Computing Accurate Age and Distance Factors in Cosmology
  As the universe expands astronomical observables such as brightness and
angular size on the sky change in ways that differ from our simple Cartesian
expectation. We show how observed quantities depend on the expansion of space
and demonstrate how to calculate such quantities using the Friedmann equations.
The general solution to the Friedmann equations requires a numerical solution
which is easily coded in any computing language (including EXCEL). We use these
numerical calculations in four student projects that help to build their
understanding of high-redshift phenomena and cosmology. Instructions for these
projects are available as supplementary materials.
