A Universal Relation of Dust Obscuration Across Cosmic Time
  We investigate dust obscuration as parameterised by the infrared excess
IRX$\equiv$$L_{\rm IR}/L_{\rm UV}$ in relation to global galaxy properties,
using a sample of $\sim$32$\,$000 local star-forming galaxies (SFGs) selected
from SDSS, GALEX and WISE. We show that IRX generally correlates with stellar
mass ($M_\ast$), star formation rate (SFR), gas-phase metallicity ($Z$),
infrared luminosity ($L_{\rm IR}$) and the half-light radius ($R_{\rm e}$). A
weak correlation of IRX with axial ratio (b/a) is driven by the inclination and
thus seen as a projection effect.
  By examining the tightness and the scatter of these correlations, we find
that SFGs obey an empirical relation of the form $IRX$=$10^\alpha\,(L_{\rm
IR})^{\beta}\,R_{\rm e}^{-\gamma}\,(b/a)^{-\delta}$ where the power-law indices
all increase with metallicity. The best-fitting relation yields a scatter of
$\sim$0.17$\,$dex and no dependence on stellar mass. Moreover, this empirical
relation also holds for distant SFGs out to $z=3$ in a population-averaged
sense, suggesting it to be universal over cosmic time. Our findings reveal that
IRX approximately increases with $L_{\rm IR}/R_{\rm e}^{[1.3 - 1.5]}$ instead
of $L_{\rm IR}/R_{\rm e}^{2}$ (i.e., surface density). We speculate this may be
due to differences in the spatial extent of stars versus star formation and/or
complex star-dust geometries. We conclude that not stellar mass but IR
luminosity, metallicity and galaxy size are the key parameters jointly
determining dust obscuration in SFGs.
