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BioMed Research International
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 752603, 8 pages
Soluble Flt-1 Gene Delivery in Acute Myeloid Leukemic Cells Mediating a Nonviral Gene Carrier
1Medical Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
2Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam 69316, Iran
3UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
4Perdana University Graduate School of Medicine, Perdana University, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
5Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
6Hematology Department, School of Allied Health Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Received 25 May 2012; Revised 28 October 2012; Accepted 15 November 2012
Academic Editor: Richard Tucker
Copyright © 2013 Razieh Amini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic factor involved in angiogenesis-mediated progression of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Studies have reported the role of soluble form of fms-like tyrosine kinase (sFlT-1) delivery as an antitumor agent by inhibiting VEGF. This study investigates the outcome of delivery of a VEGF165 antagonist, soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, namely sFLT-1, mediating lipofectamine 2000 in acute myeloid leukemic cells. A recombinant plasmid expressing sFLT-1 was constructed and transfected into the K562 and HL60 cells using lipofectamine 2000 transfection reagent. sFLT-1 expression/secretion in pVAX-sFLT-1 transfected cells was verified by RT-PCR and western blot. MTS assay was carried out to evaluate the effect of sFLT-1 on human umbilical vein endothelial cells and K562 and HL60 cells in vitro. Treatment with pVAX-sFLT-1 showed no association between sFLT-1 and proliferation of infected K562 and HL60 cells, while it demonstrated a significant inhibitory impact on the proliferation of HUVECs. The results of the current study imply that the combination of nonviral gene carrier and sFLT-1 possesses the potential to provide efficient tool for the antiangiogenic gene therapy of AML.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clonal disorder associated with acquired genetic defects that occur in early hematopoietic precursor cells. AML is categorized by rapid growth of clonal abnormal myeloid cells which fail to differentiate into functional granulocyte or monocyte and accumulate in the blood, bone marrow, or other organs [1, 2]. Angiogenesis is a complex series of interdependent procedures, controlled by many different factors. The angiogenic process results from a shift in the balance of positive and negative mediators, cytokines, and growth factors [3–5].
Angiogenesis has been postulated to play a role in pathogenesis of AML. Research in pathogenesis of AML has identified vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to be among the most specific and essential regulators of the process of angiogenesis [6, 7]. VEGF regulates angiogenesis by modulating processes such as endothelial proliferation, permeability, and survival. Recent studies show that acute myeloid cells express a rich presence of VEGF as well as its receptors which are implicated in facilitation progression and survival of acute myeloid leukemic progenitors [8, 9]. Studies show that VEGF-mediated autocrine and paracrine signals are involved in infiltration of leukemic cells in bone marrow, liver, and spleen as well as increased microvascular density in bone marrow of AML patients [10–12]. In addition, evidence brought forth shows a linear correlation of the expression of VEGF and its receptors by AML blasts with reported low rates remission and overall survival among AML patients [12, 13].
The application of gene therapy in conjunction with other treatment modalities provides a promising novel approach in management of numerous hematological malignancies as it provides a means of circumventing setbacks suffered by current treatment modalities. The dual approach may result in improving the response by patients to already available conventional treatment [14–16].
Endogenous inhibitors of VEGF hold a lot of promise on approach in regulation of angiogenesis, a major factor implicated in growth, development, and survival of many hematological malignancies including AML. Soluble form of fms-like tyrosine kinase (sFLT-1), are produced endogenously by alternative splicing of the FLT-1 receptor. sFLT-1 binds with very high affinity to VEGF without initiation of signal transduction and as such results in site-specific inhibition of the function of VEGF leading to regulation of angiogenic process in acute myeloid cells [17, 18].
