d major public and private investment in infrastructure over decades. For instance specialised heavy machinery has been developed for the handling of agricultural and forest industry waste. An efficient transport system that ensures that the waste reaches its destination with minimal impact on the environment has also been considerd. Investment in public awareness raising campaigns have been required to educate the population of the benefits of the sorting of household waste into recyclable materials and into waste material suitable for destruction through burning.
The suboptimal “one bin fits all” schemes which presently operate in Australia where paper, glass , tin cans , plastic food and drink packaging is mixed into one recycling bin has in Sweden been replaced by neighbourhood recycling stations, often located close to supermarkets, where every household brings their rubbish and then sorts it into different containers. There are containers for coloured glass, clear glass, metal cans, newspapers, plastic coated paper, and different types of soft and hard plastics.
In addition glass bottles, aluminium cans and plastic bottles for soft drinks attract a deposit fee of 20 to 40 cents which you get back when you return the empty bottle or can to the shop. In every supermarket there is an empty bottle return machine that collects and counts the number of bottles and cans and prints a receipt for the value of the empties you have brought in that you can cash in at the supermarket.
There are clear public benefits of introducing these schemes. As an example 950 million aluminium cans are recycled every year in Sweden which is 87 per cent of the total drinks in aluminium cans consumed. To make a new can from recycled aluminium saves 95 per cent of the energy required to manufacture a new can.
Similarly 80 per cent of clear plastic drink bottles, which also attract a deposit, are recycled.
The Swedish Government target for recycling of drink containers is 90 per cent by 2015 when the recycling scheme with deposits on plastic bottles and cans will have been in place for 30 years.
However the recent down turn in consumption of discretionary food items due to the global financial crisis as well as the trend to use less packaging for foods and drinks in general is having an impact on the amount of waste available to the bioenergy sector in Sweden.
The municipality of Kiruna is situated 200km north of the Arctic circle and 1,200km from Stockholm. It has 20,000 inhabitants that are served by one large bioenergy power plant. It requires a steady stream of waste to feed its insatiable furnace that provides crucial heating for thousands of homes during the six months of year when snow covers the ground.
The amount of locally produced waste is limited and the town of Kiruna has had to resort to import household waste from Norway. Up to 20 truckloads of garbage a day is transported from the city of Narvik by the Atlantic coast, located some 180km from Kiruna, across the mountain range that divides the Scandinavian peninsula.
But the exported household waste in northern Norway is now also in short supply. Recently, the Norwegian waste management company that has the contract to supply Kiruna with household waste has had to start to ship in waste from Holland to top up the dwindling Norwegian waste mountain.
In the first instance 10,000 tonnes which equals 600 truckloads of household waste is now transported by sea from Holland to Narvik a distance of 2,000km and on to Kiruna by road to provide the necessary heating for the inhabitants of this Arctic mining town.
This shortage of locally produced household waste is not a phenomenon restricted to the Arctic. Gothenburg the second largest town in Sweden is heating a large part of its households with hot water derived from burning of household waste. The waste and recycling company Renova, who supplies the waste for Gothenburg Energy, is this year importing 40,000 tonnes of waste from Norway and Holland to be shipped in by boat and truck.
There is a lively discussion in Swedish media on the to