Aveley

From

Wikipedia

the

free

encyclopedia

This

article

is

about

the

town

in

England

For

the

suburb

in

Western

Australia

see

Aveley

Western

Australia

Aveley

St

Michaels

Aveley

Aveley

Aveley

shown

within

Essex

Population

OS

grid

reference

Unitary

authority

Thurrock

Ceremonial

county

Essex

Region

East

Country

England

Sovereign

state

United

Kingdom

Post

town

SOUTH

OCKENDON

Postcode

district

Dialling

code

Police

Essex

Fire

Essex

Ambulance

East

of

England

EU

Parliament

East

of

England

UK

Parliament

Thurrock

List

of

places

UK

England

Essex

Coordinates

Aveley

is

a

small

town

within

the

Thurrock

unitary

authority

in

Essex

England

and

forms

one

of

its

traditional

Church

of

England

parishes

It

is

a

suburb

of

London

located

miles

km

east

of

Charing

Cross

in

London

and

within

the

eastern

bounds

of

the

motorway

Contents

Position

Prehistory

and

history

Well

known

people

Historic

buildings

St

Michaels

Church

Other

listed

buildings

Demographics

Sport

Communications

Notes

External

links

Position

Aveley

is

roughly

bounded

to

the

north

and

west

by

the

London

Borough

of

Havering

to

the

south

by

the

road

and

to

the

east

by

the

motorway

The

nearest

places

are

Purfleet

South

Ockendon

Wennington

and

West

Thurrock

Prehistory

and

history

Aveley

has

given

its

name

to

the

Aveley

Interglacial

period

around

years

ago

Important

evidence

of

the

local

flora

and

fauna

of

the

period

and

some

signs

of

occupation

by

Neanderthal

humans

have

been

found

there

In

Domesday

the

names

has

various

spellings

Alvithelea

Alvileia

and

Alvilea

The

name

means

Aelfgyths

wood

clearing

A

variation

in

is

Alvythele

After

the

Second

World

War

the

population

grew

rapidly

as

the

area

absorbed

London

overspill

Well

known

people

Martina

Cole

the

crime

writer

was

brought

up

in

Aveley

Alice

Diehl

née

Mangold

the

novelist

and

concert

pianist

was

born

in

Aveley

Kate

Evelyn

Luard

Royal

Red

Cross

and

bar

was

born

in

Aveley

vicarage

John

Newton

the

author

of

Amazing

Grace

lived

in

Aveley

which

was

the

home

of

his

fathers

second

wife

Historic

buildings

St

Michaels

Church

The

parish

church

of

St

Michael

is

a

Grade

listed

building

dating

from

the

century

It

contains

a

memorial

brass

to

Radulphus

de

Knevynton

which

is

echoed

in

the

arms

of

the

Thurrock

unitary

authority

The

church

was

declared

unsafe

in

the

century

with

the

recommendation

that

it

should

be

pulled

down

However

this

was

averted

by

its

parishioners

who

raised

to

save

it

Other

listed

buildings

Grade

Bretts

Farmhouse

Sir

Henry

Gurnett

public

house

Grade

High

Street

Crown

and

Anchor

public

house

Park

Corner

House

and

High

Street

Courts

Farm

Park

Lane

Courts

Farmhouse

barn

Bretts

Farmhouse

barn

Aveley

Hall

The

Old

Ship

The

Old

Ship

public

house

at

High

Street

is

on

the

Campaign

for

Real

Ale

s

National

Inventory

of

Historic

Pub

Interiors

Demographics

According

to

Thurrock

Council

the

ward

of

Aveley

and

Uplands

had

a

population

of

people

in

Sport

Aveley

is

the

home

of

two

nonLeague

football

clubs

Aveley

which

plays

at

Parkside

and

Thurrock

which

plays

at

Ship

Lane

Belhus

golf

course

is

located

in

Aveley

near

the

site

of

the

former

Belhus

Mansion

Much

of

the

remaining

land

from

Belhus

forms

the

Belhus

Woods

Country

Park

Communications

The

nearest

railway

stations

are

Chafford

Hundred

railway

station

Ockendon

railway

station

Purfleet

railway

station

Notes

Nick

Ashton

Early

Humans

New

Naturalist

series

London

HarperCollins

pp

Christopher

Harrold

Editor

Exploring

Thurrock

Thurrock

Local

History

Society

James

Kemble

Essex

PlaceNames

Historical

Publications

Plea

Rolls

of

the

Court

of

Common

Pleas

National

Archives

CP

first

entry

Thurrock

Local

History

Society

Lewis

Frank

Essex

and

Suger

Philimore

p

a

b

c

Appendix

to

Thurrock

Development

Plan

Archived

from

the

original

on

May

St

Michaels

Aveley

Brandwood

Geoff

Britains

best

real

heritage

pubs

St

Albans

CAMRA

p

ISBN

External

links

Wikimedia

Commons

has

media

related

to

Aveley

History

of

Aveley

in

Whites

Directory

Historic

photos

of

Aveley

Aveley

in

the

Domesday

Book

v

t

e

Thurrock

Traditional

parishes

in

Thurrock

Aveley

Bulphan

Chadwell

St

Mary

Corringham

East

Tilbury

Fobbing

Grays

HorndonontheHill

Langdon

Hills

Little

Thurrock

Mucking

Orsett

South

Ockendon

StanfordleHope

Stifford

West

Thurrock

West

Tilbury

Other

places

in

Thurrock

Baker

Street

Belhus

Biggin

Bill

Meroy

Creek

Chafford

Gorges

Nature

Park

Chafford

Hundred

Globe

Pit

Hangmans

Wood

High

House

Purfleet

Linford

Wood

Lower

Horse

Mardyke

river

Orsett

Heath

Purfleet

Rainham

Marshes

Nature

Reserve

Shell

Haven

Terrels

Heath

Thurrock

Thameside

Nature

Park

Tilbury

Town

Historic

buildings

in

Thurrock

Baker

Street

Mill

Orsett

Bata

Factory

Belmont

Castle

Coalhouse

Fort

The

Dell

High

House

Purfleet

Orsett

Hall

South

Ockendon

Windmill

State

Cinema

Tilbury

Fort

Categories

Thurrock

Towns

in

Essex

B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O B B B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O B O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O

