the tissue surrounding the testes. In fact, the ovaries in a female and the testes in a male are homologous, meaning that they share similar origins. External to the tunica albuginea is a layer of cuboidal cells known as the germinal epithelium. During growth of the ovary in a female fetus prior to birth, the germinal epithelium dips into the body of the ovary in various places. Over time, a mass of epithelial cells called primordial follicles, or primary follicles, becomes separated from the main body of the ovary. The ovaries of a young girl contain from 100,000 to 400,000 of these follicles, most of them present at birth. Usually, only one follicle matures to become a Graafian follicle (twins, triplets, or even more fetuses result if more than one follicle matures to the point of releas- ing an ovum). One cell of this mass, the oocyte (produced by oogenesis, or meiosis), becomes the ovum while the remaining cells surround the ovum as part of the cumulus oophorus and others line the fluid-filled follicular cavity as the membrana granulosa.
Developmental models are more descriptive buy discount imuran 50mg line muscle relaxant 303, whereas decision-making models examine the predictors and precursors to this behaviour generic imuran 50mg free shipping gastrointestinal spasms. Developmental models Developmental models emphasize contraception use as involving a series of stages. Therefore, they describe the transition through the diﬀerent stages but do not attempt to analyse the cognitions that may promote this transition. Lindemann’s three-stage theory Lindemann (1977) developed the three-stage theory of contraception use, which suggests that the likelihood of an individual using contraception increases as they progress through the three stages: 1 Natural stage: at this stage intercourse is relatively unplanned, and the individual does not regard themselves as sexual. It suggests that contraception use is more likely to occur at a stage when the individual believes that sexual activity is ‘right for them’. This process involves the following four stages: 1 Falling in love: this provides a rationale for sex. Decision-making models Decision-making models examine the psychological factors that predict and are the precursors to contraception use. There are several diﬀerent decision-making models and they vary in their emphasis on individual cognitions (e. Rosenstock 1966; Becker and Rosenstock 1987) and is described in detail in Chapter 2. They added the following variables: s self-esteem; s interpersonal skills; s knowledge about sex and contraception; s attitudes to sex and contraception; s previous sexual, contraceptive and pregnancy experiences; s peer norms; s relationship status; and s substance use prior to sex. Therefore, although this model still examines cognitions, it includes measures of the individuals’ cognitions about their social world. The theory of reasoned action This theory was developed by Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) and is described in detail in Chapter 2. It therefore represents an attempt to add the social context to individual cognitive variables and consequently addresses the problem of interaction. In addition, research by Werner and Middlestadt (1979) reported correlations between attitudes to contraception and subjective norms and actual use of oral contraception. Sexual arousal refers to how aroused an individual is at the time of making a decision about contraception. Herold and McNamee’s (1982) model This model is made up of the following variables: (1) parental and peer group norms for acceptance of premarital intercourse; (2) number of lifetime sexual partners; (3) guilt about intercourse and attitudes to contraception; (4) involvement with current partner; (5) partner’s inﬂuence to use contraception; and (6) frequency of intercourse.
Psychiatric Home Nursing Care ● 355 Possible Etiologies (“related to”) Alterations in mental status Inability to engage in satisfying personal relationships Unaccepted social values Unaccepted social behavior Inadequate personal resources Immature interests Altera