d in those towns and districts only where there was a considerable proportion ("proportion considérable") of Polish nationals belonging to racial, religious or linguistic minorities. Paragraph 3 narrowed the stipulations in the case of Polish citizens of German speech further down: the provisions of this Article applied to them only in that part of Poland which was German territory on 1 August 1914.
Let us expand a bit on one of the conceptual units of the passage discussed above, namely that minorities (!) were to be assured an equitable share in the enjoyment and application of the sums which may be provided out of public funds. Did this provision entail the general recognition of the legal personality of minorities? In my opinion, this is connected more to a possible way of exercising the right to association, as political right (already mentioned with respect to Article 8), according to which minorities could set up organisations for the establishment and maintenance of educational institutions. These organisations were to transfer the sums received from public funds to the schools under their supervision. This meant basically a role that the state performed with respect to public education in general. If minorities did not have such an institution, the state authorities had to break down the sums to be transferred to the schools, which was not always advantageous for the interests of the minorities. László Buza remarked: "It is undeniable that minority legislation is defective in this respect: it grants certain rights to the minority as such but it does not define the minority that would have to exercise this right. Furthermore, it does not stipulate for its establishment. [...] Treaties and declarations do not establish these organisations because that would entail minority authority to a certain extent; however, general minority legislation is based not on the principle of minority autonomy."
Article 10 of the Polish Minorities Treaty is an exception with respect to one minority to the above-mentioned general deficiency present in minority legislation. Considering that the Jewish community in Poland had an organisation with a legal personality (religious communities, "communautés juives de Pologne"), Educational Committees appointed locally by the Jewish communities of Poland, subject to the general control of the State, administered the distribution of the proportional share of public funds allocated to Jewish schools. Therefore, this provision established collective minority protection, and granted personal autonomy to the Jewish minority of Poland in educational matters.
According to Article 11 Jews could not be compelled to perform any act which constituted a violation of their Sabbath, nor could they be placed under any disability by reason of their refusal to attend courts of law or to perform any legal business on their Sabbath. Furthermore, Poland declared her intention to refrain from ordering or permitting elections, whether general or local, to be held on a Saturday. Nevertheless, the provision did not exempt Jews from such obligations as shall be imposed upon all other Polish citizens for the necessary purposes of military service, national defence or the preservation of public order.
I shall touch upon the significant Article 12 during the discussion and assessment of procedural minority law. It is to be mentioned in advance, however, that the provisions of Article 12 set up the framework of the procedures of the League of Nations. The procedural (formal) law of minority protection of the period between the world wars will be outlined on this basis and through the body of reports and resolutions of the League of Nations.
5. The Development of the Petition Procedure: Procedural Minority Law (1920-1925)
5.1. The Starting Point
The last section of the above-mentioned minorities treaties, which belong to substantive law, can be considered the basis upon which procedural minority law developed. The text of section is as follows:
"[...] agrees that the stipulations in the foregoing Articles, so far as they 