Unconscious bias training From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This articles tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia September 2018 This article has an unclear citation style September 2018 Unconscious or implicit biases are learned stereotypes that are automatic unintentional deeply engrained universal and able to influence behavior Unconscious bias training programs are designed to expose people to their unconscious biases provide tools to adjust automatic patterns of thinking and ultimately eliminate discriminatory behaviors A critical component of unconscious bias training is creating awareness for implicit bias Since 1998 the online ImplicitAssociation Test IAT has provided a platform for the general public to assess their unconscious biases Although the IAT measure has come under scrutiny it has sparked conversation about unconscious bias in both popular media and the scientific community In addition to the publics increased awareness of the influence of implicit biases the reality of racial and gender inequalities in our society has led to the creation of many unconscious bias training programs designed a webpage to make unconscious bias training videos widely available Google has put about 60000 employees through a 90minute unconscious bias training program and the United States Department of Justice has trained 28000 employees on techniques to combat implicit bias Contents 1 Training techniques 11 Counterstereotype 12 Negation 13 Perspectivetaking 14 Meditation 15 Implicit bias workshops 2 Criticisms 3 See also 4 Training techniques There are a wide variety of unconscious bias training programs but the programs tend to follow a basic threestep method 1 Participants take a pretest to assess baseline implicit bias levels typically with the IAT 2 They complete the unconscious bias training task and 3 They take a posttest to reevaluate bias levels after training Frequently followup tests of unconscious bias are administered days weeks or months after the completion of training programs to examine the longterm benefits of these programs The efficacy of these programs is still not clearcut as researchers continue to test them Counterstereotype According to a metanalysis of 17 unconscious bias interventions counterstereotype training is the most effective way to reduce unconscious bias In the area of gender bias techniques such as imagining powerful women hearing their stories and writing essays about them has been shown to reduce levels of unconscious gender bias on the IAT Dasgupta and Asagari 2004 found that real life counterstereotypes such as going to a womens college or having female professors have the ability to decrease bias because the idea that women are intelligent and hardworking is repeatedly reinforced In terms of racial bias several studies have replicated the finding that training participants to pair counterstereotypical traits such as successful with images of black individuals is an effective tool for reducing implicit racial bias Kawakami Dovido and van Kamp 2005 challenged the effectiveness of counterstereotype training when they found that participants actually showed an increase in gender bias after training Rather than using the IAT to assess levels of unconscious bias the researchers asked participants to read a resume and decide if the applicant was qualified for a leadership job because when ambiguity exists in an individuals qualifications or competence evaluators will fill the void with assumptions drawn from gender stereotypes The participants received one of four resumes describing equally qualified candidates The only difference between the four resumes was the name of the applicanttwo had female names and two had male names When participants were administered the job application task immediately following counterstereotype training they were more likely to pick the male candidates over the female candidates which made it appear as though the counterstereotype training was ineffective However when the researchers added a distractor task between the counterstereotype training and the job application task participants selected male and female candidates at an equal rate When participants had to engage The researchers did a follow up study with a slightly different procedure to determine why bias was increased in some conditions and decreased in others They followed the same counterstereotype training procedure but divided the job application task into two distinct parts Participants were either asked to first pick the best candidate for the job and then rank each candidate on sixteen traits half were female stereotypes and the other half were male stereotypes or they were asked to complete the tasks in the opposite order Regardless of the order participants consistently were biased against women in the first task Further research is necessary to determine why participants showed decreased bias on the second task and if the decreased has an enduring effect Hu and colleagues 2015 created a form of counterstereotype training to unlearn implicit bias while sleeping Participants completed the typical counterstereotype training task of pairing images of people with different genders and races with counterstereotypical traits However their study differed from previous research because two unique sounds played after each successful pairing of either a gender or race counterstereotype After the training task participants were asked to take a 90minute nap and their sleep patterns were monitored with EEG Once participants