Properties Projects Builders Agents 180 Villas and Individual Houses for Sale in Vandalur Chennai as on 02 Jan 2019 Sort By Relevance 19 2 BHK Low Budget Independent House in Urapakkam View all units Urapakkam Chennai Landmark Arungal Village Config 2 BHK Houses Sale type New Builtup Area 757 Sq Feet Plot Area 600 Sq Feet Property Age 1 year Sponsored 2581 Lac Property ROI 3410 Sq Feet 1 Covered car park 1 Total Floor 2 Bath Unfurnished Gym Club house Security Kids Play Area 4 more amenities New House is Unfurnished and CMDA approved Property is located near Arungal Village The residential House with Vitrified tiles flooring has 2 BHK priced at 2581 Lac UrapakkamChennai Project Builder Amazze Green Park Villas by Amazze Real Estate Builders Pvt Ltd 9 2 BHK Low Budget Independent House in Old Perungalathur View all units Old Perungalathur Chennai Landmark Near Tambaram West RTO Office Config 2 BHK Houses Sale type New Builtup Area 600 Sq Feet Plot Area 1000 Sq Feet Property Age 13 years Sponsored 32 Lac Property ROI 5333 Sq Feet 1 Total Floor 2 Bath Unfurnished 2 BHK New House is priced at 32 Lac in Perungalathur Chennai The House is near Lords International having total of 1 floors Project Promoter Vengateshvara Nagar by V V K Promoter Price Range Below 20L 2130L 3140L 4150L 5160L 6170L 7190L 12C Above 2C 12 verified 4 BHK Luxury Independent House in Urapakkam Urapakkam Chennai Landmark Tamil Nadu Config 4 BHK Houses Sale type Carpet Area 2200 Sq Feet Plot Area 1800 Sq Feet Property Age 510 years Premium 325 Crore Property ROI 14773 Sq Feet 1 Covered car park 2 Total Floor 5 Bath Semi furnished Rain water harvesting Corporation water ATM Visitors parking 2 more amenities Resale Individual House has 4 BHK Lights and Semi furnished This Individual House is in Ready to occupy status and possess bank approvals from HDFC Old Individual House belongs to gated community and is located in Urapakkam Chennai priced at 325 Crore Individual House is North east facing having Vitrified tiles flooring and amenities like AT Read More Owner Victor SMS 5 3 BHK Affordable Independent House in Vandalur View all units Vandalur Chennai Landmark VandalurKelambakkam Road Config 3 BHK Houses Sale type New Builtup Area 1550 Sq Feet Plot Area 1000 Sq Feet Property Age 1 year Sponsored 6599 Lac Property ROI 4257 Sq Feet 1 Covered car park 1 Total Floor 3 Bath Fully furnished Feng shui vastu Unfurnished 3 BHK House for Sale in Vandalur priced at 6599 Lac and is located near VandalurKelambakkam Road House has bank approvals from SBILIC New House is in Ready to occupy status Project Builder Raja Homes by Raja Builders 3 2 BHK Affordable Independent House in New Perungulathur New Perungulathur Chennai Landmark Sekar Mahal Config 2 BHK Houses Sale type New Builtup Area 850 Sq Feet Plot Area 1104 Sq Feet Property Age New Sponsored 50 Lac Property ROI 5882 Sq Feet 1 Covered car park 1 Total Floor 2 Bath Unfurnished Swimming pool Gym Jogging track Badminton court 5 more amenities Grab this wonderful opportunity of owning your dream residential villa in New Perungulathur Chennai It is a 2 BHK project that comprises 2 bathrooms 1 balconies The house is built with Vaastu compliant North and is spread over an area of 850 and has necessary facilities within the complex Utilize this wellequipped Feng shui vastu Gym 2 Read More Broker Akshayaam Realestate SMS 4 3 BHK Low Budget Independent Villa in Urapakkam View all units Urapakkam Chennai Config 3 BHK Villas Sale type New Builtup Area 900 Sq Feet Plot Area 700 Sq Feet Possession May 2019 Sponsored 32 Lac Property ROI 3556 Sq Feet 1 Covered car park 1 Total Floor 3 Bath Unfurnished Unfurnished 3 bedroom Villa for Sale in Urapakkam priced at 32 Lac This New Villa is CMDA approved and East facing Villa has bank approvals from ICICISBIHDFCLICIDBI New Villa is in New construction status having amenities like Feng shui vastu Residential property is in gated community having Vitrified tiles flooring Project Promoter Navratan by Nithyanandam krishnamoorthy 2 2 BHK Low Budget Independent Villa in Urapakkam View all units Urapakkam Chennai Landmark Urapakkam Config 2 BHK Villas Sale type New Builtup Area 645 Sq Feet Plot Area 1080 Sq Feet Possession Apr 2019 Sponsored 3731 Lac Property ROI 5785 Sq Feet 1 Covered car park 1 Total Floor 2 Bath Unfurnished A premier 2 BHK residential Villa is up for sale in Urapakkam Chennai It is a unit of the splendid KPN Grand project with all facilities This is Villa situated has total floor of a 1storey building With the builtup area of about 645 Sq feet the large and spacious abode has 2 bathrooms It is also Unfurnished This New construction Villa is Read More Project Builder KPN Grand by KPN Promoters Pvt Ltd 5 2 BHK Low Budget Independent Villa in GST Road GST Road Chennai Landmark Mahindra city Config 2 BHK Villas Sale type New Builtup Area 1050 Sq Feet Plot Area 750 Sq Feet Property Age New Sponsored 38 Lac Property ROI 3619 Sq Feet 1 Open car park 1 Total Floor 2 Bath Semi furnished Security Solar power Corporation water ATM 1 more amenities Grab this wonderful opportunity of owning your dream residential villa in GST Road Chennai It is a 2 BHK project that comprises 2 bathrooms 1 balconies a Pooja room The house is built with Vaastu compliant South and is spread over an area of 1050 and has necessary facilities within the complex Utilize this wellequipped Security ATM at a Read More Building Builder Mano Residency by Mano Foundations Property Developers SMS 2 BHK Luxury Independent House in Urapakkam Urapakkam Chennai Landmark bible college Config 2 BHK Houses Sale type Plot Area 1860 Sq Feet Property Age 510 years Priority 80 Lac Property ROI 4301 Sq Feet 1 Covered car park 1 Total Floor 2 Bath Unfurnished Those who wish to reside in an independent housevilla this 2 BHK Houses at the strategic locale of Urapakkam in Chennai is the best choice Comprising 2 bathrooms it is Unfurnished Established in a sprawling 1860 Sq feet of land it provides ample ventilation and natural sunlight for a healthy living Beautiful facilities help you lead a calm Read More Owner Madhusudhanan B SMS 3 2 BHK Low Budget Independent House in Urapakkam View all units Urapakkam Chennai Landmark Karanaipuduchery Main Road Config 2 BHK Houses Sale type New Builtup Area 800 Sq Feet Plot Area 1000 Sq Feet Property Age New Sponsored 35 Lac Property ROI 4375 Sq Feet 1 Total Floor 2 Bath Unfurnished Security Rain water harvesting 247 power backup Feng shui vastu 1 more amenities New Individual House has 2 bedroom and Unfurnished This Individual House is in Ready to occupy status and possess bank approvals from Others New Individual House belongs to gated community and is located in Urapakkam Chennai priced at 35 Lac Individual House has Vitrified tiles flooring and amenities like Feng shui vastuSecurity247 power b Read More Project Promoter Lakshmi Ganapathy Nagar Villa by GS Vinayaga Promoters 1 2 BHK Low Budget Independent Villa in Vandalur Vandalur Chennai Config 2 BHK Villas Sale type New Builtup Area 950 Sq Feet Plot Area 1000 Sq Feet Property Age New Sponsored 35 Lac Property ROI 3684 Sq Feet 1 Covered car park 2 Total Floor 3 Bath Fully furnished Swimming pool Gym Club house Security 14 more amenities Fully furnished 2 bedroom Villa for Sale in Vandalur priced at 35 Lac This New Villa is CMDA approved and East facing Villa has bank approvals from LIC New Villa is in Ready to occupy status having amenities like Feng shui vastuSecurityGym247 power backupATM Residential property is in gated community having Vitrified tiles flooring Broker Sriram Properties SMS 1 2 BHK Affordable Independent Villa in Vandalur Vandalur Chennai Config 2 BHK Villas Sale type New Builtup Area 1000 Sq Feet Plot Area 1200 Sq Feet Property Age New Sponsored 69 Lac Property ROI 6900 Sq Feet 1 Covered car park 1 Total Floor 2 Bath Unfurnished Security Rain water harvesting Sewage treatment Corporation water 6 more amenities Unfurnished 2 BHK Villa for Sale in Vandalur priced at 69 Lac and South facing Villa has bank approvals from HDFCLIC New Villa is in Ready to occupy status having amenities like Feng shui vastuSecurity247 power backup Residential property is in gated community having Vitrified tiles flooring Building Broker MC HOMES by VISHNU HOMES AND REALTORS SMS 2 BHK Affordable Independent House in New Perungulathur New Perungulathur Chennai Landmark Railway gate Config 2 BHK Houses Sale type New Builtup Area 1000 Sq Feet Plot Area 850 Sq