Rasbora heteromorpha Duncker, 1904
Type locality is ‘Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia’, but this species is usually quoted as being native to southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, and the Greater Sunda islands of Borneo and Sumatra.
Thai populations seem to be restricted to the district of Narathiwat close to the border with Peninsular Malaysia. In the latter it is more widely-distributed and has been collected from areas of peat swamp forest in the states of Selangor, Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, and Johor.
The extent of its distribution in the Greater Sunda Islands is less clear. While it certainly occurs on the island of Bintan in Riau Islands province, Sumatra, we’ve been unable to find definitive information regarding the mainland other than a vague reference to the city of Medan in the north (the species is said to range throughout northern Sumatra). Similarly there appears not to exist a single confirmed occurence from Borneo.
The fish are known to vary somewhat depending on collection locality, with those collected from Johor and southern Thailand having an overall smaller, slimmer appearance than the Singapore and Sunda Island populations (see ‘Notes’).
Wild caught examples are rare in the hobby as it’s produced on a commercial basis in several countries.
The water is sometimes stained faintly brown to yellowish due to the presence of tannins and other chemicals released by decomposing organic matter and the substrate scattered with fallen leaves, twigs and branches.
Maximum Standard Length
35 – 45 mm.
Aquarium SizeTop ↑
Aquarium base dimensions of 60 ∗ 30 cm or equivalent should be the smallest considered since this species should be maintained in numbers.
Choice of decor is not especially critical although it tends to show better colouration when maintained in a well-furnished set-up with a dark substrate, and it’s a relatively popular choice for carefully-aquascaped arrangements.
A more natural-looking arrangement might consist of a soft, sandy substrate with wood roots and branches placed such a way that plenty of shady spots and caves are formed.
The addition of dried leaf litter (beech, oak or Ketapang almond leaves are all suitable) would further emphasise the natural feel and with it the growth of beneficial microbe colonies as decomposition occurs.
These can provide a valuable secondary food source for fry, whilst the tannins and other chemicals released by the decaying leaves will aid in simulating a blackwater environment. Leaves can be left in the tank to break down fully or removed and replaced every few weeks.
This species seems to do best under fairly dim lighting and plant species from genera such as Microsorum, Taxiphyllum, Cryptocoryne, and Anubias are recommended since they will grow under such conditions.
A few patches of floating vegetation to diffuse the light even further may also prove effective.
Temperature: 21 – 28 °C
pH: 5.0 – 7.5
Hardness: 18 – 215 ppm
In the aquarium it’s easily-fed but the best condition and colours offer regular meals of small live and frozen foods such as bloodworm, Daphnia, and Artemia, alongside good quality dried flakes and granules.
Behaviour and CompatibilityTop ↑
As it places no special demands in terms of water chemistry it can be combined with many of the most popular fish in the hobby including other small cyprinids as well as tetras, livebearers, dwarf cichlids, catfishes, and loaches.
A well-chosen community based around fish native to Peninsular Malaysia would also make an attractive display with some of the more commonly exported examples include ‘Puntius‘ lineatus, ‘P.‘ pentazona, Trigonopoma pauciperforatum, T. gracile, Rasbora einthovenii, Brevibora dorsiocellata and Pangio spp.
As always thorough research is essential when choosing tankmates and its small adult size must be a consideration. It also makes an ideal companion for shy anabantoids such as Sphaerichthys or the more diminutive Betta spp.
Maintaining it in decent numbers will not only make the fish less nervous but will result in a more effective, natural-looking display. Males will also display their best colours as they compete with one other for female attention.
Mature females are usually rounder-bellied and often a little larger than the slimmer, more colourful males.
An alternative method of sexing is to examine the shape of the dark wedge-like marking on the flanks of the fish; in males this tends to have a sharper, more well-defined outline whereas in females it has a ’rounded’ appearance.
This species exhibits no parental care although it does utilise a different spawning method to most small cyprinids as the eggs are attached to the underside of broad plant leaves or other objects rather than scattered randomly.
However if you want to increase the yield of fry a slightly more controlled approach is required. The adult group can still be conditioned together but a separate tank should also be set up.
This should be very dimly lit with the base either left bare or covered with some kind of mesh of a large enough grade so that any eggs that fail to adhere to the plant can pass through but small enough so that the adults cannot reach them. The widely available plastic ‘grass’-type matting can also be used and works very well.
The water itself should ideally be of pH 5.0-6.0, 1-5°H with a temperature towards the upper end of the range suggested above.
A decent-sized clump of Microsorium, Cryptocoryne, other broad-leaved plant or artificial alternative should also be included. Filtration is not really necessary but you can use a small, air-powered sponge filter if you prefer.
Some breeders of other Trigonostigma spp. report that older fish aged a year or more make the best subjects for spawning which may be the reason why this species is often said to be difficult to breed.
At any rate the best way to condition them is by feeding small amounts of live and frozen foods 2 or 3 times a day in the weeks leading up to a spawning attempt.
When the females appear full of eggs and the males are showing their best colours as they display to one another a large (40-50% of tank volume), cool water change should be performed and one or two pairs introduced to each spawning container a few hours later, preferably in the evening.
Spawning usually occurs in the morning hours and is preceded by a flurry of courtship activity by the male(s). Often a pair will perform a number of ‘dry runs’ over a chosen spawning surface and it may be several hours before any eggs are produced.
Eventually the female will begin to lay small batches of eggs which are fertilised by the male before the next batch is laid.
If the pair(s) fail to spawn immediately they can be left in situ but if no eggs have been observed after 3 or 4 days they should be returned to the main group and a different set of fish chosen. There is no need to feed the adults while they are in the spawning tank.
