New constraint on the Hawking evaporation of primordial black holes in
  the radiation-dominated era
  In this paper, we revisit the evaporation and accretion of PBHs during cosmic
history and compare them to see if both of these processes are constantly
active for PBHs or not. Our calculations indicate that during the
radiation-dominated era, PBHs absorb ambient radiation due to accretion, and
their apparent horizon grows rapidly. This growth causes the Hawking radiation
process to practically fail and all the particles that escape as radiation from
PBHs to fall back into them. Nevertheless, our emphasis is that the accretion
efficiency factor also plays a very important role here and its exact
determination is essential. We have shown that the lower mass limit for PBHs
that have not yet evaporated should approximately be $10^{14}g$ rather than
$10^{15}g$. Finally, we study the effects of Hawking radiation quiescence in
cosmology and reject models based on the evaporation of PBHs in the
radiation-dominated era.
