Environmental Engineering Science ENVIRON ENG SCI Publisher Mary Ann Liebert Journal description Publishes papers on environmental science topics that include development and application of fundamental principles toward solving problems in land air and water media including environmental applications of the basic sciences Contains descriptions of original experiments developments in theory and papers which combine new experiments with theoretical insights The Journal also includes scientifically based practiceoriented papers and contributions on newly emerging topics such as brownfields natural attenuation and pollution prevention In addition the Journal focuses on applications of environmental engineering science to policy issues and sustainable development RG Journal Impact 162 This value is calculated using ResearchGate data and is based on average citation counts from work published in this journal The data used in the calculation may not be exhaustive RG Journal impact history 2019 Available summer 2020 2015 162 2014 130 2013 117 2012 131 2011 124 2010 104 2009 133 2008 125 2007 096 2006 083 2005 103 2004 111 2003 067 2002 109 2001 080 2000 063 RG Journal impact over time RG Journal impact Additional details Cited halflife 690 Immediacy index 026 Eigenfactor 000 Article influence 028 Website httpwwwliebertonlinecomees Website description Environmental Engineering Science website Other titles Environmental engineering science Online Environmental engineering science ISSN 10928758 OCLC 45566811 Material type Document Periodical Internet resource Document type Internet Resource Computer File Journal Magazine Newspaper Publications in this journal 13 C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Electron Paramagnetic Spectroscopic Comparison of Hydrophobic Acid Transphilic Acid and Reverse Osmosis May 2012 Isolates of Organic Matter from the Suwannee River Article Jan 2015 Ugwumsinachi Nwosu Robert L Cook Dissolved organic matter DOM is found in most natural waters at concentrations low enough to make DOM isolation methodologies critical to full analytical characterization and preservation During the last few decades two major protocols have been developed for the extraction of DOM isolates from natural waters These methods utilize XAD resins and reverse osmosis RO In this work the hydrophobic acid May 2012 HPOA and transphilic acid May 2012 TPIA isolates from XAD8 and XAD4 resins respectively were compared with the RO May 2012 RO natural organic matter isolate of the Suwannee River water using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance NMR 132 Reads 9 Citations Expand abstract Degradation of 4Chloro35Dimethylphenol by a Heterogeneous FentonLike Reaction Using Nanoscale ZeroValent Iron Catalysts Article Jun 2013 Lejin Xu Jianlong Wang Degradation of 4chloro35dimethylphenol PCMX by a heterogeneous Fentonlike process using nanoparticulate zerovalent iron nZVI and hydrogen peroxide H2O2 at pH 63 was investigated Interactive effects of three factorsinitial PCMX concentration nZVI dosage and H2O2 concentrationwere investigated using the response surface method based on the BoxBehnken design Experimental results showed that complete decomposition of PCMX and 65 of total organic carbon removal were observed after 30 min of reaction at neutral pH under recommended reaction conditions nZVI 10 gL H2O2 18 mM and initial PCMX concentration 015 gL Based on the effects of scavengers nbutanol and KI removal of PCMX was 31 Reads 10 Citations Expand abstract Understanding Regeneration of ArsenateLoaded Ferric HydroxideBased Adsorbents Article Apr 2015 Binod Kumar Chaudhary James Farrell Adsorbents comprising ferric hydroxide loaded on a variety of support materials are commonly used to remove arsenic from potable water Although several studies have investigated the effects of support properties on arsenic adsorption there have been no investigations of their effects on adsorbent regeneration Furthermore the effect of regenerant solution composition and the kinetics of regeneration have not been investigated This research investigated the effects of adsorbent and regenerant solution properties on the kinetics and efficiency of regeneration of arsenateloaded ferric hydroxidebased adsorbents Solutions containing only 01050 M NaOH or 01010 M NaCl as well as solutions containing both compounds 28 Reads 5 Citations Expand abstract Adsorption of SbIII and SbV on freshly prepared ferric hydroxide FeOxHy Article Feb 2015 Zan He Ruiping Liu Huijuan Liu Jiuhui Qu This study prepared fresh ferric hydroxide insitu FeOxHy by the enhanced hydrolysis of Fe3 ions and investigates its adsorptive behaviors toward SbIII and SbV through laboratory and pilotscale studies A contact time of 120min was enough to achieve adsorption equilibrium for SbIII and SbV on the insitu FeOxHy and the Elovich model was best to describe the adsorption kinetics of SbIII and SbV The Freundlich model was better than Langmuir model to describe the adsorption of SbIII and SbV on the insitu FeOxHy and the maximum adsorption capacity of SbIII and SbV was determined to be 1277 and 1021 mmolg 22 Reads 14 Citations Expand abstract A Fuzzy Robust Optimization Model for Waste Allocation Planning Under Uncertainty Article Oct 2014 Ye Xu Guohe Huang Ling Xu In this study a fuzzy robust optimization FRO model was developed for supporting municipal solid waste management under uncertainty The Development Zone of the City of Dalian China was used as a study case for demonstration Comparing with traditional fuzzy models the FRO model made improvement by considering the minimization of the weighted summation among the expected objective values the differences between two extreme possible objective values and the penalty of the constraints violation as the objective function instead of relying purely on the minimization of expected value Such an improvement leads to enhanced system reliability and the model becomes 16 Reads 5 Citations Expand abstract Evaluation of Anaerobic Biofilm Reactor Kinetic Parameters Using Ant Colony Optimization Article Sep 2013 SatyaEswari Jujjavarapu Venkateswarlu Chimmiri Fixed bed reactors with naturally attached biofilms are increasingly used for anaerobic treatment of industry wastewaters due their effective treatment performance The complex nature of biological reactions in biofilm processes often poses difficulty in analyzing them experimentally and mathematical models could be very useful for their design and analysis However effective application of biofilm reactor models to practical problems suffers due to the lack of knowledge of accurate kinetic models and uncertainty in model parameters In this work an inverse modeling approach based on ant colony optimization is proposed and applied to estimate the kinetic and film thickness model parameters 32 Reads 8 Citations Expand abstract Biostimulation Reveals Functional Redundancy of AnthraceneDegrading Bacteria in Polycyclic Aromatic HydrocarbonContaminated Soil Article Nov 2013 Sage R Dunlevy David Singleton Michael D Aitken Stableisotope probing was previously used to identify bacterial anthracenedegraders in untreated soil from a former manufactured gas plant site However subsequent pyrosequence analyses of total bacterial communities and quantification of 16S rRNA genes indicated that relative abundances of the predominant anthracenedegrading bacteria designated Anthracene Group 1 diminished as a result of biological treatment conditions in labscale aerobic bioreactors This study identified Alphaproteobacterial