entered into slowwave sleep the researchers played either the sound that followed correct gender counterstereotypes or racial counterstereotypes in the training task After follow up assessments the results showed that bias was successfully reduced depending on the sound played during sleep meaning the people that listened to the sound associated with gender counterstereotypes showed reduced gender bias but not racial bias and vice versa The specific reduced bias remained when the participants returned to the lab a week after initial training and testing Negation Negation training decreases implicit bias through actively rejecting information that reinforces stereotypes therefore breaking the habit of stereotyping Kawakami Dovido Moll Hermsen and Russin 2000 conducted one of the first studies to test the effects of negation training on reducing unconscious bias In their study participants were presented with pictures of black and white individuals along with a word that represented a stereotype The participants were instructed to press NO during stereotypeconsistent trials for example a black person and the word lazy and YES during stereotypeinconsistent trials a black person paired with successful Participants showed significant decreases in automatic bias from the pretest to posttest However Gawronski Deutsch Mbirkou Seibt and Strack2006 hypothesized that negation training was not only ineffective but could actually strengthen unconscious biases They stated that Kawakami and colleagues only produced positive results because when the participants responded YES to stereotypeinconsistent wordpicture pairings they were using counterstereotyping rather than negation To test these claims the researchers created separate counterstereotype and negation conditions The counterstereotype condition was instructed to press YES for stereotypeinconsistent information while the negation condition was told to press NO for stereotypeconsistent information The results showed that the counterstereotype condition decreased implicit bias but the negation condition increased bias A Recently Johnson Kopp and Petty 2018 attempted to reconcile the discrepant results of the previous research They argued the negation was not meaningful and participants were not adequately motivated to get rid of their unconscious biases The researchers introduced a condition in which participants were told to think Thats wrong in response to stereotypeconsistent information Other participants were told instead to continue to use the typical form of negation and simply responded No to stereotypeconsistent information The researchers hypothesized that No is an ambiguous and weak response to stereotypes but Thats wrong is a specific and morally tied response that Perspectivetaking Perspectivetaking creates a sense of empathy for a stereotyped group which has been shown to improve attitudes towards individuals as well as their group as a whole Typically perspectivetaking studies follow a threestep procedure First participants are exposed to the target minority group through watching a video that displays examples of racial discrimination or through viewing a photograph of an individual from the target minority group Then participants are told to reflect on that persons life and their emotions or imagine themselves as the main character A separate control group watches the same movie or views the same photograph but they are not given any additional instructions involving perspectivetaking Lastly participants biases are reassessed through answering questionnaires retaking IAT or engaging in specific tasks This prototypical form Dovidio and colleagues 2004 found that a diverse group of strangers can come together as a unified group if they believe they share a common threat Stimulating a perceived common threat can reduce bias because people are less likely to be biased against members of their own group Todd Bodenhausen Richenson and Galinksy 2011 showed participants an image of a black man had them write an essay about a day in his life and then watched the participants interact with a black researcher The facetoface interactions were more successful and natural with the participants in the perspectivetaking condition compared to the control group Another example of perspectivetaking was tested by Shih Stotzer and Guitérrez 2009 They had participants watch a clip of a movie that showed an Asian American being discriminated against and were told to read a college admissions folder and decide if the student should be admitted The admission profiles were exactly the same except one version checked White for ethnicity while the other checked Asian American The participants in the perspectivetaking condition demonstrated greater empathy towards the Asian profile and were more likely to accept him than the control condition In 2013 they conducted an additional study in which they added a task where they flashed the pronouns us or them before showing an adjective with a good or bad connotation They found that participants that were in the control group quickly associated good adjectives with us and bad adjective with them while the perspectivetaking group did not show a significant time difference between the two categories The researchers concluded that empathy and perspective taking could reduce prejudice towards discriminated groups Kaatz and colleagues 2017 had participants play a video game where they are the character Jamal a black graduate student working towards a degree in science Throughout the game players had to