Cosmology with galaxy-galaxy lensing on non-perturbative scales:
  Emulation method and application to BOSS LOWZ
  We describe our nonlinear emulation (i.e., interpolation) framework that
combines the halo occupation distribution (HOD) galaxy bias model with $N$-body
simulations of nonlinear structure formation, designed to accurately predict
the projected clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing signals from luminous red
galaxies (LRGs) in the redshift range $0.16 < z < 0.36$ on comoving scales $0.6
< r_p < 30$ \hMpc. The interpolation accuracy is $\lesssim 1-2$ per cent across
the entire physically plausible range of parameters for all scales considered.
We correctly recover the true value of the cosmological parameter $S_8 =
({\sigma_8}/{0.8228}) ({\Omega_{\text{m}}}/{0.3107})^{0.6}$ from mock
measurements produced via subhalo abundance matching (SHAM)-based lightcones
designed to approximately match the properties of the SDSS LOWZ galaxy sample.
Applying our model to Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) Data
Release 14 (DR14) LOWZ galaxy clustering and galaxy-shear cross-correlation
measurements made with Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 8 (DR8)
imaging, we perform a prototype cosmological analysis marginalizing over $w$CDM
cosmological parameters and galaxy HOD parameters. We obtain a 4.4 per cent
measurement of $S_8 = 0.847 \pm 0.037$, in $3.5\sigma$ tension with the Planck
cosmological results of $1.00 \pm 0.02$. We discuss the possibility of
underestimated systematic uncertainties or astrophysical effects that could
explain this discrepancy.
