American

Chinese

cuisine

From

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v

t

e

American

Chinese

cuisine

is

a

style

of

Chinese

cuisine

developed

by

Americans

of

Chinese

descent

The

dishes

served

in

many

North

American

Chinese

restaurants

are

adapted

to

American

tastes

and

often

differ

significantly

from

those

found

in

China

Contents

History

Differences

from

other

regional

cuisines

in

China

Dishes

American

Chinese

restaurant

menu

items

Other

American

Chinese

dishes

North

American

versions

found

in

China

Regional

variations

New

York

City

Kosher

preparation

of

Chinese

food

San

Francisco

Bay

Area

Greater

Los

Angeles

Boston

Philadelphia

Hawaii

Other

regional

American

Chinese

dishes

American

Chinese

chain

restaurants

Popular

culture

See

also

Notes

References

and

further

reading

Studies

Cookbooks

External

links

History

Chinese

immigrants

arrived

in

the

United

States

to

work

as

miners

and

railroad

workers

As

the

large

groups

of

Chinese

immigrants

arrived

laws

were

put

in

place

preventing

them

from

owning

land

They

mostly

lived

together

in

ghettos

individually

referred

to

as

Chinatown

Here

the

immigrants

started

their

own

small

businesses

including

restaurants

and

laundry

services

By

the

century

the

Chinese

community

in

San

Francisco

operated

sophisticated

and

sometimes

luxurious

restaurants

patronized

mainly

by

Chinese

The

restaurants

in

smaller

towns

mostly

owned

by

Chinese

immigrants

served

food

based

on

what

their

customers

requested

anything

ranging

from

pork

chop

sandwiches

and

apple

pie

to

beans

and

eggs

Many

of

these

smalltown

restaurant

owners

were

selftaught

family

cooks

who

improvised

on

different

cooking

methods

and

ingredients

These

smaller

restaurants

were

responsible

for

developing

American

Chinese

cuisine

where

the

food

was

modified

to

suit

a

more

American

palate

First

catering

to

miners

and

railroad

workers

they

established

new

eateries

in

towns

where

Chinese

food

was

completely

unknown

adapting

local

ingredients

and

catering

to

their

customers

tastes

Even

though

the

new

flavors

and

dishes

meant

they

were

not

strictly

Chinese

cuisine

these

Chinese

restaurants

have

been

cultural

ambassadors

to

Americans

Chinese

restaurants

in

the

United

States

began

during

the

California

gold

rush

which

brought

twenty

to

thirty

thousand

immigrants

across

from

the

Canton

Guangdong

region

of

China

By

there

were

five

restaurants

in

San

Francisco

Soon

after

significant

amounts

of

food

were

being

imported

from

China

to

Americas

west

coast

The

trend

spread

eastward

with

the

growth

of

the

American

railways

particularly

to

New

York

City

The

Chinese

Exclusion

Act

allowed

merchants

to

enter

the

country

and

in

restaurant

owners

became

eligible

for

merchant

visas

This

fueled

the

opening

of

Chinese

restaurants

as

an

immigration

vehicle

As

of

the

United

States

had

Chinese

restaurants

Along

the

way

cooks

adapted

southern

Chinese

dishes

such

as

chop

suey

and

developed

a

style

of

Chinese

food

not

found

in

China

Restaurants

along

with

Chinese

laundries

provided

an

ethnic

niche

for

small

businesses

at

a

time

when

the

Chinese

people

were

excluded

from

most

jobs

in

the

wage

economy

by

ethnic

discrimination

or

lack

of

language

fluency

By

the

this

cuisine

particularly

chop

suey

became

popular

among

middleclass

Americans

However

after

World

War

II

it

began

to

be

dismissed

for

not

being

authentic

Late

century

tastes

have

been

more

accommodating

Take

away

food

became

popular

amongst

Americans

Chinese

food

becoming

a

favourite

take

out

option

By

this

time

it

became

evident

that

Chinese

restaurants

no

longer

catered

mainly

for

Chinese

customers

There

has

been

a

consequential

component

of

Chinese

emigration

of

illegal

origin

most

notably

Fuzhou

people

from

Fujian

Province

and

Wenzhounese

from

Zhejiang

Province

in

Mainland

China

specifically

destined

to

work

in

Chinese

restaurants

in

New

York

City

beginning

in

the

Adapting

Chinese

cooking

techniques

to

local

produce

and

tastes

has

led

to

the

development

of

American

Chinese

cuisine

Many

of

the

Chinese

restaurant

menus

in

the

US

are

printed

in

Chinatown

Manhattan

which

has

a

strong

Chinese

American

demographic

With

the

continuing

success

of

American

Chinese

cuisine

including

its

portrayal

to

mainland

Chinese

audiences

through

the

medium

of

American

television

sitcoms

American

Chinese

restaurants

have

opened

in

China

itself

Products

and

ingredients

needed

to

recreate

these

adapted

dishes

are

imported

into

China

They

include

Philadelphia

cream

cheese

Skippy

peanut

butter

cornflakes

and

English

mustard

powder

In

the

Smithsonian

National

Museum

of

American

History

displayed

some

of

the

historical

background

and

cultural

artefacts

of

American

Chinese

cuisine

in

its

exhibit

entitled

Sweet

Sour

A

Look

at

the

History

of

Chinese

Food

in

the

United

States

Differences

from

other

regional

cuisines

in

China

This

section

has

multiple

issues

Please

help

improve

it

or

discuss

these

issues

on

the

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page

Learn

how

and

when

to

remove

these

template

messages

This

section

needs

additional

citations

for

verification

July

This

section

possibly

contains

original

research

July

American

Chinese

food

builds

from

styles

and

food

habits

brought

from

the

southern

province

of

Guangdong

often

from

the

Toisan

district

of

Toisan

the

origin

of

most

Chinese

immigration

before

the

closure

of

immigration

from

China

in

These

Chinese

families

developed

new

styles

and

used

readily

available

ingredients

especially

in

California

The

type

of

Chinese

American

cooking

served

in

restaurants

was

different

from

the

foods

eaten

in

Chinese

American

homes

Of

the

various

regional

cuisines

in

China

Cantonese

cuisine

has

been

the

most

influential

in

the

development

of

American

Chinese

food

especially

that

of

Toisan

the

origin

of

most

early

immigrants

Among

the

common

differences

is

to

treat

vegetables

as

a

side

dish

or

garnish

while

traditional

cuisines

of

China

emphasize

vegetables

This

can

be

seen

in

the

use

of

carrots

and

tomatoes

Cuisine

in

China

makes

frequent

use

of

Asian

leaf

vegetables

like

bok

choy

and

kailan

and

puts

a

greater

emphasis

on

fresh

meat

and

seafood

A

Chinese

buffet

restaurant

in

the

United

States

Stir

frying

pan

frying

and

deep

frying

tend

to

be

the

most

common

Chinese

cooking

techniques

used

in

American

Chinese

cuisine

which

are

all

easily

done

using

a

wok

a

Chinese

frying

pan

with

bowllike

features

and

which

accommodates

very

high

temperatures

The

food

also

has

a

reputation

for

high

levels

of

MSG

to

enhance

the

flavor

Market

forces

and

customer

demand

have

encouraged

many

restaurants

to

offer

MSG

Free

or

No

MSG

menus

or

to

omit

this

ingredient

on

request

Carryout

Chinese

food

is

commonly

served

in

a

paper

carton

with

a

wire

bale

known

as

an

oyster

pail

American

Chinese

cuisine

makes

use

of

ingredients

not

native

to

and

very

rarely

used

in

China

One

such

example

is

the

common

use

of

Western

broccoli

Chinese

西蘭

pinyin

xīlán

instead

of

Chinese

broccoli

Gailan

芥蘭

jièlán

in

American

Chinese

cuisine

Occasionally

Western

broccoli

is

also

referred

to

as

sai

laan

fa

in

Cantonese

西蘭花

in

order

not

to

confuse

the

two

styles

of

broccoli

Among

Chinese

speakers

however

it

is

typically

understood

that

one

is

referring

to

the

leafy

vegetable

unless

otherwise

specified

This

is

also

the

case

with

the

words

for

carrot

luo

buo

or

lo

baak

or

hong

luo

buo

hong

meaning

red

and

onion

yang

cong

Lo

baak

in

