Evolution of dust porosity through coagulation and shattering in the
  interstellar medium
  The properties of interstellar grains, such as grain size distribution and
grain porosity, are affected by interstellar processing, in particular,
coagulation and shattering, which take place in the dense and diffuse
interstellar medium (ISM), respectively. In this paper, we formulate and
calculate the evolution of grain size distribution and grain porosity through
shattering and coagulation. For coagulation, we treat the grain evolution
depending on the collision energy. Shattering is treated as a mechanism of
forming small compact fragments. The balance between these processes are
determined by the dense-gas mass fraction $\eta_\mathrm{dense}$, which
determines the time fraction of coagulation relative to shattering. We find
that the interplay between shattering supplying small grains and coagulation
forming porous grains from shattered grains is fundamentally important in
creating and maintaining porosity. The porosity rises to 0.7--0.9 (or the
filling factor 0.3--0.1) around grain radii $a\sim 0.1~\mu$m. We also find
that, in the case of $\eta_\mathrm{dense}=0.1$ (very efficient shattering with
weak coagulation) porosity significantly enhances coagulation, creating fluffy
submicron grains with filling factors lower than 0.1. The porosity enhances the
extinction by 10--20 per cent at all wavelengths for amorphous carbon and at
ultraviolet wavelengths for silicate. The extinction curve shape of silicate
becomes steeper if we take porosity into account. We conclude that the
interplay between shattering and coagulation is essential in creating porous
grains in the interstellar medium and that the resulting porosity can impact
the grain size distributions and extinction curves.
