ed and Associated Powers and Czechoslovakia [Czechoslovak Minorities Treaty] signed in Saint-Germain Laye on 10 September 1919: Chapters 1-2 under the protection of the League of Nations subsequent to 29 November 1920.
3. Treaty between the Principal Allied and Associated Powers and the Serb-Croat-Slovene State [Yugoslav Minorities Treaty] signed in Saint-Germain Laye on 10 September 1919: Articles 1-11 under the protection of the League of Nations subsequent to 29 November 1920.
4. Treaty between the Principal Allied and Associated Powers and Romania [Romanian Minorities Treaty] signed in Paris on 9 December 1919: Articles 1-12 under the protection of the League of Nations subsequent to 30 August 1921.
5. Treaty between the Principal Allied and Associated Powers and Greece, signed in Sèvres on 10 August 1920 (amended by the Protocol of Lausanne signed on 24 July 1923): Articles 1-16 under the protection of the League of Nations subsequent to 26 September 1924.
[6. Treaty on Armenian Minorities signed in Sèvres on 10 August 1920: since Armenia lost its independence on 21 February 1921, the treaty was never ratified and did not enter into force.]
2.3. Relevant Provisions of the Peace Treaties
The peace treaties were signed by the Allied and Associated Powers and the former Central Powers. Only articles indicated below [I] would fall under the protection of the League of Nations. The text of the peace treaties contained provisions concerning minority protection beyond these [II].
1. Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Austria, signed in Saint-Germain Laye on 10 September 1919: Articles 62-69 under the protection of the League of Nations subsequent to 27 October 1920.
2. Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Bulgaria, signed in Neuilly on 27 November 1919: Articles 49-57 under the protection of the League of Nations subsequent to 27 October 1920.
3. Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Hungary, signed in Trianon on 4 June 1920: Articles 54-60 under the protection of the League of Nations subsequent to 30 July 1921.
4. Treaty of Peace signed with Turkey in Lausanne on 24 July 1923: Articles 37-45 under the protection of the League of Nations subsequent to 26 September 1924.
The former Central Powers received guarantee in the treaties they signed stating that the new or territorially expanded countries concerned would take international obligations upon themselves with respect to and for the protection of the minorities disannexed from the Central Powers. Therefore, in exchange of the recognition of the independence of the new states and the renouncement of the disannexed territories, the Central Powers received guarantees on the protection of their former citizens, who became citizens of the new countries through the commitment of these new countries to obligations of international concern. The reason for the inclusion of these guarantees into the peace treaties was clear: this sought to ensure that even those states - Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey - could refer to the minorities treaties and file complaints with the League of Nations that were not signatories of these minorities treaties (since these established a legal relationship only between the new or territorially expanded states and the Allied and Associated Powers).
2.4. Special Treaties Concerning the Protection of Minorities
In general, treaties in this category were signed by two countries. Some of them would fall under the protection of the League of Nations, while others - although they were not directly part of the guarantee system as conceived in the narrower sense - served in part to expand the minorities treaties, peace treaties and minority declarations, and in part to include other states into the international system of minority protection conceived in a broader sense. This is one of the reasons why we can consider the twenty years between the two world wars the classic period of direct minority protection. Besides the system of international treaties under the protection of