Kaon From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia For other uses see Kaon disambiguation Not to be confused with Kōan Kaon Composition K u s K 0 d s s d K s u Statistics Bosonic Interactions Strong weak electromagnetic gravitational Symbol K K 0 K Discovered 1947 Types 4 Mass K 493677 0013 MeV c 2 K 0 497648 0022 MeV c 2 Electric charge K 1 e K 0 0 e Spin 0 Strangeness 1 In particle physics a kaon ˈ k eɪ ɒ n also called a K meson and denoted K is any of a group of four mesons distinguished by a quantum number called strangeness In the quark model they are understood to be bound states of a strange quark or antiquark and an up or down antiquark or quark Kaons have proved to be a copious source of information on the nature of fundamental interactions since their discovery in cosmic rays in 1947 They were essential in establishing the foundations of the Standard Model of particle physics such as the quark model of hadrons and the theory of quark mixing the latter was acknowledged by a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2008 Kaons have played a distinguished role in our understanding of fundamental conservation laws CP violation a phenomenon generating the observed matterantimatter asymmetry of the universe was discovered in the kaon system in 1964 which was acknowledged by a Nobel Prize in 1980 Moreover direct CP violation was discovered in the kaon decays in the early 2000s by the NA48 experiment at CERN and the KTeV experiment at Fermilab Contents 1 Basic properties 2 Strangeness 3 Parity violation 4 CP violation in neutral meson oscillations 41 Neutral kaon mixing 411 Mixing 412 Oscillation 413 Regeneration 42 CP violation 5 See also 6 Notes and references 61 Bibliography Basic properties The decay of a kaon K into three pions 2 π 1 π is a process that involves both weak and strong interactions Weak interactions The strange antiquark s of the kaon transmutes into an up antiquark u by the emission of a W boson the W boson subsequently decays into a down antiquark d and an up quark u Strong interactions An up quark u emits a gluon g which decays into a down quark d and a down antiquark d The four kaons are K negatively charged containing a strange quark and an up antiquark has mass 493677 0013 MeV and mean lifetime 12380 00020 10 8 s K antiparticle of above positively charged containing an up quark and a strange antiquark must by CPT invariance have mass and lifetime equal to that of K Experimentally the mass difference is 0032 0090 MeV consistent with zero the difference in lifetimes is 011 009 10 8 s also consistent with zero K 0 neutrally charged containing a down quark and a strange antiquark has mass 497648 0022 MeV It has mean squared charge radius of 0076 001 fm 2 K 0 neutrally charged antiparticle of above containing a strange quark and a down antiquark has the same mass As the quark model shows assignments that the kaons form two doublets of isospin that is they belong to the fundamental representation of SU2 called the 2 One doublet of strangeness 1 contains the K and the K 0 The antiparticles form the other doublet of strangeness 1 Properties of kaons Particle name Particle symbol Antiparticle symbol Quark content Rest mass MeV c 2 I G J P C S C B Mean lifetime s Commonly decays to 5 of decays Kaon K K u s 493677 0016 1 2 0 1 0 0 12380 00021 10 8 μ ν μ or π π 0 or π π π or π 0 e ν e Kaon K 0 K 0 d s 497611 0013 1 2 0 1 0 0 a a KShort K 0 S Self b 497611 0013 c 1 2 0 0 0 8954 0004 10 11 π π or π 0 π 0 KLong K 0 L Self b 497611 0013 c 1 2 0 0 0 5116 0021 10 8 π e ν e or π μ ν μ or π 0 π 0 π 0 or π π 0 π a Strong eigenstate No definite lifetime see kaon notes below b Weak eigenstate Makeup is missing small CPviolating term see notes on neutral kaons below c The mass of the K 0 L and K 0 S are given as that of the K 0 However it is known that a difference between the masses of the K 0 L and K 0 S on the order of 35 10 12 MeV c 2 exists Although the K 0 and its antiparticle K 0 are usually produced via the strong force they decay weakly Thus once created the two are better thought of as superpositions of two weak eigenstates which have vastly different lifetimes The longlived neutral kaon is called the K L Klong decays primarily into three pions and has a mean lifetime of 518 10 8 s The shortlived neutral kaon is called the K S Kshort decays primarily into two pions and has a mean lifetime 8958 10 11 s See discussion of neutral kaon mixing below An experimental observation made in 1964 that Klongs rarely decay into two pions was the discovery of CP violation see below Main decay modes for K Results Mode Branching ratio μ ν μ leptonic 6355 011 π π 0 hadronic 2066 008 π π π hadronic 559 004 π π 0 π 0 hadronic 1761 0022 π 0 e ν e semileptonic 507 004 π 0 μ ν μ semileptonic 3353 0034 Decay modes for the K are charge conjugates of the ones above Strangeness Main article Strangeness The discovery of hadrons with the internal quantum number strangeness marks the beginning of a most exciting epoch in particle physics that even now fifty years later has not yet found its conclusion by and large experiments have driven the development and that major discoveries came unexpectedly or even against expectations expressed by theorists II Bigi and AI Sanda CP violation 0521443490 In 1947 G D Rochester and Clifford Charles Butler of the University of Manchester published two cloud chamber photographs of cosmic ray induced events one showing what appeared to be a neutral particle decaying into two charged pions and one which appeared to be a charged particle decaying into a charged pion and something neutral The estimated mass of the new particles was very rough about half a protons mass More examples of these Vparticles were slow in coming The first breakthrough was obtained at Caltech where a cloud chamber was taken up Mount Wilson for greater cosmic ray exposure In 1950 30 charged and 4 neutral Vparticles were reported Inspired by this numerous mountaintop observations were made over the next several years and by 1953 the following terminology was adopted Lmeson meant muon or pion K meson meant a particle intermediate in mass between the pion and nucleon Hyperon meant any particle heavier than a nucleon The decays were extremely slow typical lifetimes are of the order of 10 10 s However production in pion proton reactions proceeds much faster with a time scale of 10 23 s The problem of this mismatch was solved by Abraham Pais who postulated the new quantum number called strangeness which is conserved in strong interactions but violated by the weak interactions Strange particles appear copiously due to associated production of a strange and an antistrange particle together It was soon shown that this could not be a multiplicative quantum number because that would allow reactions which were never seen in the new synchrotrons which were commissioned in Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1953 and in the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in 1955 Parity violation Two different decays were found for charged strange mesons Θ π π 0 τ π π π The intrinsic parity of a pion is P 1 and parity is a multiplicative quantum number Therefore the two final states have different parity P 1 and P 1 respectively It was thought that the initial states