Readington Reformed Church From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Readington Reformed Church Readington Reformed Church 40345N 74447W Coordinates 40345N 74447W Location 124 Readington Road Readington New Jersey Denomination Reformed Church in America Website www readingtonreformed org History Founded 1719 Readington Reformed Church US Historic district Contributing property Part of Readington Village Historic District 91000827 Designated CP June 24 1991 The Readington Reformed Church is a historic church located at 124 Readington Road Readington Village an unincorporated community located within Readington Township in Hunterdon County New Jersey It was known in colonial times as the Dutch Reformed Church of North Branch It is the oldest Dutch Reformed Church in the county The current building was built in 1865 The churchyard is known as the Readington Reformed Church Cemetery The church was added as a contributing property of the Readington Village Historic District by the National Register of Historic Places on June 24 1991 Contents 1 History 2 Notable burials 3 See also 4 5 Bibliography 6 External links History The first church was organized in 1719 by a local congregation of the Dutch Reformed Church They constructed a log church located near the confluence of the North Branch and South Branch into the Raritan River about three miles east of Readington in what is now Branchburg in neighboring Somerset County On February 21 1720 Reverend Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen preached the first sermon there In 1738 the congregation left its original site and built its second church a new frame building in Readington Frelinghuysen was pastor until 1748 and was succeeded by his son Reverend John Frelinghuysen The Reverend Jacob Rutsen Hardenbergh later the first President of Queens College now Rutgers University was ordained in 1757 and served the congregation for twenty five years The Reverend Peter Studdiford served from 1787 until 1826 In 1825 the congregation was large enough to form a new church at North Branch village Readington Reformed Church in 1894 Two church buildings were constructed during the pastorate of Reverend John Van Liew who served over forty years from 1828 until his death in 1869 The first was a new church dedicated on December 22 1833 which burned down on March 22 1864 The second was the construction of the current building dedicated on July 20 1865 The tall church steeple was blown over by a cyclone on January 3 1913 and replaced by shorter version After a restoration project one hundred years later a new steeple was dedicated on October 27 2013 Readington Reformed Church Cemetery Details Find a Grave Readington Reformed Church Cemetery Notable burials Peter Studdiford 1763 November 21 1816 aged 5253 pastor Readington Reformed Church and Bedminister Reformed Church John Van Liew September 30 1798 October 18 1869 aged 71 pastor Readington Reformed Church See also North Branch Reformed Church Readington Village Historic District References a b c d History of the Readington Reformed Church a b c Thompson 1882 pp 79 Readington Church Information Sign Hunterdon County Cultural Heritage Commission Readington Reformed Church Cemetery Find a Grave Brecknell Ursula C June 24 1991 NRHP Nomination Readington Village Historic District National Park Service Accompanying 32 photos from 1991 a b c d Snell 1881 pp 49697 a b Thompson 1882 pp 2527 Thompson 1882 p 87 Thompson 1882 pp 1920 Readington Township Historic Preservation Commission 2008 Images of America Readington Township Arcadia Publishing p 22 9780738556796 Staff October 2 2013 Readington Reformed Church holds steeple restoration dedication The Hunterdon County Democrat Snell 1881 p 243 Snell 1881 p 244 Bibliography Snell James P 1881 History of Hunterdon and Somerset Counties New Jersey Thompson Henry P 1882 History of the Reformed Church at Readington NJ 17191881 17191894 Historical Discourse and Addresses Delivered at the 175th Anniversary of the Reformed Church Readington NJ Readington Reformed Church October 17 1894 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Readington Reformed Church Official website Peter Studdiford at Find a Grave John Van Liew at Find a Grave

B I I O O O O O B I I B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

readington reformed church
historic
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Regarding the Pain of Others From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Regarding the Pain of Others Cover depicting plate 36 Tampoco from Goyas series The Disasters of War 181020 Author Susan Sontag Country United States Language English Publisher Farrar Straus and Giroux Publication date 2003 Media type Print Pages 131 pp 9780374248581 OCLC 51446024 Regarding the Pain of Others is a 2003 booklength essay by Susan Sontag which was nominated for the National Book Critics Circle Award It was her last published book before her death in 2004 It is regarded by many to be a followup or addendum to On Photography despite the fact that the two essay collections convey Sontags radically different opinions about photography The essay is especially interested in war photography Using photography as evidence for her opinions Sontag sets out to answer one of the three questions posed in Virginia Woolf s book Three Guineas How in your opinion are we to prevent war While debunking a certain number of common misconceptions including some to which she contributed concerning images of pain horror and atrocity Regarding the Pain of Others both underscores their importance and undercuts hopes that they can communicate very much On the one hand narrative and framing confer upon images most of their meaning and on the other Sontag says those who have not lived through such things cant understand cant imagine the experiences such images represent References Leonard John March 23 2003 Not What Happened but Why The New York Times Conrad Peter 2 August 2003 What the eye cant see The Observer Susan Sontag Regarding the Pain of Others New York PicadorFarrar Straus and Giroux 2003 126 This article about an art related book is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it Categories 2003 books Works by Susan Sontag Books about war photography Farrar Straus and Giroux books Visual art book stubs

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regarding the pain of others
susan sontag
national book critics circle award


Road rash From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia This article includes a list of references but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations February 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message For the video game series see Road Rash Road rash Fresh road rash and its resultant scarring one year later Road rash is a colloquial term for skin injury caused by abrasion with road surfaces often as a consequence of cycling and motorcycling accidents It may also result from inline skating roller skating skateboarding and longboarding accidents The term may be applied to both a fresh injury and also to the scar tissue left by an old injury Symptoms may include pain and heavy bleeding Motorcyclists can reduce the risks of road rash by wearing appropriate motorcycle personal protective equipment such as a full face helmet protective clothing gloves and boots Similarly inline skaters can reduce their chance of such abrasion injuries by wearing protective knee and elbow pads Road rash is often termed gravel rash in the United Kingdom The term is old and is mentioned in Rudyard Kipling s Kim 1901 References Heap G Gravel Rash Br Med J 19592697 Kipling Rudyard 1901 Kim Macmillan Co Ltd External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Road rash Abrasions and Road rash Road rash abrasion treatment Categories Skin conditions resulting from physical factors Motorcycle safety

