Email

Evidence

Overcoming

The

SoCalled

SelfServing

Hearsay

Objection

from

Oregon

State

Bar

Litigation

Journal

published

by

Janet

Lee

Hoffman

and

Andrew

Weiner

Spring

Click

to

download

Email

Evidence

Overcoming

The

SoCalled

SelfServing

Hearsay

Objection

The

use

of

email

and

other

electronic

forms

of

communication

are

ubiquitous

in

our

society

today

However

the

conveniences

these

modern

technologies

offer

also

carry

certain

risks

While

email

instant

messaging

and

texts

are

certainly

fast

they

lack

many

of

the

formalities

inherent

with

more

traditional

written

mediums

When

read

in

a

vacuum

a

poor

attempt

at

humor

or

sarcastic

aside

can

appear

to

take

on

a

much

more

sinister

meaning

Because

email

has

become

a

regular

part

of

our

daily

lives

it

can

be

a

rich

source

of

evidence

when

conflicts

arise

and

those

conflicts

lead

to

trial

litigation

Attorneys

for

one

of

the

worlds

largest

law

firms

DLA

Piper

learned

this

lesson

when

emails

surfaced

in

the

midst

of

a

civil

dispute

with

a

former

client

over

more

than

in

pastdue

legal

bills

The

former

client

countersued

and

offered

internal

firm

emails

that

had

been

produced

in

discovery

as

evidence

of

a

sweeping

practice

of

overbilling

An

attorney

wrote

in

one

email

I

hear

we

are

already

over

our

estimatethats

Team

DLA

Piper

Another

wrote

now

Vince

has

random

people

working

full

time

on

random

research

projects

in

standard

churn

that

bill

baby

mode

adding

that

bill

shall

know

no

limits

In

a

statement

from

DLA

Piper

the

firm

said

that

the

emails

were

in

fact

an

offensive

and

inexcusable

effort

at

humor

but

in

no

way

reflect

actual

excessive

billing

The

firm

reportedly

settled

the

matter

but

these

damaging

emails

demonstrate

how

the

informal

nature

of

email

correspondence

can

lead

to

serious

civil

liability

More

recently

internal

emails

between

former

members

and

executives

of

Dewey

Leboeuf

a

now

bankrupt

law

firm

formerly

headquartered

in

New

York

City

provided

key

evidence

to

support

an

indictment

charging

them

with

dozens

of

counts

of

larceny

and

securities

fraud

The

four

men

charged

include

three

attorneys

and

the

firms

chief

financial

officer

In

at

least

one

of

these

emails

they

used

the

phrase

cooking

the

books

to

describe

what

they

were

doing

to

mislead

the

firms

lenders

and

creditors

in

setting

the

stage

for

a

million

debt

offering

A

handful

of

other

former

employees

have

since

pleaded

guilty

in

connection

with

the

alleged

accounting

fraud

scheme

but

the

four

men

believed

to

be

at

the

center

of

the

case

continue

to

assert

their

innocence

In

response

to

the

prosecutors

claim

that

the

men

used

accounting

gimmicks

and

fraud

to

cheat

banks

and

investors

defense

counsel

said

that

they

lacked

criminal

intent

and

the

necessary

understanding

of

complicated

accounting

rules

and

regulations

required

to

be

guilty

Whether

this

case

ultimately

goes

to

trial

remains

to

be

seen

however

the

defendants

would

almost

certainly

seek

to

admit

other

email

evidence

in

their

defense

to

put

these

seemingly

damning

emails

into

context

and

to

support

their

claim

of

innocence

The

purpose

for

which

an

email

is

offered

at

trial

can

have

a

major

impact

on

whether

the

court

will

receive

it

into

evidence

Admission

of

a

party

opponents

email

correspondence

presents

little

difficulty

For

example

plaintiff

s

counsel

could

easily

have

an

email

written

by

a

company

executive

describing

his

efforts

to

obtain

funding

through

the

use

of

allegedly

false

or

misleading

earnings

reports

admitted

against

the

executive

in

a

fraud

case

If

instead

defense

counsel

sought

to

offer

a

followup

email

written

by

that

same

executive

suggesting

his

belief

that

the

earnings

reports

were

accurate

and

negating

the

necessary

showing

of

intent

it

would

likely

trigger

an

objection

on

the

basis

of

the

socalled

selfserving

hearsay

rule

Though

sometimes

used

as

a

catchall

objection

selfserving

is

a

proper

objection

only

to

a

Because

the

admission

of

statements

under

this

particular

exception

does

not

extend

to

nonselfinculpatory

statements

that

were

made

along

with

or

collateral

to

selfinculpatory

statements

the

followup

email

described

in

the

example

above

may

be

excluded

if

offered

pursuant

to

this

exception

Yet

there

is

no

independent

hearsay

rule

that

selfserving

evidence

is

inadmissible

It

could

be

said

that

all

evidence

offered

by

a

party

is

selfserving

in

some

respectthe

selfserving

nature

of

evidence

is

generally

deemed

only

a

matter

of

weight

for

the

factfinder

to

consider

Nevertheless

a

party

who

seeks

admission

of

his

or

her

own

email

correspondence

may

face

a

difficult

challenge

This

article

is

meant

as

a

guide

to

assist

practitioners

in

navigating

the

rules

of

evidence

and

identifying

bases

on

which

to

successfully

admit

a

clients

own

email

evidence

when

it

may

be

helpful

to

their

clients

case

This

article

highlights

just

a

few

key

evidentiary

provisions

that

may

serve

as

means

for

utilizing

this

potential

source

of

beneficial

evidence

at

trial

The

difference

between

hearsay

and

prophecy

is

often

one

of

sequence

Hearsay

often

turns

out

to

have

been

prophecy

Hubert

H

Humphrey

The

exclusion

of

hearsay

from

admission

at

trial

is

one

of

the

oldest

and

most

fundamental

rules

of

evidence

Outofcourt

statements

both

oral

and

written

are

generally

inadmissible

if

offered

for

their

truth

The

reason

for

their

exclusion

is

that

hearsay

statements

are

generally

considered

to

be

untrustworthy

Yet

it

has

been

said

that

the

many

exceptions

essentially

swallow

the

rule

And

it

is

within

these

exceptions

that

practitioners

must

usually

operate

when

seeking

to

admit

a

clients

own

beneficial

or

exculpatory

email

evidence

First

however

it

is

vital

to

determine

the

purpose

for

which

the

email

is

being

offered

into

evidence

Outofcourt

statements

offered

for

things

other

than

their

truth

are

not

subject

to

exclusion

as

hearsay

For

example

an

email

that

describes

matters

discussed

during

a

particular

meeting

or

event

would

be

admissible

as

circumstantial

evidence

that

the

meeting

or

event

took

place

Other

