The first (nearly) model-independent constraint on the neutral hydrogen
  fraction at z~5--6
  Cosmic reionization is expected to be complex, extended and very
inhomogeneous. Existing constraints at z~6 on the volume-averaged neutral
hydrogen fraction, <x_HI>, are highly model-dependent and controversial.
Constraints at z<6, suggesting that the Universe is highly ionized, are also
model-dependent, but more fundamentally are invalid in the context of
inhomogeneous reionization. As such, it has recently been pointed out that
there is no conclusive evidence that reionization has completed by z~5--6, a
fact that has important ramifications on the interpretation of high-redshift
observations and theoretical models. We present the first direct upper limits
on <x_HI> at z~5--6 using the simple and robust statistic of the covering
fraction of dark pixels in the Ly alpha/beta forests of high redshift quasars.
With a sample of 13 Keck ESI spectra we constrain <x_HI> < 0.2 at 5 < z < 5.5,
rising to <x_HI> < 0.8 at z~6.1. We also find tentative evidence for a break in
the redshift evolution of the dark covering fraction at z~5.5. A subsample of
two deep spectra provides a more stringent constraint of <x_HI>(z=6.1) < 0.5
when combined with conservative estimates of cosmic variance. This upper limit
is comparable to existing results at z~6 but is more robust. The results
presented here do not rely on assumptions about the quasar continuum, IGM
density, HII morphology or ionizing background fields, and thus are a good
starting point for future interpretation of high redshift observations.
