icles, or take a long walk to the designated crater area at 2920 m. Stage 9 of the 2011 Giro d'Italia finished at the Sapienza Refuge. Alberto Contador initially took the win, however he was later disqualified and the stage win passed onto Jose Rujano.
Ferrovia Circumetnea – Round-Etna railway – is a narrow-gauge railway constructed between 1889 and 1895. It runs around the volcano in a 110-km long semi-circle starting in Catania and ending in Riposto 28 km north of Catania.
- The elevation varies with volcanic activity. The volcano last erupted on the 27th of January 2014 .It is frequently given as 3,350 m (10,990 ft), but many sources that support this concede that it is approximate. The coordinates given, which are consistent with SRTM data, are from a 2005 GPS survey. The elevation data are based on a LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) survey carried out in June 2007, see Neri, M. et al. (2008), "The changing face of Mount Etna's summit area documented with Lidar technology", Geophysical Research Letters 35: L09305, Bibcode:2008GeoRL..3509305N, doi:10.1029/2008GL033740
- "Italy volcanoes and Volcanics". USGS.
- Aelian, Hist. An. xi. 3, referenced under Aetnaeus in William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
- "Decade Volcanoes". United States Geological Survey.
- Mount Etna Becomes a World Heritage Site, Italy Magazine, 4 May 2013
- "Volcano – Podictionary Word of the Day". Blog.oup.com. 2010-04-29. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
- "Woodhouse's English-Greek Dictionary Page Image". Artflx.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
- Chevedden, Paul E. (2010), "A Crusade from the First: The Norman Conquest of Islamic Sicily, 1060-1091", Al-Masaq: Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean 22 (2), doi:10.1080/09503110.2010.488891
- "Note di toponomastica" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2009-03-27. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
- Martin-Schutz, Alicia. "Mt. Etna".
- Pareschi, M. T.; Boschi, E. & Favalli, M. (2007), "Holocene tsunamis from Mount Etna and the fate of Israeli Neolithic communities", Geophysical Research Letters 34: L16317, Bibcode:2007GeoRL..3416317P, doi:10.1029/2007GL030717
- Tanguy, J. C.; Condomines, M.; Goff, M.; Chillemi, V.; Delfa, S.; Patanè, G. (2007). "Mount Etna eruptions of the last 2,750 years: Revised chronology and location through archeomagnetic and 226Ra-230Th dating". Bulletin of Volcanology 70: 55. doi:10.1007/s00445-007-0121-x.
- Aeneid, edition of Theodore C. Williams, ca. 1908 [book III, lines 569–579]
- Coltelli, M.; Del Carlo, P. & Vezzoli, L. (1998), "Discovery of a Plinian basaltic eruption of Roman age at Etna Volcano, Italy", Geology 26 (12): 1095–1098, Bibcode:1998Geo....26.1095C, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<1095:DOAPBE>2.3.CO;2
- "Mount Etna (volcano, Italy)". (the Encyclopædia Britannica has been wrongly cited as one source of this false information).
- "Etna and Man". Boris.vulcanoetna.it. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
- Barberi, F.; Carapezza, M. L.; Valenza, M.; Villari, L. (1993), "The control of lava flow during the 1991–1992 eruption of Mt. Etna", Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 56 (1–2): 1–34, Bibcode:1993JVGR...56....1B, doi:10.1016/0377-0273(93)90048-V
- "press_text_booklet.indd" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-06-02.
- Italy's Mt Etna erupts | WORLD News
- Ken Kremer (15 January 2011). "Spectacular Eruptions of Mt. Etna in Sicily from Space and Earth". Universetoday.com. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
- There she blows! Stunning images of Mount Etna eruption, Mirror, 9 February 2012
- Eruption of Mt. Etna closes airport in Catania, Agi.it, 23 October 2011
- "INGV - Etna Observatory". Ct.ingv.it. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
- "BBC News - Footage shows Mount Etna spewing lava and ash". Bbc.co.uk. 2011-05-12. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
- Airport closed as Etna blows on, Daily Mail, 3 April 2013
- http://www.stromboli.net/etna/etna00/etna0002photovideo-en.html Smoke rings generated by eruptions of Etna volcano
- "Etna hoops it up". BBC News. 2000-03-31. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
- "Erupting Mt. Etna coughs up a smoke ring". WJLA (ABC) Storm Watch 7. 2011-08-16. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