nonhearsay

uses

may

include

establishing

the

emails

effect

on

its

recipient

or

merely

that

the

email

was

sent

or

received

by

a

particular

party

on

a

particular

day

Assuming

instead

that

text

of

an

email

is

being

offered

for

its

truth

counsel

would

need

to

identify

a

hearsay

exception

through

which

to

admit

it

For

emails

generated

in

the

course

of

operating

a

business

one

possibility

is

for

admission

as

a

business

record

Alternatively

an

email

may

be

offered

as

evidence

of

the

declarants

state

of

mind

The

stateofmind

exception

may

be

particularly

useful

in

a

criminal

case

for

challenging

whether

a

defendant

had

the

necessary

criminal

intent

however

it

carries

with

it

certain

limitations

Depending

on

the

circumstances

an

email

may

also

be

admissible

once

opposing

counsel

opens

the

door

as

a

prior

consistent

statement

or

pursuant

to

the

rule

of

completeness

Ultimately

helpful

emails

should

be

analyzed

carefully

and

not

overlooked

merely

Business

as

Usual

Information

technology

and

business

are

becoming

inextricably

interwoven

I

dont

think

anybody

can

talk

meaningfully

about

one

without

talking

about

the

other

Bill

Gates

The

use

of

email

and

other

digital

communication

has

become

standard

practice

in

the

business

world

It

would

appear

to

be

common

sense

that

workplace

email

communications

naturally

fit

within

the

business

records

exception

of

the

hearsay

rule

That

assumption

would

however

be

incorrect

While

the

hearsay

exception

for

records

of

a

regularly

conducted

activity

has

been

held

to

encompass

business

emails

in

certain

circumstances

the

exception

has

not

been

held

to

apply

to

all

email

correspondence

made

in

the

regular

course

of

business

At

its

core

the

business

records

exception

allows

for

admission

of

records

made

at

or

near

the

time

of

the

act

or

event

described

in

the

record

by

someone

with

personal

knowledge

of

the

act

or

event

in

the

regular

course

of

business

and

as

a

regular

part

of

the

recorded

activity

routine

recordkeeping

activities

such

as

monthly

inventory

reports

or

daily

sales

logs

are

examples

of

records

that

fall

squarely

within

the

exception

An

important

rationale

for

their

admissibility

is

the

assumption

that

records

containing

information

needed

for

the

efficient

operation

of

a

business

are

intrinsically

accurate

and

trustworthy

Email

has

not

historically

satisfied

this

test

In

Monotype

Corp

PLC

v

International

Typeface

Corp

the

Ninth

Circuit

affirmed

the

trial

courts

exclusion

of

an

email

sent

by

an

employee

to

his

superior

which

according

to

the

proponent

of

the

evidence

was

kept

in

the

regular

course

of

business

In

its

opinion

the

court

distinguished

the

email

from

a

bookkeepers

monthly

inventory

records

and

held

that

the

use

of

email

was

not

a

similarly

systematic

business

activity

Moreover

the

fact

that

an

employee

has

the

routine

practice

of

drafting

an

email

to

memorialize

regular

daily

activities

may

not

be

sufficient

for

admissibility

Of

course

a

lot

has

changed

in

the

twenty

years

since

the

Ninth

Circuit

decision

in

Monotype

Corp

PLC

Recognizing

however

that

the

practice

of

generating

and

systematically

retaining

email

varies

considerably

from

business

to

business

courts

have

not

taken

the

position

that

all

emails

are

admissible

business

records

In

Rogers

v

Oregon

Trail

Electric

Consumers

Cooperative

Inc

an

Oregon

district

court

judge

recently

adopted

a

test

articulated

by

the

Louisiana

district

court

in

a

case

arising

from

the

Deepwater

Horizon

oil

spill

Under

this

test

the

proponent

must

establish

in

addition

to

the

other

requirements

noted

above

that

the

email

was

sent

or

received

pursuant

to

a

policy

or

business

duty

to

report

or

record

the

information

within

the

email

Applying

this

test

the

court

denied

admission

of

emails

memorializing

disciplinary

actions

at

issue

in

the

case

The

court

emphasized

the

informal

nature

of

email

correspondence

and

distinguished

it

from

more

formal

disciplinary

memoranda

which

carry

a

stronger

presumption

of

accuracy

and

reliability

Yet

there

has

been

some

movement

toward

the

admission

of

emails

under

the

business

records

exception

In

Volterra

Semiconductor

Corp

v

Primarion

Inc

for

example

a

California

district

court

admitted

an

email

which

included

technical

guidelines

for

a

flip

chip

technology

at

issue

in

the

case

without

providing

a

detailed

analysis

the

court

merely

explains

that

the

proponent

of

the

email

established

the

necessary

foundation

for

admissibility

at

trial

It

is

important

to

note

that

the

opponent

of

email

evidence

offered

under

the

business

records

exception

may

still

successfully

prevent

its

admission

by

showing

that

the

source

of

the

email

or

the

circumstances

of

its

creation

indicate

a

lack

of

trustworthiness

For

example

correspondence

created

in

anticipation

of

litigation

or

containing

errors

or

omissions

revealed

by

reference

to

other

admissible

evidence

may

be

deemed

untrustworthy

Its

selfserving

content

is

however

not

a

sole

basis

for

exclusion

Thus

the

business

records

exception

can

potentially

provide

a

means

for

admission

of

helpful

email

evidence

Once

the

proponent

establishes

that

the

email

satisfies

the

business

records

exceptions

foundational

requirements

and

withstands

challenges

to

trustworthinessit

can

be

used

at

trial

for

any

purpose

Whats

on

Your

Mind

In

words

are

seen

the

state

of

mind

and

character

and

disposition

of

the

speaker

Plutarch

Email

evidence

can

also

be

offered

to

establish

a

declarants

thenexisting

state

of

mind

Admission

of

hearsay

evidence

under

Rule

requires

a

showing

that

the

declarants

state

of

mind

is

relevant

that

the

hearsay

statement

was

made

close

in

time

to

the

thoughts

or

feelings

expressed

and

that

there

was

little

time

for

reflection

Outofcourt

statements

describing

a

declarants

intent

plan

motive

design

or

mental

feeling

are

all

admissible

hearsay

The

stateofmind

exception

rests

in

part

on

the

notion

that

there

is

no

greater

authority

on

a

persons

thoughts

and

feelings

than

the

person

who

experienced

them

In

some

cases

such

evidence

provides

the

best

source

of

