How to Calculate Slack Time in PERT Charts Project Planning for PMs By Sidharth Thakur Project Management Slack time used in Program Evaluation and Review Technique PERT denotes how much an activity can be delayed beyond its earliest start date without causing any problems in the completion of the project by its due date Also known as float slack time is applicable only to those activities which do not lie on the critical path of the PERT chart For all activities that lie on the critical path the earliest start time will be the same as latest start time and the earliest finish time will be the same as latest finish time On the other hand all activities that lie along other paths of the PERT chart will have some difference between the earliest start time and the latest start time and between the earliest finish time and the latest finish time This difference in time is used to determine how much an activity can be delayed while still allowing the subsequent activities and the overall project to get completed as per schedule The activities that lie on the critical path of the PERT chart are the most significant and must be started and completed strictly without any delay as any delays Calculating Slack Time Calculating the slack time for an activity in a PERT chart is very easy and does not involve any complex calculations There are two things that are needed to calculate the slack time ES the earliest time when an activity can be started LS the latest time when an activity must be started The slack time is calculated as Slack Time LSES Alternatively slack time can also be calculated as the difference between the latest finish time and the early finish time Slack time must be calculated for all activities involved in the project Calculating the slack time is another way of tracing the critical path on a PERT chart All activities which return a ZERO as the slack time are the critical activities Screenshot taken by Sidharth Thakur The Importance of Slack Time Slack time is a very integral part of the project process and it must be clearly shown on the PERT chart Ignoring slack time can lead to consequences that may compromise the overall performance and efficiency of the project Only when the slack times have been identified will it be possible to use them to the projects advantage Activities which have some slack time can be delayed if resources need to be diverted elsewhere for critical activities Also at times devising strategies to reduce slack time brings about an overall improvement in the productivity The process of allocating resources to shorten the critical path and thus remove or reduce slack time from the PERT chart is termed as crashing However crashing a project should be done with caution as it is a cost intensive way of speeding up the process and involves heavy overhead costs which could radically affect the total project budget How to Calculate and Show Slack Time on PERT Charts When drawing the PERT activity chart use an activity card that shows all the time details for an activity like the one shown in the screenshot here The time details that all activity cards must contain are Duration time required to complete an activity Early start date Early finish date adding duration to the early start date Latest start date Latest finish date adding duration to latest start date Slack time difference between latest start date and early start date or between latest finish date and early finish date To start filling in the time details into the activity card begin from the first activity and fill in the early start and early finish time for each activity The early start time for the subsequent activities will be the early finish time of the preceding activity In case there are too many preceding activities use the finish time of the activity which ends after all the others The next thing needed to calculate slack time is to determine the latest start and finish times for each activity For this the calculations will begin backward from end toward start and the maximum time needed to complete the entire project should be used as the late finish time for all the final activities The latest start time can be calculated by subtracting the duration for each activity from its latest finish time Where there are two or more successor activities use the smallest late start time from among all of the activities as the latest finish time Finally to calculate the slack time for each activity either subtract late start from early start or subtract late finish from early finish Put in the slack time in the space provided in the activity card To find out the critical path for the PERT chart just follow the path of the activities where the slack time is zero Screenshots taken by Sidharth Thakur Youll be glad you took the time to find out how much slack you have if you run into a scenario where you are falling behind schedule and more resources are needed on the critical path Previous Post Next Post

