Reaffirming the Cosmic Acceleration without Supernova and CMB
  Recent discussions about supernova magnitude evolution have raised doubts
about the robustness of the late-universe acceleration. In a previous letter,
Huang did a null test of the cosmic acceleration by using a Parameterization
based on the cosmic Age (PAge), which covers a broad class of cosmological
models including the standard $\Lambda$ cold dark matter model and its many
extensions. In this work, we continue to explore the cosmic expansion history
with the PAge approximation. Using baryon acoustic oscillations ({\it without}
a CMB prior on the acoustic scale), gravitational strong lens time delay, and
passively evolving early galaxies as cosmic chronometers, we obtain $\gtrsim
4\sigma$ detections of cosmic acceleration for both flat and nonflat PAge
universes. In the nonflat case, we find a $\gtrsim 3\sigma$ tension between the
spatial curvatures derived from baryon acoustic oscillations and strong lens
time delay. Implications and possible systematics are discussed.