aveley
thurrock
traditional church of england parishes


Baalbek From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Not to be confused with the Ballbek River in Germany or Balbec Indiana in the United States Baalbek بعلبك Ἡλιούπολις Heliopolis Greek for Sun City City The Temple of Bacchus Baalbek Location in Lebanon Coordinates 3402281N 36122636E Coordinates 3402281N 36122636E Governorate BaalbekHermel District Baalbek Area City 7 km 2 3 sq mi Metro 16 km 2 6 sq mi Elevation 1170 m 3840 ft Population City 82608 Metro 105000 Time zone UTC2 EET Summer DST 3 UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural i iv Reference 294 Inscription 1984 8th Session Baalbek ˈ b ɑː l b ɛ k properly Baʿalbek Arabic بعلبك translit Balabakk SyriacAramaic ܒܥܠܒܟ and also known as Balbec Baalbec or Baalbeck is a city between the Eastern Mountain Ranges of Lebanon and the Western Mountain ranges of Lebanon Located East of the Litani River in Lebanon s Beqaa Valley about 85 km 53 mi northeast of Beirut The capital of BaalbekHermel Governorate Baalbek has a population of approximately 82608 mostly Shia Muslims followed by Sunni Muslims and Christians It is reckoned a stronghold of the Shia Hezbollah movement It is home to the annual Baalbeck International Festival Name An installation displaying I Baalbeck A few miles from the swamp from which the Litani the classical Leontes and the Asi the upper Orontes flow Baalbek may be the same as the MANBAA AL NAHREIN Source of the Two Rivers the abode of El in the Ugaritic Baal Cycle discovered in the 1920s and a separate serpent incantation Heliopolis is the latinisation of the Greek Hēlioúpolis Ἡλιούπολις meaning Sun City in reference to the solar cult there It is the earlier attested of the two names appearing under the Seleucids and Ptolemies Ammianus Marcellinus however does note that earlier Assyrian names of Levantine towns continued to be used alongside the official Greek ones imposed by the successors of Alexander In Greek religion Helios was both the sun in the sky and its personification as a god The local Semitic god Baʿal Haddu was more often equated with Zeus or Jupiter or simply called the Great God of Heliopolis but the name may refer to the Egyptians association of Baʿal with their great god Ra It was sometimes described as Heliopolis in Syria or Coelesyria Latin Heliopolis Syriaca or Syriae to distinguish it from its namesake in Egypt In Catholicism its titular see is distinguished as Heliopolis in Phoenicia from its former Roman province Phoenice The importance of the solar cult is also attested in the name Biḳāʿ alʿAzīz borne by the plateau surrounding Baalbek as it references an earlier solar deity and not later men named Aziz In Greek and Roman antiquity it was known as Heliopolis It still possesses some of the bestpreserved Roman ruins in Lebanon including one of the largest temples of the empire The gods that were worshipped there Jupiter Venus and Bacchus were equivalents of the Canaanite deities Hadad Atargatis Local influences are seen in the planning and layout of the temples as they vary from the classic Roman design The name BʿLBK is first attested in the Mishnah a secondcentury rabbinic text as a geographic epithet for a kind of garlic shum baalbeki שום בעלבכי Two early 5thcentury Syriac manuscripts a c 411 translation of Eusebius s Theophania and a c 435 life of Rabbula bishop of Edessa It was pronounced as Baʿlabakka or Baʿlabakku بَعْلَبَكّ in Classical Arabic In Modern Standard Arabic its vowels are marked as Baʿlabak or Baʿlabekk بَعْلَبَك or Bʿalbik بْعَلْبِك the latter of which is pronounced ˈbʕalbik in Lebanese Arabic The etymology of Baalbek has been debated indecisively since the 18th century Cook took it to mean Baʿal Lord of the Beka and Donne as City of the Sun Lendering asserts that it is probably a contraction of Baʿal Nebeq Lord of the Source of the Litani River Steiner proposes a Semitic adaption of Lord Bacchus from the classical temple complex On the basis of its similar name several 19thcentury Biblical archaeologists attempted to connect Baalbek to the Baalgad mentioned in the Hebrew Scripture s Book of Joshua the Baalath listed among Solomon s cities in the First Book of Kings the Baalhamon where he had a vineyard and the Plain of Aven in Amos History Prehistory The hilltop of Tell Baalbek part of a valley to the east of the northern Beqaa Valley Latin Coelesyria shows signs of almost continual habitation over the last 89000 years It was wellwatered both from a stream running from the RāselʿAin spring SE of the citadel and during the spring from numerous rills formed by meltwater from the AntiLebanons Macrobius later credited the sites foundation to a colony of Egyptian or Assyrian priests The settlements religious commercial and strategic importance was minor enough however that it is never mentioned in any known Assyrian or Egyptian record unless under another name Its enviable position in a fertile valley major watershed and along the route from Tyre to Palmyra should have made it a wealthy and splendid site from an early age During the Canaanite period the local temples were largely devoted to the Heliopolitan Triad a male god Baʿal his consort Ashtart and their son Adon The site of the present Temple of Jupiter was probably the focus of earlier worship as its altar was located at the hills precise summit and the rest of the sanctuary raised to its level In Islamic mythology the temple complex was said to have been a palace of Solomon s which was put together by djinn and given as a wedding gift to the Queen of Sheba its actual Roman origin remained obscured by the citadels medieval fortifications as late as the 16thcentury visit of the Polish prince Radziwiłł Antiquity A proposed reconstruction of the temple complex at Baalbek under the Romans Roman Heliopolis and its surroundings in the 2nd and 3rd centuries Following Alexander the Great s conquest of Persia in the 330s BC Baalbek under its Hellenic name Heliopolis formed part of the Diadochi kingdoms of Egypt Syria It was annexed by the Romans during their eastern wars The settlers of the Roman colony Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Heliopolitana may have arrived as early as the time of Caesar but were more probably the veterans of the 5th and 8th Legions under Augustus during which time it hosted a Roman garrison From 15 BC to AD 193 it formed part of the territory of Berytus It is mentioned in Josephus Pliny Strabo and Ptolemy and on coins of nearly every emperor from Nerva to Gallienus The 1stcentury Pliny did not number it among the Decapolis the Ten Cities of Coelesyria while the 2ndcentury Ptolemy did The population likely varied seasonally with market fairs and the schedules of the Indian monsoon and caravans to the coast and interior Corinthian capitals ornamenting the Temple of Bacchus During Classical Antiquity the citys temple to Baʿal Haddu was conflated first with the worship of the Greek sun god Helios and then with the Greek and Roman sky god under the name Heliopolitan Zeus or Jupiter The present Temple of Jupiter presumably replaced an earlier one using the same foundation it was constructed during the mid 1st century and probably completed around AD 60 His idol was a beardless golden god in the pose of a charioteer with a whip raised in his right hand and a thunderbolt and stalks of grain in his left its image appeared on local coinage and it was borne through the streets during several festivals throughout the year Macrobius compared the rituals to those for Diva Fortuna at Antium and says the bearers were the principal citizens of the town who prepared for their role with abstinence chastity and shaved heads In bronze statuary