should also have different parities and hence be two distinct particles However with increasingly precise measurements no difference was found between the masses and lifetimes of each respectively indicating that they are the same particle This was known as the τθ puzzle It was resolved only by the discovery of parity violation in weak interactions Since the mesons decay through weak interactions parity is not conserved and the two decays are actually decays of the same particle now called the K CP violation in neutral meson oscillations Initially it was thought that although parity was violated CP charge parity symmetry was conserved In order to understand the discovery of CP violation it is necessary to understand the mixing of neutral kaons this phenomenon does not require CP violation but it is the context in which CP violation was first observed Neutral kaon mixing Two different neutral K mesons carrying different strangeness can turn from one into another through the weak interactions since these interactions do not conserve strangeness The strange quark in the anti K 0 turns into a down quark by successively absorbing two Wbosons of opposite charge The down antiquark in the anti K 0 turns into a strange antiquark by emitting them Since neutral kaons carry strangeness they can not be their own antiparticles There must be then two different neutral kaons differing by two units of strangeness The question was then how to establish the presence of these two mesons The solution used a phenomenon called neutral particle oscillations by which these two kinds of mesons can turn from one into another through the weak interactions which cause them to decay into pions see the adjacent figure These oscillations were first investigated by Murray GellMann and Abraham Pais together They considered the CPinvariant time evolution of states with opposite strangeness In matrix notation one can write a b M Δ Δ M where ψ is a quantum state of the system specified by the amplitudes of being in each of the two basis states which are a and b at time t 0 The diagonal elements M of the Hamiltonian are due to strong interaction physics which conserves strangeness The two diagonal elements must be equal since the particle and antiparticle have equal masses in the absence of the weak interactions The offdiagonal elements which mix opposite strangeness particles are due to weak interactions CP symmetry requires them to be real The consequence of the matrix H being real is that the probabilities of the two states will forever oscillate back and forth However if any part of the matrix were imaginary as is forbidden by CP symmetry then part of the combination will diminish over time The diminishing part can be either one component a or the other b or a mixture of the two Mixing The eigenstates are obtained by diagonalizing this matrix This gives new eigenvectors which we can call K 1 which is the sum of the two states of opposite strangeness and K 2 which is the difference The two are eigenstates of CP with opposite eigenvalues K 1 has CP 1 and K 2 has CP 1 Since the twopion final state also has CP 1 only the K 1 can decay this way The K 2 must decay into three pions Since the mass of K 2 is just a little larger than the sum of the masses of three pions this decay proceeds very slowly about 600 times slower than the decay of K 1 into two pions These two different modes of decay were observed by Leon Lederman and his coworkers in 1956 establishing the existence of the two weak eigenstates states with definite lifetimes under decays via the weak force of the neutral kaons These two weak eigenstates are called the K L Klong and K S Kshort CP symmetry which was assumed at the time implies that K S K 1 and K L K 2 Oscillation Main article Neutral particle oscillation An initially pure beam of K 0 will turn into its antiparticle while propagating which will turn back into the original particle and so on This is called particle oscillation On observing the weak decay into leptons it was found that a K 0 always decayed into an electron whereas the antiparticle K 0 decayed into the positron The earlier analysis yielded a relation between the rate of electron and positron production from sources of pure K 0 and its antiparticle K 0 Analysis of the time dependence of this semileptonic decay showed the phenomenon of oscillation and allowed the extraction of the mass splitting between the K S and K L Since this is due to weak interactions it is very small 10 15 times the mass of each state Regeneration A beam of neutral kaons decays in flight so that the shortlived K S disappears leaving a beam of pure longlived K L If this beam is shot into matter then the K 0 and its antiparticle K 0 interact differently with the nuclei The K 0 undergoes quasi elastic scattering with nucleons whereas its antiparticle can create hyperons Due to the different interactions of the two components quantum coherence between the two particles is lost The emerging beam then contains different linear superpositions of the K 0 and K 0 Such a superposition is a mixture of K L and K S the K S is regenerated by passing a neutral kaon beam through matter Regeneration was observed by Oreste Piccioni and his collaborators at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Soon thereafter Robert Adair and his coworkers reported excess K S regeneration thus opening a new chapter in this history CP violation While trying to verify Adairs results J Christenson James Cronin Val Fitch and Rene Turlay of Princeton University found decays of K L into two pions CP 1 in an experiment performed in 1964 at the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at the Brookhaven laboratory As explained in an earlier section this required the assumed initial and final states to have different values of CP and hence immediately suggested CP violation Alternative explanations such as nonlinear quantum mechanics and a new unobserved particle were soon ruled out leaving CP violation as the only possibility Cronin and Fitch received the Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery in 1980 It turns out that although the K L and K S are weak eigenstates because they have definite lifetimes for decay by way of the weak force they are not quite CP eigenstates Instead for small ε and up to normalization K L K 2 ε K 1 and similarly for K S Thus occasionally the K L decays as a K 1 with CP 1 and likewise the K S can decay with CP 1 This is known as indirect CP violation CP violation due to mixing of K 0 and its antiparticle There is also a direct CP violation effect in which the CP violation occurs during the decay itself Both are present because both mixing and decay arise from the same interaction with the W boson and thus have CP violation predicted by the CKM matrix Direct CP violation was discovered in the kaon decays in the early 2000s by the NA48 and KTeV experiments at CERN and Fermilab See also Hadrons mesons hyperons and flavour Strange quark and the quark model Parity physics charge conjugation time reversal symmetry CPT invariance and CP violation Neutrino oscillation Neutral particle oscillation Notes and references Notes The positively charged kaon used to be called τ and θ as it was supposed to be two different particles until the 1960s See