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Robert E Gross businessman From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia For other people named Robert Gross see Robert Gross disambiguation Robert Ellsworth Gross May 11 1897 September 3 1961 was an American businessman involved in the field of aviation His first venture the Viking Flying Boat Company failed with the loss of the aircraft market brought on by the Great Depression Contents 1 Biography 2 Legacy 3 Sources 4 External links Biography Gross was born in Newton Massachusetts He attended St Georges School Newport and graduated in 1915 In 1932 a group of investors led by Robert and his brother Courtlandt S Gross bought the Lockheed Aircraft Company from the bankrupt Detroit Aircraft Corporation renaming it the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation Robert Gross served as the corporations president from 1934 to 1956 Gross bet the future of the struggling new company on the for its time very advanced allmetal retractable Model 10 named the Electra This design and its numerous descendants came to dominate the light transport market in the 1930s and was used in numerous recordsetting flights The Electra placed Lockheed in a strong competitive position and from 1937 the company massproduced P38 Lightning fighters and from 1943 Constellation airliners along with numerous other types Gross died from pancreatic cancer at the age of 64 Legacy In the 2004 film The Aviator the character of Robert Gross appeared in a brief scene played by Brent Spiner National Aviation Hall of Fame External links Robert E Gross at Find a Grave Authority control LCCN no2012064475 VIAF 58341011 WorldCat Identities via VIAF 58341011 This article about an American businessperson born in the 1890s is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it Categories Businesspeople in aviation Deaths from pancreatic cancer Lockheed people People from Newton Massachusetts 1897 births 1961 deaths St Georges School Newport alumni American business biography 1890s birth stubs 20thcentury American businesspeople Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Glendale

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Robert Gillam From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Robert Gillam Born July 7 1946 Fairbanks Alaska US Died September 12 2018 aged 72 Anchorage Alaska US Alma mater Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania UCLA Anderson School of Management Occupation Investor Net worth US320 million 2015 Robert Gillam July 7 1946 September 12 2018 was an American investor He was the founder and chairman of McKinley Capital Management an asset management firm until his death in 2018 Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Early life Robert Gillam graduated from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1968 He received a master in business administration degree from the UCLA Anderson School of Management in 1969 Career Gillam worked for Foster Marshall a financial firm until it was acquired by American Express in 1982 He worked for Boettcher and Company from 1982 to 1985 Gillam was the founder of McKinley Capital Management an asset management firm He served as its chairman As of 2015 it had US7 billion of assets under management Personal life Gillam resided in Anchorage Alaska He spent 30 million opposing the proposed Pebble Mine which would have been close to his Lake Clark fishing lodge Gillam died on September 12 2018 in Anchorages Providence Alaska Medical Center after suffering a stroke the day before References a b c d e f g h Robert Gillam Forbes Retrieved January 11 2016 Company Overview of McKinley Capital Management LLC Robert Byron Gillam Bloomberg Business Retrieved January 11 2016 Speakers Biography Robert Gillam Milken Institute Retrieved January 11 2016 DeMarbon Alex 12 September 2018 Bob Gillam wealth fund founder Pebble critic and one of Alaskas richest men dies at age 72 Anchorage Daily News Retrieved 12 September 2018 This article about a United States businessperson is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it Categories 1946 births 2018 deaths American financial company founders Businesspeople from Anchorage Alaska Businesspeople from Fairbanks Alaska Deaths from intracranial aneurysm UCLA Anderson School of Management alumni Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni American business biography stubs

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robert gillam
american investor
mckinley capital management


Robert Kane philosopher From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification Please help by adding reliable sources Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately especially if potentially libelous or harmful January 2008 Learn how and when to remove this template message Robert Hilary Kane born 1938 Boston is an American philosopher He is Distinguished Teaching Professor of Philosophy at the University of Texas at Austin and is currently on phased retirement He is the author of Free Will and Values 1985 Through the Moral Maze 1994 and The Significance of Free Will 1996 awarded the 1996 Robert W Hamilton Faculty Book Award He also edited the Oxford Handbook of Free Will 2004 and has published many articles in the philosophy of mind and action ethics the theory of values and philosophy of religion Contents 1 Education 2 Work 21 Causal indeterminism 211 Critique 22 Radical libertarianism 3 Bibliography 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links Education Kane studied philosophy from 1956 to 1960 at Holy Cross College BA 1960 from 1958 to 1959 at the University of Vienna and from 1960 to 1964 at Yale University MA 1962 PhD 1964 Work Causal indeterminism Kane is one of the leading contemporary philosophers on free will Advocating what is termed within philosophical circles libertarian freedom Kane argues that 1 the existence of alternative possibilities or the agents power to do otherwise is a necessary condition for acting freely and 2 determinism is not compatible with alternative possibilities it precludes the power to do otherwise It is important to note that the crux of Kanes position is grounded not in a defense of alternative possibilities AP but in the notion of what Kane refers to as ultimate responsibility UR Thus AP is a necessary but insufficient criterion for free will It is necessary that there be metaphysically real alternatives for our actions but that is not enough our actions could be random without being in our control The control is found in ultimate responsibility Ultimate responsibility entails that agents must be the ultimate creators or originators and sustainers of their own ends and purposes There must be more than one way for a persons life to turn out AP More importantly whichever way it turns out must be based in the persons willing actions As Kane defines it UR An agent is ultimately responsible for some event or state Es occurring only if R the agent is personally responsible for Es occurring in a sense which entails that something the agent voluntarily or willingly did or omitted either was or causally contributed to Es occurrence and made a difference to whether or not E occurred and U for every X and Y where X and Y represent occurrences of events andor states if the agent is personally responsible for X and if Y is an arche sufficient condition cause or motive for X then the agent must also be personally responsible for Y In short an agent must be responsible for anything that is a sufficient and necessary reason condition cause or motive for the actions occurring What allows for ultimacy of creation in Kanes picture are what he refers to as selfforming actions or SFAs