Penny United States coin From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Penny United States Value 001 US Dollars Mass 25 g 008 troy oz Diameter 1905 mm 075 in Thickness 152 mm 00598 in Edge Plain Composition 1982present copper plated zinc 975 Zn 25 Cu Years of minting 1793present Catalog number Obverse Design Abraham Lincoln Designer Victor D Brenner Design date 1909 Reverse Design Union Shield Designer Lyndall Bass Design date 2010present The United States one cent coin often called the penny is a unit of currency equaling one onehundredth of a United States dollar The cents symbol is Its obverse has featured the profile of President Abraham Lincoln since 1909 the centennial of his birth From 1959 the sesquicentennial of Lincolns birth to 2008 the reverse featured the Lincoln Memorial Four different reverse designs in 2009 honored Lincolns 200th birthday and a new permanent reverse the Union Shield was introduced in 2010 The coin is 075 inches 1905 mm in diameter and 00598 inches 152 mm in thickness Its weight has varied depending upon the composition of metals used in its production see further below The US Mint s official name for the coin is cent and the US Treasurys official name is one cent piece The colloquial term penny derives from the British coin of the same name the predecimal version of which had a similar place in the British system In American English pennies is the plural form The plural form pence standard in British English is not used in reference to American coins Although the coins abolition has been proposed because it is now worth very little there are currently no firm plans to eliminate the penny As of 2015 based on the US Mint Annual Report released for 2014 it costs the US Mint 167 cents down from 241 cents in 2011 and 183 cents in 2013 to make one cent because of the cost of materials production and distribution This figure includes the Mints fixed components for distribution and fabrication as well as Mint overhead allocated to the penny Fixed costs and overhead would have to be absorbed by other circulating coins without the penny The loss from producing the one cent coin in the United States for the year of 2013 was 55000000 This was a slight decrease from 2012 the year before which had a production loss of 58000000 Contents 1 History of composition 2 Designs 3 Lincoln cent 31 History 311 Reverse design 3111 Wheat cent 19091958 3112 Lincoln Memorial cent 19592008 3113 Lincoln Bicentennial cents 2009 3114 Union shield cent 2010present 312 Capped cents 313 Composition 32 Matte Proof Lincolns 1909 to 1916 33 Mint errors specific to Lincoln cents 4 Toxicity 5 Numismatics and regulations 6 Metal content and manufacturing costs 7 See also 71 Other denominations 8 9 External links History of composition Years Material Weight grains Weight grams 17931795 100 copper 208 grains 1348 17951857 100 copper 168 grains 1089 18561864 88 copper 12 nickel also known as NS12 72 grains 467 18641942 bronze 95 copper 5 tin and zinc 48 grains 311 1943 zinccoated steel also known as 1943 steel cent 42 grains 272 19441946 brass shell case copper 95 copper 5 zinc 48 grains 311 19471962 bronze 95 copper 5 tin and zinc 48 grains 311 19621982 brass 95 copper 5 zinc 48 grains 311 1982present copperplated zinc 975 zinc 25 copper 386 grains 25 In honor of Lincolns 200th anniversary special 2009 cents were minted for collectors in the same composition as the 1909 coins The isotope composition of early coins spanning the period 1828 to 1843 reflects the copper from Cornish ores from England while coins after 1850 reflect the Keweenaw Peninsula Michigan ores a finding consistent with historical records In 1943 at the peak of World War II zinccoated steel cents were made for a short time because of war demands for copper A few copper cents from 1943 were produced from the 1942 planchets remaining in the bins Similarly some 1944 steel cents have been confirmed From 1944 to 1946 salvaged ammunition shells made their way into the minting process and it was not uncommon to see coins featuring streaks of brass or having a considerably darker finish than other issues During the early 1970s the price of copper rose to the point where the cent contained almost one cents worth of copper This led the Mint to test alternative metals including aluminum and bronze clad steel Aluminum was chosen and over 15 million of these pennies were struck and ready for public release before ultimately being rejected The proposed aluminum pennies were rejected for two reasons vending machine owners complained the coins would cause mechanical problems and pediatricians and pediatric radiologists pointed out that the radiodensity of the metal inside the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts was close to that of soft tissue and the coins would therefore be difficult to detect in Xray imaging One aluminum cent was donated to the Smithsonian Institution The cents composition was changed in 1982 because the value of the copper in the coin started to rise above one cent Some 1982 pennies used the 975 zinc composition while others used the 95 copper composition With the exception of 2009 bicentennial cents minted specifically for collectors United States cents minted after 1982 have been zinc with copper plating In Fiscal Year FY 2013 the average onecent piece minted cost the US Mint 183 cents down from 241 cents apiece in FY 2011 The bronze and copper cents can be distinguished from the newer zinc cents by dropping the coins on a solid surface The predominantly zinc coins make a lowerpitched clunk while the copper coins produce a higherpitched ringing sound In addition a full 50cent roll of pre19823 coins weighs 54 oz compared to a post198283 roll which weighs 44 oz Mintage figures for the Lincoln cent can be found at Lincoln cent mintage figures Designs The coin has gone through several designs over its twohundredyear time frame Until 1857 it was about the size of the current US dollar coins Susan B Anthony through present dollars A 1937 Wheat cent Proof Lincoln cent with cameo effect obverse Obverse side of a cent after 17 years of circulation Detail of reverse showing Lincoln statue inside the memorial The following types of cents have been produced Large cents Flowing Hair Chain 1793 Flowing Hair Wreath 1793 Liberty Cap 17931796 Draped bust 17961807 Classic Head 18081814 Coronet 18161839 Braided Hair 18391857 1868 not a regular issue Small cents Flying Eagle cent 18561858 Indian Head cent 18591909 Lincoln cent 1909present Lincoln Wheat 19091958 Lincoln Memorial 19592008 Lincoln Bicentennial 4 reverse designs 2009 Lincoln Union Shield 2010present Throughout its history the Lincoln cent has featured several typefaces for the date but most of the digits have been oldstyle numerals except with the 4 and 8 neither ascending nor descending The only significant divergence is that the small 3 was nondescending the same size as a 0 1 or 2 in the early history before switching to a descending large 3 for just one year in 1934 and then permanently as of 2014 in 1943 Similarly the digit 5 was small and nondescending up to 1945 then from 1950 and on it became a large descending 5 From 1959 until 2008 the Lincoln Memorial was shown on the reverse of the United States cent Because the Lincoln Memorial was shown in sufficient detail to discern the statue of Lincoln on the reverse of cent Abraham Lincoln was at that time the only person to be depicted on both the obverse and reverse of the same United States coin In 1999 the New Jersey state quarter was released which depicts George Washington on both sides crossing the Delaware River on the reverse side and in profile on the obverse The state quarter for South Dakota released in 2006 also features Washington on both sides the typical profile on the obverse and Washington within Mount Rushmore on the reverse Some of the 2009 reverse design series no longer showed Abraham Lincoln and the 2010 Lincoln Union Shield has removed the president from the coin reverse for the foreseeable future An additional design detail that is not readily visible to the naked eye is found on the obverse side of the 1918 onward United States cent The letters VDB stamped on the bottom sleeve of Abraham Lincoln represent the initials of Victor David Brenner the primary designer of the Wheat cent Lincoln cent Main article Lincoln cent The Lincoln cent is the current onecent coin of the US It was adopted in 1909 which would have been Lincolns 100th birthday replacing the Indian Head cent Its reverse was changed in 1959 from a wheatstalks design to a design which includes the Lincoln Memorial to commemorate Lincolns sesquicentennial and was replaced again in 2009 with four new designs to commemorate Lincolns bicentennial There are more onecent coins produced than any other denomination which makes the Lincoln cent a familiar item In its lifespan this coin has weathered both world wars one of which temporarily changed its composition as part of the war effort The obverse is the longest design used for any circulating American currency History When the Lincoln onecent coin made its initial appearance in 1909 it marked a radical departure from the accepted styling of United States coinage as it was the first regular coin to bear a portrait other than the mythical Liberty which appeared on most pre1909 regular coins Previously a strong feeling had prevailed against using portraits on coins in the United States but public sentiment stemming from the 100th anniversary celebration of Abraham Lincoln s birth proved stronger than the longstanding tradition A variety of privately minted tokens bearing