information

to

dispute

an

opponents

version

of

events

or

circumstantial

evidence

of

a

partys

intent

Because

jurors

evaluate

all

evidence

within

the

framework

of

a

story

or

narrative

to

reach

conclusions

about

the

facts

in

a

case

and

to

ultimately

decide

what

happened

there

is

tremendous

value

in

being

able

to

present

stateofmind

evidence

There

is

a

compelling

argument

that

fair

and

objective

outcomes

are

more

likely

when

factfinders

have

full

access

to

competing

narratives

and

can

test

which

best

fits

the

evidence

presented

Admissibility

of

statements

offered

under

Rule

is

however

restricted

in

several

important

ways

The

rule

expressly

excludes

admission

of

a

statement

of

memory

or

belief

to

prove

the

fact

remembered

or

believed

Thus

a

statement

that

reflects

what

the

declarant

would

have

done

had

past

circumstances

been

different

or

one

that

recalls

the

defendants

state

of

mind

during

an

earlier

event

would

be

inadmissible

In

Wilson

v

Wilson

for

example

the

court

excluded

a

partys

outofcourt

statement

that

she

would

have

divorced

her

former

husband

if

she

had

known

about

his

allegedly

unauthorized

transfers

of

assets

to

a

revocable

living

trust

Further

an

expression

of

a

persons

state

of

mind

that

suggests

forwardlooking

intent

may

be

admissible

to

prove

that

the

person

later

acted

in

accordance

with

the

statement

but

it

would

not

be

admissible

if

offered

to

support

backwardslooking

inferences

about

past

actions

or

events

The

defendant

in

United

States

v

Miller

came

up

against

this

limitation

when

he

unsuccessfully

tried

to

admit

his

own

statement

as

evidence

of

his

earlier

state

of

mind

Approximately

two

hours

after

making

a

confession

to

federal

agents

he

told

another

agent

that

he

was

uncertain

whether

or

not

he

had

admitted

to

unlawful

conduct

during

his

earlier

interview

He

sought

to

offer

this

later

statement

at

trial

as

evidence

of

his

fatigue

and

confusion

from

being

questioned

and

to

support

an

argument

that

his

prior

admission

was

unreliable

The

court

excluded

the

statement

holding

that

the

passage

of

time

was

too

great

between

his

statement

of

confusion

and

his

earlier

admission

The

gap

in

time

gave

the

defendant

an

opportunity

to

fabricate

his

explanation

creating

a

risk

Because

statements

offered

to

establish

a

partys

own

state

of

mind

are

intrinsically

selfserving

they

also

carry

added

suspicion

regarding

trustworthiness

The

rule

itself

is

silent

on

this

point

but

courts

have

split

on

whether

statements

that

otherwise

fit

the

exception

should

be

excluded

based

on

concerns

over

the

declarants

candor

In

United

States

v

Di

Maria

the

Second

Circuit

held

that

courts

can

not

exclude

a

statement

that

fits

within

the

stateofmind

exception

on

the

basis

that

it

is

selfserving

The

defendant

in

Di

Maria

sought

to

admit

a

statement

he

made

to

law

enforcement

at

time

of

his

arrest

to

establish

his

belief

that

cigarettes

in

his

possession

were

bootleg

rather

than

stolen

The

court

disregarded

the

governments

contention

that

the

defendants

statement

was

an

absolutely

classic

false

exculpatory

statement

explaining

that

its

truth

or

falsity

was

for

the

jury

to

decide

It

concluded

that

admission

of

the

defendants

statement

was

particularly

important

however

suspect

it

may

be

when

the

government

is

relying

on

the

presumption

of

guilty

knowledge

arising

from

a

defendants

possession

of

the

fruits

of

a

crime

recently

after

its

commission

The

Second

Circuits

reasoning

in

Di

Maria

has

not

been

universally

adopted

In

United

States

v

Cianci

for

example

the

First

Circuit

affirmed

exclusion

of

the

defendants

taped

statements

offered

pursuant

to

Rule

based

in

part

on

an

apparent

lack

of

trustworthiness

The

defendant

former

Mayor

of

Providence

Rhode

Island

had

been

charged

with

more

than

three

dozen

counts

related

to

an

alleged

public

corruption

scandal

During

the

course

of

the

investigation

the

defendant

spoke

to

an

undercover

agent

posing

as

a

businessman

who

had

contacted

him

to

request

a

city

contract

Referring

the

agent

to

another

person

in

his

administration

the

defendant

stated

that

no

one

will

ask

you

for

a

thing

and

if

anybody

does

Ill

have

him

arrested

The

defendant

argued

that

his

statements

made

during

the

period

of

time

the

charged

conduct

allegedly

took

place

reflected

his

state

of

mind

and

were

admissible

to

prove

his

intolerance

for

corruption

and

his

lack

of

criminal

intent

The

trial

court

excluded

the

statements

concluding

that

they

applied

at

least

in

part

to

past

acts

of

the

defendants

administration

and

were

to

a

large

extent

selfserving

attempts

to

cover

tracks

already

made

The

courts

finding

that

the

statements

were

not

wholly

contemporaneous

with

the

conduct

at

issue

was

central

to

its

determination

that

the

statements

were

unreliable

and

should

be

excluded

In

affirming

the

decision

the

appellate

court

notes

that

such

observations

are

wellestablished

grounds

for

nonadmission

Because

email

is

such

a

prevalent

form

of

communication

in

our

world

today

it

can

be

a

great

resource

for

establishing

an

individuals

intent

or

for

challenging

circumstantial

evidence

of

a

culpable

state

of

mind

Even

with

the

limitations

imposed

on

admissibility

pursuant

to

Rule

email

correspondence

may

offer

a

means

for

explaining

a

clients

actions

and

for

helping

jurors

construct

a

narrative

that

supports

a

more

favorable

theory

of

the

case

Point

Counterpoint

Every

truth

has

two

sides

it

is

as

well

to

look

at

both

before

we

commit

ourselves

to

either

Aesop

The

exceptions

described

above

allow

for

the

affirmative

presentation

of

email

evidence

but

evidence

entered

by

an

opposing

party

can

also

provide

a

trigger

for

admission

of

otherwise

inadmissible

hearsay

A

party

may

for

example

introduce

prior

consistent

statements

to

rebut

cross

examination

that

suggests

the

witness

is

providing

false

or

misleading

testimony

Alternatively

admission

of

a

written

or

recorded

statement

by

one

party

may

allow

for

introduction

by

an

opposing

party

of

another

part

of

the

same

statement

or

another

written

or

recorded

