Connecting Galactic and extragalactic outflows: From the Cygnus-X
  cluster to active galaxies
  Molecular outflows are often detected originating from both protostellar and
extragalactic sources. Studies of low-mass, isolated high-mass, and
extragalactic sources reveal scaling relations connecting the force carried by
an outflow and the properties of the source that drives it. The aim of this
work is to examine the effects of clustered star formation on the protostellar
outflows and their scaling relations and to explore the possibility that
outflows varying greatly scale and energetics are consistent with being
launched by the same physical processes. High-angular resolution CO J = 3-2
observations were used of ten high-mass protostars in the Cygnus-X molecular
cloud, obtained at the SMA as part of the PILS-Cygnus survey. From these data,
the outflow force was measured. In addition, an extended sample of protostellar
and extragalactic outflow-force measurements was assembled from existing
literature to allow for a direct comparison of the scaling relations of the two
types of outflows. Molecular outflows were detected originating from all ten
sources of the PILS-Cygnus survey, and their outflow forces are found in close
agreement with measurements from the literature. The comparison of the
protostellar and extragalactic sources reveals, with 95\% confidence, that
Class 0 protostars and extragalactic sources follow the same outflow
force--bolometric luminosity correlation. The close agreement between the
Cygnus-X sources and sources of similar envelope mass and bolometric luminosity
suggests that clustered star formation has no significant effect on
protostellar outflows. We find a strong indication that protostellar and
extragalactic outflows are consistent with having a similar launch mechanism.
The existence of such a mechanism would enable the development of a single
universal outflow launch model, although more observations are required in
order to verify this connection.
