Opinion Editorials All the Times candidate recommendations in one place Photo by Justin SullivanGetty Images Published Updated Here is a complete list of the Times recommendations for the Aug 28 primary US House of Representatives District 12 Democrats Chris Hunter District 13 Republicans George Buck District 15 Democrats Kristen Carlson District 15 Republicans Neil Combee District 16 Democrats David Shapiro Florida Governor Republicans Adam Putnam Democrats Gwen Graham Florida Attorney General Republicans Ashley Moody Democrats Sean Shaw Florida Commissioner of Agriculture and Consumer Services Republicans Denise Grimsley Democrats Nikki Fried Florida Senate District 16 Republicans Ed Hooper District 20 Democrats Kathy Lewis District 20 Republicans Tom Lee Florida House District 57 Republicans Mike Beltran District 59 Republicans Joe Wicker District 61 Democrats Dianne Hart District 62 Democrats Susan Valdes District 64 Republicans Terry Power District 66 Republicans Nick DiCeglie District 67 Democrats Dawn Douglas District 69 Republicans Ray Blacklidge District 70 Open primary Wengay Newton Pinellas Circuit Judge Group 4 Dave Ellis Group 9 Christine Helinger Group 36 Doneene Loar Group 40 Thomas Minkoff Group 45 Evan Frayman Pinellas School Board District 2 Jeff Larsen District 3 Peggy OShea District 6 Matt Stewart District 7 Rene Flowers Pinellas County Commission District 6 Republicans Kathleen Peters Hillsborough Circuit Judge Group 25 Robin Fuson Hillsborough County Judge Group 2 Greg Green Group 5 Jared Smith Group 8 Jack Gutman Hillsborough School Board District 1 William Henry Person District 2 Stacy Hahn District 4 Melissa Snively District 6 Henry Shake Washington Hillsborough County Commission District 2 Republicans Ken Hagan District 5 Democrats Mariella Smith District 5 Republicans Victor Crist District 7 Democrats Kimberly Overman District 7 Republicans Aakash Patel

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Opinion Editorials Editorial FBI should take a hard look at CareerSource The scrutiny now extends to the state agency that oversees the local jobs centers Published October 19 Updated October 19 Since evidence began mounting that the lofty job placement figures coming out of Tampa Bays two CareerSource agencies were too good to be true state officials have had harsh words for the local agencies and their CEO Now the FBI is further looking into whether the state Department of Economic Opportunity provided adequate oversight in addition to taking over investigations of CareerSource Pinellas and CareerSource Tampa Bay The state is supposed to be the watchdog in ensuring prudent spending of tax dollars by the job centers and the FBI should thoroughly scrutinize whether it failed in that role The tally of mismanagement at CareerSource runs long and it starts with Edward Peachey the longtime CEO who was ousted by the Pinellas and Hillsborough agencies this year as the scandal has grown The Pinellas board hired a new CEO under a oneyear contract this week Under Peachey the two agencies claimed to match more than 126000 people in jobs over the last four years far outpacing other CareerSource centers around the state But the Tampa Bay Times Mark Puente and Zachary T Sampson found the agencies took credit for employing thousands of people who never set foot in CareerSource The agencies asked local employers for lists of every person the companies hired not just CareerSource clients then took credit for all of them It wasnt a minor math error For example CareerSource claimed to have placed 3353 workers at WellCare in Tampa but the company said only 15 employees came to it through CareerSource Theres plenty more outrage Employees of the two centers collected hefty bonuses for producing those impossible job placement figures more than 700000 total over four years The spoils also went to job seekers who received more than 6 million in Visa and gas gift cards with little to no controls over the spending Some people received them in the mail long after theyd found a job Puente and Sampson also found that a quarter of all of the CareerSource Pinellas and CareerSource Tampa Bay entries in a state database contained a fake phone number for the client 9999999999 That happened With every revelation state officials have vowed to investigate and crack down To its credit DEO maneuvered to stop the Pinellas and Hillsborough boards which stood by Peachey for too long from paying him large severance packages when they pushed him out And the DEO inspector general has had an investigation of Peachey and the two agencies running since January But given the depth and breadth of the misspending its valid to ask why the state didnt notice any irregularities earlier Gov Rick Scott whose first campaign slogan was Lets get to work made job creation his top priority and continues to tout it as his biggest accomplishment as he campaigns for US Senate During his eight years in office Scott has pushed to lower the state corporate tax rate awarded generous incentives to lure major employers to Florida and in 2013 rebranded the states 24 workforce agencies as CareerSource taxfunded entities that train displaced workers and connect them with employers Such a fevered effort to stimulate job creation must come with accountability and its not clear that happened Puente and Sampson reported that the federal Department of Labor will audit state oversight policies monitoring reports organizational charts and guidelines for determining whether job seekers were qualified for federal programs Federal auditors will review DEO operations financial records and files for people placed in jobs between 2014 and 2017 The results are sure to be revealing

O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


3 Views 1 CrossRef citations to date Original Article Some Factors Influencing Variation in Nutritional Needs and Requirements of Children Robert T Jackson Pages 173180 Published online 04 Dec 2011 Download citation httpsdoiorg103109713610279 References Citations Metrics Reprints Permissions PDF Abstract There are a host of factors that influence the nutritional needs and nutrition intake of children These factors can be categorized as being both biological and nonbiological Biological factors include age gender growth disease states and genetic makeup Among the nonbiological factors socioeconomic status is the most important Poverty is one of the major socioeconomic causes of variation in nutrient intake and it also impacts nutrient requirements Poverty imposes constraints to live in environments that are less food secure and that have greater potential health risks including environmental contaminants such as lead and other heavy metals Parasites especially hookworms Schistosomes

