signed but not ratified the CRC; it insisted that ratification of the two CRC Protocols on sex trafficking and on child soldiers (see below) not be considered a legal assumption by the United States of CRC obligations. Both Protocols permit CRC signatories to sign and ratify the Protocols without having ratified the CRC, under article 13(1) in each document. Inclusion of such a provision has been characterized as an attempt to obtain U.S. support for the Protocol; the United States ratified the Protocols on December 23, 2002. See Cris R. Revaz, The Optional Protocols to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child on Sex Trafficking and Child Soldiers, 9 Human Rights Brief 13 (Fall 2001). For an in-depth analysis of Part I of the Convention (articles 1-41), see Sharon Detrick, A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (The Hague/Boston/London, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1999); see alsoConvention on the Rights of the Child, Amnesty International USA, http://www.amnestyusa.org/Children/ Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child/page.do?id=1101777&n1=3&n2
=78&n3=1272 (last visited July 24, 2007).
[Back to Text]
- Van Bueren, supra note 3, at 16, 101. [Back to Text]
- Id. at 15. Van Bueren calls these “the four ‘P’s”; other scholars refer to the Convention as being concerned with the three types of children’s rights, called the three ‘P’s”: provision, protection, and participation. See, for example, Jean Koh Peters, How Children Are Heard in Child Protective Proceedings, in the United States and Around the World in 2005: Survey Findings, Initial Observations, and Areas for Further Study [Special Issue on Legal Representation of Children], 6 Nevada Law Journal 971 (Spring 2006).
[Back to Text]
- Van Bueren, supra note 3, at 16; Ursula Kilkelly, The Best of Both Worlds for Children’s Rights? Interpreting the European Convention on Human Rights in the Light of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, Human Rights Quarterly 311 (2001), available at http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/human_rights_quarterly/v023/23.2kilkelly.pdf (PDF). [Back to Text]
- Kilkelly, supra note 10. [Back to Text]
- The Sex Trafficking Protocol comprises a preamble and 17 articles. G.A. Res. A/RES/54/263 of 25 May 2000. It entered into force on January 18, 2002. For an online text, see the UNHCHR Web site, http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/dopchild.htm (last visited July 23, 2007). The status of ratifications and reservations to the STP is availble via hyperlinks on the same Web site. [Back to Text]
- Revaz, supra note 7. [Back to Text]
- Id. [Back to Text]
- The Child Soldiers Protocol, comprising a Preamble and 13 articles, entered into force on February 12, 2002. G.A. Res. A/RES/54/263 of 25 May 2000. For an online text, see the OHCHR Web site, http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/crc-conflict.htm (last visited July 23, 2007). The status of ratifications and reservations to the Child Soldiers Protocol is also available via hyperlinks on the same Web site. [Back to Text]
- Id. [Back to Text]
- According to article 3(5), “the requirement to raise the age in paragraph 1 of the present article does not apply to schools operated by or under the control of the armed forces of the States Parties, in keeping with articles 28 and 29 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.” See also Revaz, supra note 13. [Back to Text]
The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, with a Preamble and 48 articles, was adopted on July 11, 1990, and entered into force on November 29, 1999. OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/24.9/49 (1990). For an online text, see the African Union Web site,
20OF%20CHILD.pdf (PDF) (last visited July 20, 2007) (unofficial source). For a list of signatures, ratifications,
and accessions, see the African Union Web site, http://www.africa-union.org/root/AU/Documents/Treaties/List/African%20Charter%20on%20the
%20Rights%20and%20Welfare%20of%20the%20Child.pdf (PDF) (last visited July 30, 2007). [Back to Text]
- Van Bueren, supra note 3, at 24-25 and n. 171. For an online text, see Organization of African Unity (OAU), Declaration o