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Bible Pulpit Commentary Homiletics 1 Samuel 1 eBibles 1 Samuel 1 Pulpit Commentary Homiletics A Hebrew Family 1 Samuel 118 RAMAH B Dale The family is a Divine institution It is the most ancient most needful and most enduring form of society and in proportion as it accords with the plan of its original constitution it is productive of most beneficent effects both temporal and spiritual to the individual and the community In times of general laxity and anarchy it has been in many instances a little sacred islet of purity order and peace and nurtured the elements out of which a better age has grown The real strength of a nation lies in its domestic life and Israel was in this respect Judges 2125 there were many godly families scattered through the land One of these was that which gave birth to SAMUEL the last of the series of the judges the first of the order of the prophets and the founder of the Hebrew monarchy This family is introduced with a brief description vers 1 2 The residence of the family was Ramah the Height or more fully described Ramathaim the Two Heights Here Samuel was born and nurtured had his permanent abode during the latter portion of his life died and was buried There is not a more sacred spot on earth than the home which is endeared by tender association and religious communion A spot of earth supremely blest A dearer sweeter spot than all the rest Things are not to be valued on account of places but places for the good things which they contain Bede God chooses any common spot for a mighty incident or the home of a mighty spirit Consider the family as I ORDERED BY A GODLY HEAD ver 3 His piety was shown 1 By his regular attendance on Divine ordinances He worshipped the Lord of hosts not Baalim and Ashtaroth 1 Samuel 74 in the way of his appointment at the tabernacle in Shiloh at the proper season and with the prescribed sacrifices not according to his own reason or inclination merely a will worship which is not acceptable to God 2 By his sincere and spiritual service in contrast to the formal worthless and hypocritical service of others especially the sons of Eli Hophni and Phinehas 1 Samuel 212 and undeterred by their evil conduct in the priestly office 3 By his faithful performance of his vows ver 21 4 By his conversation and prayer in his own house ver 23 5 By his conducting all the members of his family to the house of the Lord ver 7 in the exercise of his parental authority accompanied by instruction and example The words of the Law of Moses were evidently familiar to him Deuteronomy 669 and happy is the family in which they are obeyed II UNITING IN SOCIAL FESTIVITY vers 4 5 Once a year he took his journey in company with his family from Ramah to the central sanctuary of the Divine King of Israel for the twofold purpose of worshipping lit bowing down and sacrificing before Jehovah The sacrifice he offered was a peace offering Deuteronomy 277 in which when the animal was killed the priest received its breast and right shoulder as his lawful portion whilst the rest was given back to the worshipper that he and his family might feast on it before the Lord Their festivity was 1 Religious It was the festivity of those who were received into communion with God They were guests at his table and overshadowed by his presence It is said of the elders of Israel that they saw God and did eat and drink Exodus 2411 And if no such visible sign of his glory now appeared yet their consciousness of his presence according to his promise and symbolised by the ark of the covenant would give solemnity to their repast and prevent improper indulgence and revelry which were but too common in this corrupt time ver 14 Judges 2119 21 It should ever be the same when Christians join in social festivity 2 Joyous Deuteronomy 1212 Deuteronomy 1611 Its religiousness did not detract from its gladness but made it pure elevating and refreshing The joy of the Lord is your strength 3 Participated in by the whole family children as well as adults As the fathers the women and the children took part in idol feasts Jeremiah 618 so they should take part in feasting before the Lord 4 It also called forth expressions of affection ver 4 The kindness of God to all should lead to kindness one toward another and the example of kindness set by the head of the family should be followed by all its members Even the ordinary family meal may and ought to be such a scene of sacred festivity but the highest realisation of it on earth is in the Lords Supper 1 Corinthians 1120 And how great is the blessing which rests upon the family all the members of which partake together of the cup of blessing and are all partakers of that one Bread III DISQUIETED BY DOMESTIC TROUBLE vers 58 It was natural that Hannah should feel disappointed at being childless Her condition was deemed a reproach and a sign of Divine displeasure But her grief arose chiefly from the conduct of her rival Peninnah There was thus an element of discord and trouble in the family This trouble 1 Existed where it might have been least expected The family was distinguished by earthly prosperity and genuine piety But what home is there on earth wholly free from trouble Beneath the fairest appearances there is seldom wanting a cause of disquiet to check selfcomplacency and teach the soul its true rest 2 Was occasioned by want of conformity to a Divine ordinance The introduction of a second wife by Elkanah was not according to the Divine appointment in the beginning Genesis 224 Malachi 215 Matthew 194 The violation of that appointment had taken place at an early period Genesis 419 it was sanctioned by long usage and it was permitted under the Law for the hardness of their hearts and until they should be educated up to a higher moral condition But it was followed by pernicious consequences Genesis 423 Genesis 308 as it always is in those families and nations where it obtains Ignorance of the laws of God may mitigate or exempt from guilt but it does not do away with all the evil consequences of their violation for those laws are rooted in the fixed relations and tendencies of things 3 Was immediately caused by the indulgence of improper feeling and unseemly speech Peninnah may have been jealous of the special love shown to Hannah by her husband ver 5 She was proud and haughty on account of her own sons and daughters and instead of sympathising with her who had none she made her defect a ground of insult and trials ordained by Divine providence are peculiarly severe when they become an occasion of human reproach Finally she gave free play to an unruly evil James 38 especially at those seasons when it should have been held under restraint Such things are the bane of domestic life 4 Disturbed the proper performance of sacred duties Peninnah could have little peace in her own breast and be little prepared for Divine worship or sacred festivity As for Hannah although she did not angrily retaliate but patiently endured the reproaches cast upon her affording an admirable example of meekness yet she wept and did not eat ver 7 and her joy was turned into mourning Domestic disturbances tend greatly to hinder prayers 1 Peter 37 5 Was alleviated by affectionate expostulation ver 8 In Elkanah we have an example of a most excellent husband who patiently tolerated the insulting humour of Peninnah and comforted dejected Hannah with words full of tender affection which was truly in St Peters words to dwell with them according to knowledge Patrick Let each member of the family endeavour to soothe and alleviate the sorrows of the rest and all learn to find their own happiness in promoting the happiness of others 6 Was over ruled by Divine providence for great good In her trouble Hannah was led to pray fervently and her prayer was answered sorrowing gave place to rejoicing the family was benefited and the people of God were greatly blessed So in his wonderful working God turned the curse into a blessing Nehemiah 132 D Public Worship 1 Samuel 13 B Dale 1 Samuel 13 SHILOH Public worship Worship is worship the honour paid to superior worth more especially it is the reverence and homage paid to God in religious exercises Public worship as distinguished from private and family worship is designed to give an open expression before men of the praise and honour which are his due Psalm 1451012 a purpose which is not fulfilled by those who neglect it and is forgotten by those who observe it only as a means of obtaining their own spiritual benefit It is often enjoined in the word of God and is commended by the example of good men The conduct of Elkanah is suggestive of useful hints concerning I GOING TO WORSHIP Persuaded of the obligation and privilege he went up out of his city and home He did not forsake the house of the Lord Nehemiah 1039 Hebrews 1025 Neither the distance nor the trouble involved prevented him nor did the unworthy conduct of many of the worshippers keep him away He took all his family with him except when any of them were hindered by sickness or necessary