The ionization fraction gradient across the Horsehead edge: An archetype
  for molecular clouds
  The ionization fraction plays a key role in the chemistry and dynamics of
molecular clouds. We study the H13CO+, DCO+ and HOC+ line emission towards the
Horsehead, from the shielded core to the UV irradiated cloud edge, i.e., the
Photodissociation Region (PDR), as a template to investigate the ionization
fraction gradient in molecular clouds. We analyze a PdBI map of the H13CO+
J=1-0 line, complemented with IRAM-30m H13CO+ and DCO+ higher-J line maps and
new HOC+ and CO+ observations. We compare self-consistently the observed
spatial distribution and line intensities with detailed depth-dependent
predictions of a PDR model coupled with a nonlocal radiative transfer
calculation. The chemical network includes deuterated species, 13C
fractionation reactions and HCO+/HOC+ isomerization reactions. The role of
neutral and charged PAHs in the cloud chemistry and ionization balance is
investigated. The detection of HOC+ reactive ion towards the Horsehead PDR
proves the high ionization fraction of the outer UV irradiated regions, where
we derive a low [HCO+]/[HOC+]~75-200 abundance ratio. In the absence of PAHs,
we reproduce the observations with gas-phase metal abundances, [Fe+Mg+...],
lower than 4x10(-9) (with respect to H) and a cosmic-rays ionization rate of
zeta=(5+/-3)x10(-17) s(-1). The inclusion of PAHs modifies the ionization
fraction gradient and increases the required metal abundance. The ionization
fraction in the Horsehead edge follows a steep gradient, with a scale length of
~0.05 pc (or ~25''), from [e-]~10(-4) (or n_e ~ 1-5 cm(-3)) in the PDR to a few
times ~10(-9) in the core. PAH^- anions play a role in the charge balance of
the cold and neutral gas if substantial amounts of free PAHs are present ([PAH]
>10(-8)).
