Cosmic Dark Energy Emerging from Gravitationally Effective Vacuum
  Fluctuations
  Astronomical observations indicate an accelerated cosmic expansion, the cause
of which is explained by the action of `dark energy'. Here we show that in
discrete expanding space-time, only a tiny fraction of the vacuum fluctuations
can become gravitationally effective and act as a driving `dark' agent. The
analytically derived effective vacuum energy density is found to be closely
related to the critical cosmic energy density, thus helping to solve the
cosmological constant problem as well as the coincidence problem. The proposed
model implies that in the present day universe only the vacuum field of the
photon and that of the lightest neutrino contribute to the effective vacuum.
This allows one to fix the neutrino masses within a narrow range. The model
also implies that the (real) universe has to be considered as a
thermodynamically open system which exchanges energy and momentum with the
virtual reservoir of the vacuum.
