n.
West, Candace: 'When the Doctor is a 'Lady': Power, Status and Gender in Physician-Patient Encounters'. In: Coates, Jennifer (ed) (1998): Language and Gender: A Reader. Oxford: 396-412.
Zimmerman, Don/West, Candice: 'Sex Roles, Interruptions and Silences in Conversations'. In: Thorne, Barrie/Henley, Nancy (eds.) (1975): Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance. Rowley; MA: 105-129. Conclusions: Conclusions Gender surfaces in language in a wide variety of ways: phonetic, lexical, pragmatic…
The interactions between gender and other social variables, goals, etc. are extremely complex.
Though language can affect social systems…
…the primary direction of influence is socio-cultural linguistic. References: References Labov, William. 2003. The reinterpretation of social categories in the course of linguistic change. Paper presented at the LSA.
Chambers, J. K. 1995. Sociolinguistic theory: Linguistic variation and its social significance. Oxford: Blackwell.
Cheshire, Jenny. 1982, Linguistic variation and social function. In S Romaine, ed. 1982, Sociolinguistic variation in speech communities, 153-166. [Excerpted in J. Coates ed. 1998, Language andamp; Gender: A Reader, 29-41.]
Coates, Jennifer. 1993 (2nd ed.). Women, Men and Language. London: Longman.
Coates, Jennifer, ed. 1998. Language and Gender: A Reader. (Blackwell Publishers).
Coupland, Nikolas, andamp; Adam Jaworski, eds. 1997. Sociolinguistics: A reader. Palgrave/St. Martin’s Press.
Eckert, Penelope. 1989. The whole woman: sex and gender differences in variation. Language Variation and Change 1:245-267.
Eckert, Penelope. 1998. Gender and sociolinguistic variation. In J. Coates ed. 1998, Language andamp; Gender: A reader, 64-75.
Gordon, Elizabeth. 1997. Sex, speech, and stereotypes: why women use prestige speech forms more than men. Language in Society 26: 47-64.
Guy, Gregory. 1988. Language and social class. In F. Newmeyer, ed., Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey, vol. 4. (Language: The Socio-cultural context.), 37-63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Labov, William. 1990. The intersection of sex and social class in the course of linguistic change. Language Variation and Change 2: 205-254.
Patrick, Peter L. To appear 2001. The speech community. In J.K. Chambers, P. Trudgill and N. Schilling-Estes, eds., Handbook on Language Variation. Oxford: Blackwell.
Pierrehumbert, Janet, Tessa Bent, Benjamin Munson, Ann Bradlow, and J. Michael Bailey. 2004. The influence of sexual orientation on vowel production. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 116.4:1905-1908.
Trudgill, Peter. 1983. Sex and covert prestige. In P Trudgill On Dialect, Chap. 10. [Revision of the original 1972 article in Language in Society; which is excerpted in J. Coates, ed. 1998, Language andamp; Gender: A reader, 21-28.] Further notes for those who are interested: Further notes for those who are interested Sociolinguistic universals of gender: Sociolinguistic universals of gender Women and men develop different patterns of language use. (462)
Women tend to focus on the affective functions of an interaction more often than men do. (463)
Women tend to use linguistic devices that stress solidarity more often than men do. (468)
Women tend to interact in ways which will maintain and increase solidarity. (472)
Women are stylistically more flexible than men. (475) Holmes, Janet (1998). Women's talk: The Question of Sociolinguistic Universals. In Language and Gender: A Reader , Jennifer Coates, ed. Oxford: Blackwell.461-483. Power vs. Prestige: Power vs. Prestige Eckert, Penelope (1989). The whole woman: Sex and gender differences in variation. Language Variation and Change 1:245-267.
Ecket argues against the claim that women are more linguistically conservative than men in order to symbolically enhance their socioeconomic status. Eckert suggests that power underlies women's orientation toward linguistic markers of status: lacking power, women claim authority through symbolic capital rather than socioeconomically. She demonstrates that there is greater differentiation in female speech than in ma