Surface Brightness Evolution of Galaxies in the CANDELS GOODS Fields up
  to $z \sim 6$: High-z Galaxies are Unique or Remain Undetected
  We investigate the rest-frame Ultraviolet (UV, $\lambda\sim2000$\AA) surface
brightness (SB) evolution of galaxies up to $z\sim6$ using a variety of deep
Hubble Space Telescope imaging. UV SB is a measure of the density of emission
from mostly young stars and correlates with an unknown combination of star
formation rate, initial mass function, cold gas mass density, dust attenuation,
and the size evolution of galaxies. In addition to physical effects, the SB is,
unlike magnitude, a more direct way in which a galaxy's detectability is
determined. We find a very strong evolution in the intrinsic SB distribution
which declines as $(1+z)^{3}$, decreasing by 4-5 mag arcsec$^{-2}$ between
$z=6$ to $z=1$. This change is much larger than expected in terms of the
evolution in UV luminosity, sizes or dust extinction and we demonstrate that
this evolution is 'unnatural' and due to selection biases. We also find no
strong correlation between mass and UV SB. Thus, deep HST imaging is unable to
discover all of the most massive galaxies in the distant universe. Through
simulations we show that only $\sim15$\% of galaxies that we can detect at
$z=2$ would be detected at high-$z$. We furthermore explore possible origins of
high SB galaxies at high-$z$ by investigating the relationship between
intrinsic SB and star formation rates. We conclude that ultra-high SB galaxies
are produced by very gas rich dense galaxies which are in a unique phase of
evolution, possibly produced by mergers. Analogues of such galaxies do not
exist in the relatively nearby universe.