statement

that

in

fairness

ought

to

be

considered

at

the

same

time

When

damaging

email

evidence

is

offered

by

an

adverse

party

these

rules

can

provide

effective

means

for

giving

the

factfinder

a

fuller

picture

and

putting

harmful

evidence

into

context

The

first

of

these

is

Rule

which

allows

for

admission

of

prior

consistent

statements

It

applies

when

a

witness

is

impeached

on

cross

examination

raising

questions

about

the

credibility

of

their

testimony

Counsel

can

then

offer

evidence

regarding

outofcourt

statements

made

prior

to

the

time

that

the

supposed

motive

to

lie

arose

to

corroborate

the

witnesss

incourt

testimony

Importantly

the

foundational

requirements

that

the

witness

is

first

impeached

by

an

express

or

implied

charge

of

recent

fabrication

or

improper

motive

and

that

the

prior

statement

was

made

before

the

existence

of

the

motive

to

fabricate

are

strictly

applied

When

these

situations

do

arise

emails

can

provide

powerful

documentary

evidence

that

not

only

restores

a

key

witnesss

credibility

but

also

puts

before

the

factfinder

evidence

that

may

not

otherwise

be

admissible

Beneficial

email

evidence

may

also

be

admitted

pursuant

to

the

opened

door

rationale

Though

often

confused

with

Rule

it

is

a

separate

but

related

doctrine

that

allows

a

party

to

introduce

an

entire

outofcourt

statement

once

an

adversary

introduces

only

a

portion

for

purpose

of

impeachment

This

doctrine

applies

to

both

written

and

oral

outofcourt

statements

offered

as

evidence

at

trial

Thus

for

a

witness

impeached

with

a

prior

inconsistent

statement

it

is

sufficient

that

the

reminder

of

the

document

or

statement

from

which

the

impeachment

evidence

was

drawn

has

significant

probative

force

bearing

on

credibility

apart

from

mere

repetition

and

places

the

inconsistencies

in

a

broader

context

demonstrating

that

the

inconsistencies

were

a

minor

part

of

an

otherwise

consistent

account

unlike

Rule

however

the

witness

need

not

be

impeached

by

an

express

or

implied

charge

of

recent

fabrication

or

improper

motive

Thus

an

entire

email

chain

may

be

admissible

if

an

opposing

party

uses

only

a

portion

for

an

impeachment

purpose

thereby

creating

a

misimpression

regarding

its

significance

An

opposing

party

may

not

pick

and

choose

among

prior

statements

to

create

an

appearance

of

conflict

and

then

object

when

this

appearance

is

rebutted

by

means

of

a

fuller

version

of

the

same

prior

statements

Of

course

only

the

remaining

portion

of

the

statement

that

clarifies

or

provides

necessary

context

for

the

portion

used

for

impeachment

is

admissible

pursuant

to

the

opened

door

rationale

Any

other

portion

would

only

be

admissible

if

it

fit

within

another

exception

or

if

relevant

for

a

purpose

other

than

to

prove

the

matter

asserted

One

final

method

for

responding

to

an

opponent

who

enters

only

a

portion

of

an

email

into

evidence

is

through

the

principle

of

completeness

Admissibility

pursuant

to

the

principle

of

completeness

is

based

on

the

misleading

impression

created

by

taking

matters

out

of

context

and

the

inadequacy

of

repair

work

when

delayed

to

a

point

later

in

the

trial

When

one

party

has

made

use

of

a

portion

of

a

document

such

that

misunderstanding

or

distortion

can

be

averted

only

through

presentation

of

another

portion

the

material

required

for

completeness

is

ipso

facto

relevant

This

rule

functions

similarly

to

the

opened

door

rationale

but

differs

in

a

few

important

ways

First

it

is

not

limited

to

evidence

offered

for

purposes

of

impeachment

Second

it

can

only

be

used

for

admission

of

written

or

recorded

statementsa

difference

that

does

not

affect

admissibility

of

email

evidence

Finally

courts

will

not

generally

admit

evidence

pursuant

to

the

principle

of

completeness

if

it

is

otherwise

inadmissible

hearsay

However

there

is

some

authority

to

suggest

that

this

limitation

should

not

be

strictly

applied

As

the

court

in

United

States

v

Sutton

explains

the

principle

of

completeness

can

adequately

fulfill

its

function

only

by

permitting

the

admission

of

some

otherwise

inadmissible

evidence

when

the

court

finds

in

fairness

that

the

proffered

evidence

should

be

considered

contemporaneously

Only

through

careful

analysis

of

an

opponents

exhibits

and

a

deep

understanding

of

how

they

fit

into

the

case

as

a

whole

can

counsel

take

full

advantage

of

these

exceptions

to

the

hearsay

rule

It

is

not

enough

to

prepare

only

ones

own

presentation

of

evidence

and

witnesses

Counsel

must

also

know

what

to

expect

from

the

opposition

By

fully

preparing

counsel

can

avoid

missing

an

opportunity

for

getting

helpful

and

otherwise

inadmissible

email

evidence

into

jurors

hands

and

putting

what

may

be

construed

as

harmful

evidence

into

a

favorable

context

Conclusion

Because

of

the

steady

rise

in

the

use

of

email

and

other

electronic

correspondence

in

our

society

email

evidence

is

becoming

increasingly

prevalent

in

the

world

of

litigation

Trial

counsel

must

devote

considerable

time

and

resources

reviewing

this

data

and

analyzing

its

potential

uses

at

trial

Getting

an

early

start

on

what

can

be

a

monumental

amount

of

information

is

essential

and

identifying

key

email

evidence

is

only

the

first

step

When

faced

with

a

clients

embarrassing

or

harmful

emails

it

can

be

particularly

important

to

analyze

and

understand

how

the

clients

helpful

email

evidence

may

be

admissible

to

place

Credit

to

Toni

BerresPaul

Professor

of

Legal

Analysis

and

Writing

at

Lewis

Clark

Law

School

Sharon

D

Nelson

John

W

Simek

Churn

That

Bill

Baby

Overbilling

in

Law

Firms

Law

Practice

Magazine

SeptemberOctober

Id

Molly

McDonough

DLA

Piper

Churn

that

bill

email

was

inexcusable

effort

at

humor

ABA

JournaL

Mar

httpwwwabajournalcomnewsarticledla_piper_churn_that_bill_email_was_inexcusable_

Matthew

Goldstein

Accused

in

Law

Firm

Fraud

Ignored

a

Maxim

Dont

Email

the

New

York

Times

Mar

httpdealbooknytimes

Id

Bernard

Vaughan

Former

Dewey

Law

Firm

Leaders

Ask

Judge

to

Dismiss

Criminal

Case

Insurance

Journal

July

Id

See

Fed

R

Evid

Parallel

citations

in

the

Oregon

Rules

of

Evidence

to

the

Federal

Rules

of

Evidence

