Labov, William. 1990. The intersection of sex and social class in the course of linguistic change. Language Variation and Change 2: 205-254.
Patrick, Peter L. To appear 2001. The speech community. In J.K. Chambers, P. Trudgill and N. Schilling-Estes, eds., Handbook on Language Variation. Oxford: Blackwell.
Pierrehumbert, Janet, Tessa Bent, Benjamin Munson, Ann Bradlow, and J. Michael Bailey. 2004. The influence of sexual orientation on vowel production. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 116.4:1905-1908.
Trudgill, Peter. 1983. Sex and covert prestige. In P Trudgill On Dialect, Chap. 10. [Revision of the original 1972 article in Language in Society; which is excerpted in J. Coates, ed. 1998, Language andamp; Gender: A reader, 21-28.] Further notes for those who are interested: Further notes for those who are interested Sociolinguistic universals of gender: Sociolinguistic universals of gender Women and men develop different patterns of language use. (462)
Women tend to focus on the affective functions of an interaction more often than men do. (463)
Women tend to use linguistic devices that stress solidarity more often than men do. (468)
Women tend to interact in ways which will maintain and increase solidarity. (472)
Women are stylistically more flexible than men. (475) Holmes, Janet (1998). Women's talk: The Question of Sociolinguistic Universals. In Language and Gender: A Reader , Jennifer Coates, ed. Oxford: Blackwell.461-483. Power vs. Prestige: Power vs. Prestige Eckert, Penelope (1989). The whole woman: Sex and gender differences in variation. Language Variation and Change 1:245-267.
Ecket argues against the claim that women are more linguistically conservative than men in order to symbolically enhance their socioeconomic status. Eckert suggests that power underlies women's orientation toward linguistic markers of status: lacking power, women claim authority through symbolic capital rather than socioeconomically. She demonstrates that there is greater differentiation in female speech than in male speech across social-class groups in a high school that are defined locally as 'jocks' and 'burnouts.' I
Labov, William (1990). The intersection of sex and social class in the course of linguistic change. Language Variation and Change 2:205-254.
Labov rejects Eckert's hypothesis that power, not prestige, accounts for gender differences in language use, and maintains instead that gender differences indicate the increased socioeconomic mobility of women of the lower middle class. Labov's explanation does not account for his own observation that lower-middle-class women do not merely lead in use of prestigious forms, but may lead in the use of stigmatized forms as well. This pattern can be accounted for by Eckert's theory, because stigmatized forms may have covert prestige for women as well as men. Masseuse : masseur : male masseuse: Masseuse : masseur : male masseuse