complete tasks such as selecting an advisor attending conferences and publishing papers During each task the players experienced hardships due to racial discrimination and learn about implicit bias In order to successfully complete the game players had to be able to learn how to recognize label and talk about bias After completing the game participants filled out surveys about their experiences Most participants agreed that it was an Further research is necessary to objectively measure the effectiveness of the game Meditation Meditation has become integrated into a variety of Western therapeutic practices due to its benefits of enhanced wellbeing reduced depression and anxiety and overall mood improvement In 2008 meditation was incorporated into unconscious bias training using Lovingkindness meditation LKM which aims to selfregulate an affective state of unconditional kindness towards the self and others Meditation studies follow the format of a pretest IAT participation in a LKM program and a posttest IAT Hutcherson Seppala and Gross 2008 showed that a few minutes of LMK could create a sense of empathy and compassion for a neutral target which inspired the idea to use meditation as an unconscious bias training technique Stell and Farsides 2016 found that after only seven minutes of LMK unconscious racial bias for a targeted group was reduced Kang Gray and Dovido 2014 found that participants who attend a sevenweek meditation course showed a significant decrease unconscious bias towards African Americans and homeless people Notably participants who participated in a discussion based on the Lovingkindness philosophy for seven weeks but did not practice meditation did not show a reduction in bias after the seven weeks Implicit bias workshops This section is written like a personal reflection personal essay or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editors personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style September 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message This section has an unclear citation style The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting September 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Implicit bias workshops typically use a combination of strategies to reduce unconscious bias Devine Forscher Austin and Cox 2012 created a workshop that uses five different techniques to combat bias stereotype replacement counterstereotype training individualism perspective taking and increased opportunities for contact with minority races In stereotype replacement participants try to recognize their stereotypes reflect on why they have those stereotypes consider how they could avoid those stereotypes in the future and come up with an unbiased response to replace their stereotypes The counterstereotype training involves picturing examples of counterstereotypes For example if the counterstereotype is intelligence participants are asked MossRacusin and colleagues 2016 created a 120minute workshop called Scientific Diversity that was aimed at reducing gender bias During the workshop instructors present empirical evidence on implicit bias encourage active group discussion and help participants practice techniques for creating an accepting environment To assess bias participants took pretest and posttest questionnaires The posttest questionnaires revealed that participants experienced increased diversity awareness and decreased subtle gender bias According to Gonzales Kim and Marantz 2014 the recognition of bias can not be taught in a single session so researchers have created workshops or class curriculums that span days semesters or even years Hannah and CarpenterSong 2013 created a semesterlong course that focuses on introspection Students are encouraged to look within themselves to examine their own bias values and most importantly blind spots During each class students discuss articles about various forms of bias and participate in interactive exercises that are designed to promote perspectivetaking and empathy Tests of the course showed that students who have an active interest in learning about issues of implicit bias were able to successfully reduce their levels of bias However a subset of the students did not reduce bias or even showed an increased bias after the course because the program was mandatory and they were not incentivized to Van Ryn and colleagues 2015 started a course for medical school students that studies disparities in minority health care The researchers were able to implement various forms of the class in fortynine medical schools and collected data from 3547 students During class students read articles about unconscious bias hold group discussions and gain experience with interacting with racial minorities Participants took the IAT during their first and last semesters of medical school to assess the effectiveness of the program Though most reductions in implicit bias were small the reductions were significant and affected behaviors Students reported feeling more comfortable when Stone Moskowitz and Zestcott 2015 conducted a workshop for medical students that used selfreflection techniques to motivate health care providers to address their implicit biases First participants took an IAT but did not receive feedback and read an article about implicit bias in medicine A week later the participants attended a lecture about implicit bias and had a classroom demonstration of an IAT Two days later participants discussed strategies for reducing bias seeking commonidentities and taking the perspective