cited

in

this

article

can

be

found

at

ORS

et

seq

See

Fed

R

Evid

See

Williamson

v

United

States

US

See

Wright

v

Swan

Or

Id

at

Fed

R

Evid

See

Chambers

v

Mississippi

US

For

purposes

of

this

article

it

is

assumed

that

the

proponent

of

the

email

evidence

is

able

to

first

authenticate

it

Federal

Rule

of

Evidence

requires

only

evidence

sufficient

to

support

a

finding

that

the

item

is

what

the

proponent

claims

it

is

An

email

may

be

authenticated

by

reference

to

its

appearance

contents

substance

internal

patterns

or

other

distinctive

characteristics

Fed

R

Evid

Fed

R

See

Monotype

Corp

PLC

v

Intl

Typeface

Corp

Cir

United

States

v

Miller

Cir

Monotype

Corp

PLC

at

Id

See

Christopher

B

Mueller

Laird

C

KirkPatrick

Federal

evidence

ed

citing

Monotype

Corp

PLC

for

its

conclusion

that

emails

not

adapted

to

permanent

and

more

systematic

recordkeeping

purposes

do

not

satisfy

the

regular

practice

requirement

of

the

rule

Rogers

v

Oregon

Trail

Electric

Consumers

Cooperative

Inc

US

Dist

LEXIS

D

Or

May

citing

In

re

Oil

Rig

Deepwater

Horizon

US

Dist

LEXIS

ED

La

Jan

Id

Id

at

Id

at

citing

cases

in

the

Oregon

and

California

district

courts

Volterra

Semiconductor

Corp

v

Primarion

Inc

US

Dist

LEXIS

ND

Cal

Sept

Fed

R

Evid

See

eg

United

States

v

Olano

Cir

FedR

Evid

see

also

Leelanau

Wine

Cellars

Ltd

v

Black

Red

Inc

F

Supp

WD

Mich

admitting

email

evidence

to

establish

the

declarants

confusion

United

States

v

Ponticelli

Cir

overruled

on

other

grounds

by

United

States

v

Bright

United

States

v

Emmert

Cir

Ponticelli

at

See

id

noting

that

a

declarant

presumably

knows

what

his

thoughts

and

emotions

are

at

the

time

of

his

declarations

See

Eleanor

Swift

Narrative

Theory

FRE

Criminal

Defendants

PostCrime

State

of

Mind

Hearsay

seton

haLL

L

rev

Id

at

citing

Justice

Souters

opinion

in

Old

Chief

v

United

States

US

In

Old

Chief

the

Court

discusses

the

trial

courts

role

in

making

evidentiary

rulings

and

the

importance

of

an

appreciation

of

the

offering

partys

need

for

evidentiary

richness

and

narrative

integrity

in

presenting

a

case

US

at

Fed

r

evid

exception

for

statements

that

relate

to

the

validity

or

terms

of

a

declarants

will

United

States

v

Sayakhom

Cir

holding

defendants

attempt

to

introduce

statements

of

her

belief

that

she

was

not

violating

the

law

to

prove

the

fact

believed

that

she

was

acting

in

goodfaith

is

improper

See

eg

Wilson

v

Wilson

Or

App

Id

Shepard

v

United

States

US

United

States

v

Miller

Cir

Miller

at

Id

Compare

United

States

v

Di

Maria

Cir

noting

that

only

the

business

records

and

catchall

exceptions

expressly

include

express

language

regarding

trustworthiness

with

United

States

v

Cianci

Cir

and

United

States

v

Naiden

Cir

Di

Maria

at

Cianci

at

Id

at

Id

at

Id

at

Fed

R

Evid

Fed

R

Evid

United

States

v

Collicott

Cir

Id

citing

Tome

v

United

States

US

Id

at

see

also

United

States

v

Payne

n

Cir

Collicott

at

n

Payne

at

internal

quotation

omitted

Collicott

at

n

listing

five

main

forms

of

impeachment

prior

inconsistent

statements

bias

attacking

witnesss

character

for

truthfulness

attacking

witnesss

perception

or

memory

and

contradicting

witnesss

testimony

Counsel

should

be

mindful

that

email

chains

often

contain

hearsay

within

hearsay

Each

layer

of

hearsay

must

independently

fit

within

a

hearsay

exception

to

be

admissible

Fed

r

evid

See

Collicott

at

quoting

United

States

v

Tarantino

DC

Cir

Id

at

Fed

r

evid

Id

Advisory

Committee

Notes

Beech

Aircraft

Corp

v

Rainey

US

Collicott

at

Id

citing

United

States

v

Sutton

DC

Cir

Sutton

at

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Research

article

The

effects

of

consuming

a

high

protein

diet

gkgd

on

body

composition

in

resistancetrained

individuals

Jose

Antonio

Corey

A

Peacock

Anya

Ellerbroek

Brandon

Fromhoff

and

Tobin

Silver

Journal

of

the

International

Society

of

Sports

Nutrition

Antonio

et

al

licensee

BioMed

Central

Ltd

Received

April

Accepted

April

Published

May

Abstract

Background

The

consumption

of

dietary

protein

is

important

for

resistancetrained

individuals

It

has

been

posited

that

intakes

of

to

gkgday

are

needed

for

physically

active

individuals

Thus

the

purpose

of

this

investigation

was

to

determine

the

effects

of

a

very

high

protein

diet

gkgd

on

body

composition

in

resistancetrained

men

and

women

Methods

Thirty

healthy

resistancetrained

individuals

participated

in

this

study

mean

SD

age

yr

height

cm

weight

kg

Subjects

were

randomly

assigned

to

one

of

the

following

groups

Control

CON

or

high

protein

HP

The

CON

group

was

instructed

to

maintain

the

same

training

and

dietary

habits

over

the

course

of

the

week

study

The

HP

group

was

instructed

to

consume

grams

of

protein

per

kg

body

weight

daily

They

were

also

instructed

to

maintain

the

same

training

and

dietary

habits

eg

maintain

the

same

fat

and

carbohydrate

intake

Body

composition

Bod

Pod

training

Results

The

HP

group

consumed

significantly

more

protein

and

calories

pre

vs

post

p

Furthermore

the

HP

group

consumed

significantly

more

protein

and

calories

than

the

CON

p

The

HP

group

consumed

on

average

grams

of

protein

compared

to

in

the

CON

When

expressed

per

unit

body

weight

the

HP

group

consumed

gkgd

of

protein

versus

gkgd

in

the

CON

There

were

no

changes

in

training

volume

for

either

group

Moreover

there

were

no

significant

changes

over

time

or

between

groups

for

body

weight

fat

mass

fat

free

mass

or

percent

Conclusions

Consuming

times

the

recommended

daily

allowance

of

protein

has

no

effect

on

body

composition

in

resistancetrained

individuals

who

otherwise

maintain

the

same

training

regimen

This

is

the

first

interventional

study

to

demonstrate

that

consuming

a

hypercaloric

high

protein

diet

does

not

result

in

an

increase

in

body

fat

Keywords

Protein

Diet

Body

composition

Exercise

Supplements

Introduction

Protein

is

the

most

important

macronutrient

visàvis

positive

alterations

in

body

composition

Previous

work

has

suggested

that

protein

intakes

in

the

range

of

grams

per

kilogram

kg

body

weight

per

day

gkgd

are

needed

in

active

individuals

In

contrast

the

US

recommended

daily

allowance