the parity violation section References J Beringer et al 2012 Particle listings K J Beringer et al 2012 Particle listings K 0 J Beringer et al 2012 Particle listings K 0 S a b J Beringer et al 2012 Particle listings K 0 L Lee T D Yang C N 1 October 1956 Question of Parity Conservation in Weak Interactions 104 1 254 Bibcode 1956PhRv104254L doi 101103PhysRev104254 One way out of the difficulty is to assume that parity is not strictly conserved so that Θ and τ are two different decay modes of the same particle which necessarily has a single mass value and a single lifetime Christenson J H Cronin J W Fitch V L Turlay R 27 July 1964 Evidence for the2πDecay of theK20Meson Physical Review Letters 13 4 138140 doi 101103physrevlett13138 Bibliography Amsler C et al Particle Data Group 2008 Review of Particle Physics Physics Letters B 667 1 11340 Bibcode 2008PhLB6671A doi 101016jphysletb200807018 Eidelman S et al Particle Data Group 2004 Review of Particle Physics Physics Letters B 592 1 1 arXiv astroph0406663 Bibcode 2004PhLB5921P doi 101016jphysletb200406001 The quark model by JJJ Kokkedee Sozzi M S 2008 Discrete symmetries and CP violation Oxford University Press 9780199296668 Bigi I I Sanda A I 2000 CP violation Cambridge University Press 0521443490 Griffiths D J 1987 Introduction to Elementary Particle John Wiley Sons 0471603864 v t e Particles in physics Elementary Fermions Quarks Up quark antiquark Down quark antiquark Charm quark antiquark Strange quark antiquark Top quark antiquark Bottom quark antiquark Leptons Electron Positron Muon Antimuon Tau Antitau Electron neutrino Electron antineutrino Muon neutrino Muon antineutrino Tau neutrino Tau antineutrino Bosons Gauge Photon Gluon W and Z bosons Scalar Higgs boson Ghost fields FaddeevPopov ghosts Hypothetical Superpartners Gauginos Gluino Gravitino Photino Others Higgsino Neutralino Chargino Axino Sfermion Stop squark Others Planck particle Axion Dilaton Dual graviton Graviton Leptoquark Majoron Majorana fermion Magnetic monopole Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W and Z bosons X and Y bosons Composite Hadrons Baryons hyperons Nucleon Proton Antiproton Neutron Antineutron Delta baryon Lambda baryon Sigma baryon Xi baryon Omega baryon Mesons quarkonia Pion Rho meson Eta and eta prime mesons Phi meson Jpsi meson Omega meson Upsilon meson Kaon B meson D meson Exotic hadrons Tetraquark Pentaquark Others Atomic nuclei Atoms Exotic atoms Positronium Muonium Tauonium Onia Superatoms Molecules Hypothetical Hypothetical baryons Hexaquark Skyrmion Hypothetical mesons Glueball Theta meson T meson Others Mesonic molecule Pomeron Diquarks Quasiparticles Davydov soliton Dropleton Exciton Hole Magnon Phonon Plasmaron Plasmon Polariton Polaron Roton Trion Lists Baryons Mesons Particles Quasiparticles Timeline of particle discoveries Related History of subatomic physics timeline Standard Model mathematical formulation Subatomic particles Particles Antiparticles Nuclear physics Eightfold Way Quark model Exotic matter Massless particle Relativistic particle Virtual particle Waveparticle duality Wikipedia books Hadronic Matter Particles of the Standard Model Leptons Quarks Physics portal Categories Mesons

B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Karz film From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia This article is about the 1980 film For the 2008 remake see Karzzzz film Karz Directed by Subhash Ghai Produced by Akhtar Farooqui Jagjit Khurana Written by Dr Rahi Masoom Reza dialogue Screenplay by Sachin Bhowmick Starring Rishi Kapoor Tina Munim Simi Garewal Raj Kiran Pran Pinchoo Kapoor Mac Mohan Music by LaxmikantPyarelal Anand Bakshi Lyrics Cinematography Kamalakar Rao Edited by Waman Bhonsle Gurudutt Shirali Distributed by Mukta Arts Ltd Release date 27 June 1980 Running time 157 mins Country India Language Hindi Box office 55 million Karz The debt is a 1980 Indian Hindi language thriller film directed by Subhash Ghai starring Rishi Kapoor and Tina Munim as leads also starring Simi Garewal in the critically acclaimed role of Kamini Verma the murderous wife from the past life which won her a Filmfare nomination The films music was by LaxmikantPyarelal giving successful numbers like DardEDil and Om Shanti Om which samples the eponymous song by Lord Shorty and they went on to win Filmfare Best Music Director Award for this film the lyricist received two Filmfare nominations for these two hits Plot Ravi Verma wins a legal battle against Sir Judah his dead fathers business partner Shantaprasad Verma Ravis dead father was a rich man in Coonoor whose property was unjustly usurped by Sir Judah after his death Ravi gives the good news to his mother without realizing that Judah has already set contrary plans in action Ravi has fallen in love with Kamini a golddigger working covertly for Judah Here Ravi tells his mother that he is going to get married and come back to get her blessings for him and Kamini On their way to Coonoor Kamini throws Ravi off Kali Two decades later Monty an orphan raised by GG Oberoi is a twentyoneyearold singer fond of a tune Ravi liked which activates some of Ravis memories subconsciously present in Monty Monty soon falls in love with a girl in some remote place He chooses Ooty near Coonoor partly because Tina lives there There his inherited memories become intense when he sees all the locations of these memories Tina tells him that she was brought up by her Rani Sahiba at the behest of her uncle Kabira In truth Kabira was sentenced to life imprisonment and is about to be released whereafter Monty wins his permission to court Tina but learns that Rani Sahiba is Kamini Kabira later reveals to Monty that Tinas father learnt some deadly secret about the Kali Kamini is horrified to see Ravis mother and sister and flees When Monty confronts her Kamini confesses to Ravis murder which the police record Thereupon Judah captures Ravis relatives and agrees to release Tina in exchange for Kamini Just as the exchange is about to take place Tina attacks Kamini In the mêlée Kabira and Monty gain the upper hand Judah tries to burn Montys family Monty saves them and kills Judah in the fire Kamini escapes in a jeep Pursued by Monty she attacks him at the temple but falls to her own death In the end Monty marries Cast Actor Role Other Notes Rishi Kapoor Monty Ravi Vermas reincarnation A Rockstar Raj Kiran Ravi Verma Shanta Prasad Vermas Son Simi Garewal Kaamini Verma Ravi Vermas Widow Rani Sahiba Tina Munim Tina Kabiras Niece Montys Love Interest Premnath Sir Judah The Main Antagonist Pran Kabira Tinas Uncle Durga Khote Mrs Shanta Prasad Verma Ravi Vermas Mother Rani Maa Abha Dhulia Jyoti Verma Pinkey Ravi Vermas Sister Jalal Agha Doctor Dayal Montys Friend Pinchoo Kapoor Mr GG Oberoi Montys Mentor Iftekhar Dr Daniel Dr Dayals senior Montys Doctor Viju Khote Baayan Left Hand Kabiras Man Birbal Daayan Right Hand Kabiras Man Mac Mohan Sir Judahs Man A Man who translates Sir Judah Aruna Irani Dancer In Kamaal Hai song Guest Role Mukri College Principal Yusuf Khan Roxi Kabiras Rival Kamaldeep Advocate PP Roy Sir Judahs Lawyer Guest Role Crew Direction Subhash Ghai Screenplay Sachin Bhowmick Dialogue Dr Rahi Masoom Reza Production Akhtar Farooqui Jagjit Khurana Editing Waman Bhonsle Gurudutt Shirali Cinematography