anthracenedegrading bacteria in bioreactortreated soil which were dissimilar to those previously identified The largest group of sequences was from the Alterythrobacter genus while other groups of sequences were associated with bacteria within the order Rhizobiales and the genus 14 Reads 8 Citations Expand abstract Bioavailability of Genotoxic Contaminants in Polycyclic Aromatic HydrocarbonContaminated Soil Before and After Biological Treatment Article Apr 2014 Jing Hu Alden Charles Adrion Jun Nakamura Michael D Aitken Contaminated soil from a former manufacturedgas plant site was treated in a laboratoryscale bioreactor Desorbability and biodegradability of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs and 4 oxygenated PAHs oxyPAHs were investigated throughout a treatment cycle Desorbability was determined using a mixedfunction sorbent Oasis HLB or a hydrophobic sorbent Tenax in dialysis tubing suspended in the soil slurry Toxicity and genotoxicity of the whole soil and the desorbable fractions were determined by DNA damage response analysis with the chicken DT40 Blymphocyte isogenic cell line and its DNA repairdeficient mutant Rad54 Biological treatment significantly removed both PAHs and oxyPAHs and their desorbability decreased 33 Reads 10 Citations Expand abstract Preparation and Characterization of Homopolymer PolyacrylonitrileBased Fibrous Sorbents for Arsenic Removal Article Nov 2014 Binod K Chaudhary James Farrell This research investigated the modification of homopolymer polyacrylonitrile PAN fibers for use as an adsorbent for removing arsenic from drinking water Fibers were chemically modified and crosslinked using combinations of hydrazine hydrate and sodium hydroxide NaOH before being loaded with ferric hydroxide using two different iron loading procedures Effects of reagent concentrations and reaction times on degree of chemical modification and fiber properties were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ionexchange measurements Arsenate adsorption was a function of both the iron loading and the properties of the underlying fiber For fibers treated with only a single reagent both Fe3 34 Reads Expand abstract Association of Growth Substrates and Bacterial Genera with Benzo a pyrene Mineralization in Contaminated Soil Article Dec 2014 Maiysha D Jones Elyse A RodgersVieira Jing Hu Michael D Aitken Benzoapyrene BaP is a carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon PAH that is not known to be a bacterial growth substrate Organisms capable of cometabolizing BaP in complex fieldcontaminated systems have not previously been identified We evaluated BaP mineralization by a bacterial community from a bioreactor treating PAHcontaminated soil during coincubation with or after preenrichment on various PAHs as growth substrates Pyrosequence libraries of 16S rRNA genes were used to identify bacteria that were enriched on the added growth substrate as a means of associating specific organisms with BaP mineralization Coincubating the bioreactortreated soil with naphthalene phenanthrene or pyrene inhibited BaP mineralization 11 Reads 15 Citations Expand abstract Decision TreeBased Classifier Combined with NeuralBased Predictor for WaterStage Forecasts in a River Basin During Typhoons A Case Study in Taiwan Article Feb 2012 ChiaCheng Tsai MiCheng Lu ChihChiang Wei To solve the complicated problem of waterstage predictions under the interaction of upstream flows and tidal effects during typhoon attacks this article presents a novel approach to riverstage predictions The proposed CARTANN model combines both the decision trees classification and regression trees CART and the artificial neural network ANN techniques which comprise the multilayer perceptron MLP and radial basis function RBFNN The combined CARTANN model involves a twostep predicting process First the CART stagelevel classifier can classify the river stages into higher middle and lower levels Then the ANNbased waterstage predictors are employed to predict the water stages The proposed 1 Recommendation 42 Reads 11 Citations Expand abstract Catalytic Activity of Biomorphic αMoO3 in the Degradation of Methyl Violet Dye Article Sep 2012 Zhenyu Diao Fungluen Kwong Jia Li Dickon H L Ng A network of fibers comprising orthorhombic molybdenum trioxide αMoO3 crystals were synthesized using paper as template via a biomorphic approach The template was completely removed by annealing the sample at 600C for 5 min Monoclinic MoO3 was formed and consequently converted into orthorhombic αMoO3 after prolonged annealing Three milligrams of the biomorphic αMoO3 could degrade up to 90 of a methyl violet aqueous solution with a concentration of 20 mgL under normal visible light The size of the αMoO3 grains and the porosity of the biomorphic sample affected catalytic performance 6 Reads Expand abstract Can Stress Enhance Phytoremediation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls Article Dec 2012 Tomasz Kalinowski Rolf U Halden Phytoremediationplantfacilitated remediation of polluted soil and groundwateris a potentially effective treatment technology for the remediation of heavy metals and certain organic compounds However contaminant attenuation rates are often not rapid enough to make phytoremediation a viable option when compared with alternative treatment approaches Different strategies are being employed to enhance the efficacy of phytoremediation including modification to the plant genome inoculation of the rhizosphere with specialized andor engineered bacteria and treatment of the soil with supplementary chemicals such as surfactants chelators or fertilizers Despite these efforts greater breakthroughs are necessary to make phytoremediation a viable technology Here we introduce and 20 Reads Expand abstract Effect of VanadiumIVDoping on the Visible LightInduced Catalytic Activity of Titanium Dioxide Catalysts for Methylene Blue Degradation Article Jun 2012 WenChurng Lin YoJane Lin VanadiumIVdoped titanium dioxide TiO2 photocatalyst powders were prepared by the solgel method and characterized by BrunauerEmmettTellerspecific surface area scanning electron microscopy Xray diffraction Xray photoelectron spectroscopy and ultravioletvisible spectroscopy Vdoping in the TiO2 increases the crystal grain size which decreases the specific surface areas of powders This Vdoping changes the band gap of TiO2 leading to extend the absorption to visible light regions 400800 nm Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue MB in water was investigated as a function of the vanadium content in TiO2 and was found to follow pseudo firstorder rate kinetics Appropriate content of Vdoping is an effective 26 Reads 21 Citations Expand abstract Properties of Cement Mortar Produced from Mixed Waste Materials with Pozzolanic Characteristics Article Jul 2012 ChiLiang Yen DyiHwa Tseng YueZe Wu Waste materials with pozzolanic characteristics such as sewage sludge ash SSA coal combustion fly ash FA and granulated blast furnace slag GBS were reused as partial cement replacements for making cement mortar in this study Experimental results revealed that with dual replacement of cement by SSA and GBS and triple replacement by SSA FA and GBS at 50 of total cement replacement the compressive strength Sc of the blended cement mortars at 56 days was 937 and 929 of the control cement mortar respectively GBS had the highest strength activity index value and could produce large amounts of CaO to 19 Reads 1 Citation Expand abstract Toxicological Responses of Chlorella vulgaris to Dichloromethane and Dichloroethane