duties ver 20 He thought of the purpose for which he went and made the needful preparation for worshipping and sacrificing unto the Lord He was careful to be in time and doubtless sought the blessing of God on his service entertained the journey with profitable conversation and came with reverence and selfrestraint Ecclesiastes 51 II THE OBJECT OF WORSHIP The Lord of hosts He did not worship an unknown God Man must worship because he is a man but he will worship a false or unworthy object as well as in a wrong manner unless he be Divinely taught because he is a sinner He knew what he worshipped even the living and true God who had revealed himself to his people Creator Redeemer Ruler holy just and merciful Exodus 346 7 Our knowledge of God is necessarily imperfect Job 117 but it may be true as far as it goes and the true idea of God is the root of all absolute grandeur of all truth and moral perfection John 173 III THE PLACE OF WORSHIP He went to worship in Shiloh Deuteronomy 1615 where the tabernacle made in the wilderness having been first pitched at Gilgal had now been standing 300 years It was the palace of the great King Here his servants the priests ministered and offerings were presented by his subjects at his altar in the outer court 1 Samuel 233 the lamp of God 1 Samuel 33 the altar of incense 1 Samuel 228 and the table of shew bread 1 Samuel 214 stood in the holy place and the ark of the covenant 1 Samuel 43 in the holiest of all Hebrews 925 These were symbols of spiritual truth and means of Divine communion Exodus 2943 Deuteronomy 1611 The ideas that underlay them are fully realised in Christ and his Church and the symbols are no longer needed nor is there any more one central and sacred spot where men ought to worship John 420 23 God draws nigh to us and we can call upon him in every place The presence of holy souls makes all places holy in so far as any place can be so called Whats hallowed ground Tis what gives birth To sacred thoughts in souls of worth Common worship however renders necessary special places of worship the declared purpose and holy associations of which make them dear to good men and helpful to their devotions so that they are sometimes constrained to say with Jacob How dreadful is this place etc Genesis 2817 A fearful place indeed and worthy of all reverence is that which saints inhabit holy angels frequent and God himself graces with his own presence IV THE TIME OF WORSHIP He went up yearly or from year to year and continued several days The Law required that the tribes should assemble at the sanctuary three times a year but in those unsettled times it appears to have been the custom for them to attend only once probably at the passover What acts of worship he performed or what times he observed at Ramah we are not told The Sabbath though not mentioned in the Books of Samuel we may be sure was not neglected by him nor should it be by us The spirit of continual Hebrews 49 is indeed of greater importance than the observance of one day in seven but its observance with reference to the higher truths which the first day of the week commemorates is most needful and beneficial V THE MANNER OF WORSHIP He went up to worship and sacrifice His worship consisted of adoration confession petition thanksgiving It was connected with and embodied in sacrifices of various kinds and of different significance expiatory sin offerings selfdedicatory burnt offerings and eucharistic peace offerings They had a real and deep relation to the sacrifice of Christ From it they derived their worth and by it they have been done away Our worship demands spiritual sacrifices the broken and contrite heart the presenting of our bodies as a living sacrifice prayer thanksgiving holy and benevolent dispositions and conduct By him therefore who brings us nigh to God and makes us capable of serving him aright let us offer the sacrifice of praise to God continually etc Hebrews 1316 VI RETURNING FROM WORSHIP After the sacred feast was over he and his family rose up in the morning early and worshipped before the Lord and returned 1 Samuel 119 Morning is a most favourable season for devotion Psalm 53 and those who are about to take a journey or enter on a new enterprise do well to rise up early and seek the Divine guidance and help Elkanah showed that he was not weary of his devotions but desired to avail himself to the utmost of the opportunities afforded him and by doing so he obtained the greatest permanent benefit from his visit to the sanctuary The manner in which we return from public worship greatly influences its permanent results Matthew 134 19 Luke 1128 And our aim and endeavour when we return should be to sanctify all places all times all occupations by the spirit of unceasing prayer and thanksgiving and so make the whole of life a preparation for the services of the heavenly temple D The Lord Of Hosts 1 Samuel 13 11 SHILOH B Dale There is no subject more worthy of study than the nature and character of God His perfections are often called his Name and his Name is expressed by various words all of which are significant They are not merely designations but also descriptions The word God is commonly supposed to mean the Good One but it probably denotes he on whom one calls or he to whom one sacrifices the word Lord Giver or Distributor of bread Deity Sanscrit Dyaus the Resplendent Light giving Heaven the Shining One showing the pure conception which the ancient Aryans the ancestors of the IndoEuropean nations entertained of the Divine Being But the Bible mentions other names of God which were either in common use among the Semitic nations or given by special revelation to the Hebrews and of these one of the most noteworthy is that of the Lord of hosts Jehovah Sabaoth which occurs no less than 260 times this being the first instance of its use see Max Muller Science of Language p 172 Fairbairn Studies in Philosophy Plumptre Biblical Studies I ITS HISTORICAL USE 1 Founded on what had been previously known or revealed Jehovah Sabaoth Jehovah Elohe God of Sabaoth Keil 2 Samuel 510 El Beth El Isra El El kanah Samu El the Strong or Mighty One used in the plural as comprehending in himself the fulness of all power and uniting in himself all the attributes which the heathen ascribe to their divinities Jehovah Yahveh he who is or he who will be the Being the Absolute One the Cause and Support of all other beings the Eternal the Unchangeable employed with special reference to his personality unity his close relationship to his people and his promise to be their God the Proper Name of Israels God Exodus 314 Exodus 63 Sabaoth hosts the heaven and the earth Genesis 21 Deuteronomy 419 the angels Genesis 322 where however another word of similar import is used Psalm 10321 and more commonly armies of men Genesis 2122 Exodus 626 Joshua 514 The whole name Jehovah the God of the armies of Israel the Giver of the victory in battle of the stars and of the angels 2 First used when he was about to make a fresh display of his power and grace to his people under their anointed king 1 Samuel 44 1 Samuel 1745 2 Samuel 6 27 By Hannah the most spiritually minded person of that age see Wordsworths Com 3 Rose into new prominence in proportion as the people came into contact with the Assyrian and Chaldaean races by whom the worship of the heavenly bodies was systematised into a national religion and was therefore perpetually on the lips of Isaiah and Jeremiah as a protest against it Isaiah 6 Jeremiah 4618 Jeremiah 4815 4 Most frequently used by the later prophets who doubtless sought to counteract by this means the fear which the Jews as a poor despised people had of the power of the Gentiles and to prove to them that the God in whom they believed had hosts enough to protect them though they should be devoid of all earthly might wherewith to defend themselves against their enemies Roos 5 Only once employed in direct statement in the New Testament James 54 other and still higher revelations of his character being made by Jesus Christ II ITS SUBLIME IMPORT God alone is great 1 His personality and unity as opposed to the gods many and lords many worshipped by the heathen the keystone of the faith of Israel being The Lord our God is one Lord This is not contradictory to the Christian doctrine of the Trinity which signifies a threefold distinction in the One God 2 His supremacy He is higher than the highest the great King and Lawgiver whose will all must obey Psalm 2410 Malachi 114 3 His immensity He fills all space rules over sun moon and stars myriads of angels nations families and individual men All are thy servants 4 His omnipotence Lord God Almighty Power belongeth unto God It is the flower of his crown imperial which he will suffer none to usurp If the proudest of creatures go beyond the bounds and limits of his present permission he will send worms to eat them up as he did Herod Owen Thine omnipotence is not far from us when we are far from thee Augustine Other revelations have now been given God is spirit God is light God is love Our Father which