attested from Byblos in Phoenicia and Tortosa in Spain he was encased in a pillarlike term and surrounded like the Greco Persian Mithras by busts representing the sun moon and five known planets In these statues the bust of Mercury is made particularly prominent a marble stela at Massilia in Transalpine Gaul shows a similar arrangement but enlarges Mercury into a full figure Local cults also revered the Baetylia black conical stones considered sacred to Baʿal One of these was taken to Rome by the emperor Elagabalus a former priest of the sun at nearby Emesa who erected a temple for it on the Palatine Hill Heliopolis was a noted oracle and pilgrimage site whence the cult spread far afield with inscriptions to the Heliopolitan god discovered in Athens Rome Pannonia Venetia Gaul and near the Wall in Britain The Roman temple complex grew up from the early part of the reign of Augustus in the late 1st century BC until the rise of Christianity in the 4th century The 6thcentury chronicles of John Malalas of Antioch which claimed Baalbek as a wonder of the world credited most of the complex to the 2ndcentury Antoninus Pius but it is uncertain how reliable his account is on the point By that time the complex housed three temples on Tell Baalbek one to Jupiter Heliopolitanus Baʿal one to Venus Heliopolitana Ashtart and a third to Bacchus On a nearby hill a fourth temple was dedicated to the third figure of the Heliopolitan Triad Mercury Adon or Seimios Ultimately the site vied with Praeneste in Italy as the two largest sanctuaries in the Western world The emperor Trajan consulted the sites oracle twice The first time he requested a written reply to his sealed and unopened question he was favorably impressed by the gods blank reply as his own paper had been empty He then inquired whether he would return alive from his wars against Parthia and received in reply a centurion s vine staff broken to pieces In AD 193 Septimius Severus granted the city ius Italicum rights His wife Julia Domna and son Caracalla toured Egypt and Syria in AD 215 inscriptions in their honour at the site may date from that occasion Julia was a Syrian native whose father had been an Emesan priest of the sun like Elagabalus The town became a battleground upon the rise of Christianity Early Christian writers such as Eusebius from nearby Caesarea repeatedly execrated the practices of the local pagans in their worship of the Heliopolitan Venus In AD 297 the actor Gelasinus converted in the middle of a scene mocking baptism his public profession of faith provoked the audience to drag him from the theater and stone him to death In the early 4th century the deacon Cyril defaced many of the idols in Heliopolis he was killed and allegedly cannibalised Around the same time Constantine though not yet a Christian demolished the goddess temple raised a basilica in its place and outlawed the locals ancient custom of prostituting women before marriage Bar Hebraeus also credited him with ending the locals continued practice of polygamy The enraged locals responded by raping and torturing Christian virgins They reäcted violently again under the freedom permitted to them by Julian the Apostate The city was so noted for its hostility to the Christians that Alexandrians were banished to it as a special punishment The Temple of Jupiter already greatly damaged by earthquakes was demolished under Theodosius in 379 and replaced by another basilica now lost using stones scavenged from the pagan complex The Easter Chronicle states he was also responsible for destroying all the lesser temples and shrines of the city Around the year 400 Rabbula the future bishop of Edessa attempted to have himself martyred by disrupting the pagans of Baalbek but was only thrown down the temple stairs along with his companion It became the seat of its own bishop as well Under the reign of Justinian eight of the complexs Corinthian columns were disassembled and shipped to Constantinople for incorporation in the rebuilt Hagia Sophia sometime between 532 and 537 Michael the Syrian claimed the golden idol of Heliopolitan Jupiter was still to be seen during the reign of Justin II 560s 570s and up to the time of its conquest by the Muslims it was renowned for its palaces monuments and gardens Corinthian capitals in Baalbek Middle Ages The ruins of a Baalbek mosque c 1900 The probable remains of a medieval mosque in front of some of the Mamluk fortifications Baalbek was occupied by the Muslim army in AD 634 AH 13 in 636 or under Abu ʿUbaidah following the Byzantine defeat at Yarmouk in 637 AH 16 either peacefully and by agreement or following a heroic defense and yielding 2000 oz 57 kg of gold 4000 oz 110 kg of silver 2000 silk vests and 1000 swords The ruined temple complex was fortified under the name alQala lit The Fortress but was sacked with great violence by the Damascene caliph Marwan II in 748 at which time it was dismantled and largely depopulated It formed part of the district of Damascus under the Umayyads and Abbasids before being conquered by Fatimid Egypt in 942 In the mid10th century it was said to have gates of palaces sculptured in marble and lofty columns also of marble and that it was the most stupendous and considerable location in the whole of Syria It was sacked and razed by the Byzantines under John I in 974 raided by Basil II in 1000 and occupied by Salih ibn Mirdas emir of Aleppo in 1025 In 1075 it was finally lost to the Fatimids on its conquest by Tutush I Seljuk emir of Damascus It was briefly held by Muslim ibn Quraysh emir of Aleppo in 1083 after its recovery it was ruled in the Seljuks name by the eunuch Gümüshtegin until he was deposed for conspiring against the usurper Toghtekin in 1110 Toghtekin then gave the town to his son Buri Upon Buris succession to Damascus on his fathers death in 1128 he granted the area to his son Muhammad After Buris murder Muhammad successfully defended himself against the attacks of his brothers Ismaʿil and Mahmud Following his brothers murders Muhammad was able to take Damascus in 1138 and gave Baalbek to his vizier Unur In July 1139 Zengi atabeg of Aleppo and stepfather of Mahmud besieged Baalbek with 14 catapults The outer city held until October 10 and the citadel until the 21st when Unur surrendered upon a promise of safe passage Unur himself was permitted to return to Damascus but Zengi slaughtered most of his men In December Zengi negotiated with Muhammad offering to trade Baalbek or Homs for Damascus but Unur convinced the atabeg to refuse Zengi strengthened its fortifications and bestowed the territory on his lieutenant Ayyub father of Saladin Upon Zengis assassination in 1146 Ayyub surrendered the territory to Unur who was acting as regent for Muhammads son Abaq It was granted to the eunuch Ata alKhadim who also served as viceroy of Damascus In December 1151 it was raided by the garrison of Banyas as a reprisal for its role in a Turcoman raid on Banyas Following Atas murder his nephew Dahhak emir of the Wadi alTaym ruled Baalbek He was forced to relinquish it to Nur adDin in 1154 after Ayyub had successfully intrigued against Abaq from his estates near Baalbek Ayyub then administered the area from Damascus on Nur adDins behalf In the mid12th century Idrisi mentioned Baalbeks two temples and the legend of their origin under Solomon it was visited by the Jewish traveler Benjamin of Tudela in 1170 Baalbeks citadel served as a jail for Crusaders taken by the Zengids as prisoners of war In 1171 these captives successfully overpowered their guards and took possession of the castle from its garrison Muslims from the surrounding area gathered however and entered the castle through a secret passageway shown to them by a local The Crusaders