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Views

CrossRef

citations

to

date

Listen

Review

Article

An

overview

of

the

potential

environmental

impacts

of

largescale

microalgae

cultivation

Philippa

K

Usher

Andrew

B

Ross

Miller

Alonso

CamargoValero

Alison

S

Tomlin

William

F

Gale

Pages

Published

online

Jul

Download

citation

In

this

article

Current

situation

Potential

environmental

impacts

Future

perspectives

References

Full

Article

Figures

data

References

Citations

Metrics

Licensing

PDF

Abstract

Cultivation

of

microalgae

for

applications

such

as

fuel

food

pharmaceuticals

and

farming

is

a

rapidly

developing

area

of

research

and

investment

Whilst

microalgae

promises

to

deliver

many

environmental

benefits

compared

with

existing

biofuel

technology

there

are

also

issues

to

overcome

in

relation

to

wastewater

management

emissions

control

land

use

change

and

responsible

development

of

genetically

modified

organisms

This

review

seeks

to

highlight

both

the

positive

and

negative

impacts

of

microalgae

cultivation

focusing

on

impacts

to

the

aquatic

atmospheric

and

terrestrial

biospheres

that

may

occur

and

would

need

to

be

managed

should

the

microalgae

cultivation

industry

continue

to

grow

In

a

world

where

natural

resources

are

being

extracted

and

consumed

at

an

ever

increasing

rate

there

is

also

a

growing

need

to

seek

alternatives

to

provide

nutrients

chemicals

and

energy

for

mankind

Microalgae

have

gained

attention

due

to

their

fast

growing

nature

adaptability

to

their

environment

and

an

ability

to

concentrate

useful

chemicals

and

capture

nutrients

in

an

economical

way

Microalgae

are

unicellular

organisms

found

in

marine

and

freshwater

environments

They

constitute

the

most

fundamental

positions

in

aquatic

ecosystems

and

therefore

form

the

basis

of

food

chains

The

total

biomass

they

represent

is

large

enough

to

influence

global

climate

systems

Estimates

suggest

that

over

species

of

microalgae

exist

yet

of

these

only

are

documented

Mata

TM

Martins

AA

Caetano

NS

Microalgae

for

biodiesel

production

and

other

applications

a

review

Renew

Sustain

Energy

Rev

Internet

Available

from

Crossref

Web

of

Science

Google

Scholar

Each

species

has

adapted

to

a

particular

environment

for

example

extreme

climates

salt

levels

pH

or

light

levels

Dragone

G

Fernandes

B

Vicente

AA

and

Teixeira

JA

Third

generation

biofuels

from

microalgae

In

MendezVilas

A

ed

Current

Research

Technology

and

Education

Topics

in

Applied

Microbiology

and

Microbial

Biotechnology

Formatex

Research

Center

Spain

Google

Scholar

This

demonstrates

the

enormous

potential

for

modification

of

microalgae

which

in

turn

may

lead

to

an

alternative

resource

pool

for

todays

resource

limited

world

As

with

all

resources

that

are

produced

on

a

large

scale

there

are

positive

and

negative

impacts

on

the

environment

There

has

been

a

broad

scope

of

research

based

on

microalgae

from

microalgae

as

a

biological

resource

to

microalgae

as

a

source

of

industrial

and

domestic

wastewater

cleanup

and

from

microalgae

for

the

production

of

biofuels

and

fertiliser

to

microalgae

for

the

production

of

food

and

pharmaceuticals

Fewer

studies

have

looked

into

environmental

impacts

that

could

occur

should

cultivation

systems

be

scaled

up

Some

of

the

emerging

research

considers

greenhouse

gas

emissions

Fagerstone

KD

Quinn

JC

Bradley

TH

De

Long

SK

Marchese

AJ

Quantitative

measurement

of

direct

nitrous

oxide

emissions

from

microalgae

cultivation

Environ

Sci

Technol

Ferrón

S

Ho

DT

Johnson

ZI

Huntley

ME

Airwater

fluxes

of

N

O

and

CH

during

microalgae

Staurosira

sp

cultivation

in

an

open

raceway

pond

Environ

Sci

Technol

Internet

Available

from

water

consumption

Yang

J

Xu

M

Zhang

X

Hu

Q

Sommerfeld

M

Chen

Y

Lifecycle

analysis

on

biodiesel

production

from

microalgae

water

footprint

and

nutrients

balance

Bioresour

Technol

Batan

L

Quinn

JC

Bradley

TH

Analysis

of

water

footprint

of

a

photobioreactor

microalgae

biofuel

production

system

from

blue

green

and

lifecycle

perspectives

Algal

Res

Guieysse

B

Béchet

Q

Shilton

A

Variability

and

uncertainty

in

water

demand

and

water

footprint

assessments

of

fresh

algae

cultivation

based

on

case

studies

from

five

climatic

regions

Bioresour

Technol

and

wastewater

treatment

Christenson

L

Sims

R

Production

and

harvesting

of

microalgae

for

wastewater

treatment

biofuels

and

bioproducts

Biotechnol

Adv

AbdelRaouf

N

AlHomaidan

AA

Ibraheem

IBM

Microalgae

and

wastewater

treatment

Saudi

J

Biol

Sci

Internet

Available

from

Li

Y

Chen

YF

Chen

P

et

al

Characterization

of

a

microalga

Chlorella

sp

well

adapted

to

highly

concentrated

municipal

wastewater

for

nutrient

removal

and

biodiesel

production

Bioresour

Technol

Woo

SG

Yoo

K

Lee

J

et

al

Comparison

of

fatty

acid

analysis

methods

for

assessing

biorefinery

applicability

of

wastewater

cultivated

microalgae

Talanta

Internet

Available

from

There

have

been

several

recent

reviews

discussing

the

potential

environmental

impacts

of

different

aspects

of

microalgal

cultivation

for

example

the

designing

of

pondbased

cultivation

systems

using

ecological

principles

to

reduce

environmental

impacts

Smith

VH

Sturm

BSM

Denoyelles

FJ

Billings

S

a

The

ecology

of

algal

biodiesel

production

Trends

Ecol

Evol

Internet

Available

from

Crossref

PubMed

Web

of

Science

Google

Scholar

identification

of

environmental

impacts

and

their

social

acceptance

and

perceived

and

actual

health

impacts

Council

NR

Environmental

Effects

In

Sustainable

Development

of

Algal

Biofuels

in

the

United

States

The

National

Academies

Press

Washington

DC

Google

Scholar

The

aim

of

this

paper

is

to

trace

the

impacts

of

large

scale

microalga

cultivation

systems

through

both

primary

and

secondary

stages

and

to

highlight

where

there

are

uncertainties

in

estimating

these

impacts

as

well

as

possible

mitigation

strategies

The

focus

of

this

review

is

on

large

open

cultivation

systems

such

as

open

raceway

ponds

This

review

begins

with

an

overview

of

recent

and

current

developments

in

the

microalgae

industry

and

an

assessment

of

how

biofuel

policy

will

aid

its

development

Next

a

comprehensive

assessment

of

potential

aquatic

atmospheric

and

terrestrial

impacts

is

presented

A

wide

range

of

literature

is

reviewed

in

order

to

explore

the

potential

complexities

of

interactions

involved

within

and

between

each

system

This

review

seeks

to

provide

more

detail

on

the

specific

impacts

than

has

been

provided

previously

in

particular

identifying

pollutants

and

uptake

pathways

in

aquatic

environments

specifying

potential

primary

and

secondary

atmospheric

emissions

and

investigating

terrestrial

impacts

that

could

Current

situation

Governments

around

the

world

are

already

legislating

for

the

inclusion

of

biofuels

within

the

transport

fuel

sector

Since

EU

policy

has

had

a

target

of

of

road

transport

fuel

to

be

from

renewable

sources

Council

of

the

European

Parliment

Directive

on

the

promotion

of

the

use

of

energy

from

renewable

sources

European

Union

Google

Scholar

although

the

UK

government

have

only

obliged

retailers

to

include

with

no

plans

to

increase

this

further

Department

for

Transport

The

Renewable

Transport

Fuel

Obligations

Amendment

Sustainable

and

Renewable

Fuels

Department

for

Transport

UK

Google

Scholar

Brazil

one

of

the

largest

producers

of

bioethanol

and

biodiesel

has

reached

ethanol

in

gasoline

blends

as

of

May

Lane

I

Brazils

government

announces

rise

in

ethanol

blending

to

Internet

Biofuels

Dig

Available

from

Google

Scholar

and

biodiesel

in

diesel

blends

since

the

beginning

of

eight

years

after

first

legislating

for

biodiesel

inclusion

into

the

fuel

mix

Ministerio

de

Minas

e

Energia

Objectivos

e

Diretrizes

Internet

Biodiesel

Programa

Nac

Prod

e

Uso

Biodiesel

Available

from

httpwwwmmegovbrprogramasbiodieselmenuprogramaobjetivos_diretrizeshtml

Google

Scholar

The

US

included

billion

litres

of

renewable

ethanol

fuel

in

their

gasoline

blend

in

and

have

targets

to

increase

this

to

billion

litres

by

US

EPA

Renewable

Fuel

Standard

RFS

Internet

Fuels

Fuel

Addit

Available

from

httpwwwepagovotaqfuelsrenewablefuelsindexhtm

Google

Scholar

By

the

IEA

estimates

of

liquid

fuels

will

come

from

biofuels

IEA

Energy

Technology

Perspectives

Scenarios

and

Stratergies

to

France

Paris

Google

Scholar

This

level

of

demand

for

biofuels

places

enormous

stress

on

biofuel

producers

in

terms

of

land

availability

and

resources

for

cultivation

A

source

of

biofuel

is

sought

which

may

relieve

some

of

these

pressures

The

area

of

microalgae

biotechnology

is

rapidly

developing

attracting

funding

and

investment

worldwide

Examples

shown

in

Table

indicate

the

range

of

products

from

largescale

microalgae

cultivation

and

include

a

description

of

the

different

cultivation

methods

sectors

and

location

Largescale

cultivation

facilities

for

the

production

of

nutritional

supplements

are

predominant

as

these

are

economically

feasible

due

to

the

high

value

end

product

eg

