Losing the trace to find dynamical Newton or Planck constants
  We show that promoting the trace part of the Einstein equations to a trivial
identity results in the Newton constant being an integration constant. Thus, in
this formulation the Newton constant is a global dynamical degree of freedom
which is also a subject to quantization and quantum fluctuations. This is
similar to what happens to the cosmological constant in the unimodular gravity
where the trace part of the Einstein equations is lost in a different way. We
introduce a constrained variational formulation of these modified Einstein
equations. Then, drawing on analogies with the Henneaux-Teitelboim action for
unimodular gravity, we construct different general-covariant actions resulting
in these dynamics. The inverse of dynamical Newton constant is canonically
conjugated to the Ricci scalar integrated over spacetime. Surprisingly, instead
of the dynamical Newton constant one can formulate an equivalent theory with a
dynamical Planck constant. Finally, we show that an axion-like field can play a
role of the gravitational Newton constant or even of the quantum Planck
constant.
