s that are forcing recent outlet glacier retreat in the region. Future work could usefully focus on improving high resolution data, in particular fjord bathymetry and ocean temperatures, alongside assessing the role of glacier specific factors (e.g., through numerical modeling), to better understand the links between climatic-oceanic forcing and local topographic factors. Further work is also required to systematically classify surge-type glaciers in the region, and help distinguish externally-driven retreat from internally-driven surge cycles that may not be related to changes in the ocean-climate system.
EH designed and led the writing of the manuscript. RC and CS contributed ideas and provided editorial input on both the manuscript and the figures.
This project was funded by a Doctoral Studentship awarded to EH for 3.5 years by the Natural Environment Research Council and through the IAPETUS Doctoral Training Partnership (grant number NE/L002590/1).
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
EH was funded by the IAPETUS Natural Environment Research Council Doctoral Training Partnership (grant number NE/L002590/1). We acknowledge the availability of several free datasets, which we have used to produce the Figures in this review. Version 2 of the IceBridge Bed Machine dataset was acquired from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) produced by Morlighem et al. (2015). We also acknowledge the use of several years of MEaSUREs Greenland Ice Velocity dataset also acquired from the NSIDC and produced by Joughin et al. (2010b). Several Landsat 8 scenes were sourced from the United States Geological Survey's Earth Explorer platform. We would like to thank two reviewers and the Editor for their comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.
Abdalati, W., Krabill, W., Frederick, E., Manizade, S., Martin, C., Sonntag, J., et al. (2001). Outlet glacier and margin elevation changes: near-coastal thinning of the Greenland Ice Sheet. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 33729–33741. doi: 10.1029/2001JD900192
Amundson, J. M., Fahnestock, M., Truffer, M., Brown, J., Lüthi, M. P., and Motyka, R. J. (2010). Ice mélange dynamics and implications for terminus stability, Jakobshavn Isbræ, Greenland. J. Geophys. Res. 115:F01005. doi: 10.1029/2009JF001405
Bamber, J. L., Griggs, J. A., Hurkmans, R. T. W. L., Dowdeswell, J. A., Gogineni, S. P., Howat, I., et al. (2013). A new bed elevation dataset for Greenland. Cryosphere 7, 499–510. doi: 10.5194/tc-7-499-2013
Banwell, A. F., MacAyeal, D. R., and Sergienko, O. V. (2013). Breakup of the Larsen B Ice Shelf triggered by chain reaction drainage of supraglacial lakes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 5872–5876. doi: 10.1002/2013GL057694
Bevan, S. L., Luckman, A. J., and Murray, T. (2012). Glacier dynamics over the last quarter of a century at Helheim, Kangerdlugssuaq and 14 other major Greenland outlet glaciers. Cryosphere 6, 923–937. doi: 10.5194/tc-6-923-2012
Bindschadler, R., Bamber, J., and Anandakrishnan, S. (2001). “Onset of streaming flow in the siple coast region, West Antarctica,” in The West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Behavior and Environment, eds R. B. Alley and R. A. Bindschadler (Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union). doi: 10.1029/AR077p0123
Bougamont, M., Christoffersen, P., Fitzpatrick, A. A., Doyle, S. H., and Carter, S. P. (2014). Sensitive response of the Greenland Ice Sheet to surface melt drainage over a soft bed. Nat. Commun. 5:5052. doi: 10.1038/ncomms6052
Carr, J. R., Stokes, C. R., and Vieli, A. (2013a). Recent progress in understanding marine-terminating Arctic outlet glacier response to climatic and oceanic forcing: Twenty years of rapid change. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 37, 436–467. doi: 10.1177/0309133313483163
Carr, J. R., Stokes, C., and Vieli, A. (2014). Recent retreat of major outlet glaciers on Novaya Zemlya, Russian Arctic, influenced by fjord geometry and sea-ice conditions. J. Glaciol. 60, 155–170. doi: 10.3189/2014JoG13J122