Article Feb 2014 Wu Shijin Huaxing Zhang Xiang Yu Lequan Qiu The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity effects of dichloromethane and dichloroethane on Chlorella vulgaris at the physiological and molecular level Data showed that the cell number chlorophyll a and total protein content gradually decreased with increasing dichloromethane and dichloroethane concentrations over a 96h exposure Lower doses of two organic solvents had stimulatory effects on catalase and superoxide dismutase activity Malondialdehyde showed a concentrationdependent increase in response to dichloromethane and dichloroethane exposure Electron microscopy also showed that there were some chloroplast abnormalities in response to different concentrations of dichloromethane and dichloroethane exposure Realtime polymerase chain reaction 25 Reads Expand abstract Kinetic Study of Denatonium Sorption to Smectite Clay Minerals Article Jun 2013 Garry S Crosson Emily Sandmann The denatonium cation as a benzoate salt is the most bitter cation known to modern society and is frequently added to consumer products to reduce accidental and intentional consumption by humans and animals Denatonium can enter the environment by accidental discharges potentially rendering water supplies undrinkable Interactions of denatonium with soil components ie smectite minerals ultimately control the environmental fate of denatonium but the current literature is devoid of studies that evaluate denatonium sorption to smectite minerals This study investigated the mechanism and kinetics of denatonium sorption to smectite clay minerals as a function of smectite type temperature pH and 12 Reads 6 Citations Expand abstract Removal of TiO 2 Nanoparticles During Primary Water Treatment Role of Coagulant Type Dose and Nanoparticle Concentration Article Mar 2014 Ryan J Honda Valerie Keene Louise Daniels Sharon L Walker Nanomaterials from consumer products ie paints sunscreens toothpastes and food grade titanium dioxide TiO2 have the capacity to end up in groundwater and surface water which is of concern because the effectiveness of removing them via traditional treatment is uncertain Although aggregation and transport of nanomaterials have been investigated studies on their removal from suspension are limited Hence this study involves the development of scaleddown jar tests to determine the mechanisms involved in the removal of a model metal oxide nanoparticle NP TiO2 in artificial groundwater AGW and artificial surface water ASW at the primary stages of treatment coagulation flocculation 82 Reads 16 Citations Expand abstract Thiophenic Sulfur Compounds Released During Coal Pyrolysis Article Jun 2013 Mengwen Xing Jiao Kong Jie Dong Fan Li Thiophenic sulfur compounds are released during coal gasification carbonization and combustion Previous studies indicate that thiophenic sulfur compounds degrade very slowly in the environment and are more carcinogenic than polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrogenous compounds Therefore it is very important to study the principle of thiophenic sulfur compounds during coal conversion in order to control their emission and promote clean coal utilization To realize this goal and understand the formation mechanism of thiophenic sulfur compounds this study focused on the release behavior of thiophenic sulfur compounds during coal pyrolysis which is an important phase for all coal thermal conversion processes 39 Reads 1 Citation Expand abstract SemiCokeSupported Mixed Metal Oxides for Hydrogen Sulfide Removal at High Temperatures Article Jul 2012 Mi Jie Zhang Yongyan Zhu Yongsheng Fan Huiling To improve the desulfurization efficiency of sorbents at low cost modified semicoke was used as the substrate for mixed metal oxides ZFM oxides of zinc Zn iron Fe and manganese Mn in hot gas desulfurization Performance of the prepared ZFMmodified semicoke MS sorbents were evaluated in a fixedbed reactor in the temperature range 400550C Results showed that the molar ratio of Mn to Zn effect of the substrate the calcination temperature and the sulfidation temperature influenced the performance of the sorbents Optimum conditions for the preparation of the ZFMMS sorbents were molar ratio of MnNO326H2O ZnNO32 and FeNO33 0612 mass 4 Reads Expand abstract Mobility of Dissolved Organic Matter from the Suwannee River Georgia USA in SandPacked Columns Article Jan 2015 Mcinnis Daniel Diogo Bolster Patricia Maurice Transport of dissolved organic matter DOM from the Suwannee River and of synthetic polystyrene sulfonates PSSs was investigated in columns packed with naturally FeAloxidecoated sands from Oyster Virginia Surfacewater samples were collected in May 2012 and processed by XAD8 humic substances HPOA XAD4 transphilic acids TPIAs and reverse osmosis broad range of components NOM Median transport time Ro of PSSs increased with molecular weight MW from 1000 to 8000 Da but decreased for the largest PSS 18000 Da which is consistent with previous observations of MW effects on DOM adsorption and transport Breakthrough curves BTCs of HPOAs and NOM were 26 Reads 5 Citations Expand abstract Fate and Transport of Molybdenum Disulfide Nanomaterials in Sand Columns Article Feb 2015 Jacob D Lanphere Corey J Luth Linda M Guiney Sharon L Walker Research and development of twodimensional transition metal dichalcogenides TMDC eg molybdenum disulfide MoS2 in electronic optical and catalytic applications has been growing rapidly However there is little known regarding the behavior of these particles once released into aquatic environments Therefore an indepth study regarding the fate and transport of two popular types of MoS2 nanomaterials lithiated MoS2Li and Pluronic PF87 dispersed MoS2PL was conducted in saturated porous media quartz sand to identify which form would be least mobile in aquatic environments The electrokinetic properties and hydrodynamic diameters of MoS2 as a function of ionic strength and pH were determined using 32 Reads 6 Citations Expand abstract Comparison of FirstOrder Sorption Kinetics Using Concept of TwoSite Sorption Model Article Nov 2012 Soonjae Lee DongJu Kim Jae Woo Choi We compared two different approaches available in the literature for firstorder sorption kinetics which constitutes the slow timedependent part of the twosite sorption model commonly used for solute transport One approach assumes that sorbed concentrations in the Type1 site S1 and the Type2 site S2 are directly associated with a solute concentration C in liquid phase by forming twosite sorption with a parallel interface the other assumes that S2 is associated with only S1 at the Type1 site resulting in twosite sorption with a serial interface Application of different kinetics to a batch system where solute mass is conserved resulted 15 Reads 1 Citation Expand abstract Natural Organic Matter Transport Modeling with a Continuous Time Random Walk Approach Article Feb 2014 Mcinnis Daniel Diogo Bolster Patricia Maurice In transport experiments through columns packed with naturally FeAl oxidecoated quartz sand breakthrough curves BTCs of natural organic matter NOM displayed strong and persistent power law tailing that could not be described by the classical advectiondispersion equation Tailing was not observed in BTCs for a nonreactive tracer sulforhodamine B therefore the anomalous transport is attributed to diverse adsorptive behavior of the polydisperse NOM sample rather than to physical heterogeneity of the porous medium NOM BTC tailing became more pronounced with decreases in pH and increases in ionic