Kamalakar Rao Direction Assistant Ashok Ghai Kuku Khanna Art Direction Sudhendu Roy Costume Design Bhanu Athaiya Bhavana Munim Satyawan Choreography Suresh Bhatt Music Direction LaxmikantPyarelal Lyrics Anand Bakshi Playback Mohammed Rafi Asha Bhosle Kishore Kumar Lata Mangeshkar Manna Dey Anuradha Paudwal Soundtrack Karz Soundtrack album by LaxmikantPyarelal Released 1980 India Genre Film soundtrack Label Sa Re Ga Ma EMI Producer LaxmikantPyarelal LaxmikantPyarelal chronology BeReham 1980 Karz 1980 Jyoti Bane Jwala 1980 The soundtrack of the film includes tracks composed by LaxmikantPyarelal with lyrics by Anand Bakshi who received two Filmfare nominations for these two hits DardEDil and Om Shanti Om LaxmikantPyarelal however won the trophy for Best Music Director of the year With hits like DardEDil by Mohd Rafi and Ek Haseena Thi and Om Shanti Om by Kishore Kumar the soundtrack was a trendsetter for disco music in the Indian music industry and films background score especially the signature tune are still remembered as one of the most memorable ones The title track is heavily inspired by the Lord Shorty song of the same name The films chartbuster song Om Shanti Om sung by Kishore Kumar reached the number 2 spot on Binaca Geetmala s annual list 1980 while another duet between Lata and Kishore Tu Kitne Baras Ki reached number 13 All lyrics written by Anand Bakshi all music composed by LaxmikantPyarelal No Title Singers Length 1 Om Shanti Om Meri Umar Ke Naujawanon Kishore Kumar 905 2 Paisa Yeh Paisa Kishore Kumar 510 3 Ek Haseena Thi Kishore Kumar Asha Bhosle 755 4 DardEDil Mohammed Rafi 705 5 Main Solah Baras Ki Kishore Kumar Lata Mangeshkar 505 6 Kamaal Hai Kishore Kumar Manna Dey Anuradha Paudwal 555 7 Karz Theme Music Instrumental 315 Meanwhile the Filmfare Best Music Director Award notwithstanding the films music turned out to be heavily inspired in later years like the dramatic Ek Hasina Thi was taken from George Benson s As We Love while Om Shanti Om itself came from Trinidad Calypso artist Lord Shorty s version Reception The story of this movie about reincarnation and revenge became the ninth highest grosser of the year and was declared a Semi Hit nationwide In a 2008 interview film director Subhash Ghai admitted that film was ahead of its time and was thus panned by critics of the times and flopped at the box office it was only years later that it started being considered a classic and even remade several times over The film is also one of the finest films of Subhash Ghai notable for picturisation of songs like Ek Hasina Thi on stage as well as DardEDil and set the standard for his future films as most of them became known for his dramatic flair and above all their music score However the director Subhash Ghai admitted that Karz was partly inspired by the 1975 American film The Reincarnation of Peter Proud mixed in with Indian beliefs on reincarnation Karz may have also been inspired by the 1958 Hindi film Madhumati Karz was itself remade several times as the Kannada film Yuga Purusha 1989 the Tamil film Enakkul Oruvan 1984 and more recently the Hindi film Karzzzz 2008 Karz may have also inspired the American film Chances Are 1989 Influence Though the theme of reincarnation was earlier handled in Madhumati 1958 Kudrat 1981 and Mehbooba 1976 the modern twist with murder and revenge angle set in Karz was a potboiler it went on to inspire several other Indian remakes notably Yuga Purusha 1989 in Kannada Enakkul Oruvan 1984 in Tamil Atmabhalam 1985 in Telugu and the most recent Hindi film Karzzzz 2008 starring Himesh Reshammiya The songs of the film inspired several film titles notably Paisa Yeh Paisa 1985 Main Solah Baras Ki 1998 Ek Hasina Thi 2004 Aashiq Banaya Aapne 2005 and Om Shanti Om 2007 which was seen as a lighthearted tribute to the film as it borrowed many elements from it Awards and nominations 1981 Filmfare Award Best Music Director Winner LaxmikantPyarelal Best Supporting Actress Simi Garewal Nominated Best Male Playback Mohammed Rafi DardEDil Nominated Best Male Playback Kishore Kumar Om Shanti Om Nominated Best Lyricist Anand Bakshi Om Shanti Om Nominated Best Lyricist Anand Bakshi DardEDil Nominated References a b Box Office 1980 Archived 2 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine Box Office India Ramnarine Tina K September 2011 Music in circulation between diasporic histories and modern media exploring sonic politics in two Bollywood filmsOm Shanti OmandDulha Mil Gaya South Asian Diaspora 3 2 143158 doi 101080194381922011579454 ISSN 19438192 Karz 1980 retrieved 20180917 BACKGROUND SCORES IN HINDI MOVIES Passionforcinema Movies TalkingPoints 12 June 2008 Ramnarine Tina K September 2011 Music in circulation between diasporic histories and modern media exploring sonic politics in two Bollywood filmsOm Shanti OmandDulha Mil Gaya South Asian Diaspora 3 2 143158 doi 101080194381922011579454 ISSN 19438192 Karz 1980 retrieved 20180917 Karz 1980 songs Bollyfmnet Retrieved 28 September 2010 Karz 1980 songs Raagacom Retrieved 28 September 2010 a b Bollywood Gossip Filmmaker Subhash Ghai Actor Himesh Reshammiya Film Karz Entertainmentoneindiain 10 September 2007 Retrieved 28 September 2010 a b Upperstallcom a b Karz 1980 Movie Review movietalkiescom I thought Kisna will be a big hit Rediffcom Movies 6 March 2008 a b Doniger Wendy 2005 Chapter 6 Reincarnation The woman who pretended to be who she was myths of selfimitation Oxford University Press pp 112136 135 9780195160161 Nikhat Kazmi 10 November 2007 The Times of India OSO Review The Times of India 1st Filmfare Awards 1953 to 2005 awards and nominations PDF Deep750googlepagescom Retrieved 28 September 2010 External links Karz on IMDb Karz at Bollywood Hungama Review of the film v t e Films by Subhash Ghai Director Kalicharan 1976 Vishwanath 1978 Gautam Govinda 1979 Karz 1980 Krodhi 1981 Vidhaata 1982 Hero 1983 Meri Jung 1985 Karma 1986 Ram Lakhan 1989 Saudagar 1991 Khalnayak 1993 Pardes 1997 Taal 1999 Yaadein 2001 Kisna The Warrior Poet 2005 Black White 2008 Yuvvraaj 2008 Kaanchi The Unbreakable 2014 Producer Hero 1983 Karma 1986 Ram Lakhan 1989 Saudagar 1991 Khalnayak 1993 Trimurti 1995 Pardes 1997 Taal 1999 Rahul 2001 Yaadein 2001 Ek Aur Ek Gyarah 2003 Joggers Park 2003 Aitraaz 2004 Kisna The Warrior Poet 2005 Iqbal 2005 Shaadi Se Pehle 2006 36 China Town 2006 Apna Sapna Money Money 2006 Good Boy Bad Boy 2007 Bombay to Bangkok 2008 Black White 2008 Yuvvraaj 2008 Noukadubi 2011 Samhita 2013 Double Di Trouble 2014 Hero 2015 Categories 1980 films Indian films 1980s Hindilanguage films 1980s drama films Hindilanguage films Films about reincarnation Indian supernatural thriller films Films scored by LaxmikantPyarelal Films directed by Subhash Ghai Films shot in Ooty Films about revenge Hindi films remade in other languages Films featuring an item number