O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Comparison of Local Review Sites Which Platform is Growing the Fastest Key Takeaways From This Post Google is the review platform that consistently gains the highest number of new reviews followed by Facebook then Yelp The average business got fewer new reviews on Facebook in 2016 than before suggesting a lack of engaged reviewers TripAdvisor achieves the most new reviews per business on the platform Local business reviews are more important than ever with 86 of consumers reading reviews for local businesses We wanted to understand more about the growth of the leading local review sites Google Facebook Yelp TripAdvisor and Foursquare so we delved into our extensive review tracking data to find out Which local review site has seen the greatest and fastest growth in new reviews over the past five years How each of these leading local review sites has grown year on year and month by month Whether any review sites are experiencing a slowdown of growth Methodology We analyzed the review data of approximately 50000 USbased businesses using data gathered in our Reputation Manager reports The data set comprises a broad sample of local businesses from many different categories the data has been aggregated and anonymized The data stretches back as far back as online reviews do but we chose to focus on the past five years 20122017 for annual comparisons and the period July 2016 to July 2017 for a more indepth look We focused the study on five of the most prominent local review sites Google Facebook Yelp Foursquare and TripAdvisor Four of the review sites carry listings and reviews for business in all industries The fifth TripAdvisor was selected due its popularity and prominence in the online review world and to provide a contrast to the generic review sites We chose to include Foursquare because it was once the darling of localsocial engagement and accumulated a lot of reviews and ratings data on local businesses In recent years Foursquare has pivoted to focus on providing Location Intelligence to help businesses reach local consumers but they still operate two localsocial apps which engage local consumers We didnt look at product or general review sites eg Amazon Trustpilot as we are focused on understanding the impact of reviews on local businesses SMBs and Enterprise Cumulative Growth in Reviews 20122017 This chart explores the cumulative growth of reviews on the five review sites we analyzed Fastest growing review sites Google Yelp TripAdvisor FourSquare Since 2015 Google has seen the most dramatic increase in the quantity of reviews compared to the other review platforms Yelp Facebook and Tripadvisor have all seen an acceleration in their accumulation of reviews so this is a positive story for all of them but Google is growing the fastest by far Since 2015 Google has seen the most dramatic increase in the quantity of reviews Googles sheer scale coupled with its native integration into Android devices gives them both the biggest audience and the best route to market to prompt users to leave reviews for recently visited businesses See below for more on this Foursquare is the only review platform that has plateaued over this period which isnt surprising given the companys change in focus Review Site Growth Compared To Previous Year This chart shows the percentage growth in the number of new reviews for each site vs the previous year From this chart we can determine the rate of growth and which site is accumulating reviews the fastest The big story here is the massive jump in new reviews that Facebook saw in 201213 This was around the time they first enabled reviews on their service and focused on encouraging users to write reviews so they saw significant growth from a very low base From 20132015 Facebook grew slowly until a big uptick in reviews in 2016 Review Site Growth Compared To Previous Year adapted This chart is the same as the one above but we have flattened the spike in Facebook reviews in 20122013 to enable us to see the growth in the other review sites Key Findings Google is acquiring reviews at the fastest rate new reviews jumped 278 in 2016 from 2015 TripAdvisor is the second fastestgrowing review site up 82 in 2016 but slowing from 115 growth in 2015 Facebooks accumulation of reviews was slow in 2014 and 2015 but then it significantly jumped in 2016 Yelps review growth has slowed since 2014 but is still growing Foursquare is the only review site to consistently receive fewer reviews than in the previous year Review site 2013 2014 2015 2016 Yelp 66 68 55 59 Facebook 1683 11 18 71 Foursquare 16 16 12 3 Google 1 80 114 278 TripAdvisor 51 70 115 82 Average Number of New Reviews Per Business This chart shows the average number of new reviews gained in each year for a business using the platforms When looking at the average number of reviews a typical business has on each platform TripAdvisor is the clear frontrunner In 2016 each business in our sample gained an average of 475 new reviews triple the amount the average business on Google received Read more on TripAdvisor below While TripAdvisor may get fewer total reviews than Facebook Google and Yelp overall it receives a far higher concentration of reviews per business across its specialism Want to find out more about niche review sites for any industry Take a look at our list of 300 specialist review sites TripAdvisor may get fewer total reviews than Facebook Google Yelp but it receives more per business As expected Foursquare sees the lowest average new reviews per business over the period 2013 to 2016 In fact the platform has seen little change over this period peaking at 41 new reviews per business and dropping to 34 at its lowest point It seems like Foursquare is plodding along steadily acquiring reviews in a consistent scale to the number of businesses using the platform For more on whats happening with Foursquare see below Yelp and Google are both adding reviews at scale having seen increases in the average number of new reviews per business over the last few years Yelp has been increasing steadily in acquiring reviews per business growing by around two reviews per year to a peak of 119 in 2016 Find out more on Yelp below saw a small drop in new reviews per business in 2016 However this is not to assume the platform is seeing a downward spiral Facebook reviews started with a huge jump in 2013 with businesses opting to use this platform receiving an average of 136 new reviews each in 2013 In 2016 a typical business received 72 new reviews This decline in average could be down to the high number of businesses on Facebook with less engagement from users regularly leaving reviews for businesses Of course Facebooks primary function is as a social network so leaving reviews can be of secondary importance for users Clearly businesses have realized the importance of having a presence on the platform but the platform needs to encourage users to leave reviews if they are to really compete with Google Read further trends on Facebook here Yelp TripAdvisor and Google all have more reviews per business than Facebook suggesting that these three sites have a more active audience that are engaged and leaving reviews For Yelp and TripAdvisor this is likely due to reviews being their key focus with users only on the site to read or leave reviews Google received significantly more reviews per business in 2016 than the previous years more than doubling new reviews per business 151 up from 69 Read more about Google here Google doesnt solely focus on reviews but is an integral part of finding a local business Mobile location tracking means that Google can send queries to users asking for reviews for places theyve been From here users can easily submit short reviews with photos directly from their devices as shown below This means users are encouraged to submit regular everyday reviews just because they are asked to rather than seeking out a business on a review site due to a notably good or bad experience Number of New Reviews Written Per Month July 2016 July 2017 The period July 2016 July 2017 highlights a number of trends across the review platforms in greater detail We delved into the number of reviews each platform gained every month in that period Google continued to lead in the number of new reviews with significant increases in 2017 Facebook also saw strong growth in this period but at a slower pace than Google TripAdvisor and Yelp grew slowly and steadily Generally the months in our time period in 2017 outperformed the months in 2016 signifying further acceleration of growth for most of the review sites Google saw a significant increase in the number of new reviews pulling quickly ahead to leave everyone else in the dust It saw a 40 increase from April to May 2017 in the number of new reviews per month While there was a small drop the next month this ramped up again in July By July 2017 the businesses were receiving more than double the amount of new reviews they were just a year before On the businesses in our sample saw a significant growth in the number of new reviews from September 2016 growing 33 in just one month Between August and December it more than doubled the number of reviews per month and continued growing in 2017 Our sample suggests that Facebook has lots to be proud of in this time period growing from a similar number of reviews as TripAdvisor in July 2016 to an increase of 133 a year on Curiously May 2017 proved to be a great month for Google Facebook and TripAdvisor If youve got any thoughts on why this might be leave us a comment below Perhaps unsurprisingly there appears to be a summer peak for TripAdvisor with August July and October leading in 2016 although the months March to July 2017 outperform every month in 2016 Its no surprise that this correlates with the high season for holidays and trips out Yelp received a steady number of reviews performing well throughout the time period with a surprise peak in October 2016 that even overtook Facebook for the month It soon dropped back to its former position with a slow and steady increase in the number of reviews each month Foursquare was the only platform of the five that didnt show a clear trend of increased reviews over the time period But with these numbers being a fraction of their nearest competitor the lack of correlation is not a shock 5Star Reputation Management Tools Request track and respond to online reviews for a business reputation worth shouting about 14 DAY FREE TRIAL NO CARD NEEDED Trends by Review Site Google Reviews Google has told an interesting story placing third for number of reviews in 2014 and 2015 and jumping into pole position from 2016 The businesses in the study saw a huge uplift in reviews in Google seeing an increase of 278 in 2016 from the year before and acquiring significantly more in the first half of 2017 While it may have had a slow start the powerhouse is growing every quarter to lead in numbers of reviews Google saw an increase of 278 from the year before in the number of new reviews From the days of Hotpot Google has placed itself as a source of recommendations So much information is now available in SERPs and the Google environment its no wonder reviewers are choosing the platform that is so useful and prominent during the research process Googles stellar growth should be attributed to its growing omnipresence Its become a normal part of finding local businesses and makes it incredibly easy for people to leave reviews However the 2017 Local Consumer Review Survey found that Google is consumers third most trusted review site behind Facebook and Yelp While our Review Growth data shows Googles rapid growth to becoming the leading platform in number of reviews theres still work to be done in aligning this with the trust of users To learn more about how different industries are using Google reviews take a look at our Google Reviews Study Facebook Reviews Facebook reviews rapidly took off following their introduction in late 2012 The December 2012 announcement of Nearby meant users could share their recommendations easily with friends for the first time explaining the rapid percentage growth as seen in 2013 In 2013 and 2014 Facebook led on reviews with businesses clearly clamoring to be on the popular platform But from 2015 Facebook could no longer rely on being the most popular source of reviews Dont worry though Facebook isnt failing its just growing at a slower rate than frontrunner Google By November Facebook had achieved growth of 64 on 2016 Its not losing out as more consumers turn to Google but could begin to receive fewer reviews in 2018 if it doesnt encourage users to share their views Facebooks recent news feed changes could affect the visibility of publishers and brands and instead give more prominence to posts that generate discussions This could affect which businesses users see This could mean local businesses need to increase Facebook paid advertising or turn to the Facebook Local app to continue being seen on the platform by potential customers Facebook Local is a separate app which has so far seen limited success The Google Play Store estimates downloads as between 10000 500000 January 2018 far lower than Yelps 1050 million Android users or TripAdvisors 100500 million It will need to reverse this trend to continue to be a trusted platform for reviews Yelp Reviews Yelp has been a steady performer over the years but its growth appears to have slowed recently In each year prior to 2017 Yelp reviews grew between 55 and 68 on the previous year It received fewer new reviews in Q1 of 2017 than in the previous quarter although this did grow again in Q2 2016 was a difficult year for Yelp with the platform announcing a scaleback in operations outside North America and culling further international expansion plans In May 2017 Yelps stocks dropped by 30 after showing disappointing sales These recent difficulties appear to be in line with the smaller growth in new reviews and could indicate that Yelp have recognized their troubles ahead of the review downturn But its not all bad news as it is still growing albeit at a slower rate with May June and July 2017 each surpassing every month before in the number of reviews received on the site The big news from Yelp in 2017 was its firm stance on businesses asking for customer reviews While authenticity should be paramount to any review strategy actively discouraging asking for these could result in Yelp receiving fewer reviews going forwards Its highly possible that businesses will turn to other review sites rather than stopping asking customers to leave reviews at all Tripadvisor Reviews Due to its niche focus its no surprise that TripAdvisor doesnt acquire as many reviews as Google Facebook and Yelp The travel specialist appears to be slowing in percentage growth but it is still growing In 2015 the number of reviews grew 115 on the year before and a further 82 20152016 It had a particularly strong Q2 in 2017 in the number of new reviews As a business TripAdvisor had a tumultuous 2017 with results falling below analysts estimates The Financial Times reported that TripAdvisor shares have declined 15 per cent so far this year amid concerns that the company will struggle to turn audience growth into revenue growth Itll be interesting to see if these difficulties reflect in future new reviews on the platform Niche review sites may attract fewer total reviews than the big three review platforms do but theyre still incredibly important within industry sectors Local businesses should ensure they receive reviews across each of the relevant platforms making sure to consider where their customers and audiences are looking to find out more Foursquare Reviews Foursquares comparatively low reviews rates will come as no shock While it no longer competes as a leading reviews platform it instead excels with its incredibly accurate location data There have been predictions about Foursquare ending its focus on consumer recommendations and instead selling its significant data set Its future remains to be seen Loyal users of City Guide can use Foursquares data set to find recommendations where they are although clearly there are fewer reviews per business than other platforms offer The average consumer reads 7 reviews before trusting a business so Foursquare might not be the place to go to receive sufficient information For more insights on local business reviews read our Local Consumer Review Survey