Lincolns image circulated as onecent pieces during Lincolns presidency legitimate coinage had become scarce during the Civil War These early tokens undoubtedly influenced the denomination appearance size and composition of Lincoln cents Theodore Roosevelt the 26th US President thought American coins were so common and uninspiring that he attempted to get the motto In God We Trust removed as offending religion Roosevelt had the opportunity to pose for a young Lithuanianborn Jew Victor David Brenner who since arriving nineteen years earlier in the United States had become one of the nations premier medalists Roosevelt had learned of Brenners talents in a settlement house on New York Citys Lower East Side and was immediately impressed with a basrelief that Brenner had made of Lincoln based on a Mathew Brady photograph Roosevelt who considered Lincoln the savior of the Union and the greatest Republican President and who also considered himself Lincolns political heir ordered the new Lincoln cent to be based on Brenners work and to be released just in time to commemorate Lincolns 100th birthday in 1909 The likeness of President Lincoln on the obverse of the coin is an adaptation of a plaque Brenner created several years earlier which had come to the attention of President Roosevelt in New York In addition to the prescribed elements on US coinsLIBERTY and the datethe motto In God We Trust appeared for the first time on a coin of this denomination The United States Congress passed the Act of March 3 1865 authorizing the use of this motto on US coins during Lincolns tenure in office Even though no legislation was required for the new design approval of the Secretary of the Treasury was necessary to make the change Franklin MacVeagh gave his approval on July 14 1909 and not quite three weeks later on August 2 the new coin was released to the public In 1918 after the controversy over Brenners name and initials on the reverse had died down his initials were placed on the obverse with no further controversy They are to be found in minute form on the rim of the bust just under the shoulder of Lincoln In 1969 the design was revised to make Lincoln look more like Brenners original sculptures US coin collection featuring Lincoln cents from 1941 to 1974 Nearly complete set in a folder by Whitman Publishing LLC Also features two error coins and a description page Reverse design Reverses of the Lincoln cent Wheat 19091958 Lincoln Memorial 19592008 Birth and early childhood in Kentucky Lincoln Bicentennial 2009 Formative Years in Indiana Lincoln Bicentennial 2009 Professional life in Illinois Lincoln Bicentennial 2009 Presidency in DC Lincoln Bicentennial 2009 Union shield 2010 present Wheat cent 19091958 A study of three potential reverses resulted in the approval of a very simple design bearing two wheatheads in memorial style Between these in the center of the coin are the denomination and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA while curving around the upper border is the national motto E Pluribus Unum Latin for From Many One The original model bore Brenners name on the reverse curving along the rim below UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Before the coins were issued however the initials VDB were substituted because officials at the United States Mint felt the name was too prominent After the coin was released many protested that even the initials were conspicuous and detracted from the design Because the coin was in great demand and because to make a change would have required halting production the decision was made to eliminate the initials entirely Thus in 1909 the US had six different cents the 1909 and 1909S Indian Head cents and four Lincoln coins 1909 VDB 1909S VDB 1909 and 1909S In all cases the Philadelphia mintages far exceeded the San Francisco issues While the smallest mintage is the 09S Indian the 09S VDB is the key Lincoln date and hence is most valuable Its mintage of 484000 is only 17 of the plain VDB Lincoln Memorial cent 19592008 On February 12 1959 a revised reverse design was introduced as part of the 150th anniversary of Lincolns birth No formal competition was held Frank Gasparro then Assistant Engraver at the Philadelphia Mint prepared the winning entry selected from a group of 23 models that the engraving staff at the Mint had been asked to present for consideration Again only the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury was necessary to make the change because the design had been in use for more than the required 25 years The imposing marble Lincoln Memorial provides the central motif with the legends E Pluribus Unum and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA completing the design together with the denomination The initials FG appear on the right near the shrubbery Lincoln Bicentennial cents 2009 The Presidential 1 Coin Act of 2005 required that the cents reverse be redesigned in 2009 This resulted in the mintage of four different coins showing scenes from Abraham Lincolns life in honor of the bicentennial of his birth These four designs unveiled September 22 2008 at a ceremony held at the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington DC are Birth and early childhood in Kentucky this design features a log cabin and Lincolns birth year 1809 It was designed by Richard Masters and sculpted by Jim Licaretz This cent was released into circulation on Lincolns 200th birthday February 12 2009 at a special ceremony at LaRue County High School in Hodgenville Kentucky Lincolns birthplace The mintage was extremely low compared to prior years see Lincoln cent mintage figures It has been nicknamed the Log Cabin Penny Formative years in Indiana this design features a young Lincoln reading while taking a break from rail splitting It was designed and sculpted by Charles Vickers Nicknamed the Indiana Penny it was released on May 14 2009 Professional life in Illinois this design features a young professional Lincoln standing before the Springfield Illinois State Capitol It was designed by Joel Iskowitz and sculpted by Don Everhart Nicknamed the Illinois Penny it was released on August 13 2009 Presidency in Washington DC this design features the halfcompleted Capitol dome It was designed by Susan Gamble and sculpted by Joseph Menna This fourth cent was released to the public on November 12 2009 US Mint released collectors sets containing this design in copper prior to the public launch of this design in zinc Special 2009 cents struck for sale in sets to collectors had the metallic copper content of cents minted in 1909 95 copper 5 tin and zinc Those struck for circulation retained the normal composition of a zinc core coated with copper Union shield cent 2010present The 2005 act that authorized the redesign for the Bicentennial stated that another redesigned reverse for the Lincoln cent will be minted which shall bear an image emblematic of President Lincolns preservation of the United States of America as a single and united country Eighteen designs were proposed for the reverse of the 2010 cent On April 16 2009 the Commission of Fine Arts CFA met and selected a design that showed 13 wheat sheaves bound together with a ring symbolizing American unity as one nation Later this design was withdrawn because it was similar to coinage issued in Germany in the 1920s The Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee later met and chose a design showing a Union shield with ONE CENT superimposed in a scroll E Pluribus Unum was also depicted in the upper portion of the shield In June 2009 the CFA met again and chose a design featuring a modern rendition of the American flag As a part of the release ceremony for the last of the 2009 cents on November 12 the design for the 2010 cent was announced The design chosen was the one that was chosen earlier by the CCAC According to the Mint the 13 stripes on the shield represent the states joined in one compact union to support the Federal government represented by the horizontal bar above The Mint also noted that a shield was commonly used in paintings in the Capitol hallways painted by Constantino Brumidi an artist in the Capitol active during the Lincoln Presidency The obverse of the cent was also changed to a modern rendition of Brenners design The new Union Shield design replaces the Lincoln memorial in use since 1959 The coin was designed by artist Lyndall Bass and sculpted by US Mint sculptorengraver Joseph Menna In January 2010 the coins were released early in Puerto Rico this was caused by a shortage of 2009dated pennies on the island The new design was released at a ceremony at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library in Springfield Illinois on February 11 2010 In 2017 cents minted in Philadelphia were struck with a P mintmark to celebrate the 225th anniversary of the US Mint 2017 is the only year that Philadelphia cents have had a mintmark Capped cents To commemorate the Fire at the SS Morro Castle local coin dealer Louis Werner made copper caps depicting the Morro Castle surrounded by the legend The Morro Castle Fire These would then be encased over one side of a Lincoln cent According to Mrs Astors Horse by Stanley Walker Concessionaires inside the hall carried on a lively business A man at a stamping machine put copper caps on pennies with the head of Lincoln on one side and the inscription ff Morro Castle Fire September 1934 Asbury Park on the other Postcard sellers in the hall disposed of 150000 pictures of the burning ship during the first few days after the disaster As soon as they came off the press heartrending poems and ballads about the fire