pigments

and

nutrients

Over

of

the

worlds

green

algae

producers

are

currently

located

in

Taiwan

with

Inner

Mongolia

in

China

and

Israel

being

the

top

three

producers

of

Dunaliella

worldwide

Taiwan

becomes

top

producer

of

algae

medicine

Internet

Want

China

Times

Available

from

Google

Scholar

The

use

of

largescale

microalgae

cultivation

for

wastewater

treatment

is

being

developed

in

some

regions

and

this

is

discussed

in

more

detail

later

There

is

funding

from

governments

in

the

US

EU

Brazil

China

India

Canada

and

other

countries

worldwide

in

both

universities

and

commercial

facilities

Many

petrobased

companies

including

Exxon

Shell

BP

Statoil

ENAP

Chevron

are

investing

in

biofuel

RD

for

production

of

methanol

ethanol

biobutanol

biodiesel

and

biocrude

as

well

as

biobased

chemicals

Thurmond

W

Global

Biofuels

DropIn

Fuels

Biochems

Markets

and

Forecasts

In

Algae

Volume

Emerging

Markets

Online

Houston

Google

Scholar

Table

Some

examples

of

industries

investing

in

large

scale

microalgae

cultivation

CSV

Display

Table

Production

of

biofuels

from

microalgae

will

require

a

scale

of

production

that

will

inevitably

have

impacts

on

the

environment

Various

components

of

the

microalgae

structure

can

be

used

to

produce

different

fuel

types

using

similar

technology

to

that

which

is

currently

used

for

other

bioenergy

crops

Microalgae

have

cultivation

benefits

compared

with

other

bioenergy

crops

because

of

their

high

growth

rates

and

the

option

to

use

marginal

land

for

cultivation

A

report

produced

for

the

US

DOE

in

looked

at

the

chemical

composition

of

eight

strains

of

microalgae

and

calculated

fuel

production

options

based

on

their

carbohydrateproteinlipid

content

demonstrating

Feinberg

DA

Fuel

options

from

microalgae

with

representative

chemical

compositions

Internet

Colorado

Available

from

Google

Scholar

It

is

possible

to

produce

biodiesel

bioethanol

biogas

biooil

and

even

biohydrogen

as

shown

in

Table

Olguín

EJ

Dual

purpose

microalgaebacteriabased

systems

that

treat

wastewater

and

produce

biodiesel

and

chemical

products

within

a

Biorefinery

Biotechnol

Adv

Internet

Available

from

Crossref

PubMed

Web

of

Science

Google

Scholar

The

energy

content

of

biofuels

from

microalgae

is

comparable

to

those

from

other

biocrops

and

also

fossil

fuels

A

summary

of

the

energy

contents

is

given

in

Table

based

on

an

assumption

of

the

following

energy

values

for

each

characteristic

MJkg

for

lipids

MJkg

for

proteins

and

MJkg

for

carbohydrates

Feinberg

DA

Fuel

options

from

microalgae

with

representative

chemical

compositions

Internet

Colorado

Available

from

Google

Scholar

Table

Energy

content

of

fuels

from

microalgae

compared

with

existing

biofuels

CSV

Display

Table

In

order

to

identify

the

research

needs

for

the

successful

production

of

microalgal

biofuels

the

US

DOE

developed

a

roadmap

for

algae

biofuels

Within

it

they

described

the

need

to

understand

the

scale

of

benefits

microalgae

could

bring

if

it

were

to

be

included

into

a

fuel

mix

It

also

looked

at

how

microalgal

biofuels

can

be

introduced

taking

into

account

the

challenges

still

to

be

overcome

US

Department

for

Energy

National

Algal

Biofuels

Technology

Roadmap

Internet

Maryland

Available

from

httpbiomassenergygov

Google

Scholar

The

main

conclusions

reached

demonstrated

the

need

for

far

more

research

but

also

highlight

the

potential

for

microalgae

to

be

developed

into

a

competitive

feedstock

for

biofuels

Potential

environmental

impacts

Aquatic

impacts

When

evaluating

the

environmental

sustainability

of

an

aquaticbiomass

based

cultivation

system

indicators

such

as

water

quality

requirements

and

water

consumption

need

to

be

considered

For

microalgae

cultivation

water

quality

requirements

vary

depending

on

alga

strains

It

is

possible

to

use

lowgrade

wastes

as

a

water

source

in

order

to

reduce

pressure

on

natural

water

resources

ie

industrial

andor

domestic

wastewater

Christenson

L

Sims

R

Production

and

harvesting

of

microalgae

for

wastewater

treatment

biofuels

and

bioproducts

Biotechnol

Adv

AbdelRaouf

N

AlHomaidan

AA

Ibraheem

IBM

Microalgae

and

wastewater

treatment

Saudi

J

Biol

Sci

Internet

Available

from

Woo

SG

Yoo

K

Lee

J

et

al

Comparison

of

fatty

acid

analysis

methods

for

assessing

biorefinery

applicability

of

wastewater

cultivated

microalgae

Talanta

Internet

Available

from

Google

Scholar

Olguín

EJ

Dual

purpose

microalgaebacteriabased

systems

that

treat

wastewater

and

produce

biodiesel

and

chemical

products

within

a

Biorefinery

Biotechnol

Adv

Internet

Available

from

Crossref

PubMed

Web

of

Science

Google

Scholar

Dufreche

S

Hernandez

R

French

T

Sparks

D

Zappi

M

Alley

E

Extraction

of

lipids

from

municipal

wastewater

plant

microorganisms

for

production

of

biodiesel

J

Am

Oil

Chem

Soc

Internet

Available

from

May

PI

Use

of

an

Algal

Turf

Scrubber

to

Reduce

Nutrient

Loadings

and

Produce

Biofuel

at

a

Wastewater

Treatment

Plant

on

Jamaica

Bay

New

York

City

In

National

Conference

on

Coastal

and

Estuarine

Habitat

Restoration

Restore

Americas

Estuaries

Texas

Li

Y

Zhou

W

Hu

B

Min

M

Chen

P

Ruan

RR

Integration

of

algae

cultivation

as

biodiesel

production

feedstock

with

municipal

wastewater

treatment

strains

screening

and

significance

evaluation

of

environmental

factors

Bioresour

Technol

Ramachandra

TV

Durga

Madhab

M

Shilpi

S

Joshi

NV

Algal

biofuel

from

urban

wastewater

in

India

Scope

and

challenges

Renew

Sustain

Energy

Rev

Internet

Available

from

Wu

LF

Chen

PC

Huang

AP

Lee

CM

The

feasibility

of

biodiesel

production

by

microalgae

using

industrial

wastewater

Bioresour

Technol

Sewage

is

abundant

in

most

countries

although

collection

and

treatment

methods

vary

generally

speaking

of

all

wastewater

generated

worldwide

is

discharge

without

treatment

into

surface

water

bodies

with

high

negative

impacts

to

the

environment

and

human

health

UNWater

World

Water

Development

Report

Managing

Water

under

Uncertainty

and

Risk

Paris

Google

Scholar

In

the

UK

for

instance

domestic

water

consumption

is

about

lpersonday

resulting

in

lpersonday

of

wastewater

going

into

sewers

to

nearly

wastewater

treatment

plants

and

returning

to

surface

water

sources

Water

UK

Wastewater

Treatment

and

Recycling

Internet

London

Available

from

httpwwwwaterorgukhomenewspressreleaseswastewaterpamphlet

Google

Scholar

Using

domestic

and

industrial

wastewater

sources

could

be

economically

and

environmentally

beneficial

for

largescale

microalgae

cultivation

as

this

practice

could

provide

lowcost

water

and

nutrients

as

well

as

wastewater

remediation

Microalgae

are

highly

adaptive

to

their

environment

and

thrive

by

utilising

nutrients

available

in

the

water

body

A

high

surface

area

to

volume

ratio

gives

algae

the

potential

to

absorb

large

amounts

of

nutrients

across

their

surface

enhancing

photosynthesis

The

demand

and

rate

of

uptake

of

a

nutrient

depends

on

the

strain

and

environmental

conditions

eg

temperature

light

limiting

nutrients

etc

Carbon

is

an

essential

nutrient

required

for

biomass

formation

It

can

be

acquired

by

photosynthetic

microalgae

in

an

inorganic

form

from

carbon

dioxide

via

carboanhydrase

activity

However

carbon

dioxide

has

low

solubility

in

water

and

the

poor

net

mass

transfer

from

the

atmosphere

makes

it

a

limiting

nutrient

for

microalgae

cultivation

The

use

of

flue

gas

has

been

considered

as

an

alternative

to

overcome

that

hurdle

but

could

create

additional

concerns

on

aquatic

environments

due

to

the

dissolution

of

other

pollutants

On

the

other

hand

heterotrophic

microalgae

can

not

assimilate

carbon

in

the

same

way

and

requires

an

organic

carbon

Nitrogen

is

a

key

nutrient

required

by

microalgae

Nitrogen

assimilation

is

required

for

the

formation

of

genetic

material

energy

transfer

molecules

proteins

enzymes

chlorophylls

and

peptides

Most

microalgae

will

assimilate

inorganic

nitrogen

in

the

form

of

ammonium

nitrogen

NH

but

when

it

runs

out

or

is

not

available

they

have

the

ability

to

utilise

other

inorganic

nitrogen

species

such

as

nitrate

NO

or

nitrite

NO

Wu

LF

Chen

PC

Huang

AP

Lee

CM

The

feasibility

of

biodiesel

production

by

microalgae

using

industrial

wastewater

Bioresour

Technol

Crossref

PubMed

Web

of

Science

Google

Scholar

Nitrogen

can

be

sourced

from

fertilisers

produced

via

the

HaberBosch

process

or

from

wastewater

streams

from

a

range

of

industries

municipal

and

domestic

sources

An

excess

of

nitrogen

in

an

aquatic

environment

can

lead

to

uncontrollable

microalgae

blooms

which

could

develop

toxic

conditions

ie

the

presence

of

toxins

from

cyanobacteria

free

ammonia

which

is

toxic

to

fish

and

low

oxygen

concentrations

during

the

night

due

to

algal

respiration

therefore

nitrogen

recovery

from

wastewater

via

biological

uptake

for

algal

biomass

production

may

contribute

to

alleviate

such

negative

impacts

A

limited

nitrogen

supply

however

can

limit

algal

growth

and

could

affect

lipid

Mata

TM

Martins

AA

Caetano

NS

Microalgae

for

biodiesel

