The First Billion Years Project: The escape fraction of ionizing photons
  in the epoch of reionization
  Proto-galaxies forming in low-mass dark matter haloes are thought to provide
the majority of ionizing photons needed to reionize the Universe, due to their
high escape fractions of ionizing photons. We study how the escape fraction in
high-redshift galaxies relates to the physical properties of the halo in which
the galaxies form, by computing escape fractions in more than 75000 haloes
between redshifts 27 and 6 that were extracted from the First Billion Years
project, high-resolution cosmological hydrodynamics simulations of galaxy
formation. We find that the main constraint on the escape fraction is the gas
column density in a radius of 10 pc around the stellar populations, causing a
strong mass dependence of the escape fraction. The lower potential well in
haloes with virial mass below 1e8 solar mass results in low column densities
that can be penetrated by radiation from young stars (age < 5 Myr). In haloes
with virial mass above 1e8 solar mass supernova feedback is important, but only
30% of the haloes in this mass range have an escape fraction higher than 1%. We
find a large range of escape fractions in haloes with similar properties,
caused by different distributions of the dense gas in the halo. This makes it
very hard to predict the escape fraction on the basis of halo properties and
results in a highly anisotropic escape fraction. The strong mass dependence,
the large spread and the large anisotropy of the escape fraction may strongly
affect the topology of reionization and is something current models of cosmic
reionization should strive to take into account.
