Operation Snow White From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Scientology building in Los Angeles California Grand Jury Charges Introduction United States of America v Mary Sue Hubbard United States District Court for the District of Columbia 1979 Operation Snow White was a criminal conspiracy by the Church of Scientology during the 1970s to purge unfavorable records about Scientology and its founder L Ron Hubbard This project included a series of infiltrations into and thefts from 136 government agencies foreign embassies and consulates as well as private organizations critical of Scientology carried out by Church members in more than 30 countries It was one of the largest infiltrations of the United States government in history with up to 5000 covert agents This operation also exposed the Scientology plot Operation Freakout because Operation Snow White was the case that initiated the US governments investigation of the Church Under this program Scientology operatives committed infiltration wiretapping and theft of documents in government offices most notably those of the US Internal Revenue Service Eleven highly placed Church executives including Mary Sue Hubbard wife of founder L Ron Hubbard and secondincommand of the organization pleaded guilty and were convicted in federal court of obstructing justice burglary of government offices and theft of documents and government property The case was United States v Mary Sue Hubbard et al 493 FSupp 209 DDC 1979 Contents 1 Background 2 Implementation 3 Aftermath and trial 4 Involved parties 5 Effect of the scandal 6 See also 7 Notes 71 72 Footnotes 8 9 External links Background As early as 1960 L Ron Hubbard had proposed that Scientologists should infiltrate government departments by taking secretarial bodyguard or other jobs In the early 1970s the Church of Scientology was increasingly scrutinized by US federal agencies having already been raided by the Food and Drug Administration in 1963 The Internal Revenue Service IRS claimed the Church owed millions of dollars in taxes and the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI sent agents into the organization The Churchs response involved a publicity campaign extensive litigation against the IRS and a program of infiltration of agency offices The specific branch of Scientology responsible for Operation Snow White was the Guardians Office Created in 1966 by L Ron Hubbard the purpose of the Guardians Office was to protect the interests of Scientology At the time of Operation Snow White the Guardians Office had its worldwide headquarters Guardians Office WW located at Saint Hill Manor in England Headquarters in the United States Guardians Office US were in Los Angeles California though smaller offices existed in Washington DC Guardians Office DC and other cities throughout the United States Each Guardian Offices consisted of five bureaus One such bureau was the Information Bureau which oversaw the infiltration of the government L Ron Hubbard oversaw the Guardians Office though it was Mary Sue Hubbard his wife who held the title Commodore Staff Guardian Several years later in 1973 the Guardians Office began a massive infiltration of governments around the world though the primary target of the operation was the United States Worried about Scientologys longterm reputation the Guardians Office decided to infiltrate Interpol to obtain documents related to Scientology as well as those connecting L Ron Hubbard to criminal activity Jane Kember handed this duty to Henning Heldt and his staff Around this time L Ron Hubbard himself wrote Guardian Order 732 which called for the removal and correction of erroneous Scientology files It is here that Operation Snow White has its origins Though the order called for this to be achieved by legal means this would quickly change Hubbard himself would later be named by federal prosecutors as an unindicted coconspirator for his part in the operation Though extensive records of his involvement exist many Scientologists claim his directives were misinterpreted by his followers Operation Snow White would be further refined by Guardian Order 1361 Addressed from Jane Kember to Heldt Duke Snider and Richard Weigand GO 1361 called for among other things an infiltration of the Los Angeles and London offices of the IRS and the Department of Justice While the order was specific to the IRS the Guardians Office was soon recruiting their own field agents to infiltrate other governmental offices including the Drug Enforcement Administration DEA the US Coast Guard intelligence service and the National Institute of Mental Health among others as well as the American Medical Association The program called for rewards to be given for successful missions carried out by Scientologists One of the sentencing memoranda in the case also noted that contrary to what the defendants claimed the programs planned by the Guardians Office were not restricted to trying to remove false reports but included plans to plant false informationfor instance planting false records about a cat with a pedigree name into US security agency computers so that later the creature holds a press conference and photographic story results The purpose of Operation Cat was to hold up the American security to ridicule as outlined in the GO by LRH The start of 1974 saw Michael Meisner appointed Assistant Guardian for Information in the District of Columbia AG I DC Meisners responsibilities included the implementation of all Information Bureau orders programs and projects within the DC area Meisners supervisor at this time was Duke Snider the Assistant Guardian for DC or AG DC This was the highest position in Washingtons GO office In July 1974 Meisner was ordered by Duke Snider to implement the previously written plan to obtain Interpol documents which were then located in the US Department of the Treasury Meisner had more to do than just this though as by August he was also taking directions from Cindy Raymond the GOs Collections Officer for the US who ordered Meisner to assist her in finding a loyal Scientologist agent to gain employment at the IRS headquarters in Washington DC This employee was to steal all documents dealing with Scientology especially those involving current litigation by Scientology against the government Meisner discussed this with Raymond for a period of a month before interviewing various Scientologists with no luck A month after the order had been given Raymond informed Meisner that she Implementation The GOs actual infiltration of the government likely began when Gerald Wolfe and Michael Meisner were able to gain employment at the IRS as clerktypists Under direction of the Guardian Office Wolfe monitored files on taxexempt organizations and when requested illegally made copies for Scientology Meisner supervised both Wolfe and the Information Bureau section in DC and reported to the GOs Deputy Guardian for Information in the US In November 1974 Operation Snow White took an unexpected turn for the GO when they received word that the IRS would be conducting a meeting on Scientologys taxexempt status In response the church sent a spy to bug the room On the morning of November 1 the day before the meeting a GO agent Hermann broke into the conference room and plugged the device into an electrical outlet This device in turn then transmitted a signal on an FM frequency which was picked up and recorded by Scientologists sitting in a car in the parking lot of the Smithsonian which faced the office After the meeting Hermann removed the device and the taped recording of the meeting was sent to Los Angeles By December Wolfe Herman and Meisner had sent a shipment of stolen documents 20 inches thick to Duke Snider Snider in