production

and

other

applications

a

review

Renew

Sustain

Energy

Rev

Internet

Available

from

Crossref

Web

of

Science

Google

Scholar

Sheehan

J

A

Look

Back

at

the

US

Department

of

Energys

Aquatic

Species

Program

Biodiesel

from

Algae

Colorado

Chen

YH

Walker

TH

Biomass

and

lipid

production

of

heterotrophic

microalgae

Chlorella

protothecoides

by

using

biodieselderived

crude

glycerol

Biotechnol

Lett

Wells

SG

Gertler

AW

AlgalBased

Fuels

Reno

Nevada

Lardon

L

Hélias

A

Sialve

B

Steyer

JP

Bernard

O

Lifecycle

assessment

of

biodiesel

production

from

microalgae

Environ

Sci

Technol

The

compromise

between

growth

and

lipid

accumulation

has

to

be

addressed

and

is

significant

as

biodiesel

production

from

microalgae

generally

requires

high

lipid

content

Phosphorus

is

also

required

for

energy

metabolism

In

many

freshwater

bodies

phosphorus

is

a

limiting

nutrient

therefore

excess

phosphorus

can

lead

to

eutrophication

Correll

DL

The

role

of

phosphorus

in

the

eutrophication

of

receiving

waters

a

review

J

Environ

Qual

Internet

Available

from

Crossref

Web

of

Science

Google

Scholar

compared

with

marine

environments

where

nitrogen

is

the

growth

limiting

nutrient

Crouzet

P

Nutrients

in

European

ecosystems

In

Nutrients

in

European

Ecosystems

Thyssen

TJ

Ed

European

Environmental

Agency

Office

for

Official

Publications

of

the

European

Communities

Luxembourg

Google

Scholar

Phosphorus

is

a

nonrenewable

resource

which

only

exists

in

an

inorganic

form

and

must

be

either

mined

or

recovered

from

waste

Phosphorus

supplies

are

controlled

by

a

handful

of

countries

meaning

supply

is

influenced

by

international

policy

Therefore

phosphorus

recovery

will

become

essential

for

fertiliser

due

to

limited

resources

and

for

the

sake

of

geopolitical

stability

Science

Communication

Unit

Sustainable

Phosphorus

Use

Internet

Bristol

Available

from

httpeceuropaeuscienceenvironmentpolicy

Cordell

D

Drangert

JO

White

S

The

story

of

phosphorus

Global

food

security

and

food

for

thought

Glob

Environ

Chang

Cordell

D

Rosemarin

A

Schröder

JJ

Smit

a

L

Towards

global

phosphorus

security

a

systems

framework

for

phosphorus

recovery

and

reuse

options

Chemosphere

Linderholm

K

Tillman

AM

Mattsson

JE

Life

cycle

assessment

of

phosphorus

alternatives

for

Swedish

agriculture

Resour

Conserv

Recycl

Phosphorus

recovery

by

microalgae

could

present

a

particular

environmental

advantage

for

microalgae

over

other

methods

of

P

recovery

The

use

of

microalgae

could

allow

the

recovery

of

low

levels

of

P

from

sources

in

which

other

methods

may

be

less

economically

viable

Wastewater

treatment

Microalgae

cultivation

can

feasibly

be

used

as

a

secondary

treatment

process

for

various

wastewaters

as

algae

are

able

to

cope

with

particular

pollutants

A

summary

of

the

potential

pollutants

found

in

wastewater

and

their

impact

on

humans

animals

and

microalgae

is

given

in

Table

The

use

of

microalgae

as

a

treatment

method

reduces

the

need

for

energy

intensive

cleaning

processes

and

chemical

use

as

is

standard

in

wastewater

treatment

across

the

world

The

mechanisms

for

nutrient

removal

depend

on

species

but

are

generalised

here

to

give

a

sense

of

the

extent

to

which

microalgae

can

be

used

for

wastewater

cleanup

and

the

problems

faced

Waste

Stabilization

Pond

Systems

are

one

of

the

most

popular

and

well

established

technologies

for

wastewater

treatment

using

microalgae

Table

Compounds

found

in

wastewater

that

can

be

assimilated

by

microalgae

CSV

Display

Table

Algae

from

this

system

could

potentially

provide

a

lowcost

feedstock

for

biofuels

as

domestic

wastewater

contains

valuable

nutrients

to

support

algae

growth

Shilton

AN

Mara

DD

Craggs

R

Powell

N

Solarpowered

aeration

and

disinfection

anaerobic

codigestion

biological

CO

scrubbing

and

biofuel

production

the

energy

and

carbon

management

opportunities

of

waste

stabilization

ponds

Water

Sci

Technol

Crossref

Google

Scholar

Human

waste

ie

urine

and

faeces

represents

an

important

source

of

nitrogen

and

phosphorus

which

are

produced

at

a

rate

of

and

kg

per

person

per

year

respectively

Mara

DD

Domestic

Wastewater

Treatment

in

Developing

Countries

Earthscan

London

Google

Scholar

Considering

the

extensive

use

of

Prich

detergents

phosphorus

compounds

appear

in

excess

in

raw

sewage

making

nitrogen

a

limiting

nutrient

for

algae

growth

The

average

composition

of

nitrogen

in

algal

biomass

varies

between

and

dry

weight

Camargo

Valero

MA

Mara

DD

Newton

RJ

Nitrogen

removal

in

maturation

waste

stabilisation

ponds

via

biological

uptake

and

sedimentation

of

dead

biomass

Water

Sci

Technol

Crossref

Google

Scholar

resulting

in

a

potential

algal

biomass

production

from

domestic

wastewater

ranging

between

and

kg

per

person

per

year

ie

equivalent

to

a

potential

global

production

of

Mton

of

algal

biomass

per

year

Shilton

AN

Mara

DD

Craggs

R

Powell

N

Solarpowered

aeration

and

disinfection

anaerobic

codigestion

biological

CO

scrubbing

and

biofuel

production

the

energy

and

carbon

management

opportunities

of

waste

stabilization

ponds

Water

Sci

Technol

Crossref

Google

Scholar

Biological

nutrient

uptake

by

microalgae

represents

an

added

value

to

wastewater

remediation

A

recent

study

conducted

in

Taiwan

showed

complete

N

removal

and

removal

of

P

was

achieved

by

Chlamydomonas

sp

Wu

LF

Chen

PC

Huang

AP

Lee

CM

The

feasibility

of

biodiesel

production

by

microalgae

using

industrial

wastewater

Bioresour

Technol

Crossref

PubMed

Web

of

Science

Google

Scholar

another

study

showed

Chlorella

sp

removed

high

levels

of

ammonia

total

nitrogen

total

phosphorus

and

chemical

oxygen

demand

COD

in

days

Li

Y

Chen

YF

Chen

P

et

al

Characterization

of

a

microalga

Chlorella

sp

well

adapted

to

highly

concentrated

municipal

wastewater

for

nutrient

removal

and

biodiesel

production

Bioresour

Technol

Crossref

PubMed

Web

of

Science

Google

Scholar

The

removal

of

BOD

and

COD

is

attributed

to

either

heterotrophic

or

mixotrophic

algae

A

further

study

showed

strains

that

could

remove

organic

carbon

from

the

water

under

mixotrophic

conditions

leading

to

higher

growth

rates

and

lipid

yields

Li

Y

Zhou

W

Hu

B

Min

M

Chen

P

Ruan

RR

Integration

of

algae

cultivation

as

biodiesel

production

feedstock

with

municipal

wastewater

treatment

strains

screening

and

significance

evaluation

of

environmental

factors

Bioresour

Technol

Crossref

PubMed

Web

of

Science

Google

Scholar

Cultivation

of

Euglena

sp

in

a

wastewater

facility

in

India

yielded

up

to

lipids

composed

of

suitable

fatty

acids

for

biodiesel

production

Ramachandra

TV

Durga

Madhab

M

Shilpi

S

Joshi

NV

Algal

biofuel

from

urban

wastewater

in

India

Scope

and

challenges

Renew

Sustain

Energy

Rev

Internet

Available

from

Crossref

Web

of

Science

Google

Scholar

Some

studies

have

shown

however

that

lipid

yields

can

reduce

under

mixotrophic

conditions

HerediaArroyo

T

Wei

W

Hu

B

Oil

accumulation

via

heterotrophicmixotrophic

chlorella

protothecoides

Appl

Biochem

Biotechnol

Crossref

Google

Scholar

Heavy

metals

phenols

endocrine

disruptors

antibiotics

polychlorinated

biphenyls

viruses

antibiotics

pesticides

oils

and

greases

have

all

been

detected

in

either

industrial

or

domestic

wastewater

sources

AbdelRaouf

N

AlHomaidan

AA

Ibraheem

IBM

Microalgae

and

wastewater

treatment

Saudi

J

Biol

Sci

Internet

Available

from

Crossref

PubMed

Web

of

Science

Google

Scholar

Kathy

E

Lee

Larry

B

Barber

Edward

T

Furlong

et

al

Antibiotics

Field

Data

Scientific

Investigations

Report

Internet

Minnesota

Available

from

Martín

J

CamachoMuñoz

D

Santos

JL

Aparicio

I

Alonso

E

Occurrence

of

pharmaceutical

compounds

in

wastewater

and

sludge

from

wastewater

treatment

plants

removal

and

ecotoxicological

impact

of

wastewater

discharges

and

sludge

disposal

J

Hazard

Mater

Internet

Available

from

Subashchandrabose

SR

Ramakrishnan

B

Megharaj

M

Venkateswarlu

K

Naidu

R

Mixotrophic

cyanobacteria

and

microalgae

as

distinctive

biological

agents

for

organic

pollutant

degradation

Environ

Int

Internet

Available

from

Microalgae

respond

to

these

in

different

ways

from

bioaccumulation

to

biodegradation

and

inactivation

Subashchandrabose

SR

Ramakrishnan

B

Megharaj

M

Venkateswarlu

K

Naidu

R

Mixotrophic

cyanobacteria

and

microalgae

as

distinctive

biological

agents

for

organic

pollutant

degradation

Environ

Int

Internet

Available

from

Crossref

PubMed

Web

of

Science

Google

Scholar

Compound

uptake

is

highly

speciesspecific

with

toxic

concentrations

varying

for

different

applications

Heavy

metals

can

severely

inhibit

photosynthesis

by

blocking

or

replacing

prosthetic

metal

atoms

in

enzyme

active

sites

Kumar

A

Ergas

S

Yuan

X

et

al

Enhanced

fixation

and

biofuel

production

via

microalgae

recent

developments

and

future

directions

Trends

Biotechnol

Internet

Available

from

Crossref

PubMed

Web

of

Science

Google

Scholar

On

the

other

hand

it

has

long

been

known

that

microalgae

can

be

used

to

remove

pesticides

from

water

sources

Butler

GL

Deason

TR

OKelley

JC

Loss

of

five

pesticides