Feet Property Age New Sponsored 55 Lac Property ROI 5500 Sq Feet 1 Open car park 1 Total Floor 2 Bath Unfurnished Corporation water Drainage facility Ready to occupy New House is Unfurnished Property is located near Railway gate The residential House has 2 BHK priced at 55 Lac New PerungulathurChennai Broker Pandiyan Construction SMS 4 BHK Luxury Independent House in Old Perungalathur Old Perungalathur Chennai Landmark Hindu Mission Hospital Config 4 BHK Houses Sale type Builtup Area 3000 Sq Feet Plot Area 1515 Sq Feet Property Age 13 years Sponsored 11 Crore Property ROI 3667 Sq Feet 1 Covered car park 1 Total Floor 4 Bath Semi furnished Rain water harvesting Lobby area Sewage treatment Garbage chute 6 more amenities North facing 4 BHK Resale House is priced at 11 Crore in Old Perungalathur Chennai The House is near Hindu Mission Hospital having total of 1 floors with bank approvals from ICICISBIHDFCLICIDBIOthers House belongs to gated community Ready to occupy House is Semi furnished with GeysersFansLightsChimneyModular KitchenWardrobes and othe Read More Broker AnnaiReal Estate SMS 11 2 BHK Affordable Independent House in Vandalur Vandalur Chennai Landmark Mnnivakkam extesion Config 2 BHK Houses Sale type New Builtup Area 850 Sq Feet Plot Area 1000 Sq Feet Property Age New Sponsored 45 Lac Property ROI 5294 Sq Feet 1 Covered car park 1 Total Floor 2 Bath Unfurnished Swimming pool Gym Club house Community hall 42 more amenities New Individual House has 2 bedroom and Unfurnished This Individual House is in New construction status and possess bank approvals from ICICISBIHDFCLICIDBIOthers New Individual House belongs to gated community and CMDA approved and is located in Vandalur Chennai priced at 45 Lac Individual House is North east facing having Vitrified tiles f Read More Broker Staar homes and land SMS 1 2 BHK Affordable Independent House in Vandalur Vandalur Chennai Config 2 BHK Houses Sale type New Builtup Area 1100 Sq Feet Plot Area 1400 Sq Feet Property Age New Sponsored 69 Lac Property ROI 6273 Sq Feet 1 Covered car park 1 Total Floor 2 Bath Unfurnished Security Rain water harvesting Sewage treatment Corporation water 6 more amenities North facing 2 BHK New House is priced at 69 Lac in Vandalur Chennai The House having total of 1 floors with bank approvals from HDFCLIC House belongs to gated community with amenities like Feng shui vastuSecurity247 power backup and Vitrified tiles flooring Building Broker KR HOMES by Sai Akshara Homes SMS 2 BHK Affordable Independent House in Old Perungalathur Old Perungalathur Chennai Landmark ambethkar stace Config 2 BHK Houses Sale type Builtup Area 800 Sq Feet Plot Area 1070 Sq Feet Property Age 35 years Sponsored 45 Lac Property ROI 5625 Sq Feet 1 Open car park 2 Total Floor 2 Bath Semi furnished Corporation water Drainage facility 247 power backup Those who wish to reside in an independent housevilla this 2 BHK Houses at the strategic locale of Old Perungalathur in Chennai is the best choice Comprising 2 bathrooms 1 balconies and a Pooja room it is facing East and Semi furnished Fans Lights and Vitrified tiles flooring adorn this Houses Established in a sprawling 1070 Sq feet of l Read More Broker Sri Lakshmi Promoters SMS 19 3 BHK Low Budget Independent House in Urapakkam View all units Urapakkam Chennai Landmark Arungal Village Config 3 BHK Houses Sale type New Builtup Area 994 Sq Feet Plot Area 600 Sq Feet Property Age 1 year Sponsored 3126 Lac Property ROI 3145 Sq Feet 1 Total Floor 3 Bath Unfurnished Gym Club house Security Kids Play Area 4 more amenities New House is Unfurnished Property is located near Arungal Village The residential House with Vitrified tiles flooring has 3 BHK priced at 3126 Lac UrapakkamChennai Project Builder Amazze Green Park Villas by Amazze Real Estate Builders Pvt Ltd 9 2 BHK Low Budget Independent House in Old Perungalathur View all units Old Perungalathur Chennai Landmark Near Tambaram West RTO Office Config 2 BHK Houses Sale type New Builtup Area 800 Sq Feet Plot Area 1000 Sq Feet Property Age 13 years Sponsored 355 Lac Property ROI 4438 Sq Feet 1 Total Floor 2 Bath Unfurnished Ready to occupy New House is Unfurnished Property is located near Lords International The residential House has 2 BHK priced at 355 Lac PerungalathurChennai Project Promoter Vengateshvara Nagar by V V K Promoter 5 2 BHK Low Budget Independent Villa in Urapakkam View all units Urapakkam Chennai Config 2 BHK Villas Sale type New Builtup Area 1000 Sq Feet Plot Area 700 Sq Feet Possession Jun 2019 Sponsored 34 Lac Property ROI 3400 Sq Feet 1 Covered car park 1 Total Floor 2 Bath Unfurnished Grab this wonderful opportunity of owning your dream residential villa in Urapakkam Chennai It is a 2 BHK Villa of the premium Navratan project that comprises 2 bathrooms 1 balconies a Pooja room The house is built with Vaastu compliant East and is spread over an area of 1000 and has necessary facilities within the complex Utilize this we Read More Project Promoter Navratan by Nithyanandam krishnamoorthy 2 BHK Affordable Independent House in New Perungulathur New Perungulathur Chennai Landmark Sekar Mahal Config 2 BHK Houses Sale type New Carpet Area 1100 Sq Feet Plot Area 1175 Sq Feet Property Age New Sponsored 62 Lac Property ROI 5636 Sq Feet 1 Covered car park 1 Total Floor 2 Bath Unfurnished Swimming pool Gym Club house Play Ground 2 more amenities Grab this wonderful opportunity of owning your dream residential villa in New Perungulathur Chennai It is a 2 BHK project that comprises 2 bathrooms The house is built with Vaastu compliant North and has necessary facilities within the complex Utilize this wellequipped Feng shui vastu Gym at an affordable cost With these features it is Read More Broker Akshayaam Realestate SMS 2 2 BHK Affordable Independent Villa in Urapakkam View all units Urapakkam Chennai Landmark Urapakkam Config 2 BHK Villas Sale type New Builtup Area 1100 Sq Feet Plot Area 960 Sq Feet Possession Apr 2019 Sponsored 4235 Lac Property ROI 3850 Sq Feet 1 Total Floor 2 Bath Unfurnished Security Rain water harvesting Feng shui vastu New Villa has 2 BHK and Unfurnished This Villa is in New construction status and possess bank approvals from Others New Villa belongs to gated community and is located in Urapakkam Chennai priced at 4235 Lac and amenities like Feng shui vastuSecurity landmark near Urapakkam Project Builder KPN Sri Sai Ram Nagar by KPN Promoters Pvt Ltd 3 2 BHK Affordable Independent House in Urapakkam View all units Urapakkam Chennai Landmark Karanaipuduchery Main Road Config 2 BHK Houses Sale type New Builtup Area 900 Sq Feet Plot Area 1200 Sq Feet Property Age New Sponsored 44 Lac Property ROI 4889 Sq Feet 1 Total Floor 2 Bath Unfurnished Security Rain water harvesting 247 power backup Feng shui vastu 1 more amenities This gated community House has amenities like Feng shui vastuSecurity247 power backupReady to occupy New House is Unfurnished Property is located near Karanaipuduchery Main Road The residential House with Vitrified tiles flooring has 2 BHK priced at 44 Lac UrapakkamChennai Project Promoter Lakshmi Ganapathy Nagar Villa by GS Vinayaga Promoters 1 3 BHK Affordable Independent Villa in Vandalur Vandalur Chennai Config 3 BHK Villas Sale type New Builtup Area 1400 Sq Feet Plot Area 1000 Sq Feet Property Age New Sponsored 72 Lac Property ROI 5143 Sq Feet 1 Covered car park 1 Total Floor 3 Bath Unfurnished Security Rain water harvesting Sewage treatment Corporation water 6 more amenities Unfurnished 3 bedroom Villa for Sale in Vandalur priced at 72 Lac and North facing Villa has bank approvals from HDFCLIC New Villa is in Ready to occupy status having amenities like Feng shui vastuSecurity247 power backup Residential property is in gated community having Vitrified tiles flooring Building Broker MC HOMES by VISHNU HOMES AND REALTORS SMS 1 3 BHK Affordable Independent Villa in Vandalur Vandalur Chennai Config 3 BHK Villas Sale type New Builtup Area 1250 Sq Feet Plot Area 1200 Sq Feet Property Age New Sponsored 45 Lac Property ROI 3600 Sq Feet 1 Open car park 1 Total Floor 3 Bath Fully furnished Swimming pool Gym Club house Security 10 more amenities This gated community Villa has amenities like SecurityGym247 power backupATMReady to occupy New Villa is Fully furnished with GeysersACFansDinning TableSofaTVRefrigerator and CMDA approved The residential Villa with Vitrified tiles flooring has 3 bedroom priced at 45 Lac VandalurChennai Broker Sriram Properties SMS