turn sent notification to Mo Budlong in Los Angeles By the end of December Wolfe was stealing documents from the IRSs Chief Counsel s office Just days after Christmas Wolfe broke into the office of Barbara Bird an attorney in the IRSs Refund Litigation Service Bird had been present at the November 1st meeting Instead of stealing files Wolfe took them to a copier and made photocopies using government paper Later Wolfe met Meisner at a restaurant where he reported on his most recent theft Meisner took the documents and underlined selections that he believed his superiors would find interesting or relevant and wrote a summary of the important points This was then routed through the Assistant Guardian for DC and on to the Deputy Guardian for the US the Deputy Guardian for Information in the US the Branch I Director of the Information Bureau and the Collections Officer all of which were in Los Angeles A copy was also sent to Mary Sue Hubbard This was typically standard procedure In early 1975 Operation Snow White expanded again as Sharon Thomas found employment in the US Coast Guard Intelligence Agency and Nancy Douglass began work at the Drug Enforcement Administration DEA Douglass stole documents and made photocopies of others These were transmitted to Hermann By spring attention had been called back to the IRS case as Mary Sue Hubbard had instructed Kember and Heldt to use any method at our disposal to win the battle and gain our nonprofit tax status Heldt wrote back telling that her request had been sent to the Information Bureau who had been ordered to complete the collection of documents from the IRS and the Department of Justices tax files within three months In April Meisner procured a directory of the Department of Justice and located the offices that would have files pertaining to Scientology litigation When he found what he wanted he sent in Wolfe who broke into the offices of two attorneys on three successive Saturdays Wolfe copied twelve files and met up with Meisner as before at a restaurant These files were especially useful to Scientology as it detailed the governments strategy in various court cases In May Willardson directed Meisner to implement Project Horn which called for Meisner to provide a cover for PR and legal for the way they obtained IRS docs The idea would be for the GOs Public Relations Bureau to view the documents without worrying about being connected to the theft Willardsons idea called for Meisner to steal documents dealing with organizations other than Scientology Willardson also called for the theft of IRS stationery in order to forge letters from a fictional disgruntled IRS employee The files on various organizations including Scientology of course would then be sent out attached to Unification Church and Bob Jones University During the summer and fall months of 1975 the GO launched an additional plan In July Meisner was told by Cindy Raymond that the Church of Scientology had initiated a Freedom of Information Act FOIA lawsuit against the IRS Meisner was directed to add the office of Charles Zuravin to his list of offices to monitor Zuravin was representing the government in the case Meisner immediately passed this duty on to Wolfe who broke into Zuravins office multiple times between July and November Wolfe revealed to his superiors that Zuravin was preparing an index of Scientology files relevant to the FOIA case IRS offices from all over the country were sending files to Zuravin This index file required by the courts in all FOIA cases is a total list of the documents requested and By October Zuravin had finished the index numbering each document in order to simplify location and had provided a copy to Scientology attorneys These attorneys in turn gave the index to Raymond who passed it along to Meisner who passed it to Wolfe Wolfe then entered Zuravins office and then began copying the documents listed on the index Zuravin had essentially done the GOs job for them On December 5 1975 Jane Kember issued Guardian Program Order 158 which intended to give L Ron Hubbard early warning of impending legal action The plan called for the infiltration of the government agencies that had either the power to issue or the knowledge of impending subpoenas Specific agencies include the US Attorneys Office in DC and LA the IRS Office of International Operations the DEA and the Coast Guard and Immigration and Naturalization After reviewing the letter Meisner concluded it would be a better idea to infiltrate the Department of Justice than the US Attorneys Office In January 1976 Hermann the Southeast US Secretary for the Information Bureau informed Meisner that Heldt and Weigand had approved a plan to send Alverzo to Washington Alverzo arrived on the 17th and on the 18th he picked the locks on the doors belonging to the office of Lewis Hubbard no relation to L Ron Hubbard and the file room housing Zuravins files Wolfe stood guard at the end of the hallway while Alverzo worked on Hubbards door A few doors down Meisner worked on Zuravins door After an hour and a half with no success Meisner was getting upset Less than a month later Richard Weigand wrote to Jane Kember telling her that the IRS documents that had been ordered to be produced in Guardian Order 1361 over two years earlier had been obtained Gerald Wolfe along with Meisner were later able to break into a room and make false IRS identification cards which allowed them access to the federal courthouse in Washington Wolfe and Meisner then used these cards to gain access to restricted areas and steal more documents While Wolfe and Meisner continued their work at the IRS Mary Sue Hubbard along with other Guardian Office members were coming up with further plans Guardian Program Order 302 written by Cindy Raymond and approved by Hubbard amongst others directed the infiltration of all government agencies that had withheld files from Scientologys various FOIA requests On the night of April 14 Meisner and Wolfe were on the tenth floor of the IRS building housing the Office of International Operations Trying to enter an office the pair found it locked A passing cleaning lady noted Meisner and Wolfes suspicious behavior and notified a security guard The guard confronted the pair and was presented with Wolfes genuine IRS card and Meisners fabricated one Satisfied the guard had the cleaning lady open the door Inside the pair grabbed a hefty load of files Unable to find a photocopier the pair then took the files to the main IRS building where the pair again used their identification to gain access After copying the files they returned them to Crates office The entire process In May Wolfe broke into the United States Courthouse and stole keys to the office of Assistant United States Attorney Nathan Dodell Wolfe then took these keys to have them duplicated and returned them unnoticed Almost three weeks later Wolfe and Meisner broke into Dodells office stealing documents and as usual forwarding them to Guardian headquarters in Los Angeles The GOs interest in Nathan Dodell stemmed from a Scientology FOIA case In April Judge George L Hart asked Dodell whether the US had considered taking a deposition of L Ron Hubbard Dodell responded that it was an interesting thought Furthermore he promised to discuss it with the Department of Justice In May Meisner and Wolfe entered the US Courthouse for the District of Columbia around four in the afternoon They went to the third floor which was the home of both the US Attorneys Office and the Bar Association Library They planned to locate Nathan Dodells office which was in the back of the Civil Division area near an elevator They then searched for the buildings photocopiers After mapping out these locations they left Later Wolfe and Meisner