 terms. Some philosophers—e.g., Lewis and Jackson—think that the account is provided simply by common “folk” beliefs, or beliefs that almost everyone believes that everyone else believes (e.g., in the case of the mental, the beliefs that people scratch itches, that they assert what they think, and that they avoid pain). Others—e.g., Sidney Shoemaker—think that one should engage in philosophical analysis of possible cases (“analytical functionalism”); and still others—e.g., William Lycan and Georges Rey—look to empirical psychological theory (“psychofunctionalism”). Although most philosophers construe such functional talk realistically, as referring to actual states of the brain, some (e.g., Dennett) interpret it irreferentially—indeed, as merely an instrument for predicting people’s behaviour or as an “intentional stance” that one may (or equally may not) take toward humans, animals, or computers and about whose truth there is no genuine “fact of the matter.” In each case, definitions vary according to whether they are derived from an account of the whole system at once (“holistic” functionalism) or from an account of specific subparts of the system (“molecular” functionalism) and according to whether the terms to be defined must refer to observable behaviour or may refer also to specific features of human bodies and their environments (“short-armed” versus “long-armed” functionalism). Thus, there may be functional definitions of states of specific subsystems of the mind, such as those involved in sensory reception (hearing, vision, touch) or in capacities such as language, memory, problem solving, mathematics, and interpersonal empathy. The most influential form of functionalism is based on the analogy with computers, which, of course, were independently developed to solve problems that require intelligence.