The XXL Survey. XIII. Baryon content of the bright cluster sample
  Traditionally, galaxy clusters have been expected to retain all the material
accreted since their formation epoch. For this reason, their matter content
should be representative of the Universe as a whole, and thus their baryon
fraction should be close to the Universal baryon fraction. We make use of the
sample of the 100 brightest galaxy clusters discovered in the XXL Survey to
investigate the fraction of baryons in the form of hot gas and stars in the
cluster population. We measure the gas masses of the detected halos and use a
mass--temperature relation directly calibrated using weak-lensing measurements
for a subset of XXL clusters to estimate the halo mass. We find that the
weak-lensing calibrated gas fraction of XXL-100-GC clusters is substantially
lower than was found in previous studies using hydrostatic masses. Our best-fit
relation between gas fraction and mass reads $f_{\rm
gas,500}=0.055_{-0.006}^{+0.007}\left(M_{\rm
500}/10^{14}M_\odot\right)^{0.21_{-0.10}^{+0.11}}$. The baryon budget of galaxy
clusters therefore falls short of the Universal baryon fraction by about a
factor of two at $r_{\rm 500}$. Our measurements require a hydrostatic bias
$1-b=M_X/M_{\rm WL}=0.72_{-0.07}^{+0.08}$ to match the gas fraction obtained
using lensing and hydrostatic equilibrium. Comparing our gas fraction
measurements with the expectations from numerical simulations, our results
favour an extreme feedback scheme in which a significant fraction of the
baryons are expelled from the cores of halos. This model is, however, in
contrast with the thermodynamical properties of observed halos, which might
suggest that weak-lensing masses are overestimated. We note that a mass bias
$1-b=0.58$ as required to reconcile Planck CMB and cluster counts should
translate into an even lower baryon fraction, which poses a major challenge to
our current understanding of galaxy clusters. [Abridged]