from

cultures

of

twentyone

planktonic

algae

Bull

Environ

Contam

Toxicol

Internet

Available

from

Crossref

Google

Scholar

Bioengineering

of

microalgae

and

cyanobacteria

could

lead

to

further

pollutant

removal

from

water

bodies

Subashchandrabose

SR

Ramakrishnan

B

Megharaj

M

Venkateswarlu

K

Naidu

R

Mixotrophic

cyanobacteria

and

microalgae

as

distinctive

biological

agents

for

organic

pollutant

degradation

Environ

Int

Internet

Available

from

Crossref

PubMed

Web

of

Science

Google

Scholar

However

it

could

compromise

the

use

of

microalgae

in

further

applications

eg

fuel

food

pharmaceuticals

etc

if

toxic

compounds

were

found

to

bioaccumulate

leading

to

their

release

either

through

emission

from

combustion

or

ingestion

Council

NR

Environmental

Effects

In

Sustainable

Development

of

Algal

Biofuels

in

the

United

States

The

National

Academies

Press

Washington

DC

Google

Scholar

Examples

include

accumulation

of

heavy

metals

by

Chlorella

sp

and

Scendesmus

Khoshmanesh

A

Lawson

F

Prince

IG

Cell

surface

area

as

a

major

parameter

in

the

uptake

of

cadmium

by

unicellular

green

microalgae

Chem

Eng

J

Crossref

Web

of

Science

Google

Scholar

and

uptake

and

biodegrading

of

organic

pollutants

by

C

reinhardtii

Subashchandrabose

SR

Ramakrishnan

B

Megharaj

M

Venkateswarlu

K

Naidu

R

Mixotrophic

cyanobacteria

and

microalgae

as

distinctive

biological

agents

for

organic

pollutant

degradation

Environ

Int

Internet

Available

from

Crossref

PubMed

Web

of

Science

Google

Scholar

Viruses

pathogens

and

parasites

Viruses

affecting

microalgae

are

thought

to

be

ubiquitous

in

aquatic

environments

and

function

as

an

ecological

mechanism

for

controlling

microalgae

populations

Fuhrman

JA

Suttle

CA

Viruses

in

marine

planktonic

systems

Oceanography

Beltrami

E

Carroll

TO

Modeling

the

role

of

viral

disease

in

recurrent

phytoplankton

blooms

J

Math

Biol

Bergh

O

Borsheim

K

Bratbak

G

Heldal

M

High

abundance

of

viruses

found

in

aquatic

environments

Nature

This

could

lead

to

two

impacts

for

largescale

microalgae

cultivation

On

the

one

hand

it

may

lead

to

a

population

collapse

thus

resulting

in

loss

of

the

product

and

knock

on

effect

on

the

supply

chain

for

which

it

was

intended

On

the

other

hand

viruses

could

be

used

to

control

algal

blooms

Pathogens

will

coexist

with

microalgae

Where

water

is

sourced

from

waste

streams

particularly

municipal

or

animal

waste

there

is

a

high

chance

that

pathogens

may

be

present

in

the

harvested

biomass

or

in

final

process

effluent

despite

the

fact

that

algae

cultivation

in

open

ponds

has

the

capacity

to

inactivate

pathogens

Curtis

TP

Mara

DD

Silva

SA

The

effect

of

sunlight

on

faecal

coliforms

in

ponds

implications

for

research

and

design

Water

Sci

Technol

Google

Scholar

This

will

affect

the

end

use

of

the

microalgal

product

or

at

least

the

posttreatment

it

must

receive

before

it

can

be

used

in

any

product

where

it

can

present

a

potential

health

risk

There

are

also

occupational

health

hazards

for

those

managing

the

algal

farms

Council

NR

Environmental

Effects

In

Sustainable

Development

of

Algal

Biofuels

in

the

United

States

The

National

Academies

Press

Washington

DC

Google

Scholar

Parasites

may

threaten

the

health

of

the

microalgae

culture

One

such

example

is

A

protococcarum

which

was

identified

as

being

a

risk

to

microalgal

cultures

Research

found

the

parasite

is

diverse

and

requires

further

research

to

understand

its

behaviour

in

order

to

protect

microalgal

cultures

Letcher

PM

Lopez

S

Schmieder

R

et

al

Characterization

of

Amoeboaphelidium

protococcarum

an

algal

parasite

new

to

the

cryptomycota

isolated

from

an

outdoor

algal

pond

used

for

the

production

of

biofuel

PLoS

One

Internet

e

Available

from

Crossref

Google

Scholar

Water

footprint

WF

A

water

footprint

is

the

total

amount

of

fresh

water

embedded

in

the

production

of

goods

and

services

and

includes

both

surface

and

groundwater

blue

water

footprint

and

rainwater

green

water

footprint

Calculation

of

WF

is

highly

sensitive

to

evaporation

rates

hydraulic

retention

time

and

also

the

photosynthetic

efficiency

which

depends

on

climate

process

design

and

cell

biology

For

example

the

evaporation

rate

from

an

open

system

will

vary

depending

on

the

local

climate

from

m

m

yr

to

m

m

yr

in

arid

regions

Guieysse

B

Béchet

Q

Shilton

A

Variability

and

uncertainty

in

water

demand

and

water

footprint

assessments

of

fresh

algae

cultivation

based

on

case

studies

from

five

climatic

regions

Bioresour

Technol

Crossref

PubMed

Web

of

Science

Google

Scholar

The

WF

of

a

closed

photobioreactor

for

biofuel

production

was

found

to

be

lower

for

microalgae

biofuels

than

for

other

biofuels

such

as

soya

or

palm

biodiesel

or

bioethanol

from

sugarcane

as

shown

in

Table

The

range

indicates

values

from

wastewater

and

seawater

lowest

values

to

freshwater

highest

value

This

confirms

wastewater

is

essential

to

uphold

the

sustainability

both

environmentally

and

economically

of

microalgaebased

biofuels

in

terms

of

clean

water

consumption

and

nutrient

provision

Yang

J

Xu

M

Zhang

X

Hu

Q

Sommerfeld

M

Chen

Y

Lifecycle

analysis

on

biodiesel

production

from

microalgae

water

footprint

and

nutrients

balance

Bioresour

Technol

Crossref

PubMed

Web

of

Science

Google

Scholar

Table

Water

footprint

of

different

transport

fuels

CSV

Display

Table

Impacts

to

aquatic

biodiversity

Mass

cultivation

of

microalgae

can

be

termed

as

a

controlled

eutrophication

process

and

as

such

needs

to

be

well

managed

via

adequate

air

supply

and

regular

harvesting

Kamilli

K

Ofner

J

Zetzsch

C

Held

A

Formation

of

halogeninduced

secondary

organic

aerosol

XOA

Google

Scholar

However

eutrophication

remains

one

of

the

main

risks

to

biodiversity

Decomposition

of

dead

algal

biomass

consumes

oxygen

from

the

water

column

leading

to

the

asphyxiation

of

organisms

depending

on

oxygen

for

respiration

The

impacts

of

eutrophication

include

reduction

in

biodiversity

due

to

hypoxia

water

toxicity

and

turbidity

Methane

production

can

occur

in

the

anaerobic

layers

leading

to

odorous

emissions

eg

and

greenhouse

gases

eg

CH

CO

N

O

with

a

strong

global

warming

potential

as

shown

in

Table

Any

organisms

dependent

on

oxygenated

waters

can

also

be

lost

and

replaced

by

other

dominant

species

Handler

RM

Canter

CE

Kalnes

TN

et

al

Evaluation

of

environmental

impacts

from

microalgae

cultivation

in

openair

raceway

ponds

analysis

of

the

prior

literature

and

investigation

of

wide

variance

in

predicted

impacts

Algal

Res

Internet

Available

from

Crossref

Google

Scholar

Accidental

release

of

water

from

cultivation

sites

into

the

wider

environment

could

lead

to

eutrophication

events

on

a

larger

scale

particularly

if

cultivation

takes

place

near

a

large

water

body

such

as

a

lake

or

a

coastal

area

The

impact

depends

on

the

size

of

the

release

and

quality

of

the

receiving

water

body

For

example

nutrient

rich

marine

waters

can

reduce

seagrass

communities

which

are

essential

for

stabilising

sediment

and

providing

habitats

and

food

sources

for

much

marine

life

Smith

VH

Sturm

BSM

Denoyelles

FJ

Billings

S

a

The

ecology

of

algal

biodiesel

production

Trends

Ecol

Evol

Internet

Available

from

Crossref

PubMed

Web

of

Science

Google

Scholar

Table

CSV

Display

Table

Open

ponds

are

vulnerable

to

contamination

This

risk

can

be

minimised

by

altering

culture

conditions

making

them

unfavourable

to

native

species

However

the

release

of

nonnative

species

could

lead

to

problems

particularly

where

they

can

outcompete

native

species

In

some

cases

introducing

large

volumes

of

water

to

otherwise

arid

regions

could

lead

to

a

change

in

local

climates

Higher

evaporation

rates

would

change

humidity

and

temperature

in

these

locations

Council

NR

Environmental

Effects

In

Sustainable

Development

of

Algal

Biofuels

in

the

United

States

The

National

Academies

Press

Washington

DC

Google

Scholar

as

well

as

changing

the

biodiversity

in

the

area

for

example

attracting

animals

and

birds

for

drinking

water

as

well

as

breeding

grounds

for

insects

and

other

water

wildlife

In

either

case

discussed

here

it

is

crucial

that

cultivation

systems

are

well

maintained

and

managed

Terrestrial

impacts

Biofuel

production

has

met

with

controversy

regarding

displacement

of

food

crops

for

production

of

fuel

A

key

selling

point

for

microalgal

biofuels

is

the

reduction

of

land

needed

to

grow

the

same

quantity

of

fuel

given

faster

growth

rates

and

higher

yields

per

unit

area

than

terrestrial

crops

Many

of

the

initial

claims

made

for

the

amount

of

biofuels

used

prediction

based

on

smallscale

cultivation

Howe

G

Merchant

S

Heavy

metalactivated

synthesis

of

peptides

in

chlamydomonas

reinhardtii

Plant

Physiol

Internet

Available

from

Crossref

Google

Scholar

Estimates

by

Wigmosta

M

Coleman

A

Skaggs

R

Huesemann

M

Lane

L

National

microalgae

biofuel

production

potential

and

resource

demand

Water

Resour

Res

Crossref

Google

Scholar

suggest

