nted.
82. Pernoud, Retrial, 101.
83. Ibid., 139.
84. Ibid., 138.
85. Gies, 85.
86. Gervase Phillips, Admissions Tutor, Historical Studies, Department of History and Economic History, The Manchester Metropolitan University, electronic mail message to the author, August 5, 1999.
87. From this point on, my argument is admittedly speculative-- but not totally. I served for twenty years as a soldier in the gender-integrated United States Army of the 1970s, ‘80s, and ‘90s. 1 fully acknowledge the risks inherent in trying to read anecdotal evidence from the present into the past. But -- I was a keen observer of how many men and a few women interact in a military subculture and I think this gives me at least a glimmer of the chemistry that existed between Joan and her cohorts.
88. Pernoud, Retrial, 136.
89. Pernoud, Witnesses, 112.
90. Pernoud, Retrial, 111.
91. ibid., 142.
92. Sackville-West, 154 and 170-171.
93. Pernoud, Witnesses, 98-99.
94. Pernoud, Retrial, 158, 164 and 166-167; and Sackville-West, 20 and 189-190.
95. Gies, 93; also see Pernoud, Retrial, 134-135.
96. Pernoud, Retrial, 105.
97. Pernoud, Witnesses, 111-112.
98. These comments by Joan’s intimates concerning Joan’s sexuality and their responses to it are all from Pernoud, Retrial. The pages containing the relevant testimony of each of these men is as follows: de Metz, 87; de Poulengy, 9 1-92; D’Alençon, 142; d’Aulon, 154; and Thibault, 107.
99. Ibid., 87 and 103.
100. Lucie-Smith, 116; and Jay Williams, Joan of Arc (New York: American Heritage/Harper and Row, 1963), 56.
101. Williams, 14.
102. Pernoud and Clin present capsule biographies of these four comrades of Joan on pages 172-173, 180-181, 187-188, and 206 respectively.
103. Charles Oman, A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages, 2d. ed., vol. 2,1278-1485, (reprint, New York: Burt Franklin), 393-394. (The original printing was by an unnamed firm in 1924. Page references are to the reprint edition.)
104. Katherine Anne Porter’s foreword to Pernoud’s Retrial, viii.
The transcripts of Joan’s heresy trial and her retrial and the old chronicles have not been translated into English in their entirety, but extensive excerpts of the most crucial passages have been translated and are easily found in several current works. It is these excerpts that I used to establish the foundation of facts about Joan’s career upon which I built the superstructure of my own interpretation.
I list and describe the works I used to write this paper below. Two of the books by Régine Pernoud, Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses, and The Retrial of Joan of Arc give their reader massive excerpts from the trial transcripts and the chronicles quoted
en bloc. These two books provided me with the great bulk of the factual foundation of this paper. The other works listed, inevitably, also contain dozens and hundreds of quotations from the trial transcripts and chronicles, but only as a sprinkling mixed into any given author’s own words.
Bernard Shaw, George. Saint Joan. New York: Brentano’s, 1924.
Bernard Shaw’s preface to his play is almost half as long as the play itself. The preface consists of one of the best essays ever written that dares to try to bring Joan’s personality back to life. 1 found his observation that Joan’s prudishness had military value most helpful.
DeVries, Kelly. "A Woman as Leader of Men: Joan of Arc’s Military Career." In Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc, ed. Bonnie Wheeler and Charles T. Wood, 3-18. New
York: Garland Publishing, Inc. 1996.
My essay, like DeVries’, begins by listing the different ways Joan has been portrayed by different people with different agendas over the past five centuries. My list is different. DeVries’ topic is essentially the same as my own and we are nearly identical in the quotations we choose to cite. However, I conducted my analysis and reached my conclusions independently of DeVries.
Dupuy, R. Earnest and Trevor N. Dupuy. The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History, Fourth Edition. New York: HarperCollins, 1993.
This massive volume that presents the military history of the entire