O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 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in Artificial consciousness Phenomenal and Access Conciousness Contents show Ned Block 1955 Ned Block is in the NYU Department of Philosophy Two types of consciousness According to Block 1 Phenomenal consciousness is experience the phenomenally conscious aspect of a state is what it is like to be in that state The mark of accessconsciousness by contrast is availability for use in reasoning and rationally guiding speech and action Block feels that it is possible to have phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness independently of each other but in general they do interact There is no generally agreed upon way of categorizing different types of consciousness Blocks distinction between phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness tries to distinguish between conscious states that either do or do not directly involve the control of thought and action Phenomenal consciousness According to Block phenomenal consciousness results from sensory experiences such as hearing smelling tasting and having pains Block groups together as phenomenal consciousness the experiences of sensations feelings perceptions thoughts wants and emotions Block excludes from phenomenal consciousness anything having to do with cognition intentionality or with properties definable in a computer program Access consciousness Access consciousness is available for use in reasoning and for direct conscious control of action and speech For Block the reportability of access consciousness is of great practical importance According to Block reportabilityis often the best practical guide to Aconsciousness Note Block often uses the terms Pconsciousness and Aconsciousness to refer to Phenomenal consciousness and Access consciousness Also access consciousness must be representational because only representational content can figure in reasoning Examples of access consciousness are thoughts beliefs and desires A potential source of confusion is that some phenomenal consciousness is also representational The key distinction to keep in mind about representational content that Block would place in the access consciousness category is that the reason it is placed in the access consciousness category is because of its representational aspect Elements of phenomenal consciousness are assigned to the phenomenal consciousness category because of their phenomenal content Reaction An immediate point of controversy for Blocks attempt to divide consciousness into the subdivisions of phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness is that many people view the mind as resulting in its entirety from fundamentally computational processes This computational view of mind implies that ALL of consciousness is definable in a computer program so Blocks attempt to describe some consciousness as phenomenal consciousness can not succeed in identifying a distinct category of conscious states As mentioned above Block feels that phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness normally interact but it is possible to have access consciousness without phenomenal consciousness In particular Block believes that zombies are possible and a robot could exist that is computationally identical to a person while having no phenomenal consciousness Similarly Block feels that you can have an animal with phenomenal consciousness but no access consciousness Block believes that we can have conscious experiences that are not possible to produce by any type of computational algorithm and that the source of such experiences is the hard problem of consciousness Blocks position with respect to consciousness is analogous to that of Vitalists who defined Life as being in a category distinct from all possible physical processes Biologists refute Vitalism by describing the physical processes that account for Life In order to refute Blocks claim about the distinction between phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness it is up to biologists and artificial consciousness researchers to describe computational algorithms that Why are some neurobiologists and computer scientists sure that Blocks dualist division of consciousness is wrong What is the source of Blocks certainty that there are noncomputational forms of consciousness One example of phenomenal consciousness discussed by Block is a loud noise that you do not consciously notice because you are paying attention to something else Block is sure that you were aware of the noise phenomenal consciousness but just not consciously aware access consciousness Many scientists would say that in this case you were not consciously aware of the noise but it is almost certain that portions of your Block stresses that he makes use of introspection to distinguish between phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness Presumably this means that when the loud noise was not noticed it was not accessed by introspection Block has thus defined a category of consciousness that is outside of our conscious awareness although he says we are aware of it in some other way and not accessed by introspection Maybe it is this inaccessibility of some cases of phenomenal consciousness that motivate Blocks idea that such forms of consciousness can not be computational When experiences are accessible to introspection and available for inclusion in Forms of phenomenal consciousness that are open to introspection In his 1995 article Block went on to discuss the more interesting cases such as if upon starting to pay attention to the load noise see above that was previously ignored the experiencer noticed that there had been some earlier experience of the noise just not of the type that we pay attention to a type of experience that had been just on the edge of access consciousness In Ned Blocks entry for Consciousness in the 2004 Oxford Companion to the Mind 2 he discusses another example that he feels distinguishes between phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness As described by Block Liss 3 performed an experiment in which he presented test subjects with visual stimuli views of 4 letters The 4 letters were shown to the test subjects in two different ways 1 long stimulus eg 40 msec followed by a second visual stumulus a mask known to make the first stimulus the letters hard to identify or 2 short eg 9 msec without a second stimulus the mask Subjects could identify 3 of the 4 letters on average in the short case but said they were weak and fuzzy In the long case they could identify only one letter but said they could see them all and that the letters were sharper brighter and higher in contrast This experiment suggests a double dissociation the short stimuli were phenomenally poor but perceptually and conceptually OK whereas the long stimuli were phenomenally sharp but perceptually or conceptually poor as reflected in the low reportability This experiment demonstrates a distinction between i reportability of names of the letters and ii perceptual sharpness of the image Blocks definitions of these two types of consciousness leads us to the conclusion that a noncomputational process can present us with phenomenal consciousness of the forms of the letters while we can imagine an additional computational algorithm for extracting the names of the letters from their form this is why computer programs can perform character recognition The ability of a computer to perform character recognition does not imply that it has phenomenal consciousness or that it need share our ability to be consciously aware of the forms of letters that it can algorithmically match to their names Reactions If Blocks distinction between phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness is correct then it has important implications for attempts by neuroscientists to identify the neural correlates of consciousness and for attempts by computer scientists to produce artificial consciousness in manmade devices such as robots In particular Block seems to suggest that noncomputational mechanisms for producing the subjective experiences of phenomenal consciousness must be found in order to account for the richness of human consciousness or for there to be a way to rationally endow manmade machines with a similarly rich scope of personal experiences of what it is like to be in conscious states Other philosophers of consciousness such as John Searle have similarly suggested that there is something fundamental about subjective experience that can not be captured by conventional computer programs Many advocates of the idea that there is a fundamentally computational basis of mind feel that the phenomenal aspects of consciousness do not lie outside of the bounds of what can be accomplished by computation 4 Some of the conflict over the importance of the distinction between phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness centers on just what is meant by terms such as computation program and algorithm In practical terms how can we know if it is within the power of computation program or algorithm to produce humanlike consciousness There is a problem of verification can we ever really know if we have a correct biological account of the mechanistic basis of conscious experience and how can we ever know if a robot has phenomenal consciousness Many neurobiologists and computer scientists feel that philosophers such as Block and Searle are overlypessimistic about the power of computation program or algorithm to produce humanlike consciousness The study of computation program algorithm and consciousness is too primitive for us to be able to trust our intuitions about exactly what is possible for computational algorithms to accomplish Further it may not matter what we call physical processes that can generate consciousness as long as we can figure out what they are and how to work with them Thus neurobiologists and computer scientists feel justified in continuing to search for the Some philosophers such as Thomas Nagel have claimed a fundamental distinction between the first person experience of consciousness and any third person account of the mechanisms by which consciousness is generated 5 If philosophers can be overlypessimistic about what neuroscientists and computer scientists can accomplish from the third person perspective they might also be overlyenthusiastic about the reliability of first person introspection Some philosophers have been fundamentally skeptical about our ability to be certain about anything we observe from the first person perspective 6 Despite any sense we me have about our inability to be be wrong about our subjective evaluations of our own consciousness it may be wise to keep an open mind and remain open to the possibility that phenomenal consciousness is not a distinct category from access consciousness For example they may be at the two ends of a continuous spectrum of consciousness for which some forms of consciousness are easier to imagine as being algorithmically generated that others The results of the experiment of Liss discussed above can have several interpretations Viewing printed letters can lead to activation of many different brain regions and brain processes Some parts of the brain that are devoted just to visual processing make heavy contributions to our ability to form a clear mental image of the shape form and color of letters These brain regions allow us to become aware of visual features but we are almost totally unable to have any introspective insight into how we become aware of shape form and color Other parts of the brain are required for Most philosophers participate in introspective efforts to understand the steps involved in their own linguistic competencies Introspection can allow us to be aware of mental processes that seem to have a linear sequence for the production of speech or lines of reasoning Computer science also has an established history of defining explicit algorithms by which strings of words can be placed in grammatically correct orders and various theorem generating programs now exist which seem to replicate some aspects of reasoning Thus introspection combined with knowledge of what computer science has and has not yet accomplished provides philosophers with certain intuitions 7 about the nature of consciousness and the nature of computation In particular Block has been led to suspect that phenomenal consciousness is fundamentally outside of the range of things that can be done with programs Block N 1995 ON A CONFUSION ABOUT A FUNCTION OF CONSCIOUSNESS Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 2 227287 Block N 2004 Consciousness in R Gregory ed Oxford Companion to the Mind second edition 2004 Liss P 1968 Does backward masking by visual noise stop stimulus processing Perception Psychophysics 4 328330 For a short account see the Wikipedia entry for phenomenal and access consciousness Charles Siewert provides a more detailed analysis in his article Consciousness and Intentionality in The Stanford Encyclopedia of the Philosophy of Mind What is it like to be a bat by Thomas Nagel in The Philosophical Review LXXXIII 4 1974 43550 On Certainty by Ludwig Wittgenstein Publisher Harper Perennial 1972 ISBN 0061316865 Güven Güzeldere described such intuition about the distinctions between phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness as segregationist intuition See The many faces of consciousness a field guide in THE NATURE OF CONCIOUSNESS PHILOSOPHICAL DEBATES Publisher The MIT Press 1997 ISBN 0262522101 Alternatives to Blocks two categories of consciousness Naturalizing consciousness A theoretical framework by Gerald M Edelman in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003 Volume 100 pages 55205524 A neuronal network model linking subjective reports and objective physiological data during conscious perception by Stanislas Dehaene Claire Sergent and JeanPierre Changeux in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003 Volume 100 pages 85208525 An information integration theory of consciousness by Giulio Tononi in BMC Neurosci 2004 5 42 A framework for consciousness by F Crick and C Koch in Nat Neurosci 2003 Volume 6 pages 119126 Consciousness by J R Searle in Annu Rev Neurosci 2000 Volume 23 pages 557578 See also This essay about Blocks division of consciousness into two distinct categories was originally written for the Consciousness studies wikibook Categories Artificial consciousness

