Weighing the Galactic disk in sub-regions of the solar neighbourhood
  using Gaia DR2
  We infer the gravitational potential of the Galactic disk by analysing the
phase-space densities of 120 stellar samples in 40 spatially separate
sub-regions of the solar neighbourhood, using Gaia's second data release (DR2),
in order to quantify spatially dependent systematic effects that bias this type
of measurement. The gravitational potential was inferred under the assumption
of a steady state in the framework of a Bayesian hierarchical model. We
performed a joint fit of our stellar tracers' three-dimensional velocity
distribution, while fully accounting for the astrometric uncertainties of all
stars. The inferred gravitational potential is compared, post-inference, to a
model for the baryonic matter and halo dark matter components. We see an
unexpected but clear trend for all 40 spatially separate sub-regions: Compared
to the potential derived from the baryonic model, the inferred gravitational
potential is significantly steeper close to the Galactic mid-plane (<60 pc),
but flattens such that the two agree well at greater distances (~400 pc). The
inferred potential implies a total matter density distribution that is highly
concentrated to the Galactic mid-plane and decays quickly with height. Apart
from this, there are discrepancies between stellar samples, implying spatially
dependent systematic effects which are, at least in part, explained by
substructures in the phase-space distributions. In terms of the inferred matter
density distribution, the very low matter density that is inferred at greater
heights is inconsistent with the observed scale height and matter distribution
of the stellar disk, which cannot be explained by a misunderstood density of
cold gas or other hidden mass. Our interpretation is that these results must be
biased by a time-varying phase-space structure, possibly a breathing mode, that
is large enough to affect all stellar samples in the same manner.
