 Ashantis for the Conservation of Forests in Ghana.” SAGE Open 7, no. 1 (2017): 2158244016687611.4
Marinaro, Sofía, H. Ricardo Grau, Néstor Ignacio Gasparri, Tobias Kuemmerle, and Matthias Baumann. “Differences in production, carbon stocks and biodiversity outcomes of land tenure regimes in the Argentine Dry Chaco.” Environmental Research Letters 12, no. 4 (2017): 045003.
Pagdee, Adcharaporn. “Community forest: a local attempt in natural resource management, economic value of ecosystem services, and contribution to local livelihoods.” Asia-Pacific Journal of Science and Technology 13, no. 10 (2017): 1129-1134.
Biodiversity is threatened worldwide by the loss of natural habitats and climate change. Protecting biodiversity and reducing greenhouse gas emissions to prevent and manage climate change are complementary goals. While restoration of ecosystems provide habitat for biodiversity, increased forest carbon sequestration may not directly yield increased biodiversity. Protection of ecosystems can safeguard both biodiversity and sequestered carbon. The projects undertaken by PAC will consider carbon and biodiversity goals as intertwined but not necessarily correlated directly. PAC combines the components of directly measured carbon sequestration and contemporaneous surveys of biodiversity in unique forest carbon portfolios that value each component separately and as a unique mosaic of features specific to each project area. The mosaics of biodiversity and carbon sequestration represent a win-win outcome for all stakeholders. The sealed Biosphere Box represents retained ecosystem carbon by restoration, protection and conservation of forest areas for the purposes of enhanced biodiversity in a project area.
Ali, Arshad, and En-Rong Yan. “Relationships between biodiversity and carbon stocks in forest ecosystems: a systematic literature review.” Tropical Ecology 58, no. 1 (2017).
Griscom, Bronson W., Rosa C. Goodman, Zuzana Burivalova, and Francis E. Putz. “Carbon and biodiversity impacts of intensive versus extensive tropical forestry.” Conservation Letters (2017).
Morriën, Elly, S. Emilia Hannula, L. Basten Snoek, Nico R. Helmsing, Hans Zweers, Mattias De Hollander, Raquel Luján Soto et al. “Soil networks become more connected and take up more carbon as nature restoration progresses.” Nature communications 8 (2017): 14349.
Dayamba, Sidzabda Djibril, Houria Djoudi, Mathurin Zida, Louis Sawadogo, and Louis Verchot. “Biodiversity and carbon stocks in different land use types in the Sudanian Zone of Burkina Faso, West Africa.” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 216 (2016): 61-72.
Eitelberg, David A., Jasper van Vliet, Jonathan C. Doelman, Elke Stehfest, and Peter H. Verburg. “Demand for biodiversity protection and carbon storage as drivers of global land change scenarios.” Global Environmental Change 40 (2016): 101-111.
Agroforestry is defined as a land-use system that involves the deliberate retention, introduction or mixture of trees or other woody perennials with agricultural crops, pastures and/or livestock to exploit the ecological and economic interactions of the different components of the project area. While agroforestry is widely practiced and acknowledged to have positive benefits for carbon sequestration there is a paucity of quantitative data on specific projects. The main advantage of agroforestry is the potential for carbon sequestration while leaving large areas for agricultural production resulting in food security, economic diversification and community jobs. PAC will provide the same level of direct measurement protocols for agroforestry as for reforestation. Agroforestry may also provide benefits to manage methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions.
An idealized agroforestry project is depicted below. The graphic shows agriculture (maize) cocoa and banana production with vertical fluxes for the primary greenhouse gases CO2, CH4 and N2O.
Abbas, Farhat, Hafiz Mohkum Hammad, Shah Fahad, Artemi Cerdà, Muhammad Rizwan, Wajid Farhad, Sana Ehsan, and Hafiz Faiq Bakhat. “Agroforestry: a sustainable environmenta