Post-spawning the adults will eat any eggs they find so either they or the eggs themselves should be removed as soon as possible.
Incubation is temperature-dependant to an extent but usually takes between 24 and 48 hours with the young free-swimming in around a week. Initial food should be Paramecium or similar introducing Artemia nauplii and/or microworm once the fry are large enough to accept them.
It’s suffered as a result of its popularity to a certain extent with the mass-produced fish we see today lacking much of the colour seen in wild specimens and even exhibiting morphological deformities in some cases.
Several selectively-bred ornamental strains have also become available including ‘blue’, ‘black’, and ‘golden’ (leucistic) forms, care for which is identical to the wild form.
It also appears that the species as currently recognised may contain multiple taxa with two divergent lineages found to be present among samples of fish from the aquarium trade by Collins et al. (2012).
Genetic differences were detected using a DNA barcoding technique but the two lineages also displayed morphological incongruities, with one form more slender, lacking a convex-shaped body profile posterior to the occiput, possessing less distinct pigmentation on the anterior dorsal and anal rays, and an additional orange/yellow anterior-subdistal blotch in the anal-fin.
This fish may turn out to be a so-called ‘cryptic’ or ‘sibling’ species and is labelled T. cf. heteromorpha in our images.
T. espei is generally a bright copper/reddish colour with a thinner, ‘lambchop’-shaped body marking whereas T. hengeli is a slightly smaller fish with an overall greyish/colourless body colouration and a flash of bright orange pigmentation along the upper and anterior edges of the ‘lambchop’ marking.
The genus was erected by Kottelat and Witte (1999) in order to separate members from the larger Rasbora grouping on the basis of the following combination of characters: colour pattern comprising a reddish, pinkish or orange body (in life) with a conspicuous black stripe extending from below dorsal-fin origin to middle of caudal-fin base and usually broadened anteriorly so as to have a triangular or hatchet shape (except in T. somphongsi in which the stripe is only slightly broader anteriorly); reproductive strategy in which eggs are deposited on the underside of broad leaves or similar structures.
Other characters distinguishing the genus (but not unique to it) are: miniature size (maximum 32 mm SL in nature, though captive specimens may grow slightly larger); incomplete lateral line reduced to 6-9 pores; absence of barbels; 5 branched anal-fin rays; relatively deep body (not quantified).
Rasbora has long been recognised as a polyphyletic lineage as noted by Kottelat (1999) among others, and in 2010 the results of a phylogenetic analysis by Liao et al. suggested a number of changes in order to improve the taxonomy. The authors found species of rasborin genera to represent a monophyletic grouping existing in six clades and erected four new genera containing former members of Rasbora in order to preserve monophyly of the existing groups.
The first two of these clades contain new groupings Kottelatia and Brevibora, respectively. The third comprises Boraras, Horadandia, Rasboroides, and Trigonostigma, plus new genera Trigonopoma and Rasbosoma. However the results for Boraras and Trigonostigma were found to be inconclusive in some respects and further work regarding their phylogenetic position was recommended.
The fourth clade includes Rasbora semilineata, R. borapetensis, R. rubrodorsalis, and an undescribed fish similar to R. beauforti. Clade five consists of R. daniconius, R. hubbsi, R. paucisqualis, R. wilpita (plus allies), R. kobonensis, R. ornata, and R. cf. daniconius.
Clade six is subdivided into two groupings. The first contains R. einthovenii, R. elegans, and R. cephalotaenia, and the second R. lateristriata, R. argyrotaenia, R. volzii, R. paviana, R. rasbora (plus an undescribed related fish), R. caudimaculata, and R. trilineata.
As this final clade contains R. cephalotaenia, the type species of Rasbora, its members retain the generic name as do members of clade five because they don’t differ sufficiently to warrant erection of a new genus or genera.
Shortly afterwards a paper investigating systematics of the subfamily Danioninae was published (Tang et al. 2010).
The results differed significantly and the four new genera of Liao et al., plus Boraras and Trigonostigma, were synonymised with Rasbora based on an incomplete knowledge of relationships within the group, an approach described as ‘more conservative’.
Though neither conclusion can be deemed 100% the system of Liao et al. is followed here on SF pending future studies, if only because we prefer to retain the familiar genera Boraras and Trigonostigma.
- Collins R. A., K. F. Armstrong, R. Meier, Y. Yi, S. D. J. Brown, R. H. Cruickshank, S. Keeling, and C. Johnston, 2012 - PLoS ONE 7(1): e28381
Barcoding and border biosecurity: identifying cyprinid fishes in the aquarium trade.
- Kottelat, M. and K.-E. Witte, 1999 - Journal of South Asian Natural History 4(1): 49-56
Two new species of Microrasbora from Thailand and Myanmar, with two new generic names for small southeast Asian cyprinid fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae).
- Mayden, R. L., K. L. Tang, K. W. Conway, J. Freyhof, S. Chamberlain, M. Haskins, L. Schneider, M. Sudkamp, R. M. Wood, M. Agnew, A. Bufalino, Z. Sulaiman, M. Miya, K. Saitoh, and S. He, 2007 - Journal of Experimental Zoology, Molecular Development and Evolution 308B: 1–13
Phylogenetic relationships of Danio within the order Cypriniformes: a framework for comparative and evolutionary studies of a model species.
- Tang, K. L., M. K. Agnew, W. J. Chen., M. V. Hirt, T. Sado, L. M. Schneider, J. Freyhof, Z. Sulaiman, E. Swartz, C. Vidthayanon, M. Miya, K. Saitoh, A. M. Simons, R. M. Wood, and R. L. Mayden, 2010 - Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57(1): 189-214
Systematics of the subfamily Danioninae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae).