Znand Se with the accumulation and oral toxicity of cadmium in rats. Food and ChemicalToxicology 1991;29(4):249-258.
- Groten JP, Schoen ED, van Bladeren PJ, et al. Subacute toxicity of a mixture of ninechemicals in rats: detecting interactive effects with a fractionated two-level factorial design.Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 1997;36(1):15-29.
- Jonker D, Woutersen RA, van Bladeren PJ, et al. Subacute (4-wk) oral toxicity of acombination of four nephrotoxins in rats: comparison with the toxicity of the individualcompounds. Food and Chemical Toxicology 1993;31(2):125-136.
- Takayama S, Hasegawa H, Ohgaki H. Combination effects of forty carcinogensadministered at low doses to male rats. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research1989;80(8):732-736.
- Hasegawa R et al. Synergistic enhancement of hepatic foci development by combinedtreatment of rats with 10 heterocyclic amines at low doses. Carcinogenesis1994;15(5):1037-1041.
- Shell S, personal communication. Telephone call from Mark Evans (ATSDR) to Steve Shell(USEC), ~January 22, 2002. Discussion of release sources from historic nickel smeltingoperation at PGDP.
- US Department of Energy. Phase II Independent Investigation of the Paducah GaseousDiffusion Plant. Office of Environment, Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Energywebsite: http://tis.eh.doe.gov (Downloaded April 27, 2001).
1. The cancer risks for other forms of nickel, such as nickel carbonyl, nickel oxides, and elemental nickel have not been estimated by the various oversight agencies (EPA, ATSDR, etc.).
2. Because air concentrations at any location vary over time due to changing emission and weather conditions both health comparison values and estimated air concentrations are based on time weighted averages. The average times used in this appendix are annual averages for evaluating long term exposures and 1 or 8 hour averages for short term exposures.
3. Hourly weather data for the Paducah-Barkley Airport were obtained from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Support Center for Regulatory Air Models (SCRAM) website (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/scram ) and converted to the ISC3 format using EPA PCRAMMET software .
4. No potential cancer risk is based on nine years of exposure to a concentration of 0.022 µg/m3 and a unit risk of 4.8E-4 per µg/m3 (which assumes 70 years of exposure) .