RDA

for

protein

is

gkgd

The

average

protein

intake

for

US

adults

is

grams

daily

or

gkg

ideal

body

weight

Thus

the

average

US

adult

consumes

slightly

more

than

the

RDA

however

this

level

is

inadequate

for

athletes

or

active

individuals

who

engage

in

exercisesport

training

for

several

hours

per

week

Nonetheless

consuming

more

than

the

RDA

may

be

considered

a

high

intake

of

protein

In

a

review

by

Tipton

the

definition

of

a

high

protein

diet

may

include

intakes

greater

than

of

total

energy

intake

intakes

greater

than

the

RDA

or

perhaps

anything

that

exceeds

of

total

energy

intake

Thus

there

is

disagreement

as

to

what

constitutes

a

high

protein

diet

We

would

posit

that

using

percentages

as

a

means

of

defining

low

or

high

protein

intakes

is

misleading

If

one

were

to

consume

the

hypothetical

low

calorie

diet

ex

kcald

a

protein

intake

of

of

total

kcals

would

be

grams

in

contrast

it

would

be

grams

on

a

kcald

Thus

it

According

to

the

Position

Stand

by

the

International

Society

of

Sports

Nutrition

intakes

of

gkgd

are

needed

for

physically

active

individuals

We

would

suggest

that

a

high

protein

intake

is

anything

that

exceeds

gkgd

However

little

is

known

regarding

the

effects

of

protein

intake

exceeding

gkgd

A

recent

study

compared

low

normal

and

high

protein

diets

However

even

the

high

protein

group

was

not

high

They

consumed

an

average

of

gkgd

of

protein

Certainly

compared

to

the

sedentary

population

gkgd

is

high

however

gkgd

should

be

a

baseline

protein

requirement

for

active

individuals

It

is

not

clear

if

protein

overfeeding

will

result

in

body

fat

gains

Certainly

overfeeding

in

general

will

promote

body

weight

and

fat

mass

gain

Furthermore

the

composition

of

meals

during

times

of

overfeeding

will

differentially

affect

body

composition

Two

weeks

of

overfeeding

on

candy

versus

peanuts

showed

that

waist

circumference

increased

only

in

the

candy

group

despite

the

identical

increase

in

caloric

intake

This

suggests

that

overfeeding

on

sugar

results

in

body

fat

gains

in

contrast

to

consuming

a

natural

food

comprised

of

unprocessed

carbohydrate

and

fat

Furthermore

there

may

be

no

difference

in

overfeeding

on

fat

or

carbohydrate

in

terms

of

fat

storage

Presently

the

effects

of

protein

overfeeding

in

resistancetrained

individuals

is

unknown

Therefore

the

purpose

of

this

investigation

was

to

determine

the

effects

of

a

high

protein

diet

on

body

composition

in

resistancetrained

men

and

women

in

the

absence

of

changes

in

training

volume

Methods

Subjects

Forty

resistancetrained

subjects

volunteered

for

this

investigation

Subjects

were

unequally

randomized

to

a

control

CON

n

or

high

protein

diet

HP

n

group

The

purpose

of

unequal

randomization

was

to

take

into

account

the

loss

of

subjects

from

potential

lack

of

compliance

due

to

the

high

protein

diet

as

well

as

gaining

additional

information

on

the

treatment

itself

Participants

were

otherwise

healthy

resistancetrained

men

and

women

who

had

been

resistance

training

regularly

for

the

last

years

and

an

average

of

hours

per

week

Individuals

in

the

control

group

were

instructed

to

maintain

the

same

dietary

and

training

habits

over

the

course

of

the

study

On

the

other

hand

the

subjects

in

the

high

protein

diet

group

were

instructed

to

consume

grams

of

protein

equal

to

gkgd

All

procedures

involving

human

subjects

were

approved

by

Nova

Southeastern

Universitys

Human

Subjects

Institutional

Review

Board

in

accordance

with

the

Helsinki

Declaration

and

written

informed

consent

Food

diary

workout

Log

body

composition

Subjects

kept

a

daily

diary

of

their

food

intake

via

a

smartphone

app

MyFitnessPal

The

use

of

mobile

apps

for

diet

selfmonitoring

have

been

previously

used

If

they

did

not

use

the

mobile

app

subjects

instead

kept

a

paper

diary

and

their

daily

food

intake

was

measured

via

the

Nutribase

program

In

order

to

maintain

a

high

protein

diet

subjects

consumed

commercially

available

whey

and

casein

protein

powder

MusclePharm

and

Adept

Nutrition

Europa

Otherwise

the

rest

of

their

dietary

protein

was

obtained

from

their

normal

food

intake

Height

was

measured

using

standard

anthropometry

and

total

body

weight

was

measured

using

a

calibrated

scale

Body

composition

was

assessed

by

whole

body

densitometry

using

air

displacement

via

the

Bod

Pod

COSMED

USA

Concord

CA

All

testing

was

performed

in

accordance

with

the

manufacturers

instructions

Briefly

subjects

were

tested

while

wearing

only

tight

fitting

clothing

swimsuit

or

undergarments

and

an

acrylic

swim

cap

The

subjects

wore

the

exact

same

clothing

for

all

testing

Thoracic

gas

volume

was

estimated

for

all

subjects

using

a

predictive

equation

integral

to

the

Bod

Pod

software

The

calculated

value

for

body

density

used

the

Siri

Statistical

analysis

Data

were

analyzed

utilizing

a

Analysis

of

Variance

ANOVA

with

Tukeys

test

used

for

posthoc

analysis

Data

are

expressed

as

mean

SD

A

p

value

of

was

considered

significant

Results

Forty

subjects

were

initially

recruited

for

this

investigation

Ten

subjects

dropped

out

Of

the

three

stated

an

inability

to

consume

the

protein

needed

for

the

study

and

one

subject

complained

of

gastrointestinal

distress

Six

did

not

provide

a

reason

Thirty

healthy

resistancetrained

individuals

participated

in

this

study

mean

SD

age

yr

height

cm

weight

kg

female

male

There

were

no

differences

between

groups

for

any

of

the

baseline

measures

Table

Table

Subject

characteristics

Age

years

Height

cm

Weight

kg

Control

n

female

male

High

Protein

n

female

male

Data

are

mean

SD

There

were

no

significant

differences

for

any

of

the

variables

cm

centimeters

kg

kilograms

There

were

no

statistically

significant

changes

pre

vs

post

or

between

groups

for

any

of

the

body

composition

variables

Table

Table

Body

composition

Control

HP

Pre

Post

Change

Pre

Post

Change

BW

kg

FFM

kg

FM

kg

BF

Data

are

mean

SD

There

were

no

significant

differences

for

any

of

the

variables

BW

body

weight

FFM

fat

free

mass

FM

fat

mass

BF

percentage

body

fat

HP

high

protein

There

were

no

changes

in

training

volume

Table

The

dietary

data

