Emergence and expansion of cosmic space as due to M0-branes
  Recently, Padmanabhan [arXiv:1206.4916 [hep-th]] discussed that the
difference between the number of degrees of freedom on the boundary surface and
the number of degrees of freedom in a bulk region causes the accelerated
expansion of the universe. The main question that arises on the origin of this
inequality between the surface degrees of freedom and the bulk degrees of
freedom. We answer this question in M-theory. In our model, first M0-branes are
compactified on one circle and then N D0-branes are created. Then, N D0-branes
join to each other, grow and form a D5-brane. Next, D5- brane is compactified
on two circle and our universe-D3-brane, two D1-brane and some extra energies
are produced. After that, one of the D1-branes, which is more close to the
universe-brane, gives its energy into it, leads to an increase of the
difference between the number of degrees of freedom and the occurring inflation
era. With the disappearance of this D1-brane, the number of degrees of freedom
of boundary surface and bulk region becomes equal and inflation ends. At this
stage, extra energies that are produced due to the compactification cause to an
expansion of universe and deceleration epoch. Finally, another D1-brane,
dissolves in our universe-brane, leads to an inequality between degrees of
freedom and gives rise to a new phase of acceleration.