of patients in small groups When participants retook the IAT three to seven days after the workshop there was a significant decrease Criticisms Noon says unconscious bias training initiatives are still in their infancy and require further research See also Implicitassociation test Implicit bias Stereotype Implicit cognition Implicit attitude Stereotype threat References a b Noon M 2018 Pointless diversity training Unconscious bias new racism and agency Work Employment and Society 32 198209 doi 1011770950017017719841 Fiarman S E 2016 Unconscious bias When good intentions arent enough Educational Leadership 743 1015 Banks R R Ford R T 2009 How does unconscious bias matter Law politics and racial inequality Emory Law Journal 58 10531122 Hewer M 2018 How scientists are blocking bias in the world at large APS Observer 312 2123 Smith R J 2015 Reducing racially disparate policing outcomes Is implicit bias training the answer University of Hawaii Law Review 37 295312 Sleek S 2018 The bias beneath Two decades of measuring implicit associations APS Observer 312 1114 a b Devine P G Forscher P S Austin A J Cox W T L 2012 Longterm reduction in implicit bias A prejudice habitbreaking intervention Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 486 12671278 doi 101016jjesp201206003 a b Hannah S D CarpenterSong E 2013 Patrolling your blind spots Introspection and public catharsis in a medical school faculty development course to reduce unconscious bias in medicine Culture Medicine and Psychiatry 37 314339 doi 101007s1101301393204 a b van Ryn M Hardeman R Phelan S M Burgess D J Dovidio J F Herrin J Burke S E Nelson D B Perry S Yeazel M Przedworski J M 2015 Medical school experiences associated change in implicit racial bias among 3547 students A medical student CHANGES study report Journal of General Internal Medicine 3012 17481756 doi 101007s1160601534477 Nelson S C Prasad S Hackman H W 2015 Training providers on issues of race and racism improve health care equity Race 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Processes Intergroup Relations 164 445461 doi 1011771368430212459776 a b c Hu X Antony J W Creery J D Varags I M Bodenhausen G V Paller K A 2015 Unlearning implicit social biases during sleep Science 348 10131015 doi 101126scienceaaa3841 a b c Johnson I R Kopp B M Petty R E 2018 Just say no and mean it Meaningful negation as a tool to modify automatic racial attitudes Group Processes Intergroup Relations 211 88110 doi 10171171368430216647189 Isaac C Lee B Carnes M 2009 Interventions that affect gender bias in hiring A systematic review Aca Med 8410 14401446 doi 101097ACM0b013e3181b6ba00 Kawakami K Dovido J F van Kamp S 2005 Kicking the habit Effects of nonstereotypic association training and correction processes on hiring decisions Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 41 6875 doi 101016jjesp200405004 Kawakami K Dovido J F van Kamp S 2007 The impact of counterstereotypic training and related correction processes on the application of stereotypes Group Processes Intergroup Relations 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Todd A R Bodenhausen G V Richeson J A Galinksy A D 2011 Perspective taking combats automatic expressions of racial bias Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1006 10271042 Shih M J Stotzer R Guitérrez A S 2013 Perspectivetaking and empathy Generalizing the reduction of group bias towards Asian Americans to general outgroups Journal of Abnormal Psychology 42 7983 doi 101037a0029790 Kaatz A Carner M Gutierrez B Savoy J Samuel C Filut A Pribbenow C M 2017 Fair play A study of scientific workforce trainers experience playing an educational video game about racial bias CBE Life Sciences Education 167 118 doi 101187cbe15060140 a b c Stell A J Farsides T 2016 Brief lovingkindness meditation reduces racial bias mediated by positive otherregarding emotions Motivation and Emotion 401 140147 doi 101007s110310159514x Hutcherson C A Seppala E M Gross J J 2008 Lovingkindness meditation increases social connectedness Emotion 85 720724 doi 101037a0013237 Kang Y Gray J R Dovido J F 2014 The nondiscriminating heart Lovingkindness meditation training decreases implicit intergroup bias Journal of Experimental Psychology General 1433 13061313 doi 101037a0034150 MossRacusin C A van der Toorn J Dovidio J F Brescoll V L Graham M J Handelsman J 2016 A scientific diversity intervention to reduce gender bias in a sample of life scientists CBELife Sciences Education 15 111 doi 101187cbe15090187 Gonzales C M Kim M Y Marantz P R 2014 Implicit bias and its relation to health disparities A teaching program and survey of medical students Teaching and learning in medicine 261 6471 doi 101080104013342013857341 Zestcott C A Blair I V Stone J 2016 Examining the presence consequences and reduction of implicit bias in health care A narrative review Group Processes Intergroup Relations 194 528542 doi 1011771368430216642029 Categories Discrimination Career and technical education