are

summarized

in

Table

There

were

no

significant

changes

in

the

control

group

for

any

of

the

variables

There

was

a

significant

increase

in

total

energy

and

protein

intake

in

the

high

protein

group

It

should

be

noted

that

every

subject

in

the

high

protein

group

consumed

protein

powder

in

order

to

meet

the

requirements

for

the

study

Otherwise

it

would

be

have

virtually

impossible

or

highly

unlikely

that

one

could

consume

a

gkgd

via

food

alone

Table

Training

volume

VLday

Pre

Post

Control

HP

Data

are

mean

SD

There

were

no

significant

differences

for

any

of

the

variables

HP

high

protein

VL

volume

load

calculated

as

reps

weight

Table

Dietary

intake

Control

HP

Pre

Post

Pre

Post

Kcal

CHO

g

PRO

g

Fat

g

Control

HP

Pre

Post

Pre

Post

Kcalkgd

CHO

gkgd

PRO

gkgd

Fat

gkgd

Control

HP

Pre

Post

Pre

Post

CHO

PRO

Fat

Data

are

mean

SD

P

High

Protein

Post

vs

High

Protein

Pre

High

Protein

Post

vs

Control

Post

High

Protein

Post

vs

Control

Pre

CHO

carbohydrate

PRO

protein

g

grams

kg

kilograms

d

days

HP

high

protein

Discussion

The

key

finding

in

the

present

study

is

that

consuming

a

hypercaloric

high

protein

diet

has

no

effect

on

body

composition

in

resistancetrained

individuals

This

is

the

first

investigation

in

resistancetrained

individuals

to

demonstrate

that

consuming

a

high

protein

hypercaloric

diet

does

not

result

in

a

gain

in

fat

mass

On

average

they

consumed

gkgd

of

protein

which

is

more

than

five

times

the

recommended

daily

allowance

It

should

be

noted

that

in

previous

studies

subjects

that

consumed

a

hypocaloric

diet

that

is

higher

in

protein

and

lower

in

carbohydrate

experienced

more

favorable

alterations

in

body

composition

However

the

effects

of

consuming

extra

calories

above

normal

baseline

intake

coupled

with

changes

in

macronutrient

content

have

not

been

fully

elucidated

The

current

investigation

found

no

changes

in

body

weight

fat

mass

or

fat

free

mass

in

the

high

protein

diet

group

This

occurred

in

spite

of

the

fact

that

they

consumed

over

calories

more

per

day

for

eight

weeks

The

high

protein

group

consumed

an

extra

grams

of

protein

daily

mean

intake

of

grams

per

day

or

gkgd

This

is

the

highest

recorded

intake

of

dietary

protein

in

the

scientific

literature

that

we

are

The

results

of

the

current

investigation

do

not

support

the

notion

that

consuming

protein

in

excess

of

purported

needs

results

in

a

gain

in

fat

mass

Certainly

this

dispels

the

notion

that

a

calorie

is

just

a

calorie

That

is

protein

calories

in

excess

of

requirements

are

not

metabolized

by

the

body

in

a

manner

similar

to

carbohydrate

Recently

Bray

et

al

demonstrated

that

a

relatively

higher

amount

of

protein

does

not

contribute

to

an

additional

gain

in

fat

mass

In

this

investigation

subjects

consumed

a

diet

that

exceeded

their

normal

caloric

intake

by

kcald

Subjects

were

randomized

into

one

of

three

groups

low

protein

of

total

energy

from

protein

normal

protein

and

high

protein

After

a

treatment

period

of

eight

weeks

fat

mass

increased

in

all

three

groups

equally

kg

however

lean

body

mass

decreased

by

kg

in

the

low

protein

group

in

contrast

to

a

gain

in

the

normal

kg

and

high

protein

kg

group

According

to

the

investigators

calories

alone

contributed

to

the

increase

in

fat

mass

however

protein

Thus

eating

extra

calories

will

result

in

a

gain

in

body

fat

however

overfeeding

on

protein

will

also

result

in

a

gain

in

lean

body

mass

perhaps

due

to

an

increase

in

muscle

protein

synthesis

There

are

profound

differences

between

the

investigation

by

Bray

et

al

and

the

current

one

For

instance

the

current

investigation

used

highly

trained

subjects

whereas

the

participants

in

the

Bray

et

al

study

did

not

exercise

What

is

intriguing

is

that

subjects

in

the

high

protein

group

Bray

et

al

consumed

grams

of

protein

daily

gkgd

compared

to

their

baseline

intake

of

grams

gkgd

This

is

less

than

the

amount

of

protein

consumed

at

baseline

for

subjects

in

the

current

study

gkgd

The

gain

in

lean

body

mass

experienced

by

the

subjects

in

the

Bray

On

the

other

hand

the

subjects

in

the

current

study

were

resistancetrained

subjects

who

were

instructed

to

not

alter

their

training

regimen

Thus

the

lack

of

body

composition

changes

in

our

group

may

be

attributable

to

the

fact

that

it

is

very

difficult

for

trained

subjects

to

gain

lean

body

mass

and

body

weight

in

general

without

significant

changes

in

their

training

program

An

overfeeding

study

by

Tchoukalova

et

al

demonstrated

a

gain

in

fat

mass

with

no

change

in

fat

free

mass

In

this

investigation

all

subjects

consumed

a

diet

that

consisted

of

carbohydrate

protein

and

fat

Subjects

were

instructed

to

eat

until

they

were

more

full

than

usual

The

extra

calories

were

provided

via

the

choice

of

an

ice

cream

shake

kcal

fat

a

kingsized

Snickers

bar

kcal

Mars

Inc

or

Boost

Plus

oz

Nestle

Nutrition

It

is

therefore

not

surprising

that

eight

weeks

of

overfeeding

on

food

that

is

largely

comprised

of

carbohydrate

would

result

in

a

fat

mass

gain

This

is

in

agreement

with

other

studies

Carbohydrate

overfeeding

has

been

shown

to

elevate

de

novo

lipogenesis

moreover

excess

carbohydrate

may

be

converted

to

fat

via

both

hepatic

and

extrahepatic

lipogenesis

Norgan

et

al

had

six

young

men

overfeed

for

days

by

MJd

kcal

The

composition

of

the

overfed

meals

was

carbohydrate

fat

and

protein

The

mean

increase

in

body

weight

body

fat

and

total

body

water

was

and

kg

respectively

They

did

not

measure

body

composition

per

se

however

it

would

seem

reasonable

that

part

of

that

weight

gain

would

lean

body

mass

The

protein

intake

in

the

Norgan

et

al

study

is

comparable

to

the

normal

protein

group

in

the

Bray

et

al

investigation

which

demonstrated

a

gain

in

both

fat

and

lean

mass

However

it

is

in

contrast

with

the

current

investigation

which

did

One

might

suggest

that

the

high

thermic

effect

of

protein

may

make

it

difficult

to

gain

body

weight

during

times

of

overfeeding

It

has

been

shown

that

the

greater

the

protein

content

of

a

meal

the

higher

the

thermic

effect

Both

young

and

