Okay, so a graph $G = (V, E)$ is (fully) connected if and only if for every pair of vertices $u, v V,$ $u$ and $v$ are connected in $G$.And that if the vertex set is $V = \{0, 1, . . . , n1\}$, then we can representa graph in a program as a two-dimensional n-by-n array $A$, where the entry $A[i][j]$ is set to $1$ if vertices $i$ and $j$ are adjacent (the edge), and $0$ if they arent.The following algorithm takes as input such an array, and returns True if the algorithm is connected, and False otherwise.def connected(A):    n = len(A) # This is the number of vertices in the graph.    # First, set diagonal to 1, since every vertex is connected to itself.    for i in range(n):        A[i][i] = 1    for q in range(1, ceil(log(n)) + 1): # Main Loop: q =1,2,...,ceil(log(n))    A1 = new n by n array containing all zeros # UPDATE: Assume this takes n*n steps.    # Find new connectedness information    for i in range(n):        for j in range(n):            for k in range(n):                if A[i][k] == 1 and A[k][j] == 1:                    A1[i][j] = 1 # UPDATE: A1 stores new connectivity                                 # information.    for i in range(n): # UPDATE: Change A to store the new connections.        for j in range(n):            if A[i][j] == 0: # If A[i][j] is already 1, don't need to update.                A[i][j] = A1[i][j]    # Check if the graph is connected at this point.    all_conn = True    for i in range(n):        if A[0][i] == 0:            all_conn = False            break    if all_conn:        return True    # The loop has ended and *not* returned early.    return FalseSo as you can see, this algorithm starts with an adjacency matrix $A$ and continually updates the entries of $A$ to represent new connectedness relationships between pairs of vertices. Essentially, at each iteration of the innermost loop, the algorithm checks whether vertex $k$ is connected to both $i$ and $j$; and if so, it records the fact that $i$ and $j$ are also connected.I need to prove the the following predicate, where $G$ is a graph, $u$ and $v$ are vertices in the graph, and $d\in \mathbb{N}$.$$PathLength(G,u,v,d):\text{there is a path in G between u and v of length at most d}$$Using this predicate, we can state the key property of graphs that makes the connected algorithm work: $\forall G=(V,E), \forall u,v \in V, \forall d \in \mathbb{N}, PathLength(G,u,v,2d)\Leftrightarrow (\exists w \in V, PathLength(G, u,w,d) \wedge PathLength(G,w,v,d)$Let $n\in \mathbb{Z^+}$ with $n>1$, and consider running connected on an n-by-n adjacency matrix representing a graph $G = (V,E)$, where $V = \{0,1,...,n-1\}$.Prove by induction on $q$ that at the end of iteration $q$ of the Main Loop, the following is true:$$\forall i,j \in V, A[i][j] = 1 \Rightarrow PathLength(G, i, j, 2q)$$
Proving correctness of connected algorithm
algorithm analysis;correctness proof