an

oil

production

rate

of

L

ha

yr

L

ha

yr

of

biofuel

considering

the

conversion

efficiency

which

is

significantly

lower

than

other

published

estimates

A

study

suggests

that

under

current

technology

microalgae

have

the

potential

to

generate

L

yr

of

oil

equivalent

to

of

current

US

petroleum

imports

for

transportation

based

on

consumption

in

Wigmosta

M

Coleman

A

Skaggs

R

Huesemann

M

Lane

L

National

microalgae

biofuel

production

potential

and

resource

demand

Water

Resour

Res

Crossref

Google

Scholar

It

is

estimated

that

to

replace

of

US

transport

fuels

M

ha

of

land

would

be

needed

for

biodiesel

from

corn

M

ha

for

biodiesel

from

soybean

yet

around

M

ha

for

biodiesel

from

microalgae

Wigmosta

M

Coleman

A

Skaggs

R

Huesemann

M

Lane

L

National

microalgae

biofuel

production

potential

and

resource

demand

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 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3480 Views 2 CrossRef citations to date New Perspective Health after disaster A perspective of psychologicalhealth reactions to disaster Ursula Martin Article 1053741 Received 10 Sep 2014 Accepted 18 May 2015 Published online 15 Jun 2015 Download citation httpsdoiorg1010802331190820151053741 In this article Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Discussion References Full Article Figures data Citations Metrics Licensing PDF Abstract Superstorm Sandy which affected millions of people in 2012 was a disaster in structural financial medical and emotional terms Many survivors experienced poststorm health psychology impacts Depression levels increased by 25 and physician visits were elevated by a significant amount Clearly largescale disasters have a profound effect on the physical and emotional health of survivors Understanding these effects can improve future disaster relief programs and policies Exploration of postdisaster issues can inform government entities and nongovernment organizations to assist communities and individuals left in the aftermath of natural disasters Keywords hurricane disaster mental health survivors depression medical stress storm trauma postdisaster Public Interest Statement Superstorm Sandy which affected millions of people in 2012 was a disaster in structural financial medical and emotional terms This perspective article describes some of the health psychology effects of the storm based on data gathered via Gallup polls which was used to illustrate impacts of the disaster It was found that depression levels increased by 25 poststorm and physician visits also increased by a significant number Clearly largescale disasters have a profound effect on the physical and emotional health of disaster survivors Understanding these effects can improve future disaster relief programs and policies Exploration of postdisaster issues can also Competing interests The author declares no competing interests 1 Introduction Superstorm Sandy made landfall along the eastern coast of the United States on 29 October 2012 striking with winds of 80 mph A full moon made high tides much higher than usual and amplified the storm surge An estimated 100 people were killed Streets were flooded trees and power lines were torn down and beach boardwalks were turned upside down and shredded More than 80 homes were destroyed in one fire in New York Some of the more than eight million homes that lost power as a result of Sandy were left without electricity for over a month The disaster 2012 Sharp T 2012 November 27 About the Frankenstorm Retrieved from httpwwwlivesciencecom Google Scholar The question arises what were the medical and mental health aftereffects of the disaster This perspective article focuses on survivors levels of depression and health issues poststorm This is an important topic as disasters occur throughout the world and cause major damage in financial emotional and medical terms To date research has been minimal partially due to limited resources and the need to focus resources on crisisrelated practical needs of storm survivors There have been studies completed about other disasters which provides a background Paranjothy et al 2011 Paranjothy S Gallacher J Amlôt R Rubin G Page L Baxter T Palmer S 2011 Psychosocial impact of the summer 2007 floods in England BMC Public Health 11 145 1011861471245811145 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar emphasized that flooding and its aftereffects are a growing public health challenge A study by Acierno et al 2007 Acierno R Ruggiero K Galea S Resnick H Koenen K Roitzsch J 2007 Psychological sequelae resulting from the 2004 Florida hurricanes Implications for postdisaster intervention American Journal of Public Health 97 103 108 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar revealed that significant numbers of individuals are negatively psychologically impacted by hurricanes In their sample of hurricane survivors greater than 15 met the criteria for at least one mental health diagnosis since the hurricane Ruggiero et al 2012 Ruggiero K Gros K McCauley J Resnick H Morgan M Kilpatrick D Acierno R 2012 Mental health outcomes among adults in Galveston and Chambers counties after Hurricane Ike Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 6 26 32 101001dmp20127 Crossref PubMed Web of Science Google Scholar also studied the effects of hurricanes and found that poststorm 15 of individuals reported anxiety and stress related to the storm Statistical analyses suggested that factors resulting from the hurricane such as lack of electricity food money or transportation were most significantly correlated with mental health problems In a survey of individuals living in the vicinity of a European factory explosion in 2000 a significant proportion of the study group displayed related health problems three weeks after the incident More than 50 of residents experienced anxiety and depression Followup 18 months later revealed that more than 30 of the affected residents reported having these feelings Roorda van Stiphout HuijsmanRubingh 2004 Roorda J van Stiphout W A HuijsmanRubingh R 2004 Postdisaster health effects Strategies for investigation and datacollection Experiences from the Enschede firework disaster Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 58 982 987 101136jech2003014613 Crossref PubMed Web of Science Google Scholar In another study of the same disaster 30 months postdisaster the prevalence of psychological problems in victims was about 30 greater than control subjects Disaster victims also showed high levels of medically unexplained physical symptoms including gastrointestinal problems Yzermans Donker Vasterman 2004 Yzermans CJ Donker GA Vasterman P 2004 The impact of disasters Long term effects on health In W Kirch Ed Public health in Europe 10 years EUPHA pp 317 341 Berlin Springer Crossref Google Scholar Mount St Helens volcano eruption is a natural setting for the study of stress reactions to catastrophic events Postdisaster data collected by Adams and Adams 1984 Adams P Adams G 1984 Mount Saint Helenss ashfall Evidence for a disaster stress reaction American Psychologist 39 252 260 1010370003066X393252 Crossref PubMed Web of Science Google Scholar indicated a substantial increase in illness stress and aggression Data suggest that a post disaster stress reaction can occur following a catastrophe The authors of another study examined the prevalence of somatic symptoms after a natural disaster Results indicated that exposure to the disaster was related to a greater number of medical symptoms particularly gastrointestinal ones Escobar Canino RubioStipec Bravo 1992 Escobar J I Canino G RubioStipec M Bravo M 1992 Somatic symptoms after a natural disaster A prospective study 149 965 967 Google Scholar Freedy and Simpson 2007 Freedy J Simpson W 2007 Disasterrelated physical and mental health A role for the family physician American Family Physician 6 841 846 Google Scholar found that the use of primary health care services typically increases for one year following major disasters Victims will often consult physicians for acute health problems and for monitoring and medication for chronic conditions Some victims may be at risk for mental health problems such as stress depression or alcohol abuse Ongoing emotional distress occurs in the wake of a disaster this is known as the normal response to an abnormal event Mental Health Association of Nebraska 2012 Mental Health Association of Nebraska 2012 December 5 Psychological first aid Mental health care after Hurricane Sandy Retrieved from httpwwwmhaneorg Google Scholar Publicly available data regarding emotional and physical health poststorm and number of physician visits was evaluated Daily interviews conducted as part of the GallupHealthways WellBeing Index from September through December 2012 Gallup included data for residents in three groups those areas severely damaged by the storm those in surrounding affected areas and those in other states A total of 6414 interviews were conducted with subjects in the first two groups and 35184 subjects in the other states As shown in Table 1 individuals in the first group reported an increase in depression levels of 25 poststorm and the second group reported an increase of 17 Witters Ander 2013 Witters D Ander S 2013 January 4 Depression increases in areas Superstorm Sandy hit hardest Retrieved from httpwwwgallupcom Google Scholar Those in other states only reported an increase of 3 Table 1 Depression levels before and after Superstorm Sandy CSV Display Table Many health care visits were scheduled after the storm An analysis by the United States Center for Disease Control found that of the people relocated to shelters in one area after the storm more than 5100 reported a stormrelated health care visit 52 for an acute illness 32 for followup care such as blood tests or medication refills 13 for a chronic illness and 3 for injuries Rettner 2013 Rettner R 2013 October 29 Hurricane Sandys