those moments of indecision during which people experience conflicting wills These SFAs are the undetermined regressstopping voluntary actions or refrainings in the life histories of agents that are required for UR UR does not require that every act done of our own free will be undetermined and thus that for every act or choice we could have done otherwise it requires only that certain of our choices and actions be undetermined and thus that we could have done otherwise namely SFAs These form our character or nature they inform our future choices reasons and motivations in action If a person has had the opportunity to make a characterforming decision SFA he is responsible for the actions that are a result of his character Critique Randolph Clarke objects that Kanes depiction of free will is not truly libertarian but rather a form of compatibilism The objection asserts that although the outcome of an SFA is not determined ones history up to the event is so the fact that an SFA will occur is also determined The outcome of the SFA is based on chance and from that point on ones life is determined This kind of freedom says Clarke is no different than the kind of freedom argued for by compatibilists who assert that even though our actions are determined they are free because they are in accordance with our own wills much like the outcome of an SFA Kane responds that the difference between causal indeterminism and compatibilism is ultimate control the originative control exercised by agents when it is up to them which of a set of possible choices or actions will now occur and up to no one and nothing else over which the agents themselves do not also have control UR assures that the sufficient conditions for ones actions do not lie before ones own birth In his book defending compatibilism Freedom Evolves Daniel Dennett spends a chapter criticising Kanes theory Kane believes freedom is based on certain rare and exceptional events which he calls selfforming actions or SFAs Dennett notes that there is no guarantee such an event will occur in an individuals life If it does not the individual does not in fact have free will at all according to Kane Yet they will seem the same as anyone else Dennett finds an essentially indetectable notion of free will to be incredible Radical libertarianism Kane is one of several philosophers and scientists to propose a twostage model of free will The American philosopher William James was the first in 1884 Others include the French mathematician and scientist Henri Poincaré about 1906 the physicist Arthur Holly Compton 1931 1955 the philosopher Karl Popper 1965 1977 the physicist and philosopher Henry Margenau 1968 1982 the philosopher Daniel Dennett 1978 the classicists A A Long and David Sedley 1987 the philosopher Alfred Mele 1995 and most recently the neurogeneticist and biologist Martin Heisenberg 2009 son of the physicist Werner Heisenberg whose quantum indeterminacy principle lies at the foundation of indeterministic physics Kanes model goes beyond Daniel Dennett s by trying to keep indeterminism as late as possible in the process of deliberation indeed as late as the decision itself in the SFAs SelfForming Actions Kanes followers Laura Waddell Ekstrom Richard Double and Mark Balaguer as well as the philosopher Peter van Inwagen agree that chance must be the direct cause of action This makes them all radical libertarians as opposed to those who limit chance to the early deliberative stages of the decision process such as James Popper Margenau Doyle and Martin Heisenberg who are conservative or modest libertarians following the twostage models proposed by Dennett and Mele In his 1985 book Free Will and Values aware of earlier proposals by neurobiologist John Eccles Popper and Dennett but working independently Kane proposed an ambitious amplifier model for a quantum randomizer in the brain a spinning wheel of fortune with probability bubbles corresponding to alternative possibilities in the massive switch amplifier MSA tradition of Compton He says What I would like to do then is to show how an MSA model using Eccles notion of critically poised neurons as a working hypothesis might be adapted to the theory of practical moral and prudential decision making But Kane was not satisfied with his solution In the end he did not endorse it He said it did not go far enough because it does not fully capture the notion of ultimate responsibility UR during rare selfforming actions SFAs It is merely a significant piece in the overall puzzle of a libertarian freedom He explains that the main reason for failure is locating the master switch and the mechanism of amplification We do not know if something similar goes on in the brains of cortically developed creatures like ourselves but I suspect it must if libertarian theories are to succeed Kane admits his basic failure is his location of indeterminism in the decision process itself This makes chance the direct cause of action He was actually quite bleak about the possibilities for a satisfactory libertarian model He felt that any construction which escaped confusion and emptiness was likely to fall short of some libertarian aspirations aspirations that I believe can not ultimately be fulfilled But Kane claims that the major criticism of all indeterminist libertarian models is explaining the power to choose or do otherwise in exactly the same conditions something he calls dual rational selfcontrol Given that A was the rational choice how can one defend doing B under exactly the same circumstances Kane is concerned that such a dual power is arbitrary capricious and irrational Kanes latest suggestion for his occasional selfforming actions argues that the tension and uncertainty in our minds stirs up chaos that is sensitive to microindeterminacies at the neuronal level All free acts do not have to be undetermined on the libertarian view but only those acts by which we made ourselves into the kinds of persons we are namely the willsetting or selfforming actions SFAs that are required for ultimate responsibility Now I believe these undetermined selfforming actions or SFAs occur at those difficult times of life when we are torn between competing visions of what we should do or become Perhaps we are torn between doing the moral thing or acting from ambition or between powerful present desires and longterm goals or we are faced with difficult tasks for which we have aversions Since he is primarily interested in cases of liberty of indifference the strong indeterminism he introduces raise the objection of loss of agent control but Kane says the agent can beforehand decide to assume responsibility whichever way she randomly chose This seems more like rationalization than reason but Kane defends it Suppose we were to say to such persons But look you didnt have sufficient or conclusive prior reasons for choosing as you did since you also had viable reasons for choosing the other way They might reply True enough But I did have good reasons for choosing as I did which Im willing to stand by and take responsibility for If these reasons were not sufficient or conclusive reasons thats because like the heroine of the novel I was not a fully formed person before I chose and still am not for that matter Like the author of the novel Bibliography Books Kane Robert Hilary Free Will New Directions for an Ancient Problem in Kane ed Free Will Blackwell 2003 Kane Robert Hilary Free Will Ancient Dispute New Themes in Feinberg Joel ShaferLandau Russ Reason and Responsibility Readings in Some Basic Problems of Philosophy Thomson Wadsworth 2008 Free Will and Values Albany State University of New York Press 1985 Through the Moral Maze Searching for Absolute Values in a Pluralistic World London Paragon Press 1994 The Significance of Free Will New York Oxford