were then massacred Three major earthquakes occurred in the 12th century in 1139 1157 and 1170 The one in 1170 ruined Baalbeks walls and though Nur adDin repaired them his young heir Ismaʿil was made to yield it to Saladin by a 4month siege in 1174 Having taken control of Damascus on the invitation of its governor Ibn alMuqaddam Saladin rewarded him with the emirate of Baalbek following the Ayyubid victory at the Horns of Hama in 1175 Baldwin the young leper king of Jerusalem came of age the next year ending the Crusaders treaty with Saladin His former regent Raymond of Tripoli raided the Beqaa Valley from the west in the summer suffering a slight defeat at Ibn alMuqaddams hands He was then joined by the main army riding north under Baldwin and Humphrey of Toron they defeated Saladins elder brother Turan Shah in August at Ayn alJarr and plundered Baalbek Upon the deposition of Turan Shah for neglecting his duties in Damascus however he demanded his childhood home of Baalbek as compensation Ibn alMuqaddam did not consent and Saladin opted to invest the city in late 1178 to maintain peace within his own family An attempt to pledge fealty to the Christians at Jerusalem was ignored on behalf of an existing treaty with Saladin The siege was maintained peacefully through the snows of winter with Saladin waiting for the foolish commander and his garrison of ignorant scum to come to terms Sometime in spring Ibn alMuqaddam yielded and Saladin accepted his terms granting him Baʿrin Kafr Tab and alMaʿarra The generosity quieted unrest among Saladins vassals through the rest of his reign but led his enemies to attempt to take advantage of his presumed weakness He did not permit Turan Shah to retain Baalbek very long though instructing him to lead the Egyptian troops returning home in 1179 and appointing him to a sinecure in Alexandria Baalbek was then granted to his nephew Farrukh Shah whose family ruled it for the next halfcentury When Farrukh Shah died three years later his son Bahram Shah was only a child but he was permitted his inheritance and ruled til 1230 He was followed by alAshraf Musa who was succeeded by his brother asSalih Ismail who received it in 1237 as compensation for being deprived of Damascus by their brother alKamil It was seized in 1246 after a year of assaults by asSalih Ayyub who bestowed it upon Saʿd alDin alHumaidi When asSalih Ayyubs successor Turan Shah was murdered in 1250 alNasir Yusuf the sultan of Aleppo seized Damascus and demanded Baalbeks surrender Instead its emir did homage and agreed to regular payments of tribute The Mongolian general Kitbuqa took Baalbek in 1260 and dismantled its fortifications Later in the same year however Qutuz the sultan of Egypt defeated the Mongols and placed Baalbek under the rule of their emir in Damascus Most of the citys stillextant fine mosque and fortress architecture dates to the reign of the sultan Qalawun in the 1280s By the early 14th century Abulfeda the Hamathite was describing the citys large and strong fortress The revived settlement was again destroyed by a flood on 10 May 1318 when water from the east and northeast made holes 30 m 98 ft wide in walls 4 m 13 ft thick 194 people were killed and 1500 houses 131 shops 44 orchards 17 ovens 11 mills and 4 aqueducts were ruined along with the towns mosque and 13 other religious and educational buildings In 1400 Timur pillaged the town and there was further destruction from a 1459 earthquake Baalbek environs c 1856 Early modernity In 1516 Baalbek was conquered with the rest of Syria by the Ottoman sultan Selim the Grim In recognition of their prominence among the Shiites of the Beqaa Valley the Ottomans awarded the sanjak of Homs and local iltizam concessions to Baalbeks Harfush family Like the Hamadas the Harfush emirs were involved on more than one occasion in the selection of Church officials and the running of local monasteries Tradition holds that many Christians quit the Baalbek region in the eighteenth century for the newer more secure town of Zahlé on account of the Harfushes oppression and rapacity but more critical studies have questioned this interpretation pointing out that the Harfushes were closely allied to the Orthodox Maluf family of Zahlé where indeed Mustafa Harfush took refuge some years later and showing that depredations from various quarters as well as Zahlés growing commercial attractiveness accounted for Baalbeks decline in the eighteenth centuryWhat repression there was did not always target the Christian community per se The Shiite Usayran family for From the 16th century European tourists began to visit the colossal and picturesque ruins Donne hyperbolised No ruins of antiquity have attracted more attention than those of Heliopolis or been more frequently or accurately measured and described Misunderstanding the temple of Bacchus as the Temple of the Sun they considered it the bestpreserved Roman temple in the world The Englishman Robert Wood s 1757 Ruins of Balbec included carefully measured engravings that proved influential on British and Continental Neoclassical architects For example details of the Temple of Bacchuss ceiling inspired a bed and ceiling by Robert Adam and its portico inspired that of St Georges in Bloomsbury During the 18th century the western approaches were covered with attractive groves of walnut trees but the town itself suffered badly during the 1759 earthquakes after which it was held by the Metawali who again feuded with other Lebanese tribes Their power was broken by Jezzar Pasha the rebel governor of Acre in the last half of the 18th century All the same Baalbek remained no destination for a traveller unaccompanied by an armed guard Upon the pashas death in 1804 chaos ensued until Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt occupied the area in 1831 after which it again passed into the hands of the Harfushes In 1835 the towns population was barely 200 people In 1850 the Ottomans finally began direct administration of the area making Baalbek a kaza under the Damascus Eyalet and its governor a kaymakam Excavations The largest stone at Baalbek uncovered in 2014 Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany and his wife passed through Baalbek on November 1 1898 on his way to Jerusalem He noted both the magnificence of the Roman remains and the drab condition of the modern settlement It was expected at the time that natural disasters winter frosts and the raiding of building materials by the citys residents would shortly ruin the remaining ruins The archaeological team he dispatched began work within a month Despite finding nothing they could date prior to Baalbeks Roman occupation Puchstein and his associates worked until 1904 and produced a meticulously researched and thoroughly illustrated series of volumes Later excavations under the Roman flagstones in the Great Court unearthed three skeletons and a fragment of Persian pottery dated to the 6th4th centuries BC The sherd featured cuneiform letters In 1977 JeanPierre Adam made a brief study suggesting most of the large blocks could have been moved on rollers with machines using capstans and pulley blocks a process which he theorised could use 512 workers to move a 557 tonnes 614 tons block Baalbek with its colossal structures is one of the finest examples of Imperial Roman architecture at its apogee UNESCO reported in making Baalbek a World Heritage Site in 1984 When the committee inscribed the site it expressed the wish that the protected area include the entire town within the Arab walls as well as the southwestern extramural quarter between BastanalKhan the Roman site and the Mameluk mosque of RasalAin Lebanons representative gave assurances that the committees wish