O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 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Tis the Season to Smile 15 Holiday Photo Booth Ideas Tis the season for pot roasts presents and our personal favorite holiday photo booths Whether youre throwing a Christmas party a Hanukkah get together or a general holidaythemed soiree weve found 15 fun and fabulous photo booth backdrops that will bring nothing but smiles and good cheer Stock up on the props grab some boozy winter bevs and get ready to say cheese 1 Snowy Scene This snowy backdrop was created using a blanket a rug and tissue paper Dont forget the mini Christmas trees via Lovely Indeed 2 Gold Fringe Curtain Gold fringe curtains to the rescue If you need a photo booth backdrop stat string up these puppies We totally understand if you decide to leave em up all year long via Brit Co 3 Chalk Wall Christmas Scene Have a chalk wall handy Draw an awesome holiday scene to instantly create a memorable photo booth backdrop via Say Yes 4 Ribbons Ornaments String up some holiday ornaments with silky ribbons and ruffled crepe paper streamers to create a festive backdrop Add a kraft paper banner and youve got the perfect decor for your office holiday party via Vintage Whites 5 Christmas Bow Backdrop If youve got a heaping pile of bows lying around use them to make this incredibly easy DIY backdrop via Studio DIY 6 Easy Streamer Backdrop Need to whip up a backdrop in a flash Streamers only take a few minutes to hang and then you can get back to more important things like picking out your holiday cocktails via Promise Tangeman 7 Metallic Sheeting Backdrop This extrashiny backdrop is yet another accent that you can easily reuse for every holiday soiree Your guests wont be able to take their eyes off it via Hank and Hunt 8 Paper and Thread Garland Bright glittery paper circles and a spool of thread are all youll need to create this holiday garland via Colin Cowie Weddings 9 Gold Sequins 55 No time to DIY a photobooth backdrop Order this gold sequined one and just add some rockin props 10 Wrapping Paper Photo Booth Create an interesting photo booth backdrop by taping up some holiday wrapping paper The more intricate the print the fewer decorations youll need to fill the backdrop via Brit Co 11 New Years Countdown We are completely in love with this New Years Eve photo booth backdrop The crepe paper clock is amazing and the gold and copper streamers add a shiny element to this little photo booth world via Project Nursery 12 Snowflakes and Hearts The light blue background really makes the snowflakes and hearts of this photo booth pop It even makes a great engagement announcement backdrop via Style Me Pretty 13 White Gold This setup once again proves that sometimes less is more A white wall a few gold balloons some simple white triangle garlands and a smattering of gold tinsel are all you need to create this simple holiday backdrop via Free People 14 Winter Wonderland Tape up a large rectangle of snowflake wrapping paper and then hang up paper and plastic snowflakes to create this Winter Wonderland backdrop After all theres no such thing as too many fake snowflakes via Hello Natural 15 Big Balloons and Party Tassels Tinsel tassels AND balloons Were sold via Erins Blog for Nina Which of these photo booth backdrops do you want to pose in front of this holiday season Tell us in the comments Samantha Andreacchi A Bay Area native Sam currently lives in Philadelphia and is loving the city of brotherly love If she isnt working trying a new restaurant or window shopping on Walnut Street shes probably at home binging on Pinterest making a mess in the kitchen aka cooking or trying to read three books at once Share Topics Christmas Party Lifestyle

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

is the season to smile : 15 holiday photo booth ideas


Coventry Welcome to the home of Lady Godiva Overview Hotels in Coventry Attractions Local Events Offers Hotels in Coventry 3 Fantastic Coventry Hotels We are proud to offer three unique Hotels in Coventry offering value for money accommodation Whether our guests are looking for easy access to the local airports a Coventry city centre hotel or an escape to a country manor they will be most welcome at one of our Coventry Hotels Located r ight in the heart of the City Centre next to the historically famous Coventry Cathedral The Britannia Hotel Coventry has everything guests would expect offering easy access to all the city has to offer For easy access to both Birmingham Airport and Coventry Airport The Britannia Coventry Hill Hotel is a modern hotel offering 192 bedrooms restaurant and bar as well as conference facilities for 120 people It is located on the A45 and offers Stay Fly packages for both airports just 9 miles from Birmingham Airport The Royal Court Hotel Coventry is set admist 11 acres of landscaped gardens and parkland approximately 3 miles from Coventry City Centre With over 200 rooms restaurant bar conference rooms and leisure club this Grade II listed hotel is sure to offer visiting guests the perfect stay Britannia Coventry Hill Hotel Coventry WiFi Parking Bar Restaurant Airport Parking Pet Friendly Conference Venue Wedding Venue from 2500 per room per night Britannia Hotel Coventry Coventry WiFi Bar Restaurant Pet Friendly Conference Venue Wedding Venue from 2800 per room per night Royal Court Hotel Coventry Coventry WiFi Parking Bar Restaurant Leisure Facilities Pet Friendly Conference Venue Wedding Venue from 3100 per room per night Join Our Newsletter Never miss a deal again Be the first to receive latest offers exclusive discounts news and competitions You can unsubscribe at any time by clicking a link at the bottom of each of our emails We promise not to share your information with any third parties Yes please I would like to hear about offers and services from Britannia Hotels I agree to Terms Conditions and Privacy Policy

