
"at Belem you could find a wife whose age would suit yours, and it
would be possible perhaps for you to settle in that town. That would
be better than this wandering life, of which, up to the present, you have
not made so very much."
"You are right, padre," answered Torres; "I do not say no. Besides the
example is contagious. Seeing all these young couples gives me rather a
longing for marriage. But I am quite a stranger in Belem, and, for certain
reasons, that would make my settlement more difficult."
"Where do you come from, then?" asked Fragoso, who always had the idea
that he had already met Torres somewhere.
"From the province of Minas Geraes."
"And you were born——"
"In the capital of the diamond district, Tijuco."
Those who had seen Joam Garral at this moment would have been surprised
at the fixity of his look which met that of Torres.
BUT THE CONVERSATION was continued by Fragoso, who
"What! you come from Tijuco, from the very capital of the
"Yes," said Torres. "Do you hail from that province?"
"No! I come from the Atlantic seaboard in the north of Brazil," replied
"You do not know this diamond country, Mr. Manoel?" asked Torres.
A negative shake of the head from the young man was the only reply.
"And you, Mr. Benito," continued Torres, addressing the younger Garral,
whom he evidently wished to join in the conversation; "you have never had
curiosity enough to visit the diamond arraval?"
"Never," dryly replied Benito.
"Ah! I should like to see that country," said Fragoso, who unconsciously
played Torres' game. "It seems to me I should finish by picking up a diamond
worth something considerable."
"And what would you do with this diamond worth something considerable,
Fragoso?" queried Lina.
"Then you would get rich all of a sudden!"
"Well, if you had been rich three months ago you would never have
had the idea of—that liana!"
"And if I had not had that," exclaimed Fragoso, "I should not have found
a charming little wife who—well, assuredly, all is for the best!"
"You see, Fragoso," said Minha, "when you marry Lina, diamond takes the
place of diamond, and you do not lose by the change!"
"To be sure, Miss Minha," gallantly replied Fragoso; "rather I gain!"
There could be no doubt that Torres did not want the subject to
drop, for he went on with:
"It is a fact that at Tijuco sudden fortunes are realized enough to turn
any man's head! Have you heard tell of the famous diamond of Abaete, which
was valued at more than two million contos of reis? Well, this stone, which
weighed an ounce, came from the Brazilian mines! And they were three
convicts—yes! three men sentenced to transportation for life—who found it
by chance in the River Abaete, at ninety leagues from Terro de Frio."
"At a stroke their fortune was made?" asked Fragoso.
"No," replied Torres; "the diamond was handed over to
the governor-general of the mines. The value of the stone was
recognized, and King John VI., of Portugal, had it cut, and wore it on his
neck on great occasions. As for the convicts, they got their pardon,
but that was all, and the cleverest could not get much of an income out of
"You, doubtless?" said Benito very dryly.
"Yes—I? Why not?" answered Torres. "Have you ever been to the diamond
district?" added he, this time addressing Joam Garral.
"Never!" said Joam, looking straight at him.
"That is a pity!" replied he. "You should go there one day. It is a very
curious place, I assure you. The diamond valley is an isolated spot in the
vast empire of Brazil, something like a park of a dozen leagues in
circumference, which in the nature of its soil, its vegetation, and its sandy
rocks surrounded by a circle of high mountains, differs considerably from the
neighboring provinces. But, as I have told you, it is one of the richest
places in the world, for from 1807 to 1817 the annual return was about
eighteen thousand carats. Ah! there have been some rare finds there, not only
for the climbers who seek the precious stone up to the very tops of
the mountains, but also for the smugglers who fraudulently export it.
But the work in the mines is not so pleasant, and the two thousand negroes
employed in that work by the government are obliged even to divert the
watercourses to get at the diamantiferous sand. Formerly it was easier
"In short," said Fragoso, "the good time has gone!"
"But what is still easy is to get the diamonds
in scoundrel-fashion—that is, by theft; and—stop! in 1826, when I
was about eight years old, a terrible drama happened at Tijuco,
which showed that criminal would recoil from nothing if they could gain
a fortune by one bold stroke. But perhaps you are not interested?"
"On the contrary, Torres; go on," replied Joam Garral, in a singularly
"So be it," answered Torres. "Well, the story is about
stealing diamonds, and a handful of those pretty stones is worth a
million, sometimes two!"
And Torres, whose face expressed the vilest sentiments of
cupidity, almost unconsciously made a gesture of opening and shutting his
"This is what happened," he continued. "At Tijuco it is customary
to send off in one delivery the diamonds collected during the year.
They are divided into two lots, according to their size, after
being sorted in a dozen sieves with holes of different dimensions.
These lots are put into sacks and forwarded to Rio de Janeiro; but as
they are worth many millions you may imagine they are heavily escorted.
A workman chosen by the superintendent, four cavalrymen from the district
regiment, and ten men on foot, complete the convoy. They first make for Villa
Rica, where the commandant puts his seal on the sacks, and then the convoy
continues its journey to Rio de Janeiro. I should add that, for the sake of
precaution, the start is always kept secret. Well, in 1826, a young fellow
named Dacosta, who was about twenty-two or twenty-three years of age, and who
for some years had been employed at Tijuco in the offices of the
governor-general, devised the following scheme. He leagued himself with a
band of smugglers, and informed them of the date of the departure of
the convoy. The scoundrels took their measures accordingly. They
were numerous and well armed. Close to Villa Rica, during the night of
the 22d of January, the gang suddenly attacked the diamond escort,
who defended themselves bravely, but were all massacred, with
the exception of one man, who, seriously wounded, managed to escape
and bring the news of the horrible deed. The workman was not spared
any more than the soldiers. He fell beneath he blows of the thieves,
and was doubtless dragged away and thrown over some precipice, for
his body was never found."
"And this Dacosta?" asked Joam Garral.
"Well, his crime did not do him much good, for suspicion soon
pointed toward him. He was accused of having got up the affair. In vain
he protested that he was innocent. Thanks to the situation he held, he was
in a position to know the date on which the convoy's departure was to take
place. He alone could have informed the smugglers. He was charged, arrested,
tried, and sentenced to death. Such a sentence required his execution in
"Was the fellow executed?" asked Fragoso.
"No," replied Torres; "they shut him up in the prison at Villa Rica, and
during the night, a few hours only before his execution, whether alone or
helped by others, he managed to escape."
"Has this young man been heard of since?" asked Joam Garral.
"Never," replied Torres. "He probably left Brazil, and now, in
some distant land, lives a cheerful life with the proceeds of the
robbery which he is sure to have realized."
"Perhaps, on the other hand, he died miserably!" answered
"And, perhaps," added Padre Passanha, "Heaven caused him to feel remorse
for his crime."
Here they all rose from the table, and, having finished their
dinner, went out to breathe the evening air. The sun was low on the
horizon, but an hour had still to elapse before nightfall.
"These stories are not very lively," said Fragoso, "and our
betrothal dinner was best at the beginning."
"But it was your fault, Fragoso," answered Lina.
"How my fault?"
"It was you who went on talking about the district and the
diamonds, when you should not have done so."
"Well, that's true," replied Fragoso; "but I had no idea we were going
to wind up in that fashion."
"You are the first to blame!"
"And the first to be punished, Miss Lina; for I did not hear you laugh
all through the dessert."
The whole family strolled toward the bow of the jangada. Manoel
and Benito walked one behind the other without speaking. Yaquita and
her daughter silently followed, and all felt an unaccountable
impression of sadness, as if they had a presentiment of some coming
Torres stepped up to Joam Garral, who, with bowed head, seemed to
be lost in thought, and putting his hand on his shoulder, said,
"Joam Garral, may I have a few minutes' conversation with you?"
Joam looked at Torres.
"Here?" he asked.
"No; in private."
They went toward the house, entered it, and the door was shut
It would be difficult to depict what every one felt when Joam Garral and
Torres disappeared. What could there be in common between the adventurer and
the honest fazender of Iquitos? The menace of some frightful misfortune
seemed to hang over the whole family, and they scarcely dared speak to each
"Manoel!" said Benito, seizing his friend's arm, "whatever happens, this
man must leave us tomorrow at Manaos."
"Yes! it is imperative!" answered Manoel.
"And if through him some misfortune happens to my father—I shall kill
BETWEEN THE TWO MEN
FOR A MOMENT, alone in the room, where none could see or hear them, Joam
Garral and Torres looked at each other without uttering a word. Did the
adventurer hesitate to speak? Did he suspect that Joam Garral would only
reply to his demands by a scornful silence?
Yes! Probably so. So Torres did not question him. At the outset of the
conversation he took the affirmative, and assumed the part of
"Joam," he said, "your name is not Garral. Your name is Dacosta!"
At the guilty name which Torres thus gave him, Joam Garral could
not repress a slight shudder.
"You are Joam Dacosta," continued Torres, "who, twenty-five years ago,
were a clerk in the governor-general's office at Tijuco, and you are the man
who was sentenced to death in this affair of the robbery and murder!"
No response from Joam Garral, whose strange tranquillity surprised the
adventurer. Had he made a mistake in accusing his host? No! For Joam Garral
made no start at the terrible accusations. Doubtless he wanted to know to
what Torres was coming.
"Joam Dacosta, I repeat! It was you whom they sought for this
diamond affair, whom they convicted of crime and sentenced to death, and
it was you who escaped from the prison at Villa Rica a few hours
before you should have been executed! Do you not answer?"
Rather a long silence followed this direct question which Torres asked.
Joam Garral, still calm, took a seat. His elbow rested on a small table, and
he looked fixedly at his accuser without bending his head.
"Will you reply?" repeated Torres.
"What reply do you want from me?" said Joam quietly.
"A reply," slowly answered Torres, "that will keep me from finding out
the chief of the police at Manaos, and saying to him, 'A man is there whose
identity can easily be established, who can be recognized even after
twenty-five years' absence, and this man was the instigator of the diamond
robbery at Tijuco. He was the accomplice of the murderers of the soldiers of
the escort; he is the man who escaped from execution; he is Joam Garral,
whose true name is Joam Dacosta.'"
"And so, Torres," said Joam Garral, "I shall have nothing to fear from
you if I give the answer you require?"
"Nothing, for neither you nor I will have any interest in talking about
"Neither you nor I?" asked Joam Garral. "It is not with money,
then, that your silence is to be bought?"
"No! No matter how much you offered me!"
"What do you want, then?"
"Joam Garral," replied Torres, "here is my proposal. Do not be in
a hurry to reply by a formal refusal. Remember that you are in
"What is this proposal?" asked Joam.
Torres hesitated for a moment.
The attitude of this guilty man, whose life he held in his hands,
was enough to astonish him. He had expected a stormy discussion
and prayers and tears. He had before him a man convicted of the
most heinous of crimes, and the man never flinched.
At length, crossing his arms, he said:
"You have a daughter!—I like her—and I want to marry her!"
Apparently Joam Garral expected anything from such a man, and was
as quiet as before.
"And so," he said, "the worthy Torres is anxious to enter the family of
a murderer and a thief?"
"I am the sole judge of what it suits me to do," said Torres. "I wish to
be the son-in-law of Joam Garral, and I will."
"You ignore, then, that my daughter is going to marry Manoel Valdez?"
"You will break it off with Manoel Valdez!"
"And if my daughter declines?"
"If you tell her all, I have no doubt she would consent," was
the impudent answer.
"All, if necessary. Between her own feelings and the honor of her family
and the life of her father she would not hesitate."
"You are a consummate scoundrel, Torres," quietly said Joam,
whose coolness never forsook him.
"A scoundrel and a murderer were made to understand each other."
At these words Joam Garral rose, advanced to the adventurer, and looking
him straight in the face, "Torres," he said, "if you wish to become one of
the family of Joam Dacosta, you ought to know that Joam Dacosta was innocent
of the crime for which he was condemned."
"And I add," replied Joam, "that you hold the proof of his
innocence, and are keeping it back to proclaim it on the day when you marry
"Fair play, Joam Garral," answered Torres, lowering his voice, "and when
you have heard me out, you will see if you dare refuse me
"I am listening, Torres."
"Well," said the adventurer, half keeping back his words, as if he was
sorry to let them escape from his lips, "I know you are innocent! I know it,
for I know the true culprit, and I am in a position to prove your
"And the unhappy man who committed the crime?"
"Dead!" exclaimed Joam Garral; and the word made him turn pale, in spite
of himself, as if it had deprived him of all power of reinstatement.
"Dead," repeated Torres; "but this man, whom I knew a long time
after his crime, and without knowing that he was a convict, had written
out at length, in his own hand, the story of this affair of the
diamonds, even to the smallest details. Feeling his end approaching, he
was seized with remorse. He knew where Joam Dacosta had taken refuge,
and under what name the innocent man had again begun a new life. He
knew that he was rich, in the bosom of a happy family, but he knew
also that there was no happiness for him. And this happiness he desired
to add to the reputation to which he was entitled. But death
came—he intrusted to me, his companion, to do what he could no longer do.
He gave me the proofs of Dacosta's innocence for me to transmit them
to him, and he died."
"The man's name?" exclaimed Joam Garral, in a tone he could
"You will know it when I am one of your family."
"And the writing?"
Joam Garral was ready to throw himself on Torres, to search him,
to snatch from him the proofs of his innocence.
"The writing is in a safe place," replied Torres, "and you will not have
it until your daughter has become my wife. Now will you still refuse
"Yes," replied Joam, "but in return for that paper the half of
my fortune is yours."
"The half of your fortune?" exclaimed Torres; "agreed, on condition that
Minha brings it to me at her marriage."
"And it is thus that you respect the wishes of a dying man, of
a criminal tortured by remorse, and who has charge you to repair as much
as he could the evil which he had done?"
"It is thus."
"Once more, Torres," said Joam Garral, "you are a
"Be it so."
"And as I am not a criminal we were not made to understand
"And your refuse?"
"It will be your ruin, then, Joam Garral. Everything accuses you in the
proceedings that have already taken place. You are condemned to death, and
you know, in sentences for crimes of that nature, the government is forbidden
the right of commuting the penalty. Denounced, you are taken; taken, you are
executed. And I will denounce you."
Master as he was of himself, Joam could stand it no longler. He
was about to rush on Torres.
A gesture from the rascal cooled his anger.
"Take care," said Torres, "your wife knows not that she is the wife of
Joam Dacosta, your children do not know they are the children of Joam
Dacosta, and you are not going to give them the information."
Joam Garral stopped himself. He regained his usual command over himself,
and his features recovered their habitual calm.
"This discussion has lasted long enough," said he, moving toward
the door, "and I know what there is left for me to do."
"Take care, Joam Garral!" said Torres, for the last time, for he could
scarcely believe that his ignoble attempt at extortion had collapsed.
Joam Garral made him no answer. He threw back the door which
opened under the veranda, made a sign to Torres to follow him, and
they advanced toward the center of the jangada, where the family
Benito, Manoel, and all of them, under a feeling of deep anxiety,
had risen. They could see that the bearing of Torres was still
menacing, and that the fire of anger still shone in his eyes.
In extraordinary contrast, Joam Garral was master of himself, and almost
Both of them stopped before Yaquita and her people. Not one dared to say
a word to them.
It was Torres who, in a hollow voice, and with his customary impudence,
broke the painful silence.
"For the last time, Joam Garral," he said, "I ask you for a
"And here is my reply."
And addressing his wife:
"Yaquita," he said, "peculiar circumstances oblige me to alter what we
have formerly decided as to the marriage of Minha and Manoel."
"At last!" exclaimed Torres.
Joam Garral, without answering him, shot at the adventurer a glance of
the deepest scorn.
But at the words Manoel had felt his heart beat as if it would
break. The girl arose, ashy pale, as if she would seek shelter by the
side of her mother. Yaquita opened her arms to protect, to defend her.
"Father," said Benito, who had placed himself between Joam Garral
and Torres, "what were you going to say?"
"I was going to say," answered Joam Garral, raising his voice, "that to
wait for our arrival in Para for the wedding of Minha and Manoel is to wait
too long. The marriage will take place here, not later than tomorrow, on the
jangada, with the aid of Padre Passanha, if, after a conversation I am about
to have with Manoel, he agrees with me to defer it no longer."
"Ah, father, father!" exclaimed the young man.
"Wait a little before you call me so, Manoel," replied Joam, in a tone
of unspeakable suffering.
Here Torres, with crossed arms, gave the whole family a look
of inconceivable insolence.
"So that is you last word?" said he, extending his hand toward
"No, that is not my last word."
"What is it, then?"
"This, Torres. I am master here. You will be off, if you please,
and even if you do not please, and leave the jangada at this
"Yes, this instant!" exclaimed Benito, "or I will throw
Torres shrugged his shoulders.
"No threats," he said; "they are of no use. It suits me also to
land, and without delay. But you will remember me, Joam Garral. We
shall not be long before we meet."
"If it only depends on me," answered Joam Garral, "we shall soon meet,
and rather sooner, perhaps, than you will like. To-morrow I shall be with
Judge Ribeiro, the first magistrate of the province, whom I have advised of
my arrival at Manaos. If you dare, meet me there!"
"At Judge Ribeiro's?" said Torres, evidently disconcerted.
"At Judge Ribeiro's," answered Joam Garral.
And then, showing the pirogue to Torres, with a gesture of
supreme contempt Joam Garral ordered four of his people to land him
without delay on the nearest point of the island.
The scoundrel at last disappeared.
The family, who were still appalled, respected the silence of its chief;
but Fragoso, comprehending scarce half the gravity of the situation, and
carried away by his customary vivacity, came up to Joam Garral.
"If the wedding of Miss Minha and Mr. Manoel is to take place tomorrow
on the raft——"
"Yours shall take place at the same time," kindly answered
And making a sign to Manoel, he retired to his room with him.
The interview between Joam and Manoel had lasted for half an hour, and
it seemed a century to the family, when the door of the room
Manoel came out alone; his face glowed with generous resolution.
Going up to Yaquita, he said, "My mother!" to Minha he said, "My wife!"
and to Benito he said, "My brother!" and, turning toward Lina and Fragoso, he
said to all, "To-morrow!"
He knew all that had passed between Joam Garral and Torres. He
knew that, counting on the protection of Judge Ribeiro, by means of
a correspondence which he had had with him for a year past
without speaking of it to his people, Joam Garral had at last succeeded
in clearing himself and convincing him of his innocence. He knew that Joam
Garral had boldly undertaken the voyage with the sole object of canceling the
hateful proceedings of which he had been the victim, so as not to leave on
his daughter and son-in-law the weight of the terrible situation which he had
had to endure so long himself.
Yes, Manoel knew all this, and, further, he knew that Joam
Garral—or rather Joam Dacosta—was innocent, and his misfortunes made him
even dearer and more devoted to him. What he did not know was that
the material proof of the innocence of the fazender existed, and that this
proof was in the hands of Torres. Joam Garral wished to reserve for the judge
himself the use of this proof, which, if the adventurer had spoken truly,
would demonstrate his innocence.
Manoel confined himself, then, to announcing that he was going to Padre
Passanha to ask him to get things ready for the two weddings.
Next day, the 24th of August, scarcely an hour before the ceremony was
to take place, a large pirogue came off from the left bank of the river and
hailed the jangada. A dozen paddlers had swiftly brought it from Manaos, and
with a few men it carried the chief of the police, who made himself known and
came on board.
At the moment Joam Garral and his family, attired for the ceremony, were
coming out of the house.
"Joam Garral?" asked the chief of the police.
"I am here," replied Joam.
"Joam Garral," continued the chief of the police, "you have also
been Joam Dacosta; both names have been borne by the same man—I
At these words Yaquita and Minha, struck with stupor, stopped
without any power to move.
"My father a murderer?" exclaimed Benito, rushing toward Joam Garral.
By a gesture his father silenced him.
"I will only ask you one question," said Joam with firm
voice, addressing the chief of police. "Has the warrant in virtue of
which you arrest me been issued against me by the justice at
Manaos—by Judge Ribeiro?"
"No," answered the chief of the police, "it was given to me, with
an order for its immediate execution, by his substitute. Judge Ribeiro was
struck with apoplexy yesterday evening, and died during the night at two
o'clock, without having recovered his consciousness."
"Dead!" exclaimed Joam Garral, crushed for a moment by the news—"dead!
But soon raising his head, he said to his wife and children,
"Judge Ribeiro alone knew that I was innocent, my dear ones. The death
of the judge may be fatal to me, but that is no reason for me
And, turning toward Manoel, "Heaven help us!" he said to him; "we shall
see if truth will come down to the earth from Above."
The chief of the police made a sign to his men, who advanced to secure
"But speak, father!" shouted Benito, mad with despair; "say one
word, and we shall contest even by force this horrible mistake of which
you are the victim!"
"There is no mistake here, my son," replied Joam Garral; "Joam Dacosta
and Joam Garral are one. I am in truth Joam Dacosta! I am the honest man whom
a legal error unjustly doomed to death twenty-five years ago in the place of
the true culprit! That I am quite innocent I swear before Heaven, once for
all, on your heads, my children, and on the head of your mother!"
"All communication between you and yours is now forbidden," said
the chief of the police. "You are my prisoner, Joam Garral, and I
will rigorously execute my warrant."
Joam restrained by a gesture his dismayed children and servants.
"Let the justice of man be done while we wait for the justice
And with his head unbent, he stepped into the pirogue.
It seemed, indeed, as though of all present Joam Garral was the only one
whom this fearful thunderbolt, which had fallen so unexpectedly on his head,
had failed to overwhelm.
THE TOWN of Manaos is in 3࠸' 4" south latitude, and 67࠲7'
west longitude, reckoning from the Paris meridian. It is some four
hundred and twenty leagues from Belem, and about ten miles from
the embouchure of the Rio Negro.
Manaos is not built on the Amazon. It is on the left bank of the
Rio Negro, the most important and remarkable of all the tributaries of the
great artery of Brazil, that the capital of the province, with its
picturesque group of private houses and public buildings, towers above the
The Rio Negro, which was discovered by the Spaniard Favella in
1645, rises in the very heart of the province of Popayan, on the flanks
of the mountains which separate Brazil from New Grenada, and
it communicates with the Orinoco by two of its affluents, the Pimichin and
After a noble course of some seventeen hundred miles it mingles
its cloudy waters with those of the Amazon through a mouth eleven
hundred feet wide, but such is its vigorous influx that many a mile has to
be completed before those waters lose their distinctive
character. Hereabouts the ends of both its banks trend off and form a huge
bay fifteen leagues across, extending to the islands of Anavilhanas;
and in one of its indentations the port of Manaos is situated. Vessels
of all kinds are there collected in great numbers, some moored in
the stream awaiting a favorable wind, others under repair up the
numerous iguarapes, or canals, which so capriciously intersect the town,
and give it its slightly Dutch appearance.
With the introduction of steam vessels, which is now rapidly
taking place, the trade of Manaos is destined to increase enormously.
Woods used in building and furniture work, cocoa, caoutchouc,
coffee, sarsaparilla, sugar-canes, indigo, muscado nuts, salt fish,
turtle butter, and other commodities, are brought here from all parts,
down the innumerable streams into the Rio Negro from the west and
north, into the Madeira from the west and south, and then into the
Amazon, and by it away eastward to the coast of the Atlantic.
Manaos was formerly called Moura, or Barra de Rio Negro. From 1757
to 1804 it was only part of the captaincy which bears the name of
the great river at whose mouth it is placed; but since 1826 it has
been the capital of the large province of Amazones, borrowing its
latest name from an Indian tribe which formerly existed in these parts
of equatorial America.
Careless travelers have frequently confounded it with the famous Manoa,
a city of romance, built, it was reported, near the legendary lake of
Parima—which would seem to be merely the Upper Branco, a tributary of the
Rio Negro. Here was the Empire of El Dorado, whose monarch, if we are to
believe the fables of the district, was every morning covered with powder of
gold, there being so much of the precious metal abounding in this privileged
locality that it was swept up with the very dust of the streets. This
assertion, however, when put to the test, was disproved, and with extreme
regret, for the auriferous deposits which had deceived the greedy scrutiny of
the gold-seekers turned out to be only worthless flakes of mica!
In short, Manaos has none of the fabulous splendors of the
mythical capital of El Dorado. It is an ordinary town of about five
thousand inhabitants, and of these at least three thousand are in
government employ. This fact is to be attributed to the number of its
public buildings, which consist of the legislative chamber, the
government house, the treasury, the post-office, and the custom-house, and,
in addition, a college founded in 1848, and a hospital erected in
1851. When with these is also mentioned a cemetery on the south side of
a hill, on which, in 1669, a fortress, which has since been
demolished, was thrown up against the pirates of the Amazon, some idea can
be gained as to the importance of the official establishments of the city.
Of religious buildings it would be difficult to find more than two, the small
Church of the Conception and the Chapel of Notre Dame des Remedes, built on a
knoll which overlooks the town. These are very few for a town of Spanish
origin, though to them should perhaps be added the Carmelite Convent, burned
down in 1850, of which only the ruins remain. The population of Manaos does
not exceed the number above given, and after reckoning the public officials
and soldiers, is principally made of up Portuguese and Indian merchants
belonging to the different tribes of the Rio Negro.
Three principal thoroughfares of considerable irregularity run through
the town, and they bear names highly characteristic of the tone of thought
prevalent in these parts—God-the-Father Street, God-the-Son Street, and
God-the-Holy Ghost Street!
In the west of the town is a magnificent avenue of centenarian
orange trees which were carefully respected by the architects who out of
the old city made the new. Round these principal thoroughfares
is interwoven a perfect network of unpaved alleys, intersected every
now and then by four canals, which are occasionally crossed by
wooden bridges. In a few places these iguarapes flow with their
brownish waters through large vacant spaces covered with straggling weeds
and flowers of startling hues, and here and there are natural
squares shaded by magnificent trees, with an occasional
white-barked sumaumeira shooting up, and spreading out its large dome-like
parasol above its gnarled branches.