would be honoured Recent cleaning operations at the Temple of Jupiter discovered the deep trench at its edge whose study pushed back the date of Tell Baalbeks settlement to the PPNB Neolithic Finds included pottery sherds including a spout dating to the early Bronze Age In the summer of 2014 a team from the German Archaeological Institute led by Jeanine Abdul Massih of the Lebanese University discovered a sixth much larger stone suggested to be the worlds largest ancient block The stone was found underneath and next to the Stone of the Pregnant Woman Hajjar alHibla and measures around 196 m 6 m 55 m 64 ft 20 ft 18 ft It is estimated to weigh 1650 tonnes 1820 tons 20th century A detail from a 1911 map of Turkey in Asia showing Baalbeks former rail connections Baalbek was connected to the DHP the French owned railway concession in Ottoman Syria on 19 June 1902 It formed a station on the standardgauge line between Riyaq to its south and Aleppo now in Syria to its north This Aleppo Railway connected to the BeirutDamascus Railway butbecause that line was built to a 105meter gauge all traffic had to be unloaded and reloaded at Riyaq Just before the First World War the population was still around 5000 about 2000 each of Sunnis and Shia Mutawalis and 1000 Orthodox and Maronites The French general Georges Catroux proclaimed the independence of Lebanon in 1941 but colonial rule continued until 1943 Baalbek still has its railway station but service has been discontinued since the 1970s originally owing to the Lebanese Civil War A map of Israeli bombing during the Second Lebanon War Baalbek was a major target with more than 70 bombs dropped Lebanon War Main article Operation Sharp and Smooth The 2006 Lebanon War began with a July 12 crossborder raid Operation Truthful Promise that killed 8 Israel soldiers Another two Ehud Goldwasser and Eldad Regev were believed to have been abducted alive but were later killed and then refrigerated By this time Baalbek was a Hezbollah stronghold aerial bombardment on July 17 destroyed a dairy processing plant gas stations and Hezbollah offices Having been warned by the IDF prior to air strikes the vast majority of the population subsequently fled in expectation of further attacks On the evening of August 1 hundreds of IDF soldiers raided Baalbek and the Dar alHikma or Hikmeh Hospital in Jamaliyeh to its north Operation Sharp and Smooth They were transported by helicopter and supported by Apache helicopters and unmanned drones The Israeli Defense Forces was acting on information that Goldwasser and Regev were at the hospital while alJazeera and other sources claimed the IDF was attempting to capture senior Hezbollah officials particularly Sheikh Mohammad Yazbek The hospital had been empty for four days the most unwell patients having been transferred and the rest sent home No Israelis were killed Five civilians were abducted and interrogated by the Israelis presumably because one shared his name with Hassan Nasrallah the secretary general of Hezbollah they were released on August 21 Another 9 civilians were killed on August 7 by a strike in the middle of Brital just south of Baalbek and by the subsequent attack on the car leaving the scene for the hospital On August 14 just before the ceasefire took effect two Lebanese police and five Lebanese soldiers were killed by a drone strike while driving their van around the stilldamaged road through Jamaliyeh Conservation work at Lebanons historic sites began in October The ruins at Baalbek were not directly hit but the effects of blasts during the conflict toppled a block of stones at the Roman ruins and existing cracks in the temples of Jupiter and Bacchus were feared to have widened Frederique Husseini directorgeneral of Lebanons Department of Antiquities requested 550000 from Europeans to restore Baalbeks souk and another 900000 for repairs to other damaged structures Ruins A 1911 diagram of the Baalbek ruins after the Puchstein excavations Facing SW with the Temple of Jupiter labelled Temple of the Sun See also Temples of the Beqaa Valley Temple of Bacchus Stone of the Pregnant Woman List of Roman monoliths List of ancient architectural records Monoliths and List of largest monoliths in the world The Tell Baalbek temple complex fortified as the towns citadel during the Middle Ages was constructed from local stone mostly white granite and a rough white marble Over the years it has suffered from the regions numerous earthquakes the iconoclasm of Christian and Muslim lords and the reuse of the temples stone for fortification and other construction The nearby Qubbat Duris a 13thcentury Muslim shrine on the old road to Damascus is built out of granite columns apparently removed from Baalbek Further the jointed columns were once banded together with iron many were gouged open or toppled by the emirs of Damascus to get at the metal As late as the 16th century the Temple of Jupiter still held 27 standing columns out of an original 58 there were only nine before the 1759 earthquakes and six today The complex is located on an immense raised plaza erected 5 m 16 ft over an earlier Tshaped base consisting of a podium staircase and foundation walls These walls were built from about 24 monoliths at their lowest level weighing approximately 300 tonnes 330 tons each The tallest retaining wall on the west has a second course of monoliths containing the famous Three Stones Greek Τρίλιθον Trílithon a row of three stones each over 19 m 62 ft long 43 m 14 ft high and 36 m 12 ft broad cut from limestone They weigh approximately 800 tonnes 880 tons each A fourth still larger stone is called the Stone of the Pregnant Woman it lies unused in a nearby quarry 800 m 2600 ft from the town Its weight often exaggerated is estimated at 1000 tonnes 1100 tons A fifth still larger stone weighing approximately 1200 tonnes 1300 tons lies in the same quarry This quarry was slightly higher than the temple complex so no lifting was required to move the stones Through the foundation there run three enormous passages the size of railway tunnels Baalbek The temple complex was entered from the east through the Propylaeum προπύλαιον propýlaion or Portico consisting of a broad staircase rising 20 feet 61 m to an arcade of 12 columns flanked by 2 towers Most of the columns have been toppled and the stairs were entirely dismantled for use in the nearby later wall but a Latin inscription remains on several of their bases stating that Longinus a lifeguard of the 1st Parthian Legion and Septimius a freedman gilded their capitals with bronze in gratitude for the safety of Septimius Severus s son Antoninus Caracalla and empress Julia Domna Immediately behind the Propylaeum is a hexagonal forecourt reached through a threefold entrance that was added in the mid3rd century by the emperor Philip the Arab Traces remain of the two series of columns which once encircled it but its original function remains uncertain Donne reckoned it as the towns forum Badly preserved coins of the era led some to believe this was a sacred cypress grove but better specimens show that the coins displayed a single stalk of grain instead The rectangular Great Court to its west covers around 3 or 4 acres 12 or 16 ha and included the main altar for burnt offering with mosaic floored lustration basins to its north and south a subterranean chamber and three underground passageways 17 ft 52 m wide by 30 ft 91 m high two of which run east and west and the third connecting them north and south all bearing inscriptions suggesting their occupation by Roman soldiers These were surrounded by Corinthian porticoes one of which was never completed The columns bases and capitals were of limestone the shafts were monoliths of highly