art in heaven But his name as the Lord of hosts ought often to be an object of III ITS PRACTICAL INFLUENCE It is adapted 1 To correct error atheism polytheism pantheism positivism scepticism secularism etc 2 To elevate our conceptions of him and fill us with humility reverence and adoration 3 To encourage us to pray to him with strong confidence that we shall be heard 1 Samuel 111 Zechariah 821 Matthew 2653 Ephesians 320 4 To strengthen us in labour Work for I am with you saith the Lord of hosts Haggai 24 5 To incite us to contend against his foes to fight the good fight of faith I come to thee in the name of the Lord of hosts 1 Samuel 1745 6 To console us in trouble The Lord will protect his own Psalm 347 Isaiah 813 He is the Protector and Avenger of the oppressed James 54 He calls God the Lord of hosts in order to strike terror into those who think that the poor have no protector Bede 7 To warn all who disobey his voice and set themselves in opposition to him and his people Beware therefore D The Temple Of The Lord 1 Samuel 19 1 Samuel 33 SHILOH B Dale Most of the religious ideas and expressions with which we are familiar had their origin far back in distant ages and it is interesting and instructive to trace them to their source and mark their alteration and expansion in the progressive course of Divine revelation This is the first instance in which the expression the temple of the Lord occurs Notice I ITS SCRIPTURAL APPLICATIONS 1 A material structure In the earliest ages God was worshipped without any distinction at any time and at any place whenever and wherever the promptings of devotion moved in the hearts of his creatures more especially however under the shadow of embowering trees on hills and mountains and in places where they had experienced some special manifestations of his favour Jahn The first erection with the exception of altars was 1 the tabernacle or tent Exodus 258 here called the temple or more literally the palace of Jehovah as the royal residence of the king of Israel Afterwards 2 the temple of Solomon 3 of Zerubbabel and 4 of Herod 2 The incarnate Word John 114 John 221 Colossians 219 3 Christian men The body of each 1 Corinthians 619 The whole assembly 1 Corinthians 316 2 Corinthians 616 Ephesians 22022 1 Peter 25 Observe the progress God for us with us in us Father Son Spirit 4 The heavenly world Although there is no temple therein Revelation 2122 yet heaven is altogether a temple Revelation 715 II ITS MAIN SIGNIFICANCE in all these applications It is 1 Set apart for the Lord Selected separated and consecrated as his possession and for his use 2 Inhabited by him His throne is there He dwells between the cherubim in fellowship with the redeemed 3 Manifests him in his holiness and love His glory appears his voice is heard his will is declared Exodus 2522 Hebrews 416 4 In it service is rendered to him At first it was chiefly in outward symbolical acts afterwards of the man himself body soul and spirit Romans 121 1 Peter 29 Revelation 16 In each of these particulars we see the principle of progress from the natural to the spiritual 1 Corinthians 1546 III ITS SPIRITUAL SUGGESTIONS 1 That the place in which man worships is of far less importance than man himself and his possession of a holy character No place or building can be holy in the full sense of the word For holiness implies intelligence affection freedom and these make him unspeakably greater than all the gorgeous palaces and solemn temples which the earth contains To this man will I look etc Isaiah 5715 671 2 Matthew 126 Let more regard be paid to the promotion of religion than the decoration of churches for although it is a good thing that churches should be beautiful edifices yet virtue forms their best crown and ornament It seems to us that the building of handsome churches pertains rather to the Old Testament whilst the improvement of character and life is the more peculiar work of the Christian dispensation Charlemagne Capitulary of the year 811 2 That the pattern to which the character of man must be conformed is Jesus Christ He is not only the Living Stone to whom every one must come that he may be built up into the spiritual house the Chief Cornerstone on which the whole building rests but also the perfect Model according to which each and all must be fashioned Romans 829 3 That the character of man is conformed to its Divine pattern by the indwelling of the Holy Ghost 4 That only those in whom God dwells here will be fit to dwell with God hereafter and constitute the heavenly tabernacle and temple Revelation 213 Above all things seek to be in the building which God is rearing for his habitation and for an everlasting monument to his praise D Effectual Prayer 1 Samuel 1913 B Dale 1 Samuel 1913 SHILOH Effectual prayer Prayer is converse with God The general principles which are necessary that it may be acceptable and effectual were exemplified by Hannah in the prayer which she offered at the porch of the tabernacle in Shiloh whilst other and more special principles were contained therein She was possessed of great intelligence sensibility meekness and spirituality of mind and embodied the noblest spiritual element existing amongst her people even as she was a type of their history ever rising out of weakness and distress through humiliation faith and prayer into strength and joy and triumph Consider her prayer as I BORN OF DEEP SORROW She was in bitterness of soul and wept sore ver 10 Seemingly forgotten of God an object of reproach and scorn without indulging feelings of resentment unable to tell her trouble to any one else she betook herself to him who is a Refuge for the oppressed in times of trouble Prayer is the best resource at such times and grief of heart together with the loneliness which it usually causes often lead to the pouring out of the soul before the Lord What a beneficent power is sorrow in a world like this And how Psalm 5522 Hosea 215 1 Peter 57 II UTTERED ONLY IN THE HEART ver 13 The first recorded instance of silent or mental prayer The ordinary worshippers at the tabernacle prayed with audible words and significant gestures and in the East to this day the people pray in the same manner and have little or no idea of praying only in the mind They are more demonstrative than ourselves Mental prayer is a lifting up of the mind to God in actual or virtual supplication for what we desire It is 1 Frequently a necessity inasmuch as it would not be always proper to express in the presence of others the desires of the heart 2 Presumptively sincere inasmuch as it consists of direct intercourse with the Invisible and Omniscient One and can not spring from a desire to be seen or heard of men 3 Highly beneficial inasmuch as it serves to strengthen the spirit of prayer and is heard of God Nehemiah 24 Even when it does not shape itself in words within the mind but consists of aspirations and groanings which can not be uttered he that searcheth the hearts knoweth what is the mind of the spirit therein Romans 827 III EXPRESSIVE OF FERVENT DESIRE Desire is the soul of prayer It arises from and is proportionate to the sense of need Its intensity is not always manifested by audible words for sometimes its strength is dispersed and exhausted thereby whereas silence condenses and increases it Deepest waters stillest flow Our desires can not be too fervent or our requests too importunate provided they be for things which are according to the will of God Romans 1212 1 John 514 15 Fervent love And lively hope with violence assail The kingdom of the heavens and overcome The will of the Most High not in such sort As man prevails oer man but conquers it Because tis willing to be conquerd still Though conquerd by its mercy conquering Dante Div Com Par 20 IV EXHIBITING GENUINE FAITH O Lord of hostsetc ver 11 Like Abraham she believed in the Lord Genesis 156 trusted leant on him as a child rests on the bosom of a parent She had exalted conceptions of his character believed in 1 his living personality supreme dominion power goodness faithfulness Hebrews 116 relied on 2 his promises summed up in the assurance I will be your God Exodus 67 Leviticus 2612 and 3 although she had no express promise of the particular blessing which she desired yet inwardly taught she applied the general promise to herself and had confidence respecting things hoped for Hebrews 111 When express promises are wanting it behoves us to seek particular blessings with the utmost dependence and submission but so far from being prohibited from seeking them we are encouraged to do so by the unlimited range of such directions as this What things soever ye desire when ye pray etc Mark 1124 V DISTINGUISHED BY ENTIRE SELFSURRENDER Once and again she called herself the handmaid of the Lord as belonging to him and wholly devoted to his service Her will she freely offered up in sacrifice to his and made a fresh surrender of herself in her solemn engagement to render back to him the gift he might bestow She sought not her own gratification but his glory and the welfare of his