Sultan Mangigin, ruler of the Sultanate of Maguindanao, and his retainers. Photo was taken circa 1899-1901.
Sulu Datus ("Chiefs") in 1899
Tausug Moro horsemen in Sulu. Photo published in Leslie's Illustrated Weekly, issue of Dec. 30, 1899
The church in Jolo used by the 23rd US Infantry for sleeping quarters. Photo published in Leslie's Illustrated Weekly, issue of Dec. 30, 1899
On May 19, 1899, the Spanish garrison at Jolo, in the Sulu Archipelago, was replaced by American troops. Photo shows US Army Headquarters in Jolo, as it looked in the early 1900's.
US Army Headquarters in Jolo. Colorized photo was taken in the early 1900s.
Jan. 2, 1900. Front, L to R: Hadji Kato Mohammad Sali (Sultan's sword-bearer), Hadji Butu Abdul Bagui (Sultan's Prime Minister), Major Owen J. Sweet (22nd US Infantry and American Governor of Sulu), Sultan Jamal ul-Kiram and Rajah Mudah Mohammad Mualil Wasit (the Sultan's brother and heir-apparent). Back, L to R: Charles Schuck (interpreter), Uttu Basarudin (adviser to the Sultan), Abdul Wahab (interpreter) and Capt. William H. Sage (Adjutant, 23rd Infantry and Secretary for Moro Affairs).
Tausug Moro warriors in Sulu. Photo taken in 1900
Flag of the Sulu Sultanate
Tausug Moros on board a US warship, 3rd man from the right, holding a barong sword and rifle is a younger brother of Sultan Jamal ul-Kiram . Photo taken in the early 1900s.
A Moro house in Jolo, Sulu Archipelago
Photo was taken in the early 1900s.
Moro war dance. Colorized photo taken in the early 1900's.
A group of Maranaw Moros at Lake Lanao. Colorized photo taken in the early 1900's.
Maranaw Moros at Lake Lanao with US soldiers
A Moro Datu and his wife. Photo taken in the early 1900s.
Tausug warriors on Jolo Island, Sulu Archipelago, circa 1901.
A group of Moro warriors. Photo published in the Detroit Free Press - Illustrated Supplement, issue of May 17, 1903
Moro "Lantakas" or small cannon
Panglima Hassan (Central figure), killed in action against the Americans on March 4, 1904 at Bud Bagsak ("Mount Bagsak").
Hassan was the district commander of Luuk, Sulu, under the Sulu Sultanate. He was the first Tausug leader to defy the sultanís order, that, in the interest of peace, the people should acknowledge American sovereignty. As an Imam (roughly translates to "prayer leader"), Panglima Hassan looked at the intrusive American "infidels" as threats to Islam and Moro society . The Tausug Moros had allowed the Spaniards to build a garrison in Siasi and a church in Jolo by virtue of the 1878 peace pact, but that was all. After 300 years of almost continuous warfare, the Spanish had known better than to try and impose their authority over the fiercely independent Sulu people. But the Americans --- backed by utterly lethal modern weapons --- had no such reservations.
In early November 1903, Hassan and about 3,000 to 4,000 warriors besieged the American garrison in Jolo. Armed only with krises (wavy-edged swords) and some old rifles, they bottled up the Americans for a week before being forced to withdraw. Following a battle, Hassan was captured while bathing near his camp at Lake Seit in late November 1903, but he soon escaped. He resumed the war in February 1904 when, together with Datu ("Chief") Laksamana and Datu Usap, they attacked the pro-American Sultan Kiram and his forces in the battle of Pampang.
Bud Bagsak, pre-World War II photo.
He lost in the battle, and was later killed with his two companions along the crater of Bud Bagsak. Hassan had 17 wounds in his body, but died game, crawling with his kris in his mouth toward the nearest wounded American soldier when the last bullet dispatched him.