CHANG-ES XI: Circular Polarization in the Cores of Nearby Galaxies
  We detect 5 galaxies in the CHANG-ES (Continuum Halos in Nearby Galaxies --
an EVLA Survey) sample that show circular polarization (CP) at L-band in our
high resolution data sets. Two of the galaxies (NGC~4388 and NGC~4845) show
strong Stokes $V/I\,\equiv\,m_C\,\sim\,2$\%, two (NGC~660 and NGC~3628) have
values of $m_C\sim \,0.3$\%, and NGC~3079 is a marginal detection at $m_C\sim
\,0.2$\%. The two strongest $m_C$ galaxies also have the most luminous X-ray
cores and the strongest internal absorption in X-rays. We have expanded on our
previous Faraday conversion interpretation and analysis and provide analytical
expressions for the expected $V$ signal for a general case in which the cosmic
ray electron energy spectral index can take on any value. We provide examples
as to how such expressions could be used to estimate magnetic field strengths
and the lower energy cutoff for CR electrons. Four out of our detections are
{\it resolved}, showing unique structures, including a {\it jet} in NGC~4388
and a CP `conversion disk' in NGC~4845. The conversion disk is inclined to the
galactic disk but is perpendicular to a possible outflow direction. Such CP
structures have never before been seen in any galaxy to our knowledge. None of
the galaxy cores show linear polarization at L-band. Thus CP may provide a
unique probe of physical conditions deep into radio AGNs.
