- enough to fill 250,000 swimming pools. Where that waste and the hazardous microbes it contained were deposited is unknown.
After the storm, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency tested soils at a few Superfund sites, concluding that no pollution was spread outside already contaminated areas. But the agency admits that most of the New York region's 246 Superfund sites were only visually inspected after the storm, not tested. So great unknowns remain.
In Louisiana, five years after Hurricane Katrina's waters receded - floodwaters that engulfed 80 percent of New Orleans - toxic residues remained, according to the Natural Resources Defense Council. Arsenic- and lead-contaminated soils persist in and around playgrounds, schools and backyards in dangerous concentrations that far exceed state and federal standards, potentially threatening children and families for decades to come.
The climate change forecast is for escalating deluge with scientists warning of a warmer, wetter world that carries more moisture in the atmosphere and more powerful storms. It's already happening: Between 1958 and 2011, precipitation falling in heavy downpours increased by an astounding 74 percent in the Northeast U.S., 45 percent in the Midwest, 26 percent in the Southeast, 21 percent in the High Plains states and 12 percent in the Rockies and most of the West, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Devastating future record storms will surely swamp facilities where harmful chemicals are now safely used and stored. But no one has assessed the potential toxic risks of flooded Superfund sites (some of which, like New Jersey's Passaic River, are waterways), sewage systems, industrial sites, drilling sites, spent nuclear fuel ponds, pipelines, fuel tanks, landfills, toxic waste dumps, construction sites, gas stations and more.
No one can anticipate where the next 100- or 1,000-year flood will strike, so it's nearly impossible to predict what poisons might be released and where they might lodge. But there are ways in which federal, state and municipal authorities could prepare. The Federal Emergency Management Agency needs to vigorously redefine floodplains, using the best models for sea level rise and intensifying storms. The fossil fuel and chemical industries, and others who work with dangerous substances, need to develop realistic disaster plans to protect against release during floods.
When it comes to the potential for climate-change-intensified floods to unleash toxic chemicals into the environment, we are in completely uncharted waters. But the time to start planning for the stormy days and years ahead is now.
Blue Ridge Press Editor Glenn Scherer resides in Hardwick, Vt.