 tools or menu, where we use relative measurements.
The Transform panel has a small proxy that indicates a transformation point. There are nine possible positions - center, fours corners, and four centers of the object bounding box sides. You can choose any of these points for reference, but you can't fix another random transformation point with the Transform panel. The position chosen will indicate the starting point for calculations while transforming with the panel.
To change the position of an object (or move) with the Transform panel, you can insert the needed values in X and Y fields. You can see the numbers in these fields - they show the coordinates of the object's reference point. X indicates the horizontal coordinates of the object (or, more specifically, chosen reference point), while Y shows vertical coordinates in your document. Simply enter new numbers in the appropriate units (measurement units may be changed in Edit > Preferences > Units & Display performance). Keep in mind, that in Adobe Illustrator the origin of coordinates by default is positioned in the bottom-left corner of the document.
To change the size of the object (or scale) with the Transform panel, enter the desired numbers in the W and H fields. W means width of object, and H is it's height. The values in these fields indicate the initial width and height of your object in chosen units (pixels, points, inches, etc.). Enter new numbers to scale the object, or click the chain icon to constrain proportions and enter only one value, as the other one will change proportionally.
To change the angle of an object (or rotate) with the Transform panel, insert the needed angle in the appropriate Rotation field, or select the angle from the drop down menu. The object will be rotated around the point, assigned in the proxy. After rotation, the angle will be changed back to 0 automatically.
To skew an object (or shear) with the Transform panel, choose the angle in the Shear field, or insert the value you need manually. The object will be sheared around the point, assigned in the proxy. Skewing with the panel, however, is less flexible than with the appropriate tool. After shearing, the angle will be changed back to 0 automatically.
To mirror an object (or reflect) with the Transform panel, go to the panel flyout menu and choose Flip horizontal or Flip vertical. The selected object will be reflected along the axis going through the chosen transformation point. Flip horizontal reflects horizontally - using vertical axis. Flip vertical reflects vertically - using horizontal axis.
In the flyout menu of the Transform panel you can choose Scale Strokes and Effects if you want all the strokes and effects applied to a selected object to be transformed along with object itself. Also you may choose to either transform objects or patterns applied to it as a fill, or both. The same options can be chosen in every transformation tool we learned above - simply by checking the appropriate checkbox in a tool dialog.
Section 6. Transforming Separate Elements
When speaking about transformation, we considered separate objects or groups of objects. However, transformation may be applied to parts of one object, like anchor points or segments. This does not apply to the Transform panel, as it only works with entire objects.
Just like entire objects, segments may be transformed in Illustrator with the appropriate tools or menu commands. To do it, select a segment of the object (the part of path between two anchor points) with the Direct Selection Tool (A) - white arrow. Now you can use the transformation tools or menu commands (move, scale, rotate, reflect, and shear) to change the shape of the segment. Keep in mind, however, that for moving a segment you should use the Direct Selection Tool - simply drag it where you need, or press Enter to insert exact move values.
Transforming Anchor Points
The same rules apply to anchor points. To transform an anchor point, select it with the Direct Selection Tool (A). Now you will see the handles - the guides attached to the point that cond