The Co-Evolution of Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes: Insights from
  Surveys of the Contemporary Universe
  We summarize what large surveys of the contemporary universe have taught us
about the physics and phenomenology of the processes that link the formation
and evolution of galaxies and their central supermassive black holes. We
present a picture in which the population of AGN can be divided into two
distinct populations. The Radiative-Mode AGN are associated with black holes
that produce radiant energy powered by accretion at rates in excess of ~1% of
the Eddington Limit. They are primarily associated with less massive black
holes growing in high-density pseudo-bulges at a rate sufficient to produce the
total mass budget in these black holes in ~10 Gyr. The circum-nuclear
environment contains high density cold gas and associated star-formation. Major
mergers are not the primary mechanism for transporting this gas inward; secular
processes appear dominant. Stellar feedback will be generic in these objects
and strong AGN feedback is seen only in the most powerful AGN. In Jet-Mode AGN
the bulk of energetic output takes the form of collimated outflows (jets).
These AGN are associated with the more massive black holes in more massive
(classical) bulges and elliptical galaxies. Neither the accretion onto these
black holes nor star-formation in their host bulge is significant today. These
AGN are probably fueled by the accretion of slowly cooling hot gas that is
limited by the feedback/heating provided by AGN radio sources. Surveys of the
high-redshift universe are painting a similar picture. (Abridged).
