Giant planet swaps during close stellar encounters
  The discovery of planetary systems outside of the solar system has challenged
some of the tenets of planetary formation. Among the difficult-to-explain
observations, are systems with a giant planet orbiting a very-low mass star,
such as the recently discovered GJ~3512b planetary system, where a Jupiter-like
planet orbits an $M$-star in a tight and eccentric orbit. Systems such as this
one are not predicted by the core accretion theory of planet formation. Here we
suggest a novel mechanism, in which the giant planet is born around a more
typical Sun-like star ($M_{*,1}$), but is subsequently exchanged during a
dynamical interaction with a flyby low-mass star ($M_{*,2}$). We perform
state-of-the-art $N$-body simulations with $M_{*,1}=1M_\odot$ and
$M_{*,2}=0.1M_\odot$ to study the statistical outcomes of this interaction, and
show that exchanges result in high eccentricities for the new orbit around the
low-mass star, while about half of the outcomes result in tighter orbits than
the planet had around its birth star. We numerically compute the cross section
for planet exchange, and show that an upper limit for the probability per
planetary system to have undergone such an event is $\Gamma\sim 4.4(M_{\rm
c}/100M_\odot)^{-2}(a_{\rm p}/{\rm AU}) (\sigma/1\,{\rm km}\,{\rm
s}^{-1})^{5}$Gyr$^{-1}$, where $a_{\rm p}$ is the planet semi-major axis around
the birth star, $\sigma$ the velocity dispersion of the star cluster, and
$M_{\rm c}$ the total mass of the star cluster. Hence these planet exchanges
could be relatively common for stars born in open clusters and groups, should
already be observed in the exoplanet database, and provide new avenues to
create unexpected planetary architectures.