O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


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B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Classes Tucker University If a class requires a sewing machine for your attendance it is assumed that your machine is in good working order and you know how to thread and operate it It is suggested that if you have not used your machine in awhile you should have it serviced at a sewing machine store we can recommend one Our teachers can not use valuable class time to try to repair and figure out how to operate it Featherweight Maintenance Workshop Saturday February 23 This will be an all day comprehensive workshops to teach Featherweight owners how to service and maintain your own Singer Featherweight on a regular basis The workshop will more than pay for itself because you will no longer have to pay for routine maintenance again Class members will learn Featherweight Historical Overview Proper Cleaning Oiling Lubricating Bobbin Tension Adjustments Tension Meter Adjustments Electrical Components Stitch Formation Troubleshooting 9am 5pm Please bring your lunch Instructor Victoria HermansenIvey Lagniappe Featherweights Fee 125 Enrollment is limited Please call Quilted Owl to enroll A series of classes for the Studio 180Design Tools and Techniques by Deb Tucker A great opportunity for you to hone your quilting skills When you take the Tucker U classes you will learn new techniques without making a whole quilt top You will learn to apply your new skills to other patterns that may require you to make those miserable flying geese HST squareinasquare more You will be able to Tuckerize all kinds of patterns and make your life sooo much easier You dont have to attend all of them but you just might miss something This program is intended to offer you an exciting opportunity to build your skills and accuracy In each Tucker University class a new Studio 180 Design tool is taught each month We only make 4 units so each month you can combine and create new blocks Use the same collection of fabric and you will have a coordinated sampler when youre finished when you participate in all the classes The creativity is contagious Studio 180 Tools offer Each tool offers multiple sizes one tool many possibilities Blocks finish slightly oversized so you can easily trim each one to the perfect project size There are both left and right hand instructions There are laminated technique sheets for each tool that give you additional technique options There are videos online for additional help for every tool and technique Tucker University Course 901 Diamond Rects If the Storm at Sea pattern is on your bucket list but you dont want to paper piece it the Diamond Rects has just become your best friend Once you learn how to make the Diamond Rects units you will no longer avoid what you thought was a complex technique This Technique is SMOOOOTH SAILING Saturday January 19 9am 11am Thursday January 24 9am 11am Option 1 Tool Kit 3100 With the purchase of the tool kit class fee waived Option 2 You already have the Tucker Diamond Rect No Problem Class Fee 15 plus purchase of Design Sheet No discounts on Tucker merchandise Regular class discounts apply to other supplies used for classes These classes will be a great opportunity for you to to improve your quilting skills Sign up soon for space will be limited Register for classes as soon as possible to insure your place and to fulfill enrollment requirement In order to receive a full class fee refund we require a 24 hour cancellation notification if you are unable to attend class In classes with multiple sessions makeup classes are the responsibility of the student Makeup classes must be mutually agreed upon between student and instructor We reserve the right to cancel a class if we do not have a minimum enrollment If we cancel a class you will receive a full refund

