Quantifying distortions of the Lagrangian dark-matter mesh in cosmology
  We examine the Lagrangian divergence of the displacement field, arguably a
more natural object than the density in a Lagrangian description of
cosmological large-scale structure. This quantity, which we denote \psi,
quantifies the stretching and distortion of the initially homogeneous lattice
of dark-matter particles in the universe. \psi\ encodes similar information as
the density, but the correspondence has subtleties. It corresponds better to
the log-density A than the overdensity \delta. A Gaussian distribution in \psi\
produces a distribution in A with slight skewness; in \delta, we find that in
many cases the skewness is further increased by 3.
  A local spherical-collapse-based (SC) fit found by Bernardeau gives a formula
for \psi's particle-by-particle behavior that works quite well, better than
applying Lagrangian perturbation theory (LPT) at first or second (2LPT) order.
In 2LPT, there is a roughly parabolic relation between initial and final \psi\
that can give overdensities in deep voids, so low-redshift, high-resolution
2LPT realizations should be used with caution. The SC fit excels at predicting
\psi\ until streams cross; then, for particles forming haloes, \psi\ plummets
as in a waterfall to -3. This gives a new method for producing N-particle
realizations. Compared to LPT realizations, such SC realizations give reduced
stream-crossing, and better visual and 1-point-PDF correspondence to the
results of full gravity. LPT, on the other hand, predicts large-scale flows and
the large-scale power-spectrum amplitude better, unless an empirical correction
is added to the SC formula.