Cantonese

refers

to

a

large

pungent

white

radish

The

orange

Western

carrot

is

known

in

some

areas

of

China

as

foreign

radish

or

more

properly

hung

lo

baak

in

Cantonese

hung

meaning

red

When

the

word

for

onion

cong

is

used

it

is

understood

that

one

is

referring

to

green

onions

otherwise

known

to

Englishspeakers

as

scallions

or

spring

onions

The

larger

manylayered

onion

bulb

common

in

the

United

States

is

called

yang

cong

This

translates

as

Western

onion

These

names

make

it

evident

that

the

American

broccoli

carrot

and

onion

are

not

indigenous

to

China

and

therefore

are

less

common

in

the

traditional

cuisines

of

China

Egg

fried

rice

in

American

Chinese

cuisine

is

also

prepared

differently

with

more

soy

sauce

added

for

more

flavor

whereas

the

traditional

egg

fried

rice

uses

less

soy

sauce

Some

food

styles

such

as

dim

sum

were

also

modified

to

fit

American

palates

such

as

added

batter

for

fried

dishes

and

extra

soy

sauce

Salads

containing

raw

or

uncooked

ingredients

are

rare

in

traditional

Chinese

cuisine

as

are

Japanese

style

sushi

or

sashimi

However

an

increasing

number

of

American

Chinese

restaurants

including

some

upscale

establishments

have

started

to

offer

these

items

in

response

to

customer

demand

Ming

Tsai

the

owner

of

the

Blue

Ginger

restaurant

in

Wellesley

Massachusetts

and

host

of

PBS

culinary

show

Simply

Ming

said

that

American

Chinese

restaurants

typically

try

to

have

food

representing

regions

of

China

at

one

time

have

chop

suey

or

have

fried

vegetables

and

some

protein

in

a

thick

sauce

eight

different

sweet

and

sour

dishes

or

a

whole

page

of

different

chow

meins

or

fried

rice

dishes

Tsai

said

ChineseAmerican

cuisine

is

dumbeddown

Chinese

food

Its

adapted

to

be

blander

thicker

and

sweeter

for

the

American

public

Most

American

Chinese

establishments

cater

to

nonChinese

customers

with

menus

written

in

English

or

containing

pictures

If

separate

Chineselanguage

menus

are

available

they

typically

feature

items

such

as

liver

chicken

feet

or

other

meat

dishes

that

might

deter

American

customers

In

Chinatown

Manhattan

the

restaurants

were

known

for

having

a

phantom

menu

with

food

preferred

by

ethnic

Chinese

but

believed

to

be

disliked

by

nonChinese

Americans

Chop

suey

made

with

garlic

chicken

and

peapods

on

fried

rice

An

unopened

fortune

cookie

Dishes

American

Chinese

restaurant

menu

items

Dishes

that

often

appear

on

American

Chinese

restaurant

menus

include

Almond

chicken

chicken

breaded

in

batter

containing

ground

almonds

fried

and

served

with

almonds

and

onions

General

Tsos

chicken

chunks

of

chicken

that

are

dipped

in

a

batter

deepfried

and

seasoned

with

ginger

garlic

sesame

oil

scallions

and

hot

chili

peppers

Believed

to

be

named

after

Qing

Dynasty

statesman

and

military

leader

Zuo

Zongtang

often

referred

to

as

General

Tso

Sesame

chicken

boned

battered

and

deepfried

chicken

which

is

then

dressed

with

a

translucent

red

or

orange

sweet

and

mildly

spicy

sauce

made

from

soy

sauce

corn

starch

vinegar

chicken

broth

and

sugar

Chinese

chicken

salad

usually

contains

sliced

or

shredded

chicken

uncooked

leafy

greens

crispy

noodles

or

fried

wonton

skins

and

sesame

dressing

Some

restaurants

serve

the

salad

with

mandarin

oranges

Chop

suey

connotes

assorted

pieces

in

Chinese

It

is

usually

a

mix

of

vegetables

and

meat

in

a

brown

sauce

but

can

also

be

served

in

a

white

sauce

Crab

rangoon

fried

wonton

skins

stuffed

with

usually

artificial

crab

meat

surimi

and

cream

cheese

Wonton

strips

are

commonly

served

complimentary

along

with

duck

sauce

and

hot

mustard

Fortune

cookie

invented

in

California

as

a

Westernized

version

of

the

Japanese

omikuji

senbei

fortune

cookies

have

become

sweetened

and

found

their

way

to

many

American

Chinese

restaurants

Royal

beef

deepfried

sliced

beef

doused

in

a

wine

sauce

and

often

served

with

steamed

broccoli

Pepper

steak

consists

of

sliced

steak

green

bell

peppers

tomatoes

and

white

or

green

onions

stirfried

with

salt

sugar

and

soy

sauce

Bean

sprouts

are

a

less

common

addition

Mongolian

beef

fried

beef

with

scallions

or

white

onions

in

a

spicy

and

often

sweet

brown

sauce

Fried

wontons

somewhat

similar

to

crab

rangoon

a

filling

most

often

pork

is

wrapped

in

a

wonton

skin

and

deep

fried

Beef

Broccoli

flank

steak

cut

into

small

pieces

stirfried

with

broccoli

and

covered

in

a

dark

sauce

made

with

soy

sauce

and

oyster

sauce

and

thickened

with

cornstarch

Sweet

roll

yeast

rolls

typically

fried

covered

in

granulated

sugar

or

powdered

sugar

Some

variants

are

stuffed

with

cream

cheese

or

icing

Sushi

despite

being

part

of

traditional

Japanese

cuisine

some

American

Chinese

restaurants

serve

various

types

of

sushi

usually

on

buffets

Wonton

strips

commonly

served

complimentary

along

with

duck

sauce

and

hot

mustard

or

with

soup

when

ordering

takeout

Other

American

Chinese

dishes

Authentic

restaurants

with

Chineselanguage

menus

may

offer

yellowhair

chicken

Chinese

黃毛雞

pinyin

huángmáo

jī

Jyutping

literally

yellowfeather

chicken

essentially

a

freerange

chicken

as

opposed

to

typical

American

massfarmed

chicken

Yellowhair

chicken

is

valued

for

its

flavor

but

needs

to

be

cooked

properly

to

be

tender

due

to

its

lower

fat

and

higher

muscle

content

This

dish

usually

does

not

appear

on

the

Englishlanguage

menu

Dau

Miu

豆苗

dòumiáo

is

a

Chinese

vegetable

that

has

become

popular

since

the

early

and

now

not

only

appears

on

Englishlanguage

menus

usually

as

pea

shoots

but

is

often

served

by

upscale

nonAsian

restaurants

as

well

Originally

it

was

only

available

during

a

few

months

of

the

year

but

it

is

now

grown

in

greenhouses

and

is

available

yearround

North

American

versions

found

in

China

Egg

foo

young

Cashew

chicken

Stir

fried

tender

chicken

pieces

with

cashews

Chow

mein

literally

means

stirfried

noodles

Chow

mein

consists

of

fried

crispy

noodles

with

bits

of

meat

and

vegetables

It

can

come

with

chicken

pork

shrimp

or

beef

Egg

foo

young

a

Chinesestyle

omelet

with

vegetables

and

meat

usually

served

with

a

brown

gravy

While

some

restaurants

in

North

America

deepfry

the

omelet

versions

found

in

Asia

are

more

likely

to

fry

in

the

wok

Egg

roll

while

spring

rolls

have

a

thin

light

beige

crispy

skin

that

flakes

apart

and

is

filled

with

mushrooms

bamboo

and

other

vegetables

inside

the

Americanstyle

egg

roll

has

a

thicker

chewier

dark

brown

bubbly

skin

stuffed

with

cabbage

and

usually

bits

of

meat

or

seafood

such

as

pork

or

shrimp

but

no

egg

Fried

rice

fried

rice

dishes

are

popular

offerings

in

American

Chinese

food

due

to

the

speed

and

ease

of

preparation

and

their

appeal

to

American

tastes

Fried

rice

is

generally

prepared

with

rice

cooled

overnight

allowing

restaurants

to

put

leftover

rice

to

good

use

freshly

cooked

rice

is

actually

less

suitable

for

fried

rice

The

Chinese

American

version

of

this

dish

typically

uses

more

soy

sauce

than

the

versions

found

in

China

Fried

rice

is

offered

with

different

combinations

of

meat

and

vegetables

Ginger

beef

生薑牛肉

shēngjiāng

niúròu

Tender

beef

cut

in

chunks

mixed

with

ginger

and

Chinese

mixed

vegetables

Ginger

fried

beef

乾炒牛肉絲

gānchǎo

niúròusī

Tender

beef

cut

in

strings

battered

deep

dried

then

refried

in

a

wok

mixed

with

a

sweet

sauce

a

variation

of

a

popular

Northern

Chinese

dish

Hulatang

a

Chinese

traditional

soup

with

hot

spices

often

called

spicy

soup

on

menus

Kung

Pao

chicken

The

Sichuan

dish

is

spicy

hot

but

the

versions

served

in

North

America