were hawked about Later to commemorate the trial of Bruno Richard Hauptmann Werner made another design depicting the Hunterdon County Courthouse where the trial was held and surrounded by the legend HAUPTMANN TRIAL Flemington NJ Another part of the text in Mrs Astors Horse states A man with a metal press did a fair sort of business He set up for business on the porch of the hotel He had constructed a die depicting the Hunterdon County courthouse surrounded by the legend Hauptmann Trial Flemington NJ On the stand beside the press lay several hundred bright new pennies and several fine strips of copper By running the copper strips through the press together with the pennies he turned out Lincoln heads backed by the courthouse and the legend The pieces sold for five cents each three for a dime Also from 1935 to 1938 during the Christmas season Werner made a design depicting Santa Claus By donating 10 cents shoppers in Manhattan would receive these Additionally if they donated an extra 5 cents their cent would come in a greeting card holder Other capped cents by Werner include commemoratives for Admiral Richard E Byrd s expedition to the South Pole and Joe Louis There was also a design featuring the Lords prayer Composition Bronze 19091942 Initially the alloy of the Lincoln cent followed that established for this denomination with the Indian Head design in 1864 95 copper and 25 tin and 25 zinc Wartime zincplated steel 1943 The composition of the Lincoln cent was changed in 1943 Further information 1943 steel cent Production of the wartime cent was provided for in an Act of Congress approved on December 18 1942 which also set as the expiration date of the authority December 31 1946 Lowgrade carbon steel formed the base of these coins to which a zinc coating 00005inch 0013 mm thick was deposited on each side electrolytically as a rust preventive This coating was applied to the steel before the blanks were made leaving the rims of these coins extremely susceptible to rust The same size was maintained but the weight was reduced from the standard 48 grains 31 g to 42 grains 27 g by using a lighter alloy Production commenced on February 27 1943 and by December 31 of that year the three Mint facilities had produced 1093838670 of the onecent coins The copper released for the war effort was enough to meet the combined needs of two cruisers two destroyers 1243 Flying Fortresses 120 field guns and 120 howitzers or enough for 1250000 shells for large field guns Wartime brass 19441946 Numerous complaints about the gray color of the 1943 cents especially that they could be mistaken for dimes led to a change in composition of the wartime cent On January 1 1944 the Mint was able to adopt a modified alloy the supply being derived from expended shell casings which when melted furnished a composition similar to the original but with a much smaller trace of tin The original weight of 48 grains 31 g was also restored Bronze 19471962 Shell casings were no longer used after 1946 and the original coppertinzinc bronze composition was again used Brass 19621982 The composition of the coin was changed again slightly in 1962 Mint officials felt that deletion of the tin content would have no adverse effect on the wearing qualities of the coin whereas the manufacturing advantages to be gained with the alloy stabilized at 95 copper and 5 zinc would be of much benefit Congressional authority for this modification is contained in an Act of Congress approved on September 5 1962 Experimental aluminum cents 1974 During the early 1970s the price of copper rose to a point where the cent almost contained one cents worth of copper This led the Mint to test alternate metals including aluminum and bronze clad steel Aluminum was chosen and in 1973 a total of 1579324 such coins were struck dated 1974 and ready for public release A few were distributed to members of the US Congress but aluminum was ultimately rejected for a variety of reasons About a dozen aluminum cents are believed to still be in the hands of collectors although they are now considered illegal to own One aluminum cent was donated to the Smithsonian Institution Another is in the hands of the family of a deceased US Capitol police officer known as the Toven Specimen and was certified as authentic in 2005 Copperplated zinc 1982present In mid1982 the coins composition was changed again this time to copperplated zinc The last mostlycopper cents 95 copper metal composition were produced by the Denver Mint on October 22 1982 The copperplated zinc cent coins are still being produced today They are composed of an inner core alloy of 992 zinc and 08 copper with an outer plating of pure copper for an overall composition of 975 zinc and 25 copper and are minted on blanks produced for the Mint by an outside manufacturer Jarden Zinc Products Except for the new lighter total coin weight of 25 grams each these newer coins are identical in diameter and thickness and nearly in appearance to the mostly copper 95 cents issued before mid1982 which weighed 311 grams each A few pennies were struck by error in brass dated 1983 and are extremely rare Matte Proof Lincolns 1909 to 1916 When the Lincoln Cent was introduced in 1909 it was discovered that the coining dies and their curved fields were unable to be polished to proof coining condition by existing Mint equipment To produce Proof coinage for collectors the US Mint adopted the French technique of the Matte Proof which was thought to highlight the design while leaving the details of the coin as the designer intended This was done by a sandblasting of the dies prior to use When struck by the high pressure hydraulic press of the Philadelphia Mint Medal Room the result was a semirough surface a toning developed It is not unusual to see vivid blues greens lavender coppery orange deep reds and purple hues on these coins Eagerly collected by numismatists today they are among the most valuable Lincoln cents Unencapsulated coins are easily identified by wide square outer rims quite unlike the rounded edges of business strikes Mint errors specific to Lincoln cents Through mint errors a number of rare and valuable Lincoln Cents have been produced Some random errors such as an offcenter strike slightly increase the value of the coin and are sought after by niche collectors However some errors were systemic and produced a number of coins with exactly the same problem in the same year These have become recognized varieties that are often extremely valuable and sought after by mainstream collectors 1909 VDB US Lincoln Penny on the planet Mars part of a calibration target on the Curiosity Rover September 10 2012 3D version also image on October 2 2013 after 411 days on Mars The first Doubled Die error occurred during the production of the 1909 VDB Not identified until the 1970s it shows the RTY in Liberty and the 190 of the date slightly doubled This coin is extremely rare in high grades In 1922 no onecent coins were produced by the Philadelphia Mint However three of the four pairs of Denver Mint worn and overly polished dies then produced the Weak D and No D varieties making them appear as if they had been produced in Philadelphia These varieties are known as the 1922 plain cents or 1922 no D cents Collectors must be wary of removed mint marks There are a few 1943 cents that were produced in bronze as opposed to the steelzinc composition used that year There are 10 to 12 known to exist Likewise a few 1944 cents were produced in steelzinc In 1955 a hubbing error caused some cents to get struck with an obverse die which showed doubling in all of the obverse devices producing a prominent doubling of the date and to a less noticeable degree the rest of the obverse This is known as the 1955 doubled die cent A similar die error occurred in 1969 on dies used at the San Francisco Mint While the 1955 doubled die cent is wellknown and widely collected the 1969S doubled die is far rarer with an uncirculated specimen selling for as much as 126500 in a 2008 Heritage auction The same mechanism produced 1972 1983 1984 and 1995 Doubled die cents Doubled Dies are known for practically every date in the Lincoln cent series but most are minor and less impressive compared to the 1955 and the other Doubled Die varieties mentioned here In 1990 3055 proof cents were struck at the San Francisco Mint without the S mint mark making them appear as if they had been struck at the Philadelphia Mint However as no proof cents were struck in Philadelphia that year they are easily distinguishable as errors and highly valuable The reverse of some Lincoln cents minted in 1992 at the Philadelphia and Denver mints and some of those minted in 1998 and 1999 at the San Francisco mint feature a smallerthannormal gap between the first two letters of AMERICA These coins known as the Close AM variety are valued at 20000 and 5000 for the 1992 specimens in gem uncirculated condition and 3000 and 1000 for the San Francisco specimens in gem proof condition The reverse of some Lincoln cents minted in 1998 1999 and 2000 in Philadelphia feature a largerthannormal gap between the first two letters of AMERICA These coins known as the Wide AM variety are valued at 10 500 and 5 respectively in gem uncirculated condition These reverse die errors are technically mule errors as the reverse error dies were the same as normal proof coins of the same date Toxicity Zinc a major component of US cents minted after mid1982 is toxic in large quantities Swallowing such a coin which is 975 zinc can cause damage to the stomach lining because of the high solubility of the zinc ion in the acidic stomach Coins are the most