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


x Adopt Ragdoll Cats in Maryland Filter Viggo m 19010400303 Ragdoll Meet handsome Viggorehoming for a Ragdoll breederViggo is a 2 year old lilac male purebred Ragdoll scheduled Read more Charles County Waldorf MD 1 of 2 Beijing f 18120600359 Ragdoll mix We are very sad to be looking for a new home for our 12 year old cat Beijing We purchased her from a breeder when Read more Montgomery County Boyds MD 2 of 2 This map shows how many Ragdoll Cats are posted in other states Click on a number to view those needing rescue in that state Recent Adoptions Read Success Stories Ragdoll Rescue Maryland Animal Rescue

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in Map Biomes Swamp Comments Swamp Location west The swamp is located at the westcoast Categories Map Biomes


Q How do I create an audio recording for my class assignment Answered By Kate Anderson Business Librarian Dec 12 2018 6947 There are many ways you can create audiosound recordings Here are a few of the most popular methods Record on your computer If you have a microphone on your computer here are 3 options PowerPoint Sound Recorder and Audacity PowerPoint 1 In your PowerPoint presentation select Insert Audio Record Audio 2 Name the recording 3 Press the record button to begin recording 4 Press the stop button to finalize the recording 5 Press the play button to listen to your recording 6 Press OK to insert the recording into your PowerPoint You will notice a speakerrecording icon now appears within your slideshow Click on it to move it andor play the recording 7 Follow the steps provided by Microsoft to learn more about playback options 8 Watch this video for stepbystep instructions for inserting audio into PowerPoint presentations 8 Remember to save your PowerPoint Sound RecorderVoice Recorder Sound Recorder is both an app and a desktop application for Windows computers Search your computer for Sound Recorder or Voice Recorder if you have Windows 10 It can often be found in the start menu under accessories Detailed instructions for recording using Sound Recorder Detailed instructions for recording using Voice Recorder Audacity Audacity is a free downloadable audio software for Windows Mac and GNULinux operating systems Learn more about Audacity Record on your smartphone If you dont have a microphone on your computer or if you find it easier use your smartphone to record There are many options on your smartphone for creating a recording and options vary depending on the type of phone you have its operating system and apps Often the simplest method is to 1 Open a new text message 2 Press the record button to record your voice 3 Send the audio text to your email account 4 The text will show up in your email account along with a file of your recording Save that file to your computer If these instructions do not work for your phone try Googling the type of phone you have along with audio recording to find additional instructions for example iPhone 7 and audio recording If you have additional questions about recording audio please contact the Personal Support Center PSC Call 866 6932211 Email helppersonalsupportcentercom Chat with the Rasmussen Library Chat is currently offline for the Holidays Chat will resume normal hours on Wednesday January 2nd MondayThursday 12pm8pm CT Friday Offline Saturday Offline Sunday 4pm8pm CT Chat Expectations and Guidelines Submit a Question Submit Your Question Question More DetailExplanation Your Info Rasmussen Email Address so we can send you the answer Your Name Who are you I am part of the School of Receive an email confirmation of your submission Fields marked with are required

O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Rawmbas believes in serving healthy nutritious 100 gluten free classic fast food meals that are vegan and pleasing to the heart literally

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ReadyMade Pub Quiz Quiz 124 Round 5 Pop Music May 15 2017 Charlie Pop quiz questions and answers Music quiz questions with a pop theme 1 Bananarama recently announced a comeback with the three original members of the band Can you name them First names sufficient Sara Dallin Siobhan Fahey and Keren Woodward 2 Which was the first Wham single to reach number one in the UK Wake Me Up Before You GoGo 3 Which French duo have had hits entitled Da Funk One More Time and Get Lucky Daft Punk 4 Which famous Hollywood actor danced in the video to Fatboy Slims 2001 pop video Weapon of Choice Christopher Walken 5 Which X Factor winner enjoyed the Christmas number one slot in 2014 with a cover of OneRepublics Something I Need Ben Haenow 6 Nicole Scherzinger is probable the most famous member of the Pussycat Dolls to us in the UK Can you name any two other members of the band Any two of Carmit Bachar Ashley Roberts Jessica Sutta Melody Thornton and Kimberly Wyatt 7 Which Scottish singersongwriter links Bronski Beat and The Communards Jimmy Somerville He was in both 8 What was the title of Janet Jackson and Michael Jacksons 1995 duet Scream 9 Which English singer has to date released three studio albums all with mathematical symbols as their titles Ed Sheeran x and 10 Name the three original members of boy band Bros Matt Goss Luke Goss and Craig Logan To download the pop quiz questions and answers as a PDF contestant question paper please click on the grey box below Quiz 124 Round 5 Pop Music Tagged Music Quiz 124 Round 6 Art and Literature Quiz 124 Round 4 Mobile Phones