The private houses have to be sought for among some hundreds
of dwellings, of very rudimentary type, some roofed with tiles,
others with interlaced branches of the palm-tree, and with
prominent miradors, and projecting shops for the most part tenanted
by Portuguese traders.
And what manner of people are they who stroll on to the
fashionable promenade from the public buildings and private residences? Men
of good appearance, with black cloth coats, chimney-pot
hats, patent-leather boots, highly-colored gloves, and diamond pins
in their necktie bows; and women in loud, imposing toilets, with flounced
dressed and headgear of the latest style; and Indians, also on the road to
Europeanization in a way which bids fair to destroy every bit of local color
in this central portion of the district of the Amazon!
Such is Manaos, which, for the benefit of the reader, it was necessary
to sketch. Here the voyage of the giant raft, so tragically interrupted, had
just come to a pause in the midst of its long journey, and here will be
unfolded the further vicissitudes of the mysterious history of the fazender
THE FIRST MOMENTS
SCARCELY HAD the pirogue which bore off Joam Garral, or rather
Joam Dacosta—for it is more convenient that he should resume his
real name—disappeared, than Benito stepped up to Manoel.
"What is it you know?" he asked.
"I know that your father is innocent! Yes, innocent!" replied
Manoel, "and that he was sentenced to death twenty-three years ago for
a crime which he never committed!"
"He has told you all about it, Manoel?"
"All about it," replied the young man. "The noble fazender did not wish
that any part of his past life should be hidden from him who, when he marries
his daughter, is to be his second son."
"And the proof of his innocence my father can one day produce?"
"That proof, Benito, lies wholly in the twenty-three years of
an honorable and honored life, lies entirely in the bearing of
Joam Dacosta, who comes forward to say to justice, 'Here am I! I do
not care for this false existence any more. I do not care to hide under
a name which is not my true one! You have condemned an innocent
man! Confess your errors and set matters right.'"
"And when my father spoke like that, you did not hesitate for a moment
to believe him?"
"Not for an instant," replied Manoel.
The hands of the two young fellows closed in a long and
Then Benito went up to Padre Passanha.
"Padre," he said, "take my mother and sister away to their rooms. Do not
leave them all day. No one here doubts my father's innocence—not one, you
know that! To-morrow my mother and I will seek out the chief of the police.
They will not refuse us permission to visit the prison. No! that would be too
cruel. We will see my father again, and decide what steps shall be taken to
procure his vindication."
Yaquita was almost helpless, but the brave woman, though nearly crushed
by this sudden blow, arose. With Yaquita Dacosta it was as with Yaquita
Garral. She had not a doubt as to the innocence of her husband. The idea even
never occurred to her that Joam Dacosta had been to blame in marrying her
under a name which was not his own. She only thought of the life of happiness
she had led with the noble man who had been injured so unjustly. Yes! On the
morrow she would go to the gate of the prison, and never leave it until it
Padre Passanha took her and her daughter, who could not restrain
her tears, and the three entered the house.
The two young fellows found themselves alone.
"And now," said Benito, "I ought to know all that my father has
"I have nothing to hide from you."
"Why did Torres come on board the jangada?"
"To see to Joam Dacosta the secret of his past life."
"And so, when we first met Torres in the forest of Iquitos, his plan had
already been formed to enter into communication with my father?"
"There cannot be a doubt of it," replied Manoel. "The scoundrel was on
his way to the fazenda with the idea of consummating a vile scheme of
extortion which he had been preparing for a long time."
"And when he learned from us that my father and his whole family
were about to pass the frontier, he suddenly changed his line of
"Yes. Because Joam Dacosta once in Brazilian territory became more
at his mercy than while within the frontiers of Peru. That is why we found
Torres at Tabatinga, where he was waiting in expectation of
"And it was I who offered him a passage on the raft!" exclaimed Benito,
with a gesture of despair.
"Brother," said Manoel, "you need not reproach yourself. Torres
would have joined us sooner or later. He was not the man to abandon such
a trail. Had we lost him at Tabatinga, we should have found him
"Yes, Manoel, you are right. But we are not concerned with the past now.
We must think of the present. An end to useless recriminations! Let us see!"
And while speaking, Benito, passing his hand across his forehead, endeavored
to grasp the details of the strange affair.
"How," he asked, "did Torres ascertain that my father had been sentenced
twenty-three years back for this abominable crime at Tijuco?"
"I do not know," answered Manoel, "and everything leads me to think that
your father did not know that."
"But Torres knew that Garral was the name under which Joam Dacosta was
"And he knew that it was in Peru, at Iquitos, that for so many years my
father had taken refuge?"
"He knew it," said Manoel, "but how he came to know it I do
"One more question," continued Benito. "What was the proposition
that Torres made to my father during the short interview which
preceded his expulsion?"
"He threatened to denounce Joam Garral as being Joam Dacosta, if
he declined to purchase his silence."
"And at what price?"
"At the price of his daughter's hand!" answered Manoel unhesitatingly,
but pale with anger.
"The scoundrel dared to do that!" exclaimed Benito.
"To this infamous request, Benito, you saw the reply that your
"Yes, Manoel, yes! The indignant reply of an honest man. He
kicked Torres off the raft. But it is not enough to have kicked him out.
No! That will not do for me. It was on Torres' information that they
came here and arrested my father; is not that so?"
"Yes, on his denunciation."
"Very well," continued Benito, shaking his fist toward the left bank of
the river, "I must find out Torres. I must know how he became master of the
secret. He must tell me if he knows the real author of this crime. He shall
speak out. And if he does not speak out, I know what I shall have to
"What you will have to do is for me to do as well!" added Manoel, more
coolly, but not less resolutely.
"No! Manoel, no, to me alone!"
"We are brothers, Benito," replied Manoel. "The right of demanding
an explanation belongs to us both."
Benito made no reply. Evidently on that subject his decision
At this moment the pilot Araujo, who had been observing the state of the
river, came up to them.
"Have you decided," he asked, "if the raft is to remain at her moorings
at the Isle of Muras, or to go on to the port of Manaos?"
The question had to be decided before nightfall, and the sooner it was
settled the better.
In fact, the news of the arrest of Joam Dacosta ought already to
have spread through the town. That it was of a nature to excite
the interest of the population of Manaos could scarcely be doubted.
But would it provoke more than curiosity against the condemned man,
who was the principal author of the crime of Tijuco, which had
formerly created such a sensation? Ought they not to fear that some
popular movement might be directed against the prisoner? In the face of
this hypothesis was it not better to leave the jangada moored near
the Isle of Muras on the right bank of the river at a few miles
The pros and cons of the question were well weighed.
"No!" at length exclaimed Benito; "to remain here would look as though
we were abandoning my father and doubting his innocence—as though we were
afraid to make common cause with him. We must go to Manaos, and without
"You are right," replied Manoel. "Let us go."
Araujo, with an approving nod, began his preparations for leaving
the island. The maneuver necessitated a good deal of care. They had
to work the raft slantingly across the current of the Amazon, here doubled
in force by that of the Rio Negro, and to make for the embouchure of the
tributary about a dozen miles down on the left bank.
The ropes were cast off from the island. The jangada, again started on
the river, began to drift off diagonally. Araujo, cleverly profiting by the
bendings of the current, which were due to the projections of the banks, and
assisted by the long poles of his crew, succeeded in working the immense raft
in the desired direction.
In two hours the jangada was on the other side of the Amazon, a little
above the mouth of the Rio Negro, and fairly in the current which was to take
it to the lower bank of the vast bay which opened on the left side of the
At five o'clock in the evening it was strongly moored alongside
this bank, not in the port of Manaos itself, which it could not
enter without stemming a rather powerful current, but a short mile
The raft was then in the black waters of the Rio Negro, near rather
a high bluff covered with cecropias with buds of reddish-brown,
and palisaded with stiff-stalked reeds called froxas, of which
the Indians make some of their weapons.
A few citizens were strolling about the bank. A feeling of curiosity had
doubtless attracted them to the anchorage of the raft. The news of the arrest
of Joam Dacosta had soon spread about, but the curiosity of the Manaens did
not outrun their discretion, and they were very quiet.
Benito's intention had been to land that evening, but Manoel dissuaded
"Wait till tomorrow," he said; "night is approaching, and there is no
necessity for us to leave the raft."
"So be it! To-morrow!" answered Benito.
And here Yaquita, followed by her daughter and Padre Passanha, came out
of the house. Minha was still weeping, but her mother's face was tearless,
and she had that look of calm resolution which showed that the wife was now
ready for all things, either to do her duty or to insist on her rights.
Yaquita slowly advanced toward Manoel.
"Manoel," she said, "listen to what I have to say, for my
conscience commands me to speak as I am about to do."
"I am listening," replied Manoel.
Yaquita, looking him straight in the face, continued: "Yesterday, after
the interview you had with Joam Dacosta, my husband, you came to me and
called me—mother! You took Minha's hand, and called her—your wife! You then
knew everything, and the past life of Joam Dacosta had been disclosed to
"Yes," answered Manoel, "and heaven forbid I should have had
any hesitation in doing so!"
"Perhaps so," replied Yaquita; "but then Joam Dacosta had not
been arrested. The position is not now the same. However innocent he
may be, my husband is in the hands of justice; his past life has
been publicly proclaimed. Minha is a convict's daughter."
"Minha Dacosta or Minha Garral, what matters it to me?"
exclaimed Manoel, who could keep silent no longer.
"Manoel!" murmured Minha.
And she would certainly have fallen had not Lina's arm supported her.
"Mother, if you do not wish to kill her," said Manoel, "call me
"My son! my child!"
It was all Yaquita could say, and the tears, which she restrained with
difficulty, filled her eyes.
And then they all re-entered the house. But during the long night not an
hour's sleep fell to the lot of the unfortunate family who were being so
JOAM DACOSTA had relied entirely on Judge Albeiro, and his death
was most unfortunate.
Before he was judge at Manaos, and chief magistrate in the
province, Ribeiro had known the young clerk at the time he was being
prosecuted for the murder in the diamond arrayal. He was then an advocate
at Villa Rica, and he it was who defended the prisoner at the trial.
He took the cause to heart and made it his own, and from an examination of
the papers and detailed information, and not from the simple fact of his
position in the matter, he came to the conclusion that his client was
wrongfully accused, and that he had taken not the slightest part in the
murder of the escort or the theft of the diamonds—in a word, that Joam
Dacosta was innocent.
But, notwithstanding this conviction, notwithstanding his talent
and zeal, Ribeiro was unable to persuade the jury to take the same view of
the matter. How could he remove so strong a presumption? If it was not Joam
Dacosta, who had every facility for informing the scoundrels of the convoy's
departure, who was it? The official who accompanied the escort had perished
with the greater part of the soldiers, and suspicion could not point against
him. Everything agreed in distinguishing Dacosta as the true and only author
of the crime.
Ribeiro defended him with great warmth and with all his powers, but he
could not succeed in saving him. The verdict of the jury was affirmative on
all the questions. Joam Dacosta, convicted of aggravated and premeditated
murder, did not even obtain the benefit of extenuating circumstances, and
heard himself condemned to death.
There was no hope left for the accused. No commutation of the sentence
was possible, for the crime was committed in the diamond arrayal. The
condemned man was lost. But during the night which preceded his execution,
and when the gallows was already erected, Joam Dacosta managed to escape from
the prison at Villa Rica. We know the rest.
Twenty years later Ribeiro the advocate became the chief justice
of Manaos. In the depths of his retreat the fazender of Iquitos heard
of the change, and in it saw a favorable opportunity for bringing forward
the revision of the former proceedings against him with some chance of
success. He knew that the old convictions of the advocate would be still
unshaken in the mind of the judge. He therefore resolved to try and
rehabilitate himself. Had it not been for Ribeiro's nomination to the chief
justiceship in the province of Amazones, he might perhaps have hesitated, for
he had no new material proof of his innocence to bring forward. Although the
honest man suffered acutely, he might still have remained hidden in exile
at Iquitos, and still have asked for time to smother the remembrances
of the horrible occurrence, but something was urging him to act in
the matter without delay.
In fact, before Yaquita had spoken to him, Joam Dacosta had noticed that
Manoel was in love with his daughter.
The union of the young army doctor and his daughter was in every respect
a suitable one. It was evident to Joam that some day or other he would be
asked for her hand in marriage, and he did not wish to be obliged to
But then the thought that his daughter would have to marry under a name
which did not belong to her, that Manoel Valdez, thinking he was entering the
family of Garral, would enter that of Dacosta, the head of which was under
sentence of death, was intolerable to him. No! The wedding should not take
place unless under proper conditions! Never!
Let us recall what had happened up to this time. Four years after
the young clerk, who eventually became the partner of Magalha볬
had arrived at Iquitos, the old Portuguese had been taken back to the farm
mortally injured. A few days only were left for him to live. He was alarmed
at the thought that his daughter would be left alone and unprotected; but
knowing that Joam and Yaquita were in love with each other, he desired their
union without delay.
Joam at first refused. He offered to remain the protector or the servant
of Yaquita without becoming her husband. The wish of the dying Magalha볠was
so urgent that resistance became impossible. Yaquita put her hand into the
hand of Joam, and Joam did not withdraw it.
Yes! It was a serious matter! Joam Dacosta ought to have confessed all,
or to have fled forever from the house in which he had been so hospitably
received, from the establishment of which he had built up the prosperity!
Yes! To confess everything rather than to give to the daughter of his
benefactor a name which was not his, instead of the name of a felon condemned
to death for murder, innocent though he might be!
But the case was pressing, the old fazender was on the point of death,
his hands were stretched out toward the young people! Joam was silent, the
marriage took place, and the remainder of his life was devoted to the
happiness of the girl he had made his wife.
"The day when I confess everything," Joam repeated, "Yaquita will pardon
everything! She will not doubt me for an instant! But if I ought not to have
deceived her, I certainly will not deceive the honest fellow who wishes to
enter our family by marrying Mina! No! I would rather give myself up and have
done with this life!"
Many times had Joam thought of telling his wife about his past
life. Yes! the avowal was on his lips whenever she asked him to take
her into Brazil, and with her and her daughter descend the
beautiful Amazon river. He knew sufficient of Yaquita to be sure that
her affection for him would not thereby be diminished in the least.
But courage failed him!
And this is easily intelligible in the face of the happiness of
the family, which increased on every side. This happiness was his
work, and it might be destroyed forever by his return.
Such had been his life for those long years; such had been
the continuous source of his sufferings, of which he had kept the
secret so well; such had been the existence of this man, who had no
action to be ashamed of, and whom a great injustice compelled to hide
away from himself!
But at length the day arrived when there could no longer remain a doubt
as to the affection which Manoel bore to Minha, when he could see that a year
would not go by before he was asked to give his consent to her marriage, and
after a short delay he no longer hesitated to proceed in the matter.
A letter from him, addressed to Judge Ribeiro, acquainted the
chief justice with the secret of the existence of Joam Dacosta, with
the name under which he was concealed, with the place where he lived
with his family, and at the same time with his formal intention
of delivering himself up to justice, and taking steps to procure
the revision of the proceedings, which would either result in
his rehabilitation or in the execution of the iniquitous
judgment delivered at Villa Rica.
What were the feelings which agitated the heart of the
worthy magistrate? We can easily divine them. It was no longer to
the advocate that the accused applied; it was to the chief justice of
the province that the convict appealed. Joam Dacosta gave himself over
to him entirely, and did not even ask him to keep the secret.
Judge Ribeiro was at first troubled about this unexpected
revelation, but he soon recovered himself, and scrupulously considered the
duties which the position imposed on him. It was his place to
pursue criminals, and here was one who delivered himself into his
hands. This criminal, it was true, he had defended; he had never doubted
but that he had been unjustly condemned; his joy had been extreme when
he saw him escape by flight from the last penalty; he had even instigated
and facilitated his flight! But what the advocate had done in the past could
the magistrate do in the present?
"Well, yes!" had the judge said, "my conscience tells me not to abandon
this just man. The step he is taking is a fresh proof of his innocence, a
moral proof, even if he brings me others, which may be the most convincing of
all! No! I will not abandon him!"
From this day forward a secret correspondence took place between
the magistrate and Joam Dacosta. Ribeiro at the outset cautioned
his client against compromising himself by any imprudence. He had again to
work up the matter, again to read over the papers, again to look through the
inquiries. He had to find out if any new facts had come to light in the
diamond province referring to so serious a case. Had any of the accomplices
of the crime, of the smugglers who had attacked the convoy, been arrested
since the attempt? Had any confessions or half-confessions been brought
forward? Joam Dacosta had done nothing but protest his innocence from the
very first. But that was not enough, and Judge Ribeiro was desirous of
finding in the case itself the clue to the real culprit.
Joam Dacosta had accordingly been prudent. He had promised to be so. But
in all his trials it was an immense consolation for him to find his old
advocate, though now a chief justice, so firmly convinced that he was not
guilty. Yes! Joam Dacosta, in spite of his condemnation, was a victim, a
martyr, an honest man to whom society owed a signal reparation! And when the
magistrate knew the past career of the fazender of Iquitos since his
sentence, the position of his family, all that life of devotion, of work,
employed unceasingly for the happiness of those belonging to him, he was not
only more convinced but more affected, and determined to do all that he
could to procure the rehabilitation of the felon of Tijuco.
For six months a correspondence had passed between these two men.
One day, the case being pressing, Joam Dacosta wrote to
"In two months I will be with you, in the power of the chief justice of
"Come, then," replied Ribeiro.
The jangada was then ready to go down the river. Joam Dacosta embarked
on it with all his people. During the voyage, to the great astonishment of
his wife and son, he landed but rarely, as we know. More often he remained
shut up on his room, writing, working, not at his trading accounts, but,
without saying anything about it, at a kind of memoir, which he called "The
History of My Life," and which was meant to be used in the revision of the
Eight days before his new arrest, made on account of information given
by Torres, which forestalled and perhaps would ruin his prospects, he
intrusted to an Indian on the Amazon a letter, in which he warned Judge
Ribeiro of his approaching arrival.
The letter was sent and delivered as addressed, and the magistrate only
waited for Joam Dacosta to commence on the serious undertaking which he hoped
to bring to a successful issue.
During the night before the arrival of the raft at Manaos Judge Ribeiro
was seized with an attack of apoplexy. But the denunciation of Torres, whose
scheme of extortion had collapsed in face of the noble anger of his victim,
had produced its effect. Joam Dacosta was arrested in the bosom of his
family, and his old advocate was no longer in this world to defend him!
Yes, the blow was terrible indeed. His lot was cast, whatever his fate
might be; there was no going back for him! And Joam Dacosta rose from beneath
the blow which had so unexpectedly struck him. It was not only his own honor
which was in question, but the honor of all who belonged to him.
THE WARRANT against Joam Dacosta, alias Joam Garral, had been issued by
the assistant of Judge Ribeiro, who filled the position of the magistrate in
the province of Amazones, until the nomination of the successor of the late
This assistant bore the name of Vicente Jarriquez. He was a surly little
fellow, whom forty years' practice in criminal procedure had not rendered
particularly friendly toward those who came before him. He had had so many
cases of this sort, and tried and sentenced so many rascals, that a
prisoner's innocence seemed to him ࠰riori inadmissable. To be sure, he
did not come to a decision unconscientiously; but his conscience was strongly
fortified and was not easily affected by the circumstances of the examination
or the arguments for the defense. Like a good many judges, he thought
but little of the indulgence of the jury, and when a prisoner was
brought before him, after having passed through the sieve of
inquest, inquiry, and examination, there was every presumption in his
eyes that the man was quite ten times guilty.
Jarriquez, however, was not a bad man. Nervous, fidgety,
talkative, keen, crafty, he had a curious look about him, with his big head
on his little body; his ruffled hair, which would not have disgraced
the judge's wig of the past; his piercing gimlet-like eyes, with
their expression of surprising acuteness; his prominent nose, with which
he would assuredly have gesticulated had it been movable; his ears
wide open, so as to better catch all that was said, even when it was
out of range of ordinary auditory apparatus; his fingers
unceasingly tapping the table in front of him, like those of a pianist
practicing on the mute; and his body so long and his legs so short, and his
feet perpetually crossing and recrossing, as he sat in state in
his magistrate's chair.
In private life, Jarriquez, who was a confirmed old bachelor, never left
his law-books but for the table which he did not despise; for chess, of which
he was a past master; and above all things for Chinese puzzles, enigmas,
charades, rebuses, anagrams, riddles, and such things, with which, like more
than one European justice—thorough sphinxes by taste as well as by
profession—he principally passed his leisure.
It will be seen that he was an original, and it will be seen also
how much Joam Dacosta had lost by the death of Judge Ribeiro, inasmuch
as his case would come before this not very agreeable judge.
Moreover, the task of Jarriquez was in a way very simple. He had either
to inquire nor to rule; he had not even to regulate a discussion nor to
obtain a verdict, neither to apply the articles of the penal code nor to
pronounce a sentence. Unfortunately for the fazender, such formalities were
no longer necessary; Joam Dacosta had been arrested, convicted, and sentenced
twenty-three years ago for the crime at Tijuco; no limitation had yet
affected his sentence. No demand in commutation of the penalty could be
introduced, and no appeal for mercy could be received. It was only necessary
then to establish his identity, and as soon as the order arrived from
Rio Janeiro justice would have to take its course.
But in the nature of things Joam Dacosta would protest his innocence; he
would say he had been unjustly condemned. The magistrate's
duty, notwithstanding the opinions he held, would be to listen to him.
The question would be, what proofs could the convict offer to make
good his assertions? And if he was not able to produce them when
he appeared before his first judges, was he able to do so now?
Herein consisted all the interest of the examination. There would have
to be admitted the fact of a defaulter, prosperous and safe in a foreign
country, leaving his refuge of his own free will to face the justice which
his past life should have taught him to dread, and herein would be one of
those rare and curious cases which ought to interest even a magistrate
hardened with all the surroundings of forensic strife. Was it impudent folly
on the part of the doomed man of Tijuco, who was tired of his life, or was it
the impulse of a conscience which would at all risks have wrong set right?
The problem was a strange one, it must be acknowledged.
On the morrow of Joam Dacosta's arrest, Judge Jarriquez made his way to
the prison in God-the-Son Street, where the convict had been placed. The
prison was an old missionary convent, situated on the bank of one of the
principal iguarapes of the town. To the voluntary prisoners of former times
there had succeeded in this building, which was but little adapted for the
purpose, the compulsory prisoners of today. The room occupied by Joam
Dacosta was nothing like one of those sad little cells which form part of our
modern penitentiary system: but an old monk's room, with a barred window
without shutters, opening on to an uncultivated space, a bench in one
corner, and a kind of pallet in the other. It was from this apartment
that Joam Dacosta, on this 25th of August, about eleven o'clock in
the morning, was taken and brought into the judge's room, which was
the old common hall of the convent.
Judge Jarriquez was there in front of his desk, perched on his
high chair, his back turned toward the window, so that his face was
in shadow while that of the accused remained in full daylight. His clerk,
with the indifference which characterizes these legal folks, had taken his
seat at the end of the table, his pen behind his ear, ready to record the
questions and answers.
Joam Dacosta was introduced into the room, and at a sign from the judge
the guards who had brought him withdrew.
Judge Jarriquez looked at the accused for some time. The latter, leaning
slightly forward and maintaining a becoming attitude, neither careless nor
humble, waited with dignity for the questions to which he was expected to
"Your name?" said Judge Jarriquez.
"Where do you live?"
"In Peru, at the village of Iquitos."
"Under what name?"
"Under that of Garral, which is that of my mother."
"And why do you bear that name?"
"Because for twenty-three years I wished to hide myself from the pursuit
of Brazilian justice."
The answers were so exact, and seemed to show that Joam Dacosta had made
up his mind to confess everything concerning his past and present life, that
Judge Jarriquez, little accustomed to such a course, cocked up his nose more
than was usual to him.
"And why," he continued, "should Brazilian justice pursue you?"
"Because I was sentenced to death in 1826 in the diamond affair
"You confess then that you are Joam Dacosta?"
"I am Joam Dacosta."
All this was said with great calmness, and as simply as possible.
The little eyes of Judge Jarriquez, hidden by their lids, seemed to
"Never came across anything like this before."
He had put the invariable question which had hitherto brought
the invariable reply from culprits of every category protesting
their innocence. The fingers of the judge began to beat a gentle tattoo
on the table.
"Joam Dacosta," he asked, "what were you doing at Iquitos?"
"I was a fazender, and engaged in managing a farming establishment
of considerable size."
"It was prospering?"
"How long ago did you leave your fazenda?"
"About nine weeks."
"As to that, sir," answered Dacosta, "I invented a pretext, but
in reality I had a motive."
"What was the pretext?"
"The responsibility of taking into Para a large raft, and a cargo
of different products of the Amazon."
"Ah! and what was the real motive of your departure?"
And in asking this question Jarriquez said to himself:
"Now we shall get into denials and falsehoods."
"The real motive," replied Joam Dacosta, in a firm voice, "was
the resolution I had taken to give myself up to the justice of
"You give yourself up!" exclaimed the judge, rising from his stool. "You
give yourself up of your own free will?"
"Of my own free will."
"Because I had had enough of this lying life, this obligation to
live under a false name, of this impossibility to be able to restore to
my wife and children that which belongs to them; in short,
"I was innocent!"
"That is what I was waiting for," said Judge Jarriquez.
And while his fingers tattooed a slightly more audible march, he made a
sign with his head to Dacosta, which signified as clearly as possible, "Go
on! Tell me your history. I know it, but I do not wish to interrupt you in
telling it in your own way."
Joam Dacosta, who did not disregard the magistrate's far
from encouraging attitude, could not but see this, and he told the
history of his whole life. He spoke quietly without departing from the
calm he had imposed upon himself, without omitting any circumstances
which had preceded or succeeded his condemnation. In the same tone
he insisted on the honored and honorable life he had led since his escape,
on his duties as head of his family, as husband and father, which he had so
worthily fulfilled. He laid stress only on one circumstance—that which had
brought him to Manaos to urge on the revision of the proceedings against him,
to procure his rehabilitation—and that he was compelled to do.