commonly ingested foreign body in children but generally are allowed to pass spontaneously unless the patient is symptomatic Zinc toxicity mostly in the form of the ingestion of US pennies minted after 1982 is commonly fatal in dogs where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia It is also highly toxic in pet parrots and can often be fatal Numismatics and regulations Main article Penny debate in the United States It has been suggested that the cent should be eliminated as a unit of currency for several reasons including that many Americans do not actually spend them but rather only receive them in change at stores and proceed to return them to a bank for higher denomination currencies or cash them in at coin counting kiosks Most modern vending machines do not accept pennies further diminishing their utility and the production cost figured in US Dollars now exceeds the face value of the coin caused by increasing inflation In 2001 and 2006 for example United States Representative Jim Kolbe R of Arizona introduced bills which would have stopped production of pennies in 2001 the Legal Tender Modernization Act and in 2006 the Currency Overhaul for an Industrious Nation COIN Act In anticipation of the business of melting down US pennies and US nickels for profit the US Mint which is a part of the US Department of the Treasury implemented new regulations on December 14 2006 which criminalize the melting of pennies and nickels and place limits on export of the coins Violators can be punished with a fine of up to 10000 USD andor imprisoned for a maximum of five years Metal content and manufacturing costs The US Mint reported that in fiscal year 2010 the unit cost of producing and shipping onecent coins was 179 cents which is more than the face value of the coin After reaching a peak cost of 241 cents in 2011 due to the significant rise in global metal demand and prices recently the cost has declined to 183 cents for 2013 In the 2014 fiscal year the cost to produce a penny declined even further to 170 cents When copper reached a record high in February 2011 the melt value of a 95 copper penny was more than three times its face value As of January 21 2014 a pre1982 penny contained 220325 cents worth of copper and zinc making it an attractive target for melting by people wanting to sell the metals for profit In comparison post1982 copperplated zinc cents have a metallurgical value of only 055152 cents The Secretary of the Treasury has authority to alter the percentage of copper and zinc in the onecent coin if needed due to cost fluctuations See also Numismatics portal Money portal 1943 steel cent 1955 doubleddie cent 1974 aluminum cent Large cent United States coin Legal Tender Modernization Act Mill currency Take a penny leave a penny Penny Canadian coin United States Mint coin production Other denominations United States coinage Nickel Dime Quarter Half dollar Dollar References The United States Mint Coin Specifications Washington DC United States Mint Retrieved 20091109 DenominationCent Nickel Dime Quarter Dollar categories across the top of the specifications chart Denominations Washington DC United States Department of the Treasury Retrieved 20150303 The proper term is one cent piece but in common usage this coins is often referred to as a penny or cent Nicks Denver 20160420 Get Rid of the Penny Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew Says Yes Money Timecom Retrieved 20180424 US Mint Cost To Make Penny Staff April 17 2012 Statement of Rodney J Bosco Navigant Consulting Inc on The Future of Money Coin Production Before the House Financial Services Subcommittee on Domestic Policy Technology United States House of Representatives April 17 2012 PDF US Congress Retrieved September 10 2012 a b US Mint Cost To Make Penny and Nickel Declines in FY 2013 January 20 2014 Coin Specifications Retrieved 20161222 US Mint Online Product Catalog Catalogusmintgov Retrieved 20110720 Mathur R 2009 The history of the United States cent revealed through copper isotope fractionation Journal of Archaeological Science 36 2 430433 doi 101016jjas200809029 John P Dorst MD Thomas E Reichelderfer MD and Roger C Sanders MA BM BCh MRCP FRCRP Radiodensity of the Proposed New Penny Pediatrics Vol 69 No February 2 1982 pp 224225 Retrieved 20080417 1982 Lincoln Memorial Cents Coinsthefuntimesguidecom Retrieved 20110720 UNITED STATES MINT 2013 ANNUAL REPORT p11 Is my Penny a Copper or a Zinc Cent Retrieved 20080616 The United States Mint Coins and Medals Program USMintgov Retrieved 20101227 Margolick David 20070211 Penny Foolish The New York Times Retrieved 20100522 History of In God We Trust treasurygov Retrieved 20160429 Kocher Greg February 13 2009 Lincolns birthplace is launch site for new penny Lexington HeraldLeader a b c OKeefe Ed February 17 2009 Heads Abe Tails New On Pennies Marking Lincoln Bicentennial The Washington Post p A11 PubL 109145 119 Stat 2674 enacted December 22 2005 Presidential 1 Coin Act of 2005 Title VI 303 The design on the reverse of the 1cent coins issued after December 31 2009 shall bear an image emblematic of President Lincolns preservation of United States of America as a single and united country Retrieved 20091130 Staff 20090609 2010 Lincoln Cent Design Proposals 2010 Lincoln Cents Retrieved 20091130 There were initially 18 design proposals for the 2010 Lincoln Cent reverse McAllister Bill 20090504 Wheat Design may appear on the 2010 cent Coin World 50 2560 1 a b McAllister Bill 20090518 Mint withdraws 2010 Wheat cent design Coin World 50 2562 1 McAllister Bill 20090518 Mint withdraws 2010 Wheat cent design Coin World 50 2562 1 McAllister Bill 20090518 Commission votes for US flag on 2010 1 Coin World 50 2565 1 a b c d Gilkes Paul 20091130 Cent to bear Union Shield design in 2010 Coin World 50 2590 1 68 a b United States Mint Releases Fourth 2009 Lincoln Bicentennial OneCent Coin Press release United States Mint 20091112 Retrieved 20091130 a b Gilkes Paul 20100215 Mint Returns to 1909 Galvano for Portrait Coin World 51 2601 1 24 United States Mint Launches 2010 Lincoln OneCent Coin Press release United States Mint 20100211 Retrieved 20100211 The reverse of the 2010 and beyond Lincoln cent was designed by United States Mint Artistic Infusion Program Associate Designer Lyndall Bass and executed by United States Mint SculptorEngraver Joseph Menna Gilkes Paul 20100208 First Circulation Reports of 2010 Cents From Puerto Rico Coin World 51 2600 5 Ruston Bruce 20100211 Collectors seek to turn profit on pennies State JournalRegister Archived from the original on 20100214 Retrieved 20100211 The newestand for now permanentversion of the Lincoln penny was unveiled this morning at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Museum McMorrowHernandez Joshua 16 January 2017 Philadelphia Mint Quietly Releases 2017P Lincoln Cent coinweekcom a b Full text of Mrs Astor S Horse Archiveorg Retrieved March 20 2016 Jaeger Katherine A Guide Book of United States Tokens and Medals Whitman Publishing 2008 9780794820602 The Indianapolis Star from Indianapolis Indiana on December 7 1980 路 Page 107 Newspaperscom Retrieved 20180424 History of the Lincoln Cent US Department of the Treasury 20110104 Retrieved 20110627 Herbert Alan September 2007 Deisher Beth ed 1943 Cent in Steel One Year Type Looked to Help With the War Effort COINS Magazine 14 Gibbs William T September 26 1994 Beth Deisher ed 1974 bronzeclad steel cents subject to federal confiscation PDF Coin World 1 Archived from the original on 20060719 Retrieved 20110627 Gilkes Paul October 17 2005 Beth Deisher ed Aluminum 1 changes grade PDF Coin World 2 Archived from the original on 20060719 Retrieved 20110627 The 1983 Copper Cent wwwpcgscom Retrieved 20140103 1943 Copper Cent Coinfactscom Retrieved 20101227 1969S 1C Doubled Die MS64 Red PCGS Lincoln Cents Coinshacom Retrieved 20101227 Dawn N Bothwell MD and Eric A Mair MD FAAP Chronic Ingestion of a ZincBased Penny Pediatrics Vol 111 No March 3 2003 pp 689691 Retrieved 20080417 Mark L Waltzman MD 1 Current Opinion in Pediatrics Vol 45 No 1 JanFeb 2006 pp713 Retrieved 20100223 Stowe CM Nelson R Werdin R et al Zinc phosphide poisoning in dogs JAVMA 173270 1978 See for example this list of common parrot illnesses and their causes Hagenbaugh Barbara 20060509 Coins cost more to make than face value USA Today Retrieved 20061004 Zappone Christian 20060718 Killthepenny bill introduced CNN Money Retrieved 20061004 United States Mint Moves to Limit Exportation Melting of Coins Usmintgov Retrieved 20110720 CFR 2010 title31 vol1 part82 PDF US Government Printing Office Retrieved 20130105 a b United States Mint 20101204 US Mint 2010 Annual Report PDF Retrieved 20110116 About US Mint PDF Usmintgov Retrieved 20180424 METALSCopper falls on euro zone disappointment China worry Reuters Retrieved 20121118 Current Melt Value Of Coins How Much Is Your Coin Worth Coinflationcom Retrieved 20140121 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States cents Penny Foolish by David Margolick The New York Times February 11 2007 a brief popular history of the penny Man tries to get rid of million pennies USA Today 712004 Examination of claim that A US penny costs more than a cent to manufacture on Snopes Top 10 Things You Didnt Know About the Penny slideshow by Time Magazine US Lincoln Penny on the Planet Mars Curiosity Rover September 10 2012 PennyFreeBiz Grass Roots effort by retailers and merchants to stop using the penny June 2007 v t e United States currency and coinage v t e Coinage of the United States Categories Abraham Lincoln in art Onecent coins of the United States Pennies 1793 introductions

