A Statistical Solution to the Chaotic, Non-Hierarchical Three-Body
  Problem
  The three-body problem is arguably the oldest open question in astrophysics,
and has resisted a general analytic solution for centuries. Various
implementations of perturbation theory provide solutions in portions of
parameter space, but only where hierarchies of masses or separations exist.
Numerical integrations show that bound, non-hierarchical triples of Newtonian
point particles will almost always disintegrate into a single escaping star and
a stable, bound binary, but the chaotic nature of the three-body problem
prevents the derivation of tractable analytic formulae deterministically
mapping initial conditions to final outcomes. However, chaos also motivates the
assumption of ergodicity, suggesting that the distribution of outcomes is
uniform across the accessible phase volume. Here, we use the ergodic hypothesis
to derive a complete statistical solution to the non-hierarchical three-body
problem, one which provides closed-form distributions of outcomes (e.g. binary
orbital elements) given the conserved integrals of motion. We compare our
outcome distributions to large ensembles of numerical three-body integrations,
and find good agreement, so long as we restrict ourselves to "resonant"
encounters (the ~50% of scatterings that undergo chaotic evolution). In
analyzing our scattering experiments, we identify "scrambles" (periods in time
where no pairwise binaries exist) as the key dynamical state that ergodicizes a
non-hierarchical triple. The generally super-thermal distributions of survivor
binary eccentricity that we predict have notable applications to many
astrophysical scenarios. For example, non-hierarchical triples produced
dynamically in globular clusters are a primary formation channel for black hole
mergers, but the rates and properties of the resulting gravitational waves
depend on the distribution of post-disintegration eccentricities.
