Law enforcement in China From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Part of a series on the Politics of China Leadership Communist Party United Front Ideology Constitution Law Legislative Presidency Executive Military Supervision Judiciary Law enforcement CPC Central Politics and Law Commission Secretary Guo Shengkun Supreme Peoples Court President Zhou Qiang Peoples Courts Judicial Police zh Supreme Peoples Procuratorate ProcuratorGeneral Zhang Jun Peoples Procuratorates Judicial Police zh State Council Ministry of Public Security Minister Zhao Kezhi State Councilor Public Security Organs Peoples Police zh State Immigration Administration zh Local public security bureaus Ministry of State Security Minister Chen Wenqing State Security Organs Peoples Police zh Ministry of Justice Minister Fu Zhenghua Judicial Administrative Organs Peoples Police zh Bureau of Prison Administration zh Urban Management chengguan Judiciary of Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal Department of Justice Prosecutions Division Law enforcement in Hong Kong Security Bureau Regular Disciplined Services Hong Kong Police Force Judiciary of Macau Court of Final Appeal Public Prosecutions Office Secretariat for Security Macau Security Force Unitary Police Services zh Public Security Police Judiciary Police zh Publicity Hong Kong Macau CrossStrait relations Foreign relations Related topics Atlas v t e BYD e6 police car Law enforcement in China consists of an extensive public security system and a variety of enforcement procedures used to maintain order in the country Along with the courts and procuratorates the countrys judicial and public security agencies include the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of State Security with their descending hierarchy of departments bureaus subbureaus and stations Hong Kong and Macau have separate law enforcement agencies and work together with mainland agencies to deal with crime between them Overview The national security system is made up of the Ministry of State Security and the Ministry of Public Security the Peoples Armed Police the Peoples Liberation Army PLA and the state judicial procuratorial and penal systems The Ministry of Public Security oversees all domestic police activity in ChinaThe ministry is responsible for police operations and prisons and has dedicated departments for internal political economic and communications security Its lowest organizational units are public security stations which maintain close daytoday contact with the public The Peoples Armed Police Force with its 15 million personnel is organized into 45 divisions These include security police border defense personnel guards for government buildings and embassies and police communications specialists The Ministry of State Security was established in 1983 to ensure the security of the state through effective measures against enemy agents spies and counterrevolutionary activities designed to sabotage or overthrow Chinas socialist system The ministry is guided by a series of laws enacted in 1993 1994 and 1997 that replaced the counterrevolutionary crime statutes The ministrys operations include intelligence collection both domestic and foreign Authorities have used arrests on charges of revealing state secrets subversion and common crimes to suppress political dissent and social advocacy The Security Bureau is the local security department for Hong Kong The paramilitary Hong Kong Police Force was established in 1844 and has 27375 uniformed personnel and 4885 civilian staff Hong Kong Correctional Service was established in 1879 and has 6659 uniformed personnel and civilian staff Both services report to the Security Bureau Secretariat for Security Macau is the local security department in Macau Macau Security Force established in 1999 by the merger of the Judiciary Police Unitary Police Service Macau Prisons is a force of 3700 personnel and reports to the local Security department Judicial and Legal System In 2004 the National Peoples Congress NPC amended the constitution so that for the first time the protection of the individual was incorporated as a constitutional requirement Specifically Articles 37 and 38 recognize the freedom of the person and the personal dignity of citizens as inviolable Although the 1997 Criminal Procedure Law allows the police to detain a person for up to 37 days before release or formal arrest more vigorous court reviews have led to the release of thousands of unlawfully detained individuals However although the law stipulates that the authorities must notify a detainee s family or work unit of the detention within 24 hours in practice timely notification is often disregarded especially in sensitive political cases Police sometimes hold individuals without granting access to family members or lawyers and their trials are sometimes conducted in secret Detained criminal suspects defendants their legal representatives and close relatives are entitled to apply for bail but in practice few suspects are released pending trial There used to be an reeducationthroughlabor system that allows nonjudicial panels of police and local civil authorities to sentence individuals to up to three years in prisonlike facilities which practice was abolished in 2013 It has been reported that some detainees usually political activists or dissidents have been incarcerated in highsecurity psychiatric facilities for the criminally insane Police and prosecutorial officials have been accused of ignoring due process provisions of the law and constitution Citizens have a constitutional guarantee of the right to use their own spoken and written language in court proceedings Courts and procuratorates are advised by the constitution that they should provide translations for any party to the court proceedings who is not familiar with the spoken or written languages in common use in the locality The constitution provides for an independent judiciary but the courts are subjected to party and government policy guidance that influences the outcome of verdicts and sentences Conviction rates in criminal cases in the early 2000s were approximately 90 percent and trials generally were little more than sentencing hearings Although most suspects in criminal cases are legally guaranteed the right to counsel they often meet their appointed attorney only once before the hearing at best a defense attorney can obtain a reduction of the sentence In many politically sensitive trials rarely lasting more than several hours the courts hand down guilty verdicts immediately following proceedings and death sentences are often implemented within days of the rejection of an appeal The legal system in Hong Kong is based in English Common law and remains unchanged for at least 50 years from 1997 The legal system in Macau is based in Portuguese legal system as well as some aspects of German law Chinese law Italian law and some English common law Like Hong Kong the Macaus legal structure will remain as is for at least 50 years from 1999 Both SARs have separate judicial systems but the National Peoples Congress NPC is still the highest legal organ Important organizations and roles Ministry of Public Security The Ministry of Public Security is the principal police authority The ministry has functional departments for areas such as internal security intelligence counterterrorism police operations prisons and political economic and communications security Subordinate to the ministry are provinciallevel public security departments public security bureaus and subbureaus at the county level the bureaus located in the prefectures and large cities the subbureaus in counties and municipal districts and public security stations at the township level While public security considerations has a strong influence at all levels of administration the police appear to wield progressively greater influence at the lower levels of government The organization of local public security stations can be inferred from the tasks with which the police are charged Generally each station has sections for population control pretrial investigations welfare traffic control a detention center and other activities The public security station the police element in closest contact with the people is supervised by the public security subbureau as well as by local governments and procuratorates The procuratorate assumes direct responsibility for handling any case it chooses and it supervises investigations in those cases it allows the public security station to conduct A great deal of coordination occurs among the public security organs the procuratorates and the courts so that a trial is unlikely to produce a surprise outcome The public security station generally has considerably broader responsibilities than a police station in the other countries involving itself in every aspect of the district peoples lives In a rural area it has a chief a deputy chief a small administrative staff and a small police force In an urban area it has a greater number of administrative staff members and seven to eighteen patrolmen Its criminal law activities includes investigation apprehension interrogation and temporary detention The stations household section maintains a registry of all persons living in the area Births deaths marriages and divorces are recorded and confirmed through household checks The station regulates all hotels and requires visitors who remain beyond a certain number of days to register It also regulates the possession transportation and use of all explosives guns ammunition and poisons Another important police function is controlling change of residence Without such controls larger numbers of rural residents undoubtedly would move to the overcrowded cities in search of better living standards work or education see Urbanization in China In April 1984 the State Council issued the Tentative Regulations Governing Peoples Republic of China Resident Identity The regulations to be implemented over a period of years required all residents over sixteen years of age except activeduty members of the PLA and the Peoples Armed Police and inmates serving sentences to be issued resident identity cards by the Ministry of Public Security The picture cards indicated the name sex nationality date of birth and address of the bearer Special police operations employed agents informers and spies Informers are used in surveillance of suspected criminals The criminal laws in force after January 1 1980 restricted police powers regarding arrests investigations and searches A public security official or a citizen could apprehend a suspect under emergency conditions but a court or procuratorate was required to approve the arrest The accused had to be questioned within twentyfour hours and his or her family notified of the detention except in circumstances where notification would hinder the investigation or there was no way to notify them Any premeditated arrest required a court or procuratorate warrant The time that an accused could be held pending investigation was limited to three Two officials were needed to conduct a criminal investigation They were required to show identification and to inform the accused of the crime allegedly committed before he or she was questioned The suspect could refuse to answer only those questions irrelevant to the case Torture is illegal The 1980 laws also provided that in conjunction with an arrest the police could conduct an emergency search otherwise a warrant was required They had the right to search the person property and residence of an accused and the person of any injured party They could intercept mail belonging to the accused and order an autopsy whenever cause of death