Judge Jarriquez, who was naturally prepossessed against all criminals,
did not interrupt him. He contented himself with opening and shutting his
eyes like a man who heard the story told for the hundredth time; and when
Joam Dacosta laid on the table the memoir which he had drawn up, he made no
movement to take it.
"You have finished?" he said.
"And you persist in asserting that you only left Iquitos to procure the
revision of the judgment against you."
"I had no other intention."
"What is there to prove that? Who can prove that, without
the denunciation which had brought about your arrest, you would have given
"This memoir, in the first place."
"That memoir was in your possession, and there is nothing to show that
had you not been arrested, you would have put it to the use you say you
"At the least, sir, there was one thing that was not in my possession,
and of the authenticity of which there can be no doubt."
"The letter I wrote to your predecessor, Judge Ribeiro, the letter which
gave him notice of my early arrival."
"Ah! you wrote?"
"Yes. And the letter which ought to have arrived at its
destination should have been handed over to you."
"Really!" answered Judge Jarriquez, in a slightly incredulous tone. "You
wrote to Judge Ribeiro."
"Before he was a judge in this province," answered Joam Dacosta, "he was
an advocate at Villa Rica. He it was who defended me in the trial at Tijuco.
He never doubted of the justice of my cause. He did all he could to save me.
Twenty years later, when he had become chief justice at Manaos, I let him
know who I was, where I was, and what I wished to attempt. His opinion about
me had not changed, and it was at his advice I left the fazenda, and came in
person to proceed with my rehabilitation. But death had unfortunately struck
him, and maybe I shall be lost, sir, if in Judge Jarriquez I do not find
another Judge Ribeiro."
The magistrate, appealed to so directly, was about to start up
in defiance of all the traditions of the judicial bench, but he managed to
restrain himself, and was contented with muttering:
"Very strong, indeed; very strong!"
Judge Jarriquez was evidently hard of heart, and proof against
At this moment a guard entered the room, and handed a sealed packet to
He broke the seal and drew a letter from the envelope. He opened it and
read it, not without a certain contraction of his eyebrows, and then
"I have no reason for hiding from you, Joam Dacosta, that this is
the letter you have been speaking about, addressed by you to Judge Ribeiro
and sent on to me. I have, therefore, no reason to doubt what you have said
on the subject."
"Not only on that subject," answered Dacosta, "but on the subject of all
the circumstances of my life which I have brought to your knowledge, and
which are none of them open to question."
"Eh! Joam Dacosta," quickly replied Judge Jarriquez. "You protest your
innocence; but all prisoners do as much! After all, you only offer moral
presumptions. Have you any material proof?"
"Perhaps I have," answered Joam Dacosta.
At these words, Judge Jarriquez left his chair. This was too much
for him, and he had to take two or three circuits of the room to
WHEN THE MAGISTRATE had again taken his place, like a man who considered
he was perfectly master of himself, he leaned back in his chair, and with his
head raised and his eyes looking straight in front, as though not even
noticing the accused, remarked, in a tone of the most perfect
Joam Dacosta reflected for a minute as if hesitating to resume the order
of his thoughts, and then answered as follows:
"Up to the present, sir, I have only given you moral presumptions of my
innocence grounded on the dignity, propriety, and honesty of the whole of my
life. I should have thought that such proofs were those most worthy of being
brought forward in matters of justice."
Judge Jarriquez could not restrain a movement of his shoulders, showing
that such was not his opinion.
"Since they are not enough, I proceed with the material proofs which I
shall perhaps be able to produce," continued Dacosta; "I say perhaps, for I
do not yet know what credit to attach to them. And, sir, I have never spoken
of these things to my wife or children, not wishing to raise a hope which
might be destroyed."
"To the point," answered Jarriquez.
"I have every reason to believe, sir, that my arrest on the eve of the
arrival of the raft at Manaos is due to information given to the chief of the
"You are not mistaken, Joam Dacosta, but I ought to tell you that
the information is anonymous."
"It matters little, for I know that it could only come from a scoundrel
"And what right have you to speak in such a way of this—informer?"
"A scoundrel! Yes, sir!" replied Joam quickly. "This man, whom
I received with hospitality, only came to me to propose that I
should purchase his silence to offer me an odious bargain that I shall
never regret having refused, whatever may be the consequences of
"Always this method!" thought Judge Jarriquez; "accusing others to clear
But he none the less listened with extreme attention to Joam's recital
of his relations with the adventurer up to the moment when Torres let him
know that he knew and could reveal the name of the true author of the crime
"And what is the name of the guilty man?" asked Jarriquez, shaken in his
"I do not know," answered Joam Dacosta. "Torres was too cautious to let
"And the culprit is living?"
"He is dead."
The fingers of Judge Jarriquez tattooed more quickly, and he could not
avoid exclaiming, "The man who can furnish the proof of a prisoner's
innocence is always dead."
"If the real culprit is dead, sir," replied Dacosta, "Torres at least is
living, and the proof, written throughout in the handwriting of the author of
the crime, he has assured me is in his hands! He offered to sell it to
"Eh! Joam Dacosta!" answered Judge Jarriquez, "that would not have been
dear at the cost of the whole of your fortune!"
"If Torres had only asked my fortune, I would have given it to him and
not one of my people would have demurred! Yes, you are right, sir; a man
cannot pay too dearly for the redemption of his honor! But this scoundrel,
knowing that I was at his mercy, required more than my fortune!"
"My daughter's hand was to be the cost of the bargain! I refused;
he denounced me, and that is why I am now before you!"
"And if Torres had not informed against you," asked Judge Jarriquez—"if
Torres had not met with you on your voyage, what would you have done on
learning on your arrival of the death of Judge Ribeiro? Would you then have
delivered yourself into the hands of justice?"
"Without the slightest hesitation," replied Joam, in a firm voice; "for,
I repeat it, I had no other object in leaving Iquitos to come to
This was said in such a tone of truthfulness that Judge
Jarriquez experienced a kind of feeling making its way to that corner of
the heart where convictions are formed, but he did not yet give in.
He could hardly help being astonished. A judge engaged merely in
this examination, he knew nothing of what is known by those who
have followed this history, and who cannot doubt but that Torres held
in his hands the material proof of Joam Dacosta's innocence. They
know that the document existed; that it contained this evidence;
and perhaps they may be led to think that Judge Jarriquez was
pitilessly incredulous. But they should remember that Judge Jarriquez was not
in their position; that he was accustomed to the invariable protestations
of the culprits who came before him. The document which Joam Dacosta appealed
to was not produced; he did not really know if it actually existed; and to
conclude, he had before him a man whose guilt had for him the certainty of a
However, he wished, perhaps through curiosity, to drive Joam
Dacosta behind his last entrenchments.
"And so," he said, "all your hope now rests on the declaration which has
been made to you by Torres."
"Yes, sir, if my whole life does not plead for me."
"Where do you think Torres really is?"
"I think in Manaos."
"And you hope that he will speak—that he will consent to good-naturedly
hand over to you the document for which you have declined to pay the price he
"I hope so, sir," replied Joam Dacosta; "the situation now is not
the same for Torres; he has denounced me, and consequently he
cannot retain any hope of resuming his bargaining under the
previous conditions. But this document might still be worth a fortune
if, supposing I am acquitted or executed, it should ever escape him. Hence
his interest is to sell me the document, which can thus not injure him in any
way, and I think he will act according to his interest."
The reasoning of Joam Dacosta was unanswerable, and Judge Jarriquez felt
it to be so. He made the only possible objection.
"The interest of Torres is doubtless to sell you the document—if the
"If it does not exist," answered Joam Dacosta, in a penetrating voice,
"in trusting to the justice of men, I must put my trust only in God!"
At these words Judge Jarriquez rose, and, in not quite such
an indifferent tone, said, "Joam Dacosta, in examining you here,
in allowing you to relate the particulars of your past life and to protest
your innocence, I have gone further than my instructions allow me. An
information has already been laid in this affair, and you have appeared
before the jury at Villa Rica, whose verdict was given unanimously, and
without even the addition of extenuating circumstances. You have been found
guilty of the instigation of, and complicity in, the murder of the soldiers
and the robbery of the diamonds at Tijuco, the capital sentence was
pronounced on you, and it was only by flight that you escaped execution. But
that you came here to deliver yourself over, or not, to the hands of
justice twenty-three years afterward, you would never have been retaken.
For the last time, you admit that you are Joam Dacosta, the condemned
man of the diamond arrayal?"
"I am Joam Dacosta."
"You are ready to sign this declaration?"
"I am ready."
And with a hand without a tremble Joam Dacosta put his name to the foot
of the declaration and the report which Judge Jarriquez had made his clerk
"The report, addressed to the minister of justice, is to be sent off to
Rio Janeiro," said the magistrate. "Many days will elapse before we receive
orders to carry out your sentence. If then, as you say, Torres possesses the
proof of your innocence, do all you can yourself—do all you can through your
friends—do everything, so that that proof can be produced in time. Once the
order arrives no delay will be possible, and justice must take its
Joam Dacosta bowed slightly.
"Shall I be allowed in the meantime to see my wife and children?"
"After today, if you wish," answered Judge Jarriquez; "you are
no longer in close confinement, and they can be brought to you as soon as
The magistrate then rang the bell. The guards entered the room, and took
away Joam Dacosta.
Judge Jarriquez watched him as he went out, and shook his head
"Well, well! This is a much stranger affair than I ever thought it would
THE LAST BLOW
WHILE JOAM DACOSTA was undergoing this examination, Yaquita, from
an inquiry made by Manoel, ascertained that she and her children would be
permitted to see the prisoner that very day about four o'clock in the
Yaquita had not left her room since the evening before. Minha and Lina
kept near her, waiting for the time when she would be admitted to see her
Yaquita Garral or Yaquita Dacosta, he would still find her the devoted
wife and brave companion he had ever known her to be.
About eleven o'clock in the morning Benito joined Manoel and
Fragoso, who were talking in the bow of the jangada.
"Manoel," said he, "I have a favor to ask you."
"What is it?"
"And you too, Fragoso."
"I am at your service, Mr. Benito," answered the barber.
"What is the matter?" asked Manoel, looking at his friend,
whose expression was that of a man who had come to some
"You never doubt my father's innocence? Is that so?" said Benito.
"Ah!" exclaimed Fragoso. "Rather I think it was I who committed
"Well, we must now commence on the project I thought of yesterday."
"To find out Torres?" asked Manoel.
"Yes, and know from him how he found out my father's retreat. There is
something inexplicable about it. Did he know it before? I cannot understand
it, for my father never left Iquitos for more than twenty years, and this
scoundrel is hardly thirty! But the day will not close before I know it; or,
woe to Torres!"
Benito's resolution admitted of no discussion; and besides,
neither Manoel nor Fragoso had the slightest thought of dissuading him.
"I will ask, then," continued Benito, "for both of you to accompany me.
We shall start in a minute or two. It will not do to wait till Torres has
left Manaos. He has no longer got his silence to sell, and the idea might
occur to him. Let us be off!"
And so all three of them landed on the bank of the Rio Negro and started
for the town.
Manaos was not so considerable that it could not be searched in a
few hours. They had made up their minds to go from house to house,
if necessary, to look for Torres, but their better plan seemed to be
to apply in the first instance to the keepers of the taverns and
lojas where the adventurer was most likely to put up. There could hardly
be a doubt that the ex-captain of the woods would not have given his name;
he might have personal reasons for avoiding all communication with the
police. Nevertheless, unless he had left Manaos, it was almost impossible for
him to escape the young fellows' search. In any case, there would be no use
in applying to the police, for it was very probable—in fact, we know that it
actually was so—that the information given to them had been anonymous.
For an hour Benito, Manoel, and Fragoso walked along the
principal streets of the town, inquiring of the tradesmen in their shops,
the tavern-keepers in their cabarets, and even the bystanders, without any
one being able to recognize the individual whose description they so
Had Torres left Manaos? Would they have to give up all hope of
coming across him?
In vain Manoel tried to calm Benito, whose head seemed on fire.
Cost what it might, he must get at Torres!
Chance at last favored them, and it was Fragoso who put them on
the right track.
In a tavern in Holy Ghost Street, from the description which the people
received of the adventurer, they replied that the individual in question had
put up at the loja the evening before.
"Did he sleep here?" asked Fragoso.
"Yes," answered the tavern-keeper.
"Is he here now?"
"No. He has gone out."
"But has he settled his bill, as a man would who has gone for good?"
"By no means; he left his room about an hour ago, and he will doubtless
come back to supper."
"Do you know what road he took when he went out?"
"We saw him turning toward the Amazon, going through the lower town, and
you will probably meet him on that side."
Fragoso did not want any more. A few seconds afterward he rejoined the
young fellows, and said:
"I am on the track."
"He is there!" exclaimed Benito.
"No; he has just gone out, and they have seen him walking across to the
bank of the Amazon."
"Come on!" replied Benito.
They had to go back toward the river, and the shortest way was for them
to take the left bank of the Rio Negro, down to its mouth.
Benito and his companions soon left the last houses of the town behind,
and followed the bank, making a slight detour so as not to be observed from
The plain was at this time deserted. Far away the view extended across
the flat, where cultivated fields had replaced the former forests.
Benito did not speak; he could not utter a word. Manoel and
Fragoso respected his silence. And so the three of them went along and
looked about on all sides as they traversed the space between the bank
of the Rio Negro and that of the Amazon. Three-quarters of an hour
after leaving Manaos, and still they had seen nothing!
Once or twice Indians working in the fields were met with.
Manoel questioned them, and one of them at length told him that a man,
such as he described, had just passed in the direction of the angle
formed by the two rivers at their confluence.
Without waiting for more, Benito, by an irresistible movement, strode to
the front, and his two companions had to hurry on to avoid being left
The left bank of the Amazon was then about a quarter of a mile off.
A sort of cliff appeared ahead, hiding a part of the horizon, and bounding
the view a few hundred paces in advance.
Benito, hurrying on, soon disappeared behind one of the sandy knolls.
"Quicker! quicker!" said Manoel to Fragoso. "We must not leave him alone
for an instant."
And they were dashing along when a shout struck on their ears.
Had Benito caught sight of Torres? What had he seen? Had Benito
and Torres already met?
Manoel and Fragoso, fifty paces further on, after swiftly running round
one of the spurs of the bank, saw two men standing face to face to each
They were Torres and Benito.
In an instant Manoel and Fragoso had hurried up to them. It might have
been supposed that in Benito's state of excitement he would be unable to
restrain himself when he found himself once again in the presence of the
adventurer. It was not so.
As soon as the young man saw himself face to face with Torres, and was
certain that he could not escape, a complete change took place in his manner,
his coolness returned, and he became once more master of himself.
The two men looked at one another for a few moments without a word.
Torres first broke silence, and, in the impudent tone habitual to him,
"Ah! How goes it, Mr. Benito Garral?"
"No, Benito Dacosta!" answered the young man.
"Quite so," continued Torres. "Mr. Benito Dacosta, accompanied by
Mr. Manoel Valdez and my friend Fragoso!"
At the irritating qualification thus accorded him by the
adventurer, Fragoso, who was by no means loath to do him some damage, was
about to rush to the attack, when Benito, quite unmoved, held him back.
"What is the matter with you, my lad?" exclaimed Torres, retreating for
a few steps. "I think I had better put myself on guard."
And as he spoke he drew from beneath his poncho his manchetta,
the weapon, adapted at will for offense or defense, which a Brazilian
is never without. And then, slightly stooping, and planted firmly on
his feet, he waited for what was to follow.
"I have come to look for you, Torres," said Benito, who had not stirred
in the least at this threatening attitude.
"To look for me?" answered the adventurer. "It is not very difficult to
find me. And why have you come to look for me?"
"To know from your own lips what you appear to know of the past life of
"Yes. I want to know how you recognized him, why you were prowling about
our fazenda in the forest of Iquitos, and why you were waiting for us at
"Well! it seems to me nothing could be clearer!" answered Torres, with a
grin. "I was waiting to get a passage on the jangada, and I went on board
with the intention of making him a very simple proposition—which possibly he
was wrong in rejecting."
At these words Manoel could stand it no longer. With pale face and eye
of fire he strode up to Torres.
Benito, wishing to exhaust every means of conciliation, thrust himself
"Calm yourself, Manoel!" he said. "I am calm—even I."
And then continuing:
"Quite so, Torres; I know the reason of your coming on board the raft.
Possessed of a secret which was doubtless given to you, you wanted to make it
a means of extortion. But that is not what I want to know at present."
"What is it, then?"
"I want to know how you recognized Joam Dacosta in the fazenda
"How I recognized him?" replied Torres. "That is my business, and I see
no reason why I should tell you. The important fact is, that I was not
mistaken when I denounced in him the real author of the crime of
"You say that to me?" exclaimed Benito, who began to lose
"I will tell you nothing," returned Torres; "Joam Dacosta declined
my propositions! He refused to admit me into his family! Well! now
that his secret is known, now that he is a prisoner, it is I who refuse
to enter his family, the family of a thief, of a murderer, of a condemned
felon, for whom the gallows now waits!"
"Scoundrel!" exclaimed Benito, who drew his manchetta from his belt and
put himself in position.
Manoel and Fragoso, by a similar movement, quickly drew
"Three against one!" said Torres.
"No! one against one!" answered Benito.
"Really! I should have thought an assassination would have better suited
an assassin's son!"
"Torres!" exclaimed Benito, "defend yourself, or I will kill you like a
"Mad! so be it!" answered Torres. "But I bite, Benito Dacosta,
and beware of the wounds!"
And then again grasping his manchetta, he put himself on guard and ready
to attack his enemy.
Benito had stepped back a few paces.
"Torres," he said, regaining all his coolness, which for a moment he had
lost; "you were the guest of my father, you threatened him, you betrayed him,
you denounced him, you accused an innocent man, and with God's help I am
going to kill you!"
Torres replied with the most insolent smile imaginable. Perhaps at the
moment the scoundrel had an idea of stopping any struggle between Benito and
him, and he could have done so. In fact he had seen that Joam Dacosta had
said nothing about the document which formed the material proof of his
Had he revealed to Benito that he, Torres, possessed this proof, Benito
would have been that instant disarmed. But his desire to wait till the very
last moment, so as to get the very best price for the document he possessed,
the recollection of the young man's insulting words, and the hate which he
bore to all that belonged to him, made him forget his own interest.
In addition to being thoroughly accustomed to the manchetta, which
he often had had occasion to use, the adventurer was strong, active,
and artful, so that against an adversary who was scarcely twenty,
who could have neither his strength nor his dexterity, the chances
were greatly in his favor.
Manoel by a last effort wished to insist on fighting him instead
"No, Manoel," was the cool reply, "it is for me alone to avenge
my father, and as everything here ought to be in order, you shall be
"As for you, Fragoso, you will not refuse if I ask you to act as second
for that man?"
"So be it," answered Fragoso, "though it is not an office of
honor. Without the least ceremony," he added, "I would have killed him
like a wild beast."
The place where the duel was about to take place was a level bank about
fifty paces long, on the top of a cliff rising perpendicularly some fifty
feet above the Amazon. The river slowly flowed at the foot, and bathed the
clumps of reeds which bristled round its base.
There was, therefore, none too much room, and the combatant who was the
first to give way would quickly be driven over into the abyss.
The signal was given by Manoel, and Torres and Benito
Benito had complete command over himself. The defender of a
sacred cause, his coolness was unruffled, much more so than that of
Torres, whose conscience insensible and hardened as it was, was bound at
the moment to trouble him.
The two met, and the first blow came from Benito. Torres parried
it. They then jumped back, but almost at the same instant they
rushed together, and with their left hands seized each other by
the shoulder—never to leave go again.
Torres, who was the strongest, struck a side blow with his
manchetta which Benito could not quite parry. His left side was touched,
and his poncho was reddened with his blood. But he quickly replied,
and slightly wounded Torres in the hand.
Several blows were then interchanged, but nothing decisive was done. The
ever silent gaze of Benito pierced the eyes of Torres like a sword blade
thrust to his very heart. Visibly the scoundrel began to quail. He recoiled
little by little, pressed back by his implacable foe, who was more determined
on taking the life of his father's denouncer than in defending his own. To
strike was all that Benito longed for; to parry was all that the other now
attempted to do.
Soon Torres saw himself thrust to the very edge of the bank, at a spot
where, slightly scooped away, it overhung the river. He perceived the danger;
he tried to retake the offensive and regain the lost ground. His agitation
increased, his looks grew livid. At length he was obliged to stoop beneath
the arm which threatened him.
"Die, then!" exclaimed Benito.
The blow was struck full on its chest, but the point of the
manchetta was stopped by a hard substance hidden beneath the poncho of
Benito renewed his attack, and Torres, whose return thrust did not touch
his adversary, felt himself lost. He was again obliged to retreat. Then he
would have shouted—shouted that the life of Joam Dacosta depended on his
own! He had not time!
A second thrust of the manchetta pierced his heart. He fell
backward, and the ground suddenly failing him, he was precipitated down
the cliff. As a last effort his hands convulsively clutched at a clump
of reeds, but they could not stop him, and he disappeared beneath
the waters of the river.
Benito was supported on Manoel's shoulder; Fragoso grasped his hands. He
would not even give his companions time to dress his wound, which was very
"To the jangada!" he said, "to the jangada!"
Manoel and Fragoso with deep emotion followed him without speaking
A quarter of an hour afterward the three reached the bank to which the
raft was moored. Benito and Manoel rushed into the room where were Yaquita
and Minha, and told them all that had passed.
"My son!" "My brother!"
The words were uttered at the same moment.
"To the prison!" said Benito.
"Yes! Come! come!" replied Yaquita.
Benito, followed by Manoel, hurried along his mother, and half an hour
later they arrived before the prison.
Owing to the order previously given by Judge Jarriquez they
were immediately admitted, and conducted to the chamber occupied by
The door opened. Joam Dacosta saw his wife, his son, and Manoel
enter the room.
"Ah! Joam, my Joam!" exclaimed Yaquita.
"Yaquita! my wife! my children!" replied the prisoner, who opened
his arms and pressed them to his heart.
"My Joam, innocent!"
"Innocent and avenged!" said Benito.
"Avenged? What do you mean?"
"Torres is dead, father; killed by my hand!"
"Dead!—Torres!—Dead!" gasped Joam Dacosta. "My son! You have
A FEW HOURS later the whole family had returned to the raft, and
were assembled in the large room. All were there, except the prisoner,
on whom the last blow had just fallen. Benito was quite overwhelmed,
and accused himself of having destroyed his father, and had it not
been for the entreaties of Yaquita, of his sister, of Padre Passanha,
and of Manoel, the distracted youth would in the first moments of
despair have probably made away with himself. But he was never allowed to
get out of sight; he was never left alone. And besides, how could he
have acted otherwise? Ah! why had not Joam Dacosta told him all before
he left the jangada? Why had he refrained from speaking, except before
a judge, of this material proof of his innocence? Why, in his
interview with Manoel after the expulsion of Torres, had he been silent
about the document which the adventurer pretended to hold in his
hands? But, after all, what faith ought he to place in what Torres had
said? Could he be certain that such a document was in the
Whatever might be the reason, the family now knew everything, and that
from the lips of Joam Dacosta himself. They knew that Torres had declared
that the proof of the innocence of the convict of Tijuco actually existed;
that the document had been written by the very hand of the author of the
attack; that the criminal, seized by remorse at the moment of his death, had
intrusted it to his companion, Torres; and that he, instead of fulfilling the
wishes of the dying man, had made the handing over of the document an excuse
for extortion. But they knew also that Torres had just been killed, and that
his body was engulfed in the waters of the Amazon, and that he died
without even mentioning the name of the guilty man.
Unless he was saved by a miracle, Joam Dacosta might now be considered
as irrevocably lost. The death of Judge Ribeiro on the one hand, the death of
Torres on the other, were blows from which he could not recover! It should
here be said that public opinion at Manaos, unreasoning as it always is, was
all against he prisoner. The unexpected arrest of Joam Dacosta had revived
the memory of the terrible crime of Tijuco, which had lain forgotten for
twenty-three years. The trial of the young clerk at the mines of the
diamond arrayal, his capital sentence, his escape a few hours before
his intended execution—all were remembered, analyzed, and commented
on. An article which had just appeared in the O Diario d'o Grand
Para, the most widely circulated journal in these parts, after giving
a history of the circumstances of the crime, showed itself
decidedly hostile to the prisoner. Why should these people believe in
Joam Dacosta's innocence, when they were ignorant of all that his
friends knew—of what they alone knew?
And so the people of Manaos became excited. A mob of Indians and negroes
hurried, in their blind folly, to surround the prison and roar forth
tumultuous shouts of death. In this part of the two Americas, where
executions under Lynch law are of frequent occurrence, the mob soon
surrenders itself to its cruel instincts, and it was feared that on this
occasion it would do justice with its own hands.
What a night it was for the passengers from the fazenda! Masters
and servants had been affected by the blow! Were not the servants of
the fazenda members of one family? Every one of them would watch over
the safety of Yaquita and her people! On the bank of the Rio Negro
there was a constant coming and going of the natives, evidently excited
by the arrest of Joam Dacosta, and who could say to what excesses
these half-barbarous men might be led?
The time, however, passed without any demonstration against
On the morrow, the 26th of August, as soon as the sun rose, Manoel and
Fragoso, who had never left Benito for an instant during this terrible night,
attempted to distract his attention from his despair. After taking him aside
they made him understand that there was no time to be lost—that they must
make up their minds to act.
"Benito," said Manoel, "pull yourself together! Be a man again! Be a son
"My father!" exclaimed Benito. "I have killed him!"
"No!" replied Manoel. "With heaven's help it is possible that all
may not be lost!"
"Listen to us, Mr. Benito," said Fragoso.