B O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Christian III Scandinavian king Written By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Last Updated Jan 1 2019 See Article History Christian III born Aug 12 1503 Gottorp Schleswigdied Jan 1 1559 Kolding Den king of and Norway 153459 who established the state Lutheran Church in Denmark 1536 and by forming close ties between the church and the crown laid the foundation for the absolutist Danish monarchy of the 17th century The eldest son of Frederick I king of Denmark and Norway Christian was educated as a Lutheran and showed Protestant zeal as statholder chief executive in the Danish provinces of Schleswig and Holstein 1526 The predominantly Catholic Rigsråd Council of the Realm therefore rejected his bid for the throne when Frederick died in 1533 preferring Christians younger brother Hans Meanwhile the burgomasters of Copenhagen and Malmö allied with the north German city of Lübeck to restore the imprisoned former Danish king Christian II and provoked a civil war the Counts War 153336 when Lübecks forces invaded Holstein After gaining the backing of leading Jutland nobles and bishops 1534 Christian sponsored successful military campaigns in the provinces of Jutland Fyn and Zealand and with the capitulation of Copenhagen 1536 he assumed control of the kingdom He soon arrested the Catholic bishops and organized the Diet of Copenhagen October 1536 which confiscated episcopal property and established the state Lutheran Church The Diet also confirmed the constitutional rights of the nobles Rigsråd which thereafter ruled in alliance with the King The continuing decline of Norway was indicated by the abolition of the Norwegian state council In 1537 the Danish Church was reorganized under the leadership of Christians adviser Johann Bugenhagen New bishops were appointed all of bourgeois origins and the church leaders were now called superintendents Christians chancellor Johan Friis maintained good relations between the crown and the leading nobles and helped modernize the local and national administrations In foreign affairs Christian allied with the Protestant German rulers against the Habsburg Holy Roman emperor Charles V who wanted to place the daughters of Christian II on the Scandinavian thrones After settling his debt to Holstein in 1542 Christian declared war against Charles V and closed The Sound Øresund the entrance to the Baltic Sea to shipping from the Netherlands this was a serious economic blow to the Emperor He concluded a peace with Charles at Speyer in 1544 and thereafter avoided interference in foreign wars He gained the Emperors favour especially for his noninterference in the war of the Schmalkaldic League 154647 a dispute between Charles and the Protestant Estates of his empire External Websites Article History Article Contributors Feedback Corrections Updates Help us improve this article Contact our editors with your feedback Christian III Scandinavian king born August 12 1503 Gottorp Germany died January 1 1559 aged 55 Kolding title office king DenmarkNorway 15341559 role in Counts War

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Daily life The Dominican people share religious linguistic and historical traditions but their society remains largely fragmented and individualistic and their daytoday experiences are commensurate to differences between their socioeconomic classes ethnic groupings and physical settings among other factors Much of the population still lives in rural areasmany as impoverished peasants or migrant workers others as independent smallscale landowners and a small minority as elite landowners Moreover rural life in the Cibao Valley generally diverges from that of the southeastern sugar plantations and other areas and city life varies from the frenetic pace of Santo Domingo to the more relaxed traditional character of Santiago and smaller towns Sugar plantations in the south provide barracklike housing units for their temporary workers but more permanent employees frequently have their own small huts or bohios often on companyowned land Some bohios have doublereed walls filled with rubble and plastered with mud whereas others are little more than leantos of palm leaves and bamboo In the relatively prosperous Cibao Valley houses are built solidly of palm board or pine and are commonly painted and decorated with shutters and lintels in contrasting colours Roofs are most often covered with corrugated metal sheets but those of poorer households may be thatched The houses of prosperous families may have concrete floors but most are of packed earth Urban squatter settlements and innercity ghettos include dwellings constructed of cardboard discarded inner tubes and other scavenged materials Middle and upperclass houses and apartments characterize many other urban districts Government programs often funded with international loans have financed housing construction for lower and middleincome families especially in Santo Domingo where large neighbourhoods have been built Staple foods for poorer Dominicans include rice beans and vegetables The cuisine of middle and upperclass Dominicans often makes generous use of peppers fresh seafood and tropical fruits meals might include queso fresco white cheese fried plantains heartsofpalm salad shrimp pilaf with chiles and onions or grilled sea bass Locally produced rums from the Bermudez and Barcelo distilleries are also popular sancocho Watch the preparation of sancocho a distinctive dish of Caribbean cuisine CCTV America The arts Music especially when accompanied by dancing is important at all social levels and in all regions of the country The most typical forms are those with clear African antecedents especially in their rhythms There are also folk songs and tunes deriving from Spain and the Middle East Popular genres include the merengue bolero salsa and folk songs associated with African heritage The cities of Santo Domingo and Puerto Plata host merengue festivals at which dozens of groups compete Radio stations also feature rock music reggae and other AfroCaribbean musical styles as well as the Mexican ranchera and Cuban danzón The guitar is probably the most popular instrument followed by drums and in some rural areas flutes and homemade marimbas are also common Juan Luís Guerra Frank Ceara and Fernando Villalona are among the many Dominican musicians who have become internationally renowned Numerous Dominican painters including Ramón Oviedo José Rincón Mora and Leopoldo Navarro have produced canvases ranging from exuberant Haitianstyle paintings to abstract and Impressionistic works The tourist trade has sparked renewed interest in Dominican handicrafts such as ceramics textiles wood carvings jewelry dolls and baskets The universities as well as numerous private literary and cultural organizations have long fostered an interest in the classical European arts of music painting drama and literature The country sponsors a symphony orchestra theatres and art museums Literature During the 19thcentury Haitian occupation a nationalist spirit began to develop in Dominican literature notably in the poetry of Félix Maria del Monte Manuel de Jesus Galván continued the trend with his fictional epic Enriquillo leyenda histórica dominicana 187982 Enriquillo Dominican Historical Legend Eng trans The Cross and the Sword which depicted Spanish settlers brutality toward Taino Indians In the early 20th century writers such as Américo Lugo and Gastón Fernando Deligne were more influenced by modernism however some nationalist expressions arose again in 191624 during the US occupation of the country In the late 20th century social protest became a major theme particularly in the short stories of the leftist politician Juan Bosch who wrote largely from exile Contemporary writers have focused to some degree on daily life in the Dominican Republic Sports and recreation National holidays on February 27 and August 16 commemorate the countrys independence struggles Other holidays are largely defined by the calendar of the Roman Catholic church but the way in which they are celebrated reveals a mixture of official church and ancient folk traditions Carnival observed during several weeks preceding Lent is especially colourful in Santiago Masked and costumed men and boys circulate in the streets hitting each other with inflated pig and goat bladders and chanting traditional rhymes intended to provoke each other to what is today usually only playful retaliation Their masks are usually homemade and constitute a recognized art form in the country During the final few days of Carnival elaborately costumed groups of men and women perform in the streets in return for handouts of rum and cash Baseball in the Dominican Republic is more than a sport and national pastimeit is a passion After US marines introduced the sport there it slowly gained popularity until the 1960s when Juan Marichal the Alou brothers Felipe Mateo and Jesus and other Dominicans became prominent major league players Their success prompted North American teams to increase their local scouting recruiting and financial investments and by the 1990s major league teams had fielded scores of Dominican players including the outfielder Sammy Sosa and many shortstops Hundreds more also play in the minor leagues Several Dominicans have become successful amateur or professional athletes in basketball volleyball and boxing such as the bantamweight boxer Pedro Nolasco who won a bronze medal at the 1984 Olympic Games Football soccer is also played in the Dominican Republic though not as widely as in other Caribbean nations Cockfightingusually accompanied by gamblingremains a traditional and popular spectator sport although it is discouraged in many areas Previous page Justice Page 6 of 9 Next page Press and broadcasting Additional Reading External Websites Article History Article Contributors Feedback Corrections Updates Help us improve this article Contact our editors with your feedback Introduction Quick Facts The land Relief drainage and soils Climate Plant and animal life Settlement patterns The people Ethnicity Language and religion Demographic trends The economy Resources Agriculture fisheries and forestry Industry Services Tourism Trade and finance Transportation Administration and social conditions Government Justice Armed forces and police Education Health and welfare Cultural life Daily life The arts Literature Sports and recreation Press and broadcasting History The colonial era Power struggles and nationalism Haitian occupation Caudillos Intervention by the United States Civil unrest dictatorship and democracy The Trujillo regime Bosch Balaguer and their successors