was unclear In July 1980 the government approved new regulations governing police use of weapons and force Police personnel could use their batons only in selfdefense or when necessary to subdue or prevent the escape of violent criminals or rioters Lethal weapons such as pistols could be used if necessary to stop violent riots to lessen the overall loss of life or to subdue surrounded but still resisting criminals The regulations also governed use of sirens police lights and whistles The relationship between the police officers assigned to neighborhood patrols and the people is close Police officers live in a neighborhood on a longterm assignment and are expected to know all the residents personally Their task is not only to prevent and punish crime but to promote desirable behavior by counseling and acting as role models This positive side of the police officers duties was a constant responsibility and the bond between the public security units and the people are strengthened annually by means of cherishthepeople months during which the police officer makes a special effort to be of help especially to the aged and the infirm Peoples Armed Police A Peoples Armed Police squad in the Forbidden City Beijing Main article Peoples Armed Police The Peoples Armed Police PAP is a paramilitary police force under the authority of the Ministry of Public Security and Central Military Commission After a trial period in selected jurisdictions it was officially established at the national level in 1983 In line with the general policy of reducing the size of the armed forces and transferring responsibilities to the civilian sector the newly established force was formed from internal security units reassigned from the PLA to the Ministry of Public Security and from border defense customs and firefighting units In 1985 the PAP consisted of approximately 600000 volunteers and conscripts With a headquarters at the national level and divisionlevel provincial units regimentallevel detachments and battalionlevel brigades it retained its military organization Current strength of PAP is 15 million PAP units are responsible for guarding party and state organizations and foreign embassies and consulates as well as for responding to emergencies and maintaining law and order Border defense units performed standard customs duties such as inspecting vehicles and ships entering and leaving the country and maintained surveillance against smugglers and drug traffickers PAP firefighting units were responsible for fireprevention education as well as for fighting fires PAP units at every level worked in close cooperation with the armed forces and other public security organizations Chengguan BylawPeace Officers While there are no municipal government police departments municipalities in China have uniformed but unarmed inspection officers under the command of each municipalities City Urban Administrative and Law Enforcement Bureau More commonly known as Chengguan the Chinese abbreviation of the term The agency is in charge with enforcement of urban management of the city This includes local bylaws city appearance bylaws environment sanitation work safety pollution control health and can involve enforcement in planning greening industry and commerce environment protection municipal affairs and water in large cities However since the establishment of the Chengguan in 20012002 there have been numerous cases of Chengguan in cities across China using excessive violence and abuse of power In fact there have been several incidents involving the Chengguan seriously wounding innocents and even beating people to death in public These tragedies have given the Chengguan a notorious reputation and the agency is generally disliked and loathed by the Chinese people In recent years efforts have been made to ameliorate the tense relation between the Chengguan and the general public with mixed results Police Vehicles Police cars in the mainland are white with a dark blue swoosh painted on the side such as BYD e6 China does not have a uniform fleet buying program so local departments typically buy from a variety of local dealerships VW Santanas and Passats are the most common but other makes and models are present as well Hong Kong Police vehicles have been influenced by British and Chinese schemes and still today retain them Police in Macau use generic European designs patterns A roadblock operated by Shenzhen Public Security Bureau on G4 motorway The police vehicle is a Ford Transit A MercedesBenz Sprinter police patrol van in Hong Kong A MercedesBenz Sprinter police patrol van of the Public Security Police Force of Macau Historical background However much the public security system may have been influenced by communist ideology and practice it remained rooted directly in the traditional Chinese concept of governmental control through imposed collective responsibility Even in the preimperial era a system was proposed to organize the people into groups of families which would be mutually responsible for each others good behavior and share each others punishments The Qin 221207 BCE and Han 206 BCECE 220 dynasties made use of the concept and the Song dynasty 9601279 institutionalized it on a nationwide basis in the bao jia tithing system It entailed the organization of family households into groups of ten each unit being organized successively into a larger unit up to the county level of administration Each family sent a representative to the monthly meeting of its unit and each unit elected a leader to represent it at the next higher level Since the head of each unit was responsible to the next higher level for the conduct of all members of his unit the system served as an extension of the central government Eventually each group of families also was required to furnish men to serve militia Bao jia which alternately flourished or languished under later rulers and usually existed more in theory than in practice was reinstituted during the Qing dynasty 16441911 During the Qing period the peoples aversion to legalistic procedures and the rulers preferences for socially and collectively imposed sanctions continued Technically the magistrate was to hear even minor criminal cases but local elders and village leaders were allowed to handle most disputes freeing the magistrate for more important work and saving the government expense The people preferred to handle matters in this way outside the intimidating court system Other practices for maintaining public order in China during the imperial era included the formation of mutual aid groups of farm households which over time came to assume police functions In a manner similar to twentiethcentury means of ideological control the Qing bureaucracy organized mass lectures that stressed the Confucian principle of obedience Still another traditional form of policing was the appointment of censors to investigate corruption and misconduct up to the highest levels of government Doing that job too well cost many censors their lives In 1932 Chiang Kaishek s Guomindang government reinstituted the bao jia system In the Guomindangs revised bao jia system in addition to the chief there were two officers of importance within each 100family unit The population officer maintained the records and reported all births deaths marriages moves and unlawful activities to the district office The bao jia troop commander headed a selfdefense unit and was responsible for maintaining law and order In rural China however the local village was generally a selfcontained world and the peasants remained aloof from distant and higherranking centers of authority The Japanese were introduced to the bao jia system on Taiwan when they assumed control of the island after the SinoJapanese War 189495 and they found the system highly suitable for administering occupied areas They instituted modified versions of it in north China after 1937 The Japanese imposed severe restrictions on the population and the system aided in taking the census restricting movement and conducting spot checks Each household had to affix a wooden tablet on the front door with the names of all inhabitants inscribed Anyone missing or not on the list during an inspection by Japanese troops was assumed to be an insurgent Since there were not as many Japanese troops in south China as in the north the local leaders assisted the Japanese in administering the areas They also disseminated propaganda at neighborhood meetings and established selfdefense and youth corps The Communists were themselves products of Chinese society and when they came to power in 1949 they liberally borrowed from these historical examples They extensively organized the population and maintained the principles of mutual surveillance and mutual responsibility They also retained the concept of selfdefense forces Communist control however exceeded that of bao jia or any other traditional system and extended into virtually every household Under communist rule the family was not considered an effective control mechanism To achieve neartotal control a large number of administrative agencies and social organizations were established or adapted Police forces resembling the Soviet police in organization power and activities were organized with the aid of Soviet advisers From 1949 to 1953 the newly established government of the Peoples Republic made use of the PLA militia units made up of demobilized soldiers and other civilians the police and loyal citizens to put down resistance and establish order Remnants of the Guomindang armed forces remained in pockets on the mainland and communist efforts to enforce tax laws and agricultural rules provoked disturbances and riots Extending responsibility for public order to include the police military and citizenry proved to be a highly effective arrangement and the concept was written into the Common Program that preceded the 1954 state constitution The PLA and the militia continued to share responsibility for internal security and public order under the 1954 state constitution The PLAs involvement in internal affairs was most extensive during the more turbulent period of the Cultural Revolution 196676 Mao Zedong perceiving that the public security cadres were protecting precisely the party leaders he wished to purge directed youthful Red Guards to crush the police courts and procuratorates as well The minister of public security Luo Ruiqing who concurrently served as the chief of Joint staff was purged soon followed by heads of the courts and procuratorates Initially the military tried to remain uninvolved But on Maos orders the PLA which had once been told to support actually to acquiesce to the Red Guards moved in to quell the chaos that Mao had inspired The PLA gradually took over public security functions by establishing military control committees to replace the government bureaucracy Revolutionary committees were set up as provinciallevel and local administrative organs usually with a PLA cadre in charge and order gradually returned By the summer of 1968 the Red Guards were being disbanded and mass trials were used to punish and intimidate rioters With nineteen of Chinas twentynine provinciallevel peoples revolutionary committees headed by PLA commanders the military again was in charge of administration and security throughout the country but it badly needed help from experienced police officers A policy of leniency toward most former officials evolved and some public security cadres returned to work The PLA also recruited inexperienced people to form auxiliary police units These units were mass organizations with a variety of names reflecting their factional orientation Perhaps the best known unit was the Attack with Reason