The young man, passing his hand over his eyes, made a violent effort to
"Benito," continued Manoel, "Torres never gave a hint to put us on the
track of his past life. We therefore cannot tell who was the author of the
crime of Tijuco, or under what conditions it was committed. To try in that
direction is to lose our time."
"And time presses!" added Fragoso.
"Besides," said Manoel, "suppose we do find out who this companion
of Torres was, he is dead, and he could not testify in any way to
the innocence of Joam Dacosta. But it is none the less certain that
the proof of this innocence exists, and there is not room to doubt
the existence of a document which Torres was anxious to make the
subject of a bargain. He told us so himself. The document is a
complete avowal written in the handwriting of the culprit, which relates
the attack in its smallest details, and which clears our father! Yes!
a hundred times, yes! The document exists!"
"But Torres does not exist!" groaned Benito, "and the document
has perished with him!"
"Wait, and don't despair yet!" answered Manoel. "You remember under what
circumstances we made the acquaintance of Torres? It was in the depths of the
forest of Iquitos. He was in pursuit of a monkey which had stolen a metal
case, which it so strangely kept, and the chase had lasted a couple of hours
when the monkey fell to our guns. Now, do you think that it was for the few
pieces of gold contained in the case that Torres was in such a fury to
recover it? and do you not remember the extraordinary satisfaction which he
displayed when we gave him back the case which we had taken out of the
"Yes! yes!" answered Benito. "This case which I held—which I gave back
to him! Perhaps it contained——"
"It is more than probable! It is certain!" replied Manoel.
"And I beg to add," said Fragoso, "for now the fact recurs to my memory,
that during the time you were at Ega I remained on board, at Lina's advice,
to keep an eye on Torres, and I saw him—yes, I saw him—reading, and again
reading, an old faded paper, and muttering words which I could not
"That was the document!" exclaimed Benito, who snatched at the hope—the
only one that was left. "But this document; had he not put it in some place
"No," answered Manoel—"no; it was too precious for Torres to dream of
parting with it. He was bound to carry it always about with him, and
doubtless in that very case."
"Wait! wait, Manoel!" exclaimed Benito; "I remember—yes, I
remember. During the struggle, at the first blow I struck Torres in his
chest, my manchetta was stopped by some hard substance under his
poncho, like a plate of metal——"
"That was the case!" said Fragoso.
"Yes," replied Manoel; "doubt is impossible! That was the case; it was
in his breast-pocket."
"But the corpse of Torres?"
"We will recover it!"
"But the paper! The water will have stained it, perhaps destroyed it, or
rendered it undecipherable!"
"Why," answered Manoel, "if the metal case which held it
"Manoel," replied Benito, who seized on the last hope, "you are right!
The corpse of Torres must be recovered! We will ransack the whole of this
part of the river, if necessary, but we will recover it!"
The pilot Araujo was then summoned and informed of what they were going
"Good!" replied he; "I know all the eddies and currents where the
Rio Negro and the Amazon join, and we shall succeed in recovering
the body. Let us take two pirogues, two ubas, a dozen of our Indians,
and make a start."
Padre Passanha was then coming out of Yaquita's room.
Benito went to him, and in a few words told him what they were going to
do to get possession of the document. "Say nothing to my mother or my
sister," he added; "if this last hope fails it will kill them!"
"Go, my lad, go," replied Passanha, "and may God help you in
Five minutes afterward the four boats started from the raft.
After descending the Rio Negro they arrived near the bank of the Amazon,
at the very place where Torres, mortally wounded, had disappeared beneath
the waters of the stream.
THE FIRST SEARCH
THE SEARCH had to commence at once, and that for two weighty reasons.
The first of these was—and this was a question of life or death—that
this proof of Joam Dacosta's innocence must be produced before the arrival of
the order from Rio Janeiro. Once the identity of the prisoner was
established, it was impossible that such an order could be other than the
order for his execution.
The second was that the body of Torres should be got out of the water as
quickly as possible so as to regain undamaged the metal case and the paper it
ought to contain.
At this juncture Araujo displayed not only zeal and intelligence,
but also a perfect knowledge of the state of the river at its
confluence with the Rio Negro.
"If Torres," he said to the young men, "had been from the first carried
away by the current, we should have to drag the river throughout a large
area, for we shall have a good many days to wait for his body to reappear on
the surface through the effects of decomposition."
"We cannot do that," replied Manoel. "This very day we ought
"If, on the contrary," continued the pilot, "the corpse has got
stuck among the reeds and vegetation at the foot of the bank, we shall
not be an hour before we find it."
"To work, then!" answered Benito.
There was but one way of working. The boats approached the bank, and the
Indians, furnished with long poles, began to sound every part of the river at
the base of the bluff which had served for the scene of combat.
The place had been easily recognized. A track of blood stained
the declivity in its chalky part, and ran perpendicularly down it into the
water; and there many a clot scattered on the reeds indicated the very spot
where the corpse had disappeared.
About fifty feet down stream a point jutted out from the riverside and
kept back the waters in a kind of eddy, as in a large basin. There was no
current whatever near the shore, and the reeds shot up out of the river
unbent. Every hope then existed that Torres' body had not been carried away
by the main stream. Where the bed of the river showed sufficient slope, it
was perhaps possible for the corpse to have rolled several feet along the
ridge, and even there no effect of the current could be traced.
The ubas and the pirogues, dividing the work among them, limited
the field of their researches to the extreme edge of the eddy, and
from the circumference to the center the crews' long poles left not
a single point unexplored. But no amount of sounding discovered the body
of the adventurer, neither among the clumps of reeds nor on the bottom of the
river, whose slope was then carefully examined.
Two hours after the work had begun they had been led to think that the
body, having probably struck against the declivity, had fallen off obliquely
and rolled beyond the limits of this eddy, where the action of the current
commenced to be felt.
"But that is no reason why we should despair," said Manoel, "still less
why we should give up our search."
"Will it be necessary," exclaimed Benito, "to search the
river throughout its breadth and its length?"
"Throughout its breadth, perhaps," answered Araujo, "throughout
its length, no—fortunately."
"And why?" asked Manoel.
"Because the Amazon, about a mile away from its junction with the
Rio Negro, makes a sudden bend, and at the same time its bed rises,
so that there is a kind of natural barrier, well known to sailors as
the Bar of Frias, which things floating near the surface are alone able to
clear. In short, the currents are ponded back, and they cannot possibly have
any effect over this depression."
This was fortunate, it must be admitted. But was Araujo mistaken?
The old pilot of the Amazon could be relied on. For the thirty years
that he had followed his profession the crossing of the Bar of
Frias, where the current was increased in force by its decrease in
depth, had often given him trouble. The narrowness of the channel and
the elevation of the bed made the passage exceedingly difficult, and
many a raft had there come to grief.
And so Araujo was right in declaring that if the corpse of Torres
was still retained by its weight on the sandy bed of the river, it
could not have been dragged over the bar. It is true that later on,
when, on account of the expansion of the gases, it would again rise to
the surface, the current would bear it away, and it would then
be irrevocably lost down the stream, a long way beyond the
obstruction. But this purely physical effect would not take place for
They could not have applied to a man who was more skillful or
more conversant with the locality than Araujo, and when he affirmed
that the body could not have been borne out of the narrow channel for
more than a mile or so, they were sure to recover it if they
thoroughly sounded that portion of the river.
Not an island, not an islet, checked the course of the Amazon in these
parts. Hence, when the foot of the two banks had been visited up to the bar,
it was in the bed itself, about five hundred feet in width, that more careful
investigations had to be commenced.
The way the work was conducted was this. The boats taking the right and
left of the Amazon lay alongside the banks. The reeds and vegetation were
tried with the poles. Of the smallest ledges in the banks in which a body
could rest, not one escaped the scrutiny of Araujo and his Indians.
But all this labor produced no result, and half the day had
elapsed without the body being brought to the surface of the stream.
An hour's rest was given to the Indians. During this time they partook
of some refreshment, and then they returned to their task.
Four of the boats, in charge of the pilot, Benito, Fragoso, and Manoel,
divided the river between the Rio Negro and the Bar of Frias into four
portions. They set to work to explore its very bed. In certain places the
poles proved insufficient to thoroughly search among the deeps, and hence a
few dredges—or rather harrows, made of stones and old iron, bound round with
a solid bar—were taken on board, and when the boats had pushed off these
rakes were thrown in and the river bottom stirred up in every
It was in this difficult task that Benito and his companions
were employed till the evening. The ubas and pirogues, worked by the
oars, traversed the whole surface of the river up to the bar of Frias.
There had been moments of excitement during this spell of work, when the
harrows, catching in something at the bottom, offered some slight resistance.
They were then hauled up, but in place of the body so eagerly searched for,
there would appear only heavy stones or tufts of herbage which they had
dragged from their sandy bed. No one, however, had an idea of giving up the
enterprise. They none of them thought of themselves in this work of
salvation. Benito, Manoel, Araujo had not even to stir up the Indians or to
encourage them. The gallant fellows knew that they were working for the
fazender of Iquitos—for the man whom they loved, for the chief of the
excellent family who treated their servants so well.
Yes; and so they would have passed the night in dragging the river. Of
every minute lost all knew the value.
A little before the sun disappeared, Araujo, finding it useless
to continue his operations in the gloom, gave the signal for the boats to
join company and return together to the confluence of the Rio Negro and
regain the jangada.
The work so carefully and intelligently conducted was not, however, at
Manoel and Fragoso, as they came back, dared not mention their
ill success before Benito. They feared that the disappointment would
only force him to some act of despair.
But neither courage nor coolness deserted the young fellow; he
was determined to follow to the end this supreme effort to save the
honor and the life of his father, and he it was who addressed
his companions, and said: "To-morrow we will try again, and under
better conditions if possible."
"Yes," answered Manoel; "you are right, Benito. We can do better.
We cannot pretend to have entirely explored the river along the whole
of the banks and over the whole of its bed."
"No; we cannot have done that," replied Araujo; "and I maintain what I
said—that the body of Torres is there, and that it is there because it has
not been carried away, because it could not be drawn over the Bar of Frias,
and because it will take many days before it rises to the surface and floats
down the stream. Yes, it is there, and not a demijohn of tafia will pass my
lips until I find it!"
This affirmation from the pilot was worth a good deal, and was of
a hope-inspiring nature.
However, Benito, who did not care so much for words as he did
for things, thought proper to reply, "Yes, Araujo; the body of Torres
is in the river, and we shall find it if——"
"If?" said the pilot.
"If it has not become the prey of the alligators!"
Manoel and Fragoso waited anxiously for Araujo's reply.
The pilot was silent for a few moments; they felt that he was reflecting
before he spoke. "Mr. Benito," he said at length, "I am not in the habit of
speaking lightly. I had the same idea as you; but listen. During the ten
hours we have been at work have you seen a single cayman in the river?"
"Not one," said Fragoso.
"If you have not seen one," continued the pilot, "it was because there
were none to see, for these animals have nothing to keep them in the white
waters when, a quarter of a mile off, there are large stretches of the black
waters, which they so greatly prefer. When the raft was attacked by some of
these creatures it was in a part where there was no place for them to flee
to. Here it is quite different. Go to the Rio Negro, and there you will see
caymans by the score. Had Torres' body fallen into that tributary there might
be no chance of recovering it. But it was in the Amazon that it was lost, and
in the Amazon it will be found."
Benito, relieved from his fears, took the pilot's hand and shook it, and
contented himself with the reply, "To-morrow, my friends!"
Ten minutes later they were all on board the jangada. During the
day Yaquit had passed some hours with her husband. But before she started,
and when she saw neither the pilot, nor Manoel, nor Benito, nor the boats,
she had guessed the search on which they had gone, but she said nothing to
Joam Dacosta, as she hoped that in the morning she would be able to inform
him of their success.
But when Benito set foot on the raft she perceived that their search had
been fruitless. However, she advanced toward him. "Nothing?" she asked.
"Nothing," replied Benito. "But the morrow is left to us."
The members of the family retired to their rooms, and nothing more was
said as to what had passed.
Manoel tried to make Benito lie down, so as to take a few
"What is the good of that?" asked Benito. "Do you think I
THE SECOND ATTEMPT
ON THE MORROW, the 27th of August, Benito took Manoel apart, before the
sun had risen, and said to him: "Our yesterday's search was vain. If we begin
again under the same conditions we may be just as unlucky."
"We must do so, however," replied Manoel.
"Yes," continued Benito; "but suppose we do not find the body, can you
tell me how long it will be before it rises to the surface?"
"If Torres," answered Manoel, "had fallen into the water living, and not
mortally wounded, it would take five or six days; but as he only disappeared
after being so wounded, perhaps two or three days would be enough to bring
him up again."
This answer of Manoel, which was quite correct, requires
some explanation. Every human body which falls into the water will
float if equilibrium is established between its density and that of
its liquid bed. This is well known to be the fact, even when a person does
not know how to swim. Under such circumstances, if you are entirely
submerged, and only keep your mouth and nose away from the water, you are
sure to float. But this is not generally done. The first movement of a
drowning man is to try and hold as much as he can of himself above the water;
he holds up his head and lifts up his arms, and these parts of his body,
being no longer supported by the liquid, do not lose that amount of weight
which they would do if completely immersed. Hence an excess of weight, and
eventually entire submersion, for the water makes its way to the lungs
through the mouth, takes the place of the air which fills them, and the
body sinks to the bottom.
On the other hand, when the man who falls into the water is already dead
the conditions are different, and more favorable for his floating, for then
the movements of which we have spoken are checked, and the liquid does not
make its way to the lungs so copiously, as there is no attempt to respire,
and he is consequently more likely to promptly reappear. Manoel then was
right in drawing the distinction between the man who falls into the water
living and the man who falls into it dead. In the one case the return to the
surface takes much longer than in the other.
The reappearance of the body after an immersion more or less prolonged
is always determined by the decomposition, which causes the gases to form.
These bring about the expansion of the cellular tissues, the volume augments
and the weight decreases, and then, weighing less than the water it
displaces, the body attains the proper conditions for floating.
"And thus," continued Manoel, "supposing the conditions
continue favorable, and Torres did not live after he fell into the water,
if the decomposition is not modified by circumstances which we
cannot foresee, he will not reappear before three days."
"We have not got three days," answered Benito. "We cannot wait,
you know; we must try again, and in some new way."
"What can you do?" answered Manoel.
"Plunge down myself beneath the waters," replied Benito, "and
search with my eyes—with my hands."
"Plunge in a hundred times—a thousand times!" exclaimed Manoel. "So be
it. I think, like you, that we ought to go straight at what we want, and not
struggle on with poles and drags like a blind man who only works by touch. I
also think that we cannot wait three days. But to jump in, come up again, and
go down again will give only a short period for the exploration. No; it will
never do, and we shall only risk a second failure."
"Have you no other plan to propose, Manoel?" asked Benito,
looking earnestly at his friend.
"Well, listen. There is what would seem to be a
Providential circumstance that may be of use to us."
"What is that?"
"Yesterday, as we hurried through Manaos, I noticed that they
were repairing one of the quays on the bank of the Rio Negro.
The submarine works were being carried on with the aid of a
diving-dress. Let us borrow, or hire, or buy, at any price, this apparatus,
and then we may resume our researches under more favorable conditions."
"Tell Araujo, Fragoso, and our men, and let us be off," was the instant
reply of Benito.
The pilot and the barber were informed of the decision with regard
to Manoel's project. Both were ordered to go with the four boats and
the Indians to the basin of Frias, and there to wait for the two
Manoel and Benito started off without losing a moment, and reached the
quay at Manaos. There they offered the contractor such a price that he put
the apparatus at their service for the whole day.
"Will you not have one of my men," he asked, "to help you?"
"Give us your foreman and one of his mates to work the
air-pump," replied Manoel.
"But who is going to wear the diving-dress?"
"I am," answered Benito.
"You!" exclaimed Manoel.
"I intend to do so."
It was useless to resist.
An hour afterward the raft and all the instruments necessary for
the enterprise had drifted down to the bank where the boats were
The diving-dress is well known. By its means men can descend beneath the
waters and remain there a certain time without the action of the lungs being
in any way injured. The diver is clothed in a waterproof suit of India
rubber, and his feet are attached to leaden shoes, which allow him to retain
his upright position beneath the surface. At the collar of the dress, and
about the height of the neck, there is fitted a collar of copper, on which is
screwed a metal globe with a glass front. In this globe the diver places his
head, which he can move about at his ease. To the globe are attached two
pipes; one used for carrying off the air ejected from the lungs, and which is
unfit for respiration, and the other in communication with a pump worked
on the raft, and bringing in the fresh air. When the diver is at work the
raft remains immovable above him; when the diver moves about on the bottom of
the river the raft follows his movements, or he follows those of the raft,
according to his convenience.
These diving-dresses are now much improved, and are less dangerous than
formerly. The man beneath the liquid mass can easily bear the additional
pressure, and if anything was to be feared below the waters it was rather
some cayman who might there be met with. But, as had been observed by Araujo,
not one of these amphibians had been seen, and they are well known to prefer
the black waters of the tributaries of the Amazon. Besides, in case of
danger, the diver has always his check-string fastened to the raft, and at
the least warning can be quickly hauled to the surface.
Benito, invariably very cool once his resolution was taken, commenced to
put his idea into execution, and got into the diving dress. His head
disappeared in the metal globe, his hand grasped a sort of iron spear with
which to stir up the vegetation and detritus accumulated in the river bed,
and on his giving the signal he was lowered into the stream.
The men on the raft immediately commenced to work the air-pump,
while four Indians from the jangada, under the orders of Araujo,
gently propelled it with their long poles in the desired direction.
The two pirogues, commanded one by Fragoso, the other by
Manoel, escorted the raft, and held themselves ready to start in
any direction, should Benito find the corpse of Torres and again bring
it to the surface of the Amazon.
A CANNON SHOT
BENITO THEN HAD disappeared beneath the vast sheet which still covered
the corpse of the adventurer. Ah! If he had had the power to divert the
waters of the river, to turn them into vapor, or to drain them off—if he
could have made the Frias basin dry down stream, from the bar up to the
influx of the Rio Negro, the case hidden in Torres' clothes would already
have been in his hand! His father's innocence would have been recognized!
Joam Dacosta, restored to liberty, would have again started on the descent of
the river, and what terrible trials would have been avoided!
Benito had reached the bottom. His heavy shoes made the gravel on
the bed crunch beneath him. He was in some ten or fifteen feet of
water, at the base of the cliff, which was here very steep, and at the
very spot where Torres had disappeared.
Near him was a tangled mass of reeds and twigs and aquatic plants, all
laced together, which assuredly during the researches of the previous day no
pole could have penetrated. It was consequently possible that the body was
entangled among the submarine shrubs, and still in the place where it had
Hereabouts, thanks to the eddy produced by the prolongation of one
of the spurs running out into the stream, the current was
absolutely nil. Benito guided his movements by those of the raft, which
the long poles of the Indians kept just over his head.
The light penetrated deep through the clear waters, and the magnificent
sun, shining in a cloudless sky, shot its rays down into them unchecked.
Under ordinary conditions, at a depth of some twenty feet in water, the view
becomes exceedingly blurred, but here the waters seemed to be impregnated
with a luminous fluid, and Benito was able to descend still lower without the
darkness concealing the river bed.
The young man slowly made his way along the bank. With his
iron-shod spear he probed the plants and rubbish accumulated along its
foot. Flocks of fish, if we can use such an expression, escaped on
all sides from the dense thickets like flocks of birds. It seemed
as though the thousand pieces of a broken mirror glimmered through
the waters. At the same time scores of crustaceans scampered over
the sand, like huge ants hurrying from their hills.
Notwithstanding that Benito did not leave a single point of the
river unexplored, he never caught sight of the object of his search.
He noticed, however, that the slope of the river bed was very abrupt, and
he concluded that Torres had rolled beyond the eddy toward the center of the
stream. If so, he would probably still recover the body, for the current
could hardly touch it at the depth, which was already great, and seemed
sensibly to increase. Benito then resolved to pursue his investigations on
the side where he had begun to probe the vegetation. This was why he
continued to advance in that direction, and the raft had to follow him during
a quarter of an hour, as had been previously arranged.
The quarter of an hour had elapsed, and Benito had found nothing.
He felt the need of ascending to the surface, so as to once
more experience those physiological conditions in which he could
recoup his strength. In certain spots, where the depth of the
river necessitated it, he had had to descend about thirty feet. He had
thus to support a pressure almost equal to an atmosphere, with the
result of the physical fatigue and mental agitation which attack those
who are not used to this kind of work. Benito then pulled
the communication cord, and the men on the raft commenced to haul him
in, but they worked slowly, taking a minute to draw him up two or
three feet so as not to produce in his internal organs the dreadful
effects of decompression.
As soon as the young man had set foot on the raft the metallic sphere of
the diving-dress was raised, and he took a long breath and sat down to
The pirogues immediately rowed alongside. Manoel, Fragoso, and
Araujo came close to him, waiting for him to speak.
"Well?" asked Manoel.
"Still nothing! Nothing!"
"Have you not seen a trace?"
"Shall I go down now?"
"No, Manoel," answered Benito; "I have begun; I know where to go. Let me
Benito then explained to the pilot that his intention was to visit the
lower part of the bank up to the Bar of Frias, for there the slope had
perhaps stopped the corpse, if, floating between the two streams, it had in
the least degree been affected by the current. But first he wanted to skirt
the bank and carefully explore a sort of hole formed in the slope of the bed,
to the bottom of which the poles had evidently not been able to penetrate.
Araujo approved of this plan, and made the necessary preparations.
Manoel gave Benito a little advice. "As you want to pursue your search
on that side," he said, "the raft will have to go over there obliquely; but
mind what you are doing, Benito. That is much deeper than where you have been
yet; it may be fifty or sixty feet, and you will have to support a pressure
of quite two atmospheres. Only venture with extreme caution, or you may lose
your presence of mind, or no longer know where you are or what to do. If your
head feels as if in a vice, and your ears tingle, do not hesitate to give us
the signal, and we will at once haul you up. You can then begin again
if you like, as you will have got accustomed to move about in the
deeper parts of the river."
Benito promised to attend to these hints, of which he recognized
the importance. He was particularly struck with the fact that his presence
of mind might abandon him at the very moment he wanted it most.
Benito shook hands with Manoel; the sphere of the diving-dress was again
screwed to his neck, the pump began to work, and the diver once more
disappeared beneath the stream.
The raft was then taken about forty feet along the left bank, but as it
moved toward the center of the river the current increased in strength, the
ubas were moored, and the rowers kept it from drifting, so as only to allow
it to advance with extreme slowness.
Benito descended very gently, and again found himself on the firm sand.
When his heels touched the ground it could be seen, by the length of the
haulage cord, that he was at a depth of some sixty-five or seventy feet. He
was therefore in a considerable hole, excavated far below the ordinary
The liquid medium was more obscure, but the limpidity of
these transparent waters still allowed the light to penetrate
sufficiently for Benito to distinguish the objects scattered on the bed of
the river, and to approach them with some safety. Besides, the
sand, sprinkled with mica flakes, seemed to form a sort of reflector,
and the very grains could be counted glittering like luminous dust.
Benito moved on, examining and sounding the smallest cavities with his
spear. He continued to advance very slowly; the communication cord was paid
out, and as the pipes which served for the inlet and outlet of the air were
never tightened, the pump was worked under the proper conditions.
Benito turned off so as to reach the middle of the bed of the
Amazon, where there was the greatest depression. Sometimes profound
obscurity thickened around him, and then he could see nothing, so feeble
was the light; but this was a purely passing phenomenon, and due to
the raft, which, floating above his head, intercepted the solar rays
and made the night replace the day. An instant afterward the huge
shadow would be dissipated, and the reflection of the sands appear again
in full force.
All the time Benito was going deeper. He felt the increase of
the pressure with which his body was wrapped by the liquid mass.
His respiration became less easy; the retractibility of his organs
no longer worked with as much ease as in the midst of an atmosphere
more conveniently adapted for them. And so he found himself under
the action of physiological effects to which he was unaccustomed.
The rumbling grew louder in his ears, but as his thought was always lucid,
as he felt that the action of his brain was quite clear—even a little more
so than usual—he delayed giving the signal for return, and continued to go
down deeper still.
Suddenly, in the subdued light which surrounded him, his attention was
attracted by a confused mass. It seemed to take the form of a corpse,
entangled beneath a clump of aquatic plants. Intense excitement seized him.
He stepped toward the mass; with his spear he felt it. It was the carcass of
a huge cayman, already reduced to a skeleton, and which the current of the
Rio Negro had swept into the bed of the Amazon. Benito recoiled, and, in
spite of the assertions of the pilot, the thought recurred to him that some
living cayman might even then be met with in the deeps near the Bar of
But he repelled the idea, and continued his progress, so as to reach the
bottom of the depression.
And now he had arrived at a depth of from eighty to a hundred feet, and
consequently was experiencing a pressure of three atmospheres. If, then, this
cavity was also drawn blank, he would have to suspend his researches.
Experience has shown that the extreme limit for such
submarine explorations lies between a hundred and twenty and a hundred
and thirty feet, and that below this there is great danger, the
human organism not only being hindered from performing his functions
under such a pressure, but the apparatus failing to keep up a
sufficient supply of air with the desirable regularity.
But Benito was resolved to go as far as his mental powers and physical
energies would let him. By some strange presentiment he was drawn toward this
abyss; it seemed to him as though the corpse was very likely to have rolled
to the bottom of the hole, and that Torres, if he had any heavy things about
him, such as a belt containing either money or arms, would have sunk to the
very lowest point. Of a sudden, in a deep hollow, he saw a body through
the gloom! Yes! A corpse, still clothed, stretched out like a man
asleep, with his arms folded under his head!
Was that Torres? In the obscurity, then very dense, he found
it difficult to see; but it was a human body that lay there, less than ten
paces off, and perfectly motionless!