O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


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Is

There

Really

a

Difference

Between

Casual

Dating

and

a

Committed

Relationship

Previous

Next

Is

There

Really

a

Difference

Between

Casual

Dating

and

a

Committed

Relationship

So

you

are

dating

a

terrific

person

should

you

try

to

progress

from

casual

dating

to

a

committed

relationship

or

just

leave

it

alone

In

this

day

and

age

is

there

really

a

difference

between

casual

dating

and

a

committed

relationship

Well

in

todays

society

a

romantic

relationship

is

often

characterized

by

a

title

In

other

words

the

seriousness

of

a

relationship

is

based

on

whether

the

individuals

are

casual

dating

or

in

a

committed

relationship

Most

of

the

time

casual

dating

also

known

as

friends

with

benefits

suggests

that

the

relationship

is

not

very

serious

In

a

casual

dating

situation

you

may

be

dating

multiple

people

are

you

may

be

concentrating

on

the

person

you

are

casually

dating

You

may

see

each

other

occasionally

ie

weekends

or

every

couple

of

weeks

or

you

may

see

each

other

every

day

or

the

majority

of

the

week

Moreover

casual

dating

may

or

may

not

include

sex

The

exact

definition

and

rules

of

casual

dating

depend

on

you

and

your

partner

and

is

based

on

your

wants

needs

and

expectations

Conversely

a

committed

relationship

suggests

that

you

are

in

a

monogamous

relationship

In

other

words

you

are

completely

committed

to

one

another

In

this

situation

you

are

solely

focused

on

one

another

You

are

not

dating

anyone

else

In

the

majority

of

cases

couples

that

are

in

a

serious

committed

relationship

are

interested

in

a

possible

future

together

ie

marriage

children

andor

a

longterm

romantic

partnership

It

is

important

to

note

that

both

types

of

relationships

have

their

advantages

and

disadvantages

No

relationship

is

better

than

the

other

What

really

matters

is

what

type

of

relationship

is

best

for

you

If

you

are

wondering

if

there

really

is

a

difference

between

casual

dating

and

a

committed

relationship

you

have

come

to

the

right

place

This

blog

will

help

you

determine

if

you

are

ready

to

take

the

next

step

in

your

relationship

Seriousness

of

the

Relationship

In

order

to

be

in

a

committed

relationship

both

you

and

your

partner

need

to

agree

to

be

serious

with

one

another

In

other

others

you

need

to

invest

your

time

energy

love

support

and

affection

towards

your

partner

When

you

enter

into

a

serious

committed

relationship

your

main

goal

is

to

develop

a

strong

foundation

that

will

last

throughout

time

A

committed

couple

trusts

respects

loves

supports

values

and

uplifts

one

another

This

couple

communicates

and

sees

each

other

on

a

regular

basis

They

are

also

heavily

involved

in

each

others

lives

For

instance

a

couple

in

a

serious

relationship

knows

each

others

friends

relatives

preferences

hang

out

locations

likes

and

dislikes

work

location

hobbies

etc

Even

if

they

have

never

met

their

partners

friends

andor

family

they

still

feel

like

they

know

them

due

to

hearing

stories

about

them

It

is

also

not

uncommon

to

have

met

each

others

parents

andor

loved

ones

This

couple

may

be

working

towards

a

future

together

ie

engagement

marriage

and

a

family

On

the

other

hand

a

couple

who

is

casually

dating

may

not

have

as

many

expectations

ie

longterm

partnership

engagement

marriage

andor

a

In

a

casual

dating

situation

you

may

or

may

not

communicate

andor

see

each

other

on

a

daily

or

weekly

basis

In

fact

you

may

only

see

each

other

occasionally

In

addition

you

may

not

have

met

each

others

family

andor

friends

Moreover

the

relationship

may

consist

purely

of

sex

It

is

also

important

to

note

that

there

may

be

feelings

of

detachment

although

you

may

be

really

good

friends

Furthermore

it

is

not

uncommon

to

start

off

casually

dating

only

to

find

out

that

you

have

more

in

common

then

you

originally

thought

In

these

situations

casual

dating

often

Monogamy

vs

Causal

Dating

One

of

the

main

differences

between

a

serious

committed

relationship

and

causal

dating

is

that

individuals

in

a

committed

relationship

tend

to

be

monogamous

In

other

words

you

do

not

date

other

people

In

a

casual

dating

relationship

you

are

not

required

to

be

monogamous

In

fact

you

can

date

multiple

people

if

you

so

choose

or

you

can

just

date

each

other

It

is

important

to

note

that

casual

dating

can

lead

to

unfulfilled

romantic

feelings

It

can

also

lower

your

selfesteem

if

you

are

not

mentally

and

emotionally

prepared

for

a

temporary

lowkey

nonserious

relationship

In

fact

a

Although

many

enter

into

a

casual

dating

situation

lamenting

commitments

there

is

always

a

possibility

that

one

of

the

casual

daters

will

fall

in

love

and

be

hurt

when

the

feelings

are

not

returned

In

a

committed

relationship

there

is

always

the

risk

that

you

are

more

invested

in

the

relationship

then

your

partner

If

both

of

you

are

not

committed

to

the

relationship

there

is

the

risk

of

infidelity

and

betrayal

There

is

also

the

risk

of

investing

trust

and

love

into

the

relationship

later

to

realize

that

the

two

of

you

are

not

compatible

In

other

words

Emotional

and

Physical

Intimacy

Regardless

of

whether

you

are

in

a

committed

relationship

or

a

casual

dating

relationship

there

is

a

good

chance

you

are

or

will

be

having

sex

The

primary

difference

between

these

two

types

of

relationships

is

that

casual

daters

can

have

sex

with

multiple

people

without

cheating

on

anyone

In

other

words

you

are

not

required

to

be

faithful

to

one

person

In

a

committed

relationship

you

both

agree

to

restrict

your

sexual

relations

with

other

people

In

other

words

you

are

not

allowed

to

participate

in

sexual

activities

with

other

people

In

most

cases

there

is

a

deeper

sexual

Trust

love

and

respect

tend

to

be

stronger

in

committed

relationships

Why

Well

in

a

committed

relationship

both

individuals

are

invested

in

the

relationship

In

other

words

you

are

looking

to

build

a

foundation

with

you

partner

that

could

possible

lead

to

a

longterm

relationship

ie

marriage

andor

a

family

You

care

about

each

others

feelings

both

in

bed

and

out

of

it

Moreover

in

most

cases

you

are

in

love

or

on

their

way

to

being

in

love

You

care

for

one

another

deeply

Furthermore

you

are

able

to

experience

both

emotional

and

sexual

satisfaction

because

you

know

Casual

daters

often

want

to

have

fun

and

date

around

They

are

not

interested

in

being

tied

down

to

one

person

indefinitely

This

type

of

dating

situation

provides

you

with

an

opportunity

to

hang

out

go

places

and

have

fun

with

other

couples

without

the

restrictions

and

obligations

associated

with

a

committed

relationship

In

addition

casual

daters

tend

to

be

younger

individuals

ie

older

teens

and

young

adults

while

those

in

a

longterm

committed

relationship

tend

to

be

older

and

more

experienced

in

life

and

relationships

It

is

important

to

note

that

younger

individuals

can

also

be

in

successful

committed

Staff

Writer

Dr

R

Y

Langham

Grohol

J

M

Friends

with

benefits

Psych

Central

Retrieved

from

Williams

A

Casual

relationships

yes

Casual

sex

not

really

The

New

York

Times

Retrieved

from

By

admin

June

Relationship

News

Comments

Off

About

the

Author

admin