Defend with Force Corps named for the militant slogan of Maos wife Jiang Qing Public security forces were composed largely of non professionals and lacked the disciplined informant networks and personnel dossiers previously used to maintain order Beginning in 1968 the authorities called upon the PLA to help remove millions of urban dwellers from the overcrowded cities and relocate them to the countryside and to transport cashiered officials to special cadre schools for indoctrination and labor The migration to the country mostly involved students and other youths for whom there were not enough jobs or places in the school system within the cities Yet despite the discontent these campaigns caused reported crime declined after 1970 Increased concern over the threat from the Soviet Union in the wake of armed clashes on the SinoSoviet border in 1969 forced the PLA gradually to return to barracks and control of the country reverted to the civilian leadership The Beijingbased Central Security Regiment also known as the 8341 Unit was an important PLA law enforcement element It was responsible over the years for the personal security of Mao Zedong and other party and state leaders More than a bodyguard force it also operated a nationwide intelligence network to uncover plots against Mao or any incipient threat to the leadership The unit reportedly was deeply involved in undercover activities discovering electronic listening devices in Maos office and performing surveillance of his rivals The 8341 Unit participated in the late 1976 arrest of the Gang of Four but it reportedly was deactivated soon after that event The militia also participated in maintaining public order in the 1970s Their involvement was especially evident in the 197376 period In 1973 the Gang of Four concerned over the transformation of the PLA into a more professional less political military force took control of the urban militia from the PLA and placed it under local party committees loyal to them For the next three years the urban militia was used extensively to enforce radical political and social policies It was the urban militia along with the public security forces that broke up the demonstrations in Tiananmen Square honoring the memory of Zhou Enlai in April 1976 the event that served as the pretext for the second purge of Deng Xiaoping At the time in rural areas the militia was more under the control of the PLA Public security officials also made extensive use of the authority granted them to impose administrative sanctions by two sets of documents These were the 1957 Regulations on Reeducation Through Labor which were reissued in 1979 with amendments and the 1957 Regulations Governing Offenses Against Public Order which were rescinded and replaced in 1986 by regulations of the same name Offenders under the Regulations on Reeducation Through Labor might include vagabonds people who have no proper occupation and people who repeatedly breach public order The police could apprehend such individuals and sentence them to reeducation through labor with the approval of local labortraining administration committees The 1957 regulations placed no limit on the length of sentences but beginning in the early 1960s three or four years was the norm The 1979 History of grassroots organizations Neighborhood committees in the 1980s continued to be heavily involved in law enforcement and mediation of disputes at the local level Among the enforcement procedures these committees used to influence both thought and behavior were criticism and collective responsibility Before the reform era aspects of Chinese society also contributed to shaping the contemporary structure for maintaining public order During the beginning of the 1980s economic reforms urban and rural dwellers rarely changed their residences Amid the sprawling cities neighborhoods remained closeknit communities For the 80 percent of the population that lived in the countryside home and place of work were the same With little physical mobility most villagers stayed put for generations and knew each other intimately In such closeknit environments where everyone was likely to know everyone else and noticed most of what happened mutual surveillance and peer pressure was extremely effective The structure of the public security system remained extensive in the 1980s and the authority of its forces exceeded that of most police forces in the West Nevertheless public security agencies required and received the assistance of a wideranging network of grassroots organizations to mobilize residents responses to the governments call for observance of laws lead the people in maintaining social order and public security and settle disputes among residents In urban areas an average of 11 patrolmen were responsible for controlling an area containing 15000 or more residents A patrolman could not know all the people and their particular problems and therefore needed and enlisted help The local peoples governments and congresses shared responsibility for public order but had no special personnel for the task The armed forces were available but they had other primary concerns and would be called out only in the most extreme circumstances To provide security beyond what could be provided by the police and to extend government control a system of neighborhood or street committees had been established on a nationwide basis in 1954 The committees were charged with the responsibility of assisting the government in maintaining order They usually controlled from 10000 to 20000 people and consisted of 3 to 7 fulltime officials In the late 1970s the size and functions of neighborhood committees were expanded The neighborhood committees were specifically responsible for maintaining public order and were accountable to the local peoples congress Residents committees and residents small groups also established in 1954 were subordinate to neighborhood committees These were the genuine grassroots organizations staffed by unpaid local residents elected by their neighbors They directly involved the people in controlling their neighborhoods and they reduced the demands on formal state institutions by maintaining surveillance for the public security forces and mediating most civil disputes and minor criminal cases for the judiciary A residents committee supervised from 100 to 600 families with a staff of 7 to 17 members one from each subordinate residents small group A residents small group controlled fifteen to forty households The public security organization in the countryside was also pervasive From the 1950s to the early 1980s it was structured along military lines The peoples commune was the lowest level of government organization with its administrative committee on a legal par with the local peoples government in the urban areas Peoples communes were subdivided into production brigades and production teams Each team elected a peoples public security committee which sent a representative to the committee at the brigade level Physical control was mostly the responsibility of the militia units organized at the team brigade and commune levels In the winter of 198283 communes were replaced by township governments and grassroots committees were patterned after urban committees These rural grassroots committees were given legal status by the Draft Organic Regulations for Villagers Committees approved by the National Peoples Congress in April 1987 Residents committees and small groups were staffed originally by housewives and retired persons but involved others as their functions expanded Their pervasive presence made them a primary means for disseminating propaganda and their grassroots nature allowed for effective use of peer pressure in mediating disputes and controlling troublemakers Perhaps 4 or 5 percent of the adult population exercised some authority in what Western experts have described as participatory democracy in an extended form The functional subunits the residents committees and residents small groups were particularly important in controlling the people Peoples mediation committees guided and supervised jointly by the basic peoples court and the public security station performed an important function within the residents committees They settled minor disputes and disagreements using conciliation and peer pressure Mediation committees were established originally in communist areas during the Chinese Civil War 194549 as a natural outgrowth of traditional preferences for local mediation of disputes Upon taking over the major cities of China in 1949 the Communists were confronted with a tremendous backlog of judicial cases Mediation committees provided a means of resolving disputes while actively propagandizing and involving the people in the new government Beginning in 1954 mediation committees were set up in neighborhoods stores schools enterprises factories and workshops in the cities and in the production brigades and teams in the countryside In the 1980s the five to elevenmember peoples mediation committees were elected by popular vote to twoyear terms with the option of being reelected Members served without pay and could be removed at any time by the electors for dereliction of duty They were responsible for settling disputes strengthening popular unity promoting production and order and conducting propaganda activities Parties in dispute came voluntarily to the mediation committee people seemed to feel they should try mediation before proceeding to a lawsuit Mediators duties ranged from acting as gobetweens for parties who refused to talk to one another to defining issues deciding questions of fact and issuing tentative or advisory decisions Mediation committees also exerted strong political economic social and moral pressures upon one or both parties to gain voluntary compliance with the decisions In addition to mediation committees other officials police officers party members and work supervisors were expected to serve as mediators Members of the residents committees and small groups who were not members of the mediation committees were also involved in the mediation process Drug trafficking Main article Illegal drug trade in China See also China portal Law enforcement portal Court system of the Peoples Republic of China Ministry of Public Security of the Peoples Republic of China Public Security Bureau Peoples Armed Police Ministry of State Security of the Peoples Republic of China Ministry of Justice of the Peoples Republic of China Terrorism in the Peoples Republic of China Custody and repatriation 1982 2003 Secretariat for Security Macau Macau Security Force Public Security Police Force of Macau Security Bureau Hong Kong Hong Kong Police Force Judiciary of Hong Kong Department of Justice Hong Kong Judiciary of Macau Legal system of Macau Secretary for Justice Macau References Citations Constitution of China Archived 20130726 at the Wayback Machine China arrests over beating death BBC News 20080109 Retrieved 20100102 BYD January 10 2013 BYD delivers 500 e6 pure electric police cars to Shenzhen Public Security Bureau BYD Sources This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress document China A country study Federal Research Division Government and Politics Kam C Wong Chinese Policing History and Reform NY Peter Lang 2009 Kam C Wong Police Reform in China Taylor and Francis 2011 Kam C Wong Cyberspace Governance in China Nova Science Publisher 2011 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Law enforcement agencies of the Peoples Republic of China Kam C Wong Research in Policing in China v t e National security and law enforcement in China v t e Law enforcement in Asia v t e China articles Categories Law enforcement in China

