 the Philippine republic.
The Bates Treaty did not last very long. After the U.S. had completed its goal of suppressing the resistance in northern Philippines, it unilaterally abrogated the Bates Treaty on March 2, 1904, claiming the Sultan had failed to quell Moro resistance and that the treaty was a hindrance to the effective colonial administration of the area.
Payments to the Sultan and his datus were also stopped but were restored by the US Philippine Commission in November 1904.
But in reality, Bates never intended to ratify the treaty. As Bates would later confess, the agreement was merely a temporary expedient to buy time until the northern forces were defeated.
Filipinos in the Spanish army wading through a creek on Mindanao island, 1887. The Spaniards pitted Christian Filipinos against the Muslim Moros.
Filipinos in the Spanish army carrying their wounded on Mindanao island, 1887.
Jolo town, Sulu Archipelago, in 1891
May 17, 1892: Spanish troops at mass honoring King Alfonso XIII on his birthday. Photo taken in the Maranao Moro town of Momungan, in present-day Lanao del Norte Province, Mindanao Island. The Spaniards managed to establish several garrisons in Muslim Mindanao but their authority seldom extended beyond the range of their artillery.
May 17, 1892: Spanish troops at mass honoring King Alfonso XIII on his birthday. Photo taken in Momungan, Lanao del Norte, Mindanao Island.
May 1892: Spanish troops resting in the forest near their garrison in Momungan, Lanao del Norte, Mindanao Island.
1892: The Countess of Caspe, the wife of Spanish Governor-General Eugenio Despujol y Dussay, Count of Caspe, visiting Siasi Island, Sulu Archipelago. Photo probably taken in June 1892.
1890's: Two Spanish missionaries baptize a Moro convert to Catholicism. The number of christianized Moros was negligible; the vast majority remained true to their Islamic faith.
Original caption: "Moro women in the island of Mindanao. These are women of that unconquered Mohammedan tribe so famous in Philippine history." 1898 photo.
Sultan Mangigin, ruler of the Sultanate of Maguindanao, and his retainers. Photo was taken circa 1899-1901.
Sulu Datus ("Chiefs") in 1899
Tausug Moro horsemen in Sulu. Photo published in Leslie's Illustrated Weekly, issue of Dec. 30, 1899
The church in Jolo used by the 23rd US Infantry for sleeping quarters. Photo published in Leslie's Illustrated Weekly, issue of Dec. 30, 1899
On May 19, 1899, the Spanish garrison at Jolo, in the Sulu Archipelago, was replaced by American troops. Photo shows US Army Headquarters in Jolo, as it looked in the early 1900's.
US Army Headquarters in Jolo. Colorized photo was taken in the early 1900s.
Jan. 2, 1900. Front, L to R: Hadji Kato Mohammad Sali (Sultan's sword-bearer), Hadji Butu Abdul Bagui (Sultan's Prime Minister), Major Owen J. Sweet (22nd US Infantry and American Governor of Sulu), Sultan Jamal ul-Kiram and Rajah Mudah Mohammad Mualil Wasit (the Sultan's brother and heir-apparent). Back, L to R: Charles Schuck (interpreter), Uttu Basarudin (adviser to the Sultan), Abdul Wahab (interpreter) and Capt. William H. Sage (Adjutant, 23rd Infantry and Secretary for Moro Affairs).
Tausug Moro warriors in Sulu. Photo taken in 1900
Flag of the Sulu Sultanate
Tausug Moros on board a US warship, 3rd man from the right, holding a barong sword and rifle is a younger brother of Sultan Jamal ul-Kiram . Photo taken in the early 1900s.
A Moro house in Jolo, Sulu Archipelago
Photo was taken in the early 1900s.
Moro war dance. Colorized photo taken in the early 1900's.
A group of Maranaw Moros at Lake Lanao. Colorized photo taken in the early 1900's.
Maranaw Moros at Lake Lanao with US soldiers
A Moro Datu and his wife. Photo taken in the early 1900s.
Tausug warriors on Jolo Island, Sulu Archipelago, circa 1901.
A group of Moro warriors. Photo published in the Detroit Free Press - Illustrated Supplement, issue of May 17, 1903
Moro "Lantakas" or small cannon
Panglima Hassan (Central figure), killed in action against the Americans on March 4, 1904 at Bud Bagsak ("Mount Bagsak").
Hassan was th