Most reggae songs contain caustic social comments, but they also praise Ras Tafari, Jamaican heroes, freedom, and ganja Barrett, 1977; Chevannes, 1977. The major cults of this type are Haitian vodou, Cuban Santer ía, and Trinidadian Shango. Many of the brethren gather in small, informal bodies and are not affiliated with organized groups. It is believed also that neglect of one's lwa will result in sickness, the death of relatives, crop failure, and other misfortunes Simpson, 1980. Simpson's Ideas about Ultimate Reality and Meaning in Haitian Vodun. At the end of the eighteenth century, they were deported by the English to Roatan, an island in the Gulf of Honduras, and later they spread out along the coast of the mainland.
Once a nativistic movement, Convince has so declined since the 1950s that it now provides mainly jollification and catharsis. A number of arose from the interaction of three major variables: socioeconomic, psychological, and cultural. Later, the spirits of the ancestors that is, devotees possessed by the ghosts dance. The functional lwa include Legba, the Fon guardian of crossroads and all barriers; the Ogou Yor. Many instances of spirit possession during a given cermony indicate that the orishas have been well fed and are satisfied with the ritual offerings. Cuban Santer ía Most of the non-European elements in the Afro-Cuban syncretic religion known as Santer ía are derived from Yoruba beliefs and rituals.
All zombies are invoked through drumming and singing. Afro-Caribbean Afro-Caribbeans are Caribbean people who trace their heritage to Africa in the period since Christopher Columbus's arrival in the region in 1492. For example, Ogun, the god of iron and war, is believed to prefer the colors red and white also the favorite colors of Shango , and rams and roosters are his preferred offerings. Du Bois to Frantz Fanon, Colin Powell and Bob Marley. According to Donald Hogg 1960 , such traits as blood sacrifice, vigorous possession-trance behavior, the materialistic purposes of ceremonies, the involvement with divination and conjuring, religious dancing, the worship of ancestral spirits, and the propitiation of potentially malevolent beings almost certainly have African antecedents.
World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Study of Churches and Religions in the Modern World, ad 1900 —2000. In these respects Convince, like Kumina, shows greater African influence than do the Revival Zion, Pocomania, and Rastafarian cults in Jamaica. The marassa, spirits of dead twins, are believed to be the twin saints Cosmas and Damian Price-Mars, 1928; Herskovits, 1937a. The relationship between vodou adherents and the lwa is thought to be a contractual one; if one is punctilious about offerings and ceremonies, the lwa will be generous with their aid. Most Kromanti Dance ceremonies require the sacrifice of an animal to the pakit ancestral spirit of the fete-man ritual specialist.
Los bailes y el teatro de los negros en el folklore de Cuba. Popular interest in separatist churches, as well as in regular missions, was stimulated by the Great Revival which swept over the island in 1861 —1862, but the enthusiasm dwindled within a short time. Each Shango cult center holds an annual ceremony in honor of the orisha known to its worshipers. The Ras Tafari Movement in Kingston, Jamaica. Rent and wage disputes between planters and workers were common after the abolition of apprenticeship in 1838.
Ogou Ferraille is equated with Saint James; while Ogou Balanjo, the healer, is associated with , who is pictured holding a child whom he blesses with an upraised hand. Adherents of Revival Zion and the related sects of Revival and Pocomania do not identify old African gods with Christian saints as do participants in vodou Haiti , Santer ía Cuba , and Shango Brazil, Trinidad, Grenada. Ancestral Cults The second type of hybrid religious cult in the Caribbean, called the ancestral cult, has fewer African and more European components than does the neo-African-type religion. Rigaud, 1953; M étraux, 1959. In Shango, as in vodou and Santer ía, 