Gene therapy-based sFLT-1 in antiangiogenic strategies has been studied in various types of cancers using viral and nonviral carriers. However, few studies have elaborated the role of sFLT-1 in hematologic malignancies. In the current study, we investigated the effects of sFLT-1 gene delivery using a cationic lipid on acute myeloid leukemic cells. We constructed the sFLT-1 gene that codes the 1–3 immunoglobulin-(Ig-) like domains of FLT-1 and established a recombinant plasmid expressing sFLT-1. Up to our knowledge, there is no study related to the delivery of psFLT-1 in leukemic cells by mediating lipofectamine 2000. Therefore, for the first time, we investigated the delivery of pVAX-sFLT-1 in acute myeloid leukemic cells and explored the in vitro inhibitory effects of sFLT-1in K562 and HL60 cells as well as HUVECs.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Lines
HL-60 (human promyelocytic leukemic cells) and K562 (myelogenous leukemia, erythroleukemia type) were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) and were maintained in complete medium composed of RPMI supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone Labratories, Austria). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were obtained from ATCC and maintained in F12K supplemented with endothelial cell growth supplement (ECGS) (0.05 mg/mL) (BD Biosciences, Bedford, MA, USA) and heparin (Sigma-Aldrich, Australia) (0.1 mg/mL). The media for cells were supplemented with 1% penicillin, streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA). All of the cells were grown at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2.
2.1.1. Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction
Detection of VEGF165 and VEGFR-1 expression at the mRNA level in two leukemic cell lines was carried out prior to investigation of the effects of sFLT-1 delivery. RNA from cultured cells was isolated using MasterPure RNA Purification Kit according to the manufacturer's protocol (Epicentre, Madison, WI, USA). RNA (1 μg) was processed for cDNA synthesis using RevertAid H Minus First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit with random hexamer primer (Fermentas, Lithuania). The cDNA (100 ng) was used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a final volume of 25 μL using BIO-X-ACT Short Mix PCR reagent (Bioline, USA) in a thermal cycler gradient PCR system (Eppendorf, Germany). The primers were obtained from Sigma-aldrich, Singapore. The primers used for human VEGF-165: sense primer (5′-ACCCTGATGAGATCGA-GTAC-3′), antisense primer (5′-TAATCTGCATGGTGATG TTGG-3′), VEGFR-1: sense primer 5′-AC TCTA ACATGCACCTGTGTGG-3′, antisense primer 5′-GCTCATCCAAAGGAACT TCATCTG-3′, and Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH); sense primer (5′-ACA ACAGCTCAAGATCATCAG-3′) antisense primer (5′-ATG AGT CCT TCC ACGA TACC-3′) 33 cycles, annealing at 55°C, amplified fragments of 567, 145, and 121 bp, respectively. PCR products were resolved on a 2% agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide. The amplified DNA was visualized under UV light and images were obtained by the Alpha-Innotech gel documentation system (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA).
2.2. Cloning of the 1–3 Ig-Like Domains of FLT-1
Total cellular RNA was isolated from HUVECs with MasterPure RNA Purification Kit (Epicenter Biotechnology, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. cDNA (Fermentas, Lithuania) was amplified using the primers designed to code to the 1–3 Ig-like domains of FLT-1 (accession no. X51602) . The forward and reverse primers were modified to allow ligation into the pVAX1 plasmid at the HindIII–ECORI restriction sites as follows: forward 5′CC AAG CTT ACC ATG GTC AGC TA-3′ and reverse 5′-CG GAA TTC TTA ATA TGC ACT GAG-3′. The PCR reaction was run at 94°C for 4 min; 35 cycles at 94°C for 1 min; 67.4°C (VEGF165), 55°C (VEGFR-1, and GAPDH) for 50 s; and 72°C for 50 s following an extension for 10 min at 72°C. The resulting PCR product (1000 bp) was cloned into pVAX1 plasmid (Invitrogen, San Diego, USA), following digestion, ligation, and transformation of top10 E. coli cells, positive colonies were chosen by restriction digestion. Positive colonies were then subjected to DNA sequencing analysis (NHK Bio-Science, Korea) for final verification.
2.3. Transduction of K562 and HL60 Cells and Confirmation of sFLT-1 Expression
2.3.1. Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction
The K562 and HL60 cells (1 × 106 cells/mL) in 25 cm2 tissue culture flasks (BD Biosciences Falcon) were transfected with pVAX-sFLT-1 and pVAX-GFP using lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, San Diego, USA) according the manufacturer’s instruction. After incubation at 37°C and 5% CO2 for 4 h, subsequently the transfection medium was replaced with complete growth media and incubated for 72 h. To confirm the expression of sFLT-1 by transfected cells, cellular RNA was isolated from the K562 and HL60 cells, cDNA was synthesized from total RNA, and then subjected to RT-PCR using the cloning primers described above. RT-PCR was performed using the BIO-X-ACT Short Mix PCR reagent (Bioline USA Inc, Taunton, MA, USA) with the same condition described earlier.