toll on health Retrieved from httpwwwlivesciencecom Google Scholar While the mold and the stress of Superstorm Sandy created new health problems for some people it also made other conditions worse in people already dealing with issues including asthma and allergies Langfield 2013 Langfield A 2013 October 29 A year after Sandy mold a lingering problem for buildings health Retrieved from httpwwwnbcnewscom Google Scholar discovered that a full year after the storm doctors continue to see many people with stormrelated medical symptoms Common health complaints poststorm were headaches dizziness and upper respiratory infections likely triggered by flooded buildings unheated homes or mold Mental Health Association of Nebraska 2012 Mental Health Association of Nebraska 2012 December 5 Psychological first aid Mental health care after Hurricane Sandy Retrieved from httpwwwmhaneorg Google Scholar Graham 2012 Graham J 2012 November 10 The emotional aftermath of Hurricane Sandy New York Times p 15 Google Scholar described the emotional aftermath of the storm that left millions without power chilled and frightened Emotions they experience include despair hopelessness anger and anxiety Instead of acknowledging anxiety or depression some people may complain of having a headache a stomach ache or some other physical ailment Many medical offices in stormravaged areas remained closed for weeks leaving survivors without access to the prescription medications for chronic illnesses such as asthma and allergies These problems coupled with the mold that began to grow postdisaster left many people in poor health Goodman 2012 Goodman B 2012 November 29 Hurricane Sandys health woes continue Retrieved from httpwwwwebmdcom Google Scholar For the millions of people who experienced flooding and power outages several hazards occurred Many individuals had their health impacted due to the inability to obtain prescriptions or due to medication being lost or destroyed in the storm Power outages ruined insulin and other medications that require refrigeration Weiss 2012 Weiss D 2012 November 2 Hurricane Sandy leads to lingering health concerns Retrieved from httpwwwpharmacytimescom Google Scholar 2 Discussion Disasters have a profound impact on mental health Stress and strong emotions are common after a storm like Hurricane Sandy Many people experience fear anxiety anger and sadness other reactions may include stomach aches changes in eating or sleeping habits increased alcohol or drug use Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Association 2012 September 10 httpwwwsamhsagov Disasters have disastrous effects on the physical and mental health of survivors In concurrence with research studies on earlier disasters it appears that many survivors of Superstorm Sandy experienced psychological and health problems These results are significant due to the enormous number of areas affected and the broad impact that medical and emotional issues have on individuals Many people needed to schedule physician visits for stormrelated conditions This introduced another financial factor to the storm along with the staggering costs of the storm on an individual and community basis It is also possible that having medical or emotional issues poststorm In practical terms there is a clear need for programs to help survivors cope with medical and emotional issues postdisaster To minimize negative medical and mental health consequences when facing future events communities can plan resources for psychological and medical assistance before and afterwards As Roorda et al 2004 Roorda J van Stiphout W A HuijsmanRubingh R 2004 Postdisaster health effects Strategies for investigation and datacollection Experiences from the Enschede firework disaster Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 58 982 987 101136jech2003014613 Crossref PubMed Web of Science Google Scholar note disasters affect large groups of people in terms of physical and psychological health and aftercare services for disaster victims must be designed to address their physical and psychological needs Physical and mental health effects of disasters often cooccur Physical problems may increase the probability of mental health problems For example a disaster may exacerbate a chronic health condition with worsening physical health contributing to the worsening of mental health The reverse direction of causality is possible with mental health problems resulting in poorer health maintenance efforts and inflammation of chronic symptoms Freedy Simpson 2007 Freedy J Simpson W 2007 Disasterrelated physical and mental health A role for the family physician American Family Physician 6 841 846 Google Scholar The impact of disaster is an important subject that merits further exploration The effect on health psychology is one which impacts large populations for lengthy timeframes Future research can focus on program evaluation which services are most utilized and most effective in helping survivors with the medical and emotional aftereffects which clearly result from disasters Several variables are worth testing quantitatively These include the specific triggers of psychological and physical symptoms and specific interventions outreach referral short and longterm treatment which effectively treat them Additionally postdisaster physical and mental health reactions can be tested along with other individual and community Cover image Source Authors References Acierno R Ruggiero K Galea S Resnick H Koenen K Roitzsch J 2007 Psychological sequelae resulting from the 2004 Florida hurricanes Implications for postdisaster intervention American Journal of Public Health 97 103 108 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar Adams P Adams G 1984 Mount Saint Helenss ashfall Evidence for a disaster stress reaction American Psychologist 39 252 260 1010370003066X393252 Crossref PubMed Web of Science Google Scholar Escobar J I Canino G RubioStipec M Bravo M 1992 Somatic symptoms after a natural disaster A prospective study 149 965 967 Google Scholar Freedy J Simpson W 2007 Disasterrelated physical and mental health A role for the family physician American Family Physician 6 841 846 Google Scholar Gallup Poll 2013 January 4 Galluphealthways wellbeing index September 15December 15 2012 Retrieved from httpwwwgallupcom Google Scholar Goodman B 2012 November 29 Hurricane Sandys health woes continue Retrieved from httpwwwwebmdcom Google Scholar Graham J 2012 November 10 The emotional aftermath of Hurricane Sandy New York Times p 15 Google Scholar Langfield A 2013 October 29 A year after Sandy mold a lingering problem for buildings health Retrieved from httpwwwnbcnewscom Google Scholar Mental Health Association of Nebraska 2012 December 5 Psychological first aid Mental health care after Hurricane Sandy Retrieved from httpwwwmhaneorg Google Scholar Paranjothy S Gallacher J Amlôt R Rubin G Page L Baxter T Palmer S 2011 Psychosocial impact of the summer 2007 floods in England BMC Public Health 11 145 1011861471245811145 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar Rettner R 2013 October 29 Hurricane Sandys toll on health Retrieved from httpwwwlivesciencecom Google Scholar Roorda J van Stiphout W A HuijsmanRubingh R 2004 Postdisaster health effects Strategies for investigation and datacollection Experiences from the Enschede firework disaster Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 58 982 987 101136jech2003014613 Crossref PubMed Web of Science Google Scholar Ruggiero K Gros K McCauley J Resnick H Morgan M Kilpatrick D Acierno R 2012 Mental health outcomes among adults in Galveston and Chambers counties after Hurricane Ike Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 6 26 32 101001dmp20127 Crossref PubMed Web of Science Google Scholar Sharp T 2012 November 27 About the Frankenstorm Retrieved from httpwwwlivesciencecom Google Scholar Weiss D 2012 November 2 Hurricane Sandy leads to lingering health concerns Retrieved from httpwwwpharmacytimescom Google Scholar Witters D Ander S 2013 January 4 Depression increases in areas Superstorm Sandy hit hardest Retrieved from httpwwwgallupcom Google Scholar Yzermans CJ Donker GA Vasterman P 2004 The impact of disasters Long term effects on health In W Kirch Ed Public health in Europe 10 years EUPHA pp 317 341 Berlin Springer Crossref Google Scholar Additional information Author information Ursula Martin Ursula Martin has published peerreviewed articles in the areas of job satisfaction international social work practice and cultural concepts in counseling She has conducted assessments and psychotherapy with storm survivors and other individuals The information in the current perspective article is important for disaster preparation and response planning Disasters affect victims at every level financial practical physical and emotional Information can assist organizational policymakers support communities and help to turn victims into survivors Funding Funding The author received no direct funding for this research People also read Article Infectious diseases following natural disasters prevention and control measures Isidore K Kouadio et al Expert Review of Antiinfective Therapy Volume 10 2012 Issue 1 Published online 10 Jan 2014 Article Knowledge of disaster risk reduction among school students in Nepal Gangalal Tuladhar et al Geomatics Natural Hazards and Risk Volume 5 2014 Issue 3 Published online 24 Jul 2014 Article Social and Economic Impacts of Natural Disasters Alcira Kreimer International Geology Review Volume 43 2001 Issue 5 Published online 18 Aug 2010 Article Psychological Aspects of Disasters Brian W Flynn Renal Failure Volume 19 1997 Issue 5 Published online 5 Aug 2009 Article What is the Psychosocial Impact of Disasters A MetaAnalysis Marcelo LeivaBianchi et al Issues in Mental Health Nursing Volume 39 2018 Issue 4 Published online 13 Feb 2018 Article Perspectives on disaster public health and disaster behavioral health integration James M Shultz Disaster Health Volume 2 2014 Issue 2 Published online 4 Feb 2015