tend

to

be

less

so

if

at

all

and

sometimes

leave

out

the

Sichuan

pepper

that

is

a

fundamental

part

of

the

original

dish

Lo

mein

stirred

noodles

These

noodles

are

frequently

made

with

eggs

and

flour

making

them

chewier

than

simply

using

water

Thick

spaghetti

shaped

noodles

are

pan

fried

with

vegetables

mainly

bok

choy

and

Chinese

cabbage

nappa

and

meat

Sometimes

this

dish

is

referred

to

as

chow

mein

which

literally

means

stirfried

noodles

in

Cantonese

Mei

Fun

see

Rice

vermicelli

dishes

Moo

shu

pork

The

original

version

uses

more

typically

Chinese

ingredients

including

wood

ear

fungi

and

daylily

buds

and

thin

flour

pancakes

while

the

American

version

uses

vegetables

more

familiar

to

Americans

and

thicker

pancakes

This

dish

is

quite

popular

in

Chinese

restaurants

in

the

United

States

but

not

so

popular

in

China

Orange

chicken

chopped

battered

fried

chicken

with

a

sweet

orange

flavored

chili

sauce

that

is

thickened

and

glazed

The

traditional

version

consists

of

stirfried

chicken

in

a

light

slightly

sweet

soy

sauce

that

is

flavored

with

dried

orange

peels

Wonton

soup

In

most

American

Chinese

restaurants

only

wonton

dumplings

in

broth

are

served

while

versions

found

in

China

may

come

with

noodles

In

Canton

Wonton

Soup

can

be

a

full

meal

in

itself

consisting

of

thin

egg

noodles

and

several

pork

and

prawn

wontons

in

a

pork

or

chicken

soup

broth

or

noodle

broth

Especially

in

takeout

restaurants

wonton

are

often

made

with

thicker

dough

skins

Beijing

beef

In

China

this

dish

uses

gailan

Chinese

broccoli

rather

than

American

broccoli

Beef

with

broccoli

Regional

variations

New

York

City

Given

that

the

New

York

City

metropolitan

area

has

become

home

to

the

largest

overseas

Chinese

population

outside

of

Asia

all

popular

styles

of

regional

Chinese

cuisine

have

commensurately

become

ubiquitously

accessible

in

New

York

City

including

Hakka

Taiwanese

Shanghainese

Hunanese

Szechuan

Cantonese

Fujianese

Xinjiang

Zhejiang

and

Korean

Chinese

cuisine

Even

the

relatively

obscure

Dongbei

style

of

cuisine

indigenous

to

Northeast

China

is

now

available

in

Flushing

Queens

as

well

as

Mongolian

cuisine

and

Uyghur

cuisine

The

availability

of

the

regional

variations

of

Chinese

cuisine

originating

from

throughout

the

different

provinces

of

China

is

most

apparent

in

the

citys

Chinatowns

in

Queens

particularly

the

Flushing

Chinatown

法拉盛華埠

but

is

also

notable

in

the

citys

Chinatowns

in

Brooklyn

and

Manhattan

Kosher

preparation

of

Chinese

food

Main

article

Chinese

cuisine

in

Jewish

culture

in

the

United

States

Kosher

preparation

of

Chinese

food

is

also

widely

available

in

New

York

City

given

the

metropolitan

areas

large

Jewish

and

particularly

Orthodox

Jewish

populationsThe

perception

that

American

Jews

eat

at

Chinese

restaurants

on

Christmas

Day

is

documented

in

media

as

a

common

stereotype

with

a

basis

in

fact

The

tradition

may

have

arisen

from

the

lack

of

other

open

restaurants

on

Christmas

Day

as

well

as

the

close

proximity

of

Jewish

and

Chinese

immigrants

to

each

other

in

New

York

City

and

the

absence

of

dairy

foods

combined

with

meat

Kosher

Chinese

food

is

usually

prepared

in

New

York

City

as

well

as

in

other

large

cities

with

Orthodox

Jewish

neighborhoods

under

strict

rabbinical

supervision

as

a

prerequisite

for

Kosher

certification

Senator

Charles

Schumer

from

New

York

is

frequently

seen

at

Hunan

Dynasty

in

Washington

DC

San

Francisco

Bay

Area

Since

the

early

many

American

Chinese

restaurants

influenced

by

California

cuisine

have

opened

in

the

San

Francisco

Bay

Area

The

trademark

dishes

of

American

Chinese

cuisine

remain

on

the

menu

but

there

is

more

emphasis

on

fresh

vegetables

and

the

selection

is

vegetarianfriendly

This

new

cuisine

has

exotic

ingredients

like

mangos

and

portobello

mushrooms

Brown

rice

is

often

offered

as

an

alternative

to

white

rice

Some

restaurants

substitute

grilled

wheat

flour

tortillas

for

the

rice

pancakes

in

mu

shu

dishes

This

occurs

even

in

some

restaurants

that

would

not

otherwise

be

identified

as

California

Chinese

both

the

more

Westernized

places

and

the

more

authentic

places

There

is

a

Mexican

bakery

that

sells

some

restaurants

thinner

tortillas

made

for

use

with

mu

shu

Mu

shu

purists

do

not

always

react

positively

to

this

trend

In

addition

many

restaurants

serving

more

nativestyle

Chinese

cuisines

exist

due

to

the

high

numbers

and

proportion

of

ethnic

Chinese

in

the

San

Francisco

Bay

Area

Restaurants

specializing

in

Cantonese

Sichuanese

Hunanese

Northern

Chinese

Shanghainese

Taiwanese

and

Hong

Kong

traditions

are

widely

available

as

are

more

specialized

restaurants

such

as

seafood

restaurants

Hong

Kongstyle

diners

and

cafes

also

known

as

Cha

chaan

teng

茶餐廳

chácāntīng

dim

sum

teahouses

and

hot

pot

restaurants

Many

Chinatown

areas

also

feature

Chinese

bakeries

boba

milk

tea

shops

roasted

meat

vegetarian

cuisine

and

specialized

dessert

shops

Chop

suey

is

not

widely

available

in

San

Francisco

and

the

areas

chow

mein

is

different

from

Midwestern

chow

mein

Greater

Los

Angeles

Chinese

American

cuisine

in

the

Greater

Los

Angeles

area

is

generally

characterized

by

suburban

settings

Chinese

restaurants

in

the

San

Gabriel

Valley

tend

to

concentrate

on

the

preparation

of

Taiwanese

cuisine

Boston

Chinese

cuisine

in

Boston

reflects

a

mélange

of

multiple

influential

factors

The

growing

Boston

Chinatown

accommodates

Chineseowned

bus

lines

shuttling

an

increasing

number

of

passengers

to

and

from

the

numerous

Chinatowns

in

New

York

City

and

this

has

led

to

some

commonalities

in

the

local

Chinese

cuisine

derived

from

Chinese

food

in

New

York

A

large

immigrant

Fujianese

immigrant

population

has

made

a

home

in

Boston

leading

to

Fuzhou

cuisine

being

readily

available

in

Boston

An

increasing

Vietnamese

population

has

also

been

exerting

an

influence

on

Chinese

cuisine

in

Greater

Boston

Finally

innovative

dishes

incorporating

chow

mein

and

chop

suey

as

well

as

locally

farmed

produce

and

regionally

procured

seafood

ingredients

are

found

in

Chinese

as

well

as

nonChinese

food

in

and

around

Boston

Philadelphia

The

evolving

American

Chinese

scene

in

Philadelphia

exhibits

commonalities

with

the

Chinese

cuisine

scenes

in

both

New

York

City

and

Boston

There

is

a

growing

Fujianese

community

in

Philadelphia

as

well

and

Fuzhou

cuisine

is

readily

available

in

the

Philadelphia

Chinatown

Like

Boston

the

emerging

Vietnamese

cuisine

scene

in

Philadelphia

is

contributing

to

the

milieu

of

Chinese

cuisine

Hawaii

HawaiianChinese

food

developed

somewhat

differently

from

Chinese

cuisine

in

the

continental

United

States

Owing

to

the

diversity

of

Pacific

ethnicities

in

Hawaii

and

the

history

of

the

Chinese

influence

in

Hawaii

resident

Chinese

cuisine

forms

a

component

of

the

cuisine

of

Hawaii

which

is

a

fusion

of

different

culinary

traditions

Some

Chinese

dishes

are

typically

served

as

part

of

plate

lunches

in

Hawaii

The

names

of

foods

are

different

as

well

such

as

Manapua

from

the

Hawaiian

contraction

of

Mea

ono

puaa

or

delicious

pork

item

from

the

dim

sum

bao

though

the

meat

is

not

necessarily

pork

Other

regional

American

Chinese

dishes

Chow

mein

sandwich

sandwich

of

chow

mein

and

gravy

Southeastern

Massachusetts

Rhode

Island

Chop

suey

sandwich

sandwich

of

chicken

chop

suey

on

a

hamburger

bun

North

Shore

of

Massachusetts

St

Paul

sandwich

egg

foo

young

patty

in

plain

white

sandwich

bread

St

Louis

Missouri

Springfieldstyle

cashew

chicken

a

style

of