B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Kjeragbolten From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Kjeragbolten A man standing on top of Kjeragbolten Highest point Elevation 989 m 3245 ft Coordinates 590201N 063535E Coordinates 590201N 063535E Geography Kjeragbolten Location in Rogaland Location Rogaland Norway Topo map 1313 III Lyngsvatnet Kjeragbolten is a boulder on the mountain Kjerag in Forsand municipality in Rogaland county Norway The rock itself is a 5cubicmetre 180 cu ft glacial deposit wedged in the mountains crevasse It is a popular tourist destination and is accessible without any climbing equipment However it is suspended above a 984metre 3228 ft deep abyss It is also a popular site for BASE jumping The boulder is just southwest of the village of Lysebotn just south of the Lysefjorden Contents 1 Geology 2 Tourism 3 See also 4 Gallery 5 6 External links Geology Rogaland lies in a weak tectonic zone allowing the river to dig into the surrounding sandstone mountain During the several ice ages known to have occurred in Scandinavia Norway was completely covered in glaciers Between the ice ages the meltwater formed and reformed the valley up to 22 times After the last ice age global warming caused a rise in sea level flooding the fjords The boulder was deposited during the last glacial period at around 50000 BC As the Norwegian Glacier melted it was accompanied by a rebound in rock formations as the ice was removed In Kjeragboltens case the rebound was faster than the rising sea level which wedged the rock into its current position Tourism Kjeragbolten has long been a famed photo op in the Kjerag trails It was featured in the 2006 viral video Where the Hell is Matt where traveler Matt Harding danced atop the precarious boulder Because of its enormous popularity long lines usually form with people who want to have a photo from the site Expected waiting time can be anywhere from a few minutes to over an hour especially when there are cruise ships in Stavanger See also Norway portal Preikestolen Kjerag Gallery References Jøssang Tor Inge 20080912 2700 vellykkede hopp fra Kjerag Stavanger Aftenblad in Norwegian Archived from the original on 20100312 Lysefjorden Earthcache Kjerag and Preikestolen Geocaching Arnold Amanda Afraid of heights Kjeragbolten will make your knees buckle How Stuff Works Archived from the original on 20121214 Retrieved 20121230 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kjerag Flickr Kjerabolten Images World BASE fatalities Categories Landforms of Rogaland Cliffs of Norway Forsand Glacial deposits of Norway Rock formations of Norway

B O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

kjeragbolten
mountain kjerag
base jumping


LaGrange Indiana From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia For the ghost town in Tippecanoe County see LaGrange Tippecanoe County Indiana Town of LaGrange Indiana Town LaGrange County Courthouse Location of Lagrange in LaGrange County Indiana Coordinates 413837N 85252W Coordinates 413837N 85252W Country United States State Indiana County LaGrange Area Total 178 sq mi 462 km 2 Land 178 sq mi 462 km 2 Water 000 sq mi 000 km 2 Elevation 932 ft 284 m Population 2010 Total 2625 Estimate 2016 2734 Density 153251sq mi 59171km 2 Time zone UTC5 EST Summer DST UTC5 EST ZIP code 46761 Area codes 260 FIPS code 1840860 GNIS feature ID 0437511 LaGrange is a town in and the county seat of LaGrange County Indiana United States The population was 2625 at the 2010 census Contents 1 History 2 Geography 3 Demographics 31 2010 census 32 2000 census 4 Courthouse 5 Education 6 Communications 7 Culture 8 9 External links History LaGrange was laid out and platted in 1836 It took its name from LaGrange County LaGrange Countys initial settlers were Yankee immigrants that is to say they were from New England and were descended from the English Puritans who settled that region in the colonial era They were part of a wave of New England settlers moving west into what was then the Northwest Territory after the completion of the Erie Canal The original settlers in LaGrange County specifically hailed from the Massachusetts counties of Worcester County Suffolk County and Berkshire County the Connecticut counties of Hartford County and Windham County as well as the Connecticut towns of Sherman Lebanon and Fairfield and from the Vermont towns of Burlington Brookfield Huntington and Grand Isle They were mainly members of the Congregational Church but as a result of the Second Great Awakening many became Baptists and many also converted to Pentecostalism and Methodism When they arrived in what is now LaGrange County there was nothing but virgin forest and wild prairie the New England settlers cleared roads built farms constructed churches erected government buildings and established post routes As a result of this migration LaGrange County was culturally continuous with early New England culture for many years The LaGrange County Courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 The courthouse and the annual fall festival are featured in the 1941 New Deal era post office mural painted by Jessie Hull Mayer She won the federal commission to paint Corn School as part of the Section of Painting and Sculpture s projects later called the Section of Fine Arts of the Treasury Department Geography LaGrange is located at 413837N 85252W 41643476 85417217 According to the 2010 census LaGrange has a total area of 17 square miles 440 km 2 all land Demographics Historical population Census Pop 1860 650 1870 1038 597 1880 1367 317 1890 1784 305 1900 1703 45 1910 1772 41 1920 1610 91 1930 1640 19 1940 1814 106 1950 1892 43 1960 1990 52 1970 2053 32 1980 2164 54 1990 2382 101 2000 2919 225 2010 2625 101 Est 2017 2749 47 US Decennial Census 2010 census As of the census of 2010 there were 2625 people 1041 households and 637 families residing in the town The population density was 15441 inhabitants per square mile 5962km 2 There were 1221 housing units at an average density of 7182 per square mile 2773km 2 The racial makeup of the town was 937 White 06 African American 04 Native American 04 Asian 42 from other races and 07 from two or more races Hispanic or Latino of any race were 95 of the population There were 1041 households of which 335 had children under the age of 18 living with them 432 were married couples living together 133 had a female householder with no husband present 47 had a male householder with no wife present and 388 were nonfamilies 343 of all households were made up of individuals and 153 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older The average household size was 243 and the average family size was 317 The median age in the town was 377 years 27 of residents were under the age of 18 75 were between the ages of 18 and 24 246 were from 25 to 44 229 were from 45 to 64 and 178 were 65 years of age or older The gender makeup of the town was 467 male and 533 female 2000 census As of the census of 2000 there were 2919 people 1149 households and 716 families residing in the town The population density was 17178 people per square mile 6630km There were 1231 housing units at an average density of 7244 per square mile 2796km The racial makeup of the town was 9332 White 038 African American 003 Native American 048 Asian 469 from other races and 110 from two or more races Hispanic or Latino of any race were 689 of the population There were 1149 households out of which 326 had children under the age of 18 living with them 460 were married couples living together 126 had a female householder with no husband present and 376 were nonfamilies 326 of all households were made up of individuals and 152 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older