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Peter Silberman From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification Please help by adding reliable sources Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately especially if potentially libelous or harmful April 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Peter Silberman Silberman performing with The Antlers at Neumos in Seattle Washington on May 5 2010 Background information Born March 31 1986 age 32 United States Origin New York City United States Occupations Songwriter vocalist instrumentalist Associated acts The Antlers Peter Silberman is a Brooklyn based songwriter vocalist and guitarist He is best known as a member of the rock band The Antlers In 2017 he released a solo album Impermanence Musical career Silberman grew up in upstate New York and moved to New York City to attend college It was around this time that Silberman started making and recording music under the name The Antlers which began as a solo project Silbermans first album Uprooted contained nine songs which he wrote and recorded himself It was selfreleased in 2006 Silberman has stated that when beginning the band as a solo project his approach to home recording and production was largely inspired by the techniques of lofi musician Phil Elverum The Microphones and Mount Eerie in particular that of the critically acclaimed 2001 release The Glow Pt 2 The followup album In the Attic of the Universe was also written and recorded by Silberman It was recorded by Silberman alone between September 2006 and March 2007 and released by Fall Records on November 6 2007 being the first Antlers album to be released with the help of a record label When commenting on the album Silberman noted that the album was recorded at a low point in his life when he was able to find comfort in his fascination with the universe This fascination led to the albums recurring theme of the universe and its vastness Silberman also noted that the album carries a theme of religious misdirection inspired by his own tendency to find the wrong solutions to his problems in life After the release of In the Attic of the Universe Silberman recorded two EPs entitled Cold War and New York Hospitals the latter featuring Michael Lerner and Sharon Van Etten as guests Shortly thereafter Michael Lerner and Darby Cicci came on board transforming The Antlers into a collaborative group In February 2017 Siberman released the album Impermanence that he recorded in upstate New York with Nicholas Principe He revealed that he suffered from tinnitus and resorted to a sparse and acoustic style of performing References Dombal Ryan The Antlers Peter Silberman Pitchfork Retrieved 28 September 2013 a b Ca Va Cool interview with Peter Silberman Retrieved on December 3 2009 Peter Silberman Impermanence Album Review pitchforkcom Retrieved 20170910 ANTI Peter Silberman Anti Records Anti Records Retrieved 20170910 Dennis Jon 20170223 Peter Silberman Impermanence review intimate and intense The Guardian ISSN 02613077 Retrieved 20170910 Categories 1986 births Living people American male guitarists American male singers 21stcentury American singers