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

dominican republic
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San Francisco California United States Written By Kenneth Lamott Barnaby Conrad Gladys Cox Hansen See Article History Alternative Title Frisco San Francisco city and port coextensive with San Francisco county northern California US located on a peninsula between the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay It is a cultural and financial centre of the western United States and one of the countrys most cosmopolitan cities Area 46 square miles 120 square km Pop 2000 776733 San FranciscoSan MateoRedwood City Metro Division 1731183 San FranciscoOaklandFremont Metro Area 4123740 2010 805235 San FranciscoSan MateoRedwood City Metro Division 1776095 San FranciscoOaklandFremont Metro Area 4335391 San Francisco Timelapse video of San Francisco Video by Florian Kriechbaumer San Francisco Golden Gate Bridge Golden Gate Bridge San Francisco Getty Images San Francisco San Francisco California Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Character of the city San Francisco holds a secure place in the United States romantic dream of itselfa cool elegant handsome worldly seaport whose steep streets offer breathtaking views of one of the worlds greatest bays According to the dream San Franciscans are sophisticates whose lives hold full measures of such civilized pleasures as music art and good food Their children are to be pitied for as the wife of publishing magnate Nelson Doubleday once said They will probably grow up thinking all cities are so wonderful To San Franciscans their city is a magical place almost an island saved by its location and history from the sprawl and monotony that afflicts so much of urban California South San Francisco South San Francisco Calif Coolcaesar Since World War II however San Francisco has had to face the stark realities of urban life congestion air and water pollution violence and vandalism and the general decay of the inner city San Franciscos makeup has been changing as families mainly white and middleclass have moved to its suburbs leaving the city to a population that viewed statistically tends to be older and to have fewer married people Now more than one of every two San Franciscans is nonwhitein this case African American East Asian Filipino Samoan Vietnamese Latin American or Native American Their dreams increasingly demand a realization that has little to do with the romantic dream of San Francisco But both the dreams and the realities are important for they are interwoven in the fabric of the city that might be called ParadoxbytheBay Although San Franciscans complain of the congestion homelessness and high cost of living that plague the city and talk endlessly of the good old days the majority still think of San Francisco the way poet George Sterling did as the cool grey city of love one of Americas most attractive colourful and distinctive places to live Landscape City site Hilly and roughly square San Francisco occupies the northern tip of a peninsula To its south are the bedroom suburbs of San Mateo county to the east and northeast is the bay and to the west and northwest lies the Pacific Ocean Aerial view of the Golden Gate Bridge and San Francisco Encyclopædia Britannica Inc The most prominent of San Franciscos hills are Twin Peaks Mount Davidson and Mount Sutro all of which exceed 900 feet 270 metres in elevation The best known are Nob Hill where the wealthy nobs nabobs built extravagant mansion s in the 1870s and Telegraph Hill which once looked down on the Barbary Coast a neighbourhood formerly alive with gaudy wickedness As a result of the pioneer planners prejudice in favour of a squaredoff grid the downtown streets march intrepidly up precipitous slopes terrifying newly arrived drivers making the cable cars more than sentimental anachronisms and providing splendid views of the bay San Francisco San Francisco PixelshopFotolia San Francisco Bay is a drowned river valley submerged during the melting of the last glacial ice sheet Enthusiastic and profitable filling of the tidelands has reduced its area at mean high tide from about 700 square miles 1800 square km in 1880 to a mere 435 square miles 1125 square km More than half of the bay is still fillable but in 1965 the state legislature created the Bay Conservation and Development Commission to control further landfill projects At its widest extent the bay measures 13 miles 21 km across its deepest point 357 feet 109 metres is in the Golden Gate a narrow channel between the peninsula and Marin county to the north that connects the bay to the Pacific The maximum daily flow of water through the Golden Gate into the Pacific is seven times the flow of the Mississippi River at its mouth Alcatraz Island Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay California MedioImagesGetty Images Within the portion of San Francisco Bay lying inside the city limits are the natural islands of Alcatraz and Yerba Buena and manmade Treasure Island created for a worlds fair in 1939 and later turned into a naval base 194193 Alcatraz Spanish Pelican was from 1934 to 1963 the most notorious maximumsecurity escapeproof prison in the United States In 1969 after the decaying cell blocks had been given up by the Federal Bureau of Prisons a multitribal group of Native Americans invaded the island and asserted their rights to abandoned federal property but they were forcibly evicted in 1971 The island became part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area in 1972 and has become a popular tourist attraction Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay California Fabio FormaggioDreamstimecom Climate Winter in San Francisco is rainy and mild spring sunny and temperate summer foggy and cool and autumn sunny and warm The average minimum temperature is 51 F 11 C and the average maximum is 63 F 17 C The mean rainfall almost all of which occurs between November and April is about 21 inches 533 mm There is sunshine during twothirds of the possible daylight hours The most characteristic feature of the weather however is the summer fog which lies low over the city until midday creating consternation among shivering tourists This fog is a phenomenon of temperature contrasts created when warm moist ocean air comes in contact with cold water welling up from the ocean bottom along the coast Fog enveloping the Golden Gate Bridge which spans the entrance to San Francisco Bay in northern California MedioImagesGetty Images City layout The central business district the financial district North Beach and Chinatown occupy the site of the goldrush city which subsequently was expanded by progressive fillings along the waterfront The remnants of many ships that were deserted in 1849 now lie under office buildings several blocks inland To the west at the approach to the Golden Gate Bridge lies the Presidio a twocenturyold military installation that became part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area in 1994 it is remarkable for its parklike lawns and windsculptured stands of trees South of the Presidio is Golden Gate Park reclaimed from a onetime sandy desert The rest of San Francisco is largely composed of residential neighbourhoods from Pacific Heights in which the old wealthy families reside to Hunters Point which is predominantly an African American community Most are filled with flowerdecked houses of pastel stucco and painted ladiesframe structures with abundant and often elegant architectural detailing intricately coloured San Francisco Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Painted ladies Victorian homes with richly coloured architectural detailing San Francisco MedioImagesGetty Images A great change which has been described as the Manhattanization of San Francisco became apparent after the late 1960s and it has been both welcomed and resisted In the financial district in particular one tall building after another has been constructed in a city in which for generations few structures were higher than 20 stories Among the modern skyscrapers are 555 California Street formerly known as the Bank of America building the Transamerica Pyramid which rises to an elongated point and the Le Méridien San Francisco hotel formerly the Park Hyatt The Hyatt Regency is part of the massive Embarcadero Center complexdesigned by John Portman in the 1970swhich encompasses six city blocks and houses numerous shops hotels and restaurants San Francisco San Francisco Larry BrownsteinGetty Images Another concern is one that San Francisco shares with few other US citiesdestruction by earthquake Severe quakes have been felt in 1868 1898 1900 1906 and 1989 But it was the 1906 earthquake that did the most damage and that has become identified with the city A little after 500 am on April 18 the entire city began to tremble and shake There was a terrible noise like the roar of 10000 lions and San Franciscans knew they were experiencing a nightmarish earthquake Cable cars jerked to a stop and the 7 million City Hall crumbled like a movie set The glass roof over the Palace Hotel court splintered and rained down shards Crowds watching the fires set off by the earthquake in San Francisco in 1906 photo by Arnold Genthe Library of Congress Washington DC Aftermath of the San Francisco earthquake of 1906 US Department of Defense That quake was followed by a massive fire that destroyed the centre of town and burned for four days until the smouldering ashes were wetted down by rain Starting in the business section near Montgomery Street and the South of Market district the inferno swept toward Russian Hill Chinatown North Beach and Telegraph Hill where Italians poured wine on the flames to save their houses Gone were 4 square miles 10 square km making up 512 blocks in the centre of town along with 28000 buildings and a total property value of about 350 million It was originally thought that San Francisco after the 1906 earthquake Library of Congress Motion Picture Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division Washington DC Since the 1906 earthquake seismologists and engineers have warned that it could happen again Several relatively strong earthquakes measuring more than 50 on the Richter scale have since then caused little damage But the quake on October 17 1989 which measured 71 on the Richter scale killed more than 60 people and caused severe damage to the Marina District and to some freeways and even more devastation to surrounding areas Modern office towers were largely unaffected indicating that new building methods may provide some protection for the city Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 soil liquefaction An automobile crushed under the remains of an apartment building in the Marina District San Francisco California The first and second floors are no longer visible because of structural failure and sinking due to liquefaction during the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989 USGS Bay Bridge after the San FranciscoOakland earthquake of 1989 Aerial view of the collapsed section of the Bay Bridge following the San FranciscoOakland earthquake of 1989 CE MeyerUS Geological Survey People The pattern of immigration into San Francisco during the latter half of the 19th century was significantly different from that of anywhere else in the United States The waves of newcomers included not only nativeborn Americans moving west but also Europeans arriving directly by ship who had not previously lived for a time along the Eastern Seaboard The demography of the goldrush city was summed up concisely by a realestate firm that advertised it could transact business in the English French German Spanish and Italian languages San Francisco remains one of the most Mediterranean of American cities New Orleans is anotherand Italians are still the dominant European minority followed by Germans Irish and British Jewish immigrants from Europe arrived in the city even before the gold seekers of 1849 and much credit for San Franciscos culture must be given to them They founded libraries symphonies and theatres and gave the city its first aura of sophistication Before World War II about 20000 African Americans lived in the entire Bay Area about 4000 of them in