strength conditions previously shown to be associated with enhanced preferential adsorption of intermediate 18 Reads 6 Citations Expand abstract Growth Control of Cyanobacteria by Three Submerged Macrophytes Article Jun 2012 Haiou Wang Guangrong Zhong Hai Yan Chun Zhang To illustrate the control of harmful cyanobacterial growth and the removal of nutritients from fresh water three submerged macrophytes were grown in the raw water of Guishui Lake Lindernia rotundifolia Hygrophila stricta and Cryptocoryne crispatula were grown together in situ to assess their effectiveness in nutrient removal in microcosms Results revealed the inhibitory effects of these species on cyanobacterial growth In addition water quality in the planted microcosms showed improvement when compared to the water quality of the unplanted microcosm At all treatments studied the chemical oxygen demand in the planted microcosms was lower than that in the unplanted microcosms 31 Reads Expand abstract The Innovation Deficit in Urban Water The Need for an Integrated Perspective on Institutions Organizations and Technology Article Aug 2013 Michael Kiparsky David L Sedlak Barton H Thompson Bernhard Truffer Interaction between institutional change and technological change poses important constraints on transitions of urban water systems to a state that can meet future needs Research on urban water and other technologydependent systems provides insights that are valuable to technology researchers interested in assuring that their efforts will have an impact In the context of research on institutional change innovation is the development application diffusion and utilization of new knowledge and technology This definition is intentionally inclusive technological innovation will play a key role in reinvention of urban water systems but is only part of what is necessary Innovation usually depends 58 Reads 56 Citations Expand abstract Recovery of SO2 and MgO from ByProducts of MgO Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization Article Nov 2014 Liyun Yan Xiaofeng Lu Quanhai Wang Qiang Guo An industrial demonstration unit using natural gas as a heat source was built to calcine the byproducts of MgO wet flue gas desulfurization from power plants influencing factors on the SO2 content in calciner gas were comprehensively analyzed and an advantageous recycling condition of MgO and SO2 from byproducts was summarized Results showed that the SO2 content in the calciner gas was increased by more than 10 times under a lower excess air coefficient a higher feed rate a lower crystal water in byproducts and a higher feed port position For the tests conducted under the excess air coefficient above 21 Reads Expand abstract Time Domain Reflectometry for Water Content Measurement of Municipal Solid Waste Article Jun 2012 Renpeng Chen Yun Chen Wei Chen Yunmin Chen Water content measurement of municipal solid waste MSW is critical to water balance analysis of landfill leachate collection and recirculation and acceleration of MSW degradation Time domain reflectometry TDR is commonly applied to soils for the measurement of water content Application of TDR methods for moisture measurement in MSW is difficult because MSW is a heterogeneous and highly conductive material This study investigated the application of TDR surface reflection method for the determination of apparent dielectric constant and water content of MSW A series of experiments were conducted to study the dielectric properties of MSW and its main components such 21 Reads 6 Citations Expand abstract Suitability of Organic Matter Surrogates to Predict Trihalomethane Formation in Drinking Water Sources Article Mar 2014 Ashley Pifer Julian L Fairey Broadly applicable disinfection byproduct DBP precursor surrogate parameters could be leveraged at drinking water treatment plants DWTPs to curb formation of regulated DBPs such as trihalomethanes THMs In this study dissolved organic carbon DOC ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm UV254 fluorescence excitationemission wavelength pairs IExEm and the maximum fluorescence intensities FMAX of components from parallel factor PARAFAC analysis were evaluated as total THM formation potential TTHMFP precursor surrogate parameters A diverse set of source waters from eleven DWTPs located within watersheds underlain by six different soil orders were coagulated with alum at pH 6 7 and 8 resulting in 44 51 Reads 27 Citations Expand abstract Speed Profiles for Improvement of Maritime Emission Estimation Article Dec 2012 Pui Shan Yau ShunCheng Lee Kin Fai Ho Maritime emissions play an important role in anthropogenic emissions particularly for cities with busy ports such as Hong Kong Ship emissions are strongly dependent on vessel speed and thus accurate vessel speed is essential for maritime emission studies In this study we determined minutebyminute highresolution speed profiles of container ships on four major routes in Hong Kong waters using Automatic Identification System AIS The activitybased ship emissions of NOx CO HC CO2 SO2 and PM10 were estimated using derived vessel speed profiles and results were compared with those using the speed limits of control zones Estimation using speed limits resulted 23 Reads Expand abstract A Hybrid IntervalRobust Optimization Model for Water Quality Management Article May 2013 Jieyu Xu Yongping Li Guohe Huang In water quality management problems uncertainties may exist in many system components and pollutionrelated processes ie random nature of hydrodynamic conditions variability in physicochemical processes dynamic interactions between pollutant loading and receiving water bodies and indeterminacy of available water and treated wastewater These complexities lead to difficulties in formulating and solving the resulting nonlinear optimization problems In this study a hybrid intervalrobust optimization HIRO method was developed through coupling stochastic robust optimization and interval linear programming HIRO can effectively reflect the complex system features under uncertainty where implications of water qualityquantity restrictions for achieving regional economic development objectives are studied 12 Reads 14 Citations Expand abstract Temporal Changes in Microbial Metabolic Characteristics in FieldScale Biopiles Composed of Aged Oil Sludge Article Sep 2014 Xiang Wang Fasheng Li Guanlin Guo Qunhui Wang Disposal of oil sludge a hazardous waste is currently a prevalent environmental issue In this study two fieldscale biopiles were constructed to explore the temporal changes of microbial metabolic characteristics during the biotreatment of aged oil sludge Bulking agent was mixed thoroughly with oily sludge to form a treated pile The BIOLOG system was used to analyze the community level physiological parameters including microbial metabolic activity diversity and variance In comparison with the control the community level physiological parameters of the treated pile were dramatically improved Microbial metabolic activity of the treated pile was improved by 2506 calculated from the 32 Reads Expand abstract Interference of Coions in Biosorption of Cu2 by Biosorbent from Marine Alga Durvillaea potatorum Article Mar 2001 Qiming Jimmy Yu Pairat Kaewsarn David Ma Biosorption of heavy metals can be an effective process for the treatment of industrial wastewater that contains heavy metals In this paper the interference effects of coions on the biosorption of Cu2 by using a biosorbent derived from the biomass of marine alga Durvillaea potatorum were investigated The adsorption