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Improved Classification of Orthosiphon stamineus by Data Fusion of Electronic Nose and Tongue Sensors
Sensor Technology and Applications Group (STAG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 31 July 2010; in revised form: 22 August 2010 / Accepted: 2 September 2010 / Published: 28 September 2010
Abstract: An improved classification of Orthosiphon stamineus using a data fusion technique is presented. Five different commercial sources along with freshly prepared samples were discriminated using an electronic nose (e-nose) and an electronic tongue (e-tongue). Samples from the different commercial brands were evaluated by the e-tongue and then followed by the e-nose. Applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA) separately on the respective e-tongue and e-nose data, only five distinct groups were projected. However, by employing a low level data fusion technique, six distinct groupings were achieved. Hence, this technique can enhance the ability of PCA to analyze the complex samples of Orthosiphon stamineus. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) was then used to further validate and classify the samples. It was found that the LDA performance was also improved when the responses from the e-nose and e-tongue were fused together.
Keywords: electronic nose; electronic tongue; data fusion; PCA; LDA; Orthosiphon stamineus
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MDPI and ACS Style
Zakaria, A.; Shakaff, A.Y.M.; Adom, A.H.; Ahmad, M.; Masnan, M.J.; Aziz, A.H.A.; Fikri, N.A.; Abdullah, A.H.; Kamarudin, L.M. Improved Classification of Orthosiphon stamineus by Data Fusion of Electronic Nose and Tongue Sensors. Sensors 2010, 10, 8782-8796.
Zakaria A, Shakaff AYM, Adom AH, Ahmad M, Masnan MJ, Aziz AHA, Fikri NA, Abdullah AH, Kamarudin LM. Improved Classification of Orthosiphon stamineus by Data Fusion of Electronic Nose and Tongue Sensors. Sensors. 2010; 10(10):8782-8796.
Zakaria, Ammar; Shakaff, Ali Yeon Md.; Adom, Abdul Hamid; Ahmad, MohdNoor; Masnan, Maz Jamilah; Aziz, Abdul Hallis Abdul; Fikri, Nazifah Ahmad; Abdullah, Abu Hassan; Kamarudin, Latifah Munirah. 2010. "Improved Classification of Orthosiphon stamineus by Data Fusion of Electronic Nose and Tongue Sensors." Sensors 10, no. 10: 8782-8796.