University Press 1996 Oxford Handbook of Free Will editor New York Oxford University Press 2002 Free Will editor New York WileyBlackwell 2003 A Contemporary Introduction to Free Will New York Oxford University Press 2005 Four Views on Free Will with John Martin Fischer Derk Pereboom and Manuel Vargas Oxford Blackwell 2007 Articles Kane Robert Hilary Free Will New Directions for an Ancient Problem in Kane ed Free Will Blackwell 2003 Kane Robert Hilary Free Will Ancient Dispute New Themes in Feinberg Joel ShaferLandau Russ Reason and Responsibility Readings in Some Basic Problems of Philosophy Thomson Wadsworth 2008 See also American philosophy Contemporary Philosophers Philosophy Free will List of American philosophers Ilya Prigogine Notes Robert Kane Curriculum Vitae Archived 20131005 at the Wayback Machine University of Texas at Austin Kane R ed Oxford Handbook of Free Will Information Philosophers Robert Kane is the acknowledged dean of the libertarian philosophers writing actively on the free will problem Kane ed Oxford Handbook of Free Will p 11 Kane Free Will in Free Will p 224 Randolph Clarke 8 December 2005 Libertarian Accounts of Free Will Oxford University Press p 91 9780195306422 Kane Free Will in Free Will p 243 Dennett D Freedom Evolves Viking Books February 2003 0670031860 Twostage models of free will Free Will and Values p169 Free Will and Values p104 ibid p168 Where and When is Randomness Located on Information Philosopher ibid p165 ibid p 59 Four Views on Free Will p 26 ibid p 26 ibid pp 412 External links A summary of Kanes views at Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Authority control BNF cb120541779 data GND 131744844 ISNI 0000 0001 1463 3763 LCCN n92097855 NKC jn20030811006 SNAC w6pw3wv3 SUDOC 075158337 VIAF 115358486 WorldCat Identities via VIAF 115358486 Categories 1938 births American philosophers Analytic philosophers Living people

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

robert kane
american philosopher
distinguished teaching professor


Rudder From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia This article is about the navigational instrument For other meanings see rudder disambiguation For mythological meaning see gubernaculum classical Modern ship rudder the long red rectangle behind the propeller 1 mainsail 2 staysail 3 Spinnaker 4 hull 5 keel 6 rudder 7 skeg 8 spar 9 Spreader 10 Shroud 11 sheet 12 boom 13 spar 14 Spinnaker pole 15 Backstay 16 Forestay 17 boom vang RMS Olympic s rudder turned A rudder is a primary control surface used to steer a ship boat submarine hovercraft aircraft or other conveyance that moves through a fluid medium generally air or water On an aircraft the rudder is used primarily to counter adverse yaw and pfactor and is not the primary control used to turn the airplane A rudder operates by redirecting the fluid past the hull watercraft or fuselage thus imparting a turning or yawing motion to the craft In basic form a rudder is a flat plane or sheet of material attached with hinges to the crafts stern tail or after end Often rudders are shaped so as to minimize hydrodynamic or aerodynamic drag On simple watercraft a tiller essentially a stick or pole acting as a lever armmay be attached to the top of the rudder to allow it to be turned by a helmsman In larger vessels cables pushrods or hydraulics may be used to link rudders to steering wheels In typical aircraft the rudder is operated by pedals via mechanical linkages or hydraulics Contents 1 History of the rudder 11 Ancient Egypt 12 Ancient Rome 13 Sternpostmounted rudder 131 China 132 Medieval Near East 133 Medieval Europe 2 Boat rudders details 3 Aircraft rudders 4 Trim tab 5 Footnotes 6 7 See also 71 Conventional ship and boat rudders 72 Specialist ship and boat rudders History of the rudder Generally a rudder is part of the steering apparatus of a boat or ship that is fastened outside the hull that is denoting all different types of oars paddles and rudders More specifically the steering gear of ancient vessels can be classified into siderudders and sternmounted rudders depending on their location on the ship A third term steering oar can denote both types In a Mediterranean context siderudders are more specifically called quarterrudders as the later term designates more exactly the place where the rudder was mounted Sternmounted rudders are uniformly suspended at the back of the ship in a central position Although Lawrence Mott in his comprehensive treatment of the history of the rudder Timothy Runyan the Encyclopædia Britannica and The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology classify a steering oar as a rudder Joseph Needham Lefèbre des Noëttes KS Tom Chung Chee Kit SAM Adshead John K Fairbank Merle Goldman Frank Ross and Leo Block state that the steering oar used in ancient Egypt and Rome was not a true rudder and define the sternmounted rudder used in ancient Han China as a true rudder The steering oar has the capacity to interfere with handling of the sails limiting any potential for long oceangoing voyages while it was fit more for small vessels on narrow rapidwater transport the rudder did not disturb the handling of the sails took less energy to operate by its helmsman was better fit for larger vessels on oceangoing travel and first appeared in ancient China during the 1st century AD In regards to the ancient Phoenician 1550300 BC use of the steering oar without a rudder in the Mediterranean Leo Block 2003 writes A single sail tends to turn a vessel in an upwind or downwind direction and rudder action is required to steer a straight course A steering oar was used at this time because the rudder had not yet been invented With a single sail a frequent movement of the steering oar was required to steer a straight course this slowed down the vessel because a steering oar or rudder course correction acts like a brake The second sail located forward could be trimmed to offset the turning tendency of the main sail and minimize the need for course corrections by The steering oar or steering board is an oversized oar or board to control the direction of a ship or other watercraft prior to the invention of the rudder It is normally attached to the starboard side in larger vessels though in smaller ones it is rarely if ever attached Ancient Egypt Sternmounted steering oar of an Egyptian riverboat depicted in the Tomb of Menna c 14221411 BC Rowing oars set aside for steering appeared on large Egyptian vessels long before the time of Menes 3100 BC In the Old Kingdom 2686 BC2134 BC as much as five steering oars are found on each side of passenger boats The tiller at first a small pin run through the stock of the steering oar can be traced to the fifth dynasty 25042347 BC Both the tiller and the introduction of an upright steering post abaft reduced the usual number of necessary steering oars to one each side Apart from siderudders single rudders put on the stern can be found in a number of tomb models of the time particularly during the Middle Kingdom when tomb reliefs suggests them commonly employed in Nile navigation The first literary reference appears in the works of the Greek historian Herodot 484424 BC who had spent several months in Egypt They make one rudder and this is thrust through the keel probably meaning the crotch at the end of the keel see right pic Tomb of Menna In Iran oars mounted on the side of ships for steering are documented from the 3rd millennium BCE in artwork wooden models and even remnants of actual boats Ancient Rome Steering oar of a Roman boat 1st century AD RGMuseum Cologne Roman navigation used sexillie quarter steering oars which went in the Mediterranean through a long period of constant refinement and improvement so that by Roman times ancient vessels reached extraordinary sizes The strength of the