O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Renato Stabile Monday August 10 2015 Contempt of Court in New York Civil Contempt v Criminal Contempt and the privilege against selfincrimination Judge Rayford Mr Kirkland you are out of order Arthur Kirkland Youre out of order Youre out of order The whole trial is out of order Theyre out of order And Justice for All 1979 While everyone has heard of being in contempt of court this article discusses the legal principles of contempt proceedings the differences between civil and criminal contempt and the privilege against selfincrimination in a contempt proceeding Civil Contempt v Criminal Contempt There are two types of contempt of court civil contempt and criminal contempt Although the same act may be punishable as both a civil and a criminal contempt the two types of contempt serve different purposes and have different requirements 1 Civil Contempt A civil contempt is one where the rights of an individual have been harmed by the contemnors failure to obey a court order Any penalty imposed is designed not to punish but rather to compensate the injured private party or to coerce compliance with the courts mandate or both Matter of Department of Envtl Protection of City of NY v Department of Envtl Conservation of State of NY 70 NY2d 233 239 519 NYS2d 539 513 NE2d 706 1987 Imposing a civil contempt sanction as a solely punitive measure is in a sense an aberration from the generally recognized distinction between criminal and civil contempt and the function of civil contempt NA Dev Co v Jones 99 AD2d 238 240 472 NYS2d 363 365 1st Dept 1984 see also State v Unique Ideas Inc 44 NY2d 345 348 45 NYS2d 656 658 1978 unlike criminal contempt where deterrence is the aim civil contempt must be remedial in nature and effect Moran v Philmont 147 AD2d 230 235 542 NYS2d 873 876 3d Dept 1989 fine for civil contempt must be remedial in nature and designed only to compensate the aggrieved party A courts power to punish for civil contempt is found in New York Judiciary Law 753 which lists the circumstances in which a person may be held in civil contempt including misbehavior or disobedience by an officer of the court attorney clerk sheriff etc a party posting fictitious bail or a fictitious surety or any other deceit nonpayment of certain sums of money rescuing property or impeding testimony without authority refusing to obey a subpoena improper communications by a juror disobedience of a higher court by a lower court any other case where civil contempt has traditionally been used New York CPLR 5251 also establishes that refusal or willful neglect of any person to obey a subpoena or restraining notice false swearing upon an examination or in answering written questions and willful defacing or removal of a posted notice of sale before the time fixed for the sale shall each be punishable as a contempt of court New York Domestic Relations Law 245 authorizes the use of civil contempt proceedings to enforce a money judgment in a divorce case The three elements of of civil contempt are 1 a lawful judicial order expressing an unequivocal mandate must have been in effect and disobeyed 2 the party to be held in contempt must have had knowledge of the order and 3 prejudice to the rights of a party to the litigation must be demonstrated McCain v Dinkins 84 NY2d 216 226 616 NYS2d 335 341 639 NE2d 1132 1138 1994 The third element prejudice is usually the most difficult element to prove but failing to demonstrate prejudice is fatal to a contempt motion See Matter of Peer 50 AD3d 1511 1512 856 NYS2d 385 387 4th Dept 2008 contempt motion denied where there was no showing of prejudice based on delay in producing documentation and information ElDehdan v ElDehdan 114 AD3d 4 12 978 NYS2d 239 246 2d Dept 2013 for civil contempt there must be a finding that a right or remedy of a party to a civil action or special proceeding pending in the court may be defeated impaired impeded or prejudicedthe element of prejudice to a partys rights is essential to civil contempt The standard of proof to find someone in civil contempt is reasonable certainty Matter of McCormick v Axelrod 59 NY2d 574 583 466 NYS2d 279 283 453 NE2d 508 513 1983 Matter of Hynes v Hartman 63 AD2d 1 406 NYS 2d 818 1st Dept 1978 An application to punish for civil contempt may be made by order to show cause pursuant to New York Judiciary Law 756 New York law permits the party in contempt to purge the contempt by performing the act required or by undoing or reversing the acts constituting the contempt Silverstein v Aldrich 76 AD2d 911 429 NYS2d 41 2d Dept 1980 Chue v Clark 46 Misc 3d 973 989 999 NYS2d 676 688 SCt Monroe County 2014 see also Dankner v Steefel 41 AD3d 526 528 838 NYS2d 601 604 2d Dept 2007 court should have provided opportunity to purge contempt Pronti v Allen 13 AD3d 1034 1036 787 NYS2d 470 472 3d Dept 2004 contemnor generally allowed an opportunity to purge the contempt by performing the act required The penalties for civil contempt pursuant to Judiciary Law 774 include imprisonment until the act is performed if within the offenders power a fine discussed below if the act has been performed no more than 3 months to pay a fine less than 500 if the act has been performed no more than 6 months to pay a fine more than 500 With regard to imprisonment Judiciary Law 775 provides that Where the commitment was made to punish a contempt of court committed with respect to an enforcement procedure under the civil practice law and rules and the offender has purged himself of contempt as provided in section seven hundred seventytwo or seven hundred seventythree of this article the court out of which the execution was issued shall make an order directing him to be discharged from the imprisonment With regard to the fine Judiciary Law 773 authorizes the imposition of two different types of fines First where actual loss or injury has resulted from a partys misconduct a fine may be imposed sufficient to indemnify the aggrieved party Second where it is not shown that an actual loss or injury has been cause a fine may be imposed not exceeding the amount of the complainants costs and expenses plus 250 See Judiciary Law 773 State v Unique Ideas Inc 44 NY2d 345 349 405 NYS2d 656 658 376 NE2d 1301 1303 1978 Unlike fines for criminal contempt where deterrence is the goal civil contempt fines must be remedial in nature and effect The award should be formulated not to punish an offender but solely to compensate or indemnify private complainants Id No fine may be imposed unless there has been a finding of contempt See Van Nostrand v Town of Denning 203 AD2d 687 610 NYS2d 356 357 3d Dept 1994 no finding of contempt having been made there was no basis for the imposition of a fine see Matter of Bender Bodnar v Buell 143 AD2d 661 662 533 NYS2d 17 2d Dept 1988 see also Bank of Am NA v Sigo Mfr LLC 2012 NY Misc LEXIS 99 SCt Albany County 2012 fine consisting of Plaintiffs costs in bringing contempt motion waived if contempt purged If however the Court makes a finding of civil contempt and imposes a fine for costs and expenses the prevailing party is required to submit an affidavit that specifies in detail the time spent the hourly rate and the nature and extent of the services rendered See Young Woo Assoc LLC v Kim 2012 NY Misc LEXIS 6413 9 2012 NY Slip Op 33437U SCt New York County 2012 citing Blau v Blau 309 AD2d 672 673 766 NYS2d 347 1st Dept 2003 citing Skidelsky v Skidelsky 279 AD2d 356 719 NYS2d 88 1st Dept 2001 See also Vider v Vider 85 AD3d 906 908 925 NYS2d 189 192 2d Dept 2011 where no showing of actual damages resulting from contempt fine capped at 250 A prevailing party bears the burden of showing by sufficient evidence that the attorneys fees sought are reasonable and the Court has the discretion to determine that the amount of any legal fees is reasonable Young Woo Assoc LLC v Kim 2012 NY Misc LEXIS 6413 9 2 Criminal Contempt Criminal contempt can be punished under both the Judiciary Law and New Yorks Penal Law Criminal Contempt Under the Judiciary Law A criminal contempt under the Judiciary Law involves an offense against judicial authority and is utilized to protect the integrity of the judicial process and to compel respect for its mandates Unlike civil contempt the aim in a criminal contempt proceeding is solely to punish the contemnor for disobeying a court order the penalty imposed being punitive rather than compensatory State v Unique Ideas Inc 44 NY2d 345 349 405 NYS2d 656 658 376 NE2d 1301 1303 1978 A courts power to punish for criminal contempt found in Judiciary Law 750 lists the circumstances in which a person may be held in criminal contempt including disorderly contemptuous or insolent behavior in the presence of the court disturbances which interrupt the court proceedings willful disobedience of a lawful mandate willful resistance of a lawful mandate refusal to be sworn as a witness or answer questions publication of false or grossly inaccurate reports of court proceedings failure to respond to a jury summons unlawful practice of law The elements for criminal contempt are similar to civil contempt except that no showing of prejudice is needed since the right of the private parties to the litigation is not the controlling factor in criminal contempt Courts have also recognized the degree of willfulness as another distinguishing element between civil and criminal contempt To be found guilty of criminal contempt the contemnor must be shown to have violated the order with a higher degree of willfulness than is required in a civil contempt proceeding See Matter of Department of Envtl Protection of City of NY v Department of Envtl Conservation of State of NY 70 NY2d 233 240 519 NYS2d 539 542 513 NE2d 706 709 1987 citing Matter of McCormick v Axelrod 59 NY2d 574 583 For example Judiciary Law 753 a1 civil contempt authorizes a finding of civil contempt for disobedience to a lawful mandate of the court In comparison Judiciary Law 750 criminal contempt authorizes a court to punish for willful disobedience to its lawful mandate emphasis supplied But see New York CPLR 5251 willful neglect of any person to obey a subpoena and willful defacing or removal of a posted notice of sale before the time fixed for the sale shall each be punishable as a contempt of court see also Judiciary Law 753 a1 civil contempt for willful neglect of judicial duty Judiciary Law 753 a4 civil contempt for willfully preventing or disabling from attending or testifying a witness or party to an action The standard of proof for criminal contempt is proof beyond a reasonable doubt County of Rockland v Civil Serv Emples Assn 62 NY2d 11 14 475 NYS2d 817 818 464 NE2d 121 122 1984 The applicable standard of proof to establish criminal contempt is proof beyond a reasonable doubt Young v United States ex rel Vuitton Et Fils S A 481 US 787 79899 107 S Ct 2124 2133 95 L Ed 2d 740 753 1987 listing the procedural rights of