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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I

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Leah

Vincent

From

Wikipedia

the

free

encyclopedia

Leah

Vincent

Born

Leah

Miller

February

age

Nationality

American

Alma

mater

Brooklyn

College

Occupation

writer

Leah

Vincent

is

an

American

author

Contents

Early

life

and

education

Career

Publications

See

also

External

links

Early

life

and

education

Leah

Miller

was

raised

in

Pittsburgh

Pennsylvania

by

a

Yeshivish

Jewish

family

She

was

a

student

at

Brooklyn

College

from

to

She

graduated

from

Harvards

John

F

Kennedy

School

of

Government

with

a

Master

of

Public

Policy

degree

as

a

Pforzheimer

Fellow

in

Career

In

her

January

memoir

Cut

Me

Loose

Sin

and

Salvation

After

My

UltraOrthodox

Girlhood

published

by

A

Talese

Doubleday

Vincent

describes

her

own

experience

leaving

the

ultra

Orthodox

Jewish

community

and

how

she

herself

came

to

lead

a

selfdetermined

life

Vincent

is

an

advocate

for

reform

within

the

Orthodox

Jewish

community

and

for

the

empowerment

of

former

Orthodox

Jews

seeking

a

selfdetermined

life

She

has

spoken

out

on

issues

of

abuse

in

the

Orthodox

community

Vincent

is

both

a

member

and

a

board

member

of

Footsteps

an

organization

that

serves

former

ultraOrthodox

Jews

who

seek

to

enter

or

explore

the

world

beyond

the

Jewish

communities

in

which

they

were

raised

Her

blogs

calling

for

reform

have

been

published

by

the

Huffington

Post

Unpious

and

Zeek

In

July

in

partnership

with

Footsteps

and

the

UJAFederation

of

New

York

Vincent

coordinated

and

hosted

an

event

with

a

panel

of

rabbis

from

across

the

spectrum

of

progressive

Jewish

communities

the

title

of

the

event

was

Beyond

Romanticization

and

Vilification

Vincents

speech

as

well

as

the

ensuing

panel

discussion

were

broadcast

by

Shalom

TV

She

is

also

a

coproducer

of

the

It

Gets

Besser

Project

a

website

which

imitating

the

methodology

of

the

It

Gets

Better

Project

aims

to

give

hope

to

individuals

struggling

with

the

choice

of

leaving

the

ultraOrthodox

world

in

Vincent

participated

in

a

project

called

Real

Women

Real

Stories

founded

by

Matan

Uziel

in

order

to

bring

her

story

to

light

once

again

Publications

Cut

Me

Loose

Sin

and

Salvation

After

My

UltraOrthodox

Girlhood

New

York

A

Talese

Doubleday

January

ISBN

See

also

Off

the

derech

External

links

Leah

Vincents

Website

Leah

Vincents

Twitter

References

Feith

Gena

Book

Review

Cut

Me

Loose

by

Leah

Vincent

Wall

Street

Journal

Retrieved

Meyers

Dvora

Leah

Vincent

Profile

Cut

Me

Loose

Sin

and

Salvation

After

My

UltraOrthodox

Girlhood

ELLE

Retrieved

Vincent

Leah

May

Victims

Protest

Rabbis

Protect

Our

Children

The

Huffington

Post

New

York

City

Huffington

Post

Media

Group

Retrieved

September

KatieCouriccom

Leah

Vincent

KatieCouriccom

May

Leah

Vincent

The

PostUltraOrthodox

Death

Prophecy

Unpiouscom

October

Leah

Vincent

Victims

Protest

Rabbis

Protect

Our

Children

Forwardcom

May

Footsteps

Panel

VilificationRomanticization

May

httpwwwGetsBessercom

May

Authority

control

BNF

data

ISNI

VIAF

WorldCat

Identities

via

VIAF

Categories

births

American

women

writers

Jewish

American

writers

Living

people

Brooklyn

College

alumni

John

F

Kennedy

School

of

Government

alumni

Writers

from

Pittsburgh

American

memoirists

American

nonfiction

writers

Religious

autobiographies

Orthodox

Judaism

in

the

United

States

American

religious

writers

Critics

of

Judaism

American

women

activists

American

social

activists

American

bloggers

Women

memoirists

Women

bloggers

American

women

nonfiction

writers

B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Life Together From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article includes a list of references but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations This article relies too much on references to primary sources January 2014 Life Together Author Dietrich Bonhoeffer Original title Gemeinsames Leben Translator John W Doberstein Country Germany Language German Subject Christian community Publisher Christian Kaiser Verlag Publication date 1939 Published in English 1954 Media type Print hardcover and softcover Life Together is a book by the German theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer written while Bonhoeffer taught at an underground seminary Other works of Bonhoeffer include The Cost of Discipleship and a compilation of letters that he wrote from prison Life Together and Bonhoeffer At a time when hatred and suspicion were on the rise due to the world wars Bonhoeffer lifted up text on love and living in harmony He believed that God bestows brotherhood upon us because we are in fact our brothers keeper In his writing he expounds upon his premise Without Christ there is discord between God and man and between man and man Christ opened up the way to God and to our brother He opens with the quote from Psalms 1331 Behold how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity He then gives several examples of times when we are to come together through praise He writes that community is not something to be taken for granted In the work he detailed the necessity of the church functioning as a living and vibrant organism what he called a community of love Because this gave him an inside view to the needs of the Body of Christ he was able to articulate what he saw as the gap Book of Acts and what the Church actually looked like before the eyes of the world He found it hard to accept that most pastors considered the way the Nazis treated the Jews to be acceptable which they expressed through inaction He struggled with the moral dilemma of obeying the authorities or following the higher laws of Christ The centrality of Christ Throughout Life Together Bonhoeffer defines the Church as the meeting grounds of Christianity He expounds on this idea by asking what the Church should do when it meets and why that is important Bonhoeffer concludes that we are to live as the body of the Church exercising our gifts to assist the body of believers and then working through that body to reach out to those who still have not made a commitment to the Christian cause Christians are established in unity by the saving work of Jesus Christ and it matters not if they agree on the words to sing or what The church as a divine reality Bonhoeffer felt strongly that there is an empirical experience that results from meeting with others to become intimate before Christ He suggests that Christians should confess their sins to one another Earlier in his Habilitation thesis published as Act and Being he states that the church community not some philosophical or theological system of thought is Gods final revelation of his divine self as Christ existing in community Gemeinde In other words Christians should not wait for a revelation from God before they do something but because they are continuously and prayerfully considering what is right it is possible that God has already revealed His will to them and they need to summon up the courage to take the appropriate actions The Church as a community of love Bonhoeffers central idea is that the Church as the fellowship of Christ centers on Christ rather than being a mere association of people with a common purpose Human love and actions are related to a desire for human community Christian love spiritual love comes from Christ and goes out to the other person not directly but through Christ Christ stands between me and others This means that disciplining of other people is through Christ not directly Direct personal influence may amount to coercion or be an impure influence in anothers life Rather the most direct way to another is found The community will continue to exist only as it learns to distinguish spiritual love from human the spiritual community from the human ideal It will remain sound and healthy only where it does not form itself into a movement an order a society a collegium pietatis but rather where it understands itself as being a part of the one holy catholic Christian Church The unity of the community is in Christ Through him alone do we have access to one another joy in one another and fellowship with one another Notes p 23 Bonhoeffer Dietrich 2009 Act and Being Transcendental Philosophy and Ontology in Systematic Theology trans Hans Richard Reuter Fortress Press p 112 References Barrow Simon Bonhoeffers Life Together God and the World ReUnderstood in Christ wwwsimonbarrownet 2002 Bennett Stephanie My Link httpkoinoniaorg Bonhoeffer Dietrich Life Together Prayerbook of the Bible Minneapolis Fortress 2005 and copy Roark Dallas Dietrich Bonhoeffer Word Books 1983 Solliday Joel Mark Book Review Getting a Life Together Campus Crosswalk 2004 See the Bonhoeffer Reading Room with extensive links to online primary and secondary sources Tyndale Seminary v t e Dietrich Bonhoeffer Selected works The Cost of Discipleship Life Together Ethics Family Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer brother Klaus Bonhoeffer brother Hans von Dohnányi brotherinlaw Rüdiger Schleicher brotherinlaw Categories Books about Christianity Works by Dietrich Bonhoeffer 1939 books