A sharp pang shot through Benito. His heart, for an instant, ceased to
beat. He thought he was going to lose consciousness. By a supreme effort he
recovered himself. He stepped toward the corpse.
Suddenly a shock as violent as unexpected made his whole frame vibrate!
A long whip seemed to twine round his body, and in spite of the thick
diving-dress he felt himself lashed again and again.
"A gymnotus!" he said.
It was the only word that passed his lips.
In fact, it was a puraque, the name given by the Brazilians to the
gymnotus, or electric snake, which had just attacked him.
It is well known that the gymnotus is a kind of eel, with a
blackish, slimy skin, furnished along the back and tail with an
apparatus composed of plates joined by vertical lamell欠and acted on by
nerves of considerable power. This apparatus is endowed with
singular electrical properties, and is apt to produce very formidable
results. Some of these gymnotuses are about the length of a common
snake, others are about ten feet long, while others, which, however,
are rare, even reach fifteen or twenty feet, and are from eight to
ten inches in diameter.
Gymnotuses are plentiful enough both in the Amazon and its tributaries;
and it was one of these living coils, about ten feet long, which, after
uncurving itself like a bow, again attacked the diver.
Benito knew what he had to fear from this formidable animal. His clothes
were powerless to protect him. The discharges of the gymnotus, at first
somewhat weak, become more and more violent, and there would come a time
when, exhausted by the shocks, he would be rendered powerless.
Benito, unable to resist the blows, half-dropped upon the sand.
His limbs were becoming paralyzed little by little under the
electric influences of the gymnotus, which lightly touched his body as
it wrapped him in its folds. His arms even he could not lift, and soon his
spear escaped him, and his hand had not strength enough left to pull the cord
and give the signal.
Benito felt that he was lost. Neither Manoel nor his companions
could suspect the horrible combat which was going on beneath them
between the formidable puraque and the unhappy diver, who only fought
to suffer, without any power of defending himself.
And that at the moment when a body—the body of Torres without
a doubt!—had just met his view.
By a supreme instinct of self-preservation Benito uttered a cry.
His voice was lost in the metallic sphere from which not a sound
And now the puraque redoubled its attacks; it gave forth shock
after shock, which made Benito writhe on the sand like the sections of
a divided worm, and his muscles were wrenched again and again beneath the
Benito thought that all was over; his eyes grew dim, his limbs began to
But before he quite lost his power of sight and reason he became
the witness of a phenomenon, unexpected, inexplicable, and marvelous
in the extreme.
A deadened roar resounded through the liquid depths. It was like
a thunder-clap, the reverberations of which rolled along the river
bed, then violently agitated by the electrical discharges of the
gymnotus. Benito felt himself bathed as it were in the dreadful booming
which found an echo in the very deepest of the river depths.
And then a last cry escaped him, for fearful was the vision
which appeared before his eyes!
The corpse of the drowned man which had been stretched on the
sand arose! The undulations of the water lifted up the arms, and
they swayed about as if with some peculiar animation. Convulsive
throbs made the movement of the corpse still more alarming.
It was indeed the body of Torres. One of the suns rays shot down to it
through the liquid mass, and Benito recognized the bloated, ashy features of
the scoundrel who fell by his own hand, and whose last breath had left him
beneath the waters.
And while Benito could not make a single movement with his
paralyzed limbs, while his heavy shoes kept him down as if he had been
nailed to the sand, the corpse straightened itself up, the head swayed
to and fro, and disentangling itself from the hole in which it had
been kept by a mass of aquatic weeds, it slowly ascended to the surface
of the Amazon.
THE CONTENTS OF THE CASE
WHAT WAS it that had happened? A purely physical phenomenon, of
which the following is the explanation.
The gunboat Santa Ana, bound for Manaos, had come up the river
and passed the bar at Frias. Just before she reached the embouchure
of the Rio Negro she hoisted her colors and saluted the Brazilian flag. At
the report vibrations were produced along the surface of the stream, and
these vibrations making their way down to the bottom of the river, had been
sufficient to raise the corpse of Torres, already lightened by the
commencement of its decomposition and the distension of its cellular system.
The body of the drowned man had in the ordinary course risen to the surface
of the water.
This well-known phenomenon explains the reappearance of the corpse, but
it must be admitted that the arrival of the Santa Ana was a fortunate
By a shout from Manoel, repeated by all his companions, one of
the pirogues was immediately steered for the body, while the diver was
at the same time hauled up to the raft.
Great was Manoel's emotion when Benito, drawn on to the platform,
was laid there in a state of complete inertia, not a single
exterior movement betraying that he still lived.
Was not this a second corpse which the waters of the Amazon had
As quickly as possible the diving-dress was taken off him.
Benito had entirely lost consciousness beneath the violent shocks of the
Manoel, distracted, called to him, breathed into him, and endeavored to
recover the heart's pulsation.
"It beats! It beats!" he exclaimed.
Yes! Benito's heart did still beat, and in a few minutes
Manoel's efforts restored him to life.
"The body! the Body!"
Such were the first words, the only ones which escaped from
"There it is!" answered Fragoso, pointing to a pirogue then coming up to
the raft with the corpse.
"But what has been the matter, Benito?" asked Manoel. "Has it been the
want of air?"
"No!" said Benito; "a puraque attacked me! But the noise?
"A cannon shot!" replied Manoel. "It was the cannon shot which brought
the corpse to the surface."
At this moment the pirogue came up to the raft with the body of Torres,
which had been taken on board by the Indians. His sojourn in the water had
not disfigured him very much. He was easily recognizable, and there was no
doubt as to his identity.
Fragoso, kneeling down in the pirogue, had already begun to undo
the clothes of the drowned man, which came away in fragments.
At the moment Torres' right arm, which was now left bare, attracted his
attention. On it there appeared the distinct scar of an old wound produced by
a blow from a knife.
"That scar!" exclaimed Fragoso. "But—that is good! I
"What?" demanded Manoel.
"A quarrel! Yes! a quarrel I witnessed in the province of Madeira three
years ago. How could I have forgotten it! This Torres was then a captain of
the woods. Ah! I know now where I had seen him, the scoundrel!"
"That does not matter to us now!" cried Benito. "The case! the case! Has
he still got that?" and Benito was about to tear away the last coverings of
the corpse to get at it.
Manoel stopped him.
"One moment, Benito," he said; and then, turning to the men on the raft
who did not belong to the jangada, and whose evidence could not be suspected
at any future time:
"Just take note, my friends," he said, "of what we are doing here,
so that you can relate before the magistrate what has passed."
The men came up to the pirogue.
Fragoso undid the belt which encircled the body of Torres underneath the
torn poncho, and feeling his breast-pocket, exclaimed:
A cry of joy escaped from Benito. He stretched forward to seize
the case, to make sure than it contained——
"No!" again interrupted Manoel, whose coolness did not forsake him. "It
is necessary that not the slightest possible doubt should exist in the mind
of the magistrate! It is better that disinterested witnesses should affirm
that this case was really found on the corpse of Torres!"
"You are right," replied Benito.
"My friend," said Manoel to the foreman of the raft, "just feel in the
pocket of the waistcoat."
The foreman obeyed. He drew forth a metal case, with the cover screwed
on, and which seemed to have suffered in no way from its sojourn in the
"The paper! Is the paper still inside?" exclaimed Benito, who could not
"It is for the magistrate to open this case!" answered Manoel. "To him
alone belongs the duty of verifying that the document was found within
"Yes, yes. Again you are right, Manoel," said Benito. "To Manaos,
my friends—to Manaos!"
Benito, Manoel, Fragoso, and the foreman who held the case, immediately
jumped into one of the pirogues, and were starting off, when Fragoso
"And the corpse?"
The pirogue stopped.
In fact, the Indians had already thrown back the body into the
water, and it was drifting away down the river.
"Torres was only a scoundrel," said Benito. "If I had to fight him, it
was God that struck him, and his body ought not to go unburied!"
And so orders were given to the second pirogue to recover the
corpse, and take it to the bank to await its burial.
But at the same moment a flock of birds of prey, which skimmed along the
surface of the stream, pounced on the floating body. They were urubus, a kind
of small vulture, with naked necks and long claws, and black as crows. In
South America they are known as gallinazos, and their voracity is
unparalleled. The body, torn open by their beaks, gave forth the gases which
inflated it, its density increased, it sank down little by little, and for
the last time what remained of Torres disappeared beneath the waters of the
Ten minutes afterward the pirogue arrived at Manaos. Benito and
his companions jumped ashore, and hurried through the streets of the town.
In a few minutes they had reached the dwelling of Judge Jarriuez, and
informed him, through one of his servants, that they wished to see him
The judge ordered them to be shown into his study.
There Manoel recounted all that had passed, from the moment when Torres
had been killed until the moment when the case had been found on his corpse,
and taken from his breast-pocket by the foreman.
Although this recital was of a nature to corroborate all that
Joam Dacosta had said on the subject of Torres, and of the bargain
which he had endeavored to make, Judge Jarriquez could not restrain a
smile of incredulity.
"There is the case, sir," said Manoel. "For not a single instant has it
been in our hands, and the man who gives it to you is he who took it from the
body of Torres."
The magistrate took the case and examined it with care, turning it over
and over as though it were made of some precious material. Then he shook it,
and a few coins inside sounded with a metallic ring. Did not, then, the case
contain the document which had been so much sought after—the document
written in the very hand of the true author of the crime of Tijuco, and which
Torres had wished to sell at such an ignoble price to Joam Dacosta? Was this
material proof of the convict's innocence irrevocably lost?
We can easily imagine the violent agitation which had seized upon
the spectators of this scene. Benito could scarcely utter a word, he
felt his heart ready to burst. "Open it, sir! open the case!" he at
last exclaimed, in a broken voice.
Judge Jarriquez began to unscrew the lid; then, when the cover
was removed, he turned up the case, and from it a few pieces of
gold dropped out and rolled on the table.
"But the paper! the paper!" again gasped Benito, who clutched hold
of the table to save himself from falling.
The magistrate put his fingers into the case and drew out, not without
difficulty, a faded paper, folded with care, and which the water did not seem
to have even touched.
"The document! that is the document!" shouted Fragoso; "that is the very
paper I saw in the hands of Torres!"
Judge Jarriquez unfolded the paper and cast his eyes over it, and then
he turned it over so as to examine it on the back and the front, which were
both covered with writing. "A document it really is!" said he; "there is no
doubt of that. It is indeed a document!"
"Yes," replied Benito; "and that is the document which proves
my father's innocence!"
"I do not know that," replied Judge Jarriquez; "and I am much afraid it
will be very difficult to know it."
"Why?" exclaimed Benito, who became pale as death.
"Because this document is a cryptogram, and——"
"We have not got the key!"
THIS WAS a contingency which neither Joam Dacosta nor his people could
have anticipated. In fact, as those who have not forgotten the first scene in
this story are aware, the document was written in a disguised form in one of
the numerous systems used in cryptography.
But in which of them?
To discover this would require all the ingenuity of which the
human brain was capable.
Before dismissing Benito and his companions, Judge Jarriquez had
an exact copy made of the document, and, keeping the original, handed
it over to them after due comparison, so that they could communicate with
Then, making an appointment for the morrow, they retired, and
not wishing to lose an instant in seeing Joam Dacosta, they hastened on to
the prison, and there, in a short interview, informed him of all that had
Joam Dacosta took the document and carefully examined it. Shaking
his head, he handed it back to his son. "Perhaps," he said, "there
is therein written the proof I shall never be able to produce. But if that
proof escapes me, if the whole tenor of my life does not plead for me, I have
nothing more to expect from the justice of men, and my fate is in the hands
And all felt it to be so. If the document remained indecipherable, the
position of the convict was a desperate one.
"We shall find it, father!" exclaimed Benito. "There never was
a document of this sort yet which could stand examination.
Have confidence—yes, confidence! Heaven has, so to speak,
miraculously given us the paper which vindicates you, and, after guiding our
hands to recover it, it will not refuse to direct our brains to
Joam Dacosta shook hands with Benito and Manoel, and then the
three young men, much agitated, retired to the jangada, where Yaquita
was awaiting them.
Yaquita was soon informed of what had happened since the
evening—the reappearance of the body of Torres, the discovery of the
document, and the strange form under which the real culprit, the companion
of the adventurer, had thought proper to write his
confession—doubtless, so that it should not compromise him if it fell into
Naturally, Lina was informed of this unexpected complication, and of the
discovery made by Fragoso that Torres was an old captain of the woods
belonging to the gang who were employed about the mouths of
"But under what circumstances did you meet him?" asked the
"It was during one of my runs across the province of Amazones," replied
Fragoso, "when I was going from village to village, working at my
"And the scar?"
"What happened was this: One day I arrived at the mission of Aranas at
the moment that Torres, whom I had never before seen, had picked a quarrel
with one of his comrades—and a bad lot they are!—and this quarrel ended
with a stab from a knife, which entered the arm of the captain of the woods.
There was no doctor there, and so I took charge of the wound, and that is how
I made his acquaintance."
"What does it matter after all," replied the young girl, "that we know
what Torres had been? He was not the author of the crime, and it does not
help us in the least."
"No, it does not," answered Fragoso; "for we shall end by reading
the document, and then the innocence of Joam Dacosta will be palpable
to the eyes of all."
This was likewise the hope of Yaquita, of Benito, of Manoel, and
of Minha, and, shut up in the house, they passed long hours in endeavoring
to decipher the writing.
But if it was their hope—and there is no need to insist on
that point—it was none the less that of Judge Jarriquez.
After having drawn up his report at the end of his
examination establishing the identity of Joam Dacosta, the magistrate had
sent it off to headquarters, and therewith he thought he had finished
with the affair so far as he was concerned. It could not well
On the discovery of the document, Jarriquez suddenly found himself face
to face with the study of which he was a master. He, the seeker after
numerical combinations, the solver of amusing problems, the answerer of
charades, rebuses, logogryphs, and such things, was at last in his true
At the thought that the document might perhaps contain the justification
of Joam Dacosta, he felt all the instinct of the analyst aroused. Here,
before his very eyes, was a cryptogram! And so from that moment he thought of
nothing but how to discover its meaning, and it is scarcely necessary to say
that he made up his mind to work at it continuously, even if he forgot to eat
or to drink.
After the departure of the young people, Judge Jarriquez
installed himself in his study. His door, barred against every one, assured
him of several hours of perfect solitude. His spectacles were on his nose,
his snuff-box on the table. He took a good pinch so as to develop the finesse
and sagacity of his mind. He picked up the document and became absorbed in
meditation, which soon became materialized in the shape of a monologue. The
worthy justice was one of those unreserved men who think more easily aloud
than to himself. "Let us proceed with method," he said. "No method, no logic;
no logic, no success."
Then, taking the document, he ran through it from beginning to
end, without understanding it in the least.
The document contained a hundred lines, which were divided into half a
"Hum!" said the judge, after a little reflection; "to try
every paragraph, one after the other, would be to lose precious time,
and be of no use. I had better select one of these paragraphs, and
take the one which is likely to prove the most interesting. Which of
them would do this better than the last, where the recital of the
whole affair is probably summed up? Proper names might put me on the
track, among others that of Joam Dacosta; and if he had anything to do
with this document, his name will evidently not be absent from
its concluding paragraph."
The magistrate's reasoning was logical, and he was decidedly right
in bringing all his resources to bear in the first place on the gist
of the cryptogram as contained in its last paragraph.
Here is the paragraph, for it is necessary to again bring it before the
eyes of the reader so as to show how an analyst set to work to discover its
P h y j s l y d d q f d z x g a s g z z q q e h x g k f n d r x u j u
g I o c y t d x v k s b x h h u y p o h d v y r y m h u h p u y d k j o x p h
e t o z l s l e t n p m v f f o v p d p a j x h y y n o j y g g a y m e q y n
f u q l n m v l y f g s u z m q I z t l b q q y u g s q e u b v n r c r e d g
r u z b l r m x y u h q h p z d r r g c r o h e p q x u f I v v r p l p h o n
t h v d d q f h q s n t z h h h n f e p m q k y u u e x k t o g z g k y u u m
f v I j d q d p z j q s y k r p l x h x q r y m v k l o h h h o t o z v d k s
p p s u v j h d.
At the outset, Judge Jarrizuez noticed that the lines of the
document were not divided either into words or phrases, and that there was
a complete absence of punctuation. This fact could but render the reading
of the document more difficult.
"Let us see, however," he said, "if there is not some assemblage
of letters which appears to form a word—I mean a pronounceable
word, whose number of consonants is in proportion to its vowels. And at
the beginning I see the word phy, further on the word gas.
Halloo! ujugi. Does that mean the African town on the banks of
Tanganyika? What has that got to do with all this? Further on here is the
word ypo. Is it Greek, then? Close by here is rym and puy,
and jox, and phetoz, and jyggay, and mv, and qruz. And
before that we have got red and let. That is good! those are two
English words. Then ohe—syk; then rym once more, and then the
Judge Jarriquez let the paper drop, and thought for a few minutes.
"All the words I see in this thing seem queer!" he said. "In fact, there
is nothing to give a clue to their origin. Some look like Greek, some like
Dutch; some have an English twist, and some look like nothing at all! To say
nothing of these series of consonants which are not wanted in any human
pronunciation. Most assuredly it will not be very easy to find the key to
The magistrate's fingers commenced to beat a tattoo on his desk—a kind
of reveille to arouse his dormant faculties.
"Let us see," he said, "how many letters there are in the paragraph."
He counted them, pen in hand.
"Two hundred and seventy-six!" he said. "Well, now let us try
what proportion these different letters bear to each other."
This occupied him for some time. The judge took up the document,
and, with his pen in his hand, he noted each letter in alphabetical
In a quarter of an hour he had obtained the following table:
"Ah, ah!" he exclaimed. "One thing strikes me at once, and that is that
in this paragraph all the letters of the alphabet are not used. That is very
strange. If we take up a book and open it by chance it will be very seldom
that we shall hit upon two hundred and seventy-six letters without all the
signs of the alphabet figuring among them. After all, it may be chance," and
then he passed to a different train of thought. "One important point is to
see if the vowels and consonants are in their normal proportion."
And so he seized his pen, counted up the vowels, and obtained
the following result:
a=3 times, e=9, i=4, o=12, u=17, y=19 — Total . . . 276 times.
"And thus there are in this paragraph, after we have done
our subtraction, sixty-four vowels and two hundred and twelve
consonants. Good! that is the normal proportion. That is about a fifth, as in
the alphabet, where there are six vowels among twenty-six letters. It
is possible, therefore, that the document is written in the language
of our country, and that only the signification of each letter is changed.
If it has been modified in regular order, and a b is always represented by
an l, and o, by a v, a g by a k an u by an r etc., I will give
up my judgeship if I do not read it. What can I do better than follow the
method of that great analytical genius, Edgar Allan Poe?"
Judge Jarriquez herein alluded to a story by the great
American romancer, which is a masterpiece. Who has not read the "Gold Bug?"
In this novel a cryptogram, composed of ciphers, letters, algebraic signs,
asterisks, full-stops, and commas, is submitted to a truly mathematical
analysis, and is deciphered under extraordinary conditions, which the
admirers of that strange genius can never forget. On the reading of the
American document depended only a treasure, while on that of this one
depended a man's life. Its solution was consequently all the more
The magistrate, who had often read and re-read his "Gold Bug,"
was perfectly acquainted with the steps in the analysis so
minutely described by Edgar Poe, and he resolved to proceed in the same way
on this occasion. In doing so he was certain, as he had said, that if the
value or signification of each letter remained constant, he would, sooner or
later, arrive at the solution of the document.
"What did Edgar Poe do?" he repeated. "First of all he began by finding
out the sign—here there are only letters, let us say the letter—which was
reproduced the oftenest. I see that that is h for it is met with
twenty-three times. This enormous proportion shows, to begin with, that h
does not stand for h, but, on the contrary, that it represents the letter
which recurs most frequently in our language, for I suppose the document is
written in Portuguese. In English or French it would certainly be e, in
Italian it would be i or a, in Portuguese it will be a or o. Now let
us say that it signifies a or o.
After this was done, the judge found out the letter which recurred most
frequently after h, and so on, and he formed the following table:
"Now the letter a only occurs thrice!" exclaimed the judge, "and
it ought to occur the oftenest. Ah! that clearly proves that the
meaning had been changed. And now, after a or o, what are the
letters which figure oftenest in our language? Let us see," and
Judge Jarriquez, with truly remarkable sagacity, which denoted a
very observant mind, started on this new quest. In this he was
only imitating the American romancer, who, great analyst as he was,
had, by simple induction, been able to construct an alphabet
corresponding to the signs of the cryptogram and by means of it to eventually
read the pirate's parchment note with ease.
The magistrate set to work in the same way, and we may affirm that
he was no whit inferior to his illustrious master. Thanks to his previous
work at logogryphs and squares, rectangular arrangements and other enigmas,
which depend only on an arbitrary disposition of the letters, he was already
pretty strong in such mental pastimes. On this occasion he sought to
establish the order in which the letters were reproduced—vowels first,
Three hours had elapsed since he began. He had before his eyes
an alphabet which, if his procedure were right, would give him the
right meaning of the letters in the document. He had only to
successively apply the letters of his alphabet to those of his paragraph.
But before making this application some slight emotion seized upon
the judge. He fully experienced the intellectual
gratification—much greater than, perhaps, would be thought—of the man who,
after hours of obstinate endeavor, saw the impatiently sought-for sense of
the logogryph coming into view.
"Now let us try," he said; "and I shall be very much surprised if I have
not got the solution of the enigma!"
Judge Jarriquez took off his spectacles and wiped the glasses; then he
put them back again and bent over the table. His special alphabet was in one
hand, the cryptogram in the other. He commenced to write under the first line
of the paragraph the true letters, which, according to him, ought to
correspond exactly with each of the cryptographic letters. As with the first
line so did he with the second, and the third, and the fourth, until he
reached the end of the paragraph.
Oddity as he was, he did not stop to see as he wrote if the assemblage
of letters made intelligible words. No; during the first stage his mind
refused all verification of that sort. What he desired was to give himself
the ecstasy of reading it all straight off at once.
And now he had done.
"Let us read!" he exclaimed.
And he read. Good heavens! what cacophony! The lines he had formed with
the letters of his alphabet had no more sense in them that those of the
document! It was another series of letters, and that was all. They formed no
word; they had no value. In short, they were just as hieroglyphic.
"Confound the thing!" exclaimed Judge Jarriquez.
IS IT A MATTER OF FIGURES?
IT WAS SEVEN o'clock in the evening. Judge Jarriquez had all the
time been absorbed in working at the puzzle—and was no
further advanced—and had forgotten the time of repast and the time
of repose, when there came a knock at his study door.
It was time. An hour later, and all the cerebral substance of the vexed
magistrate would certainly have evaporated under the intense heat into which
he had worked his head.
At the order to enter—which was given in an impatient tone—the
door opened and Manoel presented himself.
The young doctor had left his friends on board the jangada at work
on the indecipherable document, and had come to see Judge Jarriquez.
He was anxious to know if he had been fortunate in his researches. He had
come to ask if he had at length discovered the system on which the cryptogram
had been written.
The magistrate was not sorry to see Manoel come in. He was in that state
of excitement that solitude was exasperating to him. He wanted some one to
speak to, some one as anxious to penetrate the mystery as he was. Manoel was
just the man.
"Sir," said Manoel as he entered, "one question! Have you
succeeded better than we have?"
"Sit down first," exclaimed Judge Jarriquez, who got up and began
to pace the room. "Sit down. If we are both of us standing, you will walk
one way and I shall walk the other, and the room will be too narrow to hold
Manoel sat down and repeated his question.
"No! I have not had any success!" replied the magistrate; "I do
not think I am any better off. I have got nothing to tell you; but I
have found out a certainty."
"What is that, sir?"
"That the document is not based on conventional signs, but on what
is known in cryptology as a cipher, that is to say, on a number."
"Well, sir," answered Manoel, "cannot a document of that kind always be
"Yes," said Jarriquez, "if a letter is invariably represented by
the same letter; if an a, for example, is always a p, and a p
is always an x if not, it cannot."
"And in this document?"
"In this document the value of the letter changes with the arbitrarily
selected cipher which necessitates it. So a b will in one place be
represented by a k will later on become a z, later on an u or an n or
an f, or any other letter."
"And then, I am sorry to say, the cryptogram is indecipherable."
"Indecipherable!" exclaimed Manoel. "No, sir; we shall end by
finding the key of the document on which the man's life depends."
Manoel had risen, a prey to the excitement he could not control;
the reply he had received was too hopeless, and he refused to accept
it for good.
At a gesture from the judge, however, he sat down again, and in a calmer
"And in the first place, sir, what makes you think that the basis
of this document is a number, or, as you call it, a cipher?"
"Listen to me, young man," replied the judge, "and you will be forced to
give in to the evidence."
The magistrate took the document and put it before the eyes of
Manoel and showed him what he had done.
"I began," he said, "by treating this document in the proper way, that
is to say, logically, leaving nothing to chance. I applied to it an alphabet
based on the proportion the letters bear to one another which is usual in our
language, and I sought to obtain the meaning by following the precepts of our
immortal analyst, Edgar Poe. Well, what succeeded with him collapsed with
"Collapsed!" exclaimed Manoel.
"Yes, my dear young man, and I at once saw that success sought in that
fashion was impossible. In truth, a stronger man than I might have been
"But I should like to understand," said Manoel, "and I do not——"
"Take the document," continued Judge Jarriquez; "first look at
the disposition of the letters, and read it through."
"Do you not see that the combination of several of the letters is very
strange?" asked the magistrate.
"I do not see anything," said Manoel, after having for perhaps
the hundredth time read through the document.
"Well! study the last paragraph! There you understand the sense of the
whole is bound to be summed up. Do you see anything abnormal?"
"There is, however, one thing which absolutely proves that the language
is subject to the laws of number."
"And that is?"
