ding of a railway in their territory.
6/11/1868. Oglala Sioux Indians, led by Chief Red Cloud, signed a peace treaty with General William Sherman, representing the US Government, at Fort Laramie. This ended 2 years of fighting between Indians and gold miners.
21/5/1867, Frances Theresa Densmore was born in Red Wing, Minnesota. She recorded and documented the songs and music of over 30 Amerindian tribes before her death at age 87.
29/11/1864, The Sand Creek massacre; Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians were waiting to surrender to US forces when soldiers under the command of Colonel Chivington slaughtered them.
3/3/1863. Congress provided for the forcible removal of all Indians from the state of Kansas.
17/8/1862, A Sioux uprising in Minnesota led by Little Crow was suppressed.
30/4/1860, Fort Defiance, New Mexico, was attacked by 1,000 Navajo Indians, angered by the shooting of their sheep and goats by the fort’s soldiers. The Navajo, with bows and arrows, almost succeeded in capturing the fort. |However they retreated when the fort fired cannon on them.
11/9/1858, The Mountain Meadows Massacre in Utah. 135 migrants on the Fancher wagon train were ambushed, and nearly all killed, by Pahute Indians; however the Indians were acting under instructions from the Mormon leader, Brigham Young.
29/11/1847. Cayuze Indians massacred 14 members of an Oregon mission.
5/12/1839, Birth of George Armstrong Custer, US cavalry commander famous for ‘Custer’s Last Stand’ against the Cheyenne and Sioux Indians.
1838, Indian title to the lands of Minnesota was extinguished by the US Government.
23/5/1838, General Winfield-Scott ordered the forced removal of the Cherokee Indians from their original lands into reservations in what is now Oklahoma. About a quarter of the Cherokees died along the ‘Trail of Tears’.
29/12/1835, The Treaty of New Echota was signed between the US Government and the Amerindian Cherokee Nation, after which the Cherokees were moved to the Oklahoma Territory along the ‘Trail of Tears’.
27/5/1831, Comanche Indians on the Cimarron killed Jeremiah Smith.
18/3/1831, The US Supreme Court ruled that indigenous Amerindian tribes could not sue for their rights in a Federal Court ‘because they weren’t full citizens, and their reservations weren’t foreign nations’.
15/9/1830. The Choctaw Indians ceded their lands east of the Mississippi River.
28/5/1830. The USA passed the Indian Removal Act, giving the Indians perpetual title to western lands. The Indians were wary, aware of valuable mineral deposits beneath these western lands.
20/12/1828. Cherokee Indians ceded their traditional lands in Arkansas territory to the USA and agreed to migrate to lands west of the Mississippi River.
11/3/1824, The Bureau of Indian Affairs was created by US Secretary of War, John C Calhoun.
14/10/1823, Chicksaw Indian tribal chiefs ceded land east of the Mississippi River to the United States Government.
1819, First Seminole War; The US army under Major General Andrew Jackson, having taken Florida from Spain, now set about evicting the local Seminole Indians from the best farmland. The four thousand Seminoles refused to move, and the First Seminole War lasted until 1826.
29/9/1817, Under the Fort Meigs Treaty, 6,000 square miles of land previously belonging to the Ohio Indians was ceded to the US Government. In return the Indians received 144 square miles, the ‘Grand Reserve, on the Upper Sandusky.
9/8/1814. By the Treaty of Fort Jackson the Creek Indians ceded their claims to about half of present day Alabama, and by a further series of treaties in 1830 and 1835 the Indians were transferred further west.
22/7/1814. Five Indian tribes in Ohio made peace with the USA and declared war on the British.
9/11/1813, In the USA, General Andrew Jackson defeated Cree Indians at Taledega in a retaliatory attack following a Cree attack in August 1813 in which 500 White settlers were massacred.
7/11/1811, The Battle of Tippecanoe. The Shawnee Indians were heavily defeated by US General Harrison.
30/9/1809, The Treaty of Fort Wayne was signed by Governor Harrison and C