icity, is defined as polarization induced by the application of external force. Hence, by reversing the direction of external force, direction of the field can be reversed i.e. the application of an external electric field alters the net dipole length and causes a dimensional change. This property is characteristic of materials having complicated structures with a low degree of symmetry. Thus, piezoelectric materials can be used as transducers devices that convert mechanical stress into electrical energy and vice versa. Application for these materials includes microphones, ultrasonic generators, sonar detectors, and mechanical strain gauges. Ex.: Barium titanate, lead titanate, lead zirconate (PbZrO 3 ), ammoinium dihydrogen phosphate (NH 4 H 2 PO 4 ), and quartz. References 1. W. D. Kingery, H. K. Bowen, and D. R. Uhlmann, Introduction to Ceramics, Second Edition, Wiley, New York, R. E. Hummel, Electronic Properties of Materials, Third Edition, Springer-Verlag, New York, William D. Callister, Jr, Materials Science and Engineering An introduction, sixth edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc
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