Can Conformally Coupled Modified Gravity Solve The Hubble Tension?
  The discrepancy between early-Universe inferences and direct measurements of
the Hubble constant, known as the Hubble tension, recently became a pressing
subject in high precision cosmology. As a result, a large variety of
theoretical models have been proposed to relieve this tension. In this work we
analyze a conformally-coupled modified gravity (CCMG) model of an evolving
gravitational constant due to the coupling of a scalar field to the Ricci
scalar, which becomes active around matter-radiation equality, as required for
solutions to the Hubble tension based on increasing the sound horizon at
recombination. The model is theoretically advantageous as it has only one free
parameter in addition to the baseline $\Lambda$CDM ones. Inspired by similar
recent analyses of so-called early-dark-energy models, we constrain the CCMG
model using a combination of early and late-Universe cosmological datasets. In
addition to the Planck 2018 cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies and
weak lensing measurements, baryon acoustic oscillations and the Supernova H0
for the Equation of State datasets, we also use large-scale structure (LSS)
datasets such as the Dark Energy Survey year 1 and the full-shape power
spectrum likelihood from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey, including
its recent analysis using effective field theory, to check the effect of the
CCMG model on the (milder) S8 tension between the CMB and LSS. We find that the
CCMG model can slightly relax the Hubble tension, with $H_0 = 69.6 \pm 1.6$
km/s/Mpc at 95% CL, while barely affecting the S8 tension. However, current
data does not exhibit strong preference for CCMG over the standard cosmological
model. Lastly, we show that the planned CMB-S4 experiment will have the
sensitivity required to distinguish between the CCMG model and the more general
class of models involving an evolving gravitational constant.