people The vow of the Nazarite embodied the yearning of the better part of the nation for a moral and religious reformation as the only hope of Israel It symbolised VI OFFERED WITH STEADFAST PERSEVERANCE She continued praying before the Lord ver 12 It was not a momentary ebullition of feeling but the fixed direction of her whole soul Genesis 3226 Luke 118 Luke 181 Ephesians 618 VII FOLLOWED BY AN ABUNDANT BLESSING The benediction of the high priest ver 17 was to her an oracle of God to be in due time fulfilled whilst the immediate effect on her heart was peace and gladness and she went away and did eat and her countenance was no more sad Prayer is hearts ease to the gracious soul D Lord what a change within us one short hour Spent in thy presence will prevail to make What heavy burdens from our bosoms take What parched grounds refresh as with a shower Trench Vows 1 Samuel 111 1 Samuel 121 23 28 SHILOH B Dale And she vowed a vow The first recorded instance of a religious yowls that of Jacob Genesis 2820 Genesis 3113 Under a sense of obligation to God he entered into a spontaneous and solemn engagement before him to do what he believed would be pleasing in his sight joining with it the desire of obtaining certain benefits at his hand He did not as it has been said make a bargain with God but gratefully repeated what had been virtually promised if or since God will be with me etc and simply desired those blessings without which it would be impossible for him to fulfil his purpose Directions concerning the practice of making vows were given in the Law Leviticus 27 Numbers 6 30 The age of the judges was an age of vows Then appears a new power of the age the binding vow a spasmodic impulse dangerous to many yet in the greatest emergencies of life indispensable bracing up the deepest energies and working the greatest marvels often renovating or else entirely transforming whole nations and religions assuming a thousand forms and in all while the first fidelity endures exercising an indomitable power Ewald Jephthah Samson Samuel Vows are seldom alluded to in the New Testament Luke 115 Acts 1818 Acts 2123 In some of their forms and in so far as they might embody a legal spirit they are done away But they are not prohibited and understood as denoting a solemn binding of ourselves to the service of God or resolutions and engagements made before him to perform or omit certain definite acts they are often needful and beneficial Consider that I THERE ARE CERTAIN THINGS TO WHICH THEY MAY LAWFULLY PERTAIN 1 Things over which we possess a rightful authority We may not vow what does not belong to us 2 Things which ought to be done independently of vows but the obligation of which is felt for the first time or with unusual force 3 Things which are in themselves indifferent being right or wrong according to the individual conscience but with reference to which a vow creates a new obligation The vow of a Nazarite to abstain from wine etc 4 Things more particularly that relate to the use of 1 property Genesis 2822 1 Corinthians 162 2 time 3 influence over others especially in the training of children 4 the various powers of body and soul Romans 121 II THERE ARE SPECIAL OCCASIONS ON WHICH THEY ARE APPROPRIATELY MADE 1 Severe trouble personal affliction nearness to death bereavement bringing the invisible and eternal nigh teaching dependence on God and exciting desire for his help Isaiah 6613 14 2 Singular prosperity unexpected recovery from illness extraordinary deliverance from danger unwonted providential and spiritual benefits temporal success 3 Spiritual exercises in public worship private meditation religious profession 4 Starting points of life a birthday the first day of a new year the commencement of a fresh enterprise These things are often occasions of spiritual illumination and impression mountain heights that rise above the mists of ordinary life and it is well to embody the views and feelings then entertained in fixed purposes definite resolutions solemn vows for future guidance and help Vow and pay unto the Lord your God Psalm 7611 III THEY SHOULD ALWAYS BE MADE IN A PROPER SPIRIT With 1 Due deliberation Ecclesiastes 52 so as to ascertain what the will of the Lord is and what we may reasonably hope to accomplish lest they should become a burden and temptation 2 A sense of dependence on Divine grace and not in a selfrighteous spirit as if our service were exceedingly meritorious and deserved to be richly rewarded 3 Humble and earnest prayer for the aid of the Divine Spirit Vows made in our own strength are as the morning cloud and the early dew 4 Faith in Christ the perfect pattern of selfsurrender and selfsacrifice the way of approach to God the medium of Divine blessing Bind the sacrifice with cords even unto the horns of the altar Psalm 11827 IV WHEN MADE THEY OUGHT TO BE STRICTLY FULFILLED Their making is optional voluntary not so their performance Their obligation 1 Changes not with a change of feeling even with respect to those things which are in themselves indifferent The things which are in insight willed Must be in hours of gloom fulfilled 2 Rests upon the same ground as that of the obligation of promises generally and is specially strong because of their sacred character 3 Is enforced by the consequences of their observance or neglect Their fulfilment is a means of grace Broken vows undermine the foundations of character interfere with Divine fellowship and pave the way to destruction Ecclesiastes 546 4 Requires their performance with sincerity in the sense intended not by the substitution of something else not in part merely cheerfulness Psalm 11617 18 and promptitude Defer not There is a Greek mythical story of the treatment of the goddess Juno by Mandrabulus the Samian This man had under her auspices and by her directions discovered a golden mine In the first flush of gratitude he vowed to her a golden ram however he presently exchanged that for a silver one and again that for a very small brass one and that for nothing at all Trench It is storied of a merchant that in a great storm at sea vowed to Jupiter if he would save him and his vessel to give him a hecatomb Undeserved Rebuke 1 Samuel 11318 SHILOH B Dale The duty of rebuking others when they do evil is often enjoined Leviticus 1917 1 Thessalonians 514 and is especially incumbent on those who occupy positions of authority But how seldom is rebuke given or received aright Eli the aged judge and high priest sitting on the judgment seat by a post of the temple of the Lord and observing a woman exhibiting signs of excited feeling severely rebuked her for being intoxicated with wine In his words and what followed we have rebuke I UTTERED WITHOUT JUSTICE vers 13 14 There was certainly apparent ground for the judgment he formed for excitement caused by wine was probably no uncommon thing at the tabernacle in those corrupt times But he did not judge righteously John 724 Learn 1 That apparent ground for censure is often found on inquiry to be really groundless Therefore there should be proof before reproof 2 That the most excellent are often the most misjudged especially in religious matters Whilst sensual excitement was often seen spiritual excitement was rare Religious services were formal cold and dead and holy fervour was naturally misunderstood and misinterpreted by superficial observers So they who were filled with the Spirit on the day of Pentecost were accused of being filled with new wine And men of large views disinterested motives and exalted aims are often condemned by the ignorant selfish and unspiritual 3 That the highest in authority are liable to err in judgment Infallibility belongs to God alone The assumption of it by men is rebuked by their own manifest mistakes and failings and is an insult to heaven 4 That persons who think that they see clearly the faults of others are commonly blind to their own transgressions Matthew 73 Romans 21 Eli was unconscious of his own easily besetting sin which consisted in his indulgent treatment of his children and their vices 5 That those who censure others should themselves be undeserving of censure 6 That our own exposure to judgment should make us cautious in passing judgment on others Matthew 715 7 That it is the part of charity to put the best construction on their conduct Believeth all things hopeth all things Eli exhibited a want of knowledge consideration charity and tenderness How different the High Priest and Judge with whom we have to do II BORNE WITH MEEKNESS Hannah was not only innocent of the vice for which she was rebuked but was at the time uttering a vow that if the Lord would give her a son he should be a Nazarite and a life long protest against that vice and other prevailing evils Her fervour of spirit was equalled by her calmness selfcontrol and discreet answer to the reproach of Eli vers 15 16 Learn 1 That resentment and retaliation toward unjust accusers afford no evidence of innocence Some persons when rebuked fly into a passion and utter worse judgments on others than have been pronounced on