Impact of small scale inhomogeneities on observations of standard
  candles
  We investigate the effect of small scale inhomogeneities on standard candle
observations, such as type Ia supernovae (SNe) observations. Existence of the
small scale inhomogeneities may cause a tension between SNe observations and
other observations with larger diameter sources, such as the cosmic microwave
background (CMB) observation. To clarify the impact of the small scale
inhomogeneities, we use the Dyer-Roeder approach. We determined the smoothness
parameter $\alpha(z)$ as a function of the redshift $z$ so as to compensate the
deviation of cosmological parameters for SNe from those for CMB. The range of
the deviation which can be compensated by the smoothness parameter $\alpha(z)$
satisfying $0\leq\alpha(z)\leq1$ is reported. Our result suggests that the
tension may give us the information of the small scale inhomogeneities through
the smoothness parameter.
