Stellar Forensics with the Supernova-GRB Connection
  Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and Type Ib/c Supernovae (SNe Ib/c) are
amongst nature's most magnificent explosions. While GRBs launch relativistic
jets, SNe Ib/c are core-collapse explosions whose progenitors have been
stripped of their hydrogen and helium envelopes. Yet for over a decade, one of
the key outstanding questions is which conditions lead to each kind of
explosion and death in massive stars. Determining the fates of massive stars is
not only a vibrant topic in itself, but also impacts using GRBs as star
formation indicators over distances of up to 13 billion light-years and for
mapping the chemical enrichment history of the universe. This article reviews a
number of comprehensive observational studies that probe the progenitor
environments, their metallicities and the explosion geometries of SN with and
without GRBs, as well as the emerging field of SN environmental studies.
Furthermore, it discusses SN 2008D/XRT 080109 that was discovered
serendipitously with the Swift satellite via its X-ray emission from shock
breakout, and that has generated great interest amongst both observers and
theorists while illustrating a novel technique for stellar forensics. The
article concludes with an outlook on how the most promising venues of research
- with the existing and upcoming innovative large-scale surveys such as the
Palomar Transient Factory and LSST - will shed new light on the diverse deaths
of massive stars.
