n the Rights and Welfare of the African Child, AHG/St. 4 (XVI) Rev. 1 1979, Declaration and Resolutions Adopted by the Sixteenth Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government (July 17-20, 1979), http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Documents/Decisions/hog/pHoGAssembly1979.pdf (PDF) (last visited July 24, 2007). [Back to Text]
- International Norms and Standards Relating to Disability, United Nations enable, http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/comp303.htm (last visited July 25, 2007). Van Bueren, supra note 3, at 24-25, notes “the high risk of conditionality” of the concept of children’s responsibilities set forth in the two Charters and criticizes the responsibility “to respect parents and elders at all times” as being “too unquestioning and general.” She adds, “[w]here family members are abusing or exploiting children, to maintain that children are obliged to respect the abuser is a dangerous precedent.” [Back to Text]
- Article 11 on education is the longest article in the ACRWC. It also provides, among other measures, that States Parties are to in particular to provide free and compulsory basic education (art. 11(3)). [Back to Text]
The European Convention on the Exercise of Children’s Rights, C. E.T.S. No. 160, has a Preamble and twenty-six articles. It was opened for signature on January 25, 1996, and entered into force on July 1, 2000. For an online text, see the COE Web site, http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?
NT=160&CL=ENG, and, for an explanatory report, http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Reports/HTML/160.htm (both last visited July 27, 2007). See also Kilkelly, supra note 10; Kilkelly, Children’s Rights: a European Perspective,
4:2 Judicial Studies Institute Journal 68 (2004), available at http://www.jsijournal.ie/html/Volume%204%20No.%202/4%5B2%5D_
20Rights%20A%20European%20Perspective.pdf (PDF); and Sandy Ruxton, What About Us? Children’s Rights in the European Union: Next Steps (Nov. 2005), available at http://www.crin.org/docs/Ruxton%20Report_WhatAboutUs.pdf (PDF).
[Back to Text]
- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with a Preamble and 30 articles, was adopted by the U.N. General Assembly on December 10, 1948. G.A. Res. 217 A (III), U.N. Doc. A/810 at 71 (Dec. 10, 1948). For an online text, see the United Nations Web site, http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html (unofficial source) (last visited July 24, 2007). [Back to Text]
- This gives no recognition, however, to the role of fatherhood, and the “twinning of the exclusive role of women and children continues to resound throughout international law.” Van Bueren, supra note 3, at 18. [Back to Text]
- The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, with a Preamble and 31 articles, was adopted by the U.N. General Assembly on December 16, 1996, and entered into force on January 3, 1976. G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), 21 U.N.GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. (No. 16) at 49, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (Dec. 16, 1966), 993 U.N.T.S. 3. For an online text, see the OHCHR Web site, http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/cescr.htm (last visited July 23, 2007). [Back to Text]
- Id. See also Van Bueren, supra note 3, at 19. [Back to Text]
- The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, with a Preamble and 53 articles, was adopted by the U.N. General Assembly on December 16, 1966, and entered into force on March 23, 1976. G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), 21 U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess. Supp. (No. 16) at 52, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (Dec. 16, 1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171. For an online text, see the OHCHR Web site, http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (last visited July 26, 2007). [Back to Text]
- Van Bueren, supra note 3, at 20. She notes that the Covenant prohibits imposition of the death penalty for crimes committed by persons under the age of eighteen as the result of an initiative from Japan, citing to U.N. Doc. A/C.3/L 650. [Back to Text]
- The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, C.E.T.S. No. 005, with a Preamble and fifty-nine articles, was adopted on November 4, 1950, and entered into force on September