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Positive affectivity From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Positive affectivity PA is a human characteristic that describes how much people experience positive affects sensations emotions sentiments and as a consequence how they interact with others and with their surroundings People with high positive affectivity are typically enthusiastic energetic confident active and alert Research has linked positive affectivity with an increase in longevity better sleep and a decrease in stress hormones People with a high positive affectivity have healthier coping styles more positive selfqualities and are more goal oriented Positive affectivity also promotes an openminded attitude sociability and helpfulness Those having low levels of positive affectivity and high levels of negative affectivity are characterized by sadness lethargy distress and unpleasurable engagement see negative affectivity Low levels of positive affect are correlated with social anxiety and depression due to decreased levels of dopamine Contents 1 Research and findings 2 Negative affectivity 3 Testing 4 In business management 5 Effects 6 See also 7 8 Research and findings Studies are finding there is a relationship between dopamine release and positive affect in cognitive abilities For instance when dopamine levels are low positive affect can stimulate the release of more dopamine temporarily increasing cognitive motor and emotional processing Stimulating dopamine release influences several cognitive functions First an increase in dopamine in the nigrostriatal system can temporarily relieve motor or cognitive dysfunction due to Parkinsons An increase in dopamine release also influences the mesocorticolimbic system via VTA cells increasing mood and open mindedness in older adults Positive affect also stimulates dopamine production in the prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate facilities which help with processing working memory and executive attention Lastly PA indirectly improves memory consolidation in the hippocampus by increasing acetylcholine release from an increase in dopamine Overall positive affect results in a more positive outlook increases problem solving skills increases social skills increases activity and projects and can play a role in motor function Negative affectivity Main article Negative affectivity Positive affectivity PA and negative affectivity NA are nearly independent of each other it is possible for a person to be high in both PA and NA high in one and low in the other or low in both Affectivity has been found to be moderately stable over time and across situations such as working versus relaxing Positive affectivity may influence an individuals choices in general particularly their responses to questionnaires Happiness a feeling of wellbeing and high levels of selfesteem are often associated with high levels of positive affectivity but they are each influenced by negative affectivity as well Trait PA roughly corresponds to the dominant personality factors of extraversion however this construct is also influenced by interpersonal components Testing Because there is not a hardandfast rule for defining certain levels of positive affectivity different selfreported assessments use different scales of measure Several prominent tests are listed below in each of these the respondent determines the degree to which a given adjective or phrase accurately characterizes him or her Differential Emotions Scale DES A PA scale that assesses enjoyment happy or joyful feelings and interest excitement alertness curiosity Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist Revised MAACLR Measures PA according to the DES scale and to an additional scale assessing thrillseeking behavior ie how daring or adventurous the person is Profile of Mood States POMS Uses vigor scale to assess the domain of PA Expanded Form of the Positives and Negative Affect Schedule PANASX This test uses three main scales joviality how cheerful happy or lively selfassurance how confident and strong and attentiveness alertness and concentration International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule ShortForm IPANASSF This is a brief 10item version of the PANAS that has been developed and extensively validated for use in English with both native and nonnative English speakers Internal consistency reliability for the 5item PA scale is reported to range between 72 and 78 In business management Positive affectivity is a managerial and organizational behavior tool used to create positive environments in the workplace Through the use of PA the manager can induce a positive employee experience and culture Since affectivity is related to the employee experiences we expect the employees with high PA to feel considerable organizational support Their optimism and confidence also helps them discuss their views in a manner characterized by constructive controversy with their supervisor so that problems are solved and their positive feelings confirmed Positive Affectivity allows creative problem solving to flourish in an environment where employees are not intimidated to approach managers therefore employees believe they are playing a key role in the organization in coming forward with solutions The goal is to maximize PA and minimize any negative affectivity circulating in the business Negative emotions such as fear anger stress hostility sadness and guilt increase the predictability of workplace deviance and therefore reduce the productivity of the business Effects Positive affectivity is an integral part of everyday life PA helps individuals to process emotional information accurately and efficiently to solve problems to make plans and to earn achievements The broadenandbuild theory of PA suggests that PA broadens peoples momentary thoughtaction repertoires and builds their enduring personal resources Research shows that PA relates to different classes of variables such as social activity and the frequency of pleasant events PA also strongly relates to life satisfaction The high energy and engagement optimism and social interest characteristic of highPA individuals suggest that they are more likely to be satisfied with their lives In fact the content similarities between these affective traits and life satisfaction have led some researchers to view both PA NA and life satisfaction as specific indicators of the broader construct of subjective wellbeing PA may influence the relationships between variables in organizational research PA increases attentional focus and behavioral repertoire and these enhanced personal resources can help to overcome or deal with distressing situations These resources are physical eg better health social eg social support networks and intellectual and psychological eg resilience optimism and creativity PA provides a psychological break or respite from stress supporting continued efforts to replenish resources depleted by stress Its buffering functions provide a useful antidote to the problems associated with negative emotions and ill health due to stress Likewise happy people are better at coping McCrae and Costa concluded that PA was associated with more mature coping efforts See also Affection Surgency References a b c d e Ashby F G Isen A M Turken A U 1999 A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition Psychological Review 1063 529550 doi1010370033295x1063529 Paterson T S Yeung S E Thornton W L 2015 Positive affect predicts everyday problemsolving ability in older adults Aging Mental Health 208 871879 doi1010801360786320151043619 3 Li Y I Starr L R Hershenberg R 2017 Responses to positive affect in daily life positive rumination and dampening moderate the association between daily events and depressive symptoms Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 393 412425 doi101007s108620179593y Paterson T S Yeung S E Thornton W L 2015 Positive affect predicts everyday problemsolving ability in older adults Aging Mental Health 208 871879 doi1010801360786320151043619 Cohen Jonah N et al Positive and negative affect as links between social anxiety and depression predicting concurrent and prospective mood symptoms in unipolar and bipolar mood disorders Behavior Therapy vol 48 no 6 2017 pp 820833 doi101016jbeth201707003 4 Nelis S Bastin M Raes F Mezulis A Bijttebier P 2016 Trait affectivity and response styles to positive affect Negative affectivity relates to dampening and positive affectivity relates to enhancing Personality and Individual Differences 96 148154 doi101016jpaid201602087 a b c d e f g h i Naragon K Watson D 2009 Positive affectivity In S Lopez Ed The Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology pp 707711 Hoboken NJ WileyBlackwell a b c Watson David Clark Lee Anna 1984 Negative Affectivity The Disposition to Experience Aversive Emotional States Psychological Bulletin American Psychological Association APA 96 3 465490 doi 10103700332909963465 PMID 6393179 a b Tellegen A 1985 Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety with an emphasis on selfreport In A H Tuma J D Maser Eds Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders pp 681706 Hilssdale NJ Erlbaum a b Thompson ER 2007 Development and validation of an internationally reliable shortform of the positive and negative affect schedule PANAS PDF Journal of CrossCultural Psychology 38 2 227242 doi 1011770022022106297301 Hui Chun Wong Alfred Tjosvold Dean Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 2007 80 735751 Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 738 accessdate requires url help Lee Kibeom Allen Natalie J 2002 Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Workplace Deviance The Role of Affect and Cognitions Journal of Applied Psychology 87 1 131142 doi 10103700219010871131 PMID 11916207 Fredrickson Barbara L September 1998 What Good Are Positive Emotions Review of General Psychology 2 3 300319 doi 1010371089268023300 PMC 3156001 PMID 21850154 a b Fredrickson Barbara L March 2001 The Role of Positive Emotions in Positive Psychology The BroadenandBuild Theory of Positive Emotions American Psychologist APA 56 3 218226 doi 1010370003066x563218 PMC 3122271 PMID 11315248 Beiser Morton December 1974 Components and Correlates of Mental WellBeing Journal of Health and Social Behavior American Sociological Association 15 4 320327 doi 1023072137092 JSTOR 2137092 Bradburn N M 1969 The structure of psychological wellbeing Chicago Aldine Watson David Clark Lee Anna Tellegen Auke June 1988 Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect The PANAS Scales Journal of Personality and Social Psychology APA 54 6 10631070 doi 101037002235145461063 PMID 3397865 Judge Timothy A Locke Edwin A Durham Cathy C Kluger Avraham N February 1998 Dispositional Effects on Job and Life Satisfaction The Role of Core Evaluations Journal of Applied Psychology 83 1 1734 doi 1010370021901083117 PMID 9494439 DeNeve Kristina M Cooper Harris September 1998 The Happy Personality A MetaAnalysis of 137 Personality Traits and Subjective WellBeing Psychological Bulletin APA 124 2 197229 doi 101037003329091242197 PMID 9747186 Jex Steve M Spector Paul E 1996 The impact of negative affectivity on stressorstrain relations A replication and extension Work Stress 10 1 3645 doi 10108002678379608256783 Williams Larry J Anderson Stella E June 1994 An Alternative Approach to Method Effects by Using LatentVariable Models Applications in Organizational Behavior Research Journal of Applied Psychology 79 3 323331 doi 10103700219010793323 Lazarus R S 1991 Emotion and Adaptation NY Oxford Univ Press Khosla M 2006 c Finding benefit in adversity Manuscript in press McCrae Robert R Costa Paul T Jr June 1986 Personality coping and coping effectiveness in an adult sample Journal of Personality 54 2 385404 doi 101111j146764941986tb00401x Further reading Bushman Bryan B Crowley Susan L February 2010 Is the Structure of Affect Similar for Younger and Older Children CrossSectional Differences in Negative and Positive Affectivity Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 28 1 3139 doi 1011770734282909337584 Congard A Dauvier B Antoine P Gilles P 2011 Integrating personality daily life events and emotion Role of anxiety and positive affect in emotion regulation dynamics Journal of Research in Personality 45 372384 doi 101016jjrp201104004 Grafton B 2012 The ups and downs of cognitive bias Dissociating the attentional characteristics of positive and negative affectivity Journal of Cognitive Psychology 241 3353 Lopez S J 2008 Positive psychology Exploring the best in people Vol 2 Westport CT Praeger Publications Lopez S Snyder C R 2009 Oxford handbook of positive psychology 2nd ed Oxford New York Oxford University Press Tomkins S S 1962 Affect imagery consciousness Vol I New York NY Springer Publishing Company Inc Categories Personality Positive psychology Emotional issues Affection