"That is that you see three h's coming together in two
What Jarriquez said was correct, and it was of a nature to
attract attention. The two hundred and fourth, two hundred and fifth, and
two hundred and sixth letters of the paragraph, and the two hundred
and fifty-eight, two hundred and fifty-ninth, and two hundred and sixtieth
letters of the paragraph were consecutive h's. At first this peculiarity
had not struck the magistrate.
"And that proves?" asked Manoel, without divining the deduction
that could be drawn from the combination.
"That simply proves that the basis of the document is a number. It shows
࠰riori that each letter is modified in virtue of the ciphers of the
number and according to the place which it occupies."
"Because in no language will you find words with three
consecutive repetitions of the letter h.
Manoel was struck with the argument; he thought about it, and, in short,
had no reply to make.
"And had I made the observation sooner," continued the magistrate,
"I might have spared myself a good deal of trouble and a headache
which extends from my occiput to my sinciput."
"But, sir," asked Manoel, who felt the little hope vanishing on which he
had hitherto rested, "what do you mean by a cipher?"
"Tell me a number."
"Any number you like."
"Give me an example and you will understand the explanation better."
Judge Jarriquez sat down at the table, took up a sheet of paper and
a pencil, and said:
"Now, Mr. Manoel, let us choose a sentence by chance, the first
that comes; for instance:
Judge Jarriquez has an ingenious mind.
I write this phrase so as to space the letters different and I get:
“That done,” said the magistrate, to whom the phrase seemed to contain a
proposition beyond dispute, looking Manoel straight in the face, “suppose I
take a number by chance, so as to give a cryptographic form to this natural
succession of words; suppose now this word is composed of three ciphers, and
let these ciphers be 2, 3, and 4. Now on the line below I put the number 234,
and repeat it as many times as are necessary to get to the end of the phrase,
and so that every cipher comes underneath a letter. This is what we
J u d g e j a r r i q u e z h a s a n i n g e n i o u s m i n d2 3 4
2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4. And now, Mr.
Manoel, replacing each letter by the letter in advance of it in alphabetical
order according to the value of the cipher, we get:
j + 2 = l
u + 3 = x
d + 4 = h
g + 2 = i
e + 3 = h
j + 4 = n
a + 2 = c
r + 3 = u
r + 4 = v
i + 2 = k
q + 3 = t
u + 4 = y
e + 2 = g
a + 3 = c
h + 4 = t
a + 2 = c
s + 3 = v
a + 4 = e
n + 2 = p
i + 3 = l
n + 4 = r
g + 2 = i
e + 3 = h
n + 4 = r
i + 2 = k
o + 3 = r
u + 4 = y
s + 2 = u and so on.
“If, on account of the value of the ciphers which compose the number I
come to the end of the alphabet without having enough complementary letters
to deduct, I begin again at the beginning. That is what happens at the end of
my name when the z is replaced by the 3. As after z the alphabet has no
more letters, I commence to count from a and so get the c. That done,
when I get to the end of this cryptographic system, made up of the 234—which
was arbitrarily selected, do not forget!—the phrase which you recognize
above is replaced by
“And now, young man, just look at it, and do you not think it is
very much like what is in the document? Well, what is the
consequence? Why, that the signification of the letters depends on a cipher
which chance puts beneath them, and the cryptographic letter which
answers to a true one is not always the same. So in this phrase the first
j is represented by an l, the second by an n; the first e by
an h, the second b a g, the third by an h; the first d
is represented by an h, the last by a g; the first u by an x, the
last by a y, the first and second a's by a c, the last by an e, and
in my own name one r is represented by a u, the other by a v, and so
on. Now do you see that if you do not know the cipher 234 you will never be
able to read the lines, and consequently if we do not know the number of the
document it remains undecipherable.”
On hearing the magistrate reason with such careful logic, Manoel was at
first overwhelmed, but, raising his head, he exclaimed:
“No, sir, I will not renounce the hope of finding the number!”
“We might have done so,” answered Judge Jarriquez, “if the lines of the
document had been divided into words.”
“For this reason, young man. I think we can assume that in the
last paragraph all that is written in these earlier paragraphs is
summed up. Now I am convinced that in it will be found the name of
Joam Dacosta. Well, if the lines had been divided into words, in
trying the words one after the other—I mean the words composed of
seven letters, as the name of Dacosta is—it would not have been
impossible to evolve the number which is the key of the document.”
"Will you explain to me how you ought to proceed to do that, sir?" asked
Manoel, who probably caught a glimpse of one more hope.
"Nothing can be more simple," answered the judge. "Let us take,
for example, one of the words in the sentence we have just
written—my name, if you like. It is represented in the cryptogram by this
queer succession of letters, ncuvktygc. Well, arranging these letters
in a column, one under the other, and then placing against them
the letters of my name and deducting one from the other the numbers
of their places in alphabetical order, I see the following result:
Between n and j we have 4
letters, between c and a—2, between u and r—3. Likewise, between v and r—4, between k and i—2, between t and q—3. Similarly,
between y and u—4, between g and e—2, between c and z—3.
"Now what is the column of ciphers made up of that we have got by this
simple operation? Look here! 423 423 423, that is to say, of repetitions of
the numbers 423, or 234, or 342."
"Yes, that is it!" answered Manoel.
"You understand, then, by this means, that in calculating the
true letter from the false, instead of the false from the true, I
have been able to discover the number with ease; and the number I was
in search of is really the 234 which I took as the key of
"Well, sir!" exclaimed Manoel, "if that is so, the name of Dacosta is in
the last paragraph; and taking successively each letter of those lines for
the first of the seven letters which compose his name, we ought to
"That would be impossible," interrupted the judge, "except on
"What is that?"
"That the first cipher of the number should happen to be the
first letter of the word Dacosta, and I think you will agree with me
that that is not probable."
"Quite so!" sighed Manoel, who, with this improbability, saw the
last chance vanish.
"And so we must trust to chance alone," continued Jarriquez, who shook
his head, "and chance does not often do much in things of this sort."
"But still," said Manoel, "chance might give us this number."
"This number," exclaimed the magistrate—"this number? But how
many ciphers is it composed of? Of two, or three, or four, or nine,
or ten? Is it made of different ciphers only or of ciphers in
different order many times repeated? Do you not know, young man, that with
the ordinary ten ciphers, using all at a time, but without any repetition,
you can make three million two hundred and sixty-eight thousand and eight
hundred different numbers, and that if you use the same cipher more than once
in the number, these millions of combinations will be enormously increased!
And do you not know that if we employ every one of the five hundred and
twenty-five thousand and six hundred minutes of which the year is composed to
try at each of these numbers, it would take you six years, and that you
would want three centuries if each operation took you an hour? No! You
ask the impossible!"
"Impossible, sir?" answered Manoel. "An innocent man has been branded as
guilty, and Joam Dacosta is to lose his life and his honor while you hold in
your hands the material proof of his innocence! That is what is
"Ah! young man!" exclaimed Jarriquez, "who told you, after all,
that Torres did not tell a lie? Who told you that he really did have
in his hands a document written by the author of the crime? that
this paper was the document, and that this document refers to
"Who told me so?" repeated Manoel, and his face was hidden in
In fact, nothing could prove for certain that the document had anything
to do with the affair in the diamond province. There was, in fact, nothing to
show that it was not utterly devoid of meaning, and that it had been imagined
by Torres himself, who was as capable of selling a false thing as a true
"It does not matter, Manoel," continued the judge, rising; "it does not
matter! Whatever it may be to which the document refers, I have not yet given
up discovering the cipher. After all, it is worth more than a logogryph or a
At these words Manoel rose, shook hands with the magistrate,
and returned to the jangada, feeling more hopeless when he went back
than when he set out.
A COMPLETE change took place in public opinion on the subject of
Joam Dacosta. To anger succeeded pity. The population no longer
thronged to the prison of Manaos to roar out cries of death to the
prisoner. On the contrary, the most forward of them in accusing him of
being the principal author of the crime of Tijuco now averred that he
was not guilty, and demanded his immediate restoration to liberty. Thus it
always is with the mob—from one extreme they run to the other. But the
change was intelligible.
The events which had happened during the last few days—the
struggle between Benito and Torres; the search for the corpse, which
had reappeared under such extraordinary circumstances; the finding of
the "indecipherable" document, if we can so call it; the information
it concealed, the assurance that it contained, or rather the wish that it
contained, the material proof of the guiltlessness of Joam Dacosta; and the
hope that it was written by the real culprit—all these things had
contributed to work the change in public opinion. What the people had desired
and impatiently demanded forty-eight hours before, they now feared, and that
was the arrival of the instructions due from Rio de Janeiro.
These, however, were not likely to be delayed.
Joam Dacosta had been arrested on the 24th of August, and examined next
day. The judge's report was sent off on the 26th. It was now the 28th. In
three or four days more the minister would have come to a decision regarding
the convict, and it was only too certain that justice would take its
There was no doubt that such would be the case. On the other hand, that
the assurance of Dacosta's innocence would appear from the document, was not
doubted by anybody, neither by his family nor by the fickle population of
Manaos, who excitedly followed the phases of this dramatic affair.
But, on the other hand, in the eyes of disinterested or
indifferent persons who were not affected by the event, what value could
be assigned to this document? and how could they even declare that
it referred to the crime in the diamond arrayal? It existed, that
was undeniable; it had been found on the corpse of Torres, nothing
could be more certain. It could even be seen, by comparing it with
the letter in which Torres gave the information about Joam Dacosta,
that the document was not in the handwriting of the adventurer. But,
as had been suggested by Judge Jarriquez, why should not the
scoundrel have invented it for the sake of his bargain? And this was
less unlikely to be the case, considering that Torres had declined to
part with it until after his marriage with Dacosta's daughter—that is
to say, when it would have been impossible to undo an accomplished
All these views were held by some people in some form, and we can quite
understand what interest the affair created. In any case, the situation of
Joam Dacosta was most hazardous. If the document were not deciphered, it
would be just the same as if it did not exist; and if the secret of the
cryptogram were not miraculously divined or revealed before the end of the
three days, the supreme sentence would inevitably be suffered by the doomed
man of Tijuco. And this miracle a man attempted to perform! The man was
Jarriquez, and he now really set to work more in the interest of Joam Dacosta
than for the satisfaction of his analytical faculties. A complete change had
also taken place in his opinion. Was not this man, who had
voluntarily abandoned his retreat at Iquitos, who had come at the risk of
his life to demand his rehabilitation at the hands of Brazilian justice, a
moral enigma worth all the others put together? And so the judge had resolved
never to leave the document until he had discovered the cipher. He set to
work at it in a fury. He ate no more; he slept no more! All his time was
passed in inventing combinations of numbers, in forging a key to force this
This idea had taken possession of Judge Jarriquez's brain at the end of
the first day. Suppressed frenzy consumed him, and kept him in a perpetual
heat. His whole house trembled; his servants, black or white, dared not come
near him. Fortunately he was a bachelor; had there been a Madame Jarriquez
she would have had a very uncomfortable time of it. Never had a problem so
taken possession of this oddity, and he had thoroughly made up his mind to
get at the solution, even if his head exploded like an overheated boiler
under the tension of its vapor.
It was perfectly clear to the mind of the worthy magistrate that the key
to the document was a number, composed of two or more ciphers, but what this
number was all investigation seemed powerless to discover.
This was the enterprise on which Jarriquez, in quite a fury,
was engaged, and during this 28th of August he brought all his
faculties to bear on it, and worked away almost superhumanly.
To arrive at the number by chance, he said, was to lose himself
in millions of combinations, which would absorb the life of a
first-rate calculator. But if he could in no respect reckon on chance, was
it impossible to proceed by reasoning? Decidedly not! And so it was
"to reason till he became unreasoning" that Judge Jarriquez gave
himself up after vainly seeking repose in a few hours of sleep. He
who ventured in upon him at this moment, after braving the formal defenses
which protected his solitude, would have found him, as on the day before, in
his study, before his desk, with the document under his eyes, the thousands
of letters of which seemed all jumbled together and flying about his
"Ah!" he explaimed, "why did not the scoundrel who wrote this separate
the words in this paragraph? We might—we will try—but no! However, if there
is anything here about the murder and the robbery, two or three words there
must be in it—'arrayal,' 'diamond,' 'Tijuco,' 'Dacosta,' and others; and in
putting down their cryptological equivalents the number could be arrived at.
But there is nothing—not a single break!—not one word by itself! One word
of two hundred and seventy-six letters! I hope the wretch may be
blessed two hundred and seventy-six times for complicating his system in
this way! He ought to be hanged two hundred and seventy-six times!"
And a violent thump with his fist on the document emphasized
this charitable wish.
"But," continued the magistrate, "if I cannot find one of the words in
the body of the document, I might at least try my hand at the beginning and
end of each paragraph. There may be a chance there that I ought not to
And impressed with this idea Judge Jarriquez successively tried if the
letters which commenced or finished the different paragraphs could be made to
correspond with those which formed the most important word, which was sure to
be found somewhere, that of Dacosta.
He could do nothing of the kind.
In fact, to take only the last paragraph with which he began,
the formula was:
P=D, h=a, y=c, f=o, s=s, pbsp;
Now, at the very first letter Jarriquez was stopped in his calculations,
for the difference in alphabetical position between the d and the p gave
him not one cipher, but two, namely, 12, and in this kind of cryptograph only
one letter can take the place of another.
It was the same for the seven last letters of the paragraph, p s u v j
h d, of which the series also commences with a p, and which in no case
could stand for the d in Dacosta, because these letters were in like
manner twelve spaces apart.
So it was not his name that figured here.
The same observation applies to the words arrayal and Tijuco, which
were successively tried, but whose construction did not correspond with the
After he had got so far, Judge Jarriquez, with his head
nearly splitting, arose and paced his office, went for fresh air to
the window, and gave utterance to a growl, at the noise of which a
flock of hummingbirds, murmuring among the foliage of a mimosa tree,
betook themselves to flight. Then he returned to the document.
He picked it up and turned it over and over.
“The humbug! the rascal!” he hissed; “it will end by driving me mad! But
steady! Be calm! Don't let our spirits go down! This is not the time!”
And then, having refreshed himself by giving his head a
thorough sluicing with cold water:
"Let us try another way," he said, "and as I cannot hit upon the number
from the arrangement of the letters, let us see what number the author of the
document would have chosen in confessing that he was the author of the crime
This was another method for the magistrate to enter upon, and maybe he
was right, for there was a certain amount of logic about it.
"And first let us try a date! Why should not the culprit have taken the
date of the year in which Dacosta, the innocent man he allowed to be
sentenced in his own place, was born? Was he likely to forget a number which
was so important to him? Then Joam Dacosta was born in 1804. Let us see what
1804 will give us as a cryptographical number."
And Judge Jarriquez wrote the first letters of the paragraph,
and putting over them the number 1804 repeated thrice, he obtained
1804 1804 1804
phyj slyd dqfd
Then in counting up the spaces in alphabetical order, he obtained
s.yf rdy. cif.
And this was meaningless! And he wanted three letters which he had
to replace by points, because the ciphers, 8, 4, and 4, which command the
three letters, h, d, and d, do not give corresponding letters in
ascending the series.
“That is not it again!” exclaimed Jarriquez. “Let us try
And he asked himself, if instead of this first date the author of
the document had not rather selected the date of the year in which
the crime was committed.
This was in 1826.
And so proceeding as above, he obtained.
1826 1826 1826
phyj slyd dqfd
and that gave
o.vd rdv. cid.
the same meaningless series, the same absence of sense, as many letters
wanting as in the former instance, and for the same reason.
“Bother the number!” exclaimed the magistrate. “We must give it
up again. Let us have another one! Perhaps the rascal chose the number of
contos representing the amount of the booty!”
Now the value of the stolen diamonds was estimated at eight hundred and
thirty-four contos, or about 2,500,000 francs, and so the
834 834 834 834
phy jsl ydd qfd
and this gave a result as little gratifying as the others——
het bph pa. ic.
“Confound the document and him who imagined it!” shouted
Jarriquez, throwing down the paper, which was wafted to the other side of
the room. “It would try the patience of a saint!”
But the short burst of anger passed away, and the magistrate, who had no
idea of being beaten, picked up the paper. What he had done with the first
letters of the different paragraphs he did with the last—and to no purpose.
Then he tried everything his excited imagination could suggest.
He tried in succession the numbers which represented Dacosta's
age, which would have been known to the author of the crime, the date
of his arrest, the date of the sentence at the Villa Rica assizes,
the date fixed for the execution, etc., etc., even the number of
victims at the affray at Tijuco!
Nothing! All the time nothing!
Judge Jarriquez had worked himself into such a state of
exasperation that there really was some fear that his mental faculties would
lose their balance. He jumped about, and twisted about, and wrestled
about as if he really had got hold of his enemy's body. Then suddenly
he cried, "Now for chance! Heaven help me now, logic is powerless!"
His hand seized a bell-pull hanging near his table. The bell
rang furiously, and the magistrate strode up to the door, which he
opened. "Bobo!" he shouted.
A moment or two elapsed.
Bobo was a freed negro, who was the privileged servant of Jarriquez. He
did not appear; it was evident that Bobo was afraid to come into his master's
Another ring at the bell; another call to Bobo, who, for his own safety,
pretended to be deaf on this occasion. And now a third ring at the bell,
which unhitched the crank and broke the cord.
This time Bobo came up. "What is it, sir?" asked Bobo, prudently waiting
on the threshold.
"Advance, without uttering a single word!" replied the judge,
whose flaming eyes made the negro quake again.
"Bobo," said Jarriquez, "attend to what I say, and answer immediately;
do not even take time to think, or I——"
Bobo, with fixed eyes and open mouth, brought his feet together like a
soldier and stood at attention.
"Are you ready?" asked his master.
"Now, then, tell me, without a moment's thought—you
understand—the first number than comes into your head."
"76223," answered Bobo, all in a breath. Bobo thought he would
please his master by giving him a pretty large one!
Judge Jarriquez had run to the table, and, pencil in hand, had made out
a formula with the number given by Bobo, and which Bobo had in this way only
given him at a venture.
It is obvious that it was most unlikely that a number such as 76223 was
the key of the document, and it produced no other result than to bring to the
lips of Jarriquez such a vigorous ejaculation that Bobo disappeared like a
THE LAST EFFORTS
THE MAGISTRATE, however, was not the only one who passed his
time unprofitably. Benito, Manoel, and Minha tried all they could
together to extract the secret from the document on which depended
their father's life and honor. On his part, Fragoso, aided by Lina,
could not remain quiet, but all their ingenuity had failed, and the
number still escaped them.
"Why don't you find it, Fragoso?" asked the young mulatto.
"I will find it," answered Fragoso.
And he did not find it!
Here we should say that Fragoso had an idea of a project of which he had
not even spoken to Lina, but which had taken full possession of his mind.
This was to go in search of the gang to which the ex-captain of the woods had
belonged, and to find out who was the probable author of this cipher
document, which was supposed to be the confession of the culprit of Tijuco.
The part of the Amazon where these people were employed, the very place where
Fragoso had met Torres a few years before, was not very far from Manaos. He
would only have to descend the river for about fifty miles, to the mouth
of the Madeira, a tributary coming in on the right, and there he
was almost sure to meet the head of these capitaes do mato, to
which Torres belonged. In two days, or three days at the outside,
Fragoso could get into communication with the old comrades of the
"Yes! I could do that," he repeated to himself; "but what would be the
good of it, supposing I succeeded? If we are sure that one of Torres'
companions has recently died, would that prove him to be the author of this
crime? Would that show that he gave Torres a document in which he announced
himself the author of this crime, and exonerated Joam Dacosta? Would that
give us the key of the document? No! Two men only knew the cipher—the
culprit and Torres! And these two men are no more!"
So reasoned Fragoso. It was evident that his enterprise would do
no good. But the thought of it was too much for him. An
irresistible influence impelled him to set out, although he was not even sure
of finding the band on the Madeira. In fact, it might be engaged in
some other part of the province, and to come up with it might require
more time than Fragoso had at his disposal! And what would be the
It is none the less true, however, that on the 29th of August,
before sunrise, Fragoso, without saying anything to anybody, secretly
left the jangada, arrived at Manaos, and embarked in one of the
egariteas which daily descend the Amazon.
And great was the astonishment when he was not seen on board, and
did not appear during the day. No one, not even Lina, could explain
the absence of so devoted a servant at such a crisis.
Some of them even asked, and not without reason, if the poor
fellow, rendered desperate at having, when he met him on the
frontier, personally contributed to bringing Torres on board the raft, had
not made away with himself.
But if Fragoso could so reproach himself, how about Benito? In the first
place at Iquitos he had invited Torres to visit the fazenda; in the second
place he had brought him on board the jangada, to become a passenger on it;
and in the third place, in killing him, he had annihilated the only witness
whose evidence could save the condemned man.
And so Benito considered himself responsible for everything—the arrest
of his father, and the terrible events of which it had been the
In fact, had Torres been alive, Benito could not tell but that, in some
way or another, from pity or for reward, he would have finished by handing
over the document. Would not Torres, whom nothing could compromise, have been
persuaded to speak, had money been brought to bear upon him? Would not the
long-sought-for proof have been furnished to the judge? Yes, undoubtedly! And
the only man who could have furnished this evidence had been killed through
Such was what the wretched man continually repeated to his mother,
to Manoel, and to himself. Such were the cruel responsibilities which his
conscience laid to his charge.
Between her husband, with whom she passed all the time that was allowed
her, and her son, a prey to despair which made her tremble for his reason,
the brave Yaquita lost none of her moral energy. In her they found the
valiant daughter of Magalha볬 the worthy wife of the fazender of
The attitude of Joam Dacosta was well adapted to sustain her in
this ordeal. That gallant man, that rigid Puritan, that austere
worker, whose whole life had been a battle, had not yet shown a moment
The most terrible blow which had struck him without prostrating him had
been the death of Judge Ribeiro, in whose mind his innocence did not admit of
a doubt. Was it not with the help of his old defender that he had hoped to
strive for his rehabilitation? The intervention of Torres he had regarded
throughout as being quite secondary for him. And of this document he had no
knowledge when he left Iquitos to hand himself over to the justice of his
country. He only took with him moral proofs. When a material proof was
unexpectedly produced in the course of the affair, before or after his
arrest, he was certainly not the man to despise it. But if, on account
of regrettable circumstances, the proof disappeared, he would find himself
once more in the same position as when he passed the Brazilian frontier—the
position of a man who came to say, "Here is my past life; here is my present;
here is an entirely honest existence of work and devotion which I bring you.
You passed on me at first an erroneous judgment. After twenty-three years of
exile I have come to give myself up! Here I am; judge me again!"
The death of Torres, the impossibility of reading the document found on
him, had thus not produced on Joam Dacosta the impression which it had on his
children, his friends, his household, and all who were interested in
"I have faith in my innocence," he repeated to Yaquita, "as I have faith
in God. If my life is still useful to my people, and a miracle is necessary
to save me, that miracle will be performed; if not, I shall die! God alone is
The excitement increased in Manaos as the time ran on; the affair
was discussed with unexampled acerbity. In the midst of this
enthralment of public opinion, which evoked so much of the mysterious,
the document was the principal object of conversation.
At the end of this fourth day not a single person doubted but that
it contained the vindication of the doomed man. Every one had been
given an opportunity of deciphering its incomprehensible contents, for
the "Diario d'o Grand Para" had reproduced it in facsimile.
Autograph copies were spread about in great numbers at the suggestion
of Manoel, who neglect nothing that might lead to the penetration of
the mystery—not even chance, that "nickname of Providence," as some
one has called it.
In addition, a reward of one hundred contos (or three hundred thousand
francs) was promised to any one who could discover the cipher so fruitlessly
sought after—and read the document. This was quite a fortune, and so people
of all classes forgot to eat, drink, or sleep to attack this unintelligible
Up to the present, however, all had been useless, and probably the most
ingenious analysts in the world would have spent their time in vain. It had
been advertised that any solution should be sent, without delay, to Judge
Jarriquez, to his house in God-the-Son Street; but the evening of the 29th of
August came and none had arrived, nor was any likely to arrive.
Of all those who took up the study of the puzzle, Judge Jarriquez
was one of the most to be pitied. By a natural association of ideas,
he also joined in the general opinion that the document referred to
the affair at Tijuco, and that it had been written by the hand of
the guilty man, and exonerated Joam Dacosta. And so he put even more ardor
into his search for the key. It was not only the art for art's sake which
guided him, it was a sentiment of justice, of pity toward a man suffering
under an unjust condemnation. If it is the fact that a certain quantity of
phosphorus is expended in the work of the brain, it would be difficult to say
how many milligrammes the judge had parted with to excite the network of his
"sensorium," and after all, to find out nothing, absolutely nothing.
But Jarriquez had no idea of abandoning the inquiry. If he could
only now trust to chance, he would work on for that chance. He tried
to evoke it by all means possible and impossible. He had given
himself over to fury and anger, and, what was worse, to impotent anger!
During the latter part of this day he had been trying
different numbers—numbers selected arbitrarily—and how many of them
can scarcely be imagined. Had he had the time, he would not have
shrunk from plunging into the millions of combinations of which the
ten symbols of numeration are capable. He would have given his whole
life to it at the risk of going mad before the year was out. Mad! was
he not that already? He had had the idea that the document might be
read through the paper, and so he turned it round and exposed it to
the light, and tried it in that way.
Nothing! The numbers already thought of, and which he tried in this new
way, gave no result. Perhaps the document read backward, and the last letter
was really the first, for the author would have done this had he wished to
make the reading more difficult.
Nothing! The new combination only furnished a series of letters just as
At eight o'clock in the evening Jarriquez, with his face in his hands,
knocked up, worn out mentally and physically, had neither strength to move,
to speak, to think, or to associate one idea with another.
Suddenly a noise was heard outside. Almost immediately, notwithstanding
his formal orders, the door of his study was thrown open. Benito and Manoel
were before him, Benito looking dreadfully pale, and Manoel supporting him,
for the unfortunate young man had hardly strength to support himself.