made a copy of Dodells keys On May 21 Meisner and Wolfe entered the Courthouse signing in to do research in the library and were issued an elevator key After riding the elevator to the floor of the library the pair entered the library and removed several books from shelves and sat at a table After a few minutes they exited through a backdoor and emerged in a hallway In this hallway was Dodells office which they entered using their keys The duo stole a number of documents related to Scientology and walked through the hallway to the two copy machines they had previously located The One week later Wolfe and Meisner again met outside the IRS building The duo then walked to the US Courthouse and signed in under fake names They repeated their actions from the previous week copying another group of documents from the District of Columbia Police Department as well as the Food and Drug Administration Returning to Dodells office through the library they were stopped by the night librarian who asked if they had signed in While they had signed in at the front desk they had failed to do the same at the front desk of the library When they announced that they had not Johnson the night librarian told the pair not to come back unless they had specific authorization from the day librarian The pair promptly left Three days later Johnson notified the US Attorneys Office that two individuals had been seen using the photocopying machines of the Attorneys Office Johnson and the night guard were told to immediately contact the FBI if the individuals returned Less than two weeks later Hermann phoned Meisner and ordered him to return to Dodells office and steal his personal files The goal was to formulate a plan that would result in Dodell being removed from his position as an Assistant US Attorney for the District of Columbia Meisner and Wolfe entered the United States Courthouse on June 11 around 7 in the evening They signed in as they did before and headed to the library Johnson the night librarian recognized the pair and immediately stopped them Meisner was prepared for this and showed the man a letter from the head librarian Wolfe and Meisner continued to the back of the library where they exited into the hallway Outside Dodells office the two saw that cleaning ladies were still at work While Meisner and Wolfe waited for the cleaning crew to vacate the office Johnson called the FBI which sent two agents over immediately The two agents confronted the Scientologists and demanded to see their identification Wolfe used his real identification Meisner presented his fake card and told the agents that he had recently resigned from the IRS Meisner told Hansen that the pair was in the library to do legal research and that they had used the photocopiers to copy books and cases Neither mentioned Scientology After roughly twenty minutes of questioning the FBI agents allowed them to leave Meisner Aftermath and trial Meisner and Wolfe were given cover stories by the Guardians Office On the last day of June Gerald Wolfe was arrested Wolfe was charged with the use and possession of a forged official pass of the United States The day after Wolfes arrest Mary Sue Hubbard wrote a letter to Weigand ordering him to keep her abreast of the situation Hubbard also conversed with Mo Budlong and Richard Weigand about Wolfes arrest cover story and subsequent plan to destroy evidence linking Wolfe and Meisner to Scientology At the end of July a judge decided that the case against Wolfe warranted an investigation by a grand jury A week later the judge issued an arrest warrant for Meisner who at the time was being hidden in LA The FBI was able to connect him to Scientology By January 1977 it was becoming increasingly likely that Scientology would be unable to escape Operation Snow White without serious penalty Though Meisner was still in hiding he was growing increasingly anxious about the situation By April Meisner wanted to surrender to the authorities Meisner was quickly put under the control of several guards On May 13 Gerald Wolfe entered a guilty plea Later in the month Meisner escaped his captors only to be convinced to rejoin the GO the following day From 1964 to 1995 the Founding Church of Scientology in Washington DC The building was raided by the FBI in July 1977 In June Wolfe after being sentenced to probation and community service testified before the Grand Jury Instead of the truth Wolfe told the latest incarnation of his cover story Several days later Meisner would again escape his captors though this time he would contact the FBI Meisner was eventually taken to Washington where he agreed to plead guilty to a fiveyear conspiracy felony and cooperate with the Grand Jury On July 8 the FBI raided Church of Scientology locations in Los Angeles Hollywood and Washington DC The Los Angeles raid involved 156 FBI agents the most that had ever been used in a single raid It lasted 21 hours and filled a 16ton truck with documents and other items The raids not only turned up documentation of the groups illegal activities against the United States government but also illegal activities carried out against other perceived enemies of Scientology These included Operation Freakout a conspiracy to frame author Paulette Cooper on false bombthreat charges and conspiracies to frame Gabe Cazares mayor of Clearwater Florida on false hitandrun charges The papers also revealed that Sir John Foster author of the official UK Government inquiry into Scientology and Lord Balniel who had requested the report were targets along with the National Association for Mental Health NAMH and World Federation for Mental Health Comparing the FBI to the Gestapo the Church declared that all the files seized from the Church were taken illegally though the FBI produced a 40plus page affidavit detailing 160 specific items they were looking for By July 20 13 days after the raid a Washington judge ruled that the documents should be returned at least temporarily to the Church and that none of the documents could be shared with branches of the government unless that specific branch was investigating Scientology Scientologys lawyers had successfully argued that in order to prepare for an August 8 hearing on the legality of the raid they must be able to see the documents By July 27 a judge in Washington had ruled the warrant authorizing the raid was too broad and as such violated the Churchs 4th Amendment rights In August this ruling would be overturned with Scientology promising to take the case to the Supreme Court which would early in the next year refuse to hear the case In August 1978 11 highranking members of Scientology were indicted on 28 charges One of the indicted was Mary Sue Hubbard wife of Scientologys creator L Ron Hubbard The other ten were Gerald Wolfe Cindy Raymond Henning Heldt Duke Snider Gregory Willardson Richard Weigand Mitchell Herman Sharon Thomas Jane Kember and Mo Budlong Kendrick Moxon and L Ron Hubbard were named unindicted coconspirators Over the course of the investigation the Church of Scientology attempted to have a judge removed and subpoenaed almost 150 federal agents in what appeared to be a large stalling scheme The Church also offered several shifting explanations for their actions Ultimately these tactics failed and the defendants agreed to a plea deal Seven of the 11 members of the Guardians Office pleaded guilty to just a single count of conspiracy to obstruct justice One more pleaded guilty to a similar charge and a ninth pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor The Scientologists were allowed to argue for the suppression of the governments evidence The remaining two Scientologists were in England pending extradition The Royal Courts of Justice London