 it is turned forward, and light fiber (1), passing down over it, makes three complete turns. Each color makes three complete turns and thus gives the upper loop of the suspensory element a barred appearance in alternating color. On left of figure, first three crossings are drawn widely spaced to show technique but in actual work, crossings are distinguished only by change in color (6, 7). d, finish resembles commencement, in that end (2) of working fiber is pushed under last two turns and then over them to pass under itself in a half-hitch.
The upper large circle was probably compressed laterally, the end passed well through the ear slit, and the ornament passed through the loop which thus supported it in position.
Necklaces and Breast Ornaments
A line of demarcation between a necklace and, a breast ornament seems somewhat arbitrary as both are hung around the neck. The distinction is one of size, for the smaller ones fit close to the neck whereas the large pearl-shell ornaments hang low on the breast. According to available museum material, Mangaia takes the lead in this form of ornament as well as in ear ornaments.
Flowers and Berries
Figure 58.—Whale ivory and human bone necklace ornaments (Mangaia). a-c, foursided figures: a, length of top, middle, and bottom, 43, 38, 40 mm.; height of left, middle, and right, 20, 13, 18 mm.; greatest thickness, 11 mm.; front surface polished and convex vertically and horizontally; slightly raised flanges at top and bottom borders; two suspensory lugs perforated from side to side. b, back of a: flat without upper and lower border flanges. c, smaller ornament, front view; greatest length, 26 mm.; greatest height, 21 mm. d-g, ivory ball ornaments: d, single ball: total height, 26 mm.; greatest diameter side to side, 22 mm.; thickness, 19 mm.; lug with plain rim, central pit, neck perforated from side to side for suspension cord and also single perforation from front into pit. e, single ball with median cleft on bottom; height, 25 mm.; greatest width, 22 mm.; thickness, 21 mm.; lug with plain rim, central pit, paired lateral holes for suspension and single front hole. f, double ball: height, 24 mm.; greatest width, 31 mm.; thickness, 20 mm.; lug with medium-sized central pit and radiating notches on upper surface; sides of lug curve down from circumference edge to constricted neck without a rim flange; two lateral suspension holes. g, double ball: height, 27 mm.; greatest width, 31 mm.; thickness, 19 mm.; lug with small central pit and upper surface shaping down to sharp rim edge with surface notched with radiating lines; neck sharply concave forming sharp projecting rim with upper surface; two lateral holes. h-l, animal figures: h, head with slit mouth, ear flange (1), neck flange (2) with lower end forming fore feet, truncated tail (3) with central pit, and perforated hind legs (4); no measurements taken (Cambridge University Mus., Z.6075). i, back view of h; truncated tail and two hind legs divided by a square notch. j, head with notched snout, ear flange (1), neck flange (2), truncated tail (3) with rim flange and central pit, hind legs (4) broken through original perforations and new hole made above; length, 27 mm.; height from hind legs to tail, 16 mm. (British Mus., no number). k, anterior view of j, showing continuity of ear flange (1) and neck flange (2), also mouth notch (5) with median ridge running from ear flange to mouth slit. l, sharp pointed snout with no mouth notch, small ear flange, no neck flange but lower projection for front legs, truncated tail without central pit, and slight projection for hind legs not large enough for holes so that suspensory hole is bored higher up; length, 31 mm.; height at hind end, 16 mm. (British Mus., no number). m-r, other figures: m, rectangular figure, front view with three transverse ridges; height, 26 mm.; width at upper border, 17 mm.; width lower border, 18 mm.; greatest thickness, 10 mm. (British Mus., no number). n, back of m: semicircular depression (1) at upper border to make room for lateral perforations for suspension; lower