B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

positive affectivity
sensations
emotions


Prince consort From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Imperial royal noble and chivalric ranks Emperor Empress King Queen Archduke Archduchess Grand Prince Grand Princess Grand Duke Grand Duchess Prince Princess Infante Infanta Królewicz królewna Duke Duchess Sovereign Prince Sovereign Princess Fürst Fürstin Marquess Marquis Marchioness Margrave Landgrave Count Palatine Count Countess Earl Châtelain Castellan Viscount Viscountess Vidame Burgrave Baron Baroness Baronet Baronetess Hereditary Knight Lady Ritter Ridder Knight Dame Chevalier Esquire Laird Edler Jonkheer Junker Gentleman Younger Maid v t e A prince consort is the husband of a queen regnant who is not himself a king in his own right In recognition of his status a prince consort may be given a formal title such as Prince or Prince Consort with Prince being the most common However most monarchies do not have formal rules on the styling of princes consort thus they may have no special title Few monarchies use the title of King Consort Usage in Europe Prince Consort capitalized is a formal title and Prince Albert is the only spouse of a British queen to have held it The title was awarded to him in 1857 by his wife Queen Victoria reigned 18371901 In 2005 Prince Henrik the spouse of Margrethe II of Denmark was awarded the title but in 2016 he announced that he objected to it and would not be using it Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh prince consort of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms is a Prince of the United Kingdom but is not titled as Prince Consort The distinction between the title of prince consort and king is very important in the British patriarchal hierarchical system Within this hierarchy the king holds a higher position in the British social hierarchy Thus more power is attributed to him In cases where the hereditary monarch is female such as Queen Victoria who ascended to the throne in 1837 power is attributed to the queen for she holds the highest position in the absence of a king Clarence House has announced that if Charles Prince of Wales becomes monarch of the United Kingdom his second wife Camilla Duchess of Cornwall will have the title of Princess Consort rather than Queen Usage in Imperial China The imperial Chinese title of fuma simplified Chinese 驸马 traditional Chinese 駙馬 pinyin fùmǎ and its Manchu equivalent efu simplified Chinese 额驸 traditional Chinese 額駙 pinyin éfù are sometimes translated as prince consort This was originally an office of the imperial household later evolving into the title reserved for husbands of imperial princesses These princes consort could hold other offices and titles in their own right See also King consort Queen consort List of British consorts References Klein P 2017 KINGS QUEENS Library Journal 1428 3739 Announcement of the marriage of HRH The Prince of Wales and Mrs Camilla Parker Bowles wwwprinceofwalesgovuk TRH The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall February 10 2005 Retrieved July 15 2017 Mrs Parker Bowles will use the title HRH The Duchess of Cornwall after marriage It is intended that Mrs Parker Bowles should use the title HRH The Princess Consort when The Prince of Wales accedes to The Throne Categories Princes Titles Royal consorts Spouses of national leaders

