NEW YORK, June 3, 2011—Three decades ago on June 5 the Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention carried an account of five previously healthy young gay men in Los Angeles who had developed a rare kind of pneumonia that typically afflicted only the severely ill, malnourished and infirm. These diagnoses were later identified as the first reported cases of AIDS. In the years since, the human immunodeficiency virus that causes this lethal disease has infected more than 60 million people worldwide and taken nearly half as many lives, most of them in developing countries. In places hit hardest by the pandemic, such as sub-Saharan Africa, HIV has decimated entire families and communities and frayed the networks that sustain society. It has felled men and women in the most economically productive periods of their lives, pushing some of the poorest communities in the world deeper into poverty.
Yet the story of HIV is not one of loss alone. The initial response to HIV, once marred by denial, prejudice and fear, has largely been transformed by the compassion and advocacy of dedicated people into an unprecedented campaign to treat and prevent AIDS. That campaign today extends the lives of more than 6 million people worldwide who cannot afford HIV drugs. In many parts of the world, advocates, front-line care providers and volunteers have crossed cultural barriers to distribute condoms, clean needles and accurate, evidence-based advice about preventing HIV. They have focused the world’s attention on the pandemic and tirelessly raised funds to support the prevention and treatment of this merciless disease.
Those funds have also fueled an explosion of scientific inquiry and innovation. Scientists around the world have picked apart the molecular infrastructure of HIV and harnessed this knowledge to design sophisticated antiretroviral therapies. As a consequence, more HIV drugs exist today than are available for all other viral diseases combined. Science, it appears, is equal to the task of treating AIDS.
And, it is now clear, of preventing the disease as well. In September 2009, U.S. military and Thai researchers revealed that the clinical evaluation of an AIDS vaccine candidate in Thailand had proved 31% effective in preventing HIV. This was the first demonstration that a vaccine can protect people from HIV, and, though the effect was moderate, it generated considerable excitement in the field of prevention research. Next came the news, last year, that South African researchers had found that an ARV-based vaginal microbicide—a gel, in this case, devised to be lethal to HIV—reduced infections in women by 39%. Then, researchers studying the daily use of antiretroviral drugs to prevent HIV reported last November that the pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) strategy could cut HIV infections in transgendered women and men who have sex with men by 42%. A second PrEP study, in women, had to be stopped when the trial’s Data Monitoring Committee advised earlier this year that it wasn’t likely to meet its desired endpoints. But that disappointment was quickly followed by an elating success. A study that examined how effectively antiretroviral therapy reduces the risk of HIV transmission in discordant couples—in which one partner is HIV positive and the other is not—found that the early and appropriate use of such drugs by the infected partner can be as much as 96% effective in preventing the sexual transmission of the virus.
Meanwhile, researchers in laboratories around the world have worked together to isolate and characterize a number of antibodies that can neutralize a broad spectrum of circulating HIV variants. Such antibodies hold vital clues to the design of a new generation of broadly effective HIV vaccine candidates, and they are today being systematically exploited for that purpose. Researchers have also made significant headway in developing new and potentially vastly more effective vaccine vectors, or vehicles for the delivery of AIDS vaccines. A recent study of a vaccine candidate built 