HR) Web site, http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/25.htm (last visited July 20, 2007) (unofficial source). A list of the Status of Ratification of the Principal International Human Rights Treaties as of July 14, 2006, is available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/docs/status.pdf (PDF) (last visited Dec. 3, 2007). [Back to Text]
- Geraldine Van Bueren, The International Law on the Rights of the Child 10-11 (Dordrecht/Boston/London, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1995. 35 International Studies in Human Rights). [Back to Text]
- DRC, principle 2, supra note 2. [Back to Text]
- The 1924 Declaration stated children “must be the first to receive relief”; the DRC specifies more pragmatically that they are to be “among the first” to receive protection and relief (principle 8). Van Bueren, supra note 3, at 11. [Back to Text]
- The Minimum Age Convention, comprising a Preamble and 18 articles, was adopted by the 58th Session of the General Conference of the International Labour Organisation on June 26, 1973 , and entered into force on June 19, 1976; I.L.O. No. 138. For an online text, see the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner of Human Rights (OHCHR) Web site, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ageconvention.htm (last visited July 25, 2007) (unofficial source). [Back to Text]
- The Convention on the Rights of the Child, with a Preamble and 54 articles, was adopted by the U.N. General Assembly on November 20, 1989, and entered into force on September 2, 1990. G.A. Res. 44/25, annex, 44 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 167, U.N. Doc. A/44/49 (1989); 28 I.L.M. 1448 (1989). For an online text, see the OHCHR Web site, http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm (last visited July 23, 2007); it includes the 1995 amendment to article 43, paragraph 2 (G.A. Res. 50/155 (Dec. 21, 1995)), which entered into force on November 18, 2002. For the status of signatures, ratifications, and accessions, see the OHCHR Web site, http://www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/ratification/11.htm (last visited Nov. 28, 2007).The United States (and Somalia) has signed but not ratified the CRC; it insisted that ratification of the two CRC Protocols on sex trafficking and on child soldiers (see below) not be considered a legal assumption by the United States of CRC obligations. Both Protocols permit CRC signatories to sign and ratify the Protocols without having ratified the CRC, under article 13(1) in each document. Inclusion of such a provision has been characterized as an attempt to obtain U.S. support for the Protocol; the United States ratified the Protocols on December 23, 2002. See Cris R. Revaz, The Optional Protocols to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child on Sex Trafficking and Child Soldiers, 9 Human Rights Brief 13 (Fall 2001). For an in-depth analysis of Part I of the Convention (articles 1-41), see Sharon Detrick, A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (The Hague/Boston/London, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1999); see alsoConvention on the Rights of the Child, Amnesty International USA, http://www.amnestyusa.org/Children/ Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child/page.do?id=1101777&n1=3&n2
=78&n3=1272 (last visited July 24, 2007).
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- Van Bueren, supra note 3, at 16, 101. [Back to Text]
- Id. at 15. Van Bueren calls these “the four ‘P’s”; other scholars refer to the Convention as being concerned with the three types of children’s rights, called the three ‘P’s”: provision, protection, and participation. See, for example, Jean Koh Peters, How Children Are Heard in Child Protective Proceedings, in the United States and Around the World in 2005: Survey Findings, Initial Observations, and Areas for Further Study [Special Issue on Legal Representation of Children], 6 Nevada Law Journal 971 (Spring 2006).
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- Van Bueren, supra note 3, at 16; Ursula Kilkelly, The Best of Both Worlds for Children’s Rights? Interpreting the European Convention on Human Rights in the Light of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, Human Rights Quarterly 311 (2001), available at http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/human_righ