where Kember and Budlongs plea for political asylum was denied On December 6 1979 some five years after Operation Snow White began it officially came to an end Five of the Scientologists were sentenced to four years in jail with four of the convicted being taken immediately Mary Sue Hubbard wife of L Ron Hubbard was sentenced to five years Each of the six faced a fine of 10000 The next day the four remaining Scientologists were sentenced Three of the four faced a fine of 10000 and five years in jail The fourth was fined 1000 and sent to jail for six months Upon release Mary Sue Hubbard was given five years of probation and community service All of the Scientologists immediately appealed but the verdicts were confirmed In November 1980 the two remaining Scientologists Jane Kember and Mo Budlong were finally convicted on nine counts of aiding and abetting burglary in connection with breakins at government offices and were sentenced to six years Kember and Budlong had claimed political asylum in the UK arguing that they should not be extradited to the US because the burglaries had political objectives Their application against extradition was denied by the British High Court on the grounds that it did not fall within the political offence exception to the Extradition Act 1870 Mr Justice Griffiths said I am unable to accept that organising burglaries either for the purpose of identifying persons in Government offices hostile to the Scientologists or for the purpose of gaining an advantage in litigation or even for the wider purpose of refuting false allegations thus enabling a better image of the Church of Scientology to be projected to the public comes anywhere near being an offence of a political character within the meaning of the Extradition Act The Applicants did not order these burglaries to take place in order to challenge the political control or Government of the United States they did so to further the interests of the Church of Scientology and its members and in particular the interest of Ron L Hubbard the founder of Scientology In my view it would be ridiculous to regard the Applicants as political refugees seeking asylum in this country and I reject the submission that these were offences of a political character Involved parties Mary Sue Hubbard Cindy Raymond Gerald Bennett Wolfe Henning Heldt Duke Snider Gregory Willardson Richard Weigand Mitchell Herman Sharon Thomas Jane Kember and Mo Budlong all highranking Scientologists were convicted and sent to prison for five years L Ron Hubbard was named by federal prosecutors as an unindicted coconspirator and went into hiding for the rest of his life Effect of the scandal See also Scientology in Canada The Church has been reluctant to discuss the operations details typical statements by members and operatives are often vague comments saying that the Guardians Office GO had been infiltrated and set up to fail in its mission to protect the Church that those involved were purged from the Church without detailing what actually happened although it has been suggested many of those involved and purged remained in important positions of power within the church Church spokespersons on the Internet and elsewhere have been known to claim that the operatives had done nothing more serious than steal photocopier paper In 2009 Church of Scientology spokesman Tommy Davis said that the jailed members of Guardians Org were declared suppressive people by the Church of Scientology and had to undergo rehabilitation in order to resume their upper level training in the church Operation Snow White extended to Canada and resulted in legal proceedings against the Church By 1990 all eleven defendants in Operation Snow White were free See also Scientology portal David Gaiman List of Guardians Office operations Project Normandy Scientology controversies Scientology in the United States Notes References US v Mary Sue Hubbard et al 1977 Grand Jury Criminal Indictment DDC August 15 1978 US v Mary Sue Hubbard et al Stipulation of Evidence DDC October 1979 Footnotes Labaton Stephen 19931014 Scientologists Granted Tax Exemption by the US New York Times Retrieved 20080525 Ortega Tony 19991223 Double Crossed Phoenix New Times New Times Media Retrieved 20060612 a b Mystery of the Vanished Ruler TIME 19830131 Retrieved 20070810 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia against Mary Sue Hubbard Henning Heldt Jane Kember et al Archived from the original on 20080509 Mary Sue Hubbard et al Sentencing Memorandum corrected Archived from the original on 20071202 Timeline of Scientology versus the IRS wikisourceUS v Hubbard 650 F2d 293 1981 a b c d e Urban Hugh B June 2006 Fair Game Secrecy Security and the Church of Scientology in Cold War America Journal of the American Academy of Religion Oxford University Press 74 2 356389 doi 101093jaarellfj084 Miller Russell 1987 BareFaced Messiah Henry Holt Co p 170 0805006540 a b c d e Grand Jury 1978 Stipulation of Evidence 1979 p 6 Guardians Office Order 732 GO Order 732 WW 4201973 Archived from the original on 20091108 Marshall John 19800124 Hubbard still gave orders records show The Globe and Mail a b Robert W Welkos Joel Sappell 19900624 Burglaries and Lies Paved a Path to Prison Los Angeles Times Retrieved 20060522 Stipulation of Evidence 1979 p 21 a b c d e Marro Anthony July 8 1977 Federal Agents Raid Scientology Church Offices in Two Cities Are Searched for Allegedly Stolen IRS Files New York Times pp 1 7 Retrieved July 1 2010 Dianetic Sect Said to Spy on AMA Criticized Over Dianetics New York Times November 2nd 1979 More BreakIns Revealed In Scientology Spy Case The Washington Post October 26th 1979 Sentencing Memorandum in Criminal No 7840123 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v JANE KEMBER MORRIS BUDLONG aka MO BUDLONG Stipulation of Evidence 1979 p 17 Stipulation of Evidence 1979 p 1719 Grand Jury 1978 p 4 Documents Made Public in Case of Infiltration by Scientologists Documents Give First Details 8 Plead to Conspiracy New York Times October 26 1979 Stipulation of Evidence 1979 p 2425 a b Stipulation of Evidence 1979 p 3839 Stipulation of Evidence 1979 p 46 Grand Jury 1978 p 7 Grand Jury 1978 p 12 Stipulation of Evidence 1979 p 49 a b Stipulation of Evidence 1979 p 8188 Grand Jury 1978 p 720 Stipulation of Evidence 1979 p 9293 Stipulation of Evidence 1979 p 101110 Grand Jury 1978 p 9 Grand Jury 1978 p 10 Stipulation of Evidence 1979 p 134138 a b c d e f g Stipulation of Evidence 1979 p 156177 Stipulation of Evidence 1979 p 190 Stipulation of Evidence 1979 p 196206 Stipulation of Evidence 1979 p 230232 a b Stipulation of Evidence 1979 p 246247 Stipulation of Evidence 1979 p 268274 Scientology Parry and Thrust Time Magazine 19770725 Retrieved 20081207 Charles L Stafford Bette Orsini 19800109 Scientology An indepth profile of a new force in Clearwater St Petersburg Times Archived from the original PDF 905K on 20160124 Original 18M Beresford David 19800209 Sect framed journalist over bomb threats The Guardian Beresford David 19800207 Snow Whites dirty tricks The Guardian Stolen Documents Reported Found in FBI Raids on Scientologists Infiltration of Agencies 750 Million Suit New York Times July 10th 1977 Scientology Search Troubles Judge Washington Post July 23rd 1977 Church of Scientology to Get Documents Back New York Times July 21st 1977 FBI Raids on Church are Ruled Improper Judge Calls Warrants Too Broad to Justify Seizure of Papers July 28th 1977 FBI is Upheld on Search Warrant for Church Offices New York Times December 2nd 1977 Court Refuses to Act in Church of Scientology Appeal IRS Agents Liability Other Rulings Stand New York Times March 21st 1978 a b ExAgent Alleges Fraud in FBI Says Many Informers are Bogus New York Times