The overdensity and masses of the friends-of-friends halos and
  universality of the halo mass function
  The friends-of-friends algorithm (hereafter, FOF) is a percolation algorithm
which is routinely used to identify dark matter halos from N-body simulations.
We use results from percolation theory to show that the boundary of FOF halos
does not correspond to a single density threshold but to a range of densities
close to a critical value that depends upon the linking length parameter, b. We
show that for the commonly used choice of b = 0.2, this critical density is
equal to 81.62 times the mean matter density. Consequently, halos identified by
the FOF algorithm enclose an average overdensity which depends on their density
profile (concentration) and therefore changes with halo mass contrary to the
popular belief that the average overdensity is ~180. We derive an analytical
expression for the overdensity as a function of the linking length parameter b
and the concentration of the halo. Results of tests carried out using simulated
and actual FOF halos identified in cosmological simulations show excellent
agreement with our analytical prediction. We also find that the mass of the
halo that the FOF algorithm selects crucially depends upon mass resolution. We
find a percolation theory motivated formula that is able to accurately correct
for the dependence on number of particles for the mock realizations of
spherical and triaxial Navarro-Frenk-White halos. However, we show that this
correction breaks down when applied to the real cosmological FOF halos due to
presence of substructures. Given that abundance of substructure depends on
redshift and cosmology, we expect that the resolution effects due to
substructure on the FOF mass and halo mass function will also depend on
redshift and cosmology and will be difficult to correct for in general.
Finally, we discuss the implications of our results for the universality of the
mass function.