cashew

chicken

that

combines

breaded

deep

fried

chicken

cashews

and

oyster

sauce

Springfield

Missouri

Yaka

mein

ChineseCreole

food

found

in

New

Orleans

that

evolved

from

beef

noodle

soup

American

Chinese

chain

restaurants

A

typical

Panda

Express

meal

Kung

Pao

chicken

orange

chicken

chow

mein

and

steamed

vegetables

China

Coast

Closed

in

owned

by

General

Mills

Corporation

formerly

locations

throughout

the

United

States

Chinese

Gourmet

Express

throughout

the

United

States

Leeann

Chin

Minnesota

and

North

Dakota

owned

at

one

time

by

General

Mills

Corp

Manchu

Wok

Throughout

the

United

States

and

Canada

as

well

as

Guam

Korea

and

Japan

Panda

Express

Throughout

the

United

States

with

some

locations

in

Mexico

Pei

Wei

Asian

Diner

Throughout

the

United

States

a

subsidiary

of

PF

Changs

P

F

Changs

China

Bistro

Throughout

the

United

States

featuring

CaliforniaChinese

fusion

cuisine

Pick

Up

Stix

California

Arizona

and

Nevada

The

Great

Wall

Delaware

New

Jersey

Maryland

Virginia

New

York

West

Virginia

South

Carolina

Louisiana

Stir

Crazy

Illinois

Missouri

Wisconsin

Minnesota

New

York

Florida

Indiana

Texas

and

Ohio

Popular

culture

Many

American

films

The

Godfather

Ghostbusters

Paid

in

Full

Love

Other

Drugs

Inside

Out

involve

scenes

where

Chinese

takeout

food

is

eaten

from

oyster

pails

a

consistent

choice

of

cuisine

in

all

these

cases

however

might

just

be

an

indicator

of

its

popularity

A

running

gag

in

Dallas

is

Cliff

Barnes

fondness

for

inexpensive

Chinese

takeout

food

as

opposed

to

nemesis

JR

Ewing

frequenting

fine

restaurants

Among

the

numerous

American

television

series

and

films

that

feature

Chinese

restaurants

as

a

setting

include

Seinfeld

particularly

the

episode

The

Chinese

Restaurant

Year

of

the

Dragon

Lethal

Weapon

Mickey

Blue

Eyes

Rush

Hour

and

Men

in

Black

In

most

cases

it

is

not

an

actual

restaurant

but

a

movie

set

that

typifies

the

stereotypical

American

Chinese

eatery

featuring

paper

lanterns

and

intricate

woodwork

with

numerous

fish

tanks

and

detailed

red

wallpaper

with

gold

designs

and

golden

dragons

plus

hanging

ducks

in

the

window

See

also

Asian

Americans

portal

United

States

portal

Canadian

Chinese

cuisine

Chinese

bakery

products

Chinese

cuisine

American

cuisine

Fortune

Cookie

List

of

Chinese

restaurants

Oyster

pail

Notes

a

b

Wu

David

Y

H

Cheung

Sidney

C

H

The

Globalization

of

Chinese

Food

Great

Britain

Curzon

Press

p

Ch

Six

The

Globalization

of

Chinese

Food

The

Early

Stages

in

J

A

G

Roberts

China

to

Chinatown

Chinese

Food

in

the

West

London

Reaktion

Liu

Yinghua

Jang

SooCheong

Shawn

Perceptions

of

Chinese

restaurants

in

the

US

What

affects

customer

satisfaction

and

behavioral

intentions

International

Journal

of

Hospitality

Management

doi

Smith

Andrew

F

October

Eating

history

turning

points

in

the

making

of

American

cuisine

Columbia

University

Press

p

Retrieved

June

Godoy

Maria

February

Lo

Mein

Loophole

How

US

Immigration

Law

Fueled

A

Chinese

Restaurant

Boom

NPR

Retrieved

February

Passy

Charles

Meet

the

Pilot

Who

Doubles

as

Block

Islands

ChineseFood

Delivery

Guy

The

Wall

Street

Journal

pp

Retrieved

August

Andrew

Coe

Chop

Suey

A

Cultural

History

of

Chinese

Food

in

the

United

States

New

York

Oxford

University

Press

a

b

Hayford

p

China

to

Chinatown

University

of

Chicago

Press

Retrieved

Chinese

Immigrants

Chase

Opportunity

in

America

NPR

Morning

Edition

November

Retrieved

Secrets

of

Your

Local

Chinese

Takeout

Joint

The

Daily

Meal

Retrieved

September

News

Celia

Hatton

BBC

Why

Shanghais

first

American

Chinese

restaurant

is

taking

off

BBC

News

Retrieved

Sweet

Sour

A

Look

at

the

History

of

Chinese

Food

in

the

United

States

Smithsonian

Asian

Pacific

American

Center

Smithsonian

National

Museum

of

American

History

Archived

from

on

April

Retrieved

March

Hom

Solomon

Charmaine

April

The

Complete

Asian

Cookbook

p

Parkinson

Rhonda

Regional

Chinese

Cuisine

Aboutcom

Archived

from

on

Retrieved

July

a

b

c

Andrew

F

Smith

The

Oxford

Companion

to

American

Food

and

Drink

Oxford

University

Press

pp

Retrieved

April

Chef

Ming

Tsai

wants

you

to

have

a

Chinese

friend

CNN

January

Retrieved

on

January

pm

Anthony

Bourdain

Plays

It

Safe

at

Hop

Kee

Shuns

Phantom

Menu

Grub

Street

New

York

Newyorkgrubstreetcom

Retrieved

Jung

p

etc

Solving

a

Riddle

Wrapped

in

a

Mystery

Inside

a

Cookie

The

New

York

Times

January

Fried

Wonton

Aboutcom

Fried

Wontons

Recipe

BlogChefnet

Fried

Wontons

Recipe

ThaiTablecom

Fried

Wontons

Zhá

Yúntūn

Chowcom

Chinese

New

Year

Fried

Wontons

FromAwaycom

Fried

Wontons

Recipe

RasaMalaysiacom

New

University

History

and

Culture

Chinese

Food

New

University

Retrieved

Beef

and

Broccoli

Can

You

Stay

For

Dinner

Canyoustayfordinnercom

Retrieved

The

Best

Easy

Beef

And

Broccoli

StirFry

Recipe

Foodcom

Archived

at

the

Wayback

Machine

Vivian

Yee

February

Indictment

of

New

York

Officer

Divides

ChineseAmericans

The

New

York

Times

Retrieved

November

Chinese

New

Year

in

Flushing

QueensBuzzcom

January

Retrieved

November

Julia

Moskin

Let

the

Meals

Begin

Finding

Beijing

in

Flushing

The

New

York

Times

Retrieved

November

Moskin

Julia

Northeast

China

Branches

Out

in

Flushing

The

New

York

Times

Retrieved

Max

Falkowitz

August

A

World

of

Food

Outside

the

US

Open

Gates

The

New

York

Times

Retrieved

August

Why

Do

American

Jews

Eat

Chinese

Food

on

Christmas

The

Atlantic

Theatlanticcom

Retrieved

Tis

the

season

Why

do

Jews

eat

Chinese

food

on

Christmas

Jewish

World

Features

Israel

News

Haaretz

Retrieved

Movies

and

Chinese

Food

The

Jewish

Christmas

Tradition

Isaac

Zablocki

Huffingtonpostcom

Retrieved

Archived

copy

Archived

from

on

Retrieved

Mu

Shu

Tortilla

Flats

Chinese

restaurant

needs

better

mu

shu

wraps

AsianWeek

February

Archived

from

on

October

Everything

was

well

and

good

with

one

huge

exception

The

mu

shu

wrappers

were

flour

tortillas

How

a

Chinese

restaurant

in

Americas

Midwest

won

Sean

Connerys

heart

Public

Radio

International

Retrieved

Archived

copy

Archived

from

on

Retrieved

a

b

Why

Everyone

Films

At

The

Same

Damn

New

York

Chinese

Restaurant

Scouting

NY

wwwscoutingnycom

a

b

BingeWorthy

Movies

to

Watch

With

Chinese

TakeOut

References

and

further

reading

Studies

Chen

Yong

Chop

Suey

USA

The

Story

of

Chinese

Food

in

America

New

York

Columbia

University

Press

Coe

Andrew

Chop

Suey

A

Cultural

History

of

Chinese

Food

in

the

United

States

New

York

Oxford

University

Press

Hayford

Charles

Whos

Afraid

of

Chop

Suey

PDF

Education

About

Asia

Archived

from

the

original

PDF

on

Free

download

Jung

John

Sweet

and

Sour

Life

in

Chinese

Family

Restaurants

Cypress

CA

Yin

and

Yang

Press

Lee

Jennifer

The

Fortune

Cookie

Chronicles

Adventures

in

the

World

of

Chinese

Food

New

York

Twelve

Roberts

J

A

G

China

to

Chinatown

Chinese

Food

in

the

West

London

Reaktion

Wu

David

Y

H

Cheung

Sidney

C

H

The

Globalization

of

Chinese

Food

Richmond

Surrey

Curzon

Cookbooks

Sara

Bosse

Onoto

Watanna

with

an

Introduction

by

Jacqueline

M

Newman

ChineseJapanese

Cook

Book

reprinted

Bedford

MA

Applewood

Books

ISBN

ISBN

Hom

Ken

Easy

Family

Recipes

from

a

Chinese

American

Childhood

New

York

Knopf

Eileen

YinFei

Lo

and

Alexandra

Grablewski

The

Chinese

Kitchen

Recipes

Techniques

and

Ingredients

History

and

Memories

from

Americas

Leading

Authority

on

Chinese

Cooking

New

York

William

Morrow

ISBN

External

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Wikimedia

Commons

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Chinese

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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O

