Quantum gravity and quantum probability
  We argue that in quantum gravity there is no Born rule. The quantum-gravity
regime, described by a non-normalisable Wheeler-DeWitt wave functional $\Psi$,
must be in quantum nonequilibrium with a probability distribution
$P\neq\left\vert \Psi\right\vert ^{2}$ (initially and always). A Born rule can
emerge only in the semiclassical regime of quantum systems on a classical
spacetime background, with normalisable Schr\"{o}dinger wave functions $\psi$.
Conditioning on the underlying quantum-gravitational ensemble yields a
nonequilibrium distribution $\rho\neq\left\vert \psi\right\vert ^{2}$ at the
beginning of the semiclassical regime, with quantum relaxation
$\rho\rightarrow\left\vert \psi\right\vert ^{2}$ taking place only afterwards.
Quantum gravity naturally creates an early nonequilibrium universe. We also
show how small corrections to the Schr\"{o}dinger equation yield an
intermediate regime in which the Born rule is unstable: an initial distribution
$\rho=\left\vert \psi\right\vert ^{2}$ can evolve to a final distribution
$\rho\neq\left\vert \psi\right\vert ^{2}$. These results arise naturally in the
de Broglie-Bohm pilot-wave formulation of quantum gravity. We show that quantum
instability during inflation generates a large-scale deficit $\sim1/k^{3}$ in
the primordial power spectrum at wavenumber $k$, though the effect is too small
to observe. Similarly we find an unobservably large timescale for quantum
instability in a radiation-dominated universe. Quantum instability may be
important in black-hole evaporation, with a final burst of Hawking radiation
that violates the Born rule. Deviations from the Born rule can also be
generated for atomic systems in the gravitational field of the earth, though
the effects are unlikely to be observable. The most promising scenario for the
detection of Born-rule violations appears to be in radiation from exploding
primordial black holes.
