/Manuscripts1501-2000.html#fam1739.
 Kurt Aland, “The Significance of the Papyri for Progress in New Testament Research” in The Bible in Modern Scholarship (ed. J. P. Hyatt; Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1965) 336-7.
 D. C. Parker, An Introduction to the New Testament Manuscripts and their Texts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008) 174.
 Eldon J. Epp, “The Significance of the Papyri for Determining the Nature of the New Testament Text in the Second Century: A Dynamic View of Textual Transmission” in Gospel Traditions in the Second Century: Origins, Recensions, Text, and Transmission (Christianity and Judaism in Antiquity 3; Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1989) 95.
 Robert B. Waltz, “Text Types And Textual Kinship,” http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/TextTypes.html. The note which lists members of his family 2127 is found in “Appendix II: Text-Types and their Witnesses.” The link with von Soden's Ia3 is noted in “Appendix III: Von Soden's Textual System.”
 The association is evident from textual maps of 044 in Timothy J. Finney, "The Ancient Witnesses of the Epistle to the Hebrews" (PhD diss., Murdoch University, Western Australia, 1999) http://purl.org/tfinney/PhD/PDF/part3.pdf, 124. According to the dendrogram shown above, the Harclean Syriac (syr-h) also belongs in this cluster. The circumstances surrounding this revision of the Syriac are known; it was produced by Thomas of Harkel who consulted Greek manuscripts during its production around 616 C.E. at Enaton monastery near Alexandria. Perhaps the Greek witnesses which the dendrogram places near the Harclean Syriac (i.e. P, 044, and 0150) represent a variety of the text that was prevalent in monastic Egypt at the time?
 The UBS4 apparatus sometimes reduces the number of readings in a variation unit by lumping similar ones together. Even if the full range of readings is reported, it remains true that a typical variation unit does not have many readings once orthographic differences are levelled. Graphs by Mink, “Problems of a Highly Contaminated Tradition,” 20, confirm that the same kind of relationship between frequency and number of readings is observed for the variation units examined during preparation of the ECM fascicles for James.
 Copyists and readers could also act as vectors, having memorised parts of the text.
 Eldon J. Epp, “New Testament Papyrus Manuscripts and Letter Carrying in Greco-Roman Times” in The Future of Early Christianity: Essays in Honor of Helmut Koester (ed. B. A. Pearson; Minneapolis: Fortress, 1991) 35-56.
 This is not to say copyists were lazy, just efficient. George K. Zipf, in Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort: An Introduction to Human Ecology (New York: Addison-Wesley, 1949), used the principle of least effort to explain many phenomena, including income distribution, city sizes, and word frequencies.
 This map by Adolf Harnack is titled “The Spread of Christianity down to 180 A.D.” and is found in his Mission and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries (2nd ed.; trans. and ed. James Moffatt; 2 vols; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1908). It has entered the public domain.
 Burnett Hillman Streeter, The Four Gospels: A Study of Origins, The Manuscript Tradition, Sources, Authorship, & Dates (London: Macmillan, 1924) 106. Propinquity means nearness.
 Metzger and Ehrman, Text of the New Testament, 218.
 Bruce M. Metzger, “The Caesarean Text of the Gospels” in Chapters in the History of New Testament Textual Criticism (New Testament Tools and Studies 4; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1963) 67, writes, “By way of summary, it must be acknowledged that the Caesarean text is disintegrating.” Larry W. Hurtado, Text-Critical Methodology and the Pre-Caesarean Text: Codex W in the Gospel of Mark (Studies and Documents 43; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1981) 88, suggests that the text represented by ϴ and its allies “is a form of Western text as it was shaped in the East.”
 Streeter, The Four Gospels, 104.
 Ibid., 69-70.
 Frederic G. Kenyon, The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri: Descriptions and Texts of Twelve 