hed as were the number and maturity of connections between neurons, called synapses. Further still, working with co-author Julie Kauer, professor of medical science in the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, they looked at synaptic and circuit function in the mice, and they found deficits corresponding to those anatomical findings.
"One of the overriding problems in disorders like autism, we think, is that it's a problem of communication between different areas of the brain and neurons communicating with each other in networks," said Morrow, who is affiliated with the Brown Institute for Brain Science.
Searching for a rescue
Having discovered a specific chain of events by which NHE6 mutations undermine neural branching and connectivity, Morrow and lead authors Qing Ouyang and Sofia Lizarraga sought to find out why and whether they could fix it.
Sometimes acidity in the endosome can activate protein-degrading enzymes called proteases. The team hypothesized that perhaps the acidity resulting from the absence of NHE6 was leading proteases to degrade TrkB, reducing its levels in mutant neurons compared to normal ones. When they treated mutant cells with a protease inhibitor called leupeptin, they found that the TrkB levels and signaling returned to levels close to those found in the normal cells.
Given that TrkB's job is to bind with BDNF, the researchers also hypothesized that if the problem of NHE6 mutation was a reduction of TrkB, perhaps a suitable end-run around the problem would be to administer BDNF to cells directly. Indeed they found that NHE6 mutant cells, if given extra BDNF, produced axon and dendrite growth and branching that was more like normal neurons.
"In this paper we show that BDNF signaling is attenuated in the mutant mice, but it's not blocked," Morrow said. "You can rescue the [neuronal growth] by turning up the signaling."
There are already drugs developed to deliver doses of chemicals that increase or mimic BDNF in the body, Morrow said, but many more tests beyond this study would have to be done before scientists and doctors could know whether a BDNF-related drug could have a therapeutic effect for patients with Christianson syndrome or any related form of autism.
"We don't think that this is everything about the condition," Morrow said. "But if we were able to treat this one mechanism by adding exogenous drug, would it repair enough or some element of it?"
Christianson syndrome and perhaps only a subset of autism appears to relate to deficits in neural branching. Some forms of autism, in fact, may result from too much branch growth. Moreover, doctors have no precise ways to tell whether a child diagnosed with autism has too much or too little neural branching.
But given the study results suggesting that NHE6 may play a role in some autism forms perhaps by hindering neural branching, the new research suggests a target for addressing it.
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