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Uniformity of content From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Uniformity of Content is a pharmaceutical analysis parameter for the quality control of capsules or tablets Multiple capsules or tablets are selected at random and a suitable analytical method is applied to assay the individual content of the active ingredient in each capsule or tablet The preparation complies if not more than one all within limits individual content is outside the limits of 85 to 115 of the average content and none is outside the limits of 75 to 125 of the average content The preparation fails to comply with the test if more than 3 individual contents are outside the limits of 85 to 115 of the average content or if one or more individual contents are outside the limits of 75 to 125 of the average content References Indian Pharmacopoeia Committee India Ministry of Health Family Welfare 1985 Pharmacopoeia of India Controller of Publications External links Uniformity of content for singledose preparations at WHO Uniformity of Dosage Units This pharmacology related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it Categories Quality control Pharmacology Pharmacology stubs

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United Arab Emirates Space Agency From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia United Arab Emirates Space Agency وكالةالإمارات للفضاء Abbreviation UAESA Formation 2014 Headquarters Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Administrator Dr Ahmad bin Abdulla Humaid Belhoul Al Falasi space gov ae The United Arab Emirates Space Agency UAESA is an agency of the United Arab Emirates government responsible for the development of the countrys space industry It was created in 2014 and is responsible for developing fostering and regulating a sustainable and worldclass space sector in the UAE The agency is charged with the growth of the sector through partnerships academic programmes and investments in RD commercial initiatives and driving space science research and exploration Contents 1 History 2 Strategic programme 3 UAE Space Agency initiatives 31 Space Science Research Centre AlAin 32 Emirates Mars Mission 33 Graduate degree programme in Advanced Space Science 4 History The UAE proposed in 2008 to establish a PanArab Space Agency as a civilian project like the European Space Agency ESA The Arab Science and Technology Foundation said an agency for the Middle East and North Africa already had unofficial support from some governments and hoped that a regional organisation for disseminating satellite images could form an early foundation The agency would monitor security and environmental changes with equatorial satellites It would not develop its own launch capability as that was commercially available The proposed regional agency would reduce the cost of putting satellites into orbit and pool talent and research Plans were submitted to the regions governments and pushed for at the Global Space Technology Forum in December 2009 The UAE had already launched satellites and established an Earth Observation Space Center in Abu Dhabi However little progress to establish the regional agency was made after the proposal The United Arab Emirates Space Agency was then established in 2014 by presidential decree In 2015 it formed a partnership with the National Centre of Space Studies of France as well as with the UK Space Agency Strategic programme The Agencys strategic goals were announced in May 2015 and include Develop and guide a worldclass national space sector that supports sustainable development Promote scientific research and innovation to support progress in space sciences and technologies Attract and promote young Emiratis to become space scientists and technology pioneers Build and enhance international cooperation and partnership to provide administrative services with high quality standards and transparency UAE Space Agency initiatives The Agency is involved in directing investing in and promoting a number of initiatives The UAE has launched prior to the existence of the Agency commercial satellites constructed by EADS YahSat 1A and 1B Boeing Thuraya 1 2 and 3 and MBRSC DubaiSat1 and DubaiSat2 developed as part of a technology transfer programme with South Koreas Satrec Initiative resulting in an existing space sector investment of some 55 billion Space Science Research Centre AlAin The 27 million AlAin based Space Research Centre was announced on 25 May 2015 The Centre is intended as an incubator for space research development and innovation It will be involved in coordinating with a number of agencies including the Emirates Mobile Observatory Emirates Mars Mission The Emirates Mars Mission is being undertaken by the Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre a Government of Dubai entity It is preparing for the Mars Hope mission to Mars in 2020 in order to create the first holistic diurnal picture of Mars atmosphere with three science instruments mounted on an orbiter which is aimed to reach Mars orbit in early 2021 The Centre employs 75 people which the UAE government hopes to double by 2020 Graduate degree programme in Advanced Space Science In May 2015 an MoU was signed by Al Yah Satellite Communications Company Yahsat the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology and Orbital ATK Inc to create a Degree Programme in Advanced Space Science the first such course of study in the Middle East These three entities with coordination and oversight from the UAE Space Agency will launch the academic programme at Masdar Institute References Objectives UAE Space Agency wwwspacegovae Retrieved 20150527 Call for panArab space agency The National 27 October 2008 UAE develops space industry itweb 15 Apr 2009 UAE pioneering pan Arab space agency Archived 23 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine The Hindu 17 April 2009 Abu Dhabi Forum Could Boost Plans for PanArab Space Agency Khaleej Times 5 December 2009 Shaykhoun Sonya PanArab Space Agency Pipe Dream or Real Possibility satellitetodaycom Retrieved 27 May 2015 Schreck Adam The United Arab Emirates is joining the space race ASSOCIATED PRESS Retrieved 27 May 2015 United Arab Emirates launches space agency May 26 2015 Retrieved 26 May 2015 Dubai and UK satellites to work together gulfnewscom Retrieved 20150527 a b c UAE space agency unveils ambitious plans gulfnewscom Retrieved 20150527 UAE to build new space research centre in Al Ain May 26 2015 Retrieved 26 May 2015 SCHRECK ASAM May 25 2015 United Arab Emirates aims for the stars with new plans for a national space agency Associated Press Retrieved 26 May 2015 v t e United Arab Emirates space program v t e Publicsector space agencies Categories Space program of the United Arab Emirates Space agencies 2014 establishments in the United Arab Emirates Government agencies established in 2014

