or attempted Murder and the last third was accused of verbal or physical aggression, business competition, Independent mind. She was an early leader Of the civil rights movement.
About the Midwest, it is sometimes difficult to differentiate historical facts from the Mythology of the Old West because the law enforcement was provided mainly by the US Marshals.
The Treaty of 1848, after the Mexican-American war, has announced the California Gold Rush, and around 25000 Mexicans were residents of California. The US territory expanded one third its size annexing Arizona, California, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Nevada, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming. In 1850, California became the 31st state. The Mexicans were experienced miners and became successful in the search for gold, creating animosity among the white prospectors who used intimidation or committed violence. It is believed that between 1848 and 1860, white Americans were responsible for at least 163 Lynchings of Mexicans in California alone.
Committees of Vigilance were created in San Francisco and Los Angeles but were portrayed as a positive response to the government corruption in crimes committed against Mexican American or Chinese American. The Johnson County War in 1890 is well known as a dispute over land in Wyoming in which ranchers hire mercenaries to lynch smaller ranchers.
Many cartoons from 1865-1877, were published in journals talking about the lynching performed by the Ku Klux Klan in Alabama and Mississippi.
The first KKK group was founded in Tennessee in 1866 by Confederate veterans performing Lynchings against freedmen. White Democrats attacked black and white republicans with insurgents, murdering about 1300 voters across various southern states. Occasionally whites will whip their victims to remind them of their former Status as Slaves or will raid their home to confiscate their arms or prevent them from voting. This consisted in the “Black Code”, invalidated by the 14th and 15th amendments in 1868 and 1870.
President Ulysses Grant and Congress passed the Enforcement Acts of 1870 and the Civil Rights Act of 1871 as known as the KKK Act, intended to suppress the vigilante violence and authorize the government to prosecute crimes committed by this group as well as to allow the federal troops to intervene and control violence. The administration began holding grand Juries to prosecute Klan members. They voted the ” Martial Law”.
In the Mid 1870, Paramilitary groups worked to suppress black voting in uniting with the Democrats in Louisiana, the Carolinas, and Florida. They terrorized and assassinated blacks, creating groups like the knights of “White Camelia”, “White League” and “Red Shirts”.
In conclusion, numerous studies since the mid-20th century have found the following variables affecting the rate of Lynchings in the South: “Lynchings were more numerous where the African American population was relatively large, the agricultural economy was based predominantly on cotton, the white population was economically stressed, the Democratic Party was stronger, and multiple religious organizations competed for congregants.”
We can’t pretend that Lynching did not happen because each marker suspended on this Memorial certainly evoke the “Horror” of being strung up or hanged on a tree. The United States of America should not be proud of this page of History.
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“Woman Journalist Crusades Against Lynching”. Library of Congress. December 10, 1998. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
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