re mentioned in the text?
III. Describe the types of foundation works given in the text. Determine what conditions must be considered to choose the right type of foundation works.
IV. Are these statements true or false?
Correct the wrong statements.
1. The outside walls of new buildings are "bearing walls".
2. The weight of the outside walls is taken by the foundations.
3. "The lift -slab" method consists in the construction of the frame and floors on the top level.
4. The structure of the ground under the construction should be thoroughly examined.
5. It is enough to place the columns on spread footings if the ground is firm.
V. Complete the sentences using an appropriate link.
1. Engineers have been able to achieve new results
2. The walls of the buildings were bearing walls
3. We can build to greater heights, span wider gaps
4. In a mass construction the building is supported by its walls
5. In a modern building the foundations must be strong
a) The rise of the science of structure and the advent of steel and concrete have enabled them to build their structures as frameworks.
b) The weight is spread out over a large area.
c) The load is carried bya small number of columns.
d) Advanced techniques in building and progressive building materials
e) They carried the dead weight and the live load of the structure
VI. Match the word from column A to its synonym in column B.
1. to substitute a) to place
2. to carry the load b) to replace
3. to invent c) to support
4. to settle d) to devise
5. to uphold e) to bear
Fill in the gaps with the words from column A.
1. New materials _______ the old ones and with these materials we can build to greater heights
and ______ the greater_______.
2. When the lift-slab method was first _______, some people described it as a way of constructing a building from the top downward.
3. The protective walls can be built up from ground level, when roof and floors, are finally
4. As a mass construction is _____________by its walls, the weight is spread out over a large
VII. Translate into English the following word combinations. Use them in the statements of your own.
VIII. A) Fill in the gaps with appropriate words.
ground, foundations, skyscrapers, support, steel frames, hung, occurs, strong vibration, level of the tunnels, underlying
A study of some of New York's______________would convince you that in modern buildings the walls no longer act as ______________. To overcome ______________ from subway trains passing near the ______________, the ___________ are taken down below the______________and anchored in the solid rock____________ Manhattan. The walls are______________on the frame, but they do not touch the______________where the vibration______________. The Waldport Astoria Hotel is a good example of it.
B) Put the word given in brackets into the necessary word form.
The Pirelli skyscraper in Milan is of most modern concrete design. A tall shaft, 32 storage (height) is cigar (shape). Four mass columns (extension) across the structure and present the (solve) to the difficult wind (resist) problems. Special account was taken of the severe (torsion) strains to which such a delicately proportioned building is subject. In order to check the (calculate) a 1/15th scale model was tested. And now the finished structure stands, giving (express) to the words of a (fame) French architect who spoke of the (accumulate) of very beautiful things in which economic law reigns (supremacy) and (exact) is joined to (imagine). That is beauty.
IX. Read the texts again and think of the main problems of these constructions and the engineering solutions to these problems.
X. Study some properties of steel and concrete.
has the property of
high tensile strength
high compressive strength
it can resist
high tensile forces
high compressive forces
XI. There are 3 types of building constructions read the decide which paragraph discusses.
a) a mass construction
b) a frame construction
c) a planar construction
Building materials are used in two basic ways. In the first way they are used to support the loads on a building and 