Massive and supermassive black holes in the contemporary and early
  universe and the new problems of cosmology and astrophysics
  This is the translation into English of the introduction, conclusion, and the
list of references of the review on massive primordial black holes, which is
submitted in Russian to Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk (Physics-Uspekhi). If
accepted, this review is translated into English by the Journal and published
in Russian and a little later in English.
  The review concerns the recent astronomical data which show that massive
primordial black holes play much more significant role in the universe than it
was previously believed. This is true both for the the contemporary and the
early universe at the red-shifts about 10. The mechanism, proposed in 1993, of
primordial creation of heavy and superheavy black holes in the very early
universe is discussed. This mechanism predicts the log-normal mass spectrum of
the primordial black holes, which became very popular during the last couple of
years. The proposed mechanism presents a natural explanation of a large amount
of the recent observational data, which do not fit the standard cosmology and
astrophysics.
