ourth Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, p.437-439, 547-549. This treatment must still be augmented by treatment from other texts, and the ensemble "synthesized." Even then, it will never be completely clear until the separation of mass from the massless charge, and separate accounting of the two, is accomplished in the manner pointed out by the present paper.
4. For a typical confirmation that massless displacement current is already known to be lossless transport of energy
without entropy, i.e., without work, see Buchwald, Jed Z., From Maxwell to Microphysics, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1985, p.44. Quoting: "...no energy transformation into heat occurs for displacement currents." It should be obvious from this fact alone that the proper way to accomplish overunity in electrical devices is to utilize the massless displacement current to flow and store excess energy, then use a "heat pump" type cycle to transfer the collected energy to a separate load circuit and discharge it separately in the load.
5. For a very recent proof that the potential is a flow process, and in fact consists of bidirectional EM waves, see Hsue, C.W., "A DC Voltage is Equivalent to Two Traveling Waves on a Lossless, Nonuniform Transmission Line," IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, 1993, Vol. 3, p.82-84.
6. For proof that the vacuum EM zero-point energy is continually produced by a cosmological feedback from every
charged particle in the universe, see Puthoff, H.E. , "Source of Vacuum Electromagnetic Zero-point Energy," Physical Review A, 40(9), Nov. 1, 1989, p.4857-4862.
7. For proof that in theory the vacuum energy can be tapped, see Cole, daniel C. and Harold E. Puthoff, "Extracting Energy and Heat from the Vacuum," Physical Review E, Vol. 48, No. 2, Aug. 1993, p.1562-1565.
8. For proof that a higher topology examination of EM phenomena allows energy collection as potentials and energy shuttling in circuits, see Barrett, T.W., Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, Vol.16, No. 1, 1991, p.23-41. Barrett shows that EM expressed in quaternions allows shuttling and storage of potentials in circuits, and also allows additional EM functioning of a circuit that a conventional EM analysis cannot reveal. He in fact shows that Tesla's patented circuits did exactly this.
9. Stoney, G.J. (1897) "XLVII. On a Supposed Proof of a Theorem in Wave Motion, To the Editors of the Philosophical Magazine," Philosophical Magazine, 5(43), 1897, p.368-373. Stoney first pointed out the bidirectional EM wave decomposition of the scalar potential.
10. Whittaker, E.T., "On the Partial Differential Equations of Mathematical Physics," Mathematische Annalen, Vol. 57, 1903, p.333-355; "On an Expression of the Electromagnetic Field Due to Electrons by Means of Two Scalar Potential Functions," Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, Series 2, Vol.1, 1904, p.367-372.