tivators encoded by ie-1 (ac147), pe38 (ac153), ac4 and ac152 are essential for expression of he65 and ac102 (202).
Ac106/107: ac106/107, unknown function
Partial resequencing of AcMNPV showed that the original ac106 and ac107 together form one ORF (92). The combined ORF encodes a 28.3 kDa (243 aa) protein and has homologs in all Alpha-and Betabaculoviruses (Table 2 and Table 3) (100). Together these homologs form the DUF816 superfamily (176), a family of baculovirus proteins with unknown function.
Ac108: ac108, P11 protein
Ac108 is a putative late gene, expressing a 11.8 kDa (105 aa) protein belonging to the baculovirus 11 kDa protein family according to the CDD database (176). Its homologs in Antheraea pernyi (Anpe)NPV and SpltNPV are ODV structural proteins, with envelope localization shown for SpltMNPV P11 (32, 247). Association with ODVs has not been found for Ac108 (20). P11 is transcribed from a late promoter motif in AnpeNPV and from an early promoter in SpltNPV, with concordant differences in initiation of transcription.
Ac109: ac109, occlusion derived structural protein
The ac109 gene belongs to the baculovirus core genes. It encodes a 44.8 kDa (390 aa) protein which is present within or associated with the ODV (20). Its homolog in Helicoverpa armigera (Hear)NPV (ha94) is a late gene encoding the structural ODV component ODV-EC43 (66). The conserved part of this protein is known as DUF673 domain according to the CDD database (176).
Ac110: ac110, unknown function
Ac110 codes for a small 6.8 kDa (56 aa) protein of unknown function. Homologs are present in all Alpha-baculoviruses and most Betabaculoviruses (Table 2 and Table 3) and the conserved part of the protein is designated as DUF1448 domain (176). Transcripts from this region have been reported (287).
Ac111: ac111, unknown function
The gene ac111 is probably an early gene encoding a 8.2 kDa (67 aa) protein with undetermined function. The ORF is represented in the transcriptome of Ac-MNPV (287). Homologs of this ORF form the baculovirus 8 kDa gene family (176) with members in various Alpha-and Betabaculoviruses (Table 2 and Table 3).
Ac112/113: ac112/113, unknown function
The ORF ac112 encodes a protein (30.9 kDa, 258 aa) with a zinc finger motif (9). Homologs are present in a few baculovirus genomes and in Fowl pox virus (FPF217) (4). The homologs of ac112 and ac113 are fused into one ORF in RoMNPV and re-sequencing showed that this is also the case in AcMNPV C6 (92). The function of this ORF is unknown.
Ac114: ac114, unknown function
The gene ac114 codes for a protein with a predicted mass of 49.3 kDa (424 aa). Ac114 was detected in the capsid of ODVs (20). The gene is unique for group Ⅰ NPVs and contains a conserved domain belonging to the DUF1098 superfamily of unknown function (176).
Ac 115: pif-3, per os infectivity factor 3
PIF-3 is a 23.0 kDa (204 aa) baculovirus core protein required for oral infectivity of larvae. It has a predicted N-terminal transmembrane domain and is located most likely on the inside of the ODV envelopes (249). PIF-3 does not affect ODV binding or envelope fusion with larval midgut cells, but may play a crucial role further downstream in the infection process (203).
Ac116: ac116, unknown function
The putative gene product encoded by ac116 is 6.4 kDa (58 aa) and homologs are only present in the closely related BmNPV, Plutella xylostella (Plxy) MNPV and RoMNPV (Table 2). The function of the transcribed ac116 gene (287) is unknown.
Ac117: ac117, unknown function
The gene is transcribed (287) and codes for a putative protein with a molecular mass of 11.0 kDa (95 aa). Homologs are present in several other members of the genus Alphabaculovirus (Table 2).The function of ac117 in the viral life cycle is not known.
Ac118: ac118, unknown function
The gene codes for a protein (18.7 kDa, 157 aa) with unknown function and an RNA copy was found (287). A homolog of ac118 is only present in the genomes of the closely related PlxyMNPV and RoMNPV (Table 2).
Ac119: pif-1, per os infectivity factor 1
PIF-1, previously called PIF, is a low-abundant 