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Android

software

development

From

Wikipedia

the

free

encyclopedia

The

Android

stack

The

Nexus

part

of

the

Google

Nexus

series

a

line

of

developerfriendly

devices

Android

software

development

is

the

process

by

which

new

applications

are

created

for

devices

running

the

Android

operating

system

Google

states

that

Android

apps

can

be

written

using

Kotlin

Java

and

C

languages

using

the

Android

software

development

kit

SDK

while

using

other

languages

is

also

possible

All

nonJVM

languages

such

as

Go

JavaScript

C

C

or

assembly

need

the

help

of

JVM

language

code

that

may

be

supplied

by

tools

likely

with

restricted

API

support

Some

languagesprogramming

tools

allow

crossplatform

app

support

ie

for

both

Android

and

iOS

Third

party

tools

development

environments

and

language

support

have

also

continued

to

evolve

and

expand

since

the

initial

SDK

was

released

in

In

addition

with

major

business

entities

like

Walmart

Amazon

Bank

of

America

etc

eyeing

to

engage

and

sell

through

mobiles

mobile

application

development

is

witnessing

a

transformation

Contents

Official

development

tools

Android

SDK

Android

SDK

Platform

Tools

Android

Debug

Bridge

adb

Fastboot

Android

NDK

Android

Open

Accessory

Development

Kit

External

hardware

development

Thirdparty

development

tools

AIDE

AndroidBuild

App

Inventor

for

Android

Coreliu

Corona

SDK

Delphi

DroidScript

Golang

HyperNext

Android

Creator

Kivy

Lazarus

Processing

Qt

for

Android

RubyMotion

SDL

Stripe

Android

Visual

Studio

Emulator

for

Android

Xamarin

Android

Developer

Challenge

Communitybased

distributions

Java

standards

History

and

market

share

See

also

Bibliography

Official

development

tools

Android

SDK

Android

SDK

Developers

Google

Initial

release

October

years

ago

Stable

release

September

year

ago

Written

in

Java

Operating

system

Crossplatform

Available

in

ภาษาไทย

Type

IDE

SDK

Website

developer

android

com

sdk

index

html

The

Android

software

development

kit

SDK

includes

a

comprehensive

set

of

development

tools

These

include

a

debugger

libraries

a

handset

emulator

based

on

QEMU

documentation

sample

code

and

tutorials

Currently

supported

development

platforms

include

computers

running

Linux

any

modern

desktop

Linux

distribution

Mac

OS

X

or

later

and

Windows

or

later

As

of

March

the

SDK

is

not

available

on

Android

itself

but

software

development

is

possible

by

using

specialized

Android

applications

Until

around

the

end

of

the

officiallysupported

integrated

development

environment

IDE

was

Eclipse

using

the

Android

Development

Tools

ADT

Plugin

though

IntelliJ

IDEA

IDE

all

editions

fully

supports

Android

development

out

of

the

box

and

NetBeans

IDE

also

supports

Android

development

via

a

plugin

As

of

Android

Studio

made

by

Google

and

powered

by

IntelliJ

is

the

official

IDE

however

developers

are

free

to

use

others

but

Google

made

it

clear

that

ADT

was

officially

deprecated

since

the

end

of

to

focus

on

Android

Studio

as

the

official

Android

IDE

Additionally

developers

may

use

any

text

editor

to

edit

Java

and

XML

files

then

use

command

line

tools

Java

Development

Kit

and

Apache

Ant

are

required

to

create

build

and

debug

Android

applications

as

well

as

control

attached

Android

devices

eg

triggering

a

reboot

installing

software

packages

remotely

Enhancements

to

Androids

SDK

go

handinhand

with

the

overall

Android

platform

development

The

SDK

also

supports

older

versions

of

the

Android

platform

in

case

developers

wish

to

target

their

applications

at

older

devices

Development

tools

are

downloadable

components

so

after

one

has

downloaded

the

latest

version

and

platform

older

platforms

and

tools

can

also

be

downloaded

for

compatibility

testing

Android

applications

are

packaged

in

apk

format

and

stored

under

dataapp

folder

on

the

Android

OS

the

folder

is

accessible

only

to

the

root

user

for

security

reasons

APK

package

contains

dex

files

compiled

byte

code

files

called

Dalvik

executables

resource

files

etc

Android

SDK

Platform

Tools

The

Android

SDK

Platform

Tools

are

a

separately

downloadable

subset

of

the

full

SDK

consisting

of

commandline

tools

such

as

adb

and

fastboot

Android

Debug

Bridge

adb

The

Android

Debug

Bridge

adb

is

a

tool

to

run

commands

on

a

connected

Android

device

The

adbd

daemon

runs

on

the

device

and

the

adb

client

starts

a

background

server

to

multiplex

commands

sent

to

devices

In

addition

to

the

commandline

interface

numerous

graphical

user

interfaces

exist

to

control

adb

The

format

for

issuing

commands

is

typically

adb

des

serialNumber

command

where

d

is

the

option

for

specifying

the

single

USBattached

device

e

for

the

single

running

Android

emulator

on

the

computer

s

for

specifying

a

USBattached

device

by

its

unique

serial

number

If

there

is

only

one

attached

device

or

running

emulator

these

options

are

not

necessary

For

example

Android

applications

can

be

saved

by

the

command

backup

to

a

file

whose

name

is

backupab

by

default

In

a

security

issue

reported

in

March

ADB

was

targeted

as

a

vector

to

attempt

to

install

a

rootkit

on

connected

phones

using

a

resource

exhaustion

attack

Fastboot

Fastboot

redirects

here

For

the

PC

fast

booting

ability

see

Instanton

Fastboot

is

a

diagnostic

protocol

included

with

the

SDK

package

used

primarily

to

modify

the

flash

filesystem

via

a

USB

connection

from

host

computer

It

requires

that

the

device

be

started

in

a

boot

loader

or

Secondary

Program

Loader

mode

in

which

only

the

most

basic

hardware

initialization

is

performed

After

enabling

the

protocol

on

the

device

itself

it

will

accept

a

specific

set

of

commands

sent

to

it

via

USB

using

a

command

line

Some

of

the

most

commonly

used

fastboot

commands

include

flash

rewrites

a

partition

with

a

binary

image

stored

on

the

host

computer

erase

erases

a

specific

partition

reboot

reboots

the

device

into

either

the

main

operating

system

the

system

recovery

partition

or

back

into

its

boot

loader

devices

displays

a

list

of

all

devices

with

the

serial

number

connected

to

the

host

computer

format

formats

a

specific

partition

the

file

system

of

the

partition

must

be

recognized

by

the

device

Android

NDK

Android

NDK

Developers

Google

Initial

release

June

years

ago

Stable

release

September

months

ago

Preview

release

Beta

Written

in

C

and

C

Operating

system

Windows

Vista

and

later

and

later

Linux

Platform

Windows

only

or

Windows

macOS

and

Linux

Available

in

English

Type

SDK

Website

developer

android

com

ndk

Code

written

in

C

C

can

be

compiled

to

ARM

or

native

code

or

their

variants

using

the

Android

Native

Development

Kit

NDK

The

NDK

uses

the

Clang

compiler

to

compile

CC

GCC

was

included

until

NDK

but

removed

in

in

Native

libraries

can

be

called

from

Java

code

running

under

the

Android

Runtime

using

SystemloadLibrary

part

of

the

standard

Android

Java

classes

Commandline

tools

can

be

compiled

with

the

NDK

and

installed

using

adb

Android

uses

Bionic

as

its

C

library

and

the

LLVM

libc

as

its

C

Standard

Library

The

NDK

also

includes

a

variety

of

other

APIs

zlib

compression

OpenGL

ES

or

Vulkan

graphics

OpenSL

ES

audio

and

various

Androidspecific

APIs

for

things

like

logging

access

to

cameras

or

accelerating

neural

networks

The

NDK

includes

support

for

CMake

and

its

own

ndkbuild

based

on

GNU

Make

Android

Studio

supports

running

either

of

these

from

Gradle

Other

thirdparty

tools

allow

integrating

the

NDK

into

Eclipse

and

Visual

Studio

For

CPU

profiling

the

NDK

also

includes

simpleperf

which

is

similar

to

the

Linux

perf

tool

but

with

better

support

for

Android

and

specifically

for

mixed

JavaC

stacks

Android

Open

Accessory

Development

Kit

The

Android

platform

also

backported

to

Android

introduces

Android

Open

Accessory

support

which

allows

external

USB

hardware

an

Android

USB

accessory

to

interact

with

an

Androidpowered

device

in

a

special

accessory

mode

When

an

Androidpowered

device

is

in

accessory

mode

the

connected

accessory

acts

as

the

USB

host

powers

the

bus

and

enumerates

devices

and

the

Androidpowered

device

acts

as

the

USB

device

Android

USB

accessories

are

specifically

designed

to

attach

to

Androidpowered

devices

and

adhere

to

a

simple

protocol

Android

accessory

protocol

that

allows

them

to

detect

Androidpowered

devices

that

support

accessory