capacity of biosorbent for Cu2 from aqueous solutions containing coions of light metal ions K Na Ca2 and Mg2 other heavy metal ions Ag Mn2 Co2 Ni2 Zn2 Fe3 Cd2 and Pb2 and anionic ligands EDTA CO32 SO42 and PO43 were obtained The results showed that Cu2 uptake is significantly affected 6 Reads 6 Citations Expand abstract AshMelting Process Utilizing Thermite Reaction between Chromium Electroplating Sludge and Aluminum Dross Article Nov 2005 Hiroki Harada Masaki Takaoka Kazuyuki Oshita Tadao Matsumoto The aim of this work is to evaluate the possible application of the thermite reaction to the melting process of the municipal solid waste incineration ash MSWI ash The thermite agent was produced by mixing calcined chromium electroplating sludge with aluminum dross in appropriate stoichiometric proportions and then forming the mix into variously sized balls The effect of size of the ball on the amount of melted MSWI ash aggregation of metallic substances in the slag and the level of environmental safety of generated slag were investigated The reaction was initiated by heating a mix of single thermite ball and 79 Reads 6 Citations Expand abstract LongTerm Performance of ZeroValent Iron Permeable Reactive Barriers A Critical Review Article May 2007 Andrew D Henderson Avery H Demond Permeable reactive barriers PRBs have shown great promise as an alternative to pump and treat for the remediation of groundwater containing a wide array of contaminants including organics metals and radionuclides Analyses to date have focused on individual case studies rather than considering broad performance issues In response to this need this study analyzed data from field installations of in situ zerovalent iron ZVI PRBs to determine what parameters contribute to PRB failure Although emphasis has been placed on losses of reactivity and permeability imperfect hydraulic characterization was the most common cause of the few PRB failures reported in the 66 Reads 296 Citations Expand abstract Fate and Transport of Molybdenum Disulfide Nanomaterials in Sand Columns Article Feb 2015 Jacob D Lanphere Corey J Luth Linda M Guiney Sharon L Walker Research and development of twodimensional transition metal dichalcogenides TMDC eg molybdenum disulfide MoS2 in electronic optical and catalytic applications has been growing rapidly However there is little known regarding the behavior of these particles once released into aquatic environments Therefore an indepth study regarding the fate and transport of two popular types of MoS2 nanomaterials lithiated MoS2Li and Pluronic PF87 dispersed MoS2PL was conducted in saturated porous media quartz sand to identify which form would be least mobile in aquatic environments The electrokinetic properties and hydrodynamic diameters of MoS2 as a function of ionic strength and pH were determined using 32 Reads 6 Citations Expand abstract Comparison of FirstOrder Sorption Kinetics Using Concept of TwoSite Sorption Model Article Nov 2012 Soonjae Lee DongJu Kim Jae Woo Choi We compared two different approaches available in the literature for firstorder sorption kinetics which constitutes the slow timedependent part of the twosite sorption model commonly used for solute transport One approach assumes that sorbed concentrations in the Type1 site S1 and the Type2 site S2 are directly associated with a solute concentration C in liquid phase by forming twosite sorption with a parallel interface the other assumes that S2 is associated with only S1 at the Type1 site resulting in twosite sorption with a serial interface Application of different kinetics to a batch system where solute mass is conserved resulted 15 Reads 1 Citation Expand abstract Natural Organic Matter Transport Modeling with a Continuous Time Random Walk Approach Article Feb 2014 Mcinnis Daniel Diogo Bolster Patricia Maurice In transport experiments through columns packed with naturally FeAl oxidecoated quartz sand breakthrough curves BTCs of natural organic matter NOM displayed strong and persistent power law tailing that could not be described by the classical advectiondispersion equation Tailing was not observed in BTCs for a nonreactive tracer sulforhodamine B therefore the anomalous transport is attributed to diverse adsorptive behavior of the polydisperse NOM sample rather than to physical heterogeneity of the porous medium NOM BTC tailing became more pronounced with decreases in pH and increases in ionic strength conditions previously shown to be associated with enhanced preferential adsorption of intermediate 18 Reads 6 Citations Expand abstract Growth Control of Cyanobacteria by Three Submerged Macrophytes Article Jun 2012 Haiou Wang Guangrong Zhong Hai Yan Chun Zhang To illustrate the control of harmful cyanobacterial growth and the removal of nutritients from fresh water three submerged macrophytes were grown in the raw water of Guishui Lake Lindernia rotundifolia Hygrophila stricta and Cryptocoryne crispatula were grown together in situ to assess their effectiveness in nutrient removal in microcosms Results revealed the inhibitory effects of these species on cyanobacterial growth In addition water quality in the planted microcosms showed improvement when compared to the water quality of the unplanted microcosm At all treatments studied the chemical oxygen demand in the planted microcosms was lower than that in the unplanted microcosms 31 Reads Expand abstract The Innovation Deficit in Urban Water The Need for an Integrated Perspective on Institutions Organizations and Technology Article Aug 2013 Michael Kiparsky David L Sedlak Barton H Thompson Bernhard Truffer Interaction between institutional change and technological change poses important constraints on transitions of urban water systems to a state that can meet future needs Research on urban water and other technologydependent systems provides insights that are valuable to technology researchers interested in assuring that their efforts will have an impact In the context of research on institutional change innovation is the development application diffusion and utilization of new knowledge and technology This definition is intentionally inclusive technological innovation will play a key role in reinvention of urban water systems but is only part of what is necessary Innovation usually depends 58 Reads 56 Citations Expand abstract Recovery of SO2 and MgO from ByProducts of MgO Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization Article Nov 2014 Liyun Yan Xiaofeng Lu Quanhai Wang Qiang Guo An industrial demonstration unit using natural gas as a heat source was built to calcine the byproducts of MgO wet flue gas desulfurization from power plants influencing factors on the SO2 content in calciner gas were comprehensively analyzed and an advantageous recycling condition of MgO and SO2 from byproducts was summarized Results showed that the SO2 content in the calciner gas was increased by more than 10 times under a lower excess air coefficient a higher feed rate a lower crystal water in byproducts and a higher feed port position For the tests conducted under the excess air coefficient above 21 Reads Expand abstract Time Domain Reflectometry for Water Content Measurement of Municipal Solid Waste Article Jun 2012 Renpeng Chen Yun Chen Wei Chen Yunmin Chen Water content measurement of municipal solid waste MSW is critical to water balance analysis of landfill leachate collection and recirculation and acceleration of MSW degradation Time domain reflectometry TDR is commonly applied to soils for the measurement of water content Application