Gas and dust in the star-forming region rho Oph A: The dust opacity
  exponent beta and the gas-to-dust mass ratio g2d
  We aim at determining the spatial distribution of the gas and dust in
star-forming regions and address their relative abundances in quantitative
terms. We also examine the dust opacity exponent beta for spatial and/or
temporal variations. Using mapping observations of the very dense rho Oph A
core, we examined standard 1D and non-standard 3D methods to analyse data of
far-infrared and submillimeter (submm) continuum radiation. The resulting dust
surface density distribution can be compared to that of the gas. The latter was
derived from the analysis of accompanying molecular line emission, observed
with Herschel from space and with APEX from the ground. As a gas tracer we used
N2H+, which is believed to be much less sensitive to freeze-out than CO and its
isotopologues. Radiative transfer modelling of the N2H+(J=3-2) and (J=6-5)
lines with their hyperfine structure explicitly taken into account provides
solutions for the spatial distribution of the column density N(H2), hence the
surface density distribution of the gas. The gas-to-dust mass ratio is varying
across the map, with very low values in the central regions around the core SM
1. The global average, =88, is not far from the canonical value of 100,
however. In rho Oph A, the exponent beta of the power-law description for the
dust opacity exhibits a clear dependence on time, with high values of 2 for the
envelope-dominated emission in starless Class -1 sources to low values close to
0 for the disk-dominated emission in Class III objects. beta assumes
intermediate values for evolutionary classes in between. Since beta is
primarily controlled by grain size, grain growth mostly occurs in circumstellar
disks. The spatial segregation of gas and dust, seen in projection toward the
core centre, probably implies that, like C18O, also N2H+ is frozen onto the
grains.
