Deep learning predictions of galaxy merger stage and the importance of
  observational realism
  Machine learning is becoming a popular tool to quantify galaxy morphologies
and identify mergers. However, this technique relies on using an appropriate
set of training data to be successful. By combining hydrodynamical simulations,
synthetic observations and convolutional neural networks (CNNs), we
quantitatively assess how realistic simulated galaxy images must be in order to
reliably classify mergers. Specifically, we compare the performance of CNNs
trained with two types of galaxy images, stellar maps and dust-inclusive
radiatively transferred images, each with three levels of observational
realism: (1) no observational effects (idealized images), (2) realistic sky and
point spread function (semi-realistic images), (3) insertion into a real sky
image (fully realistic images). We find that networks trained on either
idealized or semi-real images have poor performance when applied to
survey-realistic images. In contrast, networks trained on fully realistic
images achieve 87.1% classification performance. Importantly, the level of
realism in the training images is much more important than whether the images
included radiative transfer, or simply used the stellar maps (87.1% compared to
79.6% accuracy, respectively). Therefore, one can avoid the large computational
and storage cost of running radiative transfer with a relatively modest
compromise in classification performance. Making photometry-based networks
insensitive to colour incurs a very mild penalty to performance with
survey-realistic data (86.0% with r-only compared to 87.1% with gri). This
result demonstrates that while colour can be exploited by colour-sensitive
networks, it is not necessary to achieve high accuracy and so can be avoided if
desired. We provide the public release of our statistical observational realism
suite, RealSim, as a companion to this paper.