mode

External

hardware

development

Development

tools

intended

to

help

an

Android

device

interact

with

external

electronics

include

IOIO

Android

Open

Accessory

Development

Kit

Microbridge

Triggertrap

etc

Thirdparty

development

tools

AIDE

AIDE

Android

application

An

Android

app

that

allows

Android

apps

development

directly

using

the

device

It

compiles

and

installs

the

created

app

in

the

device

AndroidBuild

AndroidBuild

is

a

Perl

CPAN

module

which

enables

callers

to

build

an

Android

APK

file

using

only

the

basic

command

line

tools

aapt

dx

javac

jarsigner

zipalign

without

having

to

rely

on

either

Apache

Ant

or

Gradle

This

reduced

dependency

set

simplifies

continuous

release

systems

which

rely

on

fully

automated

remote

app

generation

and

testing

App

Inventor

for

Android

Main

article

Google

App

Inventor

On

July

Google

announced

the

availability

of

App

Inventor

for

Android

a

Webbased

visual

development

environment

for

novice

programmers

based

on

MITs

Open

Blocks

Java

library

and

providing

access

to

Android

devices

GPS

accelerometer

and

orientation

data

phone

functions

text

messaging

speechtotext

conversion

contact

data

persistent

storage

and

Web

services

initially

including

Amazon

and

Twitter

We

could

only

have

done

this

because

Androids

architecture

is

so

open

said

the

project

director

MITs

Hal

Abelson

Under

development

for

over

a

year

the

blockediting

tool

has

been

taught

to

nonmajors

in

computer

science

at

Harvard

MIT

Wellesley

Trinity

College

Hartford

and

the

University

of

San

Francisco

where

Professor

David

Wolber

developed

an

introductory

computer

science

course

and

tutorial

book

for

noncomputer

science

students

based

on

App

Inventor

for

Android

In

the

second

half

of

Google

released

the

source

code

terminated

its

Web

service

and

provided

funding

for

the

creation

of

The

MIT

Center

for

Mobile

Learning

led

by

the

App

Inventor

creator

Hal

Abelson

and

fellow

MIT

professors

Eric

Klopfer

and

Mitchel

Resnick

The

latest

version

created

as

the

result

of

GoogleMIT

collaboration

was

released

in

February

while

the

first

version

created

solely

by

MIT

was

launched

in

March

and

upgraded

to

App

Inventor

in

December

As

of

App

Inventor

is

maintained

by

MIT

is

a

commercial

product

similar

to

Simple

It

is

inspired

by

Microsoft

Visual

Basic

and

Microsoft

Visual

Studio

It

makes

android

programming

much

simpler

for

regular

Visual

Basic

programmers

who

find

coding

in

Java

difficult

is

very

active

Coreliu

Coreliu

enables

nontechnical

users

to

write

immersive

educational

apps

which

run

natively

on

Android

devices

App

authors

use

a

file

held

in

a

GitHub

repository

to

describe

the

images

and

text

to

be

used

in

the

app

Speech

is

generated

from

the

text

via

Amazon

Web

Services

Polly

Coreliu

packages

the

photos

and

generated

speech

into

an

Android

APK

file

that

the

author

can

distribute

freely

using

a

Creative

Commons

License

Corona

SDK

Corona

SDK

is

a

software

development

kit

SDK

created

by

Walter

Luh

founder

of

Corona

Labs

Inc

Corona

SDK

allows

software

programmers

to

build

mobile

applications

for

iPhone

iPad

and

Android

devices

Corona

lets

developers

build

graphic

applications

by

using

its

integrated

Lua

language

which

is

layered

on

top

of

C

OpenGL

The

SDK

uses

a

subscriptionbased

purchase

model

without

requiring

any

perapplication

royalties

and

imposes

no

branding

requirements

Delphi

Delphi

can

also

be

used

for

creating

Android

application

in

the

Object

Pascal

language

The

latest

release

is

Delphi

Seattle

developed

by

Embarcadero

User

interfaces

are

developed

using

the

crossplatform

GUI

framework

Firemonkey

Additionally

nonvisual

components

for

interaction

with

the

various

sensors

like

Camera

Gyroscope

GPS

and

Bluetooth

etc

are

available

Other

services

such

as

access

to

certain

keyboard

events

are

available

in

a

platformindependent

manner

as

well

this

is

done

using

interfaces

The

compiler

is

based

on

the

LLVM

architecture

and

debugging

from

IDE

is

possible

The

generated

apps

are

based

on

the

NDK

but

in

contrast

to

Xamarin

the

runtime

is

compiled

into

the

application

itself

DroidScript

A

rapid

application

development

tool

for

developing

native

Android

applications

using

JavaScript

This

tool

can

be

used

directly

on

the

mobile

device

or

via

a

browser

based

IDE

connected

to

the

device

via

WiFi

It

makes

use

of

Googles

Chrome

JavaScript

engine

Golang

Since

version

of

the

Go

programming

language

writing

applications

for

Android

is

supported

With

Go

version

and

with

the

help

of

the

gomobile

tool

ie

gomobile

build

compiling

to

Android

APK

and

iOS

apps

is

supported

from

the

same

Go

codebase

Strictly

speaking

JavaJVM

code

is

always

needed

to

run

on

Android

but

the

gomobile

tool

provides

the

minimal

JVM

code

needed

or

ObjectiveC

code

needed

in

case

of

iOS

Go

support

is

restricted

to

what

Go

types

can

be

used

and

currently

to

a

restricted

set

of

Android

APIs

eg

OpenAL

and

OpenGL

ES

bindings

are

provided

that

could

be

used

to

make

games

such

one

of

the

provided

examples

for

Android

or

iOS

or

other

graphics

applications

HyperNext

Android

Creator

HyperNext

Android

Creator

HAC

is

a

software

development

system

aimed

at

beginner

programmers

that

can

help

them

create

their

own

Android

apps

without

knowing

Java

and

the

Android

SDK

It

is

based

on

HyperCard

that

treated

software

as

a

stack

of

cards

with

only

one

card

being

visible

at

any

one

time

and

so

is

well

suited

to

mobile

phone

applications

that

have

only

one

window

visible

at

a

time

HyperNext

Android

Creators

main

programming

language

is

simply

called

HyperNext

and

is

loosely

based

on

Hypercards

HyperTalk

language

HyperNext

is

an

interpreted

Englishlike

language

and

has

many

features

that

allow

creation

of

Android

applications

It

supports

a

growing

subset

of

the

Android

SDK

including

its

own

versions

of

the

GUI

control

types

and

automatically

runs

its

own

background

service

so

apps

can

continue

to

run

and

process

information

while

in

the

background

Kivy

Kivy

is

an

open

source

Python

library

for

developing

multitouch

application

software

with

a

natural

user

interface

NUI

for

a

wide

selection

of

devices

Kivy

provides

the

possibility

of

maintaining

a

single

application

for

numerous

operating

systems

code

once

run

everywhere

Kivy

has

a

custombuilt

deployment

tool

for

deploying

mobile

applications

called

Bulldozer

which

is

available

only

for

Linux

Bulldozer

is

currently

alpha

software

but

is

far

less

cumbersome

than

older

Kivy

deployment

methods

Applications

programmed

with

Kivy

can

be

submitted

to

any

Android

mobile

application

distribution

platform

Lazarus

The

Lazarus

IDE

may

be

used

to

develop

Android

applications

using

Object

Pascal

and

other

Pascal

dialects

based

on

the

Free

Pascal

compiler

starting

from

version

Processing

The

Processing

environment

which

also

uses

the

Java

language

has

supported

an

Android

mode

since

version

integration

with

device

camera

and

sensors

is

possible

using

the

Ketai

library

Qt

for

Android

Qt

for

Android

enables

Qt

applications

to

run

on

devices

with

Android

API

level

or

later

Qt

is

a

crossplatform

application

framework

which

can

target

platforms

such

as

Android

Linux

iOS

Sailfish

OS

and

Windows

Qt

application

development

is

done

in

standard

C

and

QML

requiring

both

the

Android

NDK

and

SDK

Qt

Creator

is

the

integrated

development

environment

provided

with

the

Qt

Framework

for

multiplatform

application

development

RubyMotion

RubyMotion

is

a

toolchain

to

write

native

mobile

apps

in

Ruby

As

of

version

RubyMotion

supports

Android

RubyMotion

Android

apps

can

call

into

the

entire

set

of

Java

Android

APIs

from

Ruby

can

use

Java

libraries

and

are

statically

compiled

into

machine

code

SDL

The

SDL

library

offers

also

a

development

possibility

beside

Java

allowing

the

development

with

C

and

the

simple

porting

of

existing

SDL

and

native

C

applications

By

injection

of

a

small

Java

shim

and

JNI

the

usage

of

native

SDL

code

is

possible

allowing

Android

ports

like

eg

the

Jagged

Alliance

video

game

Stripe

Android

This

section

relies

too

much

on

references

to

primary

sources

Please

improve

this

section

by

adding

secondary

or

tertiary

sources

November

Learn

how

and

when

to

remove

this

template

message

Stripe

is

a

payment

framework

that

simplifies