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O


Lincosamides From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Lincomycin Clindamycin Note extra chlorine compared to lincomycin but disregard inversion of image Lincosamides are a class of antibiotics which include lincomycin clindamycin and pirlimycin Contents 1 Structure 2 Synthesis 3 Mechanism of action 4 Resistance 41 Ribosomal Methylation 42 Target Mutation 43 Antibiotic Efflux 44 Drug Modification 5 Pharmacokinetics 6 Clinical use 7 Toxicity and Interactions 8 Lincosamide Brand Name Formulations 9 History 10 11 Structure Lincosamides consist of one pyrrolidine ring linked to a pyranose moiety methylthiolincosamide via an amide bond Hydrolysis of lincosamides specifically lincomycin splits the molecule into its building blocks of the sugar and proline moieties Both of these derivatives can conversely be recombined into the drug itself or a derivative Synthesis Biosynthesis of lincosamides occurs through a biphasic pathway in which propylproline and methylthiolincosamide are independently synthesized immediately before condensation of the two precursor molecules Condensation of the propylproline carboxyl group with the methylthiolincosamide amine group via an amide bond forms Ndemethyllincomycin Ndemethyllincomycin is subsequently methylated via Sadenosyl methionine to produce Lincomycin A Lincomycin is naturally produced by bacteria species namely Streptomyces lincolnesis S roseolus and S caelestis Clindamycin is dervied via 7S chloro subtitution of the 7R hydroxyl group of lincomycin Lincomycin is primarily isolated from fermentations of Streptomyces lincolnensis while clindamycin is prepared semisynthetically While several hundred synthetic and semisynthetic derivatives of lincosamides have been prepared only lincomycin A and clindamycin are used in clinical practice due to issues with toxicity and low biological activity in other lincosamide antibiotics Chemical Synthesis of Lincomycin A Propylproline and Methylthiolincosamide are joined via a condensation reaction This reaction forms NDemethyl Lincomycin A which is methylated via Sadenosylmethionine to form Lincomycin A Mechanism of action Lincosamides prevent bacterial replication in a bacteriostatic mechanism by interfering with the synthesis of proteins In a mechanism similar to macrolides and streptogramin B lincosamides bind close to the peptidyl transferase center on the 23S portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes High resolution Xray structures of clindamycin and ribosomal subunits from bacterium have previously revealed exclusive binding to the 23s segment of the peptidyl transferase cavity Binding is mediated by the mycarose sugar moiety which has partially overlapping substrates with peptidyl transferase By extending to the peptidyl transferase center lincosamides cause the premature dissociation of peptidyltRNAs containing two three or four amino acid residues In this case peptides will grow to a certain point until steric hindrance inhibits peptidyl transferase activity Lincosamides do not interfere with protein synthesis in human cells or those of other eukaryotes due to structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes Lincosamides are used against Gram positive bacteria since they are unable to pass through the porins of Gramnegative bacteria Clindamycin a commonly used lincosamide binds the 50s subunit and causes steric hindrance which inhibits the transfer of amino acids to the longer polypeptide chain Resistance Ribosomal Methylation Soon after the emergence of clinical lincosamide use in 1953 strains of resistant staphylococci were isolated in several countries including France Japan and the United States Resistant strains were characterized by expression of methyltransferases which demethylate residues within the 23S subunit of ribosomal RNA preventing binding of macrolides lincosamides and streptogramins B The gene family responsible for encoding of these methyltransferases is referred to as the erm family or erythromycin ribosome methylase family of genes Nearly 40 erm genes have been reported to date which are transferred primarily through plasmids and transposons Target Mutation Several strains of bacteria which are highly resistant to macrolide treatment have been isolated and found to possess mutations at the transferase binding pocket in the 23S ribosomal subunit Macrolide resistant Pneumococci isolated from hospital patients in Eastern Europe an North America were found to contain mutations in either 23S or other ribosomal protein genes Antibiotic Efflux Gramnegative bacteria harbor genes encoding for molecular pumps which can contribute to resistance of hydrophobic compounds like macrolides and lincosamides Out of the many families of multidrug resistance pumps lincosamides are most commonly shunted through pumps belonging to the resistancenodulationcell division superfamily Staphylococci express efflux pumps with specificity for 14 and 15 member ring macrolides and streptogramin B but not lincosamide molecules Example of drug efflux through a pump belonging to the resistancenodulationcell division superfamily the type of pump primarily responsible for lincosamide efflux Drug Modification Clinical isolates of S Aureus harboring genes which encode for Lincosamide Nucleotransferases have been reported Genes lnuA and lnuB confer resistance to lincomycin but not clindamycin These genes however limit the bactericidal activity of clindamycin This type of resistance is rare in S Aureus but has been reported to be more prevalent in other bacteria strains Pharmacokinetics Approximately 90 of orally administered lincosamides are absorbed with slight variance depending on which drug is given Plasma concentrations via this route peak within 24 hours Intramuscular administration of lincosamides results in strong absorption with peak plasma levels being reached in 12 hours Around 90 of Clindamycin is bound to plasma proteins and is generally more stable and rapidly absorbed than lincomycin Lincosamides have a broad distribution in several tissues excluding cerebrospinal fluid When administered intramuscularly to rats lincomycin was found to accumulate in highest concentrations in the kidneys when compared to other tissues while clindamycin was found in highest concentrations within the lungs Clindamycin accumulates in macrophages and other white blood cells which can result in concentrations 50 times higher than plasma levels Clinical use Lincosamides are often used clinically as an alternative antibiotic for patients who are allergic to penicillin Of the lincosamides clindamycin is most commonly used within the clinic due to its higher bioavailability higher oral absorption and efficacy within the target organism spectrum Lincosamides are generally the firstchoice use antibiotic class in veterinary microbiology most commonly used to combat skin infections Potential clinical uses for lincosamide antibiotics in humans are numerous They are efficacious in the treatment of dental infections abdominal infections abscesses pelvic inflammatory disease and anaerobic infections Clindamycin alone has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of acne toxic shock syndrome malaria as well as decrease the risk of premature births in women with bacterial vaginosis Lincosamide antibiotics may also be useful in the treatment of methicillinresistant S Auereus 1 Toxicity and Interactions While there have been no reports of severe organ toxicity from lincosamide treatment gastrointestinal disturbances have been associated with their administration Pseudomembranous enterocolitis resulting from clindamycin induced disruption of gastrointestinal flora can be a lethal adverse event observed in several species when used in the veterinary clinic particularly in horses At extremely high doses of clindamycin skeletal muscle paralysis has been demonstrated in several species Lincosamides can interact with anesthetic agents to produce neuromuscular effects Other adverse reactions include diarrhea nausea vomiting abdominal pain and rash Topical administration of clindamycin may induce contact dermatitis dryness burning itching scaliness and peeling of the skin Lincosamide Brand Name Formulations Cleocin Cleocin Pediatric ClindaMax Vaginal Clindesse Lincocin Endoscopic image of Pseudomembranous Enterocollitis within the intestinal track Disruption of gastrointestinal flora and subsequent observed