steering oar lay in its combination of effectiveness adaptability and simpleness Roman quarter steering oar mounting systems survived mostly intact through the medieval period By the first half of the 1st century AD steering gear mounted on the stern were also quite common in Roman river and harbour craft as proved from reliefs and archaeological finds Zwammderdam Woerden 7 A tomb plaque of Hadrianic age shows a harbour tug boat in Ostia with a long sternmounted oar for better leverage The boat already featured a spritsail adding to the mobility of the harbour vessel Further attested Roman uses of sternmounted steering oars includes barges under tow transport ships for wine casks and diverse other ship types Also the wellknown Zwammerdam find a large river barge at the mouth of the Rhine featured a large steering gear mounted on the stern According to new research the advanced Nemi ships the palace barges of emperor Caligula 3741 AD may have featured 14 m long rudders Sternpostmounted rudder China Further information Science and technology of the Han dynasty An Eastern Han 25220 AD Chinese pottery boat fit for riverine and maritime sea travel with an anchor at the bow a steering rudder at the stern roofed compartments with windows and doors and miniature sailors An early Song Dynasty 9601279 painting on silk of two Chinese cargo ships accompanied by a smaller boat by Guo Zhongshu c 910977 AD notice the large sternpostmounted rudder on the ship shown in the foreground The worlds oldest known depiction of a sternpostmounted rudder can be seen on a pottery model of a Chinese junk dating from the 1st century AD during the Han Dynasty predating their appearance in the West by a thousand years In China miniature models of ships that feature steering oars have been dated to the Warring States period c 475221 BC Sternpostmounted rudders started to appear on Chinese ship models starting in the 1st century AD However the Chinese continued to use the steering oar long after they invented the rudder since the steering oar still had limited practical use for inland rapidriver travel One of oldest known depiction of a sternmounted rudder in China can be seen on a 2footlong tomb pottery model of a junk dating from the 1st century AD during the Han Dynasty 202 BC220 AD It was discovered in Guangzhou in an archaeological excavation carried out by the Guangdong Provincial Museum and Academia Sinica of Taiwan in 1958 Within decades several other Han Dynasty ship models featuring rudders were found in archaeological excavations The first solid written reference to the use of a rudder without a steering oar dates to the 5th century Chinese rudders were not supported by pintle and gudgeon as in the Western tradition rather they were attached to the hull by means of wooden jaws or sockets while typically larger ones were suspended from above by a rope tackle system so that they could be raised or lowered into the water Also many junks incorporated fenestrated rudders rudders with holes in them supposedly allowing for better control Detailed descriptions of Chinese junks during the Middle Ages are known from various travellers to China such as Ibn Battuta of Tangier Morocco and Marco Polo of Venice Italy The later Chinese encyclopedist Song Yingxing 15871666 and the 17thcentury European traveler Louis Lecomte wrote of the junk design and its use of the rudder with enthusiasm and admiration Pottery boat from Eastern Han Dynasty showing rudder Paul Johnstone and Sean McGrail state that the Chinese invented the median vertical and axial sternpostmounted rudder and that such a kind of rudder preceded the pintleandgudgeon rudder found in the West by roughly a millennium However Lawrence Mott points out that the method of mounting steering gear from the stern was well known in Mediterranean navigation by the time the practice appeared in Chinese ships Medieval Near East Arab ships also used a sternpostmounted rudder On their ships the rudder is controlled by two lines each attached to a crosspiece mounted on the rudder head perpendicular to the plane of the rudder blade The earliest evidence comes from the Ahsan alTaqasim fi Marifat alAqalim The Best Divisions for the Classification of Regions written by alMuqaddasi in 985 The captain from the crows nest carefully observes the sea When a rock is espied he shouts Starboard or Port Two youths posted there repeat the cry The helmsman with two ropes in his hand when he hears the calls tugs one or the other to the right or left If great care is not taken the ship strikes the rocks and is wrecked Medieval Europe Pintle and gudgeon rudder of the Hanseatic league flagship Adler von Lübeck 15671581 the largest ship in the world at its time Oars mounted on the side of ships evolved into quarter rudders which were used from antiquity until the end of the Middle Ages in Europe As the size of ships and the height of the freeboards increased quarterrudders became unwieldy and were replaced by the more sturdy sternmounted rudders with pintle and gudgeon attachment While sternmounted rudders were found in Europe on a wide range of vessels since Roman times including light war galleys in Mediterranean the oldest known depiction of a pintleandgudgeon rudder can be found on church carvings of Zedelgem and Winchester dating to around 1180 A ships rudder carved in oak 15th century Bere Ferrers church Devon Heraldic badge of Cheyne and Willoughby families Historically the radical concept of the medieval pintleandgudgeon rudder did not come as a single invention into being It presented rather a combination of ideas which each had been long around before rudders mounted on the stern iron hinges and the straight sternpost of northern European ships While earlier rudders were mounted on the stern by the way of rudderposts or tackles the iron hinges allowed for the first time to attach the rudder to the entire length of the sternpost in a really permanent fashion However its full potential could only to be realized after the introduction of the vertical sternpost and the fullrigged ship in the 14th century From the age of discovery onwards European ships with pintleandgudgeon rudders sailed successfully on all seven seas Many historians consensus considered the technology of sternmounted rudder in Europe and Islamic World which was introduced by travelers in the Middle Ages was transferred from China However Lawrence Mott in his master thesis stated that the method of attachment for rudders in the Chinese and European worlds differed from each other leading him to doubt the spread of the Chinese system of attachment Boat rudders details Boat rudders may be either outboard or inboard Outboard rudders are hung on the stern or transom Inboard rudders are hung from a keel or skeg and are thus fully submerged beneath the hull connected to the steering mechanism by a rudder post which comes up through the hull to deck level often into a cockpit Inboard keel hung rudders which are a continuation of the aft trailing edge of the full keel are traditionally deemed the most damage resistant rudders for off shore sailing Better performance with faster handling characteristics can be provided by skeg hung rudders on boats Rudder post and mast placement defines the difference between a ketch and a yawl as these twomasted vessels are similar Yawls are defined as having the mizzen mast abaft ie aft of the rudder post ketches are defined as having the mizzen mast forward of the rudder post Small boat rudders that can be steered more or less perpendicular to the hulls longitudinal axis make effective brakes when pushed hard over However terms such as hard over hard to starboard etc signify a maximumrate turn for larger vessels Transom hung rudders or far aft mounted fin rudders generate greater moment and faster turning