San Francisco The tremendous increase in the black population during the next 30 years was set in motion by the war which brought at least a half million war workers to the Bay Areas shipyards and other industries Among them were tens of thousands from the South who settled mainly in San Francisco Oakland and Richmond In San Francisco they moved into the old Carpenter Gothic houses in the blocks around Fillmore Street vacated when the Japanese who had lived there were driven into wartime internment camps By the 1980s the character of the district shifted again as the renovation of these houses and the high cost of property caused rents to skyrocket Poorer African American residents were forced out of their neighbourhoods and into slum housing in the citys already crowded southeastern sector An increasing number of African Americans have become prominent in the citys life Willie Brown was elected mayor in 1995 and reelected in 1999and many others also have won elective office Chinatown which is the bestknown Chinese community in the United States is also probably the least understood minority community in the city The colourful shops and restaurants of Grant Avenue mask a slum of crowded tenements and sweatshops that has the highest population density in an already densely populated city Many Chinese residents have increasingly moved into North Beach hitherto predominantly Italian onto the nearby slopes of Russian Hill or into the middleclass neighbourhoods of the Richmond district north of Golden Gate Park where some of the citys most popular Chinese restaurants and bakeries are found on Clement Street Many of those who reside in Chinatown Hong Kong San Francisco Chinatown Lanterns hanging in Chinatown San Francisco trekandshootiStockThinkstock Never as large as Chinatown the Japanese community of San Francisco was wiped out at a single stroke by the infamous Executive Order 9066 of 1942 which sent them foreignborn and citizen alike into relocation centres The present centre of the Japanese community is Japantown Nihonmachi a few blocks east of Fillmore Street now an ambitious commercial and cultural centre Though the rising generation of Japanese Americans go to Japantown as visitors bound for church services social or cultural events such as the annual cherry blossom festival or to buy imported goods their own roots are elsewhere The Hispanic population is the second largest ethnic minority in the city the Chinese community being the first Before World War II the Mission District named for the Mission Dolores was principally working class and Irish The Irish were largely replaced by Spanishspeaking Latin American immigrants mainly from Central America and Mexico although the neighbourhood saw another influx of white residents through gentrification in the first decades of the 21st century The Filipino community has grown remarkably since World War II and has spread to all areas of the city especially the South of Market area Though not as numerous as in southern California the Vietnamese Cambodian and Laotian communities have grown considerably since the 1980s which resulted in conflicts with blacks and Hispanics over lowincome housing and a proliferation of ethnic restaurants in the troubled Tenderloin area between the Civic Center and Union Square San Franciscans have historically considered their city to be laissezfaire and openminded which is probably why homosexuals have felt comfortable there The affluent Castro district technically Eureka Valley near Twin Peaks has attracted gays and lesbians from throughout the country becoming perhaps the most famous gay neighbourhood in the world Its streets are adorned with elegantly restored Victorian homes and landmarks highlighting significant dates in the struggle for gay rights It is said that no local politician can win an election without the gay communitys vote Economy The gold rush 184849 established San Francisco as the premier city of the West known from the Oregon border to the pueblo of Los Angeles simply as the City It is still a great port the financial and administrative capital of the West and a substantial centre for commerce and manufacturing San Francisco is well known for its connection to the technology industry Some San Franciscans commute to nearby Silicon Valleya region just south of the bay that is the heart of the nations technology industryto work but the city itself is home to a number of smaller technology companies and startups Another large portion of the citys employed work in the area of finance Other leading areas of employment include business services personnel supply building maintenance security computers and data processing and advertising retail trade the tourist and convention industry and professional services Many companies such as Levi Strauss Co producer of one of San Franciscos most famous products blue jeans have located their national headquarters in the Bay Area Port From its beginnings as a port of call in the hideandtallow trade and later as the home port of the Pacific whale fishery San Francisco has been acutely conscious of the importance of shipping In the 19th century ships stopped there from their trip around Cape Horn or the Isthmus of Panama and steamer day was a civic institution after 1914 cargo and passenger vessels arrived from the East by way of the Panama Canal In 1867 the Pacific Mail Steamship Company opened the first transpacific service sailing from San Francisco to Yokohama Japan and Hong Kong Imports and exports now passing through the San Francisco Customs District make the combined ports of San Francisco BaySan Francisco Oakland Alameda Sacramento and Stocktonone of the most active international ports in the country Industry and tourism Manufacturing is the main source of income in the Bay Area In San Francisco in which manufacturing is a lesser source of income the principal industries are apparel and other textile products food processing and shipbuilding while the aerospace and electronics industries are strong in the cities of the peninsula Tourism is a major source of income The bridges Coit Tower the museums the restaurants Chinatown North Beach the Victorian mansions crooked Lombard Street and the dazzling Fairmont Hotel are major attractions Fishermans Wharf however is the most popular Families browse the area watching fishermen prepare the crab catch and mend their nets amid dozens of souvenir shops street entertainers restaurants and bakeries selling one of the citys specialties sourdough bread Getting to Fishermans Wharf on the PowellHyde Street cable car is a popular route San Francisco San Francisco with Coit Tower in the background MedioImagesGetty Images Boats docked at Fishermans Wharf San Francisco Encyclopædia Britannica Inc San Franciscos waterfront offers whalewatching excursions provides a boat tour from the wharf to Alcatraz Island and is home to Ghirardelli Square the onetime chocolate factory the Cannery built for the California Fruit Canners Association now Del Monte Corporation in 1907 and now a marketplace Pier 39 reconstructed using timbers from old ships to create a New England look home to shops and eateries and one of the best sealwatching spots on the coast the Ferry Building a ferry terminal on the Embarcadero that also houses a food hall and a farmers market and the Anchorage which has a miniamphitheatre Nearby is the Marina District formerly known as Harbor View when its natural amphitheatre was the scene of the 1915 PanamaPacific International Exposition Beach near Lands End San Francisco William Lee Finance A financial centre since the first pinch of gold dust was exchanged for cash San Francisco is the seat of the Pacific Stock Exchange as well as the headquarters of many banks and other financial services companies among them Wells Fargo Though there are no native independent banks headquartered in San Francisco the city still ranks among the nations largest investment banking centres Transportation Periodic smog produced mainly by the automobiles in the area is a serious concern Freeway traffic is also a problem as travel from the East Bay cities of Oakland and Berkeley and from Marin county to the north is confined to two great but overburdened bridges The worlds longest highlevel steel bridge the San FranciscoOakland Bay Bridge is 45 miles 72 km long it was completed in 1936 and consists of two backtoback suspension bridges a connecting tunnel on Yerba Buena Island five truss spans and a cantilever span The orangered Golden Gate Bridge leading north to Marin county was completed in 1937 It is a pure suspension bridge with a 4200foot 1280metre centre span the spectacular clear span was the longest in the world until 1964 when New York Citys VerrazanoNarrows Bridge opened At its highest point the bridge is about 260 feet 80 metres above the bay San Francisco Golden Gate Bridge Golden Gate Bridge San Francisco Mariusz BlachFotolia Until the ferries were doomed by the bridges San Francisco was served by a great network of ferry routes whose splendid vessels were said to deliver more passengers to the Ferry Building at the foot of Market Street than arrived at any other transportation depot except Charing Cross railway station in London Only after the bridges began to choke with traffic did the ferries return on a smaller scale between San Francisco and Marin county A much greater undertaking was the interurban rapidtransit system known as BART Bay Area Rapid Transit which began operating in 1972 With service between San Francisco and surrounding communities through an underwater tube more than 36 miles 58 km long BART was the first system of its sortpart subway and part elevatedto be built in half a century These comfortable computerized automatic trains run at speeds as high as 80 miles 130 km per hour San Francisco situated at the head of a peninsula has always been a dead end for rail traffic Beginning with the arrival of the first westbound train over the tracks of the Central Pacific on September 6 1869 transcontinental trains began discharging their passengers in Oakland where ferries or buses carried them to San Francisco As in the rest of the country the railroads importance as a passenger carrier declined after World War II The instantly recognizable symbol of San Francisco is the beloved cable car Invented by Andrew Hallidie because he felt sorry for the dray horses that were often injured on the steep hills the system was tested in 1873 and soon adopted by other cities By the 1880s cities such as Chicago Kansas City Missouri and Los Angeles had variations of Hallidies creation The other cities eventually abandoned cable cars but San Francisco has stubbornly clung to the picturesque if archaic and sometimes dangerous means of negotiating the hills Rudyard Kipling was awed by the concept San Francisco cable car Cable car in San Francisco Efaah0Dreamstimecom I gave up asking questions about their mechanismIf it pleases Providence to make a car run up and down a slit in the ground for many miles and if for twopencehapenny I can ride in that car why should I seek reasons for that miracle Before the 1906 earthquake 600 cars covered 110 miles 177 km of the city but the system was devastated by the quake and much of it was not restored Today more than two dozen cars operate at peak hours carrying about 15000 people daily to limited destinations via three lines San Francisco International Airport is located about 7 miles 11 km south of the citycounty limits occupying a filled site on the southwestern shore of the bay Page 1 of 2 Next page Administration and social conditions Additional Reading External Websites Article History Article Contributors Feedback Corrections Updates Help us improve this article Contact our editors with your feedback Introduction Character of the city Landscape City site Climate City layout People Economy Port Industry and tourism Finance Transportation Administration and social conditions Government Public utilities Education Cultural life Arts Cultural institutions Popular culture History Exploration and early settlement The growth of the metropolis The city of the 49ers The city comes of age The 20th century Expansion during the world wars From peace to protest The late 20th and early 21st centuries

