n events
– Development of endosperm & embryo
– Development of seed and formation of fruit.
– Seed development
– Fruit formation.
– Special modes: apomixes, parthenocarpy, Polyembryony.
– Significance of seed and fruit formation.
Human Reproduction – Male and female reproductive systems.
– Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary
– Gametogenesis: spermatogenesis & oogenesis.
– Menstrual cycle
– Fertilization, embryo development upto blastocyst formation implantation.
– Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea).
– Parturition (Elementary idea).
– Lactation (Elementary idea.
Reproductive health – Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
– Birth Control: Need and Methods.
– Contraception & Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP).
– Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies: IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).
Unit II GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
Heredity and variation – Mendelian Inheritance
– Deviations from Mendelism, incomplete dominance Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood group, pleiotropy.
– Elementary idea of Polygenic Inheritance
– Chromosome theory of inheritance
– Chromosomes and genes.
Sex determination – In humans, birds, honey bee.
– Linkage and crossing over.
– Sex linked inheritance-Haemophilla, Colour blindness.
Mendellin disorders in humans – Chromosomal disorders in humans.
– Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and klinefelter’s syndromes.
Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material. – Structure of DNA and RNA
– DNA packaging
– DNA replication
– Central dogma
– Transcription, genetic code, translation.
– Gene expression and regulation.
– Genome and human genome project.
– DNA finger printing.
Origin of life
Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Palaeontological from comparative anatomy and embryology and molecular evidence)
– Darwin’s contribution /Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution
– Hardy – Weinberg’s principle.
Mechanism of evolution: Variation (Mutation & Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples drift types of natural slection – Gene flow and genetic
– Adaptive Radiation
Unit III BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE
Health and Disease – Basic concepts of immunology: vaccines
– Pathogens, parasites causing human diseases ( Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm).
– Cancer, HIV and AIDS.
– Adolescence drug and alcohol abuse.
Insects and human welfare – Silk, Honey, Lac
Improvement in food production – Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein.
– Biofortification, Animal husbandry.
Microbes in human welfare – In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and bioferilizers.
UNIT IV BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Principles and process of Biotechnology – Genetic engineering (Recombination DNA technology).
Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture – Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy.
– Genetically modified organisms: B+ crops.
– Bio safety issues.
– Bio piracy and patents.
Unit V ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
Meaning of ecology, environment, habitat and niche – Organisms and environment.
Population and ecological adaptations – Population Interactions: mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism.
– Population attributes: growth, birth rate and death rate,
– Age distribution.
Patterns, components, energy flow, nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous), decomposition and productivity – Pyramids of number, biomass, energy.
– Ecological succession
– Ecological Services: Carbon fixation, Pollination, Oxygen release
Biodiversity and its conservation – Threats to and need for biodiversity conservation.
– Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book.
– Biodiversity conservation- biosphere reserves, national parks and sanctuaries.
Environmental Issues – Air Pollution and its control
– Water pollution and its control
– Agrochemicals and their effects
– Solid waste management
– Radioactive waste management
– Greenhouse effect and global w