old

individuals

experience

an

increase

in

resting

energy

expenditure

after

a

gram

protein

meal

increase

Also

the

thermogenic

response

to

a

mixed

meal

kcal

of

carbohydrate

glucose

fat

and

protein

differs

between

lean

and

obese

subjects

In

a

study

by

Swaminathan

et

al

the

thermic

effect

of

fat

was

lower

in

obese

versus

lean

individuals

In

contrast

there

was

no

difference

in

the

thermic

effect

of

glucose

or

protein

When

subjects

consumed

a

mixed

meal

the

thermogenic

response

was

significantly

less

in

the

obese

versus

the

lean

individuals

Another

investigation

found

that

the

thermic

effect

of

a

kcal

mixed

meal

protein

fat

and

carbohydrate

was

significantly

higher

in

lean

than

obese

individuals

under

conditions

of

rest

exercise

and

postexercise

conditions

According

to

the

authors

the

results

of

this

study

indicate

that

for

men

of

similar

total

body

weight

and

BMI

body

composition

is

a

significant

determinant

of

postprandial

thermogenesis

the

responses

of

obese

are

significantly

blunted

compared

with

those

of

lean

men

The

subjects

in

our

study

were

lean

resistancetrained

young

men

and

women

Their

baseline

protein

intake

as

gkgd

It

has

been

previously

demonstrated

that

a

higher

protein

intake

is

associated

with

a

more

favorable

body

composition

even

in

the

absence

of

caloric

restriction

One

might

speculate

that

the

thermic

effect

of

consuming

large

amounts

of

dietary

protein

in

trained

subjects

exceeds

that

of

untrained

but

normal

weight

individuals

It

is

unusual

that

despite

no

change

in

their

training

volume

the

kcal

increase

in

caloric

intake

had

no

effect

on

body

composition

This

is

the

first

overfeeding

study

done

on

welltrained

individuals

thus

one

might

speculate

that

their

response

differs

from

sedentary

individuals

Although

there

was

no

significant

change

in

the

mean

value

for

body

weight

body

fat

lean

body

mass

or

percent

fat

the

individual

responses

were

quite

varied

This

may

be

due

to

the

fact

that

other

dietary

factors

were

not

controlled

eg

carbohydrate

intake

There

was

a

mean

increase

in

carbohydrate

intake

in

the

Another

factor

that

may

have

played

a

role

in

the

current

investigation

is

the

type

of

protein

consumed

in

the

high

protein

group

Because

of

the

difficulty

in

consuming

grams

of

protein

per

kg

body

weight

daily

every

subject

in

the

high

protein

group

acquired

their

additional

protein

calories

primarily

from

whey

protein

powder

It

has

been

shown

that

the

thermic

effect

is

greater

with

whey

versus

casein

or

soy

protein

Recently

scientists

demonstrated

that

consuming

similar

calories

and

protein

during

resistance

training

in

initially

untrained

individuals

resulted

in

greater

gains

in

lean

body

mass

in

the

whey

supplemented

group

versus

soy

or

carbohydrate

Another

investigation

found

that

muscle

protein

synthesis

after

whey

consumption

was

approximately

greater

than

casein

and

approximately

greater

than

soy

Furthermore

the

same

pattern

held

when

measured

postexercise

whey

soy

casein

On

the

other

hand

grams

of

both

whey

and

rice

protein

isolate

consumed

post

resistance

exercise

improved

indices

of

body

composition

and

exercise

performance

similarly

Thus

one

might

speculate

that

if

the

protein

dose

or

intake

is

sufficiently

high

it

may

not

matter

what

that

particular

protein

source

may

be

Conclusion

This

is

the

first

investigation

in

resistancetrained

individuals

which

demonstrates

that

a

hypercaloric

high

protein

diet

does

not

contribute

to

a

fat

mass

gain

Furthermore

there

was

no

change

in

body

weight

or

lean

body

mass

This

is

in

contrast

with

other

overfeeding

studies

which

showed

gains

in

body

weight

fat

mass

and

lean

body

mass

however

those

investigations

were

performed

in

non

exercisetrained

individuals

that

were

consuming

a

lower

protein

diet

in

comparison

to

our

study

It

should

be

noted

that

the

subjects

in

the

current

study

did

not

alter

their

training

It

would

be

intriguing

to

ascertain

if

We

did

not

measure

blood

indices

to

determine

if

any

side

effects

ie

renal

or

hepatic

function

occurred

in

the

high

protein

group

A

few

subjects

did

complain

of

gastrointestinal

distress

as

well

as

feeling

hot

ie

their

body

temperature

was

chronically

elevated

Future

research

should

focus

on

trained

subjects

using

a

single

source

of

protein

during

overfeeding

Furthermore

a

heavy

resistance

program

geared

towards

skeletal

muscle

hypertrophy

in

conjunction

with

protein

overfeeding

needs

further

investigation

Declarations

Acknowledgement

We

would

like

to

thank

Dr

Jordan

Moon

of

MusclePharm

and

Eric

Hillman

of

Europa

Sports

Products

Adept

Nutrition

for

kindly

providing

protein

powder

Also

we

would

like

to

thank

Jennie

Von

Doellen

Kat

Fleming

and

Rachael

Tutunick

for

helping

with

the

data

collection

Competing

interests

JA

is

the

CEO

of

the

International

Society

of

Sports

Nutrition

The

protein

powder

was

provided

by

MusclePharm

and

Adept

Nutrition

Europa

Sports

Products

brand

both

are

sponsors

of

the

ISSN

conferences

Authors

contributions

JA

corresponding

author

was

responsible

for

the

study

design

the

statistical

analysis

and

the

writing

of

the

manuscript

AE

and

BF

was

involved

in

the

execution

of

the

measurements

CP

and

TS

provided

assistance

in

the

study

design

statistical

analysis

and

editing

of

the

manuscript

All

authors

read

and

approved

the

final

manuscript

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THE BEST THERE IS Born in 1855 John M Browning was an American who dedicated his life to creating firearms of exceptional quality and revolutionary construction But Belgium is home to his most lasting legacy First manufactured by the Fabrique Nationale dHerstal in 1925 the B25 was the worlds first over and under shotgun It was the result of creative genius working in harmony with over 400 years of manufacturing expertise Often copied the B25 has never been bettered and remains an icon for shooting experts everywhere John Moses was a tireless innovator and a legend in the truest sense Its befitting therefore that his name should grace a range of exquisitely crafted shotguns and pistols The John M Browning Collection is the very best of what we do

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