The magistrate quickly arose.
"What is it, gentlemen? What do you want?" he asked.
"The cipher! the cipher!" exclaimed Benito, mad with grief—"the cipher
of the document."
"Do you know it, then?" shouted the judge.
"No, sir," said Manoel. "But you?"
"Nothing?" gasped Benito, and in a paroxysm of despair he took a knife
from his belt and would have plunged it into his breast had not the judge and
Manoel jumped forward and managed to disarm him.
"Benito," said Jarriquez, in a voice which he tried to keep calm,
"if you father cannot escape the expiation of a crime which is not
his, you could do something better than kill yourself."
"What?" said Benito.
"Try and save his life!"
"That is for you to discover," answered the magistrate, "and not for me
ON THE FOLLOWING day, the 30th of August, Benito and Manoel
talked matters over together. They had understood the thought to which
the judge had not dared to give utterance in their presence, and
were engaged in devising some means by which the condemned man
could escape the penalty of the law.
Nothing else was left for them to do. It was only too certain that for
the authorities at Rio Janeiro the undeciphered document would have no value
whatever, that it would be a dead letter, that the first verdict which
declared Joam Dacosta the perpetrator of the crime at Tijuco would not be set
aside, and that, as in such cases no commutation of the sentence was
possible, the order for his execution would inevitably be received.
Once more, then, Joam Dacosta would have to escape by flight from
an unjust imprisonment.
It was at the outset agreed between the two young men that the
secret should be carefully kept, and that neither Yaquita nor Minha
should be informed of preparations, which would probably only give rise
to hopes destined never to be realized. Who could tell if, owing to
some unforeseen circumstance, the attempt at escape would not prove
a miserable failure?
The presence of Fragoso on such an occasion would have been
most valuable. Discreet and devoted, his services would have been
most welcome to the two young fellows; but Fragoso had not
reappeared. Lina, when asked, could only say that she knew not what had
become of him, nor why he had left the raft without telling her anything
And assuredly, had Fragoso foreseen that things would have turned out as
they were doing, he would never have left the Dacosta family on an expedition
which appeared to promise no serious result. Far better for him to have
assisted in the escape of the doomed man than to have hurried off in search
of the former comrades of Torres!
But Fragoso was away, and his assistance had to be dispensed with.
At daybreak Benito and Manoel left the raft and proceeded to
Manaos. They soon reached the town, and passed through its narrow
streets, which at that early hour were quite deserted. In a few minutes
they arrived in front of the prison. The waste ground, amid which the
old convent which served for a house of detention was built, was traversed
by them in all directions, for they had come to study it with the utmost
Fifty-five feet from the ground, in an angle of the building,
they recognized the window of the cell in which Joam Dacosta was
confined. The window was secured with iron bars in a miserable state of
repair, which it would be easy to tear down or cut through if they could
only get near enough. The badly jointed stones in the wall, which
were crumbled away every here and there, offered many a ledge for the
feet to rest on, if only a rope could be fixed to climb up by. One of
the bars had slipped out of its socket, and formed a hook over which
it might be possible to throw a rope. That done, one or two of the
bars could be removed, so as to permit a man to get through. Benito
and Manoel would then have to make their way into the prisoner's room, and
without much difficulty the escape could be managed by means of the rope
fastened to the projecting iron. During the night, if the sky were very
cloudy, none of these operations would be noticed before the day dawned. Joam
Dacosta could get safely away.
Manoel and Benito spent an hour about the spot, taking care not
to attract attention, but examining the locality with great
exactness, particularly as regarded the position of the window, the
arrangement of the iron bars, and the place from which it would be best to
throw the line.
"That is agreed," said Manoel at length. "And now, ought Joam Dacosta to
be told about this?"
"No, Manoel. Neither to him, any more than to my mother, ought we
to impart the secret of an attempt in which there is such a risk
"We shall succeed, Benito!" continued Manoel. "However, we must prepare
for everything; and in case the chief of the prison should discover us at the
moment of escape——"
"We shall have money enough to purchase his silence,"
"Good!" replied Manoel. "But once your father is out of prison he cannot
remain hidden in the town or on the jangada. Where is he to find
This was the second question to solve: and a very difficult one
A hundred paces away from the prison, however, the waste land
was crossed by one of those canals which flow through the town into
the Rio Negro. This canal afforded an easy way of gaining the river if
a pirogue were in waiting for the fugitive. From the foot of the wall to
the canal side was hardly a hundred yards.
Benito and Manoel decided that about eight o'clock in the evening one of
the pirogues, with two strong rowers, under the command of the pilot Araujo,
should start from the jangada. They could ascend the Rio Negro, enter the
canal, and, crossing the waste land, remain concealed throughout the night
under the tall vegetation on the banks.
But once on board, where was Joam Dacosta to seek refuge? To return to
Iquitos was to follow a road full of difficulties and peril, and a long one
in any case, should the fugitive either travel across the country or by the
river. Neither by horse not pirogue could he be got out of danger quickly
enough, and the fazenda was no longer a safe retreat. He would not return to
it as the fazender, Joam Garral, but as the convict, Joam Dacosta,
continually in fear of his extradition. He could never dream of resuming his
To get away by the Rio Negro into the north of the province, or
even beyond the Brazilian territory, would require more time than he
could spare, and his first care must be to escape from immediate
To start again down the Amazon? But stations, village, and
towns abounded on both sides of the river. The description of the
fugitive would be sent to all the police, and he would run the risk of
being arrested long before he reached the Atlantic. And supposing
he reached the coast, where and how was he to hide and wait for a passage
to put the sea between himself and his pursuers?
On consideration of these various plans, Benito and Manoel agreed that
neither of them was practicable. One, however, did offer some chance of
safety, and that was to embark in the pirogue, follow the canal into the Rio
Negro, descend this tributary under the guidance of the pilot, reach the
confluence of the rivers, and run down the Amazon along its right bank for
some sixty miles during the nights, resting during the daylight, and so
gaining the embouchure of the Madeira.
This tributary, which, fed by a hundred affluents, descends from
the watershed of the Cordilleras, is a regular waterway opening into
the very heart of Bolivia. A pirogue could pass up it and leave no
trace of its passage, and a refuge could be found in some town or
village beyond the Brazilian frontier. There Joam Dacosta would
be comparatively safe, and there for several months he could wait for
an opportunity of reaching the Pacific coast and taking passage in
some vessel leaving one of its ports; and if the ship were bound for
one of the States of North America he would be free. Once there, he
could sell the fazenda, leave his country forever, and seek beyond the
sea, in the Old World, a final retreat in which to end an existence
so cruelly and unjustly disturbed. Anywhere he might go, his
family—not excepting Manoel, who was bound to him by so many
ties—would assuredly follow without the slightest hesitation.
"Let us go," said Benito; "we must have all ready before night, and we
have no time to lose."
The young men returned on board by way of the canal bank, which
led along the Rio Negro. They satisfied themselves that the passage of the
pirogue would be quite possible, and that no obstacles such as locks or boats
under repair were there to stop it. They then descended the left bank of the
tributary, avoiding the slowly-filling streets of the town, and reached the
Benito's first care was to see his mother. He felt sufficiently master
of himself to dissemble the anxiety which consumed him. He wished to assure
her that all hope was not lost, that the mystery of the document would be
cleared up, that in any case public opinion was in favor of Joam, and that,
in face of the agitation which was being made in his favor, justice would
grant all the necessary time for the production of the material proof his
innocence. "Yes, mother," he added, "before tomorrow we shall be free from
"May heaven grant it so!" replied Yaquita, and she looked at him
so keenly that Benito could hardly meet her glance.
On his part, and as if by pre-arrangement, Manoel had tried to reassure
Minha by telling her that Judge Jarriquez was convinced of the innocence of
Joam, and would try to save him by every means in his power.
"I only wish he would, Manoel," answered she, endeavoring in vain
to restrain her tears.
And Manoel left her, for the tears were also welling up in his eyes and
witnessing against the words of hope to which he had just
And now the time had arrived for them to make their daily visit to the
prisoner, and Yaquita and her daughter set off to Manaos.
For an hour the young men were in consultation with Araujo.
They acquainted him with their plan in all its details, and they
discussed not only the projected escape, but the measures which were
necessary for the safety of the fugitive.
Araujo approved of everything; he undertook during the approaching night
to take the pirogue up the canal without attracting any notice, and he knew
its course thoroughly as far as the spot where he was to await the arrival of
Joam Dacosta. To get back to the mouth of the Rio Negro was easy enough, and
the pirogue would be able to pass unnoticed among the numerous craft
continually descending the river.
Araujo had no objection to offer to the idea of following the
Amazon down to its confluence with the Madeira. The course of the
Madeira was familiar to him for quite two hundred miles up, and in the
midst of these thinly-peopled provinces, even if pursuit took place
in their direction, all attempts at capture could be easily
frustrated; they could reach the interior of Bolivia, and if Joam decided
to leave his country he could procure a passage with less danger on
the coast of the Pacific than on that of the Atlantic.
Araujo's approval was most welcome to the young fellows; they had great
faith in the practical good sense of the pilot, and not without reason. His
zeal was undoubted, and he would assuredly have risked both life and liberty
to save the fazender of Iquitos.
With the utmost secrecy Araujo at once set about his preparations.
A considerable sum in gold was handed over to him by Benito to meet
all eventualities during the voyage on the Madeira. In getting the pirogue
ready, he announced his intention of going in search of Fragoso, whose fate
excited a good deal of anxiety among his companions. He stowed away in the
boat provisions for many days, and did not forget the ropes and tools which
would be required by the young men when they reached the canal at the
appointed time and place.
These preparations evoked no curiosity on the part of the crew of
the jangada, and even the two stalwart negroes were not let into
the secret. They, however, could be absolutely depended on. Whenever
they learned what the work of safety was in which they were
engaged—when Joam Dacosta, once more free, was confided to their
charge—Araujo knew well that they would dare anything, even to the risk of
their own lives, to save the life of their master.
By the afternoon all was ready, and they had only the night to wait for.
But before making a start Manoel wished to call on Judge Jarriquez for the
last time. The magistrate might perhaps have found out something new about
the document. Benito preferred to remain on the raft and wait for the return
of his mother and sister.
Manoel then presented himself at the abode of Judge Jarriquez, and was
The magistrate, in the study which he never quitted, was still
the victim of the same excitement. The document crumpled by his
impatient fingers, was still there before his eyes on the table.
"Sir," said Manoel, whose voice trembled as he asked the question, "have
you received anything from Rio de Janeiro."
"No," answered the judge; "the order has not yet come to hand, but
it may at any moment."
"And the document?"
"Nothing yet!" exclaimed he. "Everything my imagination can suggest
I have tried, and no result."
"Nevertheless, I distinctly see one word in the document—only one!"
"What is that—what is the word?"
Manoel said nothing, but he pressed the hand which Jarriquez held out to
him, and returned to the jangada to wait for the moment of action.
THE LAST NIGHT
THE VISIT of Yaquita and her daughter had been like all such
visits during the few hours which each day the husband and wife
spent together. In the presence of the two beings whom Joam so dearly
loved his heart nearly failed him. But the husband—the
father—retained his self-command. It was he who comforted the two poor women
and inspired them with a little of the hope of which so little
now remained to him. They had come with the intention of cheering
the prisoner. Alas! far more than he they themselves were in want
of cheering! But when they found him still bearing himself
unflinchingly in the midst of his terrible trial, they recovered a little of
Once more had Joam spoken encouraging words to them. His
indomitable energy was due not only to the feeling of his innocence, but to
his faith in that God, a portion of whose justice yet dwells in the hearts
of men. No! Joam Dacosta would never lose his life for the crime of
Hardly ever did he mention the document. Whether it were apocryphal or
no, whether it were in the handwriting of Torres or in that of the real
perpetrator of the crime, whether it contained or did not contain the
longed-for vindication, it was on no such doubtful hypothesis that Joam
Dacosta presumed to trust. No; he reckoned on a better argument in his favor,
and it was to his long life of toil and honor that he relegated the task of
pleading for him.
This evening, then, his wife and daughter, strengthened by the
manly words, which thrilled them to the core of their hearts, had left
him more confident than they had ever been since his arrest. For the
last time the prisoner had embraced them, and with redoubled
tenderness. It seemed as though the d鮯uement was nigh.
Joam Dacosta, after they had left, remained for some time
perfectly motionless. His arms rested on a small table and supported his
head. Of what was he thinking? Had he at last been convinced that
human justice, after failing the first time, would at length pronounce
Yes, he still hoped. With the report of Judge Jarriquez establishing his
identity, he knew that his memoir, which he had penned with so much
sincerity, would have been sent to Rio de Janeiro, and was now in the hands
of the chief justice. This memoir, as we know, was the history of his life
from his entry into the offices of the diamond arrayal until the very moment
when the jangada stopped before Manaos. Joam Dacosta was pondering over his
whole career. He again lived his past life from the moment when, as an
orphan, he had set foot in Tijuco. There his zeal had raised him high in the
offices of the governor-general, into which he had been admitted when still
very young. The future smiled on him; he would have filled some
important position. Then this sudden catastrophe; the robbery of the
diamond convoy, the massacre of the escort, the suspicion directed
against him as the only official who could have divulged the secret of
the expedition, his arrest, his appearance before the jury, his conviction
in spite of all the efforts of his advocate, the last hours spent in the
condemned cell at Villa Rica, his escape under conditions which betokened
almost superhuman courage, his flight through the northern provinces, his
arrival on the Peruvian frontier, and the reception which the starving
fugitive had met with from the hospitable fazender Magalha볮
The prisoner once more passed in review these events, which had
so cruelly marred his life. And then, lost in his thoughts
and recollections, he sat, regardless of a peculiar noise on the
outer wall of the convent, of the jerkings of a rope hitched on to a bar
of his window, and of grating steel as it cut through iron, which ought at
once to have attracted the attention of a less absorbed man.
Joam Dacosta continued to live the years of his youth after his arrival
in Peru. He again saw the fazender, the clerk, the partner of the old
Portuguese, toiling hard for the prosperity of the establishment at Iquitos.
Ah! why at the outset had he not told all to his benefactor? He would never
have doubted him. It was the only error with which he could reproach himself.
Why had he not confessed to him whence he had come, and who he was—above
all, at the moment when Magalha볠had place in his hand the hand of the
daughter who would never have believed that he was the author of so frightful
And now the noise outside became loud enough to attract the prisoner's
attention. For an instant Joam raised his head; his eyes sought the window,
but with a vacant look, as though he were unconscious, and the next instant
his head again sank into his hands. Again he was in thought back at
There the old fazender was dying; before his end he longed for
the future of his daughter to be assured, for his partner to be the
sole master of the settlement which had grown so prosperous under
his management. Should Dacosta have spoken then? Perhaps; but he dared not
do it. He again lived the happy days he had spent with Yaquita, and again
thought of the birth of his children, again felt the happiness which had its
only trouble in the remembrances of Tijuco and the remorse that he had not
confessed his terrible secret.
The chain of events was reproduced in Joam's mind with a clearness and
completeness quite remarkable.
And now he was thinking of the day when his daughter's marriage
with Manoel had been decided. Could he allow that union to take
place under a false name without acquainting the lad with the mystery
of his life? No! And so at the advice of Judge Ribeiro he resolved to come
and claim the revision of his sentence, to demand the rehabilitation which
was his due! He was starting with his people, and then came the intervention
of Torres, the detestable bargain proposed by the scoundrel, the indignant
refusal of the father to hand over his daughter to save his honor and his
life, and then the denunciation and the arrest!
Suddenly the window flew open with a violent push from without.
Joam started up; the souvenire of the past vanished like a shadow.
Benito leaped into the room; he was in the presence of his father, and
the next moment Manoel, tearing down the remaining bars, appeared before
Joam Dacosta would have uttered a cry of surprise. Benito left him
no time to do so.
"Father," he said, "the window grating is down. A rope leads to
the ground. A pirogue is waiting for you on the canal not a hundred
yards off. Araujo is there ready to take you far away from Manaos, on
the other bank of the Amazon where your track will never be
discovered. Father, you must escape this very moment! It was the judge's
"It must be done!" added Manoel.
"Fly! I!—Fly a second time! Escape again?"
And with crossed arms, and head erect, Joam Dacosta stepped forward.
"Never!" he said, in a voice so firm that Benito and Manoel
The young men had never thought of a difficulty like this. They
had never reckoned on the hindrances to escape coming from the
Benito advanced to his father, and looking him straight in the face, and
taking both his hands in his, not to force him, but to try and convince him,
"Never, did you say, father?"
"Father," said Manoel—"for I also have the right to call
you father—listen to us! If we tell you that you ought to fly
without losing an instant, it is because if you remain you will be
guilty toward others, toward yourself!"
"To remain," continued Benito, "is to remain to die! The order
for execution may come at any moment! If you imagine that the justice
of men will nullify a wrong decision, if you think it will
rehabilitate you whom it condemned twenty years since, you are mistaken!
There is hope no longer! You must escape! Come!"
By an irresistible impulse Benito seized his father and drew him toward
Joam Dacosta struggled from his son's grasp and recoiled a
"To fly," he answered, in the tone of a man whose resolution
was unalterable, "is to dishonor myself, and you with me! It would be
a confession of my guilt! Of my own free will I surrendered myself to my
country's judges, and I will await their decision, whatever that decision may
"But the presumptions on which you trusted are insufficient,"
replied Manoel, "and the material proof of your innocence is still
wanting! If we tell you that you ought to fly, it is because Judge
Jarriquez himself told us so. You have now only this one chance left to
escape from death!"
"I will die, then," said Joam, in a calm voice. "I will die protesting
against the decision which condemned me! The first time, a few hours before
the execution—I fled! Yes! I was then young. I had all my life before me in
which to struggle against man's injustice! But to save myself now, to begin
again the miserable existence of a felon hiding under a false name, whose
every effort is required to avoid the pursuit of the police, again to live
the life of anxiety which I have led for twenty-three years, and oblige you
to share it with me; to wait each day for a denunciation which sooner or
later must come, to wait for the claim for extradition which would
follow me to a foreign country! Am I to live for that? No! Never!"
"Father," interrupted Benito, whose mind threatened to give way before
such obstinacy, "you shall fly! I will have it so!" And he caught hold of
Joam Dacosta, and tried by force to drag him toward the window.
"You wish to drive me mad?"
"My son," exclaimed Joam Dacosta, "listen to me! Once already I escaped
from the prison at Villa Rica, and people believed I fled from well-merited
punishment. Yes, they had reason to think so. Well, for the honor of the name
which you bear I shall not do so again."
Benito had fallen on his knees before his father. He held up his hands
to him; he begged him:
"But this order, father," he repeated, "this order which is
due today—even now—it will contain your sentence of death."
"The order may come, but my determination will not change. No, my son!
Joam Dacosta, guilty, might fly! Joam Dacosta, innocent, will not fly!"
The scene which followed these words was heart-rending. Benito struggled
with his father. Manoel, distracted, kept near the window ready to carry off
the prisoner—when the door of the room opened.
On the threshold appeared the chief of the police, accompanied by
the head warder of the prison and a few soldiers. The chief of the
police understood at a glance that an attempt at escape was being made;
but he also understood from the prisoner's attitude that he it was who had
no wish to go! He said nothing. The sincerest pity was depicted on his face.
Doubtless he also, like Judge Jarriquez, would have liked Dacosta to have
It was too late!
The chief of the police, who held a paper in his hand, advanced toward
"Before all of you," said Joam Dacosta, "let me tell you, sir, that it
only rested with me to get away, and that I would not do so."
The chief of the police bowed his head, and then, in a voice which
he vainly tried to control:
"Joam Dacosta," he said, "the order has this moment arrived from
the chief justice at Rio Janeiro."
"Father!" exclaimed Manoel and Benito.
"This order," asked Joam Dacosta, who had crossed his arms, "this order
requires the execution of my sentence?"
"And that will take place?"
Benito threw himself on his father. Again would he have dragged him from
his cell, but the soldiers came and drew away the prisoner from his
At a sign from the chief of the police Benito and Manoel were
taken away. An end had to be put to this painful scene, which had
already lasted too long.
"Sir," said the doomed man, "before tomorrow, before the hour of
my execution, may I pass a few moments with Padre Passanha, whom I ask you
"It will be forbidden."
"May I see my family, and embrace for a last time my wife
"You shall see them."
"Thank you, sir," answered Joam; "and now keep guard over that window;
it will not do for them to take me out of here against my will."
And then the chief of the police, after a respectful bow, retired with
the warder and the soldiers.
The doomed man, who had now but a few hours to live, was left alone.
AND SO the order had come, and, as Judge Jarriquez had foreseen, it was
an order requiring the immediate execution of the sentence pronounced on Joam
Dacosta. No proof had been produced; justice must take its course.
It was the very day—the 31st of August, at nine o'clock in the morning
of which the condemned man was to perish on the gallows.
The death penalty in Brazil is generally commuted except in the case of
negroes, but this time it was to be suffered by a white man.
Such are the penal arrangements relative to crimes in the
diamond arrayal, for which, in the public interest, the law allows no
appear to mercy.
Nothing could now save Joam Dacosta. It was not only life, but
honor that he was about to lose.
But on the 31st of August a man was approaching Manaos with all
the speed his horse was capable of, and such had been the pace at which he
had come that half a mile from the town the gallant creature fell, incapable
of carrying him any further.
The rider did not even stop to raise his steed. Evidently he had asked
and obtained from it all that was possible, and, despite the state of
exhaustion in which he found himself, he rushed off in the direction of the
The man came from the eastern provinces, and had followed the left bank
of the river. All his means had gone in the purchase of this horse, which,
swifter far than any pirogue on the Amazon, had brought him to Manaos.
It was Fragoso!
Had, then, the brave fellow succeeded in the enterprise of which he had
spoken to nobody? Had he found the party to which Torres belonged? Had he
discovered some secret which would yet save Joam Dacosta?
He hardly knew. But in any case he was in great haste to acquaint Judge
Jarriquez with what he had ascertained during his short excursion.
And this is what had happened.
Fragoso had made no mistake when he recognized Torres as one of
the captains of the party which was employed in the river provinces of the
He set out, and on reaching the mouth of that tributary he learned that
the chief of these capitaes da mato was then in the neighborhood.
Without losing a minute, Fragoso started on the search, and, not without
difficulty, succeeded in meeting him.
To Fragoso's questions the chief of the party had no hesitation
in replying; he had no interest in keeping silence with regard to the few
simple matters on which he was interrogated. In fact, three questions only of
importance were asked him by Fragoso, and these were:
“Did not a captain of the woods named Torres belong to your party a few
"At that time had he not one intimate friend among his companions
who has recently died?"
"And the name of that friend was?"
This was all that Fragoso had learned. Was this information of a kind to
modify Dacosta's position? It was hardly likely.
Fragoso saw this, and pressed the chief of the band to tell him what he
knew of this Ortega, of the place where he came from, and of his antecedents
generally. Such information would have been of great importance if Ortega, as
Torres had declared, was the true author of the crime of Tijuco. But
unfortunately the chief could give him no information whatever in the
What was certain was that Ortega had been a member of the band for many
years, that an intimate friendship existed between him and Torres, that they
were always seen together, and that Torres had watched at his bedside when he
This was all the chief of the band knew, and he could tell no
more. Fragoso, then, had to be contented with these insignificant
details, and departed immediately.
But if the devoted fellow had not brought back the proof that Ortega was
the author of the crime of Tijuco, he had gained one thing, and that was the
knowledge that Torres had told the truth when he affirmed that one of his
comrades in the band had died, and that he had been present during his last
The hypothesis that Ortega had given him the document in question
had now become admissible. Nothing was more probable than that
this document had reference to the crime of which Ortega was really
the author, and that it contained the confession of the
culprit, accompanied by circumstances which permitted of no doubt as to
And so, if the document could be read, if the key had been found, if the
cipher on which the system hung were known, no doubt of its truth could be
But this cipher Fragoso did not know. A few more presumptions,
a half-certainty that the adventurer had invented nothing,
certain circumstances tending to prove that the secret of the matter
was contained in the document—and that was all that the gallant
fellow brought back from his visit to the chief of the gang of which
Torres had been a member.
Nevertheless, little as it was, he was in all haste to relate it
to Judge Jarriquez. He knew that he had not an hour to lose, and that was
why on this very morning, at about eight o'clock, he arrived, exhausted with
fatigue, within half a mile of Manaos. The distance between there and the
town he traversed in a few minutes. A kind of irresistible presentiment urged
him on, and he had almost come to believe that Joam Dacosta's safety rested
in his hands.
Suddenly Fragoso stopped as if his feet had become rooted in the ground.
He had reached the entrance to a small square, on which opened one of the
There, in the midst of a dense crowd, arose the gallows, towering
up some twenty feet, and from it there hung the rope!
Fragoso felt his consciousness abandon him. He fell; his
eyes involuntarily closed. He did not wish to look, and these
words escaped his lips: "Too late! too late!" But by a superhuman effort
he raised himself up. No; it was not too late, the corpse of
Joam Dacosta was not hanging at the end of the rope!
"Judge Jarriquez! Judge Jarriquez!" shouted Fragoso, and panting
and bewildered he rushed toward the city gate, dashed up the
principal street of Manaos, and fell half-dead on the threshold of the
judge's house. The door was shut. Fragoso had still strength enough left
to knock at it.
One of the magistrate's servants came to open it; his master would see
In spite of this denial, Fragoso pushed back the man who guarded
the entrance, and with a bound threw himself into the judge's study.
"I come from the province where Torres pursued his calling as captain of
the woods!" he gasped. "Mr. Judge, Torres told the truth. Stop—stop the
"You found the gang?"
"And you have brought me the cipher of the document?"
Fragoso did not reply.
"Come, leave me alone! leave me alone!" shouted Jarriquez, and, a prey
to an outburst of rage, he grasped the document to tear it to atoms.
Fragoso seized his hands and stopped him. "The truth is there!"