The average household size was 242 and the average family size was 308 In the town the population was spread out with 266 under the age of 18 100 from 18 to 24 272 from 25 to 44 196 from 45 to 64 and 166 who were 65 years of age or older The median age was 35 years For every 100 females there were 929 males For every 100 females age 18 and over there were 826 males The median income for a household in the town was 32054 and the median income for a family was 39038 Males had a median income of 29545 versus 21946 for females The per capita income for the town was 17865 About 47 of families and 71 of the population were below the poverty line including 57 of those under age 18 and 97 of those age 65 or over Courthouse The LaGrange County Courthouse was designed in 1878 by Thomas J Tolan Son Architects of Fort Wayne Indiana The courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 17 1980 Mural of LaGranges history downtown Education The town of LaGrange lies in the school district of Lakeland School Corporation The local schools town residents attend are Parkside Elementary Lakeland Middle School Lakeland High School Lagrange Indiana LaGrange has a public library a branch of the La Grange County Public Library Communications LaGrange has only two numbered state or federal highways US Route 20 and State Road 9 It is seven miles away from the HoweLaGrange interchange of the Indiana Toll Road It has no scheduled airline or passenger rail service LaGrange is within the Michiana television market Culture LaGrange has a number of geocaches wooded trails and athletic parks including a skatepark References 2016 US Gazetteer Files United States Census Bureau Retrieved Jul 28 2017 a b American FactFinder United States Census Bureau Retrieved 20121211 a b Population and Housing Unit Estimates Retrieved June 9 2017 a b American FactFinder United States Census Bureau Retrieved 20080131 US Board on Geographic Names United States Geological Survey 20071025 Retrieved 20080131 Find a County National Association of Counties Retrieved 20110607 Counties of LaGrange and Noble Indiana Historical and Biographical FA Battey Company 1882 p 111 Baker Ronald L October 1995 From Needmore to Prosperity Hoosier Place Names in Folklore and History Indiana University Press p 189 9780253328663 and named for LaGrange County The expansion of New England the spread of New England settlement and institutions to the Mississippi River 16201865 by Lois Kimball Matthews page 201 National Park Service 20100709 National Register Information System National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Lehman Octavia September 20 2014 Colorful portraits Kendallville Indiana KPCNews Retrieved 18 March 2017 US Gazetteer files 2010 2000 and 1990 United States Census Bureau 20110212 Retrieved 20110423 G001 Geographic Identifiers 2010 Census Summary File 1 United States Census Bureau Retrieved 20150725 Census of Population and Housing Censusgov Retrieved June 4 2015 Homepage La Grange County Public Library Retrieved 8 March 2018 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to LaGrange Indiana LaGrange Chamber of Commerce Lakeland School Corporation LaGrange Amish Tourism Website v t e Municipalities and communities of LaGrange County Indiana United States County seat LaGrange Towns LaGrange Shipshewana Topeka Wolcottville Townships Bloomfield Clay Clearspring Eden Greenfield Johnson Lima Milford Newbury Springfield Van Buren CDP Howe Other unincorporated communities Beatys Beach Brighton Brushy Prairie Eddy Elmira Emma Gravel Beach Greenfield Mills Greenwood Hartzel Honeyville Indianola Lakeside Park Lakeview Meadow Shores Park Mongo Mount Pisgah Ontario Plato Ramblewood Scott Seyberts Shady Nook South Milford Star Mill Stony Creek Stroh Timberhurst Valentine Webers Landing Witmer Manor Woodland Park Woodruff Footnotes This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Categories Towns in LaGrange County Indiana Towns in Indiana County seats in Indiana

B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O B O B O B B O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O


Languages of Afghanistan From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Languages of Afghanistan Ethnolinguistic groups of Afghanistan in 1997 Official languages Dari and Pashto Regional languages Dari Pashto Uzbek Turkmen Balochi Pashayi Afghan Sign Language Afghanistan is a multilingual country in which two languages Dari and Pashto are both official and most widely spoken Dari is the official name of the Persian language in Afghanistan It is often referred to as the Afghan Persian Both Persian and Pashto are IndoEuropean languages from the Iranian languages subfamily Other regional languages such as Uzbek Turkmen Balochi Pashayi and Nuristani are spoken by minority groups across the country Minor languages may include HindiUrdu Punjabi Ashkunu Kamkataviri Vasivari Tregami and Kalashaala Pamiri Shughni Munji Ishkashimi and Wakhi Brahui Arabic Qizilbash Aimaq and Pashai and Kyrgyz Linguist Harald Haarmann believes that Afghanistan is home to more than 40 minor languages with around 200 different dialects Contents 1 Language policy 2 Naming policy 3 Overview 4 See also 5 6 Further reading 7 External links Language policy The official languages of the country are Dari and Pashto as established by the 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan Dari is the most widely spoken language of Afghanistans official languages and acts as a lingua franca for the country In 1980 other regional languages were granted official status in the regions where they are the language of the majority This policy was codified in the 2004 Afghan Constitution which established Uzbek Turkmen Balochi Pashayi Nuristani and Pamiri as a third official language in areas where they are spoken by a majority of the population Naming policy Dari is a term long recommended by Afghan authorities to designate the Persian dialects spoken in Afghanistan in contrast to the dialects spoken in neighboring Iran Although still widely known as Farsi Persian to its native speakers the name was officially changed to Dari in 1964 Dari must not be confused with the dialect of Kabul which is the dominant Persian dialect in Afghanistan Apart from a few basics of vocabulary however and more IndoPersian calligraphic styles in the PersoArabic script there is little difference between formal written Persian of Afghanistan and of Iran The term Dari is often loosely used for the characteristic spoken Persian of Afghanistan in general the dialect of Kabul but is best restricted to formal spoken registers poetry speeches newscasts and other broadcast announcements Overview Languages of Afghanistan Dari Afghanistan Persian lingua franca 80 Pashto 47 Uzbek and Turkmen 11 30 others 5 Dari functions as the nations lingua franca and is the native tongue of various Afghan ethnic groups including the Tajiks Hazaras and Aimak Pashto is the native tongue of the Pashtuns the dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan Due to Afghanistans multiethnic character language variety as well as bilingualism and multilingualism are common phenomena Afghan school textbooks written in Pashto language The exact figures about the size and composition of the various ethnolinguistic