Double stars and astrometric uncertainties in Gaia DR1
  A significant number of double stars with separations up to 2.5 arcsec are
present in the Gaia Data Release 1 astrometric catalogs. Limiting our analysis
to a well-studied sample of 1124 doubles resolved by Hipparcos, provided with
individual Tycho component photometry, and cross-matched with the TGAS catalog,
we estimate a rate of at least 3% for brighter double stars in Gaia DR1, which
should be resolved in the future data releases. Gaia astrometric results are
affected by unresolved duplicity. The variance-normalized quadratic differences
of proper motion between Gaia and Hipparcos do not follow the expected chi^2
distribution and show signs of powerful degradation in the components aligned
with the axes of the double systems. This concerns only pairs with separation
below 1.2 -- 1.5 arcsec, which mostly remain unresolved in Gaia DR1. On the
other hand, the orthogonal proper motion components and parallaxes do not have
any detectable perturbation, as well as all astrometry for separations above
1.5 arcsec. Gaia parallaxes do not seem to be perturbed by duplicity, with Gaia
- Hipparcos differences being systematically smaller than the expectation. The
rate of incorrectly identified, or swapped, companions is estimated at 0.4%.
