I used ftrace to trace two events, cpu_frequency and cpu_idle. I am not able to find out any documentation which states how to interpret this information. I have provided two snippets from the generated trace file below, and I need to understand how to interpret cpu_frequency & cpu_idle traced events information. I have wrote my confusion below, please answer the question and provide your own insights.FOR CPU_Frequency:1. What is the format of the timestamp?2. Why there are two events for each new operating frequency point, does each of the event means that the CPU started operating at that frequency or are these entry/exit pairs?Trace output:# tracer: nop## entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 36062/36062   #P:1  #  #                              _-----=> irqs-off#                             / _----=> need-resched#                            | / _---=> hardirq/softirq#                            || / _--=> preempt-depth#                            ||| /     delay#           TASK-PID   CPU#  ||||    TIMESTAMP  FUNCTION#              | |       |   ||||       |         |kworker/0:1H-27    [000] ...1  1130.362603: cpu_frequency: state=1190400 cpu_id=0kworker/0:1H-27    [000] ...1  1130.362609: cpu_frequency: state=1190400 cpu_id=0kworker/0:1H-27    [000] ...1  1130.411934: cpu_frequency: state=300000 cpu_id=0kworker/0:1H-27    [000] ...1  1130.411947: cpu_frequency: state=300000 cpu_id=0kworker/0:1H-27    [000] ...1  1131.532595: cpu_frequency: state=1190400 cpu_id=0kworker/0:1H-27    [000] ...1  1131.532599: cpu_frequency: state=1190400 cpu_id=0kworker/0:1H-27    [000] ...1  1131.581758: cpu_frequency: state=300000 cpu_id=0kworker/0:1H-27    [000] ...1  1131.581768: cpu_frequency: state=300000 cpu_id=0FOR CPU_Idle:1. What does the state=4294967295 means here, what cpu_idle state is it?2. Where can I get the documentation/information about what these states actually mean? <idle>-0     [000] d..2  1960.307101: cpu_idle: state=3 cpu_id=0 <idle>-0     [000] ...2  1960.310722: cpu_idle: state=4294967295 cpu_id=0 <idle>-0     [000] d..2  1960.310741: cpu_idle: state=3 cpu_id=0 <idle>-0     [000] ...2  1960.312114: cpu_idle: state=4294967295 cpu_id=0 <idle>-0     [000] d..2  1960.312131: cpu_idle: state=3 cpu_id=0 <idle>-0     [000] .N.2  1960.314410: cpu_idle: state=4294967295 cpu_id=0 <idle>-0     [000] d..2  1960.314980: cpu_idle: state=3 cpu_id=0 <idle>-0     [000] .N.2  1960.316077: cpu_idle: state=4294967295 cpu_id=0 <idle>-0     [000] d..2  1960.316539: cpu_idle: state=3 cpu_id=0thanks.
How to interpret cpu_idle and cpu_frequency event's trace logged by ftrace?
linux kernel