 of kingship. As ‘Lord of the Two Lands,' he wears the double-crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. The level of craftsmanship exhibited not only in the general modeling, but also in the delicate engraving of the plumage is simply extraordinary.
The Four Sons of Horus
Their names are Imsety (imsti), Hapy (hpy, not to be confused with the Nile river god, Hapi), Duamutef and Kebehsenuef. All references we have to these deities are funerary in context, and it appears that no cults ever honored them. The earliest extensive religious text, known as the Pyramid Texts (5-6th dynasty, 2350-2175 BCE), mentions them a total of fourteen times. Spell 2078 and 2079 describe them as, "friends of the king, (who) attend on this King... the children of Horus of Khem (letopolis); they tie the rope-ladder for this King. they make firm the wooden ladder for this King, they cause the King to ascend to Khepri when he comes into being in the eastern side of the sky". From Spell 1333, we learn that they, "spread protection of life over your father the Osiris King, since he was restored by the gods", while Spell 552 tells us that, "I will not be thirsty by reason of Shu, I will not be hungry by reason of Tefnut; Hapy, Duamutef, Kebehsenuef, and Imsety will expel this hunger which is in my belly and this thirst which is on my lips".
From the Middle Kingdom through the Greco-Roman era, these deities are referenced in almost every tomb, and their powers are invoked upon almost all coffins and canopic equipment. On canopic equipment, their heads were originally depicted as human. Between the early 18th and the middle 19th Dynasty, their heads began to be depicted differently, with Imsety's head remaining human, while Hapy became an Ape, Duamutef a Jackal, and Kebeshsenuef a falcon. They continued to appear until as late as the 4th century CE.