themselves 2 That a good conscience can be calm under accusation 3 That appearances which seem to justify censure should be as fully as possible explained 4 That those who say they are not guilty of sin should show their abhorrence of sin Call not thine handmaid a daughter of Belial a worthless woman In her view intoxication was a great sin and deserving of severe condemnation 5 How beautiful is the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit 6 To look to Christ as the perfect pattern of the spirit here exhibited and the source of the grace which is needed for its exercise 1 Peter 22023 Let me find grace in thy sight III TURNED INTO BENEDICTION vers 17 18 Learn 1 That those who see that they have erred in judgment should be ready to acknowledge their error 2 That meekness and patience are adapted to change a severe reprover into a kind friend 3 That the endurance of rebuke in a right spirit is often a means of obtaining a favourable answer to prayer God himself spoke through the voice of the high priest ver 17 John 1151 4 That it also causes perturbation and sorrow to give place to peace and joy Matthew 55 11 Strive to rejoice when others use towards thee words of injury or rebuke or despise thee For a rich treasure lies hid beneath this dust and if thou take it willingly thou wilt soon find thyself rich unperceived by those who have bestowed this gift upon thee Scupoli D Harsh Judgment Meekly Answered 1 Samuel 11318 D Fraser We hear much of the mothers of eminent men and it is easy to see whence Samuel derived his elevation of mind his religious temperament and the natural aptitude to be a seer and prophet of God It was from his mother the sensitive poetical devout unselfish Hannah Her prayer at the house of the Lord in Shiloh shows her in a noble light She asked for no vengeance on her adversary Peninnah who had so often taunted her but only for a son whom she might devote as a pure Nazarite to Jehovahs service Her thought recurred to the I PIOUS EMOTION HARSHLY CENSURED If Hannahs prayer had been mocked by the profane it had not surprised her but this was her trial that the venerable priest whose duty it was to recognise and encourage religious aspiration cruelly misconstrued her agitation and charged her with wickedness Eli was weak towards men stern to a woman He could not restrain his own sons but he could speak sharply and severely to Hannah The only palliation of his readiness to impute evil to her lies in the fact that through his weakness there had come to be a great license of manners II THE EQUANIMITY OF A GOOD CONSCIENCE When one is quite conscious of Innocence he can meet accusations with calmness and repel them without passion or bitterness If Hannah had been unguarded in eating or drinking at the feast after the sacrifice in Shiloh she would probably have given a sharp answer to Eli and exonerated herself from his charge with some heat of temper But her conscience was quite clear in the matter From her vow to make the son for whose birth she prayed a Nazarite we infer that she was strongly sensible of the evils which indulgence in III THE TRUE RESOURCE OF THE SORROWFUL I have poured out my soul before the Lord Hannah abhorred the kind of evil of which Eli accused her Count not thine handmaid for a daughter of Belial Alas how many because they are in low spirits or vexed with their lot seek exhilaration in wine or strong drink It is a gross and dangerous consolation fit for children of Belial not for children of God Is any afflicted Let him pray Is any anxious Let him by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving make his request known to God To be excited with IV THE COMFORT AFTER PRAYER Whatever the worth of Elis personal character his office gave weight to his words and when he invoked from the God of Israel an answer to Hannahs petition she received his words with reverence and went homo with a glad assurance in her heart Have not we a great High Priest who misunderstands no one requires no corrective explanation discourages no suppliant and is it not he who has said What things soever ye desire when ye pray believe that ye receive them and ye shall have them Look to Jesus and where is your burden Samuels Birth And Infancy 1 Samuel 11928 RAMAH and SHILOH B Dale 1 Chronicles 2929 the seer Psalm 999 Jeremiah 151 Acts 324 Acts 1320 Hebrews 12 32 Apoc Ecclus 461320 Consolation and hope were from the first associated with the birth of children Genesis 315 Genesis 41 25 Genesis 529 Genesis 216 More than ordinary joy John 1624 was felt at the birth of Samuel by his mother because of the peculiar circumstances connected therewith and the expectations entertained by her of the good which he might effect for Israel Often as she looked upon her Godgiven infant she would think What manner of child shall this be Luke 166 and ask How shall we order the child and how shall we do unto him Judges 1312 Nor did she fail to do her utmost towards the fulfilment of her exalted hopes The child was I REGARDED AS A DIVINE GIFT Psalm 1274 Every little infant bears the impress of the Father of spirits James 39 Trailing clouds of glory do we come From God who is our home The gift of a fresh new mysterious human life with its vast capabilities is a great gift and demands grateful acknowledgment of the Divine goodness but it is not an absolute gift it is rather a trust which involves serious responsibilities on the part of those into whose hands it is placed God says in effect Take this child etc Exodus 29 II DESIGNATED BY AN APPROPRIATE NAME ver 20 Samuel heard of God The mother names the father assents God approves and time confirms the nomination Hunter Like other personal names in the Bible it was full of significance being a grateful memorial of the goodness and faithfulness of God in the past and a constant incentive to faith and prayer in the future Our very names should mind us of our duty The name Samuel was uttered by the Lord as mindful of his history and recognising his special relation to himself 1 Samuel 310 The name of a child is not an unimportant matter and it should be given with due consideration When parents give their children names borne by excellent men they should train them to follow in the footsteps of such men III NURTURED WITH MOTHERLY TENDERNESS vers 2225 His mother was herself his nurse ver 23 not intrusting him to others and not neglecting him whereby many young lives are sacrificed but thoughtfully carefully and constantly ministering to his physical needs praying over him and directing his thoughts with the earliest dawn of reason toward the Lord of hosts That she might the more perfectly fulfil her trust she remained at home and went not up to Shiloh until he was weaned Her absence from the sanctuary was justifiable her worship at home was acceptable and the service which she rendered to IV PRAYED OVER WITH FATHERLY SOLICITUDE Elkanah consented to the vow of his wife Numbers 306 7 and appears to have made it his own ver 21 He was zealous for its performance and whilst he agreed with her in the desire of its postponement for a brief period he expressed the wish in prayer Only the Lord establish his word ver 23 Word that is may he fulfil what he designs with him and has promised by his birth vers 11 20 The words refer therefore to the boys destination to the service of God which the Eternal has in fact acknowledged by the partial fulfilment of the mothers wish Bunsen HIS PRAYER indicates with respect to the Divine word 1 Confidence in its truth He believed 1 that it was his word which had been uttered by the high priest ver 17 2 that its Divine origin and faithfulness had been in part confirmed by his own act ver 20 and 3 that it would be completely established by his bringing about the end designed 2 Desire of its fulfilment 1 As a matter of great importance 2 Deeply felt Only 3 Through the continued and gracious operation of God The Lord establish his word 3 Obedience to its requirements In order to its establishment cooperation on their part was 1 Necessary Gods purposes and promises are fulfilled in connection with human endeavour and not independently of it 2 Obligatory It had been solemnly promised by them and was a condition of the bestowment of the Divine blessing 3 Fully resolved upon His father used to open his breast when he was asleep and kiss it in prayer over him as it is said of Origens father that the Holy Ghost would take possession thereof Life of Sir Thomas Browne V CONDUCTED TO THE HOUSE OF THE LORD As soon as he was weaned the first step of separate independent life she took him up with her ver 24 and they brought the child to Eli ver 25 Children are in their right place in the temple Matthew 2115 16 and their praises are acceptable to the Lord Even infants sucklings belong to the kingdom of heaven and are capable of being blessed by him Matthew 1913 Therefore the little ones should be brought unto him Matthew 1814 VI DEDICATED TO A LIFELONG SERVICE vers 2528 ie a continual and not a limited or periodical service at the sanctuary as a Levite and an