of TDR methods for moisture measurement in MSW is difficult because MSW is a heterogeneous and highly conductive material This study investigated the application of TDR surface reflection method for the determination of apparent dielectric constant and water content of MSW A series of experiments were conducted to study the dielectric properties of MSW and its main components such 21 Reads 6 Citations Expand abstract Suitability of Organic Matter Surrogates to Predict Trihalomethane Formation in Drinking Water Sources Article Mar 2014 Ashley Pifer Julian L Fairey Broadly applicable disinfection byproduct DBP precursor surrogate parameters could be leveraged at drinking water treatment plants DWTPs to curb formation of regulated DBPs such as trihalomethanes THMs In this study dissolved organic carbon DOC ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm UV254 fluorescence excitationemission wavelength pairs IExEm and the maximum fluorescence intensities FMAX of components from parallel factor PARAFAC analysis were evaluated as total THM formation potential TTHMFP precursor surrogate parameters A diverse set of source waters from eleven DWTPs located within watersheds underlain by six different soil orders were coagulated with alum at pH 6 7 and 8 resulting in 44 51 Reads 27 Citations Expand abstract Speed Profiles for Improvement of Maritime Emission Estimation Article Dec 2012 Pui Shan Yau ShunCheng Lee Kin Fai Ho Maritime emissions play an important role in anthropogenic emissions particularly for cities with busy ports such as Hong Kong Ship emissions are strongly dependent on vessel speed and thus accurate vessel speed is essential for maritime emission studies In this study we determined minutebyminute highresolution speed profiles of container ships on four major routes in Hong Kong waters using Automatic Identification System AIS The activitybased ship emissions of NOx CO HC CO2 SO2 and PM10 were estimated using derived vessel speed profiles and results were compared with those using the speed limits of control zones Estimation using speed limits resulted 23 Reads Expand abstract A Hybrid IntervalRobust Optimization Model for Water Quality Management Article May 2013 Jieyu Xu Yongping Li Guohe Huang In water quality management problems uncertainties may exist in many system components and pollutionrelated processes ie random nature of hydrodynamic conditions variability in physicochemical processes dynamic interactions between pollutant loading and receiving water bodies and indeterminacy of available water and treated wastewater These complexities lead to difficulties in formulating and solving the resulting nonlinear optimization problems In this study a hybrid intervalrobust optimization HIRO method was developed through coupling stochastic robust optimization and interval linear programming HIRO can effectively reflect the complex system features under uncertainty where implications of water qualityquantity restrictions for achieving regional economic development objectives are studied 12 Reads 14 Citations Expand abstract Temporal Changes in Microbial Metabolic Characteristics in FieldScale Biopiles Composed of Aged Oil Sludge Article Sep 2014 Xiang Wang Fasheng Li Guanlin Guo Qunhui Wang Disposal of oil sludge a hazardous waste is currently a prevalent environmental issue In this study two fieldscale biopiles were constructed to explore the temporal changes of microbial metabolic characteristics during the biotreatment of aged oil sludge Bulking agent was mixed thoroughly with oily sludge to form a treated pile The BIOLOG system was used to analyze the community level physiological parameters including microbial metabolic activity diversity and variance In comparison with the control the community level physiological parameters of the treated pile were dramatically improved Microbial metabolic activity of the treated pile was improved by 2506 calculated from the 32 Reads Expand abstract Interference of Coions in Biosorption of Cu2 by Biosorbent from Marine Alga Durvillaea potatorum Article Mar 2001 Qiming Jimmy Yu Pairat Kaewsarn David Ma Biosorption of heavy metals can be an effective process for the treatment of industrial wastewater that contains heavy metals In this paper the interference effects of coions on the biosorption of Cu2 by using a biosorbent derived from the biomass of marine alga Durvillaea potatorum were investigated The adsorption capacity of biosorbent for Cu2 from aqueous solutions containing coions of light metal ions K Na Ca2 and Mg2 other heavy metal ions Ag Mn2 Co2 Ni2 Zn2 Fe3 Cd2 and Pb2 and anionic ligands EDTA CO32 SO42 and PO43 were obtained The results showed that Cu2 uptake is significantly affected 6 Reads 6 Citations Expand abstract AshMelting Process Utilizing Thermite Reaction between Chromium Electroplating Sludge and Aluminum Dross Article Nov 2005 Hiroki Harada Masaki Takaoka Kazuyuki Oshita Tadao Matsumoto The aim of this work is to evaluate the possible application of the thermite reaction to the melting process of the municipal solid waste incineration ash MSWI ash The thermite agent was produced by mixing calcined chromium electroplating sludge with aluminum dross in appropriate stoichiometric proportions and then forming the mix into variously sized balls The effect of size of the ball on the amount of melted MSWI ash aggregation of metallic substances in the slag and the level of environmental safety of generated slag were investigated The reaction was initiated by heating a mix of single thermite ball and 79 Reads 6 Citations Expand abstract LongTerm Performance of ZeroValent Iron Permeable Reactive Barriers A Critical Review Article May 2007 Andrew D Henderson Avery H Demond Permeable reactive barriers PRBs have shown great promise as an alternative to pump and treat for the remediation of groundwater containing a wide array of contaminants including organics metals and radionuclides Analyses to date have focused on individual case studies rather than considering broad performance issues In response to this need this study analyzed data from field installations of in situ zerovalent iron ZVI PRBs to determine what parameters contribute to PRB failure Although emphasis has been placed on losses of reactivity and permeability imperfect hydraulic characterization was the most common cause of the few PRB failures reported in the 66 Reads 296 Citations Expand abstract Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity of Cadmium Sulfide Nanomaterials to Mice Comparison Between Nanorods and Nanodots Article Jul 2014 Lu Liu Meiqing Sun Qingzhao Li Wei Chen Cadmium sulfide CdS nanomaterials such as CdS nanodots or nanorods are widely used in optical electronic and biological applications Largescale production and use of these materials will likely result in accidental and incidental releases which raise concerns about their potential environmental and humanhealth impacts Most studies on toxicity of Cdcontaining nanomaterials have focused on nanodots and the relative toxicity of Cdcontaining nanorods is not well understood Here we compared genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of CdS nanorods 3050 nm diameter 5001100 nm length and cubic CdS nanodots 35 nm in mice by examining total cadmium accumulation in organs acute toxicity DNA damage 35 Reads 10 Citations Expand abstract Data provided are for informational purposes only Although carefully collected accuracy can not be guaranteed Discover the worlds research 15 million members 118 million publications 700k research projects

