edictors of health is socioeconomic status, influenced by variables such as education, income, and occupation. Increased social support from family, significant others, friends, and others in the community also reduces the negative effects of stress.
Include relaxation training, biofeedback, and hypnosis. During biofeedback, patients learn to modify physical responses such as heart rate, respiration, and body temperature. During hypnosis, patients are taught to relax; a trance-like state is induced, and hypnotic suggestions are used to reduce pain and change pain-related thoughts. All of these interventions show positive effects. Cognitive behavioral treatments that involve relaxation, imagery, cognitive therapy (changing thoughts about pain), and behavioral changes can also be useful. Typically, more medical and non-medical strategies are integrated into a pain management program and is individually tailored for a patient's needs. Since the time of Hippocrates, physicians have proposed removing patients from society and housing them in environments where treatment can be provided in a humane setting. However, many of such hospitals and residences proved inadequate or even harmful that, during the 20th century, a movement came about to get patients out of institutions and back into community. At the time, it was felt that needed care would be best provided in smaller, more home-like environments, where patients could live with fewer residents. Placing patients in hospitals was common mainly because, until the 1960s, few treatments controlled aggressive behaviors effectively, making institutionalization the simplest way to protect the public.