B I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O


Vela Pulsar From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia This article is about pulsar associated with the Vela supernova remnant For highmass Xray binary system see Vela X1 Vela Pulsar The Vela Pulsar and its surrounding pulsar wind nebula Observation data Epoch J2000 Equinox J2000 Constellation Vela Right ascension 08 h 35 m 2065525 s Declination 45 10 351545 Apparent magnitude V 236 Astrometry Distance 959 248 163 ly 294 76 50 pc Other designations HU Vel PSR J08354510 PSR B083345 4U 083345 2CG 26302 2E 083364500 3EG J08344511 H 0833450 INTEGRAL1 5 SNR G2636028 Database references SIMBAD data The Vela Pulsar PSR J08354510 or PSR B083345 is a radio optical Xray and gammaemitting pulsar associated with the Vela Supernova Remnant in the constellation of Vela Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Glitches 3 Research campaigns 4 Nomenclature 5 In music 6 Gallery 7 8 External links Characteristics Vela is the brightest pulsar at radio frequencies in the sky and spins 11195 times per second ie a period of 8933 millisecondsthe shortest known at the time of its discovery and the remnant from the supernova explosion is estimated to be travelling outwards at 1200 kms 750 mis It has the thirdbrightest optical component of all known pulsars V 236 mag which pulses twice for every single radio pulse The Vela pulsar is the brightest persistent object in the highenergy gammaray sky Glitches Glitches are sudden spinups in the rotation of pulsars Vela is the best known of all the glitching pulsars with glitches occurring on average every three years Glitches are currently not predictable On 12 December 2016 Vela was observed to glitch live for the first time with a radio telescope the 26 m telescope at the Mount Pleasant Radio Observatory large enough to see individual pulses This observation showed that the pulsar nulled ie did not pulse for one pulse with the pulse prior being very broad and the two following pulses featuring low linear polarization It also appeared that the glitch process took under five seconds to occur Research campaigns The association of the Vela pulsar with the Vela Supernova Remnant made by astronomers at the University of Sydney in 1968 was direct observational proof that supernovae form neutron stars Studies conducted by Kellogg et al with the Uhuru spacecraft in 197071 showed the Vela pulsar and Vela X to be separate but spatially related objects The term Vela X was used to describe the entirety of the supernova remnant Weiler and Panagia established in 1980 that Vela X was actually a pulsar wind nebula contained within the fainter supernova remnant and driven by energy released by the pulsar Nomenclature The pulsar is occasionally referred to as Vela X but this phenomenon is separate from either the pulsar or the Vela X nebula A radio survey of the VelaPuppis region was made with the Mills Cross Telescope in 195657 and identified three strong radio sources Vela X Vela Y and Vela Z These sources are observationally close to the Puppis A supernova remnant which is also a strong Xray and radio source Neither the pulsar nor either of the associated nebulae should be confused with Vela X1 an observationally close but unrelated highmass Xray binary system In music The emissions of Vela and the pulsar PSR B032954 were converted into audible sound by French composer Gérard Grisey and used in the piece Le noir de létoile 198990 Gallery Cycle of pulsed gamma rays from the Vela pulsar Position of the Vela Pulsar in the Milky Way Play media Video consisting of eight images of Velas particle jet looped continuously References a b NAME Vela Pulsar SIMBAD Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg Retrieved 9 January 2013 Caraveo P A De Luca A Mignani R P Bignami G F November 2001 The Distance to the Vela Pulsar Gauged with Hubble Space Telescope Parallax Observations Astrophys J 561 2 930937 arXiv astroph0107282 Bibcode 2001ApJ561930C doi 101086323377 Manchester R N Hobbs G B Teoh A Hobbs M August 2005 ATNF Pulsar Catalogue J08354510 VizieR Online Data Catalog Bibcode 2005yCat72450M Lyne Andrew G GrahamSmith Francis 1998 Pulsar Astronomy 2nd ed Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521594138 Mignani R P Zharikov R P Caraveo P A October 2007 The Optical Spectrum of the Vela Pulsar Astronomy and Astrophysics 473 3 891 arXiv 07072036 Bibcode 2007AA473891M doi 1010510004636120077774 Palfreyman J Dickey J M Hotan A Ellingsen S van Straten W April 2018 Alteration of the magnetosphere of the Vela pulsar during a glitch Nature 556 7700 219222 Bibcode 2018Natur556219P doi 101038s415860180001x Large M I Vaughan A E Mills B Y October 1968 A Pulsar Supernova Association Nature 20 5165 340341 Bibcode 1968Natur220340L