polished red Egyptian granite 708 m 232 ft high Six remain standing out of an original 128 Inscriptions attest that the court was once adorned by portraits of Marcus Aurelius s daughter Sabina Septimius Severus Gordian and Velius Rufus dedicated by the citys Roman colonists The entablature was richly decorated but now mostly ruined A westwardfacing basilica was constructed over the altar during the reign of Theodosius it was later altered to make it eastwardfacing like most Christian churches The Great Court of ancient Heliopoliss temple complex The Temple of Jupiteronce wrongly credited to Helios lay at the western end of the Great Court raised another 7 m 23 ft on a 477 m 8775 m 1565 ft 2879 ft platform reached by a wide staircase Under the Byzantines it was also known as the Trilithon from the three massive stones in its foundation and when taken together with the forecourt and Great Court it is also known as the Great Temple The Temple of Jupiter proper was circled by a peristyle of 54 unfluted Corinthian columns 10 in front and back and 19 along each side The temple was ruined by earthquakes destroyed and pillaged for stone under Theodosius and 8 columns were taken to Constantinople Istanbul under Justinian for incorporation into the Hagia Sophia Three fell during the late 18th century 6 columns however remain standing along its south side with their entablature Their capitals remain nearly perfect on the south side while the Beqaa s winter winds have worn the northern faces almost bare The architrave and frieze blocks weigh up to 60 tonnes 66 tons each and one corner block over 100 tonnes 110 tons all of them raised to a height of 19 m 6234 ft above the ground Individual Roman cranes were not capable of lifting stones this heavy They may have simply been rolled into position along temporary earthen banks from the quarry or multiple cranes may have been used in combination They may also have alternated sides a little at a time filling in supports underneath each time The JulioClaudian emperors enriched its sanctuary in turn In the mid1st century Nero built the toweraltar opposite the temple In the early 2nd century Trajan added the temples forecourt with porticos of pink granite shipped from Aswan at the southern end of Egypt The Temple of Bacchus once wrongly credited to Jupiter may have been completed under Septimius Severus in the 190s as his coins are the first to show it beside the Temple of Jupiter It is the best preserved of the sanctuarys structures as the other rubble from its ruins protected it It is enriched by some of the most refined reliefs and sculpture to survive from antiquity The temple is surrounded by fortytwo columns8 along each end and 15 along each side nearly 20 m 66 ft in height These were probably erected in a rough state and then rounded polished and decorated in position The entrance was preserved as late as Pococke and Wood but the keystone of the lintel had slid 2 ft 1 m following the 1759 earthquakes a column of rough masonry was erected in the 1860s or 70s to support it The 1759 earthquakes also damaged the area around the soffit s famed inscription of an eagle which was entirely covered by the keystones supporting columnThe area around the inscription of the eagle was greatly damaged by the 1759 earthquake The interior of the temple is divided into a 98 ft 30 m nave and a 36 ft 11 m adytum or sanctuary on a platform raised 5 ft 2 m above it and fronted by 13 steps The screen between the two sections once held reliefs of Neptune Triton Arion and his dolphin and other marine figures but these have been lost The temple was used as a kind of donjon for the medieval Arab and Turkish fortifications although its eastern steps were lost sometime after 1688 Much of the portico was incorporated into a huge wall directly before its gate but this was demolished in July 1870 by Barker on orders from Syria s governor Rashid Pasha Two spiral staircases in columns on either side of the entrance lead to the roof The Temple of Venusalso known as the Circular Temple or Nymphaeum was added under Septimius Severus in the early 3rd century but destroyed under Constantine who raised a basilica in its place Jessup considered it the gem of Baalbek It lies about 150 yd 140 m from the southeast corner of the Temple of Bacchus It was known in the 19th century as El Barbara or Barbarat elAtikah St Barbaras having been used as a Greek Orthodox church into the 18th century The ancient walls of Heliopolis had a circumference of a little less than 4 mi 6 km Much of the extant fortifications around the complex date to the 13th century reconstruction undertaken by the Mamluk sultan Qalawun following the devastation of the earlier defenses by the Mongol army under Kitbuqa This includes the great southeast tower The earliest round of fortifications were two walls to the southwest of the Temples of Jupiter and Bacchus The original southern gateway with two small towers was filled in and replaced by a new large tower flanked by curtains probably under Buri or Zengi Bahram Shah replaced that eras southwest tower with one of his own in 1213 and built another in the northwest in 1224 the west tower was probably strengthened around the same time An inscription dates the barbican like strengthening of the southern entrance to around 1240 Qalawun relocated the two western curtains nearer to the western tower which was rebuilt with great blocks of stone The barbican was repaired and more turns added to its approach From around 1300 no alterations were made to the fortifications apart from repairs such as Sultan Barkuk s restoration of the moat in preparation for Timurs arrival Material from the ruins is incorporated into a ruined mosque north of downtown and probably also in the Qubbat Duris on the road to Damascus In the 19th century a shelltopped canopy from the ruins was used nearby as a mihrab propped up to show locals the direction of Mecca for their daily prayers Tomb of Husayns daughter Under a white dome further towards town is the tomb of Kholat daughter of Hussein and granddaughter of Ali who died in Baalbek while Husayns family was being transported as prisoners to Damascus Ecclesiastical History Heliopolis in Phoenicia not to be confused with the Egyptian bishopric Heliopolis in Augustamnica was a bishopric under Roman and Byzantine rule but it was wiped out by Islam In 1701 Eastern Catholics Byzantine Rite established anew an Eparchy of Baalbek which in 1964 was promoted to the present Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Baalbek Titular see In the Latin rite the Ancient diocese was only nominally restored no later than 1876 as Titular archbishopric of Heliopolis Latin Eliopoli Curiate Italian demoted in 1925 to Episcopal Titular bishopric promoted back in 1932 with its name changed avoiding Egyptian confusion in 1933 to nonMetropolitan Titular archbishopric of Heliopolis in Phoenicia It is vacant since decades having had the following incumbents so far of the fitting ranks Archi or Episcopal at the time Titular Archbishop Luigi Poggi 18760929 death 18770122 on emeritate promoted as former Bishop of Rimini Italy 18711027 18760929 Titular Archbishop Mario Mocenni 18770724 18930116 as papal diplomat Apostolic Delegate to Colombia 18770814 18820328 Apostolic Delegate to Costa Rica Nicaragua and Honduras 18770814 18820328 Apostolic Delegate to Ecuador 18770814 18820328 Apostolic Delegate to Peru and Bolivia 18770814 18820328 Apostolic Delegate to Venezuela 18770814 18820328 Apostolic Internuncio to Brazil 18820328 18821018 created CardinalPriest of S Bartolomeo allIsola 18930119 18940518 promoted CardinalBishop of Sabina 18940518 death 19041114 Titular Archbishop Augustinus Accoramboni 18960622 