Constraints On Dark Energy Models From Galaxy Clusters and Gravitational
  Lensing Data
  The Sunyaev--Zel'dovich (SZ) effect is a global distortion of the Cosmic
Microwave Background (CMB) spectrum as a result of its interaction with a hot
electron plasma in the intracluster medium of large structures gravitationally
viralized such as galaxy clusters (GC). Furthermore, this~hot gas of electrons
emits X-rays due to its fall in the gravitational potential well of the GC.
The~analysis of SZ and X-ray data provides a method for calculating distances
to GC at high redshifts. On the other hand, many galaxies and GC produce a
Strong Gravitational Lens (SGL) effect, which has become a useful astrophysical
tool for cosmology. We use these cosmological tests in addition to more
traditional ones to constrain some alternative dark energy (DE) models,
including the study of the history of cosmological expansion through the
cosmographic parameters. Using Akaike and Bayesian Information Criterion, we
find that the $wCDM$ and $\Lambda CDM$ models are the most favoured by the
observational data. In addition, we found at low redshift a peculiar behavior
of slowdown of the universe, which occurs in dynamical DE models when we use
data from GC.
