al: penetration of substances.
Biological: pathogens (bacteria, fungi, etc.).
Protective function against the loss of water, preventing the dehydration of the skin by:
Keratin formation or keratinization.
Melanin synthesis or melanizatio.
Its function is to give the skin strength and elasticity. Through it run blood and lymphatic vessels, the skin appendages are found implanted in it, as are the sensitive receptors of the skin. Formed by connective tissue, it is comprised of:
Skin cells: Fibroblasts, histiocytes, mast cells, capable of engulfing and developing a response against foreign agents, protecting the dermis against microorganisms.
Dermal fibers: collagen, elastic and reticular, they make up 90% of the structure of the dermis.
Variant of the connective tissue that is known as adipose tissue. The abundance of subcutaneous fat tissue varies depending on the area of the body, gender and nutritional status, and there are two groups: Android (typical of men) and gynecoid (typical of women)
Protective: cushions impacts, shocks, etc.
Metabolic: the adipose panicle is a store of energy.
Plastic: the hypodermic adipose tissue shapes the figure.
Thermoregulatory:the fat acts as thermal insulation.
Aging represents a set of transformations that take place as a consequence of the time lived and how it has been lived. Skin aging is a reflection of the biological age, which does not always correspond with the chronological age and becomes apparent over the years through the visible signs that are: wrinkles, flaccidity or spots.
Depending on the combination of genetic factors and external factors, the process of aging will be more or less noticeable.
The Glogau scale to classify the degree of aging, takes into account aspects such as the chronological age and the influence of photoaging, to determine at what stage of aging we are and to establish the appropriate guidelines for care.
Melasma or cloasma is an acquired hypermelanosis that manifests in areas exposed to the sun, particularly the face. They are dark brown spots, extensive, irregular in shape that appear on the face, forehead and upper lip. They appear due to hormonal changes that stimulate the melanocytes.
The usually appear in pregnant women, users of OCPs and menopausal women. This alteration is made worse by the sun.
There are two types:
Post-inflammatory pigmentation (PIH) causes darkening of the skin. It takes the form of different-sized spots. PIH is caused by an increase in melanin synthesis in response to an inflammatory injury or damage to the skin.
If the excess melanin is produced on the top layer
of the skin (epidermis) the hyperpigmentation is brownish in hue.
If the excess melanin is produced in the lower layer of the skin (dermis) then it acquires a gray-blue coloration.
Although PIH can occur in every skin type, it is most common in the higher phototypes V and VI and can affect both men and women equally.
Solar lentigines are spots on the skin associated with aging and exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun. They vary in color, from light brown to red or even black, and are located in the areas most exposed to the sun, particularly the hands, face, shoulders, arms and forehead, even the head if it is hairless.
From the age of 40, the skin starts to lose its ability to regenerate and recover from exposure to the sun, and the solar lentigines are very common in this age range, especially in those who spend time exposed to the sun’s rays.
Senile lentigines are brown to dark brown colored macules, from a few millimeters to 1-2 cm in diameter. Their surface is smooth and well defined. They usually appear after the age of 40 due to the cumulative effect of the sun and because with age melanin is unevenly distributed in the epidermis.
They are more frequent in the areas exposed to the sun like the face, back of the hands and neckline. They appear as flat, brown colored spots, and are predominantly oval in shape.
Ephelides are a congenital alteration of the pigmentation that are revealed by exposure to the sun. They are commonly called freckles.
They 