doi 101038220340a0 Kellogg E Tananbaum H Harnden F R Jr Gursky H Giacconi R Grindlay J August 1973 The Xray Structure of the Vela X Region Observed from Uhuru The Astrophysical Journal 183 935940 Bibcode 1973ApJ183935K doi 101086152279 Weiler K W Panagia N October 1980 Vela X and the Evolution of Plerions Astronomy and Astrophysics 90 3 269282 Bibcode 1980AA90269W Rishbeth H December 1958 Radio Emission from the VelaPuppis Region Australian Journal of Physics 11 4 550563 Bibcode 1958AuJPh11550R doi 101071PH580550 Del Re Giuseppe 2000 The Cosmic Dance Science Discovers the Mysterious Harmony of the Universe Philadelphia Templeton Foundation pp 2425 ISBN 9781890151256 Luminet JeanPierre 2011 Illuminations Cosmos et esthétique in French Paris Odile Jacob pp 419420 ISBN 9782738125620 Gérard Grisey 19461998 Le Noir de lÉtoile 19891990 in French IRCAM Retrieved 12 January 2016 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vela Pulsar Vela Pulsar at SIMBAD Vela Pulsar at NASAIPAC Extragalactic Database Coordinates 08 h 35 m 2065525 s 45 10 351545 v t e Stars of Vela Bayer γ Regor δ Alsephina κ Markeb λ Suhail μ ο φ Tseen Ke ψ Variable R S T W RZ SV SW SX WY AF AH AI AL AO AP AX CS CU CV FY FZ GK GU F GX GY GZ HV E HW HX HY HZ IM IP IS IU IV IW IY IZ KK KL KQ KT KX f LN LR LW MV J MX NN NO NX NY NZ OP OU PV OY QZ V335 V361 V382 HR 3178 3187 3204 3227 3234 3247 3250 3256 3294 B 3300 3330 3341 3356 3358 A 3359 3363 3371 3375 3382 3386 3388 3389 3390 3399 3404 3407 C 3426 e 3435 3444 3445 b 3448 3452 n 3453 3476 D 3477 d 3487 a 3488 3496 3497 3501 3503 3514 h 3520 g 3525 3535 3539 3542 3548 3551 3570 3574 H 3983 3591 w 3602 3611 3614 c 3629 3647 3656 3658 3667 3668 3670 3672 3674 z 3677 k 1 3679 3680 3682 l 3684 k 3688 3692 3694 3700 3703 K 3716 3717 3726 3730 3732 3735 3737 3739 3746 3753 I 3784 3803 N 3807 3817 3819 L 3836 M 3837 3840 3842 y 3868 3875 O 3886 3895 3898 u 3904 3910 3912 m 3925 3927 3930 3935 3943 3953 3955 3964 3976 3990 Q 4001 4010 4020 4023 q 4036 4038 4056 4061 4066 4080 r 4087 4093 4099 4107 4111 4134 4135 s 4136 4139 4143 t 4154 4167 p 4175 4180 x 4221 4292 4293 i 4296 4311 4316 HD 67621 68478 68763 69168 69404 70309 71805 72752 72798 73526 75989 76004 78005 79091 81347 81369 83443 85390 85512 87122 87652 88015 88862 89328 92155 93385 93453 94508 94724 95509 Other DENIS J0823031491201 GRS 100945 HH 46 IRS IGR J084084503 IRAS 085444431 LSS 2018 Luhman 16 PSR B105552 PSR J08554644 RX J092574758 2S 0918549 Vela Pulsar Vela X1 WASP19 WR 12 List Categories Gum Nebula Pulsars Vela constellation Optical pulsars

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Verde River From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia This article is about the river in Arizona For other uses see Rio Verde Verde River Hakahela Near Clarkdale along Sycamore Canyon Road Map of the Gila River watershed including the Verde River Location Country United States State Arizona County Yavapai Gila Maricopa Physical characteristics Source Sullivan Lake location near Paulden Yavapai County coordinates 345150N 1122739W elevation 4354 ft 1327 m Mouth Salt River location near Fountain Hills Maricopa County coordinates 333249N 1113938W Coordinates 333249N 1113938W elevation 1325 ft 404 m Length 170 mi 270 km Basin size 6615 sq mi 17130 km 2 Discharge location near Scottsdale 1 mile 16 km from the mouth average 602 cu fts 170 m 3 s minimum 0 cu fts 0 m 3 s maximum 127000 cu fts 3600 m 3 s Basin features Tributaries left Sycamore Creek Oak Creek Wet Beaver Creek West Clear Creek Fossil Creek East Verde River right Granite Creek National Wild and Scenic River Type Wild Scenic Designated August 28 1984 The Verde River Yavapai Hakahela is a major tributary of the Salt River in the US state of Arizona It is about 170 miles 270 km long and carries a mean flow of 602 cubic feet per second 170 m 3 s at its mouth It is one of the largest perennial streams in Arizona Contents 1 Description 2 Flora and fauna 3 Recreation 31 Sport fishing 4 See also 5 6 Works cited 7 External links Description The river begins below the dam at Sullivan Lake fed by Big Chino Wash and Williamson Valley Wash in Yavapai County The Verde flows freely for 125 miles 201 km through private state tribal and United States Forest Service lands specifically the Tonto National Forest before encountering the first of two dams that make Horseshoe Lake and Bartlett Lake The cities of Camp Verde Clarkdale and Cottonwood are the main population centers along the river The Verde River and the Salt River meet near Fountain Hills The Salt River flows into the Gila River west of Phoenix In 1984 the United States Congress designated 405 miles 652 km of the Verde River as Wild and Scenic through the National Wild and Scenic River program The Scenic portion begins at Beasley Flats and extends downstream about 19 miles 31 km to the northern boundary of the Mazatzal Wilderness The Wild portion extends from there to the mouth of Red Creek about 22 miles 35 km further downstream In 1986 a 6mile 10 km stretch of the river was identified by the state of Arizona as a critical natural resource This reach of the Verde River and its associated riparian zone between the town of Clarkdale near Tuzigoot National Monument and the Bridgeport State Route 89A Bridge became part of the Arizona State Parks system The park called the Verde River Greenway State Natural Area encompasses 480 acres 190 ha Dead Horse Ranch State Park near Cottonwood is adjacent to the Greenway Flora and fauna Plants found in riparian zones along the river include Arizona