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Scripture - Originally just meaning "writings" (<Latin scriptus = "written"; cf. Greek γραφή / graphe, Hebrew mikra), "scripture" now almost always refers to religious writings that are considered authoritative, foundational, and/or sacred by some religious group (see Matt 26:54-56; Luke 24:27-45; 2 Tim 3:16; 2 Peter 3:16). Thus, there are not only Jewish scriptures and Christian scriptures, but also Muslim scriptures, Hindu scriptures, etc.
Canon - An official list or collection of writings that a particular religious group considers as its "core scriptures" or "authorized books," which are used by the group as the basis for its religious beliefs, moral precepts, and communal practices. The Greek word κανών ("kanon") originally meant "measuring rod; rule; criterion" (cf. 2 Cor 10:13-16; Gal 6:16), but later came to mean such a list of writings that met certain criteria. "Canonization" or to be "canonized" refers to the process by which a book was accepted into the official list of core scriptures (such as the Bible) by a particular religious group.A scriptural canon is usually considered "fixed" or "closed," meaning that no additional books will be added to it.
Bible - An authorized collection of Jewish scriptures (the "Hebrew Bible") and/or Christian scriptures (often simply "the Bible"). We usually think of this as one "book"; but it is really a whole "library," a compilation of many different books of various literary genres. The word comes from the Greek τὰ βιβλία (ta biblia), which is a plural word meaning "books" (see John 21:25; 2 Tim 4:13; Rev 20:12). Actually, one should always ask, "Whose Bible?" - because the Jewish Bible, the Catholic Bible, the Protestant Bible, and other "Bibles" are significantly different from each other (containing 24, 66, 73, or more books, as explained below). Although "Bible" is used metaphorically in many non-religious settings (a Golf Bible, a Bible for computer programmers, etc.), it does not properly refer to the scriptures of other religions (i.e., there is no "Muslim Bible" or "Hindu Bible").
Testament / Covenant - These terms originally referred to a "formal agreement" (Hebrew berith, Greek diatheke, Latin testamentum) between two parties, with obligations on each side and consequences for breaking the agreement. "Testament" is later also used to refer to the written "covenants" between God and the Jewish and/or Christian people, as contained in the "Old Testament" and/or the "New Testament" (see Jer 31:31; Luke 22:20; Heb 8:79:17).
scriptural / canonical / biblical - When used by Jews or Christians, these adjectives seem interchangeable, referring to any books contained in their Bibles (i.e., part of the "canon" of the Jewish and/or Christian scriptures). But remember: which books are considered part of the Bible depends on whom you ask! The 27 books of the New Testament are considered "scriptural/biblical" by all Christians, but not by Jews; and several books of the Old Testament are considered "canonical/biblical" by Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians, but not by Jews or Protestant Christians (as explained in detail below). Moreover, the "scriptural" writings of any non-Judeo/Christian religion should not be called "biblical"; and they should only be called "canonical" if they are part of an "official list" of writings considered sacred by that religion.
non-biblical / non-canonical / non-scriptural books - Ancient writings that are not part of the Bible, including the OT Pseudepigrapha (Jewish), and many early Christian writings (many of which also called Gospels, Acts, Epistles, and Apocalypses). But again, beware: the same writing might be considered "biblical" by one group and "non-biblical" by another group!
Caution with some possibly ambiguous terms:
Hebrew Bible (HB) - A collection of 24 "books" (or large "scrolls"), traditionally called the Mikra in Hebrew (or Miqra, lit. "writings"), now oft