ries, Victor Gutierrez-Velez, and Miguel Pinedo-Vasquez. “Land-use dynamics influence estimates of carbon sequestration potential in tropical second-growth forest.” Environmental Research Letters (2017).
Sohng, Jaeeun, B. M. P. Singhakumara, and Mark S. Ashton. “Effects on soil chemistry of tropical deforestation for agriculture and subsequent reforestation with special reference to changes in carbon and nitrogen.” Forest Ecology and Management 389 (2017): 331-340.
Hobbs, Trevor J., Craig R. Neumann, Wayne S. Meyer, Travis Moon, and Brett A. Bryan. “Models of reforestation productivity and carbon sequestration for land use and climate change adaptation planning in South Australia.” Journal of environmental management 181 (2016): 279-288.
The SoS is the integrated operations platform for measurement, verification and accounting for all sensor networks, including the Global Monitor Platform (GMP) that provide determination of net flux for sequestered forest carbon. The SoS employs large connected calibrated networks of carbon sensors, drone and satellite data (LIDAR, GHGsat) for project compliance and verification. Typical components of the SoS include eddy covariance towers, soil accumulation chambers, soil probes, micrometeorological sensors, 12,13CO2, CH4 and other analyzers according to a project plan. A field module for measurement of 14CO2 is under development and field testing. Flask samples, including time integrated air sampling, will be conducted for all sites in addition to the 14CO2 field module.
The GMP is an integrated multi-analyzer system that collects and synchronously analyzes gas streams from the free atmosphere, the soil atmosphere or from gases extracted from aquatic sources. The GMP houses sealed standard reference gases linked to external international references to ensure that analyzer results are comparable and equivalent for all analyzers regardless of location. The reference and GHG accounting compliance system of the GMP is transparent to third party verifiers and to stakeholders.
The GMP and SoS components can be described as PαC’s Direct Measurement Forest Carbon Protocol (DMFCP). The DMFCP clearly differentiates our approach from traditional forest carbon protocols that rely upon estimation, models, incomplete carbon accounting and sparse measurement of above ground biomass. The DMFCP is applied to all GHG’s also establishing direct measurement capabilities not offered by traditional GHG protocols. See pemcarbon.com for additional information.
Marino, Bruno DV. “System of systems for monitoring greenhouse gas fluxes.” U.S. Patent 8,595,020, issued November 26, 2013.
Direct measurement of the rare forms for carbon dioxide track the source and magnitude of additions and subtractions of CO2 to the atmosphere. QuantumQarbon® emphasizes the nature and importance of high frequency synchronous field measurement for both 13CO2 and 14CO2 while also measuring “bulk” carbon dioxide as 12CO2. The carbon 13 and 14 forms of CO2 although consisting of very small, discrete amounts compared to 12CO2, are observable at the one-part-in-one-thousand and one-part-in-one-trillion levels, respectively. Despite the small amounts in the atmosphere for both rare forms of CO2 they can be measured with high precision. The GMP was designed to increase the data rate for both isotopic forms, particularly for 14CO2, as no high precision 14CO2 analyzer is available commercially. QuantumQarbon® tracks forest carbon cycling and loss of carbon from soils buried in forest ecosystems. The measurement of QuantumQarbon® across the geographic boundary of a project also provides the foundation for new and innovative forest carbon sequestration offset products. In addition, 14CO2 is the only direct conservative tracer of the interaction of fossil fuel CO2 with our planetary forest ecosystems.\
Marino, Bruno DV, Michelle Bright, and Glen Gronniger. “Design and package of a 14CO2 field analyzer: the Global Monitor Platform (GMP).” In SPIE Optical Engineering+ Applications, pp. 81560E-81560E. International Society for Optics and Photonic