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

prince consort
queen regnant
king consort


Protective

equipment

in

gridiron

football

From

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Protective

equipment

in

gridiron

football

football

gear

consists

of

equipment

worn

by

football

players

for

the

protection

of

the

body

during

the

course

of

a

football

game

Basic

equipment

worn

by

most

football

players

include

helmet

shoulder

pads

gloves

shoes

and

thigh

and

knee

padsa

mouthguard

and

a

jockstrap

or

compression

shorts

with

or

without

a

protective

cup

Neck

rolls

elbow

pads

hip

pads

tailbone

pads

rib

pads

and

other

equipment

may

be

worn

in

addition

to

the

aforementioned

basics

Football

protective

equipment

is

made

of

synthetic

materials

foam

rubbers

elastics

and

durable

shockresistant

molded

plastic

Football

protective

equipment

has

remained

consistent

in

use

for

decades

with

some

slight

modifications

made

over

the

years

in

design

and

materials

The

assignment

and

maintenance

of

football

gear

belongs

to

the

team

equipment

manager

Contents

Helmet

Radio

Off

field

Shoulder

pads

Jockstrap

or

athletic

supporter

Jerseys

and

pants

Footwear

Other

Hip

tail

thigh

and

knee

pads

Nose

guard

Gloves

Equipment

management

See

also

External

links

Helmet

Main

article

Football

helmet

Kevin

Grady

wearing

a

winged

football

helmet

with

a

clear

visor

and

a

mouthguard

The

professional

football

helmet

consists

of

several

distinct

parts

the

shell

jaw

pads

and

abdomen

bladders

face

mask

chin

strap

and

mouth

guard

The

shell

is

constructed

of

hard

plastic

with

thick

padding

on

the

inside

a

face

mask

made

of

one

or

more

metal

bars

and

a

chinstrap

used

to

secure

the

helmet

Helmets

are

a

requirement

at

all

levels

of

organized

football

except

for

nontackle

variations

such

as

flag

football

Although

they

are

protective

players

can

and

do

still

suffer

head

injuries

such

as

concussion

Football

helmets

are

the

logo

of

the

team

and

the

team

colors

There

are

several

styles

of

face

masks

and

chin

straps

available

The

selection

is

left

to

the

player

with

quarterbacks

generally

selecting

more

open

masks

with

maximum

visibility

Each

position

has

a

different

type

of

face

mask

to

balance

protection

and

visibility

There

are

at

least

different

facemask

styles

New

design

for

the

helmet

includes

an

integrated

faceguard

featuring

shock

absorbing

Energy

Wedges

that

reduce

the

force

of

impacts

to

the

faceguard

A

recent

addition

to

the

football

helmet

is

a

visor

or

eye

shield

traditionally

used

to

protect

players

from

eye

injuries

or

glare

Former

Chicago

Bears

quarterback

Jim

McMahon

was

the

first

to

wear

a

visorshield

The

visors

started

out

as

clear

or

smoked

but

now

come

in

colors

ranging

from

blue

gold

black

rainbow

silver

or

amber

The

visorshield

is

used

at

the

players

discretion

The

helmet

fitting

process

starts

by

measuring

the

players

head

with

calipers

Based

on

measurements

taken

a

helmet

shell

of

the

appropriate

size

and

style

is

chosen

Then

padding

is

added

to

ensure

that

the

helmet

fits

the

players

head

Padding

consists

of

both

foam

rubber

pads

and

inflatable

air

pads

Both

the

top

and

side

padding

include

inflatable

bladders

that

customize

the

fit

Once

the

helmet

is

in

place

on

the

players

head

the

inflater

bulb

is

applied

to

two

points

on

the

outside

of

the

helmet

The

jaw

pads

are

fitted

to

ensure

that

the

lower

part

of

the

helmet

is

snug

against

the

players

face

The

helmets

that

most

Radio

The

NFL

allowed

dummy

communication

in

regularseason

games

in

Rather

than

coaches

calling

a

timeout

in

order

to

give

a

play

to

a

quarterback

many

of

todays

teams

are

opting

for

radios

inside

their

quarterbacks

helmet

The

helmets

are

set

up

with

a

small

speaker

in

each

ear

hole

Quarterback

coaches

or

offensive

coordinators

on

the

sidelines

talk

to

the

quarterback

with

a

radio

giving

him

specific

plays

and

options

Players

from

the

old

school

might

argue

that

this

creates

an

unfair

advantage

but

proponents

say

that

the

radio

helmets

make

for

clear

coachtoplayer

communication

even

in

large

noisy

NFL

rules

state

that

all

helmets

with

a

headset

in

them

must

have

a

visible

green

dot

on

the

back

Since

only

the

quarterback

can

have

a

wired

helmet

it

stops

other

players

using

the

quarterbacks

helmet

A

few

times

in

the

holder

on

the

field

goal

attempt

was

told

to

pull

up

and

throw

or

run

at

the

last

second

because

of

a

change

the

coaches

saw

on

the

field

This

gave

teams

an

unfair

advantage

in

the

eyes

of

the

NFL

The

new

rules

let

each

team

know

who

is

wearing

a

headset

and

who

is

hearing

According

to

a

press

interview

held

with

the

Tampa

Bay

Buccaneers

the

quality

of

the

sound

is

good

but

crowd

noise

factors

in

Its

about

like

what

youd

hear

over

a

loudspeaker

said

Bucs

QB

Shaun

King

It

can

be

hard

to

hear

when

theres

a

lot

of

noise

on

the

outside

but

its

pretty

cool

Off

field

Shoulder

pads

Main

article

Shoulder

pads

The

shoulder

pads

consist

of

a

hard

plastic

outer

shell

with

shockabsorbing

foam

padding

underneath

The

pads

fit

over

the

shoulders

and

the

chest

and

rib

area

and

are

secured

with

various

snaps

and

buckles

Shoulder

pads

give

football

players

their

typical

broadshouldered

look

and

are

fitted

to

an

adult

player

by

measuring

across

the

players

back

from

shoulder

blade

to

shoulder

blade

with

a

soft

cloth

measuring

tape

and

then

adding

inch

For

comfort

shoulder

pads

are

sometimes

worn

in

conjunction

with

a

shoulder

pads

cushion

of

foam

rubber

over

a

cotton

halftee

Shoulder

pads

accomplish

two

things

for

a

football

player

they

absorb

some

of

the

shock

of

impact

through

deformation

The

pads

at

the

shoulders

are

strung

on

tight

webbing

and

deform

on

impact

and

they

distribute

the

shock

through

a

larger

pad

that

is

designed

to

regulate

players

body

temperatures

during

games

and

practices

and

protects

against

injury

Jockstrap

or

athletic

supporter

A

typical

jockstrap

used

in

football

is

constructed

of

a

wide

elastic

waistband

with

a

support

pouch

of

cottonelastic

to

contain

the

genitals

Two

wide

elastic

straps

affixed

to

the

base

of

the

pouch

and

to

the

left

and

right

sides

of

the

waistband

at

the

hip

complete

the

jock

The

pouch

in

some

varieties

may

be

fitted

with

a

pocket

to

hold

an

impact

resistant

cup

protective

cup

to

protect

the

testicles

and

penis

from

injury

Many

youth

football

players

such

as

the

Pop

Warner

leagues

are

often

required

to

wear

a

protective

cup

However

they

are

now

not

worn

as

often

at

the

high

school

college

and

peewee

level

although

still

highly

recommended

The

jockstrap

is

the

one

piece

of

equipment

used

in

football

that

predates

the

sport

itself

In

Charles

Bennett

of

the

Chicago

sporting

goods

company

Sharp

Smith

created

the

bicycle

jockey

strap

for

bicycle

riders

or

bicycle

jockeys

as

they

were

then

known

Other

athletes

adopted

the

jockey

strap

in

their

sports

A

mass

marketing

in

claimed

the

garment

now

termed

a

small

comforter

was

medically

installed

for

all

males

that

engaged

in

sports

or

harmful

activity

Jerseys

and

pants

The

main

purpose

of

these

two

garments

is

to

identify

the

player

by

name

and

number

and

by

his

team

colors

Jerseys

The

front

and

back

of

the

jersey

are

usually

nylon

with

spandex

side

panels

to

keep

it

taut

The

goal

is

to

make

it

difficult

for

an

opposing

player

to

grab

hold

of

the

jersey

and

use

it

for

leverage

To

help

this

process

Jerseys

have

an

extension

at

the

bottom

that

wraps

around

from

front

to

back

to

keep

the

jersey

tucked

in

Jerseys

have

a

wide

strip

of

Velcro

at

the

rear

that

mates

with

Velcro

inside

the

waistband

of

the

pants

Many

players

apply

twosided

carpet

tape

to

their

shoulder

pads

so

that

the

jersey

sticks

to

the

pads

The

players

individually

choose

which

logo

or

other

significant

information

Pants

Pants

are

manufactured

in

nylon

and

mesh

for

hot

weather

practices

and

nylon

and

spandex

for

a

tight

fit

with

team

colors

for

games

Most

pants

are

manufactured

with

the

traditional

laceup

fly

as

a

zippered

fly

is

impractical

and

subject

to

damage

due

to

stress

in

the

rough

and

tumble

of

the

game

The

interior

sides

of

the

pants

legs

contain

four

individual

pockets

to

hold

two

thigh

pads

one

for

each

leg

and

two

knee

pads

The

pads

are

placed

in

the

pockets

before

the

pants

are

put

on

in

the

locker

room

The

pants

are

secured

with

Footwear

Main

article

Cleat

shoe

Similar

to

soccer

cleats

gridiron

football

shoewear

have

soles

that

consist

of

spikes

called

cleats

purposefully

designed

for

games

on

grass

Some

cleats

have

removable

cleats

that

can

be

screwed

into

specific

holes

Cleat

sizes

are

changed

depending

on

the

conditions

of

the

field

longer

cleats

provide

better

traction

on

a

wet

field

shorter

cleats

provide

greater

speed

on

a

dry

field

Flat

bottomed

shoes

called

turf

shoes

are

worn

on

artificial

turf

specifically

AstroTurf

due

to

the

lack

of

soil

that

causes

friction

and

grip

in

artificial

fields

Other

Hip

tail

thigh

and

knee

pads

Quilted

hip

pads

date

to

the

and

are

one

of

the

earliest

pieces

of

protective

football

gear

known

Today

hip

and

tailbone

pads

are

made

of

plastic

and

protect

the

hips

pelvis

and

coccyx

or

tailbone

The

pads

are

inserted

into

the

pockets

of

a

girdle

worn

under

the

football

pants

Thigh

and

knee

pads

are

made

of

plastics

and

inserted

into

pockets

constructed

inside

the

football

pants

Nose

guard

Nose

armor

In

the

days

before

helmets

players

often

wore

nose

guards

or

nose

masks

or

nose

armor

Football

was

a

brutal

sport

before

the

introduction

of

helmets

and

other

protective

gear

Serious

injuries

and

even

deaths

were

common

occurrences

in

the

game

Harvards

AllAmerican

center

John

Cranston

was

the

first

player

to

wear

equipment

to

protect

his

face

during

an

American

football

game

In

order

to

protect

Cranstons

weak

nose

Harvard

captain

and

AllAmerican

Arthur

Cumnock

invented

a

device

that

he

called

nose

armor

Cumnocks

invention

gained

popularity

and

in

a

newspaper

article

described

the

growing

popularity

of

the

device

By

the

invention

of

nose

armor

football

players

who

have

been

hitherto

barred

from

the

field

because

of

broken

or

weak

noses

are

now

able

to

thrust

an

armor

protected

nose

even

though

it

be

broken

into

the

center

of

the

roughest

scrimmage

without

danger

to

the

sensitive

nasal

organ

The

armor

is

made

of

fine

rubber

and

protects

both

the

nose

and

teeth

Percy

Langdon

Wendell

later

invented

the

most

commonly

used

version

of

the

nose

mask

Gloves

Many

receivers

wear

gloves

that

have

sticky

rubber

palms

called

tact

gloves

Spray

on

sticky

substances

such

as

Stick

em

have

been

illegal

since

the

Linemen

also

wear

gloves

for

using

their

hands

to

fight

off

opposing

linemen

The

gloves

worn

by

linemen

usually

are

lined

with

very

thick

padding

to

better

protect

fingers

and

hands

which

sometimes

are

caught

in

an

opponents

face

mask

or

are

stepped

on

Players

are

not

permitted

to

put

gels

or

stick

ems

on

their

gloves

Equipment

management

The

role

of

an

equipment

manager

has

become

an

important

one

for

football

teams

The

equipment

manager

has

two

main

areas

of

responsibility

first

fitting

each

player

on

the

team

with

a

customized

array

of

equipment

that

will

provide

maximum

protection

against

injury

and

secondly

being

responsible

for

the

logistics

of

handling

many

pieces

of

equipment

on

a

daily

basiskeeping

it

repaired

and

in

stock

and

moving

the

equipment

for

road

games

See

also

American

football

portal

Canadian

football

portal

Fashion

portal

References

Fleming

David

November

When

Did

Cups

Become

Uncool

Flem

File

ESPN

Retrieved

April

httpwwwantiquefootballcomnosemask_history_4htm

a

b

Football

Nose

Armor

The

Olean

Democrat

It

is

said

that

Captain

Cumnock

of

Harvard

invented

the

nose

armor

so

that

Cranston

the

great

Harvard

centre

rush

who

had

a

weak

nose

could

play

with

the

crimson

eleven

Football

Nose

Armor

The

Daily

Review

Decatur

IL

Football

Nose

Armor

The

Cedar

Rapids

Evening

Gazette

Vintage

Football

Equipment

Antique

Athlete

Long

Howie

Czarnecki

John

Football

for

Dummies

ed

Newell

Kevin

January

Gridiron

Greats

Football

Equipment

That

Scores

Coach

and

Athletic

Director

Pronger

Brian

The

Arena

of

Masculinity

Sports

Homosexuality

and

the

Meaning

of

Sex

St

Martins

Griffin

Theismann

Joe

Tarcy

Brian

The

Complete

Idiots

Guide

to

Football

ed

Alpha

External

links

Media

related

to

American

football

at

Wikimedia

Commons

Media

related

to

College

football

at

Wikimedia

Commons

Media

related

to

American

football

equipment

at

Wikimedia

Commons

Media

related

to

Canadian

football

at

Wikimedia

Commons

Media

related

to

Canadian

football

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at

Wikimedia

Commons

v

t

e

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v

t

e

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v

t

e

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gear

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