alder sycamore and walnut trees a variety of willows reeds cattails box elder and saltcedar among others Aquatic vertebrates along the Verde River include North American beaver belted kingfishers great blue herons otters Chiricahua leopard frogs Sonoran mud turtles and others Among the 27 species of fish found in the river are carp flathead catfish roundtail chub Gila chub bass desert sucker mosquitofish red shiner and Sonora sucker Beaver were trapped with considerable success on the Verde River by fur trappers led by Ewing Young and including Kit Carson dating to 1829 Edgar Alexander Mearns wrote in his 1907 naturalist survey Mammals of the Mexican Boundary of the United States that beaver were present on nearly all streams of the Colorado Basin Reintroductions of beaver in recent times have transformed even small desert streams into robust riparian habitat increasing species abundance and diversity Recreation Floating the Verde River in rafts and kayaks is a popular pastime as it runs through scenic valleys and the Mazatzal Wilderness The facilities described below are maintained by the Tonto National Forest authority Kayak rentals shuttles boating gear and services are available in Clarkdale Cottonwood and Camp Verde Several commercial outfitters offer guided trips on the Verde River Popular stretches for commercial boating include the Verde River Clarkdale beginning at the Lower TAPCO River Access Point RAP and floating to the Tuzigoot RAP in Clarkdale Skidmore RAP to Black Canyon RAP or Bignotti RAP on the Prescott National Forest between Cottonwood and Camp Verde and White Bridge Sport fishing The Verde River above Camp Verde has about 70 miles 110 km of fishable waters at an average elevation of 3800 feet 1200 m above sea level The nearest town with fuel restaurants lodging groceries and fishing tackle is Cottonwood Fish species frequenting this stretch of the river include largemouth bass smallmouth bass sunfish channel catfish flathead catfish yellow perch chub carp and in winter rainbow trout Crayfish and bullfrogs are also found From Camp Verde to Horseshoe Lake about 60 miles 97 km of fishable waters are at an average elevation of 2800 feet 850 m The nearest town with fuel and other supplies and amenities is Camp Verde Species along this stretch include largemouth and smallmouth bass sunfish channel and flathead catfish carp crayfish and bullfrogs The same species that are found between Camp Verde and Horseshoe Lake are also present along a 12mile 19 km stretch of the river from Horseshoe Lake to Bartlett Lake The elevation along this stretch averages 1800 feet 550 m above sea level The nearest town with fuel and supplies is Carefree Below Bartlett Lake the elevation averages 1500 feet 460 m over the next 20 miles 32 km Species here include largemouth bass sunfish channel and flathead catfish tilapia carp crayfish and bullfrogs The nearest town with fuel and supplies is Fountain Hills See also Arizona portal List of Arizona rivers List of National Wild and Scenic Rivers List of tributaries of the Colorado River References Source elevation derived from Google Earth search using GNIS source coordinates a b c Verde River Geographic Names Information System United States Geological Survey February 8 1980 Retrieved October 17 2012 a b WaterData Report 2011 09511300 Verde River Near Scottsdale AZ United States Geological Survey Retrieved November 12 2012 a b c d e Verde River Arizona National Wild and Scenic Rivers System Retrieved October 18 2014 Verde Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive River Management Plan United States Department of Agriculture 2004 p 3 Retrieved November 13 2012 Verde River Greenway State Natural Area Arizona State Parks Retrieved November 12 2012 Dead Horse Ranch State Park Arizona State Parks Retrieved November 12 2012 a b c Benke and Cushing p 537 Christopher D Carrillo David L Bergman Jimmy Taylor Dale Nolte Patrick Viehoever Mike Disney 2009 J R Boulanger ed An Overview of Historical Beaver Management in Arizona Proceedings of the 13th WDM Conference Retrieved November 21 2011 Seth Ring 2009 Wildlife at Work Beaver Otter and Native Fish on the Verde River The Nature Conservancy Retrieved November 21 2011 Arizona Fishin Holes pp 1217 a b c Arizona Fishin Holes pp 3035 Works cited Arizona Fishin Holes The Arizona Game and Fish Departments Guide to Public Fishing Waters and Facilities in Arizona 2010 Phoenix Arizona Game and Fish Department Benke Arthur C ed and Cushing Colbert E ed Blinn Dean W and Poff N Leroy 2005 Chapter 11 Colorado River Basin in Rivers of North America Burlington Massachusetts Elsevier Academic Press 0120882531 OCLC 59003378 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Verde River Arizona Verde Wild and Scenic River Coconino National Forest Viva La Verde Viva La Verde Documentary Film Arizona State Parks Verde River Greenway Arizona Boating Locations Facilities Map Arizona Fishing Locations Map Synthesis of Upper Verde River Research and Monitoring 19932008 United States Forest Service Video of Upper Verde River Wildlife at Work Beaver Otter and Native Fish on the Verde River by Seth Ring Town of Clarkdales Verde River Clarkdale v t e Rivers and streams of Arizona Categories Rivers of Arizona Wild and Scenic Rivers of the United States Rivers of Coconino County Arizona Rivers of Maricopa County Arizona Rivers of Yavapai County Arizona Coconino National Forest Prescott National Forest Tonto National Forest Tributaries of the Salt River Arizona

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