"I know," answered Jarriquez; "but it is a truth which will never
see the light!"
"It will appear—it must! it must!"
"Once more, have you the cipher?"
"No," replied Fragoso; "but, I repeat, Torres has not lied. One of his
companions, with whom he was very intimate, died a few months ago, and there
can be no doubt but that this man gave him the document he came to sell to
"No," answered Jarriquez—"no, there is no doubt about it—as far as we
are concerned; but that is not enough for those who dispose of the doomed
man's life. Leave me!"
Fragoso, repulsed, would not quit the spot. Again he threw himself
at the judge's feet. "Joam Dacosta is innocent!" he cried; "you will
not leave him to die? It was not he who committed the crime of Tijuco;
it was the comrade of Torres, the author of that document! It
As he uttered the name the judge bounded backward. A kind of
calm swiftly succeeded to the tempest which raged within him. He
dropped the document from his clenched hand, smoothed it out on the
table, sat down, and, passing his hand over his eyes—"That name?"
he said—"Ortega? Let us see," and then he proceeded with the new
name brought back by Fragoso as he had done with the other names so
vainly tried by himself.
After placing it above the first six letters of the paragraph
he obtained the following formula:
O r t e g a
P h y j s l
"Nothing!" he said. "That give us—nothing!"
And in fact the h placed under the r could not be expressed by
a cipher, for, in alphabetical order, this letter occupies an
earlier position to that of the r.
The p, the y, the j, arranged beneath the letters o, t,
e, disclosed the cipher 1, 4, 5, but as for the s and the l at
the end of the word, the interval which separated them from the g
and the a was a dozen letters, and hence impossible to express by
a single cipher, so that they corresponded to neither g nor a.
And here appalling shouts arose in the streets; they were the cries of
Fragoso jumped to one of the windows, and opened it before the
judge could hinder him.
The people filled the road. The hour had come at which the doomed
man was to start from the prison, and the crowd was flowing back to
the spot where the gallows had been erected.
Judge Jarriquez, quite frightful to look upon, devoured the lines of the
document with a fixed stare.
"The last letters!" he muttered. "Let us try once more the
It was the last hope.
And then, with a hand whose agitation nearly prevented him from writing
at all, he placed the name of Ortega over the six last letters of the
paragraph, as he had done over the first.
An exclamation immediately escaped him. He saw, at first glance,
that the six last letters were inferior in alphabetical order to
those which composed Ortega's name, and that consequently they might
yield the number.
And when he reduced the formula, reckoning each later letter from
the earlier letter of the word, he obtained.
O r t e g a
4 3 2 5 1 3
S u v j h d
The number thus disclosed was 432513.
But was this number that which had been used in the document? Was it not
as erroneous as those he had previously tried?
At this moment the shouts below redoubled—shouts of pity which betrayed
the sympathy of the excited crowd. A few minutes more were all that the
doomed man had to live!
Fragoso, maddened with grief, darted from the room! He wished to
see, for the last time, his benefactor who was on the road to death!
He longed to throw himself before the mournful procession and stop
it, shouting, “Do not kill this just man! do not kill him!”
But already Judge Jarriquez had placed the given number above the first
letters of the paragraph, repeating them as often as was necessary, as
4 3 2 5 1 3 4
3 2 5 1 3 4 3 2 5 1 3 4 3 2 5 1
P h y j s l y d d q
f d z x g a s g z z q q e h
And then, reckoning the true letters according to their
alphabetical order, he read:
“Le v鲩table auteur du vol de——”
A yell of delight escaped him! This number, 432513, was the
number sought for so long! The name of Ortega had enabled him to
discover it! At length he held the key of the document, which
would incontestably prove the innocence of Joam Dacosta, and
without reading any more he flew from his study into the street,
To cleave the crowd, which opened as he ran, to dash to the
prison, whence the convict was coming at the last moment, with his wife
and children clinging to him with the violence of despair, was but
the work of a minute for Judge Jarriquez.
Stopping before Joam Dacosta, he could not speak for a second, and then
these words escaped his lips:
THE CRIME OF TIJUCO
ON THE ARRIVAL of the judge the mournful procession halted. A
roaring echo had repeated after him and again repeated the cry which
escaped from every mouth:
Then complete silence fell on all. The people did not want to lose one
syllable of what was about to be proclaimed.
Judge Jarriquez sat down on a stone seat, and then, while Minha, Benito,
Manoel, and Fragoso stood round him, while Joam Dacosta clasped Yaquita to
his heart, he first unraveled the last paragraph of the document by means of
the number, and as the words appeared by the institution of the true letters
for the cryptological ones, he divided and punctuated them, and then read it
out in a loud voice. And this is what he read in the midst of profound
Le v鲩table auteur du vol des diamants et de 43 251343251 343251 34
325 134 32513432 51 34 Ph yjslyddf dzxgas gz zqq ehx gkfndrxu ju gi
l'assassinat des soldats qui escortaient le convoi, 32513432513 432
5134325 134 32513432513 43 251343 ocytdxvksbx bhu ypohdvy rym huhpuydkjox ph
commis dans la nuit du vingt-deux janvier mil251343 2513 43 2513 43
251343251 3432513 432 etnpmv ffov pd pajx hy ynojyggay meqynfu q1n
huit-cent vingt-six, n'est donc pas Joam Dacosta, 5134 3251 3425 134
3251 3432 513 4325 1343251 mvly fgsu zmqiz tlb qgyu gsqe uvb nrcc
injustement condamn頠 mort, c'est moi, les mis鲡ble 34325134325
13432513 4 3251 3432 513 43 251343251 l4msyuhqpz drrgcroh e pqxu fivv rpl ph
employ頤e l'administration du district diamantin, 3432513 43
251343251343251 34 32513432 513432513 hqsntzh hh nfepmqkyuuexkto gz gkyuumfv
out, moi seul, qui signe de mon vrai nom, Ortega. 432 513 4325 134
32513 43 251 3432 513 432513 syk rpl xhxq rym vkloh hh oto zvdk spp
“The real author of the robbery of the diamonds and of the murder of the
soldiers who escorted the convoy, committed during the night of the
twenty-second of January, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-six, was thus
not Joam Dacosta, unjustly condemned to death; it was I, the wretched servant
of the Administration of the diamond district; yes, I alone, who sign this
with my true name, Ortega.”
The reading of this had hardly finished when the air was rent
with prolonged hurrahs.
What could be more conclusive than this last paragraph, which summarized
the whole of the document, and proclaimed so absolutely the innocence of the
fazender of Iquitos, and which snatched from the gallows this victim of a
frightful judicial mistake!
Joam Dacosta, surrounded by his wife, his children, and his friends, was
unable to shake the hands which were held out to him. Such was the strength
of his character that a reaction occurred, tears of joy escaped from his
eyes, and at the same instant his heart was lifted up to that Providence
which had come to save him so miraculously at the moment he was about to
offer the last expiation to that God who would not permit the accomplishment
of that greatest of crimes, the death of an innocent man!
Yes! There could be no doubt as to the vindication of Joam Dacosta. The
true author of the crime of Tijuco confessed of his own free will, and
described the circumstances under which it had been perpetrated!
By means of the number Judge Jarriquez interpreted the whole of
And this was what Ortega confessed.
He had been the colleague of Joam Dacosta, employed, like him,
at Tijuco, in the offices of the governor of the diamond arrayal. He
had been the official appointed to accompany the convoy to Rio de Janeiro,
and, far from recoiling at the horrible idea of enriching himself by means of
murder and robbery, he had informed the smugglers of the very day the convoy
was to leave Tijuco.
During the attack of the scoundrels, who awaited the convoy just beyond
Villa Rica, he pretended to defend himself with the soldiers of the escort,
and then, falling among the dead, he was carried away by his accomplices.
Hence it was that the solitary soldier who survived the massacre had reported
that Ortega had perished in the struggle.
But the robbery did not profit the guilty man in the long run, for,
a little time afterward, he was robbed by those whom he had helped
to commit the crime.
Penniless, and unable to enter Tijuco again, Ortega fled away to
the provinces in the north of Brazil, to those districts of the
Upper Amazon where the capitaes da mato are to be found. He had to
live somehow, and so he joined this not very honorable company;
they neither asked him who he was nor whence he came, and so Ortega
became a captain of the woods, and for many years he followed the trade of
a chaser of men.
During this time Torres, the adventurer, himself in absolute
want, became his companion. Ortega and he became most intimate. But, as
he had told Torres, remorse began gradually to trouble the
scoundrel's life. The remembrance of his crime became horrible to him. He
knew that another had been condemned in his place! He knew
subsequently that the innocent man had escaped from the last penalty, but
that he would never be free from the shadow of the capital sentence!
And then, during an expedition of his party for several months beyond
the Peruvian frontier, chance caused Ortega to visit the neighborhood
of Iquitos, and there in Joam Garral, who did not recognize him,
he recognized Joam Dacosta.
Henceforth he resolved to make all the reparation he could for
the injustice of which his old comrade had been the victim. He
committed to the document all the facts relative to the crime of
Tijuco, writing it first in French, which had been his mother's
native tongue, and then putting it into the mysterious form we know,
his intention being to transmit it to the fazender of Iquitos, with
the cipher by which it could be read.
Death prevented his completing his work of reparation. Mortally wounded
in a scuffle with some negroes on the Madeira, Ortega felt he was doomed. His
comrade Torres was then with him. He thought he could intrust to his friend
the secret which had so grievously darkened his life. He gave him the
document, and made him swear to convey it to Joam Dacosta, whose name and
address he gave him, and with his last breath he whispered the number 432513,
without which the document would remain undecipherable.
Ortega dead, we know how the unworthy Torres acquitted himself of
his mission, how he resolved to turn to his own profit the secret of which
he was the possessor, and how he tried to make it the subject of an odious
Torres died without accomplishing his work, and carried his secret with
him. But the name of Ortega, brought back by Fragoso, and which was the
signature of the document, had afforded the means of unraveling the
cryptogram, thanks to the sagacity of Judge Jarriquez. Yes, the material
proof sought after for so long was the incontestable witness of the innocence
of Joam Dacosta, returned to life, restored to honor.
The cheers redoubled when the worthy magistrate, in a loud voice,
and for the edification of all, read from the document this
And from that moment Judge Jarriquez, who possessed this
indubitable proof, arranged with the chief of the police, and declined to
allow Joam Dacosta, while waiting new instructions from Rio Janeiro,
to stay in any prison but his own house.
There could be no difficulty about this, and in the center of the crowd
of the entire population of Manaos, Joam Dacosta, accompanied by all his
family, beheld himself conducted like a conquerer to the magistrate's
And in that minute the honest fazender of Iquitos was well repaid
for all that he had suffered during the long years of exile, and if he was
happy for his family's sake more than for his own, he was none the less proud
for his country's sake that this supreme injustice had not been
And in all this what had become of Fragoso?
Well, the good-hearted fellow was covered with caresses! Benito, Manoel,
and Minha had overwhelmed him, and Lina had by no means spared him. He did
not know what to do, he defended himself as best he could. He did not deserve
anything like it. Chance alone had done it. Were any thanks due to him for
having recognized Torres as a captain of the woods? No, certainly not. As to
his idea of hurrying off in search of the band to which Torres had belonged,
he did not think it had been worth much, and as to the name of Ortega, he
did not even know its value.
Gallant Fragoso! Whether he wished it or no, he had none the less saved
And herein what a strange succession of different events all tending to
the same end. The deliverance of Fragoso at the time when he was dying of
exhaustion in the forest of Iquitos; the hospitable reception he had met with
at the fazenda, the meeting with Torres on the Brazilian frontier, his
embarkation on the jangada; and lastly, the fact that Fragoso had seen him
"Well, yes!" Fragoso ended by exclaiming; "but it is not to me that all
this happiness is due, it is due to Lina!"
"To me?" replied the young mulatto.
"No doubt of it. Without the liana, without the idea of the liana, could
I ever have been the cause of so much happiness?"
So that Fragoso and Lina were praised and petted by all the family, and
by all the new friends whom so many trials had procured them at Manaos, need
hardly be insisted on.
But had not Judge Jarriquez also had his share in this rehabilitation of
an innocent man? If, in spite of all the shrewdness of his analytical
talents, he had not been able to read the document, which was absolutely
undecipherable to any one who had not got the key, had he not at any rate
discovered the system on which the cryptogram was composed? Without him what
could have been done with only the name of Ortega to reconstitute the number
which the author of the crime and Torres, both of whom were dead, alone
And so he also received abundant thanks.
Needless to say that the same day there was sent to Rio de Janeiro
a detailed report of the whole affair, and with it the original document
and the cipher to enable it to be read. New instructions from the minister of
justice had to be waited for, though there could be no doubt that they would
order the immediate discharge of the prisoner. A few days would thus have to
be passed at Manaos, and then Joam Dacosta and his people, free from all
constraint, and released from all apprehension, would take leave of their
host to go on board once more and continue their descent of the Amazon to
Para, where the voyage was intended to terminate with the double marriage of
Minha and Manoel and Lina and Fragoso.
Four days afterward, on the fourth of September, the order of discharge
arrived. The document had been recognized as authentic. The handwriting was
really that of Ortega, who had been formerly employed in the diamond
district, and there could be no doubt that the confession of his crime, with
the minutest details that were given, had been entirely written with his own
The innocence of the convict of Villa Rica was at length admitted. The
rehabilitation of Joam Dacosta was at last officially proclaimed.
That very day Judge Jarriquez dined with the family on board the giant
raft, and when evening came he shook hands with them all. Touching were the
adieus, but an engagement was made for them to see him again on their return
at Manaos, and later on the fazenda of Iquitos.
On the morning of the morrow, the fifth of September, the signal
for departure was given. Joam Dacosta and Yaquita, with their daughter and
sons, were on the deck of the enormous raft. The jangada had its moorings
slackened off and began to move with the current, and when it disappeared
round the bend of the Rio Negro, the hurrahs of the whole population of
Manaos, who were assembled on the bank, again and again re-echoed across the
THE LOWER AMAZON
LITTLE REMAINS to tell of the second part of the voyage down the mighty
river. It was but a series of days of joy. Joam Dacosta returned to a new
life, which shed its happiness on all who belonged to him.
The giant raft glided along with greater rapidity on the waters
now swollen by the floods. On the left they passed the small village
of Don Jose de Maturi, and on the right the mouth of that Madeira
which owes its name to the floating masses of vegetable remains and
trunks denuded of their foliage which it bears from the depths of
Bolivia. They passed the archipelago of Caniny, whose islets are
veritable boxes of palms, and before the village of Serpa, which,
successively transported from one back to the other, has definitely settled
on the left of the river, with its little houses, whose thresholds stand
on the yellow carpet of the beach.
The village of Silves, built on the left of the Amazon, and the town of
Villa Bella, which is the principal guarana market in the whole province,
were soon left behind by the giant raft. And so was the village of Faro and
its celebrated river of the Nhamundas, on which, in 1539, Orellana asserted
he was attacked by female warriors, who have never been seen again since, and
thus gave us the legend which justifies the immortal name of the river of the
Here it is that the province of Rio Negro terminates. The jurisdiction
of Para then commences; and on the 22d of September the family, marveling
much at a valley which has no equal in the world, entered that portion of the
Brazilian empire which has no boundary to the east except the Atlantic.
"How magnificent!" remarked Minha, over and over again.
"How long!" murmured Manoel.
"How beautiful!" repeated Lina.
"When shall we get there?" murmured Fragoso.
And this was what might have been expected of these folks from
the different points of view, though time passed pleasantly enough
with them all the same. Benito, who was neither patient nor impatient,
had recovered all his former good humor.
Soon the jangada glided between interminable plantations of cocoa-trees
with their somber green flanked by the yellow thatch or ruddy tiles of the
roofs of the huts of the settlers on both banks from Obidos up to the town of
Then there opened out the mouth of the Rio Trombetas, bathing with its
black waters the houses of Obidos, situated at about one hundred and eighty
miles from Belem, quite a small town, and even a citade with large
streets bordered with handsome habitations, and a great center for cocoa
produce. Then they saw another tributary, the Tapajos, with its greenish-gray
waters descending from the south-west; and then Santarem, a wealthy town of
not less than five thousand inhabitants, Indians for the most part, whose
nearest houses were built on the vast beach of white sand.
After its departure from Manaos the jangada did not stop anywhere as it
passed down the much less encumbered course of the Amazon. Day and night it
moved along under the vigilant care of its trusty pilot; no more stoppages
either for the gratification of the passengers or for business purposes.
Unceasingly it progressed, and the end rapidly grew nearer.
On leaving Alemquer, situated on the left bank, a new horizon appeared
in view. In place of the curtain of forests which had shut them in up to
then, our friends beheld a foreground of hills, whose undulations could be
easily descried, and beyond them the faint summits of veritable mountains
vandyked across the distant depth of sky. Neither Yaquita, nor her daughter,
nor Lina, nor old Cybele, had ever seen anything like this.
But in this jurisdiction of Para, Manoel was at home, and he could tell
them the names of the double chain which gradually narrowed the valley of the
"To the right," said he, "that is the Sierra de Paracuarta, which curves
in a half-circle to the south! To the left, that is the Sierra de Curuva, of
which we have already passed the first outposts."
"Then they close in?" asked Fragoso.
"They close in!" replied Manoel.
And the two young men seemed to understand each other, for the
same slight but significant nodding of the head accompanied the
question and reply.
At last, notwithstanding the tide, which since leaving Obidos had begun
to be felt, and which somewhat checked the progress of the raft, the town of
Monto Alegre was passed, then that of Pravnha de Onteiro, then the mouth of
the Xingu, frequented by Yurumas Indians, whose principal industry consists
in preparing their enemies' heads for natural history cabinets.
To what a superb size the Amazon had now developed as already
this monarch of rivers gave signs of opening out like a sea! Plants
from eight to ten feet high clustered along the beach, and bordered
it with a forest of reeds. Porto de Mos, Boa Vista, and Gurupa,
whose prosperity is on the decline, were soon among the places left in
Then the river divided into two important branches, which flowed
off toward the Atlantic, one going away northeastward, the other eastward,
and between them appeared the beginning of the large island of Marajo. This
island is quite a province in itself. It measures no less than a hundred and
eighty leagues in circumference. Cut up by marshes and rivers, all savannah
to the east, all forest to the west, it offers most excellent advantages for
the raising of cattle, which can here be seen in their thousands. This
immense barricade of Marajo is the natural obstacle which has compelled the
Amazon to divide before precipitating its torrents of water into the sea.
Following the upper branch, the jangada, after passing the islands of
Caviana and Mexiana, would have found an embouchure of some fifty
leagues across, but it would also have met with the bar of the
prororoca, that terrible eddy which, for the three days preceding the new
or full moon, takes but two minutes instead of six hours to raise
the river from twelve to fifteen feet above ordinary high-water mark.
This is by far the most formidable of tide-races. Most fortunately the
lower branch, known as the Canal of Breves, which is the natural area of the
Para, is not subject to the visitations of this terrible phenomenon, and its
tides are of a more regular description. Araujo, the pilot, was quite aware
of this. He steered, therefore, into the midst of magnificent forests, here
and there gliding past island covered with muritis palms; and the weather was
so favorable that they did not experience any of the storms which so
frequently rage along this Breves Canal.
A few days afterward the jangada passed the village of the same
name, which, although built on the ground flooded for many months in
the year, has become, since 1845, an important town of a hundred
houses. Throughout these districts, which are frequented by Tapuyas,
the Indians of the Lower Amazon become more and more commingled with
the white population, and promise to be completely absorbed by them.
And still the jangada continued its journey down the river. Here, at the
risk of entanglement, it grazed the branches of the mangliers, whose roots
stretched down into the waters like the claws of gigantic crustaceans; then
the smooth trunks of the paletuviers, with their pale-green foliage, served
as the resting-places for the long poles of the crew as they kept the raft in
the strength of the current.
Then came the Tocantins, whose waters, due to the different rivers
of the province of Goyaz, mingle with those of the Amazon by
an embouchure of great size, then the Moju, then the town of
Majestically the panorama of both banks moved along without a pause, as
though some ingenious mechanism necessitated its unrolling in the opposite
direction to that of the stream.
Already numerous vessels descending the river, ubas,
egariteas, vigilandas, pirogues of all builds, and small coasters from the
lower districts of the Amazon and the Atlantic seaboard, formed
a procession with the giant raft, and seemed like sloops beside some might
At length there appeared on the left Santa Maria de Belem do
Para—the "town" as they call it in that country—with its picturesque lines
of white houses at many different levels, its convents nestled among
the palm-trees, the steeples of its cathedral and of Nostra Senora
de Merced, and the flotilla of its brigantines, brigs, and barks,
which form its commercial communications with the old world.
The hearts of the passengers of the giant raft beat high. At length they
were coming to the end of the voyage which they had thought they would never
reach. While the arrest of Joam detained them at Manaos, halfway on their
journey, could they ever have hoped to see the capital of the province of
It was in the course of this day, the 15th of October—four months and a
half after leaving the fazenda of Iquitos—that, as they rounded a sharp bend
in the river, Belem came into sight.
The arrival of the jangada had been signaled for some days. The
whole town knew the story of Joam Dacosta. They came forth to welcome
him, and to him and his people accorded a most sympathetic reception.
Hundreds of craft of all sorts conveyed them to the fazender, and soon
the jangada was invaded by all those who wished to welcome the return of
their compatriot after his long exile. Thousands of sight-seers—or more
correctly speaking, thousands of friends crowded on to the floating village
as soon as it came to its moorings, and it was vast and solid enough to
support the entire population. Among those who hurried on board one of the
first pirogues had brought Madame Valdez. Manoel's mother was at last able to
clasp to her arms the daughter whom her son had chosen. If the good lady had
not been able to come to Iquitos, was it not as though a portion of
the fazenda, with her new family, had come down the Amazon to her?
Before evening the pilot Araujo had securely moored the raft at
the entrance of a creek behind the arsenal. That was to be its
last resting-place, its last halt, after its voyage of eight
hundred leagues on the great Brazilian artery. There the huts of the
Indians, the cottage of the negroes, the store-rooms which held the
valuable cargo, would be gradually demolished; there the principal
dwelling, nestled beneath its verdant tapestry of flowers and foliage, and
the little chapel whose humble bell was then replying to the
sounding clangor from the steeples of Belem, would each in its turn
But, ere this was done, a ceremony had to take place on the jangada—the
marriage of Manoel and Minha, the marriage of Lina and Fragoso. To Father
Passanha fell the duty of celebrating the double union which promised so
happily. In that little chapel the two couples were to receive the nuptial
benediction from his hands.
If it happened to be so small as to be only capable of holding
the members of Dacosta's family, was not the giant raft large enough
to receive all those who wished to assist at the ceremony? and if not, and
the crowd became so great, did not the ledges of the river banks afford
sufficient room for as many others of the sympathizing crowd as were desirous
of welcoming him whom so signal a reparation had made the hero of the
It was on the morrow, the 16th of October, that with great pomp
the marriages were celebrated.
It was a magnificent day, and from about ten o'clock in the morning the
raft began to receive its crowd of guests. On the bank could be seen almost
the entire population of Belem in holiday costume. On the river, vessels of
all sorts crammed with visitors gathered round the enormous mass of timber,
and the waters of the Amazon literally disappeared even up to the left bank
beneath the vast flotilla.
When the chapel bell rang out its opening note it seemed like a signal
of joy to ear and eye. In an instant the churches of Belem replied to the
bell of the jangada. The vessels in the port decked themselves with flags up
to their mastheads, and the Brazilian colors were saluted by the many other
national flags. Discharges of musketry reverberated on all sides, and it was
only with difficulty that their joyous detonations could cope with the loud
hurrahs from the assembled thousands.
The Dacosta family came forth from their house and moved through
the crowd toward the little chapel. Joam was received with
absolutely frantic applause. He gave his arm to Madame Valdez; Yaquita
was escorted by the governor of Belem, who, accompanied by the friends
of the young army surgeon, had expressed a wish to honor the ceremony with
his presence. Manoel walked by the side of Minha, who looked most fascinating
in her bride's costume, and then came Fragoso, holding the hand of Lina, who
seemed quite radiant with joy. Then followed Benito, then old Cybele and the
servants of the worthy family between the double ranks of the crew of the
Padre Passanha awaited the two couples at the entrance of the
chapel. The ceremony was very simple, and the same bands which had
formerly blessed Joam and Yaquita were again stretched forth to give
the nuptial benediction to their child.
So much happiness was not likely to be interrupted by the sorrow of long
separation. In fact, Manoel Valdez almost immediately sent in his
resignation, so as to join the family at Iquitos, where he is still following
the profession of a country doctor.
Naturally the Fragosos did not hesitate to go back with those who were
to them friends rather than masters.
Madame Valdez had no desire to separate so happy a group, but
she insisted on one thing, and that was that they should often come
and see her at Belem. Nothing could be easier. Was not the mighty river
a bond of communication between Belem and Iquitos? In a few days the first
mail steamer was to begin a regular and rapid service, and it would then only
take a week to ascend the Amazon, on which it had taken the giant raft so
many months to drift. The important commercial negotiations, ably managed by
Benito, were carried through under the best of conditions, and soon of what
had formed this jangada—that is to say, the huge raft of timber constructed
from an entire forest at Iquitos—there remained not a trace.
A month afterward the fazender, his wife, his son, Manoel and
Minha Valdez, Lina and Fragoso, departed by one of the Amazon steamers
for the immense establishment at Iquitos of which Benito was to take
Joam Dacosta re-entered his home with his head erect, and it was indeed
a family of happy hearts which he brought back with him from beyond the
Brazilian frontier. As for Fragoso, twenty times a day was he heard to
repeat, “What! without the liana?” and he wound up by bestowing the name on
the young mulatto who, by her affection for the gallant fellow, fully
justified its appropriateness. “If it were not for the one letter,” he said,
“would not Lina and Liana be the same?”