Oxygen Loss from Simulated Galaxies and the Metal Flow Main Sequence:
  Predicting the Dependence on Mass and Environment
  We predict the mass fraction of oxygen lost from galaxies in a cosmological
simulation as a function of stellar mass and environment at the present day.
The distribution with stellar mass is bimodal, separating star-forming and
quenched galaxies. The metallicity of gas and stars is self-consistently
calculated using a chemical evolution model that includes supernovae type II
and Ia, hypernovae, and asymptotic giant branch stars. The mass of oxygen lost
from each galaxy is calculated by comparing the existing oxygen in gas and
stars in the galaxy to the oxygen that should have been produced by the
present-day population of stars. More massive galaxies are able to retain a
greater fraction of their metals ($\sim 100$ per cent) than low-mass galaxies
($\sim 40 - 70$ per cent). As in the star formation main sequence, star-forming
galaxies follow a tight relationship also in terms of oxygen mass lost -- a
metal flow main sequence, ZFMS -- whereas massive quenched galaxies tend to
have lost a greater fraction of oxygen (up to 20 per cent), due to AGN-driven
winds. The amount of oxygen lost by satellite galaxies depends on the details
of their interaction history, and those in richer groups tend to have lost a
greater fraction of their oxygen. Observational estimates of metal retention in
galaxies will provide a strong constraint on models of galaxy evolution.
