So in biology (DNA sequences), sequence alignment is a generalization of longest common subsequence where an alignment of two sequences is scored typically with a linear function of how many spaces are inserted into each sequence and how many times each possible pair of aligned characters appears in the alignment. Just like longest common subsequence, finding the optimal alignment of two strings under an arbitrary linear scoring scheme can be solved in quadratic time using dynamic programming. (Needleman-Wunsch algorithm). The longest subsequence problem and variants that use linear scoring schemes and ask for the optimal multiple sequence alignment are NP-hard when the number of input strings is not fixed.However, in biology, there is a probabilistic generative model that generates related DNA sequences. Starting with an unknown root ancestor DNA sequence, bifurcations occur that create two daughter sequences (species) that are independently derived from the ancestral sequence by potentially adding some characters in random locations, deleting some characters, and changing some characters. Then the bifurcations continue with additional changes at each level until the modern day DNA sequences of extant species are obtained. Then we want to align the modern day species' sequences (e.g. find the longest common subsequence in the simplest case) without knowing the exact ancestral sequences. In this case, fossil records can help identify the bifurcation events and estimate the sequence mutation rates after each bifurcation. So a reasonable estimate of the generative model that generated the related modern day DNA sequences can sometimes be obtained.Now, my question is, for such an NP-hard optimization problem with a well-defined probabilistic generative model that generates input data, has anyone studied the hardness of finding either an optimal or nearly optimal solution, where either the worst-case or expected running time depends on the parameters for the model that generates the input data? For example, if DNA mutation and insertion/deletion rates are very low for a particular group of species, then it should be fairly easy to get at least a nearly optimal alignment of all the DNA sequences using partial alignments and pruning and heuristics, without resorting to a full-blown exponential time solution.
Probabilistic hardness of approximation or solution of NP-hard optimization problems under a probabilistic generative model for input data
complexity theory;reference request;np hard;approximation;average case