The XMM Cluster Survey: Testing chameleon gravity using the profiles of
  clusters
  The chameleon gravity model postulates the existence of a scalar field that
couples with matter to mediate a fifth force. If it exists, this fifth force
would influence the hot X-ray emitting gas filling the potential wells of
galaxy clusters. However, it would not influence the clusters' weak lensing
signal. Therefore, by comparing X-ray and weak lensing profiles, one can place
upper limits on the strength of a fifth force. This technique has been
attempted before using a single, nearby cluster (Coma, $z=0.02$). Here we apply
the technique to the stacked profiles of 58 clusters at higher redshifts
($0.1<z<1.2$), including 12 new to the literature, using X-ray data from the
XMM Cluster Survey (XCS) and weak lensing data from the Canada France Hawaii
Telescope Lensing Survey (CFHTLenS). Using a multi-parameter MCMC analysis, we
constrain the two chameleon gravity parameters ($\beta$ and $\phi_{\infty}$).
Our fits are consistent with general relativity, not requiring a fifth force.
In the special case of $f(R)$ gravity (where $\beta = \sqrt{1/6}$), we set an
upper limit on the background field amplitude today of $|f_{\rm{R0}}| < 6
\times 10^{-5}$ (95% CL). This is one of the strongest constraints to date on
$|f_{\rm{R0}}|$ on cosmological scales. We hope to improve this constraint in
future by extending the study to hundreds of clusters using data from the Dark
Energy Survey.
