Effects of transient non-thermal particles on the big bang
  nucleosynthesis
  The effects of introducing a small amount of non-thermal distribution (NTD)
of elements in big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) are studied by allowing a
fraction of the NTD to be time-dependent so that it contributes only during a
certain period of the BBN evolution. The fraction is modeled as a
Gaussian-shaped function of $\log(T)$, where $T$ is the temperature of the
cosmos, and thus the function is specified by three parameters; the central
temporal position, the width and the magnitude. The change in the average
nuclear reaction rates due to the presence of the NTD is assumed to be
proportional to the Maxwellian reaction rates but with temperature $T_{\rm NTD}
\equiv \zeta T$, $\zeta$ being another parameter of our model. By scanning a
wide four-dimensional parametric space at about half a million points, we have
found about 130 points with $\chi^2< 1$, at which the predicted primordial
abundances of light elements are consistent with the observations. The
magnitude parameter $\varepsilon_0$ of these points turns out to be scattered
over a very wide range from $\varepsilon_0 \sim 10^{-19}$ to $\sim 10^{-1}$,
and the $\zeta$-parameter is found to be strongly correlated with the magnitude
parameter $\varepsilon_0$. The temperature region with $0.3\times 10^9 \mbox{K}
\lesssim T \lesssim 0.4\times 10^9 \mbox{K}$ or the temporal region $t\simeq
10^3$ s seems to play a central role in lowering $\chi^2$.