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Question Asked 3 years ago Heather Naomi Florence Walton University of Liverpool Are yes or no questions considered qualitative or quantitative in a research project completing a dissertation and can not remember if yes or no questions are quantitative or qualitative Research Projects Qualitative Quantitative All Answers 5 3 years ago Reza Biria Islamic Azad University Esfahan Dear Walton Research questions do not make a research project quantitative or qualitative but rather the variables in the the questions have a direct bearing on the selection of one of these approaches Variables measured by a categorical or ordinal scales of measurement yield nonparametric data and the approach adopted is qualitative By contrast variables measured by interval scales of measurement result in parametric data for which quantitative methods are more suitable Also read the book by Mackey and Gass 2005 Best regards R Biria 3 years ago David L Dawson University of Lincoln Hi Heather It sounds like your data is quantitative eg a binary yesno variable For example Question 1 Do you smoke However if you were asking qualitative questions in an interview or requesting longer answers on a free text question and a person kept responding yes or no to your questions TECHNICALLY that would be qualitative data but would obviously limit what you could take from that data in terms of your analysis 1 Recommendation 3 years ago Charles Berg University of Luxembourg A dichotomized question which values can be coded into yesno truefalse 01 firstly is a quantitative variable You can cluster cases following dichotomized variables An you can give a description of those clusters Such a typological approach still remains quantitative 3 years ago David L Morgan Portland State University As others have said if you are doing statistical analyses with dichotomous variables 01 that is quantitative But there is an older tradition from before the 1980s when these were referred to as qualitative variables so that might be the source of your confusion 1 Recommendation Can you help by adding an answer Answer