pathology can result from clindamycin administration History The first lincosamide compound discovered was lincomycin isolated from Streptomyces lincolnensis in a soil sample from Lincoln Nebraska hence the bacterial name Further reading Van Bambeke F Mechanisms of action In Armstrong D Cohen J Infectious diseases Mosby London 1999 pp7117114 References a b Rezanka Tomas Spizek Jaroslav Sigler Karel 20070401 Medicinal Use of Lincosamides and Microbial Resistance to Them AntiInfective Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 6 2 133144 doi 102174187152107780361670 ISSN 18715214 Pubchem Lincosamides pubchemncbinlmnihgov Retrieved 20180919 Le Goffic Francois 1985 Structure activity relationships in lincosamide and streptogramin antibiotics PDF Silverchaircom Rezanka Tomas Spizek Jaroslav Sigler Karel 2007 Medicinal Use of Lincosamides and Microbial Resistance to Them AntiInfective Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 6 2 133144 doi 102174187152107780361670 Retrieved 20181007 ucsdchem257 Lincomycin ucsdchem257pbworkscom Retrieved 20181110 Spížek Jaroslav Řezanka Tomáš 20170601 Lincosamides Chemical structure biosynthesis mechanism of action resistance and applications Biochemical Pharmacology 133 2028 doi 101016jbcp201612001 ISSN 00062952 PMID 27940264 Birkenmeyer Robert D Kagan Fred July 1970 Lincomycin XI Synthesis and structure of clindamycin a potent antibacterial agent Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 13 4 616619 doi 101021jm00298a007 ISSN 00222623 a b Spížek J Řezanka T 20040205 Lincomycin clindamycin and their applications Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 64 4 455464 doi 101007s0025300315457 ISSN 01757598 PMID 14762701 Schlünzen Frank Zarivach Raz Harms Jörg Bashan Anat Tocilj Ante Albrecht Renate Yonath Ada Franceschi François October 2001 Structural basis for the interaction of antibiotics with the peptidyl transferase centre in eubacteria Nature 413 6858 814821 Bibcode 2001Natur413814S doi 10103835101544 ISSN 00280836 PMID 11677599 The Mechanism of Action of Macrolides Lincosamides and Streptogramin B Reveals the Nascent Peptide Exit Path in the Ribosome Martin Lovmar and Måns Ehrenberg Tenson Tanel Lovmar Martin Ehrenberg Måns 20030725 The Mechanism of Action of Macrolides Lincosamides and Streptogramin B Reveals the Nascent Peptide Exit Path in the Ribosome Journal of Molecular Biology 330 5 10051014 doi 101016S0022283603006624 ISSN 00222836 Weisblum B March 1995 Erythromycin resistance by ribosome modification Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 39 3 577585 ISSN 00664804 PMC 162587 PMID 7793855 Leclercq Roland February 2002 Mechanisms of Resistance to Macrolides and Lincosamides Nature of the Resistance Elements and Their Clinical Implications Clinical Infectious Diseases 34 4 482492 doi 101086324626 ISSN 10584838 PMID 11797175 a b Roberts Marilyn C Sutcliffe Joyce Courvalin Patrice Jensen Lars Bogo Rood Julian Seppala Helena 19991201 Nomenclature for Macrolide and MacrolideLincosamideStreptogramin B Resistance Determinants Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 43 12 28232830 doi 101128AAC43122823 ISSN 00664804 PMC 89572 PMID 10582867 TaitKamradt A Davies T Appelbaum P C Depardieu F Courvalin P Petitpas J Wondrack L Walker A Jacobs M R 20001201 Two New Mechanisms of Macrolide Resistance in Clinical Strains ofStreptococcus pneumoniae from Eastern Europe and North America Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44 12 33953401 doi 101128AAC4412339534012000 ISSN 00664804 PMC 90211 PMID 11083646 Leclercq Roland February 2002 Mechanisms of Resistance to Macrolides and Lincosamides Nature of the Resistance Elements and Their Clinical Implications Clinical Infectious Diseases 34 4 482492 doi 101086324626 ISSN 10584838 PMID 11797175 Yılmaz Çiğdem Özcengiz Gülay 20170601 Antibiotics Pharmacokinetics toxicity resistance and multidrug efflux pumps Biochemical Pharmacology 133 4362 doi 101016jbcp201610005 ISSN 00062952 PMID 27765485 Sutcliffe J TaitKamradt A Wondrack L August 1996 Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes resistant to macrolides but sensitive to clindamycin a common resistance pattern mediated by an efflux system Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40 8 18171824 ISSN 00664804 PMC 163423 PMID 8843287 Bozdogan Bülent Berrezouga Latifa Kuo MingShang Yurek David A Farley Kathleen A Stockman Brian J Leclercq Roland 19990401 A New Resistance Gene linB Conferring Resistance to Lincosamides by Nucleotidylation in Enterococcus faecium HM1025 Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 43 4 925929 doi 101128AAC434925 ISSN 00664804 PMC 89227 PMID 10103201 Lincosamides Pharmacology Merck Veterinary Manual Merck Veterinary Manual Retrieved 20181110 Osono T Umezawa H July 1985 Pharmacokinetics of macrolides lincosamides and streptogramins The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 16 Suppl A 151166 ISSN 03057453 PMID 3932301 Johnson J D Hand W L Francis J B KingThompson N Corwin R W March 1980 Antibiotic uptake by alveolar macrophages The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 95 3 429439 ISSN 00222143 PMID 7354244 Greenwood D Irving WL 20120101 Antimicrobial agents Medical Microbiology pp 5468 doi 101016B9780702040894000202 9780702040894 Spížek Jaroslav Řezanka Tomáš 20170601 Lincosamides Chemical structure biosynthesis mechanism of action resistance and applications Biochemical Pharmacology 133 2028 doi 101016jbcp201612001 ISSN 00062952 PMID 27940264 Leyden J J Berger R S Dunlap F E Ellis C N Connolly M A Levy S F 2001 Comparison of the efficacy and safety of a combination topical gel formulation of benzoyl peroxide and clindamycin with benzoyl peroxide clindamycin and vehicle gel in the treatments of acne vulgaris American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 2 1 3339 doi 1021650012807120010201000006 ISSN 11750561 PMID 11702619 Annane Djillali Clair Bernard Salomon Jérôme August 2004 Managing toxic shock syndrome with antibiotics Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 5 8 17011710 doi 10151714656566581701 ISSN 17447666 PMID 15264985 Lell Bertrand Kremsner Peter G August 2002 Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug Review of Clinical Trials Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46 8 23152320 doi 101128AAC468231523202002 ISSN 00664804 PMC 127356 PMID 12121898 Lamont Ronnie F March 2005 Can antibiotics prevent preterm birththe pro and con debate BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 112 Suppl 1 6773 doi 101111j14710528200500589x ISSN 14700328 PMID 15715599 Lincosamides Pharmacology Merck Veterinary Manual Merck Veterinary Manual Retrieved 20181123 de Groot Mark C H van Puijenbroek Eugène P October 2007 Clindamycin and taste disorders British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 64 4 542545 doi 101111j13652125200702908x ISSN 03065251 PMC 2048568 PMID 17635503 v t e Antibacterials protein synthesis inhibitors J01A J01B J01F J01G QJ01XQ 30S Aminoglycosides initiation inhibitors mycin Streptomyces Streptomycin Dihydrostreptomycin Neomycin Framycetin Paromomycin Ribostamycin Kanamycin Amikacin Arbekacin Bekanamycin Dibekacin Tobramycin Spectinomycin Hygromycin B Apramycin Puromycin Nourseothricin micin Micromonospora Gentamicin Netilmicin Sisomicin Plazomicin Isepamicin Verdamicin Astromicin Tetracycline antibiotics tRNA binding Tetracyclines Doxycycline Chlortetracycline Clomocycline Demeclocycline Lymecycline Meclocycline Metacycline Minocycline Omadacycline Oxytetracycline Penimepicycline Rolitetracycline Sarecycline Tetracycline Glycylcyclines Tigecycline Fluorocyclines Eravacycline 50S Oxazolidinone initiation inhibitors Eperezolid Linezolid Posizolid Radezolid Ranbezolid Sutezolid Tedizolid Peptidyl transferase Amphenicols Chloramphenicol Azidamfenicol Thiamphenicol Florfenicol Pleuromutilins Retapamulin Tiamulin Valnemulin MLS transpeptidationtranslocation Macrolides Azithromycin Boromycin Clarithromycin Dirithromycin Erythromycin Flurithromycin Josamycin Midecamycin Miocamycin Oleandomycin Rokitamycin Roxithromycin Spiramycin Troleandomycin Tylosin Ketolides Telithromycin Cethromycin Solithromycin Lincosamides Clindamycin Lincomycin Pirlimycin Streptogramins Pristinamycin Quinupristindalfopristin Virginiamycin EFG Steroid antibacterials Fusidic acid WHOEM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials Phase III Never to phase III Categories Lincosamide antibiotics