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Marjoram herb Written By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica See Article History Alternative Titles Majorana hortensis Origanum majorana sweet marjoram Marjoram Origanum majorana also called sweet marjoram perennial plant of the mint family Lamiaceae grown as a culinary herb Its fresh or dried leaves and flowering tops are used to season many foods imparting a warm aromatic slightly sharp and bitterish flavour Marjoram is particularly appreciated for the taste it lends to sausages meats poultry stuffings fish stews eggs vegetables and salads Native to the Mediterranean region and western Asia marjoram is also cultivated as an annual in northerly climates where winter temperatures kill the plant marjoram Overview of marjoram including how the herb is processed Contunico ZDF Enterprises GmbH Mainz Marjoram is a bushy herbaceous plant that typically reaches 3060 cm 12 feet in height The square branching stems are densely covered with hairy ovate leaves arranged oppositely in pairs The pale twolipped flowers are not particularly showy and are borne in small spikelike clusters Marjoram contains about 2 percent essential oil the principal components of which are terpinene and terpineol Various other aromatic herbs or undershrubs of the genus Origanum are called marjoram Pot marjoram O onites is also cultivated for its aromatic leaves and is used to flavour food Oregano or wild marjoram O vulgare is a popular culinary herb native to Europe and Asia Article History Article Contributors Feedback Corrections Updates Help us improve this article Contact our editors with your feedback Marjoram Herb View All Media related topics Origanum Herb

