The Contribution of Supernovae to Cosmic Reionization
  While stars are widely discussed as the source of the high energy photons
which reionized the universe, an additional source of ionizing photons that
must also contribute to reionization in this scenario is the supernovae (SNe)
which mark the end of the life of massive stars. Here we estimate the relative
contributions of SNe and stars to reionization. While the rate at which
ionizing photons are produced in SN shocks is well below that at which they are
produced by stars, the harder spectra of radiation emitted from SNe leads to an
enhanced escape fraction of SN generated photons relative to that of stellar
photons. In particular, along a given line of sight out of a galaxy, we find
that for neutral hydrogen column densities N_H >~10^18 cm^-2 the contribution
to reionization from SNe is greater than that from stars. Drawing on the
results of simulations presented in the literature, we find that the overall
(line of sight-averaged) SNe shock-generated ionizing photon escape fraction is
larger than the stellar photon escape fraction by a factor of \simeq 4 to
\simeq 7, depending on the metallicity of the stellar population. Overall, our
results suggest that the effect of SNe is an enhancement of up to ~ 10 percent
in the fraction of hydrogen reionized by stellar sources. We briefly discuss
the implications of our results for the population of galaxies responsible for
reionization.