B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

lincosamides
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Lisa Maxwell actress From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification Please help by adding reliable sources Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately especially if potentially libelous or harmful October 2010 Learn how and when to remove this template message Lisa Maxwell at the 2009 BAFTA award ceremony in London Born 24 November 1963 age 55 Elephant and Castle London England Occupation Actress television presenter Years active 1976present Spouses Paul Jessup m 2014 Children 1 Lisa Maxwell born 24 November 1963 is an English actress and television presenter best known for her roles in The Bill as Samantha Nixon in EastEnders as Naomi and in Hollyoaks as Tracey Donavan Early life Born in the Elephant Castle district of Southwark south London in November 1963 she was trained at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts and first acted on TV aged 11 in a schools programme A Place Like Home In 1981 she participated in BBC TVs A Song for Europe as a member of the group Unity They finished in last place with the song For Only a Day When she was conceived her father John Murphy had a pregnant wife Her 22yearold mother Val returned to her parents home where all three brought her up She met her father for the first time when she was 45 She has three paternal halfsiblings Career Acting Maxwells first senior role was in Remembrance 1982 and in the same year she voiced Kira in the Jim Henson film The Dark Crystal In 1993 she auditioned for the part of Daphne Moon in Frasier but the part eventually went to Jane Leeves She played Detective Inspector Samantha Nixon in the ITV1 drama The Bill between 2002 and 2009 She joined the cast in late2001 and filmed her last scenes on The Bill on 20 March 2009 In September 2013 she appeared in the BBC One soap opera EastEnders playing Naomi the girlfriend of established character David Wicks Michael French In 2016 Maxwell played Judy Garland in the UK tour of End of the Rainbow and also joined the cast of Hollyoaks as Tracey Donovan the mother of established character Grace Black Tamara Wall and her halfbrothers Adam Jimmy Essex Liam Maxim Baldry and Jesse Luke Jerdy In May 2018 it was announced that she would be appearing in Celebrity Masterchef later that year Comedy Maxwell appeared on The Russ Abbot Show in 1990 which led to her getting her own shortlived TV show the Lisa Maxwell Show on BBC television in 1991 Presenting In 1985 Maxwell won a television vote to become a presenter on the BBC Two pop music show No Limits The other winning presenter was Jeremy Legg She then went on to become a presenter on a number of childrens programmes including Childrens ITV flagship magazine programme Splash In March 2009 Maxwell began appearing as a regular panellist on ITV s lunchtime chat show Loose Women However soon after starting she was forced to take a break after she fractured two ribs She returned to the show on 10 June 2009 In March 2014 it was announced that she was to leave the show immediately saying Its not the same show Other appearances On 5 August 2008 Maxwell appeared in an episode of Daily Cooks Challenge On 7 March 2009 Maxwell along with Patrick Robinson participated in Lets Dance for Comic Relief They danced to Riverdance On 27 February 2010 she took part in an episode of All Star Family Fortunes On 30 April 2011 Maxwell was a participant on ITVs Sing If You Can show On 7 November 2012 Maxwell was a contestant in All Star Mr Mrs with her partner Paul On 4 January 2013 Maxwell took part in a celebrity episode of The Million Pound Drop Live as a part of the Channel 4 mashup evening along with Sherrie Hewson Jane McDonald and Denise Welch On 28 December 2013 Maxwell took part in a celebrity edition of the ITV game show The Cube in a special alongside Sherrie Hewson and Denise Welch Together they were defeated by The Cube but took away 1000 which they split between their three chosen charities On 3 May 2014 she appeared in a special Crime episode of Pointless Celebrities Personal life In April 2009 during an appearance on The Paul OGrady Show Maxwell revealed the deciding factor in her leaving The Bill was the long hours worked and that she had suffered two miscarriages during 2008 She also said her friend and costar Roberta Taylor had convinced her to leave the show for the sake of her health On 28 February 2012 just before a leap day which would be the traditional day for a woman to propose she proposed to her longterm partner Paul Jessup with whom she has been in a relationship since 1997 She has one child with Jessup a daughter who was born in October 1999 called Beau They married in 2014On April 14th 2018 Maxwell appeared on an episode of Pointless Celebrities along with Trudie Goodwin Selected TV and filmography Year Title Role Notes 1982 Remembrance NA 1982 The Dark Crystal Kira voice 1985 The Tripods Zerlina 1985 The Benny Hill Show Hills Angel 19871991 The Laughter Show various 19901992 The Russ Abbot Show various 1992 Bottom Lilly Linneker Episode Digger 1993 Comedy Playhouse Mojo Episode Once in a Lifetime 200209 The Bill SgtActing DIDI Samantha Nixon Series Lead 2003 Murder Investigation Team Special Guest 2005 Broken News NA 2006 Free Jimmy Lise Voice only 200914 Loose Women Herself Regular panellist 2009 The Paul OGrady Show Christmas Pantomime Fairy Rosebud 2011 71 Degrees North Contestant 2013 EastEnders Naomi Guest role 20162017 Hollyoaks Tracey Donovan Recurring guest role References a b c d e f g h i Lisa Maxwell Loose Women ITV 29 April 2010 How I found my father after 45 years Kilkelly Daniel 2 August 2013 EastEnders Lisa Maxwell to play David Wickss girlfriend Digital Spy Hearst Magazines UK Retrieved 2 August 2013 Fletcher Harry 7 August 2016 Hollyoaks casts The Bill star Lisa Maxwell as Grace Blacks mum Digital Spy Hearst Magazines UK Retrieved 7 August 2016 Celebrity MasterChef fires up the ovens for another hot summer BBC 16 May 2018 Retrieved 20180521 Loose Women Star Lisa Maxwell Quits The ITV Show With Immediate Effect Pointless Celebrities Series 6 Episode 8 Radio Times a b Bill star reveals baby heartache Digital Spy 18 April 2009 The Sun Davies Alex 20 September 2018 Who is Lisa Maxwells husband Inside Celeb Masterchef stars family life OK Magazine External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lisa Maxwell actress Lisa Maxwell on IMDb Authority control VIAF 100749155 WorldCat Identities via VIAF 100749155 Categories 1963 births English film actresses English television actresses Living people English television presenters English soap opera actresses

