ral deficiency present in minority legislation. Considering that the Jewish community in Poland had an organisation with a legal personality (religious communities, "communautés juives de Pologne"), Educational Committees appointed locally by the Jewish communities of Poland, subject to the general control of the State, administered the distribution of the proportional share of public funds allocated to Jewish schools. Therefore, this provision established collective minority protection, and granted personal autonomy to the Jewish minority of Poland in educational matters.
According to Article 11 Jews could not be compelled to perform any act which constituted a violation of their Sabbath, nor could they be placed under any disability by reason of their refusal to attend courts of law or to perform any legal business on their Sabbath. Furthermore, Poland declared her intention to refrain from ordering or permitting elections, whether general or local, to be held on a Saturday. Nevertheless, the provision did not exempt Jews from such obligations as shall be imposed upon all other Polish citizens for the necessary purposes of military service, national defence or the preservation of public order.
I shall touch upon the significant Article 12 during the discussion and assessment of procedural minority law. It is to be mentioned in advance, however, that the provisions of Article 12 set up the framework of the procedures of the League of Nations. The procedural (formal) law of minority protection of the period between the world wars will be outlined on this basis and through the body of reports and resolutions of the League of Nations.
5. The Development of the Petition Procedure: Procedural Minority Law (1920-1925)
5.1. The Starting Point
The last section of the above-mentioned minorities treaties, which belong to substantive law, can be considered the basis upon which procedural minority law developed. The text of section is as follows:
"[...] agrees that the stipulations in the foregoing Articles, so far as they affect persons belonging to racial, religious or linguistic minorities, constitute obligations of international concern and shall be placed under the guarantee of the League of Nations. They shall not be modified without the assent of a majority of the Council of the League of Nations. The Allied and Associate Powers represented in the Council hereby agree not to withhold their assent from any modification in these Articles which is in due form assented to by a majority of the Council of the League of Nations. [...] agrees that any Member of the Council of the League of Nations shall have the right to bring to the attention of the Council any infraction, or any danger of infraction, of any of these obligations, and that the Council may thereupon take such action and give such direction as it may deem proper and effective in the circumstances. [...] further agrees that any difference of opinion as to questions of law or fact arising out of these Articles between the [...] Government and any one of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers or any other Power, a Member of the Council of the League of Nations, shall be held to be a dispute of an international character under Article 14 of the Covenant of the League of Nations. The [...] Government hereby consents that any such dispute shall, if the other party thereto demands, be referred to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The decision of the Permanent Court shall be final and shall have the same force and effect as an award under Article 13 of the Covenant." 
The provisions included in the section above can be grouped around three logical units:
a) Legal provisions that affect persons belonging to racial, religious or linguistic minorities, constituted obligations of international concern ("obligations d'intérêt international"), and were placed under the guarantee of the League of Nations. This meant that the provisions could not be modified without the assent of a majority of the Council of the League of Nations. Modification could take place only wi