The Contribution of TP-AGB and RHeB Stars to the Near-IR Luminosity of
  Local Galaxies: Implications for Stellar Mass Measurements of High Redshift
  Galaxies
  Using high spatial resolution HST WFC3 and ACS imaging of resolved stellar
populations, we constrain the contribution of thermally-pulsing asymptotic
giant branch (TP-AGB) stars and red helium burning (RHeB) stars to the 1.6 um
near-infrared (NIR) luminosities of 23 nearby galaxies. The TP-AGB phase
contributes as much as 17% of the integrated F160W flux, even when the red
giant branch is well populated. The RHeB population contribution can match or
even exceed the TP-AGB contribution, providing as much as 21% of the integrated
F160W light. The NIR mass-to-light (M/L) ratio should therefore be expected to
vary significantly due to fluctuations in the star formation rate over
timescales from 25 Myr to several Gyr. We compare our observational results to
predictions based on optically derived star formation histories and stellar
population synthesis (SPS) models, including models based on the Padova
isochrones (used in popular SPS programs). The SPS models generally reproduce
the expected numbers of TP-AGB stars in the sample. The same SPS models,
however, give a larger discrepancy in the F160W flux contribution from the
TP-AGB stars, over-predicting the flux by a weighted mean factor of 2.3 +/-0.8.
This larger offset is driven by the prediction of modest numbers of high
luminosity TP-AGB stars at young (<300 Myrs) ages. The best-fit SPS models
simultaneously tend to under-predict the numbers and fluxes of stars on the
RHeB sequence, typically by a factor of 2.0+/-0.6 for galaxies with significant
numbers of RHeBs. Coincidentally, over-prediction of the TP-AGB and
under-prediction of the RHeBs result in a NIR M/L ratio largely unchanged for a
rapid star formation rate. However, the NIR-to-optical flux ratio of galaxies
could be significantly smaller than AGB-rich models would predict, an outcome
that has been observed in some intermediate redshift post-starburst galaxies.
(Abridged)
