inal, and the other branch flows through the external circuit to the ground return line, and thence to negative terminal and back to the vacuum. In the external circuit, the dØ/dt hooks to free electrons and moves them as ordinary dq/dt. In the internal circuit inside the source, the electrons are restrained, hence they only move when their restraint is overcome.
Displacement Current dØ/dt Is Real
In recent years, SQUID detectors have been utilized to detect the magnetic field created between the plates (at right angles) by the displacement current dØ/dt between the plates, providing strong evidence that displacement current is physically real. The best proof that it is real is a charge blocking device, two isolated circuits using energy collection and shuttling, and overunity powering of loads in the secondary circuit.
A Problem With Ammeters and Measurement of dØ/dt
Note that an ammeter cannot differentiate between displacement current dØ/dt and normal current dq/dt. In the ammeter, the sample dØ/dt will couple to free electrons, producing a normal dq/dt inside the ammeter. The driving of this dq/dt through a precision resistance, e.g., is measured and the instrument is calibrated to show the dq/dt amperes flowing. One of the major needs of free energy researchers is the development of a good current meter that will differentiate between dØ/dt and dq/dt, and measure each one. Short of using a mass spectrometer to differentiate the mass current dm/dt, and comparison of those mass current measurements with an ammeter's measurements of the "current" dq/dt, and calculating the dØ/dt from that, I presently know of no way to precisely and simply measure and separate the two current components. I have been thinking of utilizing a multi-channel sampling meter set arrangement, where one channel uses a dm/dt blocking device such as the Fogal semiconductor in this respect, but have not yet developed the complete concept.
Better Solution: A Charge Blocking Device
A better solution than the capacitor or capacitive collector is the use of a special rigid solid state "charge blocking device", such as a Fogal semiconductor, to enable the current separation into two components, blocking of the mass flow component, and passage of the massless displacement current component. In overunity electrical devices, it is massless displacement current dØ/dt that must be separately passed down the primary circuit and collected in the collector as an E-field or an H-field. This provides "free" energy that has been extracted from the vacuum, via the potential difference between the terminals of the source antenna, and collected and stored in the appropriate field, without work. The collected free energy may then be transferred to the isolated load circuit by a variety of means, for separate discharge through the load without return of dq/dt through the source.
The Fogal Semiconductor Meets the Charge-Blocking Requirements
Fogal's marvelous semiconductor blocks passage of electrons into its output terminal, but passes displacement current dØ/dt into it. The semiconductor is powered by (receives) normal electron current and excess dØ/dt, but outputs pure massless displacement current dØ/dt. A charge blocker that passes dØ/dt is ideal for our overunity mechanisms, enabling them to be readily obtained as we shall shortly see.
Energy, Flow, Finite Amount of Energy, and Collectors
We accent that the flow of energy in an electrical circuit is purely by means of the massless displacement current component (dØ/dt). The flow of the mass component (dm/dt) represents the "flow of work" (energy dissipation) in the circuit. Power is rigorously the time rate of doing work, and electron current dq/dt is a part of power. It has nothing whatsoever to do with the time rate at which energy is transported without loss; instead, power represents the rate at which energy "leaks" or is "lost" during its transport.
All measurement is work, not energy. Energy cannot be measured, even in theory, a priori. Energy is also a flow process, and never a finite amount in one locatio