BAO Modulation as a Probe of Compensated Isocurvature Perturbations
  Compensated isocurvature perturbations (CIPs) are opposite spatial
fluctuations in the baryon and dark matter density. They can be generated for
example in the curvaton model in the early Universe but are difficult to
observe because their gravitational imprint nearly cancels. We therefore
propose a new measurement method by searching for a spatial modulation of the
baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) scale that CIPs induce. We find that for a
Euclid-like survey the sensitivity is marginally better than the WMAP cosmic
microwave background (CMB) constraint, which exploits the CIP-induced
modulation of the CMB sound horizon. For a cosmic-variance limited BAO survey
using emission-line galaxies up to $z\sim7$ the sensitivity is between stage 3
and stage 4 CMB experiments. These results include using CIP-galaxy
cross-correlations, which improves the sensitivity by a factor of $\sim2-3$ for
correlated CIPs. The method could be further improved with an optimal
estimator, similarly to the CMB, and could provide a useful cross-check of
other CIP probes. Finally, if CIPs exist, they can bias cosmological
measurements made assuming no CIPs. In particular, they can act as a
super-sample fluctuation of the baryon density and bias measurements of the BAO
scale. For modern BAO surveys, the largest 2$\sigma$ CIP fluctuation allowed by
Planck's 95\% bound could bias BAO measurements of $H(z)$ by 2.2\%, partially
reducing the tension with the local $H_0$ measurements from 3.1$\sigma$ to
2.3$\sigma$.