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

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List of Christian hip hop artists From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia This list needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message This is a list of artists who perform within the Christian hip hop subgenre a subgenre of both hip hop music and contemporary Christian music containing Christian lyrics Contents 09 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also 09 116 Clique 4th Avenue Jones 6 Way St A Alert312 The Ambassador Antonio Neal Applejaxx B Basehead B Cooper B Reith BB Jay Beautiful Eulogy Benjah Bizzle Braille formerly known as Bryan Winchester Brainwash Projects Brethren Timothy Brindle Brinson Bumps Inf Bushwick Bill C Canon Capital Kings Byron Mr Talkbox Chambers Cheno Lyfe Chris Cobbins Aaron Cole The Cross Movement D DBoy DMaub DNaff Da TRUTH Datin DC Talk Dee1 Deepspace5 Deezer D Deraj Derek Minor formerly known as Pro DOC DJ Dust DJ Maj DJ Official Dre Murray Dwayne Tryumf Dynamic Twins E Emcee NICE End Time Warriors also known as ETW Eshon Burgundy Everyday Process F Alex Faith Faith Child Family Force 5 Fern FLAME Foreknown Stan Fortuna Kirk Franklin Fresh IE G Gawvi Gemstones Jamie Grace GRITS Gods Property Gospel Gangstaz Gowe Christon Gray Taelor Gray Group 1 Crew Guvna B H Half Mile Home MC Hammer Hazakim HeeSun Lee Jackie HillPerry HillaryJane Hollyn Hostyle Gospel I Ill Harmonics J JR Jai Japhia Life JGivens Jekob MC Jin Joey the Jerk John Givez Sean C Johnson Brent Jones Canton Jones Chad Jones Mahogany Jones Json K KDrama K Sparks KB KJ52 Krum formerly Playdough L LED LA Symphony Lecrae Shai Linne Liquid Listener LPG LZ7 M Mali Music Manafest Manchild Mars Ill Marty Mase Heath McNease Cody Miles Andy Mineo formerly known as CLite Willie Pdub Moore Jr George Moss Mr Del Mr J Medeiros N New Breed NF No Malice formerly known as Malice O Only Won P Corey Paul Peace 586 Michael Peace Pettidee Phanatik Pigeon John POD Promise Propaganda Purified Q Quest R RMG RSwift Rapture Ruckus Rawsrvnt Reconcile RedCloud John Reuben Rev Run Rhema Soul Ruudolf rod laver S Sev Statik Sevin Sintax the Terrific SO Sho Baraka Shonlock Sivion Skrip Sean Slaughter Dan Smith formerly known as Listener Social Club Misfits formerly known as Social Club SoulJunk SoulJa Soup the Chemist Stephen the Levite Street Symphony Swoope Symbolic One also known as S1 T TBone Tedashii thebandwithnoname Theory Hazit Thisl tobyMac Tony Tillman Trip Lee Tunnel Rats Tyshane U Uncle Reece V V Rose Verbs formerly known as Knowdaverbs Viktory W WLAK acronym for We Live As Kings The Washington Projects Whosoever South Stephen Wiley iROCC Williams Paul Wright Y Yo Majesty Young Chozen Young Joshua Z Asaiah Ziv See also List of Christian bands and artists by genre References Vincent Thomas 116 Clique AllMusic Retrieved December 2 2015 BBC Birmingham Faith Unashamed to rep God bbccouk Retrieved December 2 2015 Hes no gangsta hes a scholar latimes Retrieved December 2 2015 Chad Horton Review Level 316 Level 316 Rapzilla Retrieved December 2 2015 Thomas Fred Time Stands Still AllMusic All Media Guide Retrieved December 6 2015 Kellman Andy Gemstones AllMusic All Media Guide Retrieved December 26 2015 Leggett Steve Jamie Grace AllMusic All Media Guide Retrieved October 5 2014 Daniels David October 27 2014 Christian rapper Jackie HillPerry comes out as exgay firebrand Washington Times Retrieved October 28 2014 Daniels David January 7 2014 Humble Beast Signs Jackie Hill WadeO Radio Show Retrieved October 28 2014 Isha Ice Cole September 3 2009 Jin The MC Becomes Christian Rapper AllHipHopcom Retrieved July 30 2012 Strachan Owen June 20 2011 Christian Rap Lives Patheos Patheos Inc Retrieved May 16 2014 Horton Chad March 31 2010 QA What Are The Top 5 Christian Hip Hop Albums Ever Rapzilla Philip Rood and Chad Horton Retrieved May 16 2014 Rood Philip June 2 2011 In depth interview with super producer Street Symphony Rapzilla Philip Rood and Chad Horton Retrieved May 31 2014 Rood Philip October 23 2013 Street Symphony talks Upcoming Reach Records Projects Being An AR More Rapzilla Philip Rood and Chad Horton Retrieved May 31 2014 Sketch the Journalist August 30 2010 RHYMEFEST On Authentic Christianity Christian Hip Hop and Symbolyc One pt 2 of 2 Full Audio Rapzilla Philip Rood and Chad Horton Retrieved May 16 2014 I understand I guess that you had connected S1 or Symbolyc One to Kanye for this new Power single and hes kind of been involved in some of the Christian hip hop he did a whole album last year with a guy named Braille and participated with us in SXSW David Daniels March 28 2015 SXSW Video Interview How Kanye Westsigned producer S1 navigates mainstream hip hop as a Christian Rapzilla Philip Rood and Chad Horton Retrieved April 4 2015 v t e Christian music This list of songs or musicrelated items is incomplete you can help by expanding it Categories Christian hip hop groups Performers of Christian hip hop music

O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

christian hip hop artists
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