ased exhalation of hydrogen peroxide in patients with stable and unstable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996, 154 (3 Pt 1): 813-816.
van Beurden WJ, Dekhuijzen PN, Harff GA, Smeenk FW: Variability of exhaled hydrogen peroxide in stable COPD patients and matched healthy controls. Respiration. 2002, 69 (3): 211-216. 10.1159/000063622.
Majewska E, Kasielski M, Luczynski R, Bartosz G, Bialasiewicz P, Nowak D: Elevated exhalation of hydrogen peroxide and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in patients with community acquired pneumonia. Respir Med. 2004, 98 (7): 669-676. 10.1016/j.rmed.2003.08.015.
Doniec Z, Nowak D, Tomalak W, Pisiewicz K, Kurzawa R: Passive smoking does not increase hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels in exhaled breath condensate in 9-year-old healthy children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005, 39 (1): 41-45. 10.1002/ppul.20129.
Barregard L, Sallsten G, Andersson L, Almstrand AC, Gustafson P, Andersson M, Olin AC: Experimental exposure to wood smoke: Effects on airway inflammation and oxidative stress. Occup Environ Med. 2007
Ho LP, Faccenda J, Innes JA, Greening AP: Expired hydrogen peroxide in breath condensate of cystic fibrosis patients. Eur Respir J. 1999, 13 (1): 103-106. 10.1183/09031936.99.13110399.
Kostikas K, Papatheodorou G, Psathakis K, Panagou P, Loukides S: Oxidative stress in expired breath condensate of patients with COPD. Chest. 2003, 124 (4): 1373-1380. 10.1378/chest.124.4.1373.
van Beurden WJ, van den Bosch MJ, Janssen WC, Smeenk FW, Dekhuijzen PN, Harff GA: Fluorimetric analysis of hydrogen peroxide with automated measurement. Clin Lab. 2003, 49 (11-12): 637-643.
Schleiss MB, Holz O, Behnke M, Richter K, Magnussen H, Jorres RA: The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in exhaled air depends on expiratory flow rate. Eur Respir J. 2000, 16 (6): 1115-1118. 10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.16f16.x.
Van Hoydonck PG, Wuyts WA, Vanaudenaerde BM, Schouten EG, Dupont LJ, Temme EH: Quantitative analysis of 8-isoprostane and hydrogen peroxide in exhaled breath condensate. Eur Respir J. 2004, 23 (2): 189-192. 10.1183/09031936.03.00049403.
Kullmann T, Barta I, Lazar Z, Szili B, Barat E, Valyon M, Kollai M, Horvath I: Exhaled breath condensate pH standardised for CO2 partial pressure. Eur Respir J. 2007, 29 (3): 496-501. 10.1183/09031936.00084006.
Barnes PJ, Chowdhury B, Kharitonov SA, Magnussen H, Page CP, Postma D, Saetta M: Pulmonary biomarkers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006, 174 (1): 6-14. 10.1164/rccm.200510-1659PP.
Horvath I, Hunt J, Barnes PJ, Alving K, Antczak A, Baraldi E, Becher G, van Beurden WJ, Corradi M, Dekhuijzen R, Dweik RA, Dwyer T, Effros R, Erzurum S, Gaston B, Gessner C, Greening A, Ho LP, Hohlfeld J, Jobsis Q, Laskowski D, Loukides S, Marlin D, Montuschi P, Olin AC, Redington AE, Reinhold P, van Rensen EL, Rubinstein I, Silkoff P, Toren K, Vass G, Vogelberg C, Wirtz H: Exhaled breath condensate: methodological recommendations and unresolved questions. Eur Respir J. 2005, 26 (3): 523-548. 10.1183/09031936.05.00029705.
This study would not have been possible without the generous help and support of the students and staff of Christ's College, Christchurch, and the support of Environment Canterbury.
The study was funded by the Health Research Council of New Zealand and was part of a larger project entitled "Health and Air Pollution in New Zealand – Christchurch Pilot Study" (HAPiNZ) funded by the Health Research Council of New Zealand, the Ministry of the Environment, and the Ministry of Transport.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
All authors made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study, and the acquisition of data. All have been involved in the drafting and revision of the manuscript. All have read and approved the final manuscript. ME was principal investigator for the study, and took overall responsibility for the design, implementation and analysis of the study. SK and TA coordinated the pollution monitoring and analysis and contributed to event study assessments; JC, L