encywebsite: http://www.epa.gov/iris (Downloaded January 31, 2002).
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute for Occupational Safetyand Health website: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npg.html (Accessed January 17, 2002).
- Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. Environmental Monitoring Report, United StatesDepartment of Energy, Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant, Calender Year 1985. Springfield(VA):National Technical Information Service; 1986 May. Report No.KY-755.
- Berman E, House DE, Allis JW, et al. Hepatotoxic interactions of ethanol with allyl alcoholor carbon tetrachloride in rats. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health1992;37(1):161-176.
- Caprino L, Borrelli F, Anonetti, et al. Sex-related toxicity of somatostatin and its interactionwith pentobarbital and strychnine. Toxicology Letters 1983;17:145-149.
- Drott P, Meurling S, Gebre-Medhin M. Interactions of vitamins A and E and retinol-bindingprotein to healthy Swedish children---evidence of thresholds of essentiality and toxicity.Scandanavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigations 1993;53:275-280.
- Harris LW, Lennox WJ, Talbot BG, et al. Toxicity of anticholinesterases: Interactions ofpyridostigmine and physostigmine with soman. Drug and Chemical Toxicology 1984;7:507-526.
- Seed J, Brown RP, Olin SS, and Foran JA. Chemical mixtures: Current risk assessmentmethodologies and future directions. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 1995;22:76-94.
- Feron VJ, Groten JP, van Zorge JA, et al. Toxicity studies in rats of simple mixtures ofchemicals with the same or different target organs. Toxicology Letters 1995;82-83:505-512.
- Jonker D, Woutersen RA, van Bladeren PJ, et al. 4-week oral toxicity study of acombination of eight chemicals in rats: comparison with the toxicity of the individualcompounds. Food and Chemical Toxicology 1990;28(9):623-631.
- Groten JP, Sinkeldam EJ, Muys T, et al. Interaction of dietary Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, Fe, Znand Se with the accumulation and oral toxicity of cadmium in rats. Food and ChemicalToxicology 1991;29(4):249-258.
- Groten JP, Schoen ED, van Bladeren PJ, et al. Subacute toxicity of a mixture of ninechemicals in rats: detecting interactive effects with a fractionated two-level factorial design.Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 1997;36(1):15-29.
- Jonker D, Woutersen RA, van Bladeren PJ, et al. Subacute (4-wk) oral toxicity of acombination of four nephrotoxins in rats: comparison with the toxicity of the individualcompounds. Food and Chemical Toxicology 1993;31(2):125-136.
- Takayama S, Hasegawa H, Ohgaki H. Combination effects of forty carcinogensadministered at low doses to male rats. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research1989;80(8):732-736.
- Hasegawa R et al. Synergistic enhancement of hepatic foci development by combinedtreatment of rats with 10 heterocyclic amines at low doses. Carcinogenesis1994;15(5):1037-1041.
- Shell S, personal communication. Telephone call from Mark Evans (ATSDR) to Steve Shell(USEC), ~January 22, 2002. Discussion of release sources from historic nickel smeltingoperation at PGDP.
- US Department of Energy. Phase II Independent Investigation of the Paducah GaseousDiffusion Plant. Office of Environment, Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Energywebsite: http://tis.eh.doe.gov (Downloaded April 27, 2001).
1. The cancer risks for other forms of nickel, such as nickel carbonyl, nickel oxides, and elemental nickel have not been estimated by the various oversight agencies (EPA, ATSDR, etc.).
2. Because air concentrations at any location vary over time due to changing emission and weather conditions both health comparison values and estimated air concentrations are based on time weighted averages. The average times used in this appendix are annual averages for evaluating long term exposures and 1 or 8 hour averages for short term exposures.
3. Hourly weather data for the Paducah-Barkley Airport were obtained from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Support Center for Regulatory Air