death 18990517 without actual prelature Titular Archbishop Robert John Seton 19030622 19270322 without actual prelature Titular Bishop Gerald Patrick Aloysius OHara 19290426 19351126 as Auxiliary Bishop of Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA 19290426 19351126 later Bishop of Savannah USA 19351126 19370105 restyled only Bishop of SavannahAtlanta USA 19370105 19500712 promoted ArchbishopBishop of Savannah 19500712 19591112 also Apostolic Nuncio papal ambassador to Ireland 19511127 19540608 Apostolic Delegate to Great Britain 19540608 death 19630716 and Titular Archbishop of Pessinus 19591112 19630716 Titular Archbishop Alcide Marina Lazarists CM 19360307 death 19500918 mainly as papal diplomat Apostolic Delegate to Iran 19360307 1945 Apostolic Administrator of Roman Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Constantinople Turkey 19451947 and Apostolic Delegate to Turkey 19451947 Apostolic Nuncio to Lebanon 1947 19500918 Titular Archbishop Daniel Rivero Rivero 1951 death 19600523 born Bolivia on emeritate formerly Titular Bishop of Tlous 19220517 19310330 as Coadjutor Bishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra Bolivia 19220517 19310330 succeeding as Bishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra 19310330 19400203 Metropolitan Archbishop of Sucre Bolivia 19400203 1951 Titular Archbishop Raffaele Calabria 19600712 19620101 as Coadjutor Archbishop of Benevento Italy 19600712 19620101 succeeding as Metropolitan Archbishop of Benevento 19620101 19820524 previously Titular Archbishop of Soteropolis 19500506 19520710 as Coadjutor Archbishop of Otranto Italy 19500506 19520710 succeeding as Metropolitan Archbishop of Otranto Italy 19520710 19600712 Titular Archbishop Ottavio De Liva 19620418 death 19650823 as papal diplomat Apostolic Internuncio to Indonesia 19620418 19650823 Climate Baalbek has a mediterranean climate Köppen climate classification Csa with significant continental influences It is located in one of the drier regions of the country giving it an average of 450mm of precipitation compared with 800850mm in coastal areas annually overwhelmingly concentrated in the months from November to April Baalbek has hot rainless summers with cold and occasionally snowy winters Autumn and spring are mild and fairly rainy Climate data for Baalbek Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high C F 90 482 98 496 137 567 190 662 244 759 296 853 325 905 330 914 290 842 237 747 163 613 111 52 209 697 Daily mean C F 44 399 50 41 82 468 128 55 172 63 220 716 243 757 251 772 210 698 167 621 107 513 63 433 145 581 Average low C F 01 318 03 325 28 37 66 439 101 502 144 579 162 612 172 63 131 556 97 495 52 414 16 349 81 466 Average precipitation mm inches 103 41 86 34 60 24 31 12 17 07 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 01 16 06 49 19 79 31 444 175 Source Notable people St Barbara 273306 Abd alRahman alAwzai 707774 Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir 1070s1162 Bahāʾ aldīn alʿĀmilī 15471621 LebaneseIranian scholar philosopher architect mathematician astronomer Rahme Haider born 1886 American lecturer from Baalbek Khalil Mutran 18721949 poet and journalist Abraham Awada 19222012 businessman father of Juliana Awada First Lady of Argentina Harfush dynasty Twin towns Baalbek is twinned with Bari Italy LAquila Italy Qom Iran Thrace Greece Yogyakarta Indonesia Esfahan Iran Gallery An 1873 German map of Asia Minor Syria with relief illustrating the Beqaa El Bekaa valley Baalbek c 1700 Baalbek in the 1880s Baalbec in 1894 Baalbek in 1910 after the arrival of rail The remains of the Propylaeum the eastern entrance to the site The ruins of Baalbek facing west from the hexagonal forecourt in the 19th century Ruins of Eastern Portico Baalbec by Lady Catherine Tobin 1855 The remaining columns of the Temple of Jupiter A profile of the six columns The propylaeum of the Temple of Bacchus The entrance to the Temple of Bacchus in the 1870s The hanging keystone in the 1920s The exterior of the Temple of Bacchus in the 1920s The interior of the Temple of Bacchus in the 1920s The wall and moat of Baalbek in 1891 Architectural ornaments in the Temple of Jupiter The ruins of Constantine s basilica in 1891 The Stone of the Pregnant Woman in the early 20th century the Temple of Jupiter in the background Roof sculpture of Ceres Roof sculpture supposedly of Mark Antony Roof sculpture supposedly of Cleopatra Roof sculpture of an unknown figure The pillar at Iaat The Qubbat Duris See also Cities of the ancient Near East List of Catholic dioceses in Lebanon List of colossal sculpture in situ List of megalithic sites Ameen Rihani s The Book of Khalid 1911 the first English novel by an ArabAmerican set in Baalbek Notes The name also appears in the Hellenized form Balanios and Baal Helion in records describing the acts of Theodosius s reign The Egyptian priests claims that Heliopolis represented a direct descendant of Ras cult at Iunu however is almost certainly mistaken Usually taken by European visitors to have been the one described in the Biblical First Book of Kings Daniel Lohmann wrote that due to the lack of remains of temple architecture it can be assumed that the temple this terrace was built for was never completed or entirely destroyed before any new construction started The unfinished preRoman sanctuary construction was incorporated into a master plan of monumentalisation Apparently challenged by the already huge preRoman construction the early imperial Jupiter sanctuary shows both an architectural megalomaniac design and construction technique in the first half of the first century AD It is apparent from a graffito on one of the columns of the Temple of Jupiter that that building was nearing completion in 60 AD Coins of Septimius Severus bear the legend COLHELIOMH Colonia Heliopolis Iovi Optimo Maximo Helipolitano It is mentioned inter alia by Sozomen and Theodoret Notable visitors included Baumgarten 1507 Belon 1548 Thévet 1550 von Seydlitz 1557 Radziwiłł 1583 Quaresmio 1620 Monconys 1647 de la Roque 1688 Maundrell 1699 Pococke 1738 Wood and Dawkins 1751 Volney 1784 Richardson 1818 Chesney 1830 Lamartine 1833 Marmont 1834 Addison 1835 Lindsay 1837 Robinson 1838 1852 Wilson 1843 De Saulcy 1851 and Frauberger 19th c In 2011 the Lebanese Health Minister Ali Hassan Khalil writing for the newspaper AsSafir claimed the soldiers had been killed by Israeli bombing during the conflict but this did not match their wounds or evidence at the scene of the abduction Current survey and interpretation show that a preRoman floor level about 5 m lower than the late Great Roman Courtyard floor existed underneath The staircase is shown intact on a coin from the reign of the emperor Philip the Arab The inscriptions were distinct in the 18th century but becoming illegible by the end of the 19th I O M DIIS HELIVPOL PRO SAL ET VICTORIIS D N ANTONINI PII FEL AVG ET IVLIÆ AVG MATRIS D N CAST SENAT PATR AVR ANT LONGINVS SPECVL LEG I ANTONINIANÆ CAPITA COLVMNARVM DVA ÆREA AVRO INLVMINATA SVA PECVNIA EX VOTO L A S and I O M PRO SALVTE D N IMP ANTONINI PII FELICIS SEPTIMIVS BAS AVG LIB CAPVT COLVMNÆ ÆNEUM AVRO INLVMINATVM VOTVM SVA PECVNIA L A S It has also been misattributed to Apollo and Helios The locals once knew it as the Dar esSaadeh or Court of Happiness The cornice of the exaedrum in the northwest corner remains partially sculpted and partially plain In the 1870s and 80s its Metawali caretaker Um Kasim would demand bakshish from visitors and for use of the olive oil lamps used to make vows to St Barbara References Olausson Lena 2 August 2006 How to Say Baalbek The Editors London BBC retrieved 8 September 2015 Cooks 1876 a b c d e f Wood 1757 a b c d e f g h i j k

