Halo Concentration, Galaxy Red Fraction, and Gas Properties of
  Optically-defined Merging Clusters
  We present multi-wavelength studies of optically-defined merging clusters,
based on the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program. Luminous red galaxies,
tracing cluster mass distributions, enable to identify cluster subhalos at
various merging stages, and thus make a homogeneous sample of cluster mergers,
which is unbiased with respect to the merger boost of the intracluster medium
(ICM). We define, using a peak-finding method, merging clusters with
multiple-peaks and single clusters with single-peaks from the CAMIRA cluster
catalog. Stacked weak-lensing analysis indicates that our sample of the merging
clusters is categorized into major mergers. The average halo concentration for
the merging clusters is $\sim70\%$ smaller than that of the single-peak
clusters, which agrees well with predictions of numerical simulations. The
spatial distribution of subhalos is less centrally concentrated than the mass
distribution of the main halo. The fractions of red galaxies in the merging
clusters are not higher than those of the single-peak clusters. We find a
signature of the merger boost of the ICM from stacked Planck Sunyaev-Zeldovich
effect and ROSAT X-ray luminosity, but not in optical richness. The stacked
X-ray surface brightness distribution, aligned with the main-subhalo pairs of
low redshift and massive clusters, shows that the central gas core is elongated
along the merger axis and overall gas distribution is misaligned by $\sim60$
deg. The homogeneous, unbiased sample of cluster mergers and multi-wavelength
follow-up studies provide a unique opportunity to make a complete picture of
merger physics over the whole process.
