Dust-depletion sequences in damped Lyman-{\alpha} absorbers: a unified
  picture from low-metallicity systems to the Galaxy
  We study metal depletion due to dust in the interstellar medium (ISM) to
infer the properties of dust grains and characterize the metal and dust content
of galaxies, down to low metallicity and intermediate redshift z. We provide
metal column densities and abundances of a sample of 70 damped Lyman-{\alpha}
absorbers (DLAs) towards quasars, observed at high spectral resolution with the
Very Large Telescope (VLT) Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph (UVES).
This is the largest sample of phosphorus abundances measured in DLAs so far. We
use literature measurements for Galactic clouds to cover the high-metallicity
end. We discover tight (scatter <= 0.2 dex) correlations between [Zn/Fe] and
the observed relative abundances from dust depletion. This implies that grain
growth in the ISM is an important process of dust production. These sequences
are continuous in [Zn/Fe] from dust-free to dusty DLAs, and to Galactic clouds,
suggesting that the availability of refractory metals in the ISM is crucial for
dust production, regardless of the star formation history. We observe [S/Zn] up
to ~ 0.25 dex in DLAs, which is broadly consistent with Galactic stellar
abundances. Furthermore, we find a good agreement between the nucleosynthetic
pattern of Galactic halo stars and our observations of the least dusty DLAs.
This supports recent star formation in low-metallicity DLAs. The derived
depletions of Zn, O, P, S, Si, Mg, Mn, Cr, and Fe correlate with [Zn/Fe], with
steeper slopes for more refractory elements. P is mostly not affected by dust
depletion. We present canonical depletion patterns, to be used as reference in
future studies of relative abundances and depletion. We derive the total
(dust-corrected) metallicity, typically -2 <= [M/H]tot <= 0 for DLAs, and
scattered around solar metallicity for the Galactic ISM. The dust-to-metal
ratio increases with metallicity... [abridged]