2.4. Western Blot Analysis
Conditioned media from K562 and HL60 cells transfected with pVAX-sFLT-1 and pVAX-GFP 72 h posttransfection were subjected to western blot analysis. Concentrated conditioned media (6x) were electrophoretically separated on a 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel under reducing conditions. The gel was then transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (Millipore, Billerica, USA), probed by anti-VEGFR1 (FLT-1), Mouse IgG1 isotype (1/300) (R&D Systems Inc, Minneapolis, MN, USA), then reacted with alkaline phosphatase-conjugated secondary antibody Goat anti-mouse Ab 1/5000 (Chemicon, USA). The BCIP /NBT solution in alkaline phosphatase buffer (100 mM Tris, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2; pH 9.5) was added as a substrate and the bands were observed on the membrane.
2.5. K562 and HL60 Cells Proliferation Inhibition Assay
The inhibitory effect of pVAX-sFLT-1 on K562 and HL60 cell proliferation was assessed using CellTiter 96 Non-Radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay (MTS) (Promega, Madison, USA), which was cleaved by viable cells to yield a dark blue formazan product. K562 and HL60 cells at a density of cells/well in 24-well plates were transfected with pVAX-sFLT-1 or pVAX-GFP using lipofectamine 2000. After 4 h, the infection media were replaced with serum-free medium (OptiMEM I Medium, Invitrogen Gibco, USA) and then 10 ng/mL recombinant human VEGF165 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, USA) was added to each well and incubated for 72 h. The cells were transferred to 96-well plate and subjected to evaluate cell proliferation using MTS assay. The absorbance of formazan at 490 nm was determined on a multiwell plate reader.
2.6. HUVEC Proliferation Inhibition Assay
HUVECs were grown in 24-well plates at 37°C in complete growth media at 80% confluence; the concentrated conditioned media were obtained from K562 cells transfected with pVAX-sFLT-1 or pVAX-GFP in triplicates. HUVECs were washed with PBS, and 500 μL conditioned medium 6x from transfected cells and untransfected cells was added to the related wells. After 15 min, recombinant human VEGF165 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, USA) (10 ng/mL) was added to each well and incubated at 37°C. After 72 h, the cells were trypsinized and the proliferation of cells was estimated by MTS assay 96-well plates in absorbance of 490 nm. The experiments were performed in triplicate. Experiments were repeated three independent times.
2.7. HUVEC Migration Inhibition Assay
The inhibitory effects of sFLT-1 expression from K562 cells in the migration of HUVECs were investigated using QCM 24-well Colorimetric Cell Migration kit (Chemicon International, USA) utilizing an 8 μm pore size. According to the instruction of the kit, the HUVECs were treated with conditioned media of K562 cells transfected with pVAX-sFLT-1 and pVAX-GFP for 48 h. Then, cells were harvested and transferred to inserts in triplicates and 500 μL conditioned media (6x) obtained from transfected or untransfected cells, containing 40 ng/μL recombinant human VEGF165 protein were added to the lower chamber and incubated for 24 h at 37°C in a CO2 incubator. After 24 h the migration inserts were subjected to staining and extraction steps according the instruction of kit. The extraction mixtures were transferred to a 96-well microtiter plate and the optical density measured at 560 nm. Experiments were repeated three independent times, each with triplicate reactions.
2.8. Statistical Analysis
All analyses were performed using SPSS 16.0. Before analysis, all data were subjected to Kolmogorov-Smirnove test for normality. To show the differences among groups, Anova was applied. Mean comparison was done using Duncan multiple range test (DMRT). The comparison of results between or among the groups was analyzed by paired sample -test. Test results were considered statistically significant if the probability was less than 0.05.
3.1. Expression of VEGF165 by Leukemic Cells
Expression of VEGF165 and VEGFR-1 mRNA in leukemic cells was identified using RT-PCR analysis. The expression of GAPDH mRNA was evaluated to verify equal mRNA levels. The presence of two fragments, 567 bp (VEGF165) and 145 bp (VEGFR-1), was identified in agarose gel electrophoresis. (Figures 1 and 2).