than more forward mounted keel hung rudders Rudders on smaller craft can be operated by means of a tiller which fits into the rudder stock which also forms the fixings to the rudder foil Craft where the length of the tiller could impede movement of There is also the barrel type rudder where the ships screw is enclosed and can be swiveled to steer the vessel Designers claim that this type of rudder on a smaller vessel will answer the helm faster Aircraft rudders Movement caused by the use of rudder The nose gear steeringwheel tiller is visible as a semicircular wheel to the left of the yoke in this photo of a Boeing 727 cockpit Rudder and trim tab on a light aircraft The water rudders on this Cessna 208 Caravan floatplane are the small vertical surfaces on the rear end of each float Their setting is controlled from the cockpit On an aircraft the rudder is a directional control surface along with the rudderlike elevator usually attached to the horizontal tail structure if not a slab elevator and ailerons attached to the wings that control pitch and roll respectively The rudder is usually attached to the fin or vertical stabilizer which allows the pilot to control yaw about the vertical axis ie change the horizontal direction in which the nose is pointing The rudders direction in aircraft since the Golden Age of flight between the two World Wars into the 21st century has been manipulated with the movement of a pair of countermoving foot pedals by the pilot while during the pre1919 era rudder control was most often operated with by a centerpivoted solid rudder bar which usually had pedal andor stirruplike hardware on its ends to allow the pilots feet to stay close to the ends of the bars rear surface In practice both aileron and rudder control input are used together to turn an aircraft with the ailerons imparting roll and the rudder imparting yaw and also compensating for a phenomenon called adverse yaw A rudder alone will turn a conventional fixedwing aircraft but much more slowly than if ailerons are also used in conjunction Use of rudder and ailerons together produces coordinated turns in which the longitudinal axis of the aircraft is in line with the arc of the turn neither slipping underruddered nor skidding overruddered Improperly ruddered uncoordinated turns at low speed can precipitate a spin which can be dangerous at low altitudes Sometimes pilots may intentionally operate the rudder and ailerons in opposite directions in a maneuver called a slip This may be done to overcome crosswinds and keep the fuselage in line with the runway or to more rapidly lose altitude by increasing drag or both The pilots of Air Canada Flight 143 used a similar technique to land the plane as it was too high above the glideslope Any aircraft rudder is subject to considerable forces that determine its position via a force or torque balance equation In extreme cases these forces can lead to loss of rudder control or even destruction of the rudder as on American Airlines Flight 587 the same principles also apply to water vessels of course but it is more important for aircraft because they have lower engineering margins Maximum rudder deflection is controlled by a rudder travel limiter The largest achievable angle of a rudder in flight is called its blowdown limit it is achieved when the force from the air or blowdown equals the maximum available hydraulic pressure In multiengined aircraft where the engines are positioned off the centre line the rudder may be used to compensate for the yaw effect of asymmetric thrust which can occur if the engines are not producing an equal amount of power or in the event of engine failure Further on large jet airliners the rudder is mainly used to align the aircraft with the runway during crosswind landing and takeoff For taxiing and during the beginning of the takeoff aircraft are steered by a combination of rudder input as well as turning the nosewheel or tailwheel At slow speeds the nosewheel or tailwheel has the most control authority but as the speed increases the aerodynamic effects of the rudder increases thereby making the rudder more and more important for yaw control In some aircraft mainly small aircraft both of these mechanisms are controlled by the rudder pedals so there is no difference to the pilot In other aircraft there is a special tiller controlling the wheel steering and the pedals Trim tab Main article Trim tab Trim tabs are small surfaces connected to the trailing edge of a larger control surface such as a rudder on an aircraft that are used to control the trim of the controls ie to counteract aerodynamic forces and stabilise the aircraft in a particular desired attitude without the need for the operator to constantly apply a control force This is done by adjusting the angle of the tab relative to the larger surface Changing the setting of a trim tab adjusts the neutral or resting position of a control surface such as an elevator or rudder As the desired position of a control surface changes corresponding mainly to different speeds an adjustable trim tab will allow the operator to reduce the manual force required to maintain that positionto zero if used correctly Thus the trim tab acts as a servo tab Because the center of pressure of the trim tab is further away from the axis of rotation of the control surface than the center of pressure of the control surface the movement generated by the tab can match the movement generated by the control surface The position of the control surface on its axis will change until the torque from the control surface and the trim surface balance each other Footnotes a b rudderEncyclopædia Britannica Retrieved August 8 2008 from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD a b William F Edgerton Ancient Egyptian Steering Gear The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures Vol 43 No 4 1927 pp 255265 a b R O Faulkner Egyptian Seagoing Ships The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology Vol 26 1941 pp 39 a b Lawrence V Mott The Development of the Rudder AD 1001600 A Technological Tale Thesis May 1991 Texas AM University p2f 92 Timothy J Runyan Review of The Development of the Rudder A Technological Tale Speculum Vol 74 No 4 1999 pp 10961098 1098 The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology a b c d e f Tom KS 1989 Echoes from Old China Life Legends and Lore of the Middle Kingdom Honolulu The Hawaii Chinese History Center of the University of Hawaii Press ISBN 0824812859 Page 103104 a b c d Needham Volume 4 Part 3 649650 a b c Adshead Samuel Adrian Miles 2000 China in World History London MacMillan Press Ltd New York St Martins Press ISBN 0312225652 Page 156 a b c Needham Joseph 1986 Science and Civilization in China Volume 4 Physics and Physical Technology Part 3 Civil Engineering and Nautics Taipei Caves Books Ltd Pages 627628 Chung Chee Kit 2005 Longyamen is Singapore The Final Proof in Admiral Zheng He Southeast Asia Singapore Institute of Southeast Asian Studies ISBN 9812303294 Page 152 Fairbank John K and Merle Goldman 1998 China A New History Enlarged Edition Cambridge Harvard University Press ISBN 0674116739 Page 93 Ross Frank 1982 Oracle Bones Stars and Wheelbarrows Ancient Chinese Science and Technology New York Houghton Mifflin ISBN 0395549671 Block Leo 2003 To Harness the Wind A Short History of the Development of Sails Annapolis Naval Institute Press ISBN 1557502099 Page 123 Block Leo 2003 To Harness the Wind A Short History of the Development of Sails Annapolis Naval Institute Press ISBN 1557502099 89 a b William F Edgerton Ancient Egyptian Steering Gear The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures Vol 43 No 4 1927 pp 255 William F Edgerton Ancient Egyptian Steering Gear The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures Vol 43 No 4 