Models for Little Rip Dark Energy
  We examine in more detail specific models which yield a little rip cosmology,
i.e., a universe in which the dark energy density increases without bound but
the universe never reaches a finite-time singularity. We derive the conditions
for the little rip in terms of the inertial force in the expanding universe and
present two representative models to illustrate in more detail the difference
between little rip models and those which are asymptotically de Sitter. We
derive conditions on the equation of state parameter of the dark energy to
distinguish between the two types of models. We show that coupling between dark
matter and dark energy with a little rip equation of state can alter the
evolution, changing the little rip into an asymptotic de Sitter expansion. We
give conditions on minimally-coupled phantom scalar field models and on
scalar-tensor models that indicate whether or not they correspond to a little
rip expansion. We show that, counterintuitively, despite local instability, a
little-rip cosmology has an infinite lifetime.
