UV surface brightness of galaxies from the local Universe to z ~ 5
  The Tolman test for surface brightness dimming was originally proposed as a
test for the expansion of the Universe. The test, which is independent of the
details of the assumed cosmology,is based on comparisons of the surface
brightness (SB) of identical objects at different cosmological distances.
Claims have been made that the Tolman test provides compelling evidence against
a static model for the Universe. In this paper we reconsider this subject by
adopting a static Euclidean Universe with a linear Hubble relation at all z
(which is not the standard Einstein- de Sitter model),resulting in a relation
between flux and luminosity that is virtually indistinguishable from the one
used for LCDM models. Based on the analysis of the UV surface brightness of
luminous disk galaxies from HUDF and GALEX datasets, reaching from the local
Universe to z ~ 5 we show that the surface brightness remains constant as
expected in a SEU.
  A re-analysis of previously-published data used for the Tolman test at lower
redshift, when treated within the same framework, confirms the results of the
present analysis by extending our claim to elliptical galaxies. We conclude
that available observations of galactic SB are consistent with a static
Euclidean model of the Universe.
  We do not claim that the consistency of the adopted model with SB data is
sufficient by itself to confirm what would be a radical transformation in our
understanding of the cosmos. However, we believe this result is more than
sufficient reason to examine further this combination of hypotheses.