January 6th 1979 Scientology Case Shifted to Coast 11 Officials Indicted New York Times June 30th 1979 Church of Scientology Announces it is Investigating Government Washington Post May 2nd 1978 Germ Warfare Report The Washington Post October 29th 1979 Judge Backs Guilty Plea Bargain by Scientology Church Leaders Assurances Asked New York Times October 9th 1979 5 Scientologists Get Jail Terms in Plot on Files Leaders Fined 10000 in Data Theft Conspiracy What is the Example New York Times December 7th 1979 Four More Scientologists Sentenced The Washington Post December 8th 1979 Convictions of 9 Scientologists in Plotting Thefts Are Upheld The Washington Post October 3rd 1981 Two Scientologists Are Convicted Of Aiding in US Office Breakins The Washington Post November 27th 1980 2 Scientologists Sentenced to Prison The Washington Post December 20th 1980 Alona E Evans April 1980 United Kingdom Case Note The American Journal of International Law 74 2 447450 doi 1023072201516 JSTOR 2201516 What is the Guardians Office and does it still exist Ortega Tony Sept 9 2001 Sympathy for the Devil New Times Los Angeles Tommy Davis Video 7 Vimeo Morgan Lucy 29 March 1999 Abroad Critics public and private keep pressure on Scientology St Petersburg Times Archived from the original on 19 December 2007 Burglaries and Lies Paved a Path to Prison Further reading Jon Atack 1990 A Piece of Blue Sky Scientology Dianetics and L Ron Hubbard Exposed Lyle StuartCarol Publishing Group pp 226241 081840499X Retrieved 20080319 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Operation Snow White Wikisource has original text related to this article United States of America v Jane Kember Morris Budlong Sentencing Memorandum 1977 Grand Jury Criminal Indictment legal documents Snow White Operating Targets scans of original documents Stipulation of Evidence legal document The convicted conspirators appeal legal document Sentencing Memorandum US v Jane Kember Morris Budlong 1980 from Wikisource v t e Scientology Categories Scientology and law Scientologyrelated controversies Telephone tapping

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Optimization problem From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia For a broader coverage of this topic see Mathematical optimization In mathematics and computer science an optimization problem is the problem of finding the best solution from all feasible solutions Optimization problems can be divided into two categories depending on whether the variables are continuous or discrete An optimization problem with discrete variables is known as a discrete optimization In a discrete optimization problem we are looking for an object such as an integer permutation or graph from a finite or possibly countably infinite set Problems with continuous variables include constrained problems and multimodal problems Contents 1 Continuous optimization problem 2 Combinatorial optimization problem 21 NP optimization problem 3 4 See also Continuous optimization problem The standard form of a continuous optimization problem is f x x 0 i 1 m x 0 j 1 p where is the objective function to be minimized over the n variable vector are called inequality constraints are called equality constraints and If and equal 0 the problem is an unconstrained optimization problem By convention the standard form defines a minimization problem A maximization problem can be treated by negating the objective function Combinatorial optimization problem Formally a combinatorial optimization problem is a quadruple where is a set of instances given an instance is the set of feasible solutions given an instance and a feasible solution of denotes the measure of which is usually a positive real is the goal function and is either or The goal is then to find for some instance an optimal solution that is a feasible solution with For each combinatorial optimization problem there is a corresponding decision problem that asks whether there is a feasible solution for some particular measure For example if there is a graph which contains vertices and an optimization problem might be find a path from to that uses the fewest edges This problem might have an answer of say 4 A corresponding decision problem would be is there a path from to that uses 10 or fewer edges This problem can be answered with a simple yes or no In the field of approximation algorithms algorithms are designed to find nearoptimal solutions to hard problems The usual decision version is then an inadequate definition of the problem since it only specifies acceptable solutions Even though we could introduce suitable decision problems the problem is more naturally characterized as an optimization problem NP optimization problem An NPoptimization problem NPO is a combinatorial optimization problem with the following additional conditions Note that the below referred polynomials are functions of the size of the respective functions inputs not the size of some implicit set of input instances the size of every feasible solution is polynomially bounded in the size of the given instance the languages and can be recognized in polynomial time and is polynomialtime computable This implies that the corresponding decision problem is in NP In computer science interesting optimization problems usually have the above properties and are therefore NPO problems A problem is additionally called a Poptimization PO problem if there exists an algorithm which finds optimal solutions in polynomial time Often when dealing with the class NPO one is interested in optimization problems for which the decision versions are NPcomplete Note that hardness relations are always with respect to some reduction Due to the connection between approximation algorithms and computational optimization problems reductions which preserve approximation in some respect are for this subject preferred than the usual Turing and Karp reductions An example of such a reduction would be the Lreduction For this reason optimization problems with NPcomplete decision versions are not necessarily called NPOcomplete NPO is divided into the following subclasses according to their approximability NPOI Equals FPTAS Contains the Knapsack problem NPOII Equals PTAS Contains the Makespan scheduling problem NPOIII The class of NPO problems that have polynomialtime algorithms which computes solutions with a cost at most c times the optimal cost for minimization problems or a cost at least of the optimal cost for maximization problems In Hromkovič s book excluded from this class are all NPOIIproblems save if PNP Without the exclusion equals APX Contains MAXSAT and metric TSP NPOIV The class of NPO problems with polynomialtime algorithms approximating the optimal solution by a ratio that is polynomial in a logarithm of the size of the input In Hromkovics book all NPOIIIproblems are excluded from this class unless PNP Contains the set cover problem NPOV The class of NPO problems with polynomialtime algorithms approximating the optimal solution by a ratio bounded by some function on n In Hromkovics book all NPOIVproblems are excluded from this class unless PNP Contains the TSP and Max Clique problems Another class of interest is NPOPB NPO with polynomially bounded cost functions Problems with this condition have many desirable properties References Boyd Stephen P Vandenberghe Lieven 2004 Convex Optimization Cambridge University Press p 129 9780521833783 Ausiello Giorgio et al 2003 Complexity and Approximation Corrected ed Springer 9783540654315 a b Hromkovic Juraj 2002 Algorithmics for Hard Problems Texts in Theoretical Computer Science 2nd ed Springer 9783540441342 Kann Viggo 1992 On the Approximability of NPcomplete Optimization Problems Royal Institute of Technology Sweden 917170082X How Traffic Shaping Optimizes Network Bandwidth IPC Np 12 July 2016 Web 13 Feb 2017 See also Counting problem complexity Design Optimization Function problem Glove problem Operations research Search problem Semiinfinite programming Authority control GND 43908184 Categories Computational problems

