itates an item without having been authorized to do so and passes the copy off for the genuine or original item. Counterfeiting is most often associated with money however can also be associated with designer clothing, handbags and watches.
· Credit Card Fraud: The unauthorized use of a credit card to obtain goods of value.
· Currency Schemes: The practice of speculating on the future value of currencies.
· Educational Institutions: Yet another field where collar criminals operate with impunity are the privately run educational institutional in this country. The governing bodies of those institutions manage to secure large sums by way of government grants of financial aid by submitting fictitious and fake details about their institutions. The teachers and other staff working in these institutions receive a meager salary far less than what they actually sign for, thus allowing a big margin for the management to grab huge amount in this illegal manner.
· Embezz1ement: When a person who has been entrusted with money or property appropriates it for his or her own use and benefit.
· Environmental Schemes: The overbilling and fraudulent practices exercised by corporations which purport to clean up the environment.
· Extortion: Occurs when one person illegally obtains property from another by actual or threatened force, fear, or violence, or under cover of official right.
· Engineering :In the engineering profession underhand dealing with contractors and suppliers, passing of sub-standard works and materials and maintenance of bogus records of work-charged labour are some of the common examples of white collar crime. Scandals of this kind are reported in newspapers and magazines almost every day in our country.
· Fake Employment Placement Rackets: A number of cheating cases are reported in various parts of the country by the so called manpower consultancies and employment placement agencies which deceive the youth with false promises of providing them white collar jobs on payment of huge amount ranging from 50 thousands to two lakhs of rupees.
· Forgery: When a person passes a false or worthless instrument such as a check or counterfeit security with the intent to defraud or injure the recipient.
· Health Care Fraud: Where an unlicensed health care provider provides services under the guise of being licensed and obtains monetary benefit for the service.
The white collar crimes which are common to Indian trade and business world are hoardings, profiteering and black marketing. Violation of foreign exchange regulations and import and export laws are frequently resorted to for the sake of huge profits. That apart, adulteration of foodstuffs, edibles and drugs which causes irreparable danger to public health is yet another white collar crime common in India.
· Insider Trading: When a person uses inside, confidential, or advance information to trade in shares of publicly held corporations.
· Insurance Fraud: To engage in an act or pattern of activity wherein one obtains proceeds from an insurance company through deception.
· Investment Schemes: Where an unsuspecting victim is contacted by the actor who promises to provide a large return on a small investment.
· Kickback: Occurs when a person who sells an item pays back a portion of the purchase price to the buyer.
· Larceny/Theft: When a person wrongfully takes another person's money or property with the intent to appropriate, convert or steal it.
· Legal Profession: The instances of fabricating false evidence, engaging professional witness, violating ethical standards of legal profession and dilatory tactics in collusion with the ministerial staff of the courts are some of the common practices which are, truly speaking, the white collar crimes quite often practiced by the legal practitioners.
· Money Laundering: The investment or transfer of money from racketeering, drug transactions or other embezzlement schemes so that it appears that its original source either cannot be traced or is legitimate.
· Medical profession: White collar crimes which are commonly committed by persons bel