defendants in criminal contempt proceedings including proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt But a 1987 Court of Appeals decision decided after the United States Supreme Court decided Young suggested that the standard of proof for criminal contempt is the same as for civil contempt reasonable certainty See Matter of Department of Envtl Protection of City of NY v Department of Envtl Conservation of State of NY 70 NY2d 233 240 519 NYS2d 539 542 513 NE2d 706 709 1987 To sustain a finding of either civil or criminal contempt based on an alleged violation of a court order it is necessary to establish that a lawful order of the court clearly expressing an unequivocal mandate was in effect supra at 583 It must also appear with reasonable certainty that the order has been disobeyed citing Pereira v Pereira 35 NY2d 301 308 361 NYS2d 148 154 319 NE2d 413 418 1974 see also Odimgbe v Dockery 153 Misc 2d 584 582 NYS2d 909 NYC Civil Ct Kings County 1992 noting that the standard for both civil and criminal contempt was the same that of reasonable certainty citing Matter of Department of Envtl Protection of City of NY v Department of Envtl Conservation of State of NY The penalties for criminal contempt pursuant to New York Judiciary Law 751 include a fine of up to 1000 30 days in jail 3 months in jail for violating an order of protection Ironically the penalties for criminal contempt are less severe than the penalties for civil contempt If a person is summarily imprisoned for either civil or criminal contempt committed in the presence of the court the reasons must be stated in writing and are reviewable in an Article 78 proceeding See New York Judiciary Law 752 and 755 If there is a finding of contempt following a full hearing and an adequate record is established the contempt finding may be challenged in a direct appeal See People v Clinton 42 AD2d 815 346 NYS2d 345 345346 3d Dept 1972 direct appeal where an adequate record exists Criminal Contempt Under The Penal Law Criminal contempt under the Penal Law is a crime conviction for which can result in the severe consequences common to all criminal convictions Criminal contempt can be prosecuted by the State as a criminal offense A misdemeanor under New York Penal Law 21550 criminal contempt in the second degree which mostly tracks the language of Judiciary Law 750 for the same conduct and adds a prohibition against protesting in front of a courthouse concerning a trial taking place To make matters worse Penal Law 21554 specifically authorizes a prosecution for criminal contempt under Penal Law 21550 following a finding of contempt under Judiciary Law 750 Notwithstanding this possibility of dual findings of criminal contempt Judiciary Law 776 requires that any punishment under the Penal Law must take into consideration a previous punishment under the Judiciary Law More serious forms of criminal contempt include refusal to be sworn as a grand jury witness which is an E felony pursuant to Penal Law 21551 criminal contempt in the first degree as is disobeying an order of protection There is also a crime of aggravated criminal contempt D felony pursuant to Penal Law 21552 which addresses repeated contempt violations All of the procedural rights that apply to any criminal prosecution jury trial right to counsel etc apply to criminal prosecutions for criminal contempt A Person May Not Be Held In Contempt for Asserting His Privilege Against SelfIncrimination A fair amount of contempt litigation involves a subpoenaed witnesss refusal to answer questions based on the privilege against selfincrimination New York CPLR 5251 establishes that refusal or willful neglect of any person to obey a subpoena shall each be punishable as a contempt of court See also Judiciary Law 750 A5 Judiciary Law 753 A5 New York Penal Law 21550 A4 A witness may properly assert his privilege against selfincrimination during either a civil or criminal proceeding Lefkowitz v Turley 414 US 70 77 94 SCt 316 38 LEd2d 274 1973 explaining that the Fifth Amendment permits an individual not to answer official questions put to him in any proceeding civil or criminal formal or informal where the answer might incriminate him A party may not be held in contempt for asserting the privilege against selfincrimination See ElDehdan v ElDehdan 114 AD3d at 13 978 NYS2d at 253 The defendant correctly contends that a party may not be held in criminal contempt solely for a justified assertion of the Fifth Amendment privilege County of Orange v Rodriguez 283 AD2d 494 724 NYS2d 477 2d Dept 2001 it is well settled that a party may not be held in contempt based upon his or her good faith invocation of the Fifth Amendment privilege against selfincrimination in response to questions posed at a hearing citing United States v Rylander 460 US 752 760 1983 United States v Edgerton 734 F2d 913 2d Cir1984 Federal Deposit Ins Corp v Salesman Unlimited Agency Corp 101 AD2d 876 2d Dept 1984 see also Ryder v Harris 93 AD2d 971 972 463 NYS2d 76 3d Dept 1983 annulling contempt finding and sentence of incarceration where witness asserted Fifth Amendment privilege against selfincrimination Matter of Solerwitz v Signorelli 183 AD2d 718 719 583 NYS2d 296 2d Dept 1992 criminal contempt sanction improper where attorney was directed to turn over estate assets to the Surrogates Court and the attorney asserted the privilege in response to the question of what had become of the assets The Supreme Court has held that the Fifth Amendment guarantee must be broadly construed to serve the right it was designed to protect Arndstein v McCarthy 254 US 71 7273 41 SCt 26 2627 65 LEd 138 1920 Counselman v Hitchcock 142 US 547 562 12 SCt 195 197 35 LEd 1110 1892 The privilege extends not only to those disclosures that in and of themselves would support a conviction but also to those that might furnish a link in the chain of evidence needed to prosecute the claimant for a federal crime United States v Lumpkin 192 F3d 280 285 2d Cir 1999 quoting Hoffman v United States 341 US 479 486 71 SCt 814 95 LEd 1118 1951 This also applies to the act of production privilege against selfincrimination See CVL Real Estate Holding Co LLC v Weinstein 35 Misc 3d 1215A 951 NYS2d 85 SCt New York County 2012 discussing act of production privilege in context of contempt motion relying on United States v Doe 465 US 605 104 S Ct 1237 79 L Ed 2d 552 1984 The Second Circuit has held that even where the risk of criminal prosecution is slight or remote a witness may properly assert his privilege against selfincrimination since it is not for the trial judge to assess the practical possibility that prosecution would result from incriminatory answers Such assessment is impossible to make because it depends on the discretion exercised by a United States Attorney or his successor United States v Miranti 253 F2d 135 138 2d Cir 1958 holding that witness can invoke his privilege against selfincrimination where practically there is only a slight possibility of prosecution See also In re Folding Carton Antitrust Litigation 609 F2d 867 871 7th Cir 1979 privilege against selfincrimination is available even where the risk of criminal prosecution is remote Determining whether the privilege is available in given circumstances thus involves essentially a factual inquiry OSRecovery Inc v One Groupe Intl Inc 262 FSupp2d 302 306 SDNY 2003 A judge must determine from the implications of the question in the setting in which it is asked whether a responsive answer to the question or an explanation of why it can not be answered might be dangerous because injurious disclosure could result Id citation omitted In assessing the validity of an assertion of Fifth Amendment privilege the court must look to all of the circumstances of the case and be governed as much by personal perceptions of the peculiarities of the case as by the facts actually in evidence GD Searle Co v Interstate Drug Exchange Inc 117 FRD 495 500 EDNY 1987 citing Hoffman 341 US at 486 The court may order a witness to answer if it clearly appears he is mistaken as to the justification for the privilege or is advancing his claim as a subterfuge GD Searle Co 117 FRD at 500 internal cite omitted In making this determination and when the incriminatory potential of a discovery request is not clear on its face an in camera conference is consonant with the notion that a witness need not surrender the very protection that the privilege is designed to guarantee in order to invoke it Hoffman 341 US at 486 71 SCt at 818 The Supreme Court has repeatedly looked with favor upon the practice of in camera review of various privileges against disclosure See United States v Zolin 491 US 554 109 SCt 2619 2629 105 LEd2d 469 1989 in camera review of applicability of crimefraud exception to attorneyclient privilege Kerr v United States District Court 426 US 394 406 96 SCt 2119 48 LEd2d 725 1976 suggesting that in camera review is a highly appropriate and useful means of dealing with claims of governmental privilege Of course any assertion of the privilege against selfincrimination must be in good faith See Federal Deposit Ins Corp v Salesmen Unlimited Agency Corp 101 AD2d 876 2d Dept 1984 The Second Department has noted that a court may sanction a party for refusing to answer questions where there is no showing of a good faith basis for invoking the privilege against selfincrimination ElDehdan 114 AD3d at 22 Posted by Renato Stabile at 1145 AM Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Older Post Subscribe to Post Comments Atom

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