The Cosmological Consistency Relation in a Universe with Structure
  In this short paper we determine the effects of structure on the cosmological
consistency relation which is valid in a perfect Friedmann Universe. We show
that within $\Lambda$CDM the consistency relation is violated by about 1.5% for
redshifts $z\simeq 2$ and this violation raises up to 2% at $z\simeq 5$ and 3%
at $z\simeq 10$ after which it settles at about 2.7% for $z>10$. This effect of
cosmic structure on the distance redshift relation is also very sensitive to
the determination of the dark energy equation of state via cosmic distances. It
actually leads to an apparent unphysical behavior of $w(z)$ which even diverges
at $z\sim 2.5$ and which we also discuss here.