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Orthonectida From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Orthonectids Two different female Orthonectids Scientific classification Kingdom Animalia unranked Mesozoa Phylum Orthonectida Giard 1877 Species Orthonectida ˌ ɔːr θ ə ˈ n ɛ k t ɪ d ə θ oʊ is a small phylum of poorly known parasites of marine invertebrates that are among the simplest of multicellular organisms Members of this phylum are known as orthonectids Biology The adults are microscopic wormlike animals consisting of a single layer of ciliated outer cells surrounding a mass of sex cells They swim freely within the bodies of their hosts which include flatworms polychaete worms bivalve molluscs and echinoderms They are gonochoristic with separate male and female individuals When they are ready to reproduce the adults leave the host and sperm from the males penetrate the bodies of the females to achieve internal fertilisation The resulting zygote develops into a ciliated larva that escapes from the mother to seek out new hosts Once it finds a host the larva loses its cilia and develops into a syncytial plasmodium larva This in turn breaks up into numerous individual cells that become the next generation of adults Classification The phylum consists of about 20 known species of which Rhopalura ophiocomae is the bestknown The phylum is not divided into classes or orders and contains just two families Although originally described in 1877 as a class and sometimes characterized as an order of the phylum Mesozoa recent study shows that orthonectids are quite different from the rhombozoans the other group in Mesozoa The genome of one species Intoshia linei has been sequenced These animals are simplified spiralians Their position in the phylogenetic tree has yet to be determined The genome data confirms the earlier proposal that these organisms are spiralians based on their morphology Known species Phylum Orthonectida Family Rhopaluridae Stunkard 1937 Ciliocincta akkeshiensis Tajika 1979 Hokkaido Japan in flatworms Turbellaria Ciliocincta julini Caullery and Mesnil 1899 E North Atlantic in polychaetes Ciliocincta sabellariae Kozloff 1965 San Juan Islands WA USA in polychaete Neosabellaria cementarium Intoshia leptoplanae Giard 1877 E North Atlantic in flatworms Leptoplana Intoshia linei Giard 1877 E North Atlantic in nemertines Lineus Rhopalura linei Intoshia major Shtein 1953 Arctic Ocean in gastropods Lepeta Natica Solariella Rhopalura major Intoshia metchnikovi Caullery Mesnil 1899 E North Atlantic in polychaetes and nemertines Intoshia paraphanostomae Westblad 1942 E North Atlantic in flatworms Acoela Intoshia variabili Alexandrov Sljusarev 1992 Arctic Ocean in flatworms Macrorhynchus Rhopalura elongata Shtein 1953 Arctic Ocean in bivalves Astarte Rhopalura gigas Giard 1877 Rhopalura granosa Atkins 1933 E North Atlantic in bivalves Pododesmus Rhopalura intoshi Metchnikoff Mediterranean in nemertines Rhopalura litoralis Shtein 1953 Arctic Ocean in gastropods Lepeta Natica Solariella Rhopalura major Shtein 1953 Rhopalura murmanica Shtein 1953 Arctic Ocean in gastropods Rissoa Columbella Rhopalura ophiocomae Giard 1877 E North Atlantic in ophiuroids usually Amphipholis Rhopalura pelseneeri Caullery Mesnil 1901 E North Atlantic polychaetes and nemertines Rhopalura philinae Lang 1954 E North Atlantic in gastropods Rhopalura pterocirri de SaintJoseph 1896 E North Atlantic in polychaetes Rhopalura vermiculicola Stoecharthrum burresoni Kozloff 1993 Stoecharthrum fosterae Kozloff 1993 Stoecharthrum giardi Caullery Mesnil 1899 E North Atlantic in polychaetes Stoecharthrum monnati Kozloff 1993 E North Atlantic in molluscs Family Pelmatosphaeridae Stunkard 1937 Pelmatosphaera polycirri Caullery and Mesnil 1904 E North Atlantic in polychaetes and nemertines References Wikispecies has information related to Orthonectida H Furuya J van der Land 2010 Orthonectida World Register of Marine Species Retrieved January 12 2011 Orthonectida Giard 1877 Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved January 12 2011 Orthonectida Oxford Dictionaries Oxford University Press Retrieved 20160121 a b c Hanelt B Van Schyndel D Adema C M Lewis L A Loker E S 1996 The phylogenetic position of Rhopalura ophiocomae Orthonectida based on 18S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis Molecular Biology and Evolution 13 9 1187 doi 101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva025683 PMID 8896370 a b Robert D Barnes 1982 Invertebrate Zoology Philadelphia PA HoltSaunders International pp 247248 0030567475 Alfred Mathieu Giard 1877 Sur les Orthonectida classe nouvelle danimaux parasites des Échinodermes et des Turbellariés On Orthonectida a new class of parasitic animals of Echinoderms and Turbellarians Comptes Rendus in French 85 18 812814 Mikhailov Kirill V Slyusarev Georgy S Nikitin Mikhail A Logacheva Maria D Penin Aleksey A Aleoshin Vladimir V Panchin Yuri V 2016 The Genome of Intoshia linei Affirms Orthonectids as Highly Simplified Spiralians Current Biology 26 13 176874 doi 101016jcub201605007 PMID 27374341 Sliusarev G S 2008 Тип ортонектида Orthonectida строение биология положение в системе многоклеточных животных Phylum Orthonectida Morphology biology and relationships to other multicellular animals Zhurnal obshchei biologii in Russian 69 6 40327 PMID 19140332 v t e Extant Animal phyla Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi Animalia Porifera sponges Diploblasts Eumetazoa Ctenophora comb jellies ParaHoxozoa Planulozoa PC Placozoa Trichoplax Cnidaria jellyfish and relatives Bilateria Triploblasts Xenacoelomorpha Xenoturbellida Xenoturbella Acoelomorpha acoels nemertodermatids Nephrozoa see below Nephrozoa Deuterostomia Chordata lancelets tunicates Vertebrata Craniata Ambulacraria Echinodermata starfish and relatives Hemichordata acorn worms pterobranchs Protostomia Ecdysozoa Scalidophora Kinorhyncha mud dragons Priapulida penis worms NLP Nematoida Nematoda roundworms Nematomorpha horsehair worms LP Loricifera corset animals Panarthropoda Onychophora velvet worms Tactopoda Arthropoda arthropods Tardigrada waterbears Spiralia Gnathifera Chaetognatha arrow worms Gnathostomulida jaw worms MS Micrognathozoa Limnognathia Syndermata Rotifera wheel animals Acanthocephala thornyheaded worms Platytrochozoa RM Mesozoa Orthonectida Dicyemida or Rhombozoa Monoblastozoa Salinella Rouphozoa Platyhelminthes flatworms Gastrotricha hairybacks Lophotrochozoa Cycliophora Symbion Annelida ringed worms MK Mollusca molluscs Kryptotrochozoa Nemertea ribbon worms Lophophorata Bryozoa sl Entoprocta or Kamptozoa Ectoprocta moss animals Brachiozoa Brachiopoda lamp shells Phoronida horseshoe worms Major groups within phyla Sponges Hexactinellid Demosponge Calcareous Homoscleromorpha Cnidarians Anthozoa inc corals Hexacorallia Octocorallia Medusozoa inc jellyfish Myxozoa Vertebrates Jawless fish Cartilaginous fish Bony fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Echinoderms Sea lilies Asterozoa inc starfish Echinozoa Nematodes Chromadorea Enoplea Secernentea Arthropods CheliceratesArachnids Myriapods Crustaceans HexapodsInsects Platyhelminths Turbellaria Trematoda Monogenea Cestoda Bryozoans Phylactolaemata Stenolaemata Gymnolaemata Annelids Polychaetes Clitellata Echiura Sipuncula Gastropods Cephalopods Bivalves Chitons Tusk shells Phyla with 1000 extant species bolded See also Diploblasts Taxon identifiers Wikidata Q131032 Wikispecies Orthonectida ADW Orthonectida EoL 8769 Fossilworks 67108 GBIF 5967456 iNaturalist 151836 IRMNG 184 ITIS 57409 NCBI 33209 NZOR b8c5c94708d14fdbb6216c3f91f27c4f WoRMS 14220 Categories Bilaterians Animal phyla

