led by her own will and genius or was in fact guided by some force beyond material explanation, one thing will always be clear. Joan was exactly what she needed to be to bring her people victory.
1. It is a useful device to begin an essay on Joan by listing all the various ways that different people with different agendas have chosen to view her over the centuries. Though our lists are different, Kelly DeVries uses this technique to good effect to open his essay "A Woman as Leader of Men: Joan of Arc’s Military Career," in Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc, ed. Bonnie Wheeler and Charles T. Wood (New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. 1996), 3.
2. A summary of Joan’s career can be distilled from any of the dozensof available biographies of her. Three of the best are: Frances Gies, Joan of Arc: The Legend and theReality (New York: Harper & Row, 1981), Edward A. Lucie-Smith, Joan of Arc (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), and V. Sackville-West, Saint Joan of Arc, revised edition(London: Michael Joseph LTD, 1948).
3. Edouard Perroy, The Hundred Years War, trans. W. B. Wells (New York: Capricorn Books, 1%5), 283.
4. Gies, 83-88.
5. Régine Pernoud and Marie-Véronique Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story trans. and revised by Jeremy duQuesnay Adams (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999), (hereafter cited as "Pernoud and Clin"), 139 and 157.
6. Régine Pernoud, The Retrial of Joan of Arc: The Evidence at the Trial For Her Rehabilitation, 1450-1456, trans. J. M. Cohen, with a foreword by Katherine Anne Porter (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1955), (hereafter cited as "Pernoud, Retrial"), 85, 90, 118-119, 134-135, 142-143, 154, and 159-160.
7. Ibid., 123.
8. Nadia Margolis, Joan of Arc in History, Literature, and Film (New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1990), 69-70.
9. Régine Pernoud, Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses trans. Edward Hyams (New York: Scarborough House, 1982), (hereafter cited as "Pernoud, Witnesses"), 112.
10. Ibid., 100; and Pernoud, Retrial, 118.
11. Pernoud, Retrial, 107, 132, 142, 158-159, and 163-164; Sackville-West, 143; and Lucie-Smith, 97.
12. George Bernard Shaw, Saint Joan. (New York: Brentano’s, 1924), xxxiii-xxxiv.
13. Pernoud, Retrial, 149-150.
14. Ibid., 120.
15. Ibid., 138-140.
18. Pernoud, Retrial, 123, 152, 157, and 166.
19. Ibid., 140.
20. Pernoud, Witnesses, 137.
21. Pernoud, Retrial, 123.
22. Ibid., 157.
23. Pernoud, Witnesses, 83-84.
24. Pernoud, Retrial, 103.
25. Ibid., 111.
26. ibid., 103.
27. Ibid., 111.
28. Lucie-Smith, 182-184 and 218.
29. Pernoud and Clin, 76 and 82-83; Pernoud, Witnesses, 147; and R. Earnest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy, The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History, Fourth Edition(New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 452.
30. Lucie-Smith, 130 and 183.
31. Ibid., 147; also Pernoud and Clin, 79.
32. Pernoud, Witnesses, 120.
33. Ibid., 111; and Lucie-Smith, 129.
34. Gies, 85.
35. Pernoud, Retrial, 97.
36. Ibid., 108.
37. Ibid., 142.
38. Sackville-West, 144-149; and Pernoud, Retrial, 121.
39. Pernoud, Retrial, 122-123; and Sackville-West, 153-156.
40. Ibid., 165 and 165 respectively in both books; also, Pernoud and Clin,
41. Sackville-West, 158; and Gies, 73-74.
42. Sackville-West, 159-163; and Pernoud, Retrial, 147-148 and 156.
43. Ibid., 163 and 164 respectively.
44. Sackville-West, 163-165; and Lucie-Smith, 109-110.
45. Sackville-West, 165-167; and Pernoud, Retrial, 148-150.
46. Pernoud, Retrial, 97-98; and Gies, 78-79, relate the incident with de Gaucourt; Sackville-West tells the story of the entire "Day of the Tourelles" in detail, 168- 174.
47. Pernoud, Retrial, 150; and Lucie-Smith, 117.
48. Pernoud, Retrial, 123.
49. Ibid., 124; Sackville-West, 177-178; Gies, 81-82; and Lucie-Smith, 122-124.
50. Lucie-Smith, 123; also, Gies makes the same argument, 81-82.
51. Pernoud and Clin, 228-229. The previous February, Dunois had been wounded in the fruitless assaults the French had made on a prepared English position at the disastrous Battle of Rouvray, also known as ‘The Battle of the Herrings."
52. Pernoud, Retrial, 125-126; and Sackville-West, 178-180.
53. Pernoud, Witnesses, 108-110.
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