 charger cost, I looked up the prices of some components on octopart.com. These prices are the best prices I could find after a brief search, in quantities of 1000, attempting to match the parts accurately. I have to assume Apple's prices are considerably better than these prices.
|0402 SMD resistor||$0.002|
|0805 SMD capacitor||$0.007|
|1A 600V (1J) diode||$0.06|
|3.3uF 400V electrolytic capacitor||$0.10|
|SCD 34 diode||$0.13|
|100uF tantalum capacitor||$0.34|
|330uF tantalum polymer capacitor|
A few notes. Flyback transformers are generally custom and prices are all over the place, so I don't have much confidence in that price. I think the POSCAP price is high because I was looking for the exact manufacturer, but tantalum capacitors are fairly expensive in general. It's surprising how cheap SMD resistors and capacitors are: a fraction of a penny.
 Apple's safety recall of chargers was announced in 2008. Blog reports showed that the prongs on the charger were attached only by 1/8" of metal and some glue. Apple Recalls iPhone 3G Power Adapters in Wired provides more details.
 Low-quality chargers interfere with touchscreens, and this is described in detail in Noise Wars: Projected capacitance strikes back. (Customers also report touchscreen problems from cheap chargers on Amazon and other sites.)
 When a diode or transistor switches, it creates a voltage spike, which can be controlled by a snubber or clamp circuit. For a lot of information on snubbers and clamps, see Passive Lossless Snubbers for High Frequency PWM Conversion and Switchmode Power Supply Reference Manual.