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


How

can

I

choose

between

statistic

tests

Tukey

and

t

student

what

is

the

difference

Popular

Answers

years

ago

Timothy

A

Ebert

University

of

Florida

ttest

does

not

control

the

experimentwise

error

rate

For

ttest

there

is

an

independent

probability

of

finding

a

significant

result

May

I

decide

that

I

will

declare

significance

if

there

is

only

a

chance

or

less

of

seeing

a

difference

as

great

or

greater

than

the

observed

difference

given

that

my

nullhypothesis

is

true

Then

for

each

test

there

is

a

chance

of

finding

no

difference

If

I

have

treatments

I

will

make

pairwise

comparisons

The

probability

that

I

will

find

at

least

one

significant

difference

by

chance

alone

is

The

Tukey

Recommendations

All

Answers

years

ago

Jenkins

Macedo

Clark

University

Here

is

a

good

explanation

but

I

think

it

all

boils

down

to

your

research

hypothesis

httppagesuoregonedustevensjposthocpdf

Recommendations

years

ago

Timothy

A

Ebert

University

of

Florida

ttest

does

not

control

the

experimentwise

error

rate

For

ttest

there

is

an

independent

probability

of

finding

a

significant

result

May

I

decide

that

I

will

declare

significance

if

there

is

only

a

chance

or

less

of

seeing

a

difference

as

great

or

greater

than

the

observed

difference

given

that

my

nullhypothesis

is

true

Then

for

each

test

there

is

a

chance

of

finding

no

difference

If

I

have

treatments

I

will

make

pairwise

comparisons

The

probability

that

I

will

find

at

least

one

significant

difference

by

chance

alone

is

The

Tukey

Recommendations

years

ago

Rachid

Rouabhi

Université

de

Tébessa

Thank

you

very

much

for

these

precious

answers

Recommendation

days

ago

Silvia

Karina

Universität

Trier

can

you

recommend

a

good

reference

where

the

pros

and

cons

of

each

test

are

mentioned

Can

you

help

by

adding

an

answer

Answer

Ad

Similar

questions

and

discussions

What

is

the

difference

between

Tukeys

Post

Hoc

Test

and

Students

ttest

Question

answers

Asked

years

ago

Ruth

Ann

Kinkead

I

have

normalised

data

from

different

animal

groups

which

I

have

assessed

by

ANOVA

to

determine

significant

differences

between

the

groups

however

I

would

like

to

know

the

respective

difference

of

each

group

compared

to

the

control

When

I

look

at

the

posthoc

Tukey

test

there

is

no

significance

revealed

to

a

particular

group

despite

ANOVA

however

comparison

of

one

treated

group

to

the

control

via

unpaired

ttest

does

show

significant

difference

of

to

particular

group

Which

is

the

reliable

answer

What

is

the

difference

between

posthoc

test

and

ttest

Question

answers

Asked

years

ago

Hanan

Elshelmani

Basically

if

Ttests

and

posthoc

are

for

only

groups

comparison

what

is

the

difference

bw

them

Is

it

correct

to

perform

Tukeys

test

or

Students

ttest

when

comparing

increasing

levels

of

inclusion

of

a

residue

Passion

fruit

peel

in

diets

Question

answers

Asked

years

ago

Paulo

Gustavo

Macedo

de

Almeida

Martins

My

question

is

because

one

reviewer

asked

me

to

perform

Tukey

or

Student

test

to

perform

statistical

comparison

between

levels

of

inclusion

of

Passion

fruit

peel

as

a

substitute

of

hay

I

had

the

following

levels

control

and

As

far

as

I

know

the

proper

approach

is

to

utilize

regression

analyses

instead

of

Tukey

or

Student

t

test

What

arguments

can

I

use

to

counterargue

the

reviewer

What

are

possible

posthoc

tests

in

KruskalWallis

and

Friedman

tests

Question

answers

Asked

years

ago

Malgorzata

Margaret

Maciukiewicz

I

deal

a

lot

of

with

nonparametric

data

I

know

that

TukeyHSD

and

Duncan

test

are

suggested

for

ANOVA

What

kind

of

posthoc

tests

are

appropriate

for

KW

and

Friedman

tests

I

already

use

WilcoxonMannWhitney

test

for

KruskalWallis

but

it

couldnt

been

applied

for

a

Friedman

test

Are

there

other

posthoc

test

I

may

use

I

know

there

is

a

Bonferrini

correction

but

it

is

criticized

as

too

conservative

Which

post

hoc

test

is

best

to

use

after

Kruskal

Wallis

test

Question

answers

Asked

years

ago

Morgane

A

L

Comby

I

used

the

non

parametric

Kruskal

Wallis

test

to

analyse

my

data

and

want

to

know

which

groups

differ

from

the

rest

I

have

read

about

WilcoxonMannWhitney

and

Nemenyi

tests

as

post

hoc

tests

after

Kruskal

Wallis

Are

they

supposed

to

give

similar

results

Which

one

is

the

best

What

is

the

difference

between

ANOVA

and

ANOVA

and

MANOVA

How

would

I

know

where

to

apply

which

one

Question

answers

Asked

years

ago

Sana

Haroon

It

is

confusing

so

easy

answers

please

One

dependent

variable

and

one

independent

variable

with

more

than

levels

one

way

anova

One

dependent

variable

with

more

than

levels

and

one

independent

variable

with

more

than

levelstwo

way

anova

What

about

two

independent

variables

and

two

dependent

variables

And

finally

what

about

MANOVA

Which

post

hoc

test

is

best

Question

answers

Asked

years

ago

Masood

Sepehrimanesh

In

statistical

analysisto

find

significant

differences

you

must

use

post

hoc

tests

such

as

Tukey

LSD

bonferroni

etc

Which

of

these

tests

is

better

New

Impact

factors

for

Journals

are

released

now

Question

answers

Asked

years

ago

Murtaza

Sayed

New

JCR

has

been

released

now

Check

the

latest

impact

factors

for

journals

at

the

following

link

Excell

sheet

and

pdf

file

is

also

attached

herewith

Also

JCR

released

in

June

are

available

at

the

following

link

List

of

impact

factors

released

in

June

JCR

Got

a

technical

question

Get

highquality

answers

from

experts

Related

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tests

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phidivergences

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Jon

August

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A

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goodnessoffit

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The

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Goodnessoffit

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R

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Thesis

Ph

DUniversity

of

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This

dissertation

introduces

a

unified

family

of

goodnessoffit

statistics

based

on

phidivergences

This

family

includes

both

the

supremum

version

of

the

AndersonDarling

statistic

and

the

test

statistic

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Berk

and

Jones

as

special

cases

The

family

is

based

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phidivergences

somewhat

analogously

to

the

tests

for

multinomial

families

introduced

by

Cressie

and

Read

In

this

work

we

show

that

the

asymptotic

distribution

theory

for

the

AndersonDarling

and

BerkJones

statistics

extends

to

the

entire

family

We

show

how

the

method

of

Owen

can

be

adapted

to

calculate

exact

quantiles

of

the

The

large

deviation

principle

for

common

statistical

tests

against

a

contaminated

normal

Conference

Paper

Sep

Nr

Chaganty

Jayaram

Sethuraman

O O O O O B I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O