3.2. Construction of Recombinant pVAX-sFLT-1 Plasmid
The sFLT-1 was amplified from HUVEC cDNA (Figure 3) and was cloned into a pVAX plasmid. Then, recombinant plasmid expressing sFLT-1 (pVAX-sFLT-1) was generated and endonuclease digestion of recombination plasmids (Figure 4) confirmed the presence of sFLT-1.
3.3. Expression of sFLT-1
Transfection of K562 and HL60 cells with pVAX-sFLT-1 and pVAX-GFP by lipofectamine resulted in the expression/secretion of sFLT-1. The cell lysate and conditioned media of transfected cells were subjected to RT-PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. As the Figure 5 shown, sFLT-1mRNA at size of 1000 bp was amplified from cDNA of pVAX-sFLT-1 transfected cell but not pVAX-GFP. The western blot analysis demonstrated that sFLT-1 was expressed and secret in conditioned media from pVAX-sFLT-1 at size of 37 KDa (Figure 6). The transgene expression by recombinant plasmid was evaluated in time points 48 and 72 h posttransfection using a recombinant plasmid expressing GFP, but the results were not shown.
3.4. In Vitro Inhibitory Effect of sFLT-1 in Proliferation of K562 and HL60 Cells
Inhibitory effect of sFLT-1 expressing from pVAX-sFLT-1 transfected K562 and HL60 cells was evaluated using MTS proliferation analysis. As shown in Figure 7, sFLT-1 had no inhibitory effect on leukemic cells growth in the presence of VEGF after 72 h as the results were compared with pVAX-GFP transfected or untransfected cells .
3.5. In Vitro Inhibitory Effect of sFLT-1 in Proliferation of HUVEC
The functional confirmation of secreted sFLT-1 mediating pVAX-sFLT-1 was evaluated by HUVEC inhibition analysis using MTS assay. As shown in Figure 8, incubation of HUVECs with conditioned media K562 cells expressing sFLT-1 after 72 h inhibited proliferation of HUVECs by 40% when compared with HUVECs incubated with conditioned media from pVAX-GFP and untransfected cells, respectively.
3.6. In Vitro Inhibitory Effect of sFLT-1 on Migration of HUVEC
HUVECs migration was evaluated after treatment of cells with conditioned media of pVAX-sFLT-1 transfected. HUVECs were incubated with conditioned media from pVAX-sFLT-1, pVAX-GFP, and untransfected cells and applied to migration assay using QCM 24-well Colorimetric Cell Migration kit in presence of VEGF (40 ng/mL). As shown in Figure 9, conditioned media from sFLT-1 expressing cells inhibited migration of HUVECs by 43% compared with conditioned media from pVAX-GFP and untransfected cells, respectively.
Several approaches were investigated for the effectiveness in delivering sFLT-1 gene therapy, including naked plasmid DNA , HVJ-cationic liposome-formulated plasmid DNA, and adenoviral-mediated approaches . Most of these studies have evaluated delivery of sFLT-1 in solid tumours, including a peritoneal metastasis model using human fibro-sarcoma cells , ovarian cancer , follicular thyroid carcinoma , and multiple myeloma . These studies indicated that sFLT-1 expression caused a significant inhibition in endothelial cell proliferation in vitro and the suppression of tumour growth and metastasis, as well as longer survival period. Also, it is determined that the systemic delivery of the sFLT-1 mediated by mammalian cells could be effective to inhibit tumour growth and angiogenesis . These studies were focused on solid tumours. Only one study was performed on haematologic malignancies, which is multiple myeloma (MM), demonstrating that the systemic delivery of ADV-sFLT effectively inhibited MM growth through decreasing the microvessel density of tumours. It is worth mentioning that the authors of that study found that the biological effect of sFLT-1 in multiple myeloma was mainly through inhibiting the angiogenesis of the tumour without affecting its growth. These findings present the effect of sFLT-1 on VEGF-mediated paracrine loop . Most of studies have delivered sFLT-1 using viral vectors; however, due to immune response concerns related to viral vectors, using nonviral gene carriers, which are not immunogenic, can be effective approach for delivery of such inhibitors. Therefore, we have developed an approach to inhibit angiogenesis through inhibition of VEGF with its natural inhibitor, sFLT-1. To this end, one of the most widely used cationic gene carriers, Lipofectamine 2000, was used for delivering therapeutic gene into angiogenic endothelial cells. The human sFLT-1 molecule constructed in the current study contained the extracellular domains 1–3 of the FLT-1 receptor and was able to effectively block angiogenesis and tumor growth. Barleon et al. have identified that there is no difference between the affinity of full-length extracellular domains and the 1–3 extracellular domains of sFLT-1 mutants in binding VEGF, and the first three Ig-like loops are able to compete efficiently with VEGF165 .