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Bacteriochlorophyll From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Bacteriochlorophyll a R is phytyl or geranylgeranyl Bacteriochlorophylls are photosynthetic pigments that occur in various phototrophic bacteria They were discovered by C B van Niel in 1932 They are related to chlorophylls which are the primary pigments in plants algae and cyanobacteria Groups that contain bacteriochlorophyll conduct photosynthesis but do not produce oxygen They use wavelengths of light not absorbed by plants or Cyanobacteria Different groups contain different types of bacteriochlorophyll Pigment Bacterial group in vivo infrared absorption maximum nm Bacteriochlorophyll a Purple bacteria Heliobacteria Green Sulfur Bacteria Chloroflexi Chloracidobacterium thermophilum 805 830890 Bacteriochlorophyll b Purple bacteria 835850 10201040 Bacteriochlorophyll c Green sulfur bacteria Chloroflexi C thermophilum 745755 Bacteriochlorophyll c s Chloroflexi 740 Bacteriochlorophyll d Green sulfur bacteria 705740 Bacteriochlorophyll e Green sulfur bacteria 719726 Bacteriochlorophyll f Green sulfur bacteria currently found only through mutation natural may exist 700710 Bacteriochlorophyll g Heliobacteria 670 788 Bacteriochlorophylls a b and g are bacteriochlorins meaning their molecules have a bacteriochlorin macrocycle ring with two reduced pyrrole rings B and D Bacteriochlorophylls c d e and f are chlorins meaning their molecules have a chlorin macrocycle ring with one reduced pyrrole ring D Chemical structures comparing porphin chlorin bacteriochlorin and isobacteriochlorin Note relocation of CC double bond between the two bacteriochlorin isomers There are two π electrons symbolized by π e for every double bond in the macrocycle References Bryant DA et al 20070727 Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum An Aerobic Phototrophic Acidobacterium Science 317 5837 523526 Bibcode 2007Sci317523B doi 101126science1143236 PMID 17656724 Vogl K et al 20120810 Bacteriochlorophyll f properties of chlorosomes containing the forbidden chlorophyll Front Microbiol 3 article 298 pages 112 doi 103389fmicb201200298 PMC 3415949 PMID 22908012 v t e Types of tetrapyrroles Bilanes Linear Bilirubin Biliverdin Stercobilinogen Stercobilin Urobilinogen Urobilin Phytobilins Phytochromobilin Phycobilins Phycoerythrobilin Phycocyanobilin Phycourobilin Phycoviolobilin Macrocycle Corrinoids Methylcobalamin Adenosylcobalamin Cyanocobalamin Porphyrins Protoporphyrins Protoporphyrin IX Heme b c a o Zinc protoporphyrin Magnesium protoporphyrin Phytoporphyrins Chlorophyll c Protochlorophyllide Reduced porphyrins Porphyrinogens Uroporphyrinogen I III Coproporphyrinogen I III Protoporphyrinogen IX Chlorins Chlorophyllide a b Chlorophyll a b Phaeophytin a b Bacteriochlorophyll c Bacteriochlorins Bacteriochlorophyll a Isobacteriochlorins Siroheme Sirohydrochlorin Corphins Cofactor F430 v t e Phototrophic prokaryotes Haloarchaea Bacteriorhodopsin Halobacterium Cyanobacteria Chlorophyll Prochlorococcus Synechococcus Nostoc Purple bacteria Bacteriochlorophylls a and b Purple nonsulfur bacteria Rhodospirillales αProteobacteria Rhodospirillaceae Rhodospirillum Acetobacteraceae Rhodopila Rhizobiales αProteobacteria Bradyrhizobiaceae Rhodopseudomonas palustris Hyphomicrobiaceae Rhodomicrobium Rhodobiaceae Rhodobium Rhodobacterales βProteobacteria Rhodobacteraceae Rhodobacter Rhodocyclales βProteobacteria Rhodocyclaceae Rhodocyclus Comamonadaceae βProteobacteria Rhodoferax Purple sulfur bacteria Chromatiales γProteobacteria Chromatiaceae Chromatium okenii Ectothiorhodospiraceae Green bacteria Bacteriochlorophylls c and d Green nonsulfur bacteria Chloroflexi Eobacteria Chloroflexus aurantiacus Green sulfur bacteria Chlorobi Chlorobium Heliobacteria Bacteriochlorophyll g Heliobacterium modesticaldum See also Primary nutritional groups Microbial metabolism Categories Photosynthetic pigments Tetrapyrroles

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