B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Osceola National Forest From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Osceola National Forest Location Florida United States Nearest city Olustee FL Coordinates 301726N 821918W Coordinates 301726N 821918W Area 190932 acres 77267 km 2 Established July 10 1931 Governing body US Forest Service Website Osceola National Forest A pine woods tree frog in the Osceola National Forest Mushrooms in the Osceola National Forest Osceola National Forest is a National Forest located in northeast Florida Osceola National Forest was created by President Herbert Hoover s proclamation on July 10 1931 It is named in honor of the noted Seminole warrior Osceola The forest is made up of approximately 200000 acres 810 km 2 of pine flatwoods and cypress hardwood swamps in northeastern Florida and is about 50 miles 80 km west of Jacksonville It is located in parts of Columbia Baker Bradford and Hamilton counties The forest administration headquarters are in Tallahassee as are all three National Forests in Florida Local ranger district offices located in Olustee There is one officially designated wilderness area in the forest the 13660 acres 553 km 2 Big Gum Swamp Wilderness Contents 1 Geography and ecology 2 Activities 3 4 See also 5 6 External links Geography and ecology Within the forest is the Osceola Research Natural Area designated a National Natural Landmark in December 1974 Osceola National Forest is home to many birds as well as mammalian and reptilian species including the alligator eastern indigo snake two species of skunk muskrat black bear coyote raccoon gopher tortoise bobcat two species of fox opossum cougar fox squirrel and redcockaded woodpecker an endangered species Activities A 28mile 45 km section of the Florida National Scenic Trail is included in the park grounds Other hiking trails in the park include Olustee Battlefield Trail an American Civil War battlefield Trampled Track Trail and Mt Carrie Trail Two horseback riding trails pass through open pine flatwoods and near scenic bays The park is also open to hunters and fishermen with permits Ocean Pond Campground Ocean Pond Campground is located on the north side of Ocean Pond a 1760acre 71 km 2 natural lake Sixtyseven campsites are available for tents trailers or motor homes Ocean Pond provides a variety of recreational experiences such as fishing boating water skiing and camping A beach area boat ramp drinking water hot showers and flush toilets are located in the campground The Landing Group Area Available by reservation only this is a 50person private group area Recreational activities include swimming boating camping and picnicking Facilities include a sand beach boat launch for small boats picnic shelter large group grill and restrooms with showers Hunt Camps Hunt camps include Hog Pen Landing Cobb Wiggins West Tower and East Tower These are primitive camp sites See also Apalachicola National Forest Ocala National Forest Olustee Battlefield Historic State Park is within Osceola National Forest References Table 6 NFS Acreage by State Congressional District and County United States Forest Service September 30 2007 Osceola Research Natural Area National Natural Landmark Nelson Gil 1995 Exploring Wild North Florida Pineapple Press Inc p 244 ISBN 1561640913 OCLC 32746332 External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Osceola National Forest Wikimedia Commons has media related to Osceola National Forest Osceola National Forest official site at United States Forest Service Florida Scenic Trail Great Florida Birding Trail Ocean Pond Campground official site at Osceola National Forest The Landing Group Area official site at Osceola National Forest Hog Pen Landing official site at Osceola National Forest Cobb Hunt Camp official site at Osceola National Forest Wiggins Camp official site at Osceola National Forest West Tower Hunt Camp official site at Osceola National Forest East Tower Hunt Camp official site at Osceola National Forest v t e Protected areas of Florida v t e National Forests of the United States Categories National Forests of Florida National Natural Landmarks in Florida Protected areas of Columbia County Florida Protected areas established in 1931 Protected areas of Baker County Florida Protected areas of Bradford County Florida Protected areas of Hamilton County Florida Osceola National Forest 1931 establishments in Florida

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Outlander franchise From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Outlander Created by Diana Gabaldon Original work Outlander 1991 Print publications Books The Outlandish Companion 1999 Novels Outlander 1991 Dragonfly in Amber 1992 Voyager 1994 Drums of Autumn 1997 The Fiery Cross 2001 A Breath of Snow and Ashes 2005 An Echo in the Bone 2009 Written in My Own Hearts Blood 2014 Short stories A Leaf on the Wind of All Hallows 2010 Comics The Exile An Outlander Graphic Novel 2010 Films and television Television series Outlander 2014 Audio Soundtracks Outlander The Musical 2010 Miscellaneous Novellas The Space Between 2012 Virgins 2013 The Outlander franchise is a series of novels short fiction and related works It is composed of the core Outlander novel series the Lord John novel series spinoff adaptations in comics a theatrical musical and a television series The core Outlander series is a sequence of novels and shorter works written by Diana Gabaldon that feature elements of historical fiction romance mystery adventure and science fiction fantasy The franchise has expanded to include the 2014 television drama series Outlander on Starz a 2010 graphic novel and a 2010 musical album called Outlander The Musical Gabaldon has also spun off recurring secondary character Lord John Grey into the Lord John series a sequence of novels and shorter works that can be generally categorized as historical mysteries Contents 1 Written works 11 Outlander novel series 111 Novels 112 Audiobooks 12 Novellas and short stories 13 Graphic novel 14 Lord John series 15 Other 2 Characters 3 Television series 4 Outlander The Musical 5 6 External links Written works Outlander novel series The Outlander series focuses on 20thcentury British nurse Claire Randall who time travels to 18thcentury Scotland and finds adventure and romance with the dashing Highland warrior Jamie Fraser Novels Outlander 1991 published in the UK New Zealand and Australia as Cross Stitch Dragonfly in Amber 1992 Voyager 1993 Drums of Autumn 1996 The Fiery Cross 2001 A Breath of Snow and Ashes 2005 An Echo in the Bone 2009 Written in My Own Hearts Blood 2014 Go Tell the Bees That I Am Gone forthcoming Audiobooks The Outlander series has been released in unabridged read by Davina Porter and abridged audiobooks read by Geraldine James Several of the Lord John books have been released in audiobook form read by Jeff Woodman Novellas and short stories A Leaf on the Wind of All Hallows 2010 a short story in the anthology Songs of Love and Death later collected in A Trail of Fire 2012 and Seven Stones to Stand or Fall 2017 It tells the WWII story of Roger MacKenzie Wakefields parents Jerry and Dolly as Jerry discovers for himself the mystery of the standing stones The Space Between 2013 a novella in the anthology The Mad Scientists Guide to World Domination later collected in A Trail of Fire 2012 and Seven Stones to Stand or Fall 2017 It chronicles a journey undertaken by Joan MacKimmie Jamie Frasers stepdaughter and Michael Murray Jenny Fraser