To our knowledge, to date, there is no study related to delivery of psFLT-1 in leukemic cells mediating lipofectamine 2000. Here, we investigated inhibitory effect of sFLT-1 myeloid leukemic cells and human umbilical endothelial cells. The results demonstrated that although sFLT-1 did not inhibit cell proliferation of the leukemic cells, it could significantly suppress the proliferation and migration of HUVEC after incubation with conditioned media K562 cells expressing sFLT-1. Interestingly, the same results were observed in the study by Liu et al. They determined that the proliferation of human multiple myeloma cells (KM3) transduced with ADV-sFLT was not inhibited in the presence or absence of VEGF, while the conditioned media of transduced cells could significantly inhibit the growth of HUVECs. Moreover, they found that ADV-sFLT-1 exerted its inhibitory effect on human MM tumours mainly through inhibiting the angiogenesis of the tumour and decreasing the microvessel density of tumours, without affecting the tumour cell proliferation directly . Also, Kim et al. showed that PEI-g-PEG-1.3RGD/pCMV-sFLT-1 delivery in colon adenocarcinoma cells had no inhibitory effect on the growth of colon adenocarcinoma cells, whereas the transfection of primary endothelial cells (CADMEC) with PEI-g-PEG-1.3RGD/pCMV-sFLT-1 resulted in the suppression of VEGF-driven proliferation of endothelial cells. Therefore, they exhibited significant selectivity and effectiveness of PEI-g-PEG-RGD/pCMV-sFLT-1 complexes in an endothelial cell inhibition assay by abrogating VEGF effects through the binding sFLT-1 . On the other hand, other studies which focused on the sFLT-1 gene delivery in solid tumours reported only the inhibitory effect of sFLT-1 on the proliferation of endothelial cells in vitro, while the inhibitory effect of sFLT-1 on the VEGF-mediated proliferation of tumour cells in vitro was not studied [19, 22].
Studies showed that expression of VEGEF and its receptors on myeloid leukemic cells contributed to the growth and survival of leukemic blasts through the autocrine loop . Also, the role of the VEGF-mediated loop in the progression of myeloid leukemic cells was investigated by the application of an antisense-VEGF in K562 cells. The silencing of VEGF by an antisense-VEGF in K562 cells inhibited proliferation of K562 cell through increasing cell apoptosis . To the contrary, in the current study, although the expression of VEGF and VEGFR-1 in K562 and HL60 cells was identified, inhibition of the VEGF-mediated autocrine loop was not observed by sFLT-1 in these cells. Consequently, these results are in agreement with previous studies that propose VEGF-mediated inhibitory effect of sFLT-1 trough paracrine loop. This means that sFLT-1 is probably involved in the survival and progression of leukemic blasts by its inhibitory effects on marrow endothelial cells (paracrine loop). This statement was concluded in the study by Liu et al. on multiple myeloma. To explain this behaviour, it is mentioned that the solubility of sFLT-1 probably allows it to act in a paracrine manner on vascular endothelial cell receptors . Taken together, more investigations may be needed to explain and understand the effect of sFLT-1 gene delivery on VEGF-derived proliferation and the survival of leukemic blasts.
In agreement with other studies, no link between the proliferation of K562 and HL60 cells and the inhibitory effect of sFLT-1was detected. However, it was found that sFLT-1 expression from K562 cells can inhibit significantly the VEGF-driven proliferation and migration of HUVECs in vitro. We suggest that although sFLT-1 could not affect the proliferation of K562 and HL60 cells in a VEGF-mediated autocrine loop, it may play an inhibitory role by affecting VEGF-mediating paracrine loop.
This work was supported by funding from the Research University Grant Scheme, Universiti Putra Malaysia (Grant no. 04/01/07/0110RU) and a Graduate Research Fellowship from UPM awarded to Razieh Amini.
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