re (T4)
BPVS z score (T5) .54 *
Listening to paragraphs z score (TS) .40 * .47 *
TROG z score (T5) .31 .41 * .14
BAS word reading z score (T5) .38 * .51 * .19
TOWRE--word reading efficiency z score .41 * .50 * .28
Word comprehension z score (TS) .43 * .56 * .27
Spelling z score (T5) .18 .30 .08
Writing fluency z score .40 * .43 * .23
Variable 7 8 9
WOLD change score
WOLD z score (TS)
Nonverbal z score (T4)
Formulated sentences z score (T4)
BPVS z score (T5)
Listening to paragraphs z score (TS)
TROG z score (T5)
BAS word reading z score (T5) .34
TOWRE--word reading efficiency z score .29 .55 *
Word comprehension z score (TS) .29 .54 * .62 *
Spelling z score (T5) .32 .75 * .58 *
Writing fluency z score .32 .41 * .57 *
Variable 10 11
WOLD change score
WOLD z score (TS)
Nonverbal z score (T4)
Formulated sentences z score (T4)
BPVS z score (T5)
Listening to paragraphs z score (TS)
TROG z score (T5)
BAS word reading z score (T5)
TOWRE--word reading efficiency z score
Word comprehension z score (TS)
Spelling z score (T5) .41
Writing fluency z score .51 * .41
Note. WOLD = Wechsler Objective Language Dimensions (Wechsler, 1996).
BPVS = British Pictute Vocabulary Scale (Dunn, Dunn, Whetton,
& Burley, 1997). TROG = Test of Reception of Grammar (Bishop, 1983).
BAS = British Ability Scales II (Elliott, Murray, & Pearson, 1997).
TOWRE = Test of Word Reading Efficiency (Torgesen, Wagner, & Rashotte,
* p = .004 with Bonferonni correction.
Predicting WOLD Writing at Age 16: The Role of Word Reading Accuracy
Predictor Change [beta] P
WOLD z score at age 14 .326 .353 .001
Vocabulary z score at age 16 .134 .266 .018
Single word reading z score at age 16 .074 .322 .005
Note. WOLD = Wechsler Objective Language Dimensions (Wechsler, 1996).
Predicting WOLD Writing at Age 16: The Role of Word Reading Efficiency
Predictor Change [beta] P
WOLD z score at age 14 .326 .381 .001
Vocabulary z score at age 16 .134 .243 .031
Word reading efficiency z score at age 16 .081 .333 .003
Note. WOLD = Wechsler Objective Language Dimensions (Wechsler, 1996).
Predicting WOLD Writing at Age 16: The Role of Reading, Writing, and
Predictor Change [beta] P
WOLD z score at age 14 .335 .2G4 .01
Vocabulary z score at age 16 .114 .232 .03
Word reading efficiency z score at age 16 .075 .041 .746
Writing fluency .024 .154 .167
Spelling z score at age 16 .093 .395 .001
Note. WOLD = Wechsler Objective Language Dimensions (Wechsler, 1996).