On the nature and correction of the spurious S-wise spiral galaxy
  winding bias in Galaxy Zoo 1
  The Galaxy Zoo 1 catalog displays a bias towards the S-wise winding direction
in spiral galaxies which has yet to be explained. The lack of an explanation
confounds our attempts to verify the Cosmological Principle, and has spurred
some debate as to whether a bias exists in the real universe. The bias
manifests not only in the obvious case of trying to decide if the universe as a
whole has a winding bias, but also in the more insidious case of selecting
which galaxies to include in a winding direction survey. While the former bias
has been accounted for in a previous image-mirroring study, the latter has not.
Furthermore, the bias has never been {\em corrected} in the GZ1 catalog, as
only a small sample of the GZ1 catalog was re-examined during the mirror study.
We show that the existing bias is a human {\em selection} effect rather than a
human chirality bias. In effect, the excess S-wise votes are spuriously
"stolen" from the elliptical and edge-on-disk categories, not the Z-wise
category. Thus, when selecting a set of spiral galaxies by imposing a threshold
$T$ so that $\max(P_S,P_Z) > T$ or $P_S+P_Z>T$, we spuriously select more
S-wise than Z-wise galaxies. We show that when a provably unbiased machine
selects which galaxies are spirals independent of their chirality, the S-wise
surplus vanishes, even if humans are still used to determine the chirality.
Thus, when viewed across the entire GZ1 sample (and by implication, the Sloan
catalog), the winding direction of arms in spiral galaxies as viewed from Earth
is consistent with the flip of a fair coin.
