Producing the Deuteron in Stars: Anthropic Limits on Fundamental
  Constants
  Stellar nucleosynthesis proceeds via the deuteron (D), but only a small
change in the fundamental constants of nature is required to unbind it. Here,
we investigate the effect of altering the binding energy of the deuteron on
proton burning in stars. We find that the most definitive boundary in parameter
space that divides probably life-permitting universes from probably
life-prohibiting ones is between a bound and unbound deuteron. Due to neutrino
losses, a ball of gas will undergo rapid cooling or stabilization by electron
degeneracy pressure before it can form a stable, nuclear reaction-sustaining
star. We also consider a less-bound deuteron, which changes the energetics of
the $pp$ and $pep$ reactions. The transition to endothermic $pp$ and $pep$
reactions, and the resulting beta-decay instability of the deuteron, do not
seem to present catastrophic problems for life.
