Environmental Effects for Gravitational-wave Astrophysics
  The upcoming detection of gravitational waves by terrestrial interferometers
will usher in the era of gravitational-wave astronomy. This will be
particularly true when space-based detectors will come of age and measure the
mass and spin of massive black holes with exquisite precision and up to very
high redshifts, thus allowing for better understanding of the symbiotic
evolution of black holes with galaxies, and for high-precision tests of General
Relativity in strong-field, highly dynamical regimes. Such ambitious goals
require that astrophysical environmental pollution of gravitational-wave
signals be constrained to negligible levels, so that neither detection nor
estimation of the source parameters are significantly affected. Here, we
consider the main sources for space-based detectors -- the inspiral, merger and
ringdown of massive black-hole binaries and extreme mass-ratio inspirals -- and
account for various effects on their gravitational waveforms, including
electromagnetic fields, cosmological evolution, accretion disks, dark matter,
"firewalls" and possible deviations from General Relativity. We discover that
the black-hole quasinormal modes are sharply different in the presence of
matter, but the ringdown signal observed by interferometers is typically
unaffected. The effect of accretion disks and dark matter depends critically on
their geometry and density profile, but is negligible for most sources, except
for few special extreme mass-ratio inspirals. Electromagnetic fields and
cosmological effects are always negligible. We finally explore the implications
of our findings for proposed tests of General Relativity with gravitational
waves, and conclude that environmental effects will not prevent the development
of precision gravitational-wave astronomy.