Murrays son Virgins 2013 a novella in the anthology Dangerous Women later available as a standalone ebook and collected in Seven Stones to Stand or Fall 2017 Set in 1740 France it introduces 19yearold Jamie Fraser as he and his 20yearold friend Ian Murray become young mercenaries A Fugitive Green 2017 a novella published in the Gabaldon collection Seven Stones to Stand or Fall It features Hal Grey brother of Lord John Grey and his future wife Minerva Graphic novel Main article The Exile An Outlander Graphic Novel In 2010 Gabaldon adapted the first third of Outlander into a graphic novel illustrated by Hoang Nguyen Lord John series Main article Lord John series The Lord John series is a sequence of novels and shorter works that center on Lord John Grey a recurring secondary character from the Outlander novels The spinoff series currently consists of five novellas and three novels which all take place between 1756 and 1761 during the events of Gabaldons Voyager They can be generally categorized as historical mysteries and the three novels are shorter and focus on fewer plot threads than the main Outlander books Several of the Lord John books have been released in audiobook form read by Jeff Woodman Other The Outlandish Companion 1999 a guide to the Outlander series containing synopses a character guide and other notes and information revised and updated as The Outlandish Companion Volume One 2015 The Outlandish Companion Volume Two 2015 Characters Main article List of Outlander characters Core characters include Claire Beauchamp Randall Fraser the titular Outlander a 20th century nurse and later doctor who travels through time to the 18th century Jamie Fraser Claires 18th century husband Frank Randall Claires 20th century husband Jonathan Black Jack Randall Franks sadistic 18th century ancestor Lord John Grey a secondary character in the main series and the focus of the spinoff Lord John series Television series Main article Outlander TV series In June 2013 Starz ordered 16 episodes of a television adaptation and production began in October 2013 in Scotland The series premiered in the US on August 9 2014 with Caitriona Balfe and Sam Heughan starring as Claire and Jamie It was picked up for a second season on August 15 2014 and for a third and fourth season on June 1 2016 On May 9 2018 Starz renewed the series for a fifth and sixth season Outlander The Musical In 2010 a 14song cycle based on Outlander was released under the title Outlander The Musical With music by Kevin Walsh and lyrics by Mike Gibb the project was approved by Gabaldon after Gibb had approached the author in Scotland with the idea to adapt her novel into a stage production As Gabaldon recalled I laughed and said Thats the screwiest idea Ive heard yet go ahead So they did and the results were stunning Though the stage production remains in development the 14song cycle is available on CD from Amazoncom and for download on iTunes In 2012 Broadway composer Jill Santoriello began collaborating with Gibb and Walsh on the project writing the music and cowriting the lyrics with Gibb for a new song called One More Time The song was recorded with vocals by Rebecca Robbins References a b Reese Jennifer November 27 2007 Book Review Lord John and the Hand of Devils 2007 Entertainment Weekly Retrieved October 30 2013 a b Ng Philiana May 8 2014 Starzs Outlander Gets First Poster Premiere Date The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved June 14 2014 a b Hibberd James August 15 2014 Outlander renewed for second season Entertainment Weekly Retrieved August 15 2014 a b Brienza Casey September 21 2010 The Exile An Outlander Graphic Novel GraphicNovelReportercom Retrieved September 16 2014 a b Fiction Book Review The Exile An Outlander Graphic Novel Publishers Weekly August 23 2010 Retrieved September 16 2014 a b Official site The Exile graphic novel DianaGabaldoncom Retrieved September 16 2014 a b c PROGRESS OUTLANDERThe Musical now on Amazon DianaGabaldoncom September 26 2010 Retrieved July 30 2014 a b c d Outlander the Musical DianaGabaldoncom October 26 2013 Retrieved July 30 2014 a b c Stage Tube First Listen of Jill Santoriellos Outlander Musical BroadwayWorldcom July 16 2012 Retrieved July 30 2014 a b Official site Lord John Grey Series DianaGabaldoncom Archived from on October 12 2013 Retrieved October 29 2013 a b c Official site Chronology of the Outlander Series DianaGabaldoncom Archived from on October 12 2013 Retrieved October 29 2013 Official site Written in My Own Hearts Blood DianaGabaldoncom Archived from on February 9 2014 Retrieved June 10 2014 Gabaldon Diana Go Tell the Bees That I Am Gone Outlander series DianaGabaldoncom Retrieved July 11 2016 a b Official site A Trail of Fire DianaGabaldoncom Retrieved September 16 2014 Official site A Leaf on the Wind of All Hallows DianaGabaldoncom April 18 2013 Retrieved September 16 2014 DeNardo John January 14 2010 Songs of Love and Death edited by George RR Martin and Gardner Dozois SF Signal Archived from on February 8 2012 Retrieved September 18 2014 Johnson Suzanne October 27 2010 Fiction Affliction Diagnosing November Releases in Urban Fantasy Paranormal Romance Torcom Retrieved September 18 2014 Pocket Releases Songs of Love and Death GeorgeRRMartincom November 24 2010 Retrieved September 18 2014 Not A Blog Love Death Sex Heartbreak GRRMlivejournalcom March 31 2010 Archived from the original on February 14 2015 Retrieved September 18 2014 Official site The Space Between Novella DianaGabaldoncom Retrieved November 20 2013 a b Official site Virgins Dangerous Women DianaGabaldoncom December 7 2013 Retrieved September 18 2014 a b Dangerous Women Arrives on Torcom Torcom July 24 2013 Retrieved November 19 2013 a b Fiction Book Review Dangerous Women by George RR Martin and Gardner Dozois Publishers Weekly October 7 2013 Retrieved November 23 2013 a b Martin George R R January 23 2013 Not A Blog A Dangerous Delivery GRRMlivejournalcom Archived from on January 23 2013 Retrieved January 23 2013 For those who like to lose themselves in long stories the Brandon Sanderson story the Diana Gabaldon story the Caroline Spector story and my Princess and Queen are novellas Virgins An Outlander Novella Penguin Books Retrieved November 18 2016 Official site The Outlandish Companion Volume One DianaGabaldoncom Retrieved January 3 2017 Official site The Outlandish Companion Volume Two DianaGabaldoncom Retrieved January 4 2017 The Outlandish Companion Volume Two Goodreads Retrieved June 12 2016 Andreeva Nellie June 1 2013 Outlander Greenlighted To Series By Starz Deadline Hollywood Retrieved July 31 2014 Prudom Laura June 1 2016 Outlander Renewed for Seasons 3 and 4 Variety Retrieved June 1 2016 Roots Kimberly May 9 2018 Outlander Renewed for Seasons 5 and 6 Plus See First Season 4 Photos TVLine Retrieved May 9 2018 OUTLANDER The Musical is now on iTUNES DianaGabaldoncom October 15 2011 Retrieved July 30 2014 a b c Outlander The Musical Official website Retrieved July 30 2014 External links Official website An Outlander Family Tree Official Random House 2014 Gabaldon Diana Outlander Podcasts Podcast DianaGabaldoncom v t e Works by Diana Gabaldon Outlander Novels Outlander 1991 Dragonfly in Amber 1992 Voyager 1994 Drums of Autumn 1997 The Fiery Cross 2001 A Breath of Snow and Ashes 2005 An Echo in the Bone 2009 Written in My Own Hearts Blood 2014 Other media The Exile An Outlander Graphic Novel 2010 Outlander TV series 2014 episodes Characters Claire Fraser Jamie Fraser Lord John Grey Other Lord John series Naked Came the Phoenix 2001 Categories Outlander franchise American historical novels Hispanic and Latino American novels Historical novels by series Novel series

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