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Equipartition of energy physics Written By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica See Article History Equipartition of energy law of statistical mechanics stating that in a system in thermal equilibrium on the average an equal amount of energy will be associated with each independent energy state Based on the work of physicists James Clerk Maxwell of Scotland and Ludwig Boltzmann of Germany this law states specifically that a system of particles in equilibrium at absolute temperature T will have an average energy of 1 2 kT associated with each degree of freedom see freedom degree of in which k is the Boltzmann constant In addition any degree of freedom contributing potential energy will have another 1 2 kT associated with it For a system of s degrees of freedom of which t have associated potential energies the total average energy of the system is 1 2 s t kT For example an atom of a gas has three degrees of freedom the three spatial or position coordinates of the atom and will therefore have an average total energy of 3 2 kT For an atom in a solid vibratory motion involves potential energy as well as kinetic energy and both modes will contribute a term 1 2 kT resulting in an average total energy of 3 kT Article History Article Contributors Feedback Corrections Updates Help us improve this article Contact our editors with your feedback Equipartition of energy Physics related topics MaxwellBoltzmann distribution law System

B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O

equipartition of energy
degrees of freedom
statistical mechanics


Estimated regression equation statistics THIS IS A DIRECTORY PAGE Britannica does not currently have an article on this topic Learn about this topic in these articles least squares method In statistics Least squares method Using these estimates an estimated regression equation is constructed ŷ b 0 b 1 x The graph of the estimated regression equation for simple linear regression is a straight line approximation to the relationship between y and x

B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

estimated regression equation
least squares method


Total internal reflection physics Written By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica See Article History Total internal reflection in physics complete reflection of a ray of light within a medium such as water or glass from the surrounding surfaces back into the medium The phenomenon occurs if the angle of incidence is greater than a certain limiting angle called the critical angle In general total internal reflection takes place at the boundary between two transparent media when a ray of light in a medium of higher index of refraction approaches the other medium at an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle For a waterair surface the critical angle is 485 Because indices of refraction depend on wavelength the critical angle and hence the angle of total internal reflection will vary slightly with wavelength and therefore with colour At all angles less than the critical angle both refraction and reflection occur in varying proportions Glass prisms can be shaped to produce total internal reflection and as such are employed in binoculars periscopes telescopes and other optical instruments Light rays may be conducted over long twisting paths by multiple total internal reflection in glass or plastic rods or fibres See also fibre optics ADDITIONAL MEDIA Article History Article Contributors Feedback Corrections Updates Help us improve this article Contact our editors with your feedback Total internal reflection Physics View All Media related topics Reflection Critical angle

B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I

total internal reflection
critical angle
prisms


Gates Foundation American organization Written By Kathryn Langley Last Updated Dec 5 2018 See Article History Alternative Titles Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation William H Gates Foundation Gates Foundation in full Bill Melinda Gates Foundation private philanthropic foundation established in 2000 by Microsoft cofounder Bill Gates and his wife businesswoman Melinda Gates It focuses its grantmaking and advocacy efforts on eliminating global inequities and increasing opportunities for those in need through programs that address for example global agricultural and economic development medical research and public health initiatives in developing countries and the improvement of education and access to information in the United States The charity has set its lifespan to end 50 years after the deaths of its founders Based in Seattle the foundation also has offices in Washington DC New Delhi Beijing London Addis Ababa Ethiopia Abuja Nigeria and Johannesburg In 1994 Bill and Melinda Gates established the William H Gates Foundation which focused its charitable giving on advancing global health and the community of the Pacific Northwest Gatess father William managed the activities of that entity Three years later the Gates Library Foundation was created its aim was to improve Internet access to public libraries for lowincome families in North America It was later renamed the Gates Learning Foundation to reflect its expansion into broader education efforts The Bill Melinda Gates Foundation was established in 2000 through the merger of the two Gates foundations Its original priorities were global health education libraries and the Pacific Northwest In 2006 the foundation reorganized to comprise Global Development Global Health and United States divisions a Global Policy Development division was added in 2012 Also in 2006 the investor and philanthropist Warren Buffett made a lifetime pledge to the foundation of Berkshire Hathaway stock valued at 31 billion At that time the foundation changed its structure creating a trust the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation Trust to manage and invest the endowment assets In July 2008 Bill Gates stepped down from his position at Microsoft to devote his efforts fulltime to the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation The Global Development division strives to eliminate extreme poverty and hunger Through strategic partnerships and grantmaking activities in its agricultural development initiative the program helps increase opportunities for farmers in developing countries and supports research on the production of rice and flour enriched with micronutrients The program also seeks to increase financial services to the poor by funding projects that examine the effectiveness of loans insurance financial planning and financial education in impoverished countries In addition Global Development is committed to global libraries supporting public libraries and organizations that work to increase access to information technology Finally the programs Global Special Initiatives awards grants to organizations that research issues of concern to the developing world including water sanitation and hygiene The United States division is dedicated to reducing inequities and increasing opportunities for the countrys lowincome minority and vulnerable populations The United States program houses the foundations education initiative which focuses on keeping young students from dropping out of school and better preparing high school graduates for college The program also oversaw the public libraries initiative which provided access to computers and the Internet at some 99 percent of US public libraries the Gates Foundation invested 240 million in the initiative which completed its goals in 2003 Another initiative of the US program addresses the issues of inequity and opportunity for families and children living in Washington It supports projects that work with atrisk youth and that help to reduce homelessness among families in the region The United States program also seeks to identify needs that fall outside the programs established purview thus shaping potential new directions for the program and advocates for the foundations domestic efforts Both the Global Development and the Global Health divisions work to address high mortality and morbidity rates from preventable diseases in developing countries The former is concerned with among other topics agricultural development sanitation and hygiene nutrition polio vaccine delivery emergency response and maternal newborn and child health The latter program focuses on enteric and diarrheal diseases HIVAIDS malaria neglected tropical diseases pneumonia and tuberculosis The foundation funds projects to increase access to existing vaccines and treatments for common diseases and supports research into new affordable and practical health solutions The diseases it focuses on cause widespread illness and death in developing countries represent the greatest inequities in health between developed and developing countries and receive inadequate attention and funding The Global Health division also supports projects that advance health research and technologies in the developing world It supports the development of affordable and accurate medical tools and invests in vaccines to prevent infectious diseases The divisions Grand Challenges initiative funds potential scientific breakthroughs in the prevention treatment and cure of diseases in the developing world In addition to the diseasespecific and special initiatives the foundation has a Global Policy Advocacy division It builds strategic relationships with governments and with public and private sectors promotes public policies that advance the work of the foundation and raises public awareness of the issues the Gates Foundation deals with It also handles the foundations global health advocacy efforts notably tobacco control and global health interventions at the local and regional community levels Kathryn Langley External Websites Article History Article Contributors Feedback Corrections Updates Help us improve this article Contact our editors with your feedback

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I B I O O O O B I B I I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

gates foundation
private philanthropic foundation
bill gates