the

development

process

as

developers

dont

need

to

send

card

data

outright

to

their

server

Framework

sends

data

to

Stripe

servers

where

they

can

be

converted

to

tokens

afterward

Android

app

receives

its

token

and

sends

it

to

its

server

to

process

the

payment

Visual

Studio

Emulator

for

Android

Microsoft

shipped

in

a

free

standalone

emulator

for

Android

dubbed

Visual

Studio

Emulator

for

Android

The

emulator

supports

installation

of

Google

Play

through

a

draganddrop

interface

It

can

work

in

conjunction

with

Visual

Studio

which

supports

crossplatform

development

letting

C

developers

create

projects

from

templates

for

Android

nativeactivity

applications

or

create

highperformance

shared

libraries

to

include

in

other

solutions

Its

features

include

platformspecific

IntelliSense

breakpoints

device

deployment

and

emulation

Xamarin

With

a

C

shared

codebase

developers

can

use

Xamarin

to

write

native

iOS

Android

and

Windows

apps

with

native

user

interfaces

and

share

code

across

multiple

platforms

Android

Developer

Challenge

Main

article

Android

Developer

Challenge

The

Android

Developer

Challenge

was

a

competition

to

find

the

most

innovative

application

for

Android

Google

offered

prizes

totaling

million

US

dollars

distributed

between

ADC

I

and

ADC

II

ADC

I

accepted

submissions

from

January

to

April

The

most

promising

entries

announced

on

May

each

received

a

award

to

further

development

It

ended

in

early

September

with

the

announcement

of

ten

teams

that

received

each

and

ten

teams

that

received

each

ADC

II

was

announced

on

May

The

first

round

of

the

ADC

II

closed

on

October

The

firstround

winners

of

ADC

II

comprising

the

top

applications

were

announced

on

November

Voting

for

the

second

round

also

opened

on

the

same

day

and

ended

on

November

Google

announced

the

top

winners

of

ADC

II

on

November

with

SweetDreams

What

the

Doodle

and

WaveSecure

being

nominated

the

overall

winners

of

the

challenge

Communitybased

distributions

See

also

List

of

custom

Android

distributions

There

is

a

community

of

opensource

enthusiasts

that

build

and

share

Androidbased

distributions

ie

firmware

with

a

number

of

customizations

and

additional

features

such

as

FLAC

lossless

audio

support

and

the

ability

to

store

downloaded

applications

on

the

microSD

card

This

usually

involves

rooting

the

device

Rooting

allows

users

root

access

to

the

operating

system

enabling

full

control

of

the

phone

Rooting

has

several

disadvantages

as

well

including

increased

risk

of

hacking

high

chances

of

bricking

losing

warranty

increased

virus

attack

risks

etc

It

is

also

possible

to

install

custom

firmware

although

the

devices

boot

loader

must

also

be

unlocked

Custom

firmware

allows

users

of

older

phones

to

use

applications

available

only

on

newer

releases

Those

firmware

packages

are

updated

frequently

incorporate

elements

of

Android

functionality

that

havent

yet

been

officially

released

within

a

carriersanctioned

firmware

and

tend

to

have

fewer

limitations

CyanogenMod

and

OMFGB

are

examples

of

such

firmware

On

September

Google

issued

a

cease

and

desist

letter

to

the

modder

Cyanogen

citing

issues

with

the

redistribution

of

Googles

closedsource

applications

within

the

custom

firmware

Even

though

most

of

Android

OS

is

open

source

phones

come

packaged

with

closedsource

Google

applications

for

functionality

such

as

the

Google

Play

and

GPS

navigation

Google

has

asserted

that

these

applications

can

only

be

provided

through

approved

distribution

channels

by

licensed

distributors

Cyanogen

has

complied

with

Googles

wishes

and

is

continuing

to

distribute

this

mod

without

the

proprietary

software

It

has

provided

a

method

to

back

up

licensed

Google

applications

during

the

mods

install

process

and

restore

them

when

the

process

is

complete

Java

standards

Main

article

Comparison

of

Java

and

Android

API

Obstacles

to

development

include

the

fact

that

Android

does

not

use

established

Java

standards

that

is

Java

SE

and

ME

This

prevents

compatibility

between

Java

applications

written

for

those

platforms

and

those

written

for

the

Android

platform

Android

reuses

the

Java

language

syntax

and

semantics

but

it

does

not

provide

the

full

class

libraries

and

APIs

bundled

with

Java

SE

or

ME

However

there

are

multiple

tools

in

the

market

from

companies

such

as

Myriad

Group

and

UpOnTek

that

provide

Java

ME

to

Android

conversion

services

Android

provides

its

own

GUI

classes

and

does

not

provide

Java

AWT

Swing

or

JavaFX

It

does

not

support

the

full

Java

Beans

API

History

and

market

share

The

Sooner

prototype

phone

prior

to

Dream

Android

was

created

by

the

Open

Handset

Alliance

which

is

led

by

Google

The

early

feedback

on

developing

applications

for

the

Android

platform

was

mixed

Issues

cited

include

bugs

lack

of

documentation

inadequate

QA

infrastructure

and

no

public

issuetracking

system

Google

announced

an

issue

tracker

on

January

In

December

MergeLab

mobile

startup

founder

Adam

MacBeth

stated

Functionality

is

not

there

is

poorly

documented

or

just

doesnt

work

Its

clearly

not

ready

for

prime

time

Despite

this

Androidtargeted

applications

began

to

appear

the

week

after

the

platform

was

announced

The

first

publicly

available

application

was

the

Snake

game

A

preview

release

of

the

Android

SDK

was

released

on

November

On

July

the

Android

Developer

Challenge

Team

accidentally

sent

an

email

to

all

entrants

in

the

Android

Developer

Challenge

announcing

that

a

new

release

of

the

SDK

was

available

in

a

private

download

area

The

email

was

intended

for

winners

of

the

first

round

of

the

Android

Developer

Challenge

The

revelation

that

Google

was

supplying

new

SDK

releases

to

some

developers

and

not

others

and

keeping

this

arrangement

private

led

to

widely

reported

frustration

within

the

Android

developer

community

at

the

time

On

August

the

Android

SDK

beta

was

released

This

release

provided

an

updated

and

extended

API

improved

development

tools

and

an

updated

design

for

the

home

screen

Detailed

instructions

for

upgrading

are

available

to

those

already

working

with

an

earlier

release

On

September

the

Android

SDK

Release

was

released

According

to

the

release

notes

it

included

mainly

bug

fixes

although

some

smaller

features

were

added

It

also

included

several

API

changes

from

the

version

Multiple

versions

have

been

released

since

it

was

developed

On

December

Google

announced

the

first

Android

Dev

Phone

a

SIM

unlocked

and

hardwareunlocked

device

that

is

designed

for

advanced

developers

It

was

a

modified

version

of

HTCs

Dream

phone

While

developers

can

use

regular

consumer

devices

to

test

and

use

their

applications

some

developers

may

choose

a

dedicated

unlocked

or

nocontract

device

As

of

July

more

than

one

million

applications

have

been

developed

for

Android

with

over

billion

downloads

A

June

research

indicated

that

over

of

mobile

developers

used

the

platform

at

the

time

of

publication

Android

smartphone

shipments

are

forecast

to

exceed

billion

units

in

with

an

market

share

See

also

Android

Studio

List

of

free

and

open

source

Android

applications

Rooting

Android

OS

The

Android

Source

Code

sourceandroidcom

Retrieved

February

Syed

H

September

Editorial

Why

You

Should

Go

Nexus

Droid

Lessons

Retrieved

April

Android

Developers

Application

Fundamentals

Rakars

Ash

May

How

Wearables

Influence

the

Future

of

Mobile

Application

Development

SDK

Tools

Android

Developers

Developerandroidcom

Retrieved

April

Tools

Overview

Android

Developers

July

a

b

appfour

AIDE

IDE

for

Android

Java

C

Android

Apps

on

Google

Play

googlecom

gesturedevelop

Java

Editor

Android

Apps

on

Google

Play

googlecom

Tanapro

GmbH

Tom

Arn

JavaIDEdroid

Android

Apps

on

Google

Play

googlecom

IntelliJ

Android

Development

Retrieved

September

NBAndroid

Plugin

Retrieved

September

Android

Studio

Westfall

Jon

August

Backup

Restore

Android

Apps

Using

ADB

JonWestfallcom

Retrieved

December

SDK

Tools

Android

SDK

Glossary

Android

Debug

Bridge

Android

Developers

Accessed

December

Jack

Wallen

How

to

create

a

full

backup

of

your

Android

device

without

root

Retrieved

Lemos

Robert

Open

source

vulnerabilities

paint

a

target

on

Android

a

b

Android

NDK

Android

Developers

Developerandroidcom

November

Retrieved

March

NDK

Downloads

Android

Developers

developerandroidcom

Retrieved

Srinivas

