Scientific Realism and Primordial Cosmology
  We discuss scientific realism from the perspective of modern cosmology,
especially primordial cosmology: i.e. the cosmological investigation of the
very early universe.
  We first (Section 2) state our allegiance to scientific realism, and discuss
what insights about it cosmology might yield, as against "just" supplying
scientific claims that philosophers can then evaluate. In particular, we
discuss: the idea of laws of cosmology, and limitations on ascertaining the
global structure of spacetime. Then we review some of what is now known about
the early universe (Section 3): meaning, roughly, from a thousandth of a second
after the Big Bang onwards(!).
  The rest of the paper takes up two issues about primordial cosmology, i.e.
the very early universe, where "very early" means, roughly, much earlier
(logarithmically) than one second after the Big Bang: say, less than $10^{-11}$
seconds. Both issues illustrate that familiar philosophical threat to
scientific realism, the under-determination of theory by data---on a cosmic
scale.
  The first issue (Section 4) concerns the difficulty of observationally
probing the very early universe. More specifically, the difficulty is to
ascertain details of the putative inflationary epoch. The second issue (Section
5) concerns difficulties about confirming a cosmological theory that postulates
a multiverse, i.e. a set of domains (universes) each of whose inhabitants (if
any) cannot directly observe, or otherwise causally interact with, other
domains. This again concerns inflation, since many inflationary models
postulate a multiverse.
  For all these issues, it will be clear that much remains unsettled, as
regards both physics and philosophy. But we will maintain that these remaining
controversies do not threaten scientific realism.
