glish the following word combinations. Use them in the statements of your own.
VIII. A) Fill in the gaps with appropriate words.
ground, foundations, skyscrapers, support, steel frames, hung, occurs, strong vibration, level of the tunnels, underlying
A study of some of New York's______________would convince you that in modern buildings the walls no longer act as ______________. To overcome ______________ from subway trains passing near the ______________, the ___________ are taken down below the______________and anchored in the solid rock____________ Manhattan. The walls are______________on the frame, but they do not touch the______________where the vibration______________. The Waldport Astoria Hotel is a good example of it.
B) Put the word given in brackets into the necessary word form.
The Pirelli skyscraper in Milan is of most modern concrete design. A tall shaft, 32 storage (height) is cigar (shape). Four mass columns (extension) across the structure and present the (solve) to the difficult wind (resist) problems. Special account was taken of the severe (torsion) strains to which such a delicately proportioned building is subject. In order to check the (calculate) a 1/15th scale model was tested. And now the finished structure stands, giving (express) to the words of a (fame) French architect who spoke of the (accumulate) of very beautiful things in which economic law reigns (supremacy) and (exact) is joined to (imagine). That is beauty.
IX. Read the texts again and think of the main problems of these constructions and the engineering solutions to these problems.
X. Study some properties of steel and concrete.
has the property of
high tensile strength
high compressive strength
it can resist
high tensile forces
high compressive forces
XI. There are 3 types of building constructions read the decide which paragraph discusses.
a) a mass construction
b) a frame construction
c) a planar construction
Building materials are used in two basic ways. In the first way they are used to support the loads on a building and in the second way they are used to divide the space in a building. Building components are made from building materials and the form of a component is related to the way in which it is used. We can see how this works by considering three different types îf construction:
1. In one kind of construction, blocks of materials such as brick, stone, or concrete are put together to form solid walls. These materials are heavy, however, they can support the structural loads because they have the property of high compressive strength. Walls made up of blocks both support the building and divide the space in the building.
2. In another type of construction, sheet materials are used to form walls which act as both space-dividers and structural support. Timber, concrete and some plastics can be made into large rigid sheets and fixed together to form a building. These buildings are lighter and faster to construct than buildings made up of blocks.
3. Rod materials, on the other hand, can be used for structural support but not for dividing spaces. Timber, steel and concrete can be formed into rods and used as columns. Rod materials with high tensile and compressive strength can be fixed together to form framed structures. The spaces between the rods can be filled with light sheet materials which act as space dividers but do not support structural loads.
XII. Say whether these statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
1. Rod materials can be used for both dividing space and supporting the building.
2. Concrete is used as a block material, a sheet material and a rod material.
3. Steel is used for frame constructions because it has a property of high tensile strength and low compressive strength.
4. The sheet materials, which act as space dividers in a frame building are light because they do not support structural loads.
5. Mass construction buildings are light whereas planar constructions are heavy.