entire and not a partial service as a Nazarite It was done 1 with a burnt offering 2 accompanied by a thankful acknowledgment of the goodness of God in answer to prayer offered on the same spot several years previously and 3 in a full surrender of the child My child shall be entirely and absolutely thy servant I give up all my maternal rights I desire to be his mother only in so far as that he shall owe his existence to me after that I give him up to thee Chrysostom For this child I prayed and the Lord hath granted me my request which I asked of him therefore I also make him one asked of the Lord all the days that he liveth he is asked of the Lord Keil So the vow was performed And in the VII FOLLOWED BY PARENTAL PRAYERS AND THANKSGIVINGS He Elkanah worshipped the Lord there ver 28 And Hannah prayed and said My heart rejoiceth in the Lord 1 Samuel 21 And Elkanah went to Ramah to his house 1 Samuel 211 The sacrifice made in learning the child behind was great but it was attended through Divine grace with great joy The more any one gives to God the more God gives back to him in spiritual blessing Hannah felt little anxiety or fear for the safety of her child for she believed that he would keep the feet of his saints 1 Samuel 29 What holy influences ever rest on children whose parents pray for them without ceasing and what multitudes have by such means been eternally saved D The boy was vowed Unto the temple service By the hand She led him and her silent soul the while Oft as the dewy laughter of his eye Met her sweet serious glance rejoiced to think That aught so pure so beautiful was hers To bring before her God I give thee to thy God the God that gave thee A wellspring of deep gladness to my heart And precious as thou art And pure as dew of Hermon he shall have thee My own my beautiful my undefiled And thou shalt be his child Therefore farewell I go my soul may fail me As the stag panteth for the water brooks Yearning for thy sweet looks But thou my firstborn droop not nor bewail me Thou in the Shadow of the Rock shalt dwell The Rock of Strength Farewell Mrs Hemans The Pulpit Commentary Electronic Database Copyright 2001 2003 2005 2006 2010 by Biblesoft Inc All rights reserved Used by permission BibleSoftcom Bible Hub

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 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What do the lights and sounds on my Nest Cam mean Lights camera action we reveal what the Nest Cam LEDs mean David Artiss DavidArtiss Share This If you have a Nest Cam of whichever flavour LED lights and chimes will inform you of its current status But what do they all mean and can you switch them off What do the lights mean Nest Cam Outdoor Indoor Both the outdoor and indoor Nest Cams have a single LED light just above the camera lens Solid green Everything is working normally your Nest Cam is turned on connected to a WiFi network and is happily streaming video Solid blue The Nest Cam is booting up or rebooting This happens when you first plug your camera into a power socket when your camera is restarting after a power cut or firmware update or is waiting to be added to an account Solid yellow The Nest Cam is having trouble connecting to your WiFi Blinking green Someone is watching the live video stream remotely with the Nest app or via the Nest website Blinking blue During normal operation this means someone is watching the live video stream with the Nest app and speaking remotely through the speaker During setup this means the Nest Cam is connecting to a WiFi network or completing setup over Bluetooth Once setup is complete the light will turn solid green What do the lights mean Nest Cam IQ The Nest Cam IQ has two different LEDs a small status light near the bottom of the lens and a larger light ring surrounding the lens Status light solid green Everything is working normally your Nest Cam is turned on connected to a WiFi network and is happily streaming video Status light slowly blinking green Someone is watching the live video stream remotely with the Nest app or via the Nest website Status light blinking green The Nest Cam is having trouble connecting to your WiFi Status light solid blue light ring blinking blue Someone is watching the live video stream with the Nest app and speaking remotely through the speaker Status light off light ring blinks blue once The Nest Cam is booting up or rebooting This happens when you first plug your camera into a power socket when your camera is restarting after a factory reset or when its waiting to be added to your Nest account Status light off light ring blinks yellow once When youre setting up your camera for the first time the light ring might pulse yellow once if your camera had trouble connecting to the Nest service or completing setup Status light off light ring blinks red once Your camera is plugged in but theres not enough power for it to work correctly How to turn the status lights off If you want your camera to be less noticeable or if the status light is too bright at night you can turn them off from within the Nest app Select your camera from the Nest app home screen Click the settings icon the cog in the corner Scroll down and select the Status light option You can now choose under which circumstances the light will come on Even if switched off the light may come back on to inform you of important status information however What do the sounds mean All of the cameras in the Nest range have a single sound a soft chime This indicates that someone is about to use the Talk Listen feature essentially using the Nest app or website to speak to somebody via the camera How to turn the sound off If you dont want anybody to know when youre speaking to them via the camera you can switch off the chime Select your camera from the Nest app home screen Click the settings icon the cog in the corner Scroll down and select the Talk and listen tone option From here you can toggle it on and off Like this Loading Tags hardware Nest Cam Security

O O O B O B O O B I O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O


topical Billings has one of the highest rates in the nation for fatal officerinvolved shootings By MATT HUDSON mhudsonbillingsgazettecom and and SAM WILSON swilsonbillingsgazettecom Apr 13 2018 Try 1 month for 5 Billings police confirmed an officer involved shooting at the Sandra Apartments as 13 North 32nd Street Monday morning LARRY MAYER Billings Gazette Billings has one of the highest rates of fatal police shootings among US cities of similar size and has contributed half the fatal police shootings in Montana since 2012 Billings officers have killed seven people since 2015 which is a rate of 635 incidents per 100000 residents That is second only to one other city with a population between 100000 and 200000 according to data reviewed by The Gazette Las Cruces New Mexico had the highest rate of 706 fatal police shootings per 100000 residents since 2015 for cities in that population range Billings rate is higher than cities like Pueblo Colorado Odessa Texas and Everett Washington The rate in Billings is also higher than those in midsized cities like Miami Baltimore and Spokane Washington A spike of five fatal police shootings in Billings over the past year bolstered the figure Prior to that there were seven such incidents spread over five years 2 This graph shows the outcomes of officerinvolved shootings in Montana since 2012 Of the 29 total cases the Montana Department of Justices Division of Criminal Investigation has investigated 30 of them according to Division Administrator Bryan Lockerby Courtesy of Montana DOJ The Gazette was able to compare Billings figures with cities nationwide using data from The Washington Post which since 2015 has attempted to compile all fatal police shootings from around the country What the data show The rate of fatal police shootings in Billings per 100000 people outpaces rates in most midsized US cities Las Vegas saw 28 incidents since 2015 according to The Washington Post data Miami had 19 and St Louis had 22 The countrys largest cities saw more fatal police shootings but their overall population sizes reduced the rate per 100000 people There have been 52 such incidents in Los Angeles since 2015 for example but because its population is 39 million the rate per 100000 people is 133 There were outliers on the lower end of the population spectrum as well particularly when a small town experiences a single incident For example Phillips County Sheriffs Deputy Alan Guderjahn shot and killed Emil Ambrose Mecklenburg outside of Malta in 2016 Mecklenburg stabbed the deputy several times during the encounter but the deputy survived If that incident were attributed to Malta population 1950 the rate per 100000 residents would be 5128 Thus single incidents in small towns werent used for comparison Then theres the town of Kingman Arizona which has a population of just over 29000 Officers there have shot and killed six people since 2015 according to the data During the same period thats the same number of fatal police shootings