. Svientsitskii (1876-1956), Semen IU. Bendasiuk (1877-1965), Ivan G. Borukh (1872-after 1940), Ioann Gr. Dzvonchik, Stefan F. Telep (1885-1965) an Ivan Vantsa were also written in what was basically standard literary Russian.
This orientation was best represented by the interwar cultural leader Evmenii Iv. Sabov (1859-1934). His grammar became the symbol of the Russophile orientation. In his other pronouncements on the subject, however, Sabov cited local writers like Ivan Sil'vai (183-1904), IUlii Stavrovskii-Popradov (1850-1899) and Evgenii Fentsik (1844-1903), as the best guides for Carpatho-Rusyns. Sabov also believed that "the Carpathians separate us from the East" (that is from the influence of the Ukrainian national movement). The uncodified local recession of Russian was very popular among Carpatho-Rusyn writers and journalists. It was used, among others, by: Peter Maczkov ( 1880-1965), Ivan Dobosh and Pavel Fedor (1884-1952)
Works by John Slivka (1899-1986) and Joseph Hanulya (1874-1962), among others, best represent this group of nationally-conscious Rusyns. These two American-Rusyn activists believed that it is not good for Carpatho-Rusyns to use either Russian or Ukrainian, because they are neither Russian nor Ukrainian. Both of them expressed and interest in formulating a separate Carpatho-Rusyn literary language. Mykhal Vrabel's (1866-1923) primers were also written in vernacular based language.
The collection includes fourteen works of Avhustyn Voloshyn (1874-1945). His tremendous effort in the field of producing school text books is a perfect example of the activity of this group. His 1919 grammar, along with the Mitrak's dictionary were favored by a teacher's congress held at Berehovo in 1923. It was stated there, that these two positions well conform to the character of the Carpatho-Russian language. The 1923 Congress attended by about 550 teachers from Subcarpathian Rus' was depicted as a victory by the Russophile orientation, even though Voloshyn's 1919 text was actually more dialectically oriented that other texts in the Subcarpathian recession of Russian. Voloshyn himself was becoming a Ukrainophile and was more and more using local Carpatho-Rusyn vocabulary in his writings.
This group is not represented in the collection. The best example of its activity is given in: Frants Ahii (b1899), Zhyva Mova, Uzhhorod, 1938; IAroslav Nevrli, Hramatyka i Pravopys ukraiins'koii movy, Uzhhorod, 1937; and Ivan Pan'kevych's (1887-1958) grammar, Korotki pravyla ukraiins'koho pravopysu dlia vzhytku Priashivshchyny, Presov, 1952
1. Paul R. Magocsi, "Scholarly Seminar on the Codification of the Rusyn Language", in Slavia, LXXII, 4 (Prague, 1993), p. 550, and also his: "The Rusyn Language Question Revisited", forthcoming in International Journal of Sociolingusitics.
2. Roberts A. Karlowich, Richar Renoff, "The Byzantine Episcopal and Heritage Institute Museum and Libraries", in Eastern Catholic Life, XXX, (West Patterson, NJ)< February 13, 1994,
3. Paul R. Magocsi, The Shaping of a National Identity, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978, p. 132; see also his: The Language Question Among the Subcarpathian Rusyns, Fairview, NJ: Carpatho-Rusyn Research Center, 1979.
4. The author is aware of the fact that names of some personalities appear in different forms. In the article, names appear in their established English language forms. In the listing, they were spelled the way they appear on the front page of the publication/.
1. Mykhayl Vrabel' (1866-1923), BUKVAR' [Primer], (4th Edition), Ungvar (Uzhhorod): Yzdan Knyhopechatnym Aktsiinym Obshchestvom "Unio" 1910, (92 pp.).
2. Rev. Avhustyn Voloshyn (1874-1945), AZBUKA Y PERVA CHYTANKA DLIA PERVOHO KLASSA NARODNYKH SHKOL NA RUS'KOM IAZYTSI [Rusyn Alphabet and First Reader for the First Class of Primary Schools], (2nd Edition), Budapesht (Budapest): Sobstvennost' Drukarny Mad'. Kor. Unyversyteta Nauk, [1913?], (116 pp.).
3. Mykhayl Vrabel' (1866-1923), BUKVAR' [Primer], (4th Edition), Ungvar (Uzhhorod): Yzdan Knyhopechatnym Aktsiinym Tovarystvom "Unio" 1914, (92 pp.).
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