The low frequency of dual AGNs versus the high merger rate of galaxies:
  A phenomenological model
  Dual AGNs are natural byproducts of hierarchical mergers of galaxies in the
LambdaCDM cosmogony. Recent observations have shown that only a small fraction
(~ 0.1%-1%) of AGNs at redshift z<~ 0.3 are dual with kpc-scale separations,
which is rather low compared to the high merger rate of galaxies. Here we
construct a phenomenological model to estimate the number density of dual AGNs
and its evolution according to the observationally-estimated major merger rates
of galaxies and various scaling relations on the properties of galaxies and
their central massive black holes. We show that our model reproduces the
observed frequency and separation distribution of dual AGNs provided that
significant nuclear activities are triggered only in gas-rich progenitor
galaxies with central massive black holes and only when the nuclei of these
galaxies are roughly within the half-light radii of their companion galaxies.
Under these constraints, the observed low dual AGN frequency is consistent with
the relatively high merger rate of galaxies and supports the hypothesis that
major mergers lead to AGN/QSO activities. We also predict that the number of
kpc-scale dual AGNs decreases with increasing redshift and only about
0.02%--0.06% of AGNs are dual AGNs with double-peaked narrow line features at
redshifts of z 0.5-1.2. Future observations of high-redshift dual AGNs would
provide a solid test for this prediction.
