 Eric Forni, Vincent Medjibe, Sebastien Delion, and Didier Bastin. “The impact of forest management plans on trees and carbon: Modeling a decade of harvesting data in Cameroon.” Journal of Forest Economics 27 (2017): 1-9.
Pukkala, Timo. “Does management improve the carbon balance of forestry?.” Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 90, no. 1 (2017): 125-135.
Tadesse, Wubalem, Mulugeta Lemenih, and Shiferaw Alem. “Forest Management in the Sahel and Ethiopian Highlands and Impacts on Climate Change.” Managing Forest Ecosystems: The Challenge of Climate Change (2017): 429-445.
Afforestation, or tree establishment on non-forested land, is a management option for increasing terrestrial carbon sequestration compared to non-forested land use. Afforestation increases carbon storage in aboveground pools compared to purely agricultural, developed or degraded land. One typical form of afforestation, tree plantations, are defined as forest stands that have been established artificially either on land that has not supported forests previously or on land that while once forested are converted to tree plantations rather than reforested. The afforestation has the potential to contribute to carbon storage, directly through accumulation in biomass and soil and indirectly, by providing an alternative to fossil fuel for communities. The use of biomass as a renewable source of fuel can create a mechanism for offsetting increased atmospheric CO2 and also provides an incentive for improving forest management. The graphic below shows an idealized afforestation project on land that was not not previously forested.
DengDeng, Lei, Qi‐sheng Han, Chao Zhang, Zhuang‐sheng Tang, and Zhou‐ping Shangguan. “Above‐Ground and Below‐Ground Ecosystem Biomass Accumulation and Carbon Sequestration with Caragana korshinskii Kom Plantation Development.” Land Degradation & Development 28, no. 3 (2017): 906-917., Lei, and Zhou‐ping Shangguan. “Afforestation drives soil carbon and nitrogen changes in China.” Land Degradation & Development 28, no. 1 (2017): 151-165.
Laclau, P., E. Andenmatten, F. J. Letourneau, and G. Loguercio. “Carbon Sequestration of Ponderosa Pine Plantations in Northwestern Patagonia.” Managing Forest Ecosystems: The Challenge of Climate Change (2017): 329-349.
Nawaz, Muhammad Farrakh, Syed Athar Abbas Shah, Sadaf Gul, Shazia Afzal, Irfan Ahmad, and Abdul Ghaffar. “CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND PRODUCTION OF Eucalyptus camaldulensis PLANTATIONS ON MARGINAL SANDY AGRICULTURAL LANDS.” Pak. J. Agri. Sci 54, no. 2 (2017): 335-342.
Rahman, Md Masudur, Teresa G. Bárcena, and Lars Vesterdal. “Tree species and time since afforestation drive soil C and N mineralization on former cropland.” Geoderma 305 (2017): 153-161.
Agroforestry is defined as a land-use system that involves the deliberate retention, introduction or mixture of trees or other woody perennials with agricultural crops, pastures and/or livestock to exploit the ecological and economic interactions of the different components of the project area. While agroforestry is widely practiced and acknowledged to have positive benefits for carbon sequestration there is a paucity of quantitative data on specific projects. The main advantage of agroforestry is the potential for carbon sequestration while leaving large areas for agricultural production resulting in food security, economic diversification and community jobs. PAC will provide the same level of direct measurement protocols for agroforestry as for reforestation. Agroforestry may also provide benefits to manage methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions.
An idealized agroforestry project is depicted below. The graphic shows agriculture (maize) cocoa and banana production with vertical fluxes for the primary greenhouse gases CO2, CH4 and N2O.
Abbas, Farhat, Hafiz Mohkum Hammad, Shah Fahad, Artemi Cerdà, Muhammad Rizwan, Wajid Farhad, Sana Ehsan, and Hafiz Faiq Bakhat. “Agroforestry: a sustainable environmental practice for carbon sequestration under the climate change scenarios—a review.” Environmental Science and Pollution R