SA goal for the crew and cargo program.
It worked. Two companies—SpaceX and Orbital Sciences Corporation—spent substantial amounts of their own money to design, build, test and operate vehicles. They now are free to market their space flight services to public or private organizations and individuals.
“What Alan did in pioneering that partnership and a whole new way for NASA to do business with commercial space was really top-notch,” said Wilde.
At first, the idea of using private rockets and spaceships was a contentious one: People both within and outside the agency were adamant that only NASA or its international government partners could provide flights to the space station. But Lindenmoyer persevered.
“The key thing is that Alan had the vision and the persistence to push a program through in the face of frequent opposition,” Bolden said. “He was a visionary—a pioneer—and on something that nobody wanted and now everyone loves.”
Lindenmoyer gathered a team of 10 people and within four months issued requests for proposals. NASA had $500 million to invest in the companies’ endeavors—far less than the typical billions spent on new vehicles, but meaningful nonetheless as seed money. Lindenmoyer reserved $15 million for running the program and providing technical expertise.
His resourcefulness included hiring a venture capitalist to help evaluate business plans. To make the deals enticing both for industry and NASA, the agreements allowed the companies to keep the intellectual property for their designs and vehicles, and made it difficult for NASA to cancel. The agency could terminate the agreements only if companies didn’t perform, the agency didn’t get the necessary appropriations or there was mutual agreement to do so.
Once agreements were signed, Lindenmoyer established a series of payment milestones that occurred every three months. NASA was not paying development costs, but rather for successful performance of work completed. If the companies failed to meet the milestones, they were not paid and faced the possibility of termination.
NASA’s decision to allow companies to fly their vehicles to the space station on demonstration flights and be captured by its robotic arm presented an “extremely difficult challenge,” Lindenmoyer said.
“A lot of people in NASA didn’t want these companies coming anywhere near the $100 billion space station with its international astronauts,” Lindenmoyer said.
The success of the cargo program bodes well for the commercial crew program, which Lindenmoyer launched but then transitioned to another NASA center. According to Wilde, the U.S. would prefer not to pay Russia $70 million to fly each American astronaut to the space station.
“I want American dollars to go to American companies for space transport,” Wilde said. “We’re one big contract away from sealing the deal to allow us to stop counting on the Russians to get into space,” he added. “Alan’s program paves the way for that.”
Bolden agreed. “Alan made a huge difference in enhancing the economic well-being of the nation,” he said.