seen in places like Spokane with about 212000 residents and Boise with 217000 Recordkeeping for these types of incidents varies from state to state Montana Division of Criminal Investigation Administrator Bryan Lockerby has been logging cases of police shootings since 2012 There have been 24 cases across the state in which someone was killed by an officer What Im noting as Im looking at the national statistics were about average for these incidents Lockerby said of Montana Billings with about 10 percent of the states population accounted for half of those fatal cases The Associated Press reported Tuesday that there have been 12 fatal police shootings in the city since 2012 That means that while there has been a spike in cases since 2015 the rate of 468 incidents per 100000 people from 2012 to 2014 is still higher than most other cities of similar size The most recent cases in Billings came Monday and Tuesday when officers shot and killed Zachary Glen Hoven and Shawn Michael Hubbard within a period of about 15 hours Investigations are underway for both cases According to Billings Police Chief Rich St John Hoven advanced toward officers with a knife and Hubbard was threatening people with a pellet gun Speaking on Tuesday about the Hubbard case St John said officers found the man waving the pellet gun around in a casino It was 40 minutes between the officers arrival and gunshots from Sgt Bret Becker according to reports The sergeant felt people were at risk and he engaged St John said St John has repeatedly pointed to drug use as one of the largest drivers of violent crime in Billings His officers have seen their workloads increase annually in recent years In response to a call to his office on Thursday he sent an emailed statement I have always maintained that the common denominator is methamphetamine he said in the email It drives much of the violent crime and was present in all but one of our recent shootings In 2010 to 2014 he said meth wasnt as prevalent or pure He said he saw a correlation between the purity of the drug and suspects defiance toward law enforcement 2 Billings Police Chief Rich St John holds a press conference Tuesday morning to explain the second police department shooting in less than 24 hours Police shot and killed an armed man at Lucky Lils Casino early Tuesday LARRY MAYER Billings Gazette During his quarterly Chat with the Chief event at Lewis Clark Middle School on Thursday St John noted that the departments drug unit seized 56 pounds of methamphetamine during 2017 It is much easier to come by these days and its virtually 100 percent pure he said You add weapons to someone whos on a powerful drug whos paranoid and unpredictable they are erratic and theyre causing a problem that gets the police called They present a threat to others or the officers If that happens we can use deadly force if it is reasonable to do so In past cases that have reached a coroners inquest fatal shootings by Billings officers have been determined to be justified Still the overall trend has law enforcements attention Lockerby said its been alarming to see As we see this escalation of violence our response to that sometimes has to be in a violent way as well he said of law enforcements actions It can be frustrating April 10 2018 Shawn Michael Hubbard Shawn Michael Hubbard 44 is shot and killed after officials said he claimed to have taken hostages in Lucky Lils Casino and refused to drop a pellet gun that police said looked like a semiautomatic firearm Investigation pending LARRY MAYER Billings Gazette April 9 2018 Zachary Glen Hoven Zachary Glen Hoven 29 shot and killed by a Billings police officer after he allegedly advanced on officers with a knife and refused to drop the weapon Investigation pending LARRY MAYER Billings Gazette November 18 2017 Preston David Bell Preston David Bell 24 shot and killed after he led police on a chase that reached 60 miles per hour on residential streets and backed his vehicle into a police blockade Investigation pending LARRY MAYER Gazette Staff November 4 2017 Frank Joey Half Jr Frank Joey Half Jr 30 of Crow Agency shot and killed after barricading himself inside Big Bear Sports Center prompting an hourslong standoff and multiple exchanges of gunfire between Half and police Investigation pending LARRY MAYER Gazette Staff May 12 2017 Ryan Lowell Ryan Lowell 30 shot at least six times after approaching officers with a handgun and firing at least one shot following an hourlong standoff Shooting ruled justified CASEY PAGE Gazette Staff October 27 2016 Kyle Killough Kyle Killough 32 of Gillette Wyoming is shot three times and killed by a Billings police officer in a hotel office after the armed suspect made threatening remarks and turned toward officers with the gun in his hand Shooting ruled justified CASEY PAGE Gazette Staff January 30 2015 John Barry Marshall John Barry Marshall 48 shot 21 times and killed by six federal and local officers from a US Marshals Service violent offenders task force Marshall was armed and wanted for a recent burglary when he encountered the officers outside a Billings hospital Shooting ruled justified LARRY MAYER Gazette Staff April 14 2014 Richard Ramirez Richard Ramirez 38 shot three times and killed by the same Billings police officer who killed a man in 2013 Officer Grant Morrison later testified he feared for his life when Ramirez reached for his waistband during a traffic stop in a highcrime area of the city Shooting ruled justified Gazette file photo July 5 2013 Dean Randolph Jess Dean Randolph Jess 42 shot four times and killed by a Yellowstone County Sheriffs sergeant days after escaping from Montana State Prison Jess was in a stolen jeep and had a handgun in the vehicle Shooting ruled justified Gazette file photo February 11 2013 Jason James Shaw Jason James Shaw 32 shot once and killed by Billings police officer Morrison who said Shaw reached toward his waistband for what turned out to be a BBgun Shooting ruled justified CASEY PAGE Gazette Staff January 6 2013 Daniel Brawley Daniel Brawley 29 shot and killed by a Billings police officer Brawley had been taken into custody following an hourslong standoff freed himself from his handcuffs and started to drive away in a patrol car An officer fired nine times hitting Brawley once Shooting ruled justified Gazette file photo May 24 2012 Michael Brandon Michael Brandon 29 shot three times and killed by a Billings police officer in a motel hallway An inquest determined Brandon was high on methamphetamine and engaged in a running gun battle with officers trying to arrest him for violating his probation Shooting ruled justified Gazette file photo Fatal police shootings per 100000 people since 2015 Apr 11 2018 This table shows the rate of fatal police shootings per 100000 people for various US cities More information Search the fatal police shootings data from The Washington Post here Man killed by police at Billings casino second police shooting death within 24 hours Knifewielding man dies at hospital after officer shoots him in downtown Billings apartment building Rapes attempted suicides and property crimes all up in 2017 in Billings report shows Sheriff Man shot by sheriffs deputy in Lockwood expected to survive Billings police had years to fix security issues in evidence locker and didnt Gazette opinion Whats missing from Billings officerinvolved shooting cases Chat with Billings police chief covers deadly force traffic chases graffiti removal Canadian pharmacy to be fined millions for importing counterfeit cancer drugs after guilty plea in Montana Billings ties alltime snowfall record Former US Sen John Melcher of Montana dies at 93 at his home in Missoula After several days Trump says US allies striking Syria explosions reported over capital Montana judge sides with former student over missing emails We must speak Gun rights activists rally in Kalispell Heavy wet snow causes flooding in Montana Gun advocates rally in Helena as part of national event Friends and family puzzled angry over fatal shooting of man by BIA officer in Lodge Grass Great Falls police cleared in fatal 2017 shooting of man 3 Billings police officers disciplined for having sex in City Hall basement in a patrol car Family of man killed by Casper police says sword was a toy and officers did not need to use deadly force Judge orders documents redacted and refiled in disciplined Billings cops sex case 17 arrests made as part of crackdown on meth robberies gun crime in Billings Police justified in killing man in Billings Big Bear standoff coroners jury finds Family of man shot and killed by Livingston police files wrongful death lawsuit Man dies in officerinvolved shooting in Great Falls Man shot by police at Billings motel denies assaulting officers Billings officer thought his life was in danger when he shot at approaching car police chief says Inquest shows police fired 74 rounds in 6 seconds killing man on Billings South Side Tags Officerinvolved Shooting Billings Police Sam Wilson Morning Reporter General assignment reporter for the Billings Gazette Recommended promotion Download the Billings Gazette app Get the latest news photo galleries and video on local topics including politics sports entertainment obituaries and more Receive breaking news notifications Save stories to a favorites list to view later Share stories with your friends via text email or Twitter promotion Download the 406 Sports app Get all the latest Montana sports scores highlights and features on the 406 Sports app