Davanum

December

Android

Invoke

JNI

based

methods

Bridging

CC

and

Java

Archived

from

the

original

on

December

Retrieved

December

javalangSystem

Android

Developers

Retrieved

September

httpsdeveloperandroidcomstudiocommandlineadbhtml

httpsdeveloperandroidcomndkguidesstable_apis

Using

Eclipse

for

Android

CC

Development

Tutorial

Android

Native

Development

with

Visual

Studio

httpsdeveloperandroidcomndkguidessimpleperf

Accessory

Development

Kit

Android

Developers

Developerandroidcom

Retrieved

October

Claburn

Thomas

July

Google

App

Inventor

Simplifies

Android

Programming

Archived

from

the

original

on

July

Retrieved

July

Lohr

Steve

July

Googles

DoItYourself

App

Creation

Software

New

York

Times

Archived

from

the

original

on

July

Retrieved

July

Abelson

Hal

July

App

Inventor

for

Android

Google

Research

Blog

Archived

from

the

original

on

August

Retrieved

July

Kim

Ryan

December

Google

brings

appmaking

to

the

masses

San

Francisco

Chronicle

Archived

from

the

original

on

July

Retrieved

July

Wolber

David

AppInventororg

Archived

from

the

original

on

July

Retrieved

July

Hardesty

Larry

August

The

MIT

roots

of

Googles

new

software

MIT

News

Office

Retrieved

October

Clark

Andrew

December

App

Inventor

launches

second

iteration

App

Inventor

Classic

Explore

MIT

App

Inventor

Appinventormitedu

December

Retrieved

March

Coreliu

Delphi

Command

flappy

godocorg

Retrieved

Package

app

which

lets

you

write

Apps

for

Android

and

eventually

iOS

Retrieved

There

are

two

ways

to

use

Go

in

an

Android

App

The

first

is

as

a

library

called

from

Java

the

second

is

to

use

a

restricted

set

of

features

but

work

entirely

in

Go

An

app

written

entirely

in

Go

results

in

a

significantly

simpler

programming

environment

and

eventually

portability

to

iOS

however

only

a

very

restricted

set

of

Android

APIs

are

available

The

provided

interfaces

are

focused

on

games

It

is

expected

that

the

app

will

draw

to

the

entire

screen

via

OpenGL

see

the

gomobilegl

package

and

that

of

the

platforms

screen

management

infrastructure

is

exposed

Qt

for

Android

Qt

Wiki

Android

Announcing

RubyMotion

Android

Platform

and

More

Simple

DirectMedia

Layer

for

Android

sdlorg

August

Archived

from

the

original

on

June

Retrieved

September

How

the

port

works

Android

applications

are

Javabased

optionally

with

parts

written

in

C

As

SDL

apps

are

Cbased

we

use

a

small

Java

shim

that

uses

JNI

to

talk

to

the

SDL

library

This

means

that

your

application

C

code

must

be

placed

inside

an

android

Java

project

along

with

some

C

support

code

that

communicates

with

Java

This

eventually

produces

a

standard

Android

apk

package

Stracciatella

Feedback

Jagged

Alliance

Android

Stracciatella

Port

Release

please

test

Archived

October

at

the

Wayback

Machine

on

the

Bears

Pit

Forum

October

Stripe

Android

SDK

Mike

Williams

July

Microsoft

ships

standalone

Android

Emulator

Betanews

retrieved

March

Rob

Prouse

February

Installing

Google

Play

GApps

on

Visual

Studio

Android

Emulators

version

retrieved

March

Visual

C

CrossPlatform

Mobile

Retrieved

May

what

makes

an

android

development

so

good

Chen

Jason

May

The

Top

Applications

Android

Developers

Blog

Archived

from

the

original

on

September

Retrieved

September

Brown

Eric

May

Android

Developer

Challenge

announces

firstround

winners

Linux

for

Devices

Archived

from

on

May

ADC

I

Top

Gallery

Android

Developer

Challenge

Retrieved

May

Android

Developer

Challenge

Google

Code

Retrieved

January

Chu

Eric

October

ADC

Round

Scoring

Complete

Android

Developers

Blog

Archived

from

the

original

on

November

Retrieved

November

ADC

Overall

Winners

Android

Developer

Challenge

Google

Archived

from

the

original

on

January

Retrieved

December

Kharif

Olga

November

Android

Developer

Challenge

Winners

Announced

BusinessWeek

Retrieved

December

Dream

android

development

xdadevelopers

forum

Retrieved

September

Rooting

Advantages

and

Disadvantages

ITCSE

forum

Retrieved

September

Android

from

Motorola

Droid

Ported

to

Volt

Mobile

March

Wimberly

Taylor

September

CyanogenMod

in

trouble

Android

and

me

Archived

from

the

original

on

October

Retrieved

September

Morrill

Dan

September

A

Note

on

Google

Apps

for

Android

Android

Developers

Blog

Archived

from

the

original

on

October

Retrieved

September

The

current

state

CyanogenMod

Android

Rom

September

Archived

from

the

original

on

November

Retrieved

September

van

Gurp

Jilles

November

Google

Android

Initial

Impressions

and

Criticism

Javalobby

Retrieved

March

Frankly

I

dont

understand

why

Google

intends

to

ignore

the

vast

amount

of

existing

implementation

out

there

It

seems

like

a

bad

case

of

not

invented

here

to

me

Ultimately

this

will

slow

adoption

There

are

already

too

many

Java

platforms

for

the

mobile

world

and

this

is

yet

another

one

Myriads

New

Converter

Fuels

Android

Applications

Gold

Rush

March

Archived

from

the

original

on

July

Retrieved

May

hopes

you

dont

know

that

Android

is

Javabased

March

On

the

other

hand

you

might

think

this

is

kind

of

a

scam

aimed

at

developers

who

dont

really

understand

the

nature

of

the

platform

theyre

targeting

My

biggest

complaint

is

that

youd

think

that

Mikael

Ricknäs

the

IDG

News

Service

reporter

who

wrote

the

first

story

linked

to

above

who

toils

for

the

same

company

that

publishes

JavaWorld

would

have

at

least

mentioned

the

relationship

between

Java

and

Android

to

make

the

oddness

of

this

announcement

clear

Myriad

CTO

moves

MIDlets

to

beautiful

Android

framework

March

We

will

have

to

wait

and

see

exactly

how

much

pickup

actually

sees

The

tool

isnt

actually

available

on

the

open

market

just

yet

while

Schillings

spoke

optimistically

about

converting

MIDlets

in

an

afternoon

at

the

moment

theyre

working

with

a

few

providers

to

transform

their

back

catalogs

So

those

of

you

out

there

hoping

to

avoid

learning

how

to

write

Android

code

may

have

to

wait

a

while

Richard

Devine

May

Google

Sooner

prototype

appears

shows

off

one

Googles

first

prototype

builds

of

Android

androidcentralcom

Retrieved

March

Paul

Ryan

December

Developing

apps

for

Google

Android

its

a

mixed

bag

Ars

Technica

Archived

from

the

original

on

December

Retrieved

December

Morrill

Dan

January

You

cant

rush

perfection

but

now

you

can

file

bugs

against

it

Android

Developers

Blog

Retrieved

September

Morrison

Scott

December

Glitches

Bug

Googles

Android

Software

The

Wall

Street

Journal

Retrieved

December

Snake

Android

Freeware

Directory

Retrieved

January

First

Android

Application

Snake

November

Retrieved

January

Metz

Cade

July

Google

plays

Hide

and

Seek

with

Android

SDK

The

Register

Archived

from

the

original

on

October

Retrieved

October

Android

An

Open

Handset

Alliance

Project

Upgrading

the

SDK

Archived

from

the

original

on

September

Retrieved

October

Other

SDK

Releases

Android

Developers

Retrieved

September

SDK

Archives

Google

Play

Hits

Million

Apps

Mashable

July

Android

App

Stats

Archived

from

the

original

on

January

Retrieved

December

Leena

Rao

April

Google

Billion

Android

Apps

Installed

Downloads

Up

Percent

From

Last

Quarter

Techcrunch

Archived

from

the

original

on

April

Retrieved

May

Developer

Economics

Worldwide

Smartphone

Volumes

Will

Remain

Down

in

Before

Returning

to

Growth

in

and

Beyond

According

to

IDC

idccom

May

Retrieved

June

Bibliography

Ed

Burnette

July

Hello

Android

Introducing

Googles

Mobile

Development

Platform

ed

Pragmatic

Bookshelf

Ableson

Frank

Sen

Robi

King

Chris

January

Android

in

Action

Second

Edition

ed

Manning

Conder

Shane

Darcey

Lauren

July

Android

Wireless

Application

Development

Volume

II

Advanced

Topics

ed

AddisonWesley

Professional

Murphy

Mark

June

Beginning

Android

ed

Apress

Meier

Reto

March

Professional

Android

Application

Development

ed

Wrox

Press

Haseman

Chris

July

Android

Essentials

ed

Apress

Clifton

Ian

August

The

Essentials

of

Android

Application

Development

LiveLessons

Video

Training

ed

AddisonWesley

Professional

Wikibooks

has

a

book

on

the

topic

of

Android

v

t

e

Android

operating

system

v

t

e

Mobile

operating

systems

v

t

e

Google

v

t

e

Linux

Android

operating

system

Android

operating

system

development

software

Embedded

Linux

Free

mobile

software

Mobile

Linux

Smartphones

Software

developer

communities

Software

development

by

platforms

B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O 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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O