Systematic study of outflows in the Local Universe using CALIFA: I.
  Sample selection and main properties
  We present a sample of 17 objects from the CALIFA survey where we find
initial evidence of galactic winds based on their off-axis ionization
properties. We identify the presence of outflows using various optical
diagnostic diagrams (e.g., EW(H$\alpha$), [Nii]/H$\alpha$, [Sii]/H$\alpha$,
[Oi]/H$\alpha$ line-ratio maps). We find that all 17 candidate outflow galaxies
lie along the sequence of active star formation in the M$_\star$ vs.
star-formation rate diagram, without a clear excess in the integrated SFR. The
location of galaxies along the star-formation main sequence (SFMS) does not
influence strongly the presence or not of outflows. The analysis of the
star-formation rate density ($\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$) reveals that the CALIFA
sources present higher values when compared with normal star-forming galaxies.
The strength of this relation depends on the calibrator used to estimate the
SFR. This excess in $\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$ is significant within the first
effective radius supporting the idea that most outflows are driven by processes
in the inner regions of a galaxy. We find that the molecular gas mass density
($\Sigma_\mathrm{gas}$) is a key parameter that plays an important role in the
generation of outflows through its association with the local SFR. The
canonical threshold reported for the generation of outflows -- $\Sigma_{\rm
SFR}>0.1$ $\mathrm{M}_\odot \mathrm{yr}^{-1} \mathrm{kpc}^{-2}$ -- is only
marginally exceeded in our sample. Within the Kennicutt-Schmidt diagram we
propose a domain for galaxies hosting starburst-driven outflows defined by
$\Sigma_{\rm
  SFR}>10^{-2} \,\mathrm{M}_\odot \mathrm{yr}^{-1} \mathrm{kpc}^{-2}$ and
$\Sigma_\mathrm{gas}>10^{1.2} \, \mathrm{M}_\odot \mathrm{pc}^{-2}$ within a
central kiloparcec region.
