e still only in concept form at the time of writing. Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9, Figure 10, Figure 11 illustrate some of the recently built residential building cases constructed with CLT systems.
According to Lattke and Lehmann , construction with CLT panels in Europe since the late 1990s has resulted in some ground-breaking demonstration projects, a number of which they have analysed in detail. At the moment, almost every larger timber building is a prototype. Kaufmann argues: ‘To achieve greater certainty in terms of planning and the granting of building permits, standardisations are necessary’ (Kaufmann, p. 42) . The interest in an uptake of CLT construction is immense: CLT systems were first used in the UK’s construction industry only ten years ago, but it has quickly grown, with now (2012) around one hundred CLT projects proposed in the UK—especially in the mid-rise residential and school building sectors.
Table 1 lists the eight selected built cases and summarizes some aspects of these multi-storey apartment buildings using massive wood panel construction: these relatively complex residential projects in Europe provide an insight into the diversity of design possibilities using the panel system. An overview of the growing market for CLT construction from this research will be of interest to players in all phases of the construction industry.
|Case||Height||Dwellings||Cost in millions||Architects||Comments|
|1. Bridport House, Hackney, London, UK (completed Oct. 2011)||8 storeys||41 units (1–4 bedroom apart-ments)||£5.9||Karakusevic & Carson, London with Eurban; Stora Enso||Code Level 4 and Lifetime Homes|
|construction time: 12 weeks, Oct–Nov 2010|
|CLT delivered by Stora Enso (30 deliveries to site).|
|2. Stadthaus, apartment building, 24 Murray Grove, Hackney, London (completed Jan. 2009)||9 storeys, of which 8 storeys are in CLT||29 apart-ments,||£3.5||Waugh & Thistleton Architects with Techniker Limited Engineers||Used KLH CLT: 926 cubic metres|
|partially social housing.||CLT walls, floor slabs; timber stair and lift cores. Each apartment has its own internal balcony.|
|Timber assembled using four carpenters in 12 weeksone floor each 3 days, total build took only 49 weeks.|
|The potential for creep shortening due to compression under load is negligible for the walls and 0.6 millimetres (0.02 inches) for the floors.|
|3. Svartlamoen apartment building, Trondheim, Norway, 2004–05||5 storeys in CLT, measures 6 × 22 m in plan||2 buildings with an area of 1080 sqm. Four floors contain units of 120 sqm||2.16||Brendeland & Kristoffersen Architects, Trondheim||Also contains commercial rooms in ground floor.|
|Clad with Norwegian larch. Untreated timber surfaces of the load-bearing elements are exposed on the inside.|
|Four workers managed to erect the main structure in just ten working days. Public housing, apartments mainly occupied by students.|
|4. Am Muehlweg housing project, 1210 Vienna- Floridsdorf, Austria (new district built in CLT, various architects), 2005–06||3 and 4 storeys in CLT on a concrete basement||70 apartments in several CLT buildings, 200 residents, total approx. 7000 sqm||11||Hubert Riess, Dietrich Untertrifalle, and Hermann & Johannes Kaufmann, Schwarzach, Vorarlberg, Austria||Three interconnecting sites|
|optimum exploitation of ecological and economic benefits of timber and mixed constructions|
|terraced houses and an L-shaped building surround an internal courtyard, offering a free area for communal use|
|low energy standard according to BBS–performs at 30 kW/sqm/pa (Passiv Haus Standard), ‘Timber Passive Houses’.|
|5.Wagramer- strasse, corner Eipeldauer Strasse, Vienna, Austria, 2012–||6-storey main building and three 3-storey fingers, in CLT panels, on top of 1 storey concrete base||101 units (public housing), constructed in only 10 weeks||14||Michael Schluder with Hagmueller Architekten, Vienna||The result of a design competition, the City of Vienna is driving its ‘Wood in the City’ program ahead with high quality public housing. This in