ces, such as the Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging.
- Conduct further research to determine the relationship between CT quality and dose, to customize CT scanning for individual children, and to further clarify the relationship between CT radiation and cancer risk.
Although CT remains a crucial tool for pediatric diagnosis, it is important for the health care community to work together to minimize the radiation dose to children. Radiologists should continually think about reducing exposure as low as reasonably achievable by using exposure settings customized for children. All physicians who prescribe pediatric CT should continually assess its use on a case-by-case basis. Used prudently and optimally, CT is one of the most valuable imaging modalities for both children and adults.
Society for Pediatric Radiology
1891 Preston White Drive
Reston, Virginia 20191
Amis ES, Jr., Butler PF, Applegate KE, et al. American College of Radiology white paper on radiation dose in medicine. Journal of the American College of Radiology 2007; 4:272-284.
Arch ME, Frush DP. Pediatric body MDCT: A 5-year follow-up survey of scanning parameters used by pediatric radiologists. American Journal of Roentgenology 2008:191;611-617
Berrington de Gonzále. A, Mahesh M, Kim KP, Bhargavan M, Lewis R, Mettler F, Land C. Projected cancer risks from computed tomographic scans performed in the United States in 2007. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009; 169: 2071-7.
Brenner DJ, Doll R, Goodhead DT, et al. Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: Assessing what we really know. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2003; 100:13761-13766.
Brenner DJ, Elliston CD, Hall EJ, Berdon WE. Estimated risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT. American Journal of Roentgenology 2001; 176:289-296.
Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Current concepts - Computed tomography - An increasing source of radiation exposure. New England Journal of Medicine 2007; 357:2277-2284.
Brody AS, Frush DP, Huda W, Brent RL, Radiology AAoPSo. Radiation risk to children from computed tomography. Pediatrics 2007; 120:677-682.
Cardis E, Vrijheid M, Blettner M, et al. The 15-country collaborative study of cancer risk among radiation workers in the nuclear industry: Estimates of radiation-related cancer risks. Radiation Research 2007; 167:396-416.
Chodick G, Ronckers C, Ron E, Shalev V. The utilization of pediatric computed tomography in a large Israeli Health Maintenance Organization. Pediatric Radiology 2006; 36:485-490.
Chodick G, Ronckers CM, Shalev V, Ron E. Excess lifetime cancer mortality risk attributable to radiation exposure from computed tomography examinations in children. Israel Medical Association Journal 2007; 9:584-587.
da Costa e Silva EJ, da Silva GA. Eliminating unenhanced CT when evaluating abdominal neoplasms in children. American Journal of Roentgenology 2007; 189:1211-1214.
Donnelly LF, Emery KH, Brody AS, et al. Minimizing radiation dose for pediatric body applications of single-detector helical CT: Strategies at a large children's hospital. American Journal of Roentgenology 2001; 176:303-306.
Frush DP, Applegate K. Computed tomography and radiation: understanding the issues. Journal of the American College of Radiology 2004; 1:113-119.
Frush DP, Donnelly LF, Rosen NS. Computed tomography and radiation risks: What pediatric health care providers should know. Pediatrics 2003; 112:951-957.
Garcia Peña BM, Cook EF, Mandl KD. Selective imaging strategies for the diagnosis of appendicitis in children. Pediatrics 2004; 113:24-28.
Goske MJ, Applegate KE, Boylan J, et al. The 'Image Gently' campaign: increasing CT radiation dose awareness through a national education and awareness program. Pediatric Radiology 2008; 38:265-269.
Huda W, Vance A. Patient radiation doses from adult and pediatric CT. American Journal of Roentgenology 2007; 188:540-546.
Larson DB, Rader SB, Forman HP, Fenton LZ. Informing parents about CT radiation exposure in children: It's OK to tell them. American Journal of Roentgenology