y. It was his incorrect map, showing Asia just 3,000 miles west of Europe, that persuaded Columbus to sail west from Europe.
2,000 BCE, Squashes, maize and beans were being cultivated across the south west of the present-dasy USA. Long distance trade routes were now established.
7,500 BCE, Earliest known cemetery in North America; the Sloan burial site.
11,500 BCE, Earliest date associated with the Clovis Culture of North America.
Appendix 2 – Hawaii
23/11/1993, US President Bill Clinton apologised to the indigenous Hawaiians for the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in the 19th century.
21/8/1959. Hawaii became the 50th State of the USA.
7/12/1941. Japanese attack on the USA fleet in Pearl Harbour, Hawaii. Pearl Harbour was taken entirely by surprise and within 2 hours 360 Japanese warplanes had destroyed 5 battleships, 14 smaller craft, and 200 aircraft. 2,400 people, many of them civilians, were killed. However the Japanese failed to find and destroy America’s all-important aircraft carriers, both of which were away on manoeuvres. The Japanese force then turned west to strike the British in the East Indies, Australia, and Ceylon (Sri Lanka). The US Congress met to declare war in emergency session on 8/12/1941,
much to the relief of Britain.
9/6/1926, Sanford Ballard Dole, Hawaiian statesman (born 23/4/1844 in Honolulu) died in Honolulu.
11/11/1917, Liliuokalani, Queen of Hawaii, died.
14/11/1909. The US President, William Taft, announced that a naval base would be built on Hawaii at Pearl Harbour to protect the US from attack from Japan.
12/8/1898. The sovereignty of Hawaii was transferred to the USA.
7/7/1898, The USA formally annexed Hawaii.
17/1/1893. US troops landed on Hawaii and annexed it to the USA. The annexation was generally peaceful. The US was concerned about the rise of Japan as a world power, the need for the US to have a Pacific base, the anti-US attitude of the Hawaiian Queen, and demands from Hawaiian sugar growers to sell inside the US tariff area.
20/1/1891, King David Kalalahua of Hawaii died, aged 54, and was succeeded by his 52-year sister, Queen Lydia Liliuokalani. White settlers who now owned 80% of the land in Hawaii, formed a Hawaiian League to oppose the accession of Queen Liliuokalani, and sought annexation to the USA.
20/1/1887. A renewal of the reciprocity agreement between the USA and Hawaii contained an amendment giving the USA exclusive rights to a coaling station in Pearl Harbour.
18/3/1875. Hawaii signed a treaty giving exclusive trading rights with the islands to the USA.
1848, King Kamehameha III seized most Hawaiian land from the indigenous inhabitants. He kept 24% for himself, a further 36% was ‘government land’, and 39% went to his chiefs. This left just 1% of the land for the ordinary people.
1845, The political capital of Hawaii was moved from Maui to Honolulu.
1825, Accession of King Kamehameha III.
14/7/1824, Kamehameha II, King of Hawaii and his wife died of measles during a visit to Britain.
8/5/1819, Death of King Kamehameha, who united Hawaii, aged 82. He was succeeded by his 22-year old son, Kamehameha II, who welcomed Christian missionaries and allowed the indigenous culture to be undermined.
Appendix 3 – US Presidents born, nominated, elected, died
30/11/2018, George HW Bush, 41st President of the USA, died aged 94.
20/1/2017, President Trump was inaugurated as 45th President of the USA.
8/11/2016, In US elections, Donald Trump (Republican) defeated Hillary Clinton (Democrat) to become the 45th President. The Republicans also took the Senate and Congress.
10/11/2012, Barack Obama was confirmed as Presidential winner in the USA, defeating challenger Mitt Romney.
4/11/2008, Barack Hussein Obama was elected first African-American President (Democrat) of the USA, the 44th President.
20/1/2005, President George W Bush was inaugurated in Washington DC for his second term as America’s 43rd President.
5/6/2004, President Reagan of the USA died (born 1911), after a long battle with Alzheimer’s disease.
20/1/2001, George W Bush officially succeeded Bill Clinton as President o