Dynamics of Dusty Radiation Pressure Driven Shells and Clouds: Fast
  Outflows from Galaxies, Star Clusters, Massive Stars, and AGN
  It is typically assumed that radiation pressure driven winds are accelerated
to an asymptotic velocity of V ~ v_esc, where v_esc is the escape velocity from
the central source. We note that this is not the case for dusty shells and
clouds. Instead, if the shell or cloud is initially optically-thick to the UV
emission from the source of luminosity L, then there is a significant boost in
V that reflects the integral of the momentum absorbed as it is accelerated. For
shells reaching a generalized Eddington limit, we show that V ~ (4R_UV L/M_sh
c)^1/2, in both point-mass and isothermal-sphere potentials, where R_UV is the
radius where the shell becomes optically-thin to UV photons, and M_sh is the
mass of the shell. The asymptotic velocity significantly exceeds v_esc for
typical parameters, and can explain the ~1000-2000km/s outflows observed from
rapidly star-forming galaxies and active galactic nuclei if the surrounding
halo has low gas density. Similarly fast outflows from massive stars can be
accelerated on few - 10^3 yr timescales. These results carry over to clouds
that subtend only a small fraction of the solid angle from the source of
radiation and that expand as a consequence of their internal sound speed. We
further consider the dynamics of shells that sweep up a dense circumstellar or
circumgalactic medium. We calculate the "momentum ratio" Mdot v/(L/c) in the
shell limit and show that it can only significantly exceed ~2 if the effective
optical depth of the shell to re-radiated FIR photons is much larger than
unity. We discuss simple prescriptions for the properties of galactic outflows
for use in large-scale cosmological simulations. We also briefly discuss
applications to the dusty ejection episodes of massive stars, the disruption of
giant molecular clouds, and AGN.
