Timing the Evolution of the Galactic Disk with NGC 6791: An Open Cluster
  with Peculiar High-$\alpha$ Chemistry as seen by APOGEE
  We utilize elemental-abundance information for Galactic red giant stars in
five open clusters (NGC 7789, NGC 6819, M67, NGC 188, and NGC 6791) from the
Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) DR13 dataset to
age-date the chemical evolution of the high- and low-$\alpha$ element sequences
of the Milky Way. Key to this time-stamping is the cluster NGC 6791, whose
stellar members have mean abundances that place it in the high-$\alpha$,
high-[Fe/H] region of the [$\alpha$/Fe]-[Fe/H] plane. Based on the cluster's
age ($\sim 8$ Gyr), Galactocentric radius, and height above the Galactic plane,
as well as comparable chemistry reported for APOGEE stars in Baade's Window, we
suggest that the two most likely origins for NGC 6791 are as an original part
of the thick-disk, or as a former member of the Galactic bulge. Moreover,
because NGC 6791 lies at the \textit{high metallicity end} ([Fe/H] $\sim 0.4$)
of the high-$\alpha$ sequence, the age of NGC 6791 places a limit on the
\textit{youngest age} of stars in the high-metallicity, high-$\alpha$ sequence
for the cluster's parent population (i.e., either the bulge or the disk). In a
similar way, we can also use the age and chemistry of NGC 188 to set a limit of
$\sim 7$ Gyr on the \textit{oldest age} of the low-$\alpha$ sequence of the
Milky Way. Therefore, NGC 6791 and NGC 188 are potentially a pair of star
clusters that bracket both the timing and the duration of an important
transition point in the chemical history of the Milky Way.