groups are unavailable since no systematic census has been held in Afghanistan in decades Estimates suggest the following primary languages According to a 2006 opinion poll survey involving 6226 randomly selected Afghan citizens by the Asia Foundation Dari was the first language of 49 with an additional 37 stating the ability to speak Dari as a second language 42 were able to read Dari Second Pashto was the first language of 40 of the polled people while an additional 28 spoke it as a second language 33 were able to read Pashto Uzbek was the first language of 9 and a second language for 6 Turkmen was the first language of 2 and a second language for 3 English was spoken by 8 and Urdu by 7 A later study found that Dari was by a wide margin the most widely spoken language in urban Afghanistan with as many as 93 of Afghans claiming to speak it but only 75 of rural Afghans claiming the same A sizeable population in Afghanistan especially in Kabul can also speak and understand HindiUrdu due to the popularity and influence of Bollywood films and songs in the region See also Demographics of Afghanistan Ethnic groups in Afghanistan References a b c What Languages are Spoken in Afghanistan 2004 Retrieved June 13 2012 Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state are in addition to Pashto and Dari the third official language in areas where the majority speaks them Documentation for ISO 639 identifier prs Silorg 18 January 2010 Retrieved December 5 2014 The World Factbook Afghanistan Ciagov Retrieved December 5 2014 a b Hakala Walter N 2012 Languages as a Key to Understanding Afghanistans Cultures PDF National Geographic Retrieved 13 March 2018 In the 1980s and 90s at least three million Afghansmostly Pashtunfled to Pakistan where a substantial number spent several years being exposed to Hindi and Urdulanguage media especially Bollywood films and songs and beng educated in Urdulanguage schools both of which contributed to the decline of Dari even among urban Pashtuns a b Krishnamurthy Rajeshwari 28 June 2013 Kabul Diary Discovering the Indian connection Gateway House Indian Council on Global Relations Retrieved 13 March 2018 Most Afghans in Kabul understand andor speak Hindi thanks to the popularity of Indian cinema in the country Wahab Shaista Youngerman Barry 2007 A Brief History of Afghanistan Infobase Publishing p 18 9781438108193 Afghan Hindus and Sikhs speak Hindi or Punjabi in addition to Dari and Pashto Harald Haarmann SprachenAlmanach Zahlen und Fakten zu allen Sprachen der Welt CampusVerl FrankfurtMain 2002 3593365723 S273274 Afghanistan AFGHANISTAN v Languages Ch M Kieffer Encyclopædia Iranica Retrieved 20120408 A Official languages Paṧtō 1 is the native tongue of 50 to 55 percent of Afghans Persian 2 is the language most spoken in Afghanistan The native tongue of twenty five percent of the population it is split into numerous dialects Ch M Kieffer AFGHANISTAN v Languages Encyclopaedia Iranica Online Edition originally from 1982 a b R Farhadi and J R Perry Kaboli Encyclopaedia Iranica Online Edition originally in Vol XV Fasc 3 pp 276280 2009 South Asia AFGHANISTAN CIA The World Factbook Languages of Afghanistan Encyclopædia Britannica Ethnic groups BBC News Retrieved 7 June 2013 Pashtun Estimated to be in excess of 45 of the population the Pashtuns have been the most dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan Textbooks Afghan Ministry of Education Otoole Pam October 6 2004 Afghan polls ethnic battleground BBC News Retrieved 20100916 Afghanistan in 2006 A survey of the Afghan people PDF Kabul Afghanistan The Asia Foundation 2006 Retrieved 20101029 Uruzgan representing 11 percent of the population of Afghanistan and Zabul representing 12 percent were excluded from the sampling plan due to extreme security conditions during the fieldwork period of the survey Afghanistan in 2013 A survey of the Afghan people PDF Kabul Afghanistan The Asia Foundation 2012 Retrieved 20140312 Further reading Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors The Changing Politics of Language Choice External links Distribution of languages map from Columbia University Linguistic map of Afghanistan v t e of Afghanistan v t e Languages of Asia Categories Languages of Afghanistan

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


LapuLapu Philippines From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia This article is about a city in the Philippines For the ruler of Mactan see LapuLapu For the fish also known as lapulapu see grouper LapuLapu Highly Urbanized City City of LapuLapu Aerial view over MEPZII Seal Nicknames Historic Resort City Map of Central Visayas with LapuLapu highlighted LapuLapu Location within the Philippines Coordinates 1019N 12357E Coordinates 1019N 12357E Country Philippines Region Central Visayas Region VII Province Cebu geographically only District Lone district of LapuLapu Founded Opon Cityhood Lone District 1730 17 June 1961 22 October 2009 Barangays 30 see Barangays Government Type Sangguniang Panlungsod Mayor Paz Radaza Vice Mayor Marcial Ycong Congressman Aileen Radaza Electorate 188815 voters 2016 Area Total 5810 km 2 2243 sq mi Population 2015 census Total 408112 Density 7000km 2 18000sq mi Time zone UTC8 PST ZIP code 6015 PSGC 072226000 IDD area code 63 032 Climate type Tropical climate Income class 1st city income class Revenue 170949478142 2016 Native languages Cebuano Tagalog Website www lapulapucity gov ph LapuLapu officially the City of LapuLapu Cebuano Dakbayan sa LapuLapu Tagalog Lungsod ng LapuLapu or simply known as LapuLapu City is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Central Visayas Philippines According to the 2015 census it has a population of 408112 people Formerly known as Opon the city was renamed to its present name in 1961 It is one of the cities that make up Metro Cebu in the Philippines It is geographically located in the province of Cebu administratively independent from the province but grouped under Cebu by the Philippine Statistics Authority LapuLapu City is bounded on the north by the Main Island of Cebu to the west by Cebu City and Mactan Channel on the east by the Camotes Sea and on the south by the town of Cordova The city occupies Mactan Island a few kilometers off the main island of Cebu It also has some of the barangays under its jurisdiction on the Olango Island Group The city is linked to Mandaue on mainland Cebu by the MactanMandaue Bridge and Marcelo Fernan Bridge MactanCebu International Airport the second busiest airport in the Philippines is located in LapuLapu Contents 1 History 2 Barangays 3 4 Politics 5 Transportation 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 10 Sources 11 External links History In the 16th century Mactan Island was colonized by Spain Augustinian friars founded the town of Opon in 1730 and it became a city in 1961 It was renamed after Datu LapuLapu the islands chieftain who lead the defeat against the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 in the Battle of Mactan commemorated at the LapuLapu shrine in Punta Engaño The municipality of Opon was founded by the Augustinian missionaries in 1730 It was ceded to the Jesuits in 1737 and later restored to the Augustinians When the Philippine Revolution spread to the Visayas in 1896 the people