O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Terri Schiavo Project Theresa Marie Schiavo was in a persistent vegetative state for 15 years before her artificial hydration and nutrition were stopped and she died A dispute between her husband and her parents produced what is the most important endoflife case since those of Karen Quinlan in the 1970s and Nancy Cruzan in the 1980s This Webbased resource features A timeline of key events A selected bibliography Selected Web links including religion and faithbased resources Suggestions for additional content are welcome Please contact Ken Goodman Other noteworthy international PVS cases Eluana Englaro Italy Background report prepared by Nova Southeastern University Shepard Broad College of Law Tony Bland United Kingdom House of Lords decision Aruna Shanbaug India Times of India timeline

B I I B I I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

terri schiavo project
theresa marie schiavo
persistent vegetative state


Autotroph By Editors Autotroph Definition Autotrophs are organisms that can produce their own food using materials from inorganic sources The word autotroph comes from the root words auto for self and troph for food An autotroph is an organism that feeds itself without the assistance of any other organisms Autotrophs are extremely important because without them no other forms of life can exist Without plants that create sugars from carbon dioxide gas and sunlight via the process of photosynthesis for example no herbivorous animals could exist and no carnivorous animals that eat herbivores could exist For this reason autotrophs are often called producers They form the base of an ecosystems energy pyramid and provide the fuel that all the heterotrophs organisms that must get their food from others need to exist The first life forms on Earth would have had to be autotrophs in order to exist and make energy and biological materials in a previously nonliving environment Heterotrophs most likely evolved as autotrophs became more common and some life forms discovered that it was easier to simply eat the autotrophs than to make energy and organic materials for themselves Types of Autotrophs Scientists classify autotrophs according to how they obtain their energy Types of autotrophs include photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs Photoautotrophs Photoautotrophs are organisms who get the energy to make organic materials from sunlight Photoautotrophs include all plants green algaes and bacteria which perform photosynthesis All photoautotrophs perform photosynthesis a word that comes from the root words light and to make Photoautotrophs capture photons from the Sun and harvest their energy using it to perform important biochemical processes such as making ATP Photoautotrophs make more than just fuel and organic compounds for heterotrophs like ourselves Many photoautotrophs take carbon from the atmosphere and use it to make sugars and other molecules that store the Suns energy in their molecular bonds To do this they take in molecules of CO2 which is created by nonliving geological processes and release molecules of O2 also known as the oxygen we need to breathe It is thought that free oxygen was not present in Earths atmosphere until after photoautotrophs became common in Earths seas Then they produced so much free oxygen that large amounts of iron that had previously been dissolved in ocean water reacted with the oxygen and turned into rust This process created rocks called banded iron formations which we can still look at today to see this record of our Earths history The release of large amounts of free oxygen into Earths atmosphere by photoautotrophs paved the way for large animals like ourselves who need the highly efficient process of aerobic respiration to survive It is thought that some of the oxygen produced by photoautotrophs also created the Earths ozone layer which allowed life to move onto dry land without fear of DNA damage from the Suns UV light Chemoautotrophs Chemoautotrophs are organisms that obtain energy from inorganic chemical processes Today chemoautotrophs are most commonly found in deep water environments which receive no sunlight Many need to live around deep sea volcanic vents which produce enough heat to allow metabolism to occur at a high rate Chemoautotrophs use volatile chemicals such as molecular hydrogen hydrogen sulfide elemental sulfur ferrous iron and ammonia as their energy sources This makes them wellsuited to live in places that would be toxic to many other organisms as well as places without sunlight Chemoautotrophs are usually bacteria or archaebacteria as their metabolisms are usually not efficient enough to support multicellularity Scientists have speculated that life might be able to exist in dark chemically volatile environments such as the seas of Jupiters moon Titan by using similar metabolisms to those seen in chemoautotrophs on Earth No proof of such life has yet been found but some scientists believe that the range of metabolic options offered by chemosynthesis drastically expands the range of places in the universe where we can expect to find life It is actually unknown whether photoautotrophs or chemoautotrophs were the first life forms on Earth Many favor the idea that the first cells were photosynthetic since the Suns light shines on the entire surface of the Earth But some scientists believe that volcanic sites in the deep sea or on the surface of the Earth could have supplied more concentrated energy and more volatile chemicals potentially leading to the creation of the first cells These scientists speculate that these cells could then have evolved photosynthesis as an energy source that would work anywhere on the Earths surface they spread further from their volcanic points of origin Because single cells and their biochemistry do not fossilize well we may never know whether chemoautotrophs or photoautotrophs were the first ever forms of life on Earth Examples of Autotrophs Plants Plants with very few exceptions such as the venus fly trap which can eat insects are photoautotrophs They produce sugars and other essential ingredients for life by using their pigments such as chlorophyll to capture photons and harness their energy When plants are consumed by animals animals are then able to use that energy and those organic materials for themselves Green Algae Green algaes which may be familiar to you as pond scum are also photoautotrophs Green algae may in fact bear a great resemblance to the first common life form on Earth cyanobacteria a green bacteria that grew in mats and began the process of turning Earth into a world with an oxygen atmosphere Iron Bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans The bacterium Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans obtains energy from ferrous iron In the process it converts the iron atoms from a molecular form where they can not be dissolved in water to a molecular form where they can As a result Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans has been used to extract iron from ores that could not be extracted through conventional means The field of biohydrometallurgy is the study of using living organisms to obtain metals by dissolving them in water where they can be further processed Related Biology Terms Energy pyramid A structure that shows the flow of energy through an ecosystem Heterotroph An organism that relies on other organisms such as plants or prey animals for food Photosynthesis The process used by phototrophs to extract energy from sunlight Quiz 1 Which of the following statements is true of chemoautotrophs A They harness energy from sunlight to make food B They rely on other organisms such as plants and prey animals for food C They harness energy from chemicals such as hydrogen sulfur and iron to make food D None of the above Answer to Question 1 C 2 Which of the following is NOT an example of a photoautotroph A Daisies B Iron bacteria C Cyanobacteria D None of the above Answer to Question 2 B chemoautotroph 3 The first form of life on Earth was likely A A photoautotroph B A chemoautotroph C Neither of the above D No one knows Answer to Question 3 D 292 1 Comment threads 1 Thread replies 0 Followers Most reacted comment Hottest comment thread 2 Comment authors Recent comment authors Guest Thanks 2 Reply December 25 2017 1212 am Guest awesome work done bro 0 Reply September 26 2018 921 am Contents Autotroph Definition Types of Autotrophs Examples of Autotrophs Related Biology Terms Quiz

B O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O