CO+ as a probe of the origin of CO in diffuse interstellar clouds
  The chemistry of the diffuse interstellar medium is driven by the combined
influences of cosmic rays, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and turbulence.
Previously detected at the outer edges of photodissociation regions (PDRs) and
formed from the reaction of C+ and OH, CO+ is the main chemical precursor of
HCO+ and CO in a thermal, cosmic-ray, and UV-driven chemistry.
  Our aim was to test whether the thermal cosmic-ray and UV-driven chemistry is
producing CO in diffuse interstellar molecular gas through the intermediate
formation of CO+ We searched for CO+ absorption with the Atacama Large
Millimeter Array (ALMA) toward two quasars with known Galactic foreground
absorption from diffuse interstellar gas, J1717-3342 and J1744-3116, targeting
the two strongest hyperfine components of the J=2-1 transition near 236 GHz. We
could not detect CO+ but obtained sensitive upper limits toward both targets.
The derived upper limits on the CO+ column densities represent about 4% of the
HCO+ column densities. The corresponding upper limit on the CO+ abundance
relative to H2 is <1.2 x 10^{-10}.
  The non-detection of CO+ confirms that HCO+ is mainly produced in the
reaction between oxygen and carbon hydrides, CH2+ or CH3+ , induced by
suprathermal processes, while CO+ and HOC+ result from reactions of C+ with OH
and H2O. The densities required to form CO molecules at low extinction are
consistent with this scheme.