organized themselves into local revolutionary units During the FilipinoAmerican War a military government was established The continued resistance of the people of Cebu prompted the American government to restore military control over the province on 17 July 1901 In 1905 Opon held its first municipal election and Pascual dela Serna was elected town president The presence of oil tanks in Opon made the town an object of Japanese raids a week after the outbreak of World War II in December 1941 The enemy planes succeeded in blowing up two of about fourteen oil tanks in Opon A unit of the Kawaguchi Detachment of the Japanese Imperial Forces landed on the east coast of Cebu on 10 April 1942 Later the resistance movement was organized by Colonel James M Cushing leader of the southern and central units and Harry Fenton of the northern unit of the Cebu Resistance Movement The Victor II operations of the American Division led by Major General William Arnold landed in Cebu on 26 March 1945 and subsequently liberated the province Congressman Manuel A Zosa the representative of the Sixth District of Cebu sponsored the Bill converting the former municipality of Opon into the present day city of LapuLapu This was the Republic Act 3134 known as the City Charter of LapuLapu which was signed on 17 June 1961 by Philippine President Carlos P Garcia LapuLapu was inaugurated on 31 December 1961 with Mariano Dimataga the last municipal mayor as the first city mayor As a fast growing commercial city some of its commercial and industrial firms are the General Milling Company one of the largest in the country the Cebu Shipyard and Engineering Works pioneered by Dad Cleland and the oil companies which resumed their operations after the war The air flight in the city is served by the Mactan International Airport Historically the city includes the site of the Battle of Mactan On 1 August 1973 by virtue of Presidential Decree No 2060 President Ferdinand Marcos declared the site of the battle a national shrine the preservation restoration andor reconstruction of which shall be under the supervision and control of the National Historical Commission in collaboration with the Department of Tourism Mactan is also the birthplace of Leonila DimatagaGarcia wife of Carlos P Garcia the fourth President of the Republic Leonila DimatagaGarcia was a relative of 3 term consecutive LapuLapu Citys late Mayor Ernest Weigel Jr wife who was the richest mayor in Metro Cebu with a net worth of P577 million in the early 2000s Barangays LapuLapu comprises 30 barangays PSGC Barangay Population pa Area PD 2015 acre sq mi 072226001 Agus 39 15767 8185 1330 211 521 7500 19000 072226002 Babag 56 22756 17721 488 307 759 7400 19000 072226003 Bankal 51 20872 13802 819 201 497 10000 27000 072226004 Baring 08 3353 3014 205 91 225 3700 9500 072226005 Basak 147 59873 45927 518 603 1490 9900 26000 072226006 Buaya 39 16072 12123 552 271 670 5900 15000 072226007 Calawisan 28 11454 8433 600 957 2365 1200 3100 072226008 Canjulao 32 13245 11471 278 156 385 8500 22000 072226011 Caubian 06 2272 2028 219 072226009 Cawoy 05 1837 1629 231 42 104 4400 11000 072226010 Cawhagan 02 638 559 255 072226012 Gunob 76 31219 34662 197 072226013 Ibo 20 8126 7055 273 072226014 Looc 39 16016 14073 249 072226015 Mactan 82 33465 29262 259 072226016 Maribago 41 16591 12064 625 072226017 Marigondon 48 19713 17542 225 072226018 Pajac 43 17402 16084 151 072226019 Pajo 51 20999 23107 180 072226020 Panganan 05 2070 1767 306 072226021 Poblacion 14 5581 8243 716 072226022 Punta Engaño 21 8753 7106 405 072226024 Pusok 71 28810 26568 155 072226025 Sabang 15 6091 5603 160 072226031 San Vicente 09 3854 3413 234 072226026 Santa Rosa 11 4302 3934 172 072226027 Subabasbas 15 6288 5457 274 072226028 Talima 14 5734 4855 322 072226029 Tingo 08 3088 2830 168 072226030 Tungasan 05 1871 1950 078 Total 408112 350467 294 5810 14357 7000 18000 Demographics Population census of LapuLapu Year Pop pa 1970 69268 1975 79484 280 1980 98324 434 1990 146194 405 1995 194745 552 2000 217019 235 2007 292530 420 2010 350467 680 2015 408112 294 Source Philippine Statistics Authority Politics Year Mayor 19381967 Mariano Dimataga 19681991 Dr Maximo V Patalinjug Jr 19922000 Ernest Weigel Jr 20012010 Arturo Radaza 2010current Paz Radaza Mariano Dimatagas term was interrupted during the years 19411945 Teodulo Tomakin and later Eugenio Araneta were appointed as town mayors They later escaped from the Japanese Jorge Tampus took over During the Allied liberation by the combined FilipinoAmerican forces year 1945 Mariano Dimataga resumed his interrupted term Mariano Dimataga retired on December 30 1967 the last day of his term after 30 years of being mayor of Opon and LapuLapu City Mayor Maximo Patalinjug died Asphalting of Major Barangay Roads MEMO of Agreement Additional for MEPZ Mayor Ernest Weigel Jr dies months prior to election Transportation MactanCebu International Airport MCIA is located in this city which is connected to mainland Cebu via the Marcelo Fernan Bridge and MactanMandaue Bridge as well as the CebuCordova Link Expressway located in the nearby town of Cordova over the sea separating the Mactan island from the island of Cebu The airport is the main gateway to Cebu and Central Visayas serving international flights to various destinations especially to Singapore Macau Hong Kong South Korea Japan and Taiwan MCIA is also the second busiest airport in the Philippines after Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila Gallery City Hall Poblacion Opon Muelle Osmeña Virgen de la Regla Church Magellan and LapuLapu shrines See also List of renamed cities and municipalities in the Philippines Notes Part of the Poblacion barangay is still called Opon References Province Cebu PSGC Interactive Quezon City Philippines Philippine Statistics Authority Retrieved 12 November 2016 a b c d Census of Population 2015 Region VII Central Visayas Total Population by Province City Municipality and Barangay PSA Retrieved 20 June 2016 Republic Act No 3134 June 17 1961 An Act Creating the City Of LapuLapu elibraryjudiciarygovph About Lapu Lapu City a b Census of Population and Housing 2010 Region VII Central Visayas Total Population by Province City Municipality and Barangay NSO Retrieved 29 June 2016 Censuses of Population 19032007 Region VII Central Visayas Table 1 Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by ProvinceHighly Urbanized City 1903 to 2007 NSO Province of Cebu Municipality Population Data Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division Retrieved 17 December 2016 Sources Gonzales Glenda R December 2004 Metro Cebu A Metropolitan Area in Need of Coordinative Body DISCUSSION PAPER 200449 Philippine Institute for Development Studies Retrieved 16 February 2016 Wikimedia Commons has media related to LapuLapu External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for LapuLapu Official LapuLapu City government website About LapuLapu City Places adjacent to LapuLapu Philippines Articles related to LapuLapu Philippines Categories LapuLapu Philippines Cities in Cebu Independent cities in the Philippines Populated places established in 1730 1730 establishments in the Philippines Cities in Metro Cebu Island cities in the Philippines

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O