d oxygen concentrations are moderate to high.Metalimnion or thermocline- a layer of rapid temperature and oxygen decrease with depth, often quite thin, separating the upper and lower layers.Hypolimnion – a cold, deep-water, non-circulating layer in which oxygen is low or absent.
WHAT IS AN OVERTURN? Overturn is a circulation which recharges oxygen and nutrients through the basin.
LAKE OVERTURN In temperate lakes, the changing of the seasons help move water in the lake. Tropical lakes often stay stratified because warm water always stays on the top. In temperate lakes the winter months chill the surface water so that it gets colder than the water underneath, causing it to sink. This happens in the spring and fall
LAKE OVERTURN IN A TEMPERATE LAKE
1. LITTORAL ZONE Shallow-water zone Light reaches the bottom Stimulates the growth of rooted plants the area near the shore at the top of the lake that receives sunlight
2. LIMNETIC ZONE is the sunlight part at the top of the lake, similar to the littoral zone. However, the limnetic zone is the open area away from the shore. Most photosynthesis occurs in this part of the lake.
3. PROFUNDAL ZONE is the deep open water, where it is too dark for photosynthesis to occur. Its beginning is marked by the compensation level of light, the point at which respiration balances photosynthesis For the profundal and benthic zones, low levels of photosynthesis result in low levels of dissolved oxygen.
4. BENTHIC ZONE the very bottom of the lake Organisms here tend to tolerate cooler temperatures well. Place where decomposition takes place. For the profundal and benthic zones, low levels of photosynthesis result in low levels of dissolved oxygen.
NUTRIENT STATUS Eutrophic Systems Oligotrophic Systems Dystrophic Systems
EUTROPHIC SYSTEMS Lakes type with high production associated with high nitrogen and phosphorus increase in growth of algae and other aquatic plants. May experience oxygen depletion
OLIGOTROPHIC SYSTEM Water is clear and appears blue to blue green in the sunlight The nutrient content in the water is low; and although nitrogen is abundant, phosphorus is highly limited Low production of organic mater, particularly phytoplankton Oxygen concentration remains high
DYSTOTROPHIC SYSTEMS Lakes that receive large amounts of organic matter from surrounding lands particularly in the form of humic materials that stain the water brown Low only in planktonic vegetation but have generally high productive littoral zones Littoral vegetation dominates the metabolism of the lake, providing a source of both dissolved and particulate organic matter.
LAKE ORGANISMS THOSE THAT GO WHERE THEY CHOOSEFISH AMPHIBIANS LARGER TURTLES ZOOPLANKTON INSECTS THOSE THAT GO WHERE THE WATER TAKES THEMLIVING THINGS = PLANKTON DEAD MATERIAL = DETRITUS animals - zooplankton internal - produced within lake algae - phytoplankton external - washed in from watershed bacteria - bacterioplankton THOSE THAT LIVE ON THE LAKE BOTTOMBENTHOS = ANIMALS PLANTS BACTERIA & FUNGI aquatic insects higher plants - sewage sludge molluscs - clams, snails macrophytes aufwuchs - mixture other invertebrates - attached algae - of algae, fungi worms, crayfish periphyton and bacteria
PLANT ADAPTATIONS Zonation of emergent, floating, and submerged vegetation at the edge of a lake or a pond as a response of water depth
SHALLOW WATERSpike rushes and small sedgesADAPTATION: Roots are anchored in the bottom bud.
DEEPER WATERBulrushes, reeds, and cattailsADAPTATION:Narrow, tubular, linear leaves and have broad leaves
FLOATING PLANTS Pond lily (Nuphar spp.) and Pond weed (Potamegaton)ADAPTATION: Poorly developed root system but highly developed aerating system
SUBMERGED PLANTSCertain pond weed species (Chara muskgrass)ADAPTATION: Lacks cuticles. These plants absorb nutrients and gases directly from the water through thin and finely dissected or ribbon like leaves,
ANIMAL ADAPTATIONFishes lack strong lateral muscles characteristics of fish living in swift water such as sunfish.ADAPTATION: Have compressed bodies that permit them to move with ease through the