1927 pp 257 William F Edgerton Ancient Egyptian Steering Gear The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures Vol 43 No 4 1927 pp 260 Lawrence V Mott The Development of the Rudder AD 1001600 A Technological Tale Thesis May 1991 Texas AM University p84 92 Francesco Tiradritti ed The Treasures of the Egyptian Museum The American University in Cairo Press Cairo 1999 ISBN 9789774245046 p92f Mohamed Ata Egypt from Past to Present Through the Eyes of an Egyptian Cairo 2007 p68 Herodot Histories 296 William F Edgerton Ancient Egyptian Steering Gear The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures Vol 43 No 4 1927 pp 263 a b c Lawrence V Mott The Development of the Rudder AD 1001600 A Technological Tale Thesis May 1991 Texas AM University p1 a b Lionel Casson Harbour and River Boats of Ancient Rome The Journal of Roman Studies Vol 55 No 12 Parts 1 and 2 1965 pp 3139 plate 1 Lionel Casson Harbour and River Boats of Ancient Rome The Journal of Roman Studies Vol 55 No Parts 1 and 2 1965 pp 35 Pl I 36 Fn43 PlII1 a b Lawrence V Mott The Development of the Rudder AD 1001600 A Technological Tale Thesis May 1991 Texas AM University p84 95f a b Lionel Casson Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World ISBN 0801851300 SXXVIII 336f Fig193 a b Tilmann Bechert Römisches Germanien zwischen Rhein und Maas Die Provinz Germania inferior Hirmer München 1982 ISBN 377743440X p183 203 Fig266 a b M D de Weerd Ships of the Roman Period at Zwammerdam Nigrum Pullum Germania Inferior in Roman Shipping and Trade Britain and the Rhine Provinces The Council for British Archaeology Research Report 24 1978 15ff a b M D de Weerd Römerzeitliche Transportschiffe und Einbäume aus Nigrum Pullum Zwammerdam in Studien zu den Militärgrenzen Roms II 1977 187ff Deutschlandfunk Römische Schiffsversuchsanstalt in den Albaner Bergen a b c d e Johnstone Paul and Sean McGrail 1988 The Seacraft of Prehistory New York Routledge ISBN 0415026350 Page 191 a b Fairbank 192 Deng Gang 1997 Chinese Maritime Activities and Socioeconomic Development c 2100 BC1900 AD Westport Greenwood Press ISBN 0313292124 Page 42 a b Needham Volume 4 Part 3 362 Needham Volume 4 Par634 a b Lawrence V Mott p93 Lawrence V Mott p92f Lawrence V Mott The Development of the Rudder AD 1001600 A Technological Tale Thesis May 1991 Texas AM University S2 95f a b Lawrence V Mott The Development of the Rudder AD 1001600 A Technological Tale Thesis May 1991 Texas AM University S118f Lawrence V Mott The Development of the Rudder AD 1001600 A Technological Tale Thesis May 1991 Texas AM University S2 92f Lawrence V Mott p 84 p 92 Barrel Type Rudder Makes Quicker Turns Popular Mechanics October 1934 bottomright pg495 References Lawrence V Mott The Development of the Rudder AD 1001600 A Technological Tale Thesis May 1991 Texas AM University Fairbank John King and Merle Goldman 1992 China A New History Second Enlarged Edition 2006 Cambridge MA London The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press ISBN 0674018281 Needham Joseph 1986 Science and Civilization in China Volume 4 Physics and Physical Technology Part 3 Civil Engineering and Nautics Taipei Caves Books Ltd See also Look up rudder in Wiktionary the free dictionary Ships wheel Conventional ship and boat rudders Common Dinghy Rudders at Puddle Duck Racer The Easiest Boat To Build Balanced rudder Specialist ship and boat rudders Azipod Azimuth thruster Kitchen rudder Pleuger rudder Schilling Rudder Voith Schneider Propeller a combination propulsion and steering unit v t e Parts of a sailing ship Aftercastle Afterdeck Anchor Anchor windlass Apparent wind indicator Beakhead Bilge Bilgeboard Bitts Boom brake Bow Bowsprit Capstan Cathead Centreboard Chains Cockpit Crows nest Daggerboard Figurehead Forecastle Gangway Gunwale Head Hull Jackline Jibboom Keel Keel Canting Kelson Leeboard Mast Orlop deck Poop deck Prow Quarter gallery Quarterdeck Rudder Ships wheel Skeg Stem Stern Sternpost Strake Taffrail Tiller Top Transom Whipstaff Winch v t e Aircraft components and systems Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rudders Authority control GND 41786038 NDL 00616792 Categories Aircraft controls Watercraft components

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S R Sankaran From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia S R Sankaran Born 22 October 1934 Thanjavur Tamil Nadu India Died 7 October 2010 aged 75 Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh Now its Telangana India Resting place Panjagutta crematorium Hyderabad Occupation Civil servant Years active 19562010 Known for Indian Administrative Service 1976 Abolition of Bonded Labour Act Awards Padma Bhushan S R Sankaran 19342010 was an Indian civil servant social worker and the Chief Secretary of the State of Tripura known for his contributions for the enforcement of Abolition of Bonded Labour Act of 1976 which abolished bonded labor in India One among the seven civil servants held hostage by the Peoples War Group in 1987 he was the chief negotiator of the state government in the negotiations of 2004 to end naxalite violence in Andhra Pradesh He was a mentor to the Safai Karmachari Andolan a social initiative propagated by Bezwada Wilson to eradicate manual scavenging in India The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan in 2005 for his contributions to society but he declined the honor His social welfare activities earned him the moniker Peoples IAS officer Contents 1 Biography 2 Awards and honors 3 Trivia 4 See also 5 6 External links 7 Further reading Biography Sankaran was born on 22 October 1934 in Thanjavur in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu in a Tamil Brahmin family He graduated in Commerce with honours from American College Madurai coming first in the examination and joined there as a lecturer when he was inducted into Indian Administrative Service in 1956 One of his earlier postings was as the Subcollector of Nandyal in Kurnool district in 1959 Later he served as the District Collector of Adilabad Khammam and Nellore before moving to the Union Government as a special assistant to Mohan Kumaramangalam the then Minister for Steel and Mines While at this post he assisted Kumaramangalam to push through the nationalization of coal mines during 197173 He returned to the state as the Principal Secretary for Social Welfare with the Government of Andhra Pradesh a post he held for two different periods During his first tenure as the Principal Secretary he established Integrated Tribal Development Agencies for singleline administration of tribal areas and introduced Special Component Plan and Tribal Sub Plans to ensure adequate provision of budgetary resources to be earmarked for the financially weaker sections of the society Under these schemes he addressed the issues such as religious conversions atrocities against women and education for dalits he set up dedicated schools and hostels for dalit people which eventually developed into the Andhra Pradesh Social Welfare Residential Schools and after bifurcation of Telangana State those schools are called as Telangana Social Welfare Residential Schools in Telangana State He also toured the villages to inspire the villagers to break free from bondage and contributed to the enforcement of the 1976 Abolition of Bonded Labour Act It is reported that Sankarans efforts were disapproved by the ruling Chief Minister and he was asked to proceed on leave when Nripen Chakraborty who was the chief minister of Tripura during that time invited him to join Tripura state administration as the Chief Secretary a post he held for six years After his stint in Tripura he moved to the Union Government superannuating from service while holding the post of a Secretary at the Ministry of Rural Development During this period he worked for