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Minnie Mouse Kids Bikes Target Sports Outdoors Bikes Minnie Mouse Kids Bikes 1 Save on kids bikes Get 15 off a bike accessory when you buy a bike Shop by size Early Riders Ages 25 Height 2642 1214 wheels Ages 37 Height 3848 16 wheels Ages 59 Height 4252 18 wheels Ages 713 Height 4856 20 wheels Ages 1015 Height 5462 24 wheels Shop by type Balance Bikes Toddler Trikes Character Bikes Transitional Bikes Pedal Bikes Shipping Pickup Pick up today at In stores free order pickup and storeonly items Filter results Minnie Mouse Wheel Size 12 Character Cars Disney Disney Princess Frozen Marvel mattel Mickey Mouse Friends Minnie Mouse Monster High Nickelodeon PAW Patrol pj masks Shopkins spiderman Star Wars Stormtrooper Gender Girl Age 4 Years Brand Type Color Price Deals Guest Rating Sold by FPOAPO Include out of stock Wheel Size Huffy Disney Minnie Mouse 12 Kids Bike Pink Huffy 6399 reg 7999 Save 15 on a bike accessory with bike purchase Shipping temporarily out of stock Highlights Removable neoprene Minnie Mouse bag attaches to handle bars Colorful streamers on grip ends Comfortable padded seat is decorated with fullcolor graphics with adjustable seat Easy to use coaster brake pedal backwards to brake Minnie plaque on back of seat Wide graphic training wheels for improved stability Overall rating 53 comfort quality value did you find what you were looking for yes no For order account issues or specific item inquiries please Trending items 5999 Radio Flyer 10 Classic Tricycle Red 7199 Huffy Disney Frozen Cruiser Bike with Sleigh 14 6399 Kids Paw Patrol 12 Bike 5999 Radio Flyer 10 Classic Tricycle Pink 6999 Radio Flyer Steer Stroll Trike Red 7999 Kids Schwinn Iris 16 Bike 5599 Huffy Frenzy 14 Kids Bike Lime Green 7999 Pacific Cycle Igniter 20 Kids Bike Red 7199 Kids Huffy Disney Cars 3 14 Bike Red 7199 Huffy Star Wars Stormtrooper 16 Kids Bike White see low price in cart RoyalBaby Kids Freestyle 16 BMX Bike 7199 Kids Dynacraft 16 Bike Shopkins 5599 PJ Masks 12 Kids Bike Blue 6299 Little Tikes Perfect Fit 4in1 Trike Blue 7199 RoyalBaby Kids Hero 14 Bike 13999 RoyalBaby Kids Freestyle 18 BMX Bike 12999 Schwinn Elise 18 Kids Sidewalk Bike OrangeMintPink 11999 RoyalBaby Kids Freestyle 14 BMX Bike 11999 14999 RoyalBaby Kids Jenny Bike 12999 Schwinn Coronet 16 Kids Sidewalk Bike Teal 10999 RoyalBaby Kids Freestyle 12 BMX Bike 17799 18999 Firmstrong Urban 20 Kids Bike 12999 Schwinn Holly 20 Kids Sidewalk Bike Mint 12999 RoyalBaby Kids Stargirl 14 BMX Bike 12999 Schwinn Firehawk 18 Kids Sidewalk Bike Red

O O O B O O O B O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Target Patio Garden Outdoor Lighting See More Outdoor Lighting Lightshare 6 LED Birch Tree Decoration Light Warm White Lights Shop all LIGHTSHARE About this item Details Shipping Returns QA 1 Whats GiftNow LED Bulb Highlights Lighted birch tree with hundreds of white LED lights provides a warm and inviting display Allweather and totally portable for use anywhere Plugin feature makes it easy to use Give your festive decorations an inviting touch with the warm white light of the Lightshare 6foot LED Birch Tree Decoration Light This beautiful decorative birch tree embellished with hundreds of LED lights and realistic white branches brings excitement to any space when lit Ideal for use anywhere this easily portable lighting display comes with a sturdy stand that makes it durable and weatherresistant so you can brighten up your backyard patio or even your home entrance with this warm display Light Bulb Count 1 Number of Pieces 1 Material Plastic Dimensions Overall 6 feet H x 31 inches W x 35 feet D Weight 43 pounds Includes Instructions IndoorOutdoor Outdoor Assembly Details Adult assembly required no tools needed Light Bulb Color Clear Protective Qualities Weatherresistant Number of light settings 1 Cord lead length 4 feet Wire Color White Light Bulb Type LED Battery 3 AA Required not included Warranty 1 year limited warranty To obtain a copy of the manufacturers or suppliers warranty for this item please call Target Guest Services at 18005913869 TCIN 51397381 UPC 816192015315 Item Number DPCI 009112641 LED Bulb Uses energyefficient LED bulbs If the item details above arent accurate or complete we want to know about it 7679 Sale Reg 9599 Save 1920 20 off 3 3 ratings 1 Question 1 Question questions 1 to 52404 Get it by Mon Jan 14 with free standard shipping Not in stores RegistryList GiftNow Whats GiftNow Help us improve this page Ratings reviews 3 Most recent reviews would recommend eve 1 month ago Its perfect Lights up bright Great height and width Very happy with it Do you find this helpful yes 2 no 0 report write a review Prices promotions styles and availability may vary by store online See our price match guarantee a store is chosen for you Lightshare 6 LED Birch Tree Decoration Light Warm White Lights

O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O


Target Grocery Candy Chocolate Candy WHOPPERS Malted Milk Balls 12oz Shop all WHOPPERS About this item Details Label info Shipping Returns QA Highlights WHOPPERS Malted Milk Balls are a movienight favorite and great for snacking and sharing Distinctive malted candy taste Crunchy malted milk balls coated in delicious chocolate A kosher candy When you want a movie theater snack or a sweet ice cream topping look to WHOPPERS The Original Malted Milk Balls WHOPPERS Malted Milk Balls are perfect for enjoying during a movie or any time you want a sweet poppable treat Contains Wheat barley soy Milk Serving Size 60 pieces Candy Type Chocolates Store In a Dry location at Room temperature Exterior Container Paper or cardboard Carton Dietary Needs Reduced fat naturally flavored Kosher Form Ball State of Readiness Ready to eat Servings 90 Approximate Chocolate type 1 Milk chocolate Package type Individual item multiserving Exterior container weight 120 ounces TCIN 13346906 UPC 010700501806 Item Number DPCI 055022260 Grocery Disclaimer Content on this site is for reference purposes only Target does not represent or warrant that the nutrition ingredient allergen and other product information on our Web or Mobile sites are accurate or complete since this information comes from the product manufacturers On occasion manufacturers may improve or change their product formulas and update their labels We recommend that you do not rely solely on the information presented on our Web or Mobile sites and that you review the products label or contact the manufacturer directly if you have specific product concerns or questions If you have specific healthcare concerns If the item details above arent accurate or complete we want to know about it 249 be the first be the first ratings to 52404 no longer available See similar items Out of stock in stores near you Help us improve this page WHOPPERS Malted Milk Balls 12oz

O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O


Coconut Italian Cream Cake Id never tasted an Italian cream cake before moving to Colorado Now I bake for people in the area and this beauty is one of my most requested treats Ann Bush Colorado City Colorado Coconut Italian Cream Cake Recipe photo by Taste of Home Test Kitchen Approved 18 reviews Featured In 100 Inspiring Recipes for Procrastibakers Rate Comment Total Time Prep 50 min Bake 20 min cooling Makes 16 servings Ingredients 5 large eggs separated 1 cup butter softened 123 cups sugar 112 teaspoons vanilla extract 2 cups allpurpose flour 34 teaspoon baking soda 12 teaspoon salt 1 cup buttermilk 113 cups sweetened shredded coconut 1 cup chopped pecans toasted FROSTING 12 ounces cream cheese softened 6 tablespoons butter softened 214 teaspoons vanilla extract 523 cups confectioners sugar 3 to 4 tablespoons heavy whipping cream 12 cup chopped pecans toasted 14 cup toasted sweetened shredded coconut optional Directions Place egg whites in a small bowl let stand at room temperature 30 minutes Preheat oven to 350 Line bottoms of three greased 9in round baking pans with parchment paper grease paper In a large bowl cream butter and sugar until light and fluffy Add egg yolks one at a time beating well after each addition Beat in vanilla In another bowl whisk flour baking soda and salt add to creamed mixture alternately with buttermilk beating well after each addition Fold in coconut and pecans With clean beaters beat egg whites on medium speed until stiff peaks form Gradually fold into batter Transfer to prepared pans Bake 2025 minutes or until a toothpick inserted in center comes out clean Cool in pans 10 minutes before removing to wire racks remove paper Cool completely For frosting in a large bowl beat cream cheese and butter until smooth Beat in vanilla Gradually beat in confectioners sugar and enough cream to reach spreading consistency Spread frosting between layers and over top and sides of cake Sprinkle with pecans and if desired coconut Refrigerate leftovers Editors Note To toast pecans and coconut spread each one at a time in a 15x10x1in baking pan Bake at 350 for 510 minutes or until lightly browned stirring occasionally Editors Note To toast coconut bake in a shallow pan in a 350 oven for 510 minutes or cook in a skillet over low heat until golden brown stirring occasionally To toast nuts bake in a shallow pan in a 350 oven for 510 minutes or cook in a skillet over low heat until lightly browned stirring occasionally Nutrition Facts 1 slice 667 calories 36g fat 18g saturated fat 128mg cholesterol 402mg sodium 82g carbohydrate 68g sugars 2g fiber 7g protein Originally published as Celebration Italian Cream Cake in Taste of Home FebruaryMarch 2015 Sandys Chocolate Cake RECOMMENDED VIDEO Follow along as we show you how to make these fantastic recipes from our archive

B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O