Mergers and Star Formation: The environment and Stellar Mass Growth of
  the Progenitors of Ultra-Massive Galaxies since z = 2
  The growth of galaxies is a key problem in understanding the structure and
evolution of the universe. Galaxies grow their stellar mass by a combination of
star formation and mergers, with a relative importance that is redshift
dependent. Theoretical models predict quantitatively different contributions
from the two channels; measuring these from the data is a crucial constraint.
Exploiting the UltraVISTA catalog and a unique sample of progenitors of local
ultra massive galaxies selected with an abundance matching approach, we
quantify the role of the two mechanisms from z=2 to 0. We also compare our
results to two independent incarnations of semi-analytic models. At all
redshifts, progenitors are found in a variety of environments, ranging from
being isolated to having 5-10 companions with mass ratio at least 1:10 within a
projected radius of 500 kpc. In models, progenitors have a systematically
larger number of companions, entailing a larger mass growth for mergers than in
observations, at all redshifts. Generally, in both observations and models, the
inferred and the expected mass growth roughly agree, within the uncertainties.
Overall, our analysis confirms the model predictions, showing how the growth
history of massive galaxies is dominated by in situ star formation at z~2, both
star-formation and mergers at 1<z<2, and by mergers alone at z<1. Nonetheless,
detailed comparisons still point out to tensions between the expected mass
growth and our results, which might be due to either an incorrect
progenitors-descendants selection, uncertainties on star formation rate and
mass estimates, or the adopted assumptions on merger rates.