the rehabilitation of the victims of Karamchedu massacre of 1985 when 6 dalits were killed in clashes with the upper caste communities Later he was held captive by the Peoples War Group in 1987 after they abducted him and six of his colleagues while they were touring East Godavari District but was set free later along with the others On his retirement from service he returned to Andhra Pradesh when the NaxaliteMaoist insurgency was gaining momentum and he organized a social forum under the name Concerned Citizens Committee in 1997 which protested against the fake encounter killings of the insurgents as well as the militancy of the insurgents He was appointed as the Commissioner of the Panel on food security in 2003 by the Supreme Court of India where he served for two years On his return to Andhra Pradesh the state government appointed him as the chief negotiator for negotiations with the militants in 2004 He mediated two rounds of talks between the government and the militants but the talks were not fruitful as the government insisted on total disarmament however this was the first instance the Maoists agreed to talks with the government After the failure of talks with Naxal groups he was involved with the activities of Safai Karmachari Andolan founded by Bezwada Wilson and served as a mentor to the organization Under his guidance the initiative worked to free a majority of the manual laborers in the State handling human excreta till their number dwindled from 13 million to 300000 Sankaran who contributed a chapter Administration and the Poor to the 2002 publication Dalits and the State by Ghanshyam Shah died on 7 October 2010at the age of 75 in Hyderabad succumbing to a cardiac arrest His mortal remains were confined to flames at Punjagutta crematorium the next day his niece lighting the funeral pyre in the presence of thousands of people Awards and honors The Government of India awarded Sankaran the civilian honor of the Padma Bhushan in 2005 which was later refused by him In 2011 a year after his death the Government of Andhra Pradesh installed his statue in front of the office of the Department of Social Welfare the first instance a civil servant was honored by the government with a statue On his birthday 22 October in 2013 C H Hanumantha Rao a former member of the National Advisory Council released the first of the twovolume publication Marginalisation Development and Resistance Essays in Tribute to SR Sankaran which detailed his contributions for the welfare of the marginalized communities When Malavath Purna a Dalit teenager summitted Mount Everest in May 2014 thus becoming the youngest female to summit the highest peak in the world she carried a photograph of Sankaran and B R Ambedkar in honour of the services rendered by them towards the cause of Dalits Vikrama Simhapuri University has instituted an annual award S R Sankaran Gold Medal for the best outgoing student in the Department of Social Welfare in his honor and the National Institute of Rural Development Hyderabad has a chairprofessorship on rural labour S R Sankaran Chair named after him Trivia It was reported that Sankaran on his appointment as the Chief Secretary of the Tripura arrived Agartala with a small suitcase as his only piece of luggage and instead of waiting for his official receivers hailed a rickshaw to proceed to the Circuit House which housed his wouldbe office He was a bachelor reportedly by choice He was a vegetarian and known to have donated a considerable part of his earnings to the financially compromised people He participated in the campaign against Aadhaar biometric system alongside V R Krishna Iyer citing that the system should be implemented after ascertaining its usefulness and the methodology is fully explained to public Sankaran was once selected as the head of the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration Mussourie which trained Indian Administrative Service officers but the selection was subsequently cancelled reportedly fearing he would propagate his ideals at the institution As the Chief Secretary of Tripura he once forced the retreat of Indian Armed Forces when they entered the State without approval from the State Government See also Telangana Social Welfare Residential Schools Bezwada Wilson Nripen Chakraborty Karamchedu massacre India portal References a b c Peoples IAS officer SR Sankaran no more The Hindu 8 October 2010 Retrieved 5 June 2016 a b P S Krishnan November 2010 Road less travelled Frontline 27 23 a b c S R Sankaran Champion of the safai karmacharis Infochange December 2010 Retrieved 5 June 2016 a b Padma Awards PDF Ministry of Home Affairs Government of India 2016 Retrieved 3 January 2016 a b In a first statue for an IAS officer in AP Times of India 17 March 2011 Retrieved 5 June 2016 a b c Book on SR Sankaran released Indian Express 23 October 2013 Retrieved 5 June 2016 Peoples IAS officer SR Sankaran YouTube video V6 News 22 October 2013 Retrieved 5 June 2016 Reddy Nanda Kishore Ajmera Santosh Ethics Integrity and Aptitude pp 215 9789351342366 A Tribute to Mr S R Sankaran American College 31 October 2010 Retrieved 5 June 2016 a b c d Obituary SR Sankaran PDF Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration November 2010 Retrieved 5 June 2016 a b Legend Livelihoods Today and Tomorrow December 2013 Retrieved 5 June 2016 a b A peoples IAS officer to the core Hans India 7 October 2015 Retrieved 6 June 2016 Kalpana Kannabiran Ranbir Singh 11 November 2008 Challenging The Ruless of Law Colonialism Criminology and Human Rights in India SAGE Publications pp 480 9780761936657 Story of S R Sankaran Peoples IAS Officer Civils Daily 12 February 2016 Retrieved 5 June 2016 V Balachandran 2016 An IAS angel who understood Maoist movement web article The Sunday Guardian Retrieved 5 June 2016 Remembering the legendary S R Sankaran Viveks Info 7 October 2010 Retrieved 5 June 2016 Govt appoints S R Sankaran to mediate with naxals Business Standard 30 June 2004 Retrieved 5 June 2016 Peace maker SR Sankaran passes away ReDiff News 8 October 2010 Retrieved 6 June 2016 Ghanshyam Shah 1 January 2002 Dalits and the State Concept Publishing Company pp 343 9788170229223 A legacy of goodness The Hindu 31 October 2010 Retrieved 6 June 2016 G Haragopal K B Saxena 2014 Marginalisation Development and Resistance Vol 1 The Crisis of Development Aakar Books p 308 9789350022856 Teen from Andhra Pradesh is Youngest Woman to Conquer Mount Everest ND TV 25 May 2014 Retrieved 5 June 2016 Ambedkarite Excellence Yougest Girl to climb up Mount Everest Atrocity News 25 May 2014 Retrieved 5 June 2016 Gold Medal instituted in Master of Social Work PDF Newsletter ikrama Simhapuri University 2011 Retrieved 5 June 2016 Chair Professor on Rural Labour in honour of Late Shri SRSankaran PDF National Institute of Rural Development 2013 Archived from the original PDF on 19 January 2016 Retrieved 6 June 2016 D Bandyopadhyay October 2010 Simplicity Extraordinaire Mainstream XLVIII 44 Why late Justice Krishna Iyer opposed biometric aadhaar Toxics Watch 10 December 2014 Retrieved 5 June 2016 A Troublemaker Passes The Telegraph 19 November 2010 Retrieved 5 June 2016 External links 10 Amazingly Dedicated Indian Civil Servants You Will Be Proud To Know Web article Better India 21 March 2015 Retrieved 5 June 2016 Further reading K B Saxena G Haragopal 2014 Marginalization development and resistance essays in tribute to SR Sankaran Aakar Books OCLC 898011643 E A S Sarma October 2010 S R Sankaran In Memoriam Economic and Political Weekly 45 43 JSTOR 20787495 Categories 1934 births 2010 deaths People from Thanjavur district Indian Administrative Service officers Indian civil servants Indian male social workers Tripura politicians Social workers from Tamil Nadu

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