Volume 9 Number 1January 2003 Research Natural Enzootic Vectors of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in the Magdalena Valley Colombia On This Page Methods Results Discussion Cite This Article Figures Figure Tables Table 1 Table 2 Downloads Article RIS TXT 2 KB Article Metrics Metric Details 42 citations of this article EID Journal Metrics on Scopus Cristina Ferro Jorge Boshell Abelardo C Moncayo Marta Gonzalez Marta L Ahumada Wenli Kang and Nikos Vasilakis Author affiliations Instituto Nacional de Salud Bogota Colombia University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston Texas USA Cite This Article Abstract To characterize the transmission cycle of enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus VEEV strains believed to represent an epizootic progenitor we identified natural vectors in a sylvatic focus in the middle Magdalena Valley of Colombia Hamsterbaited traps were placed into an active forest focus and mosquitoes collected from each trap in which a hamster became infected were sorted by species and assayed for virus In 18 cases a single initial hightitered mosquito pool representing the vector species was identified These vectors included Culex Melanoconion vomerifer 11 transmission events Cx Mel pedroi 5 transmissions and Cx Mel adamesi 2 transmissions These results extend the number of proven enzootic VEEV vectors to 7 all of which are members of the Spissipes section of the subgenus Melanoconion Our findings contrast with previous studies which have indicated that a single species usually serves as the principal enzootic VEEV vector at a given location Venezuelan equine encephalitis VEE is an emerging zoonotic arboviral disease that affects equines and humans in the Americas 1 Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus VEEV has caused sporadic outbreaks since the early part of the 20th century with some epidemics affecting 100000 persons For many years the source of the epizooticepidemic VEEV strains belonging to subtypes IAB and IC viruses remained unknown After antigenically related but distinct equineavirulent enzootic strains of VEEV were isolated in the 1960s researchers hypothesized that epizooticepidemic strains evolve from enzootic VEEV progenitors 2 The first genetic evidence supporting this hypothesis came from RNA fingerprinting studies that indicated a close relationship between subtype IDenzootic VEEV strains from Colombia and epizooticepidemic isolates belonging to subtype IC 3 Later sequencing 4 and phylogenetic 5 6 studies also supported the evolution of the epizooticepidemic serotype IAB and IC strains from enzootic ID VEEV progenitors Recently comprehensive phylogenetic analyses have indicated that the epizooticepidemic strains evolved independently on at least three occasions from a single lineage of ID VEEV that circulates in eastern and central Colombia western Venezuela and northern Peru 7 10 Other IDlike VEEV lineages that occur in Panama Amazonian Peru southwestern Colombia coastal Ecuador northcentral Venezuela and Florida have not generated any of the epizooticepidemic strains sequenced 10 12 Enzootic VEEV subtypes IDIF IIVI circulate nearly continuously in sylvatic or swamp habitats in various tropical and subtropical locations in the New World 1 13 These viruses generally use small mammals as their reservoir hosts and are transmitted by mosquitoes Enzootic mosquito vectors have been identified for four VEEV variants 1 Culex Melanoconion portesi transmits Mucambo virus VEE complex subtype IIIA in Trinidad 14 2 Cx Mel cedecei transmits Everglades virus VEE complex subtype II in southern Florida 15 3 Cx Mel aikenii sensu lato ocossa and panocossa transmits subtype ID VEEV in Panama 16 17 and 4 Cx Mel taeniopus formerly opisthopus is the primary enzootic vector of subtype IE VEEV in Guatemala 18 More than 70 of enzootic field isolations have come from the subgenus Melanoconion suggesting that these mosquitoes are the principal vectors of most or all enzootic VEE complex strains 17 The infrequency of VEE emergence is probably determined by the infrequent simultaneous occurrence in time and space of viral mutations that mediate host range changes combined with ecologic and epidemiologic conditions that permit efficient amplification 1 To understand the mechanisms of VEE emergence from enzootic progenitors in Colombia and Venezuela we are studying the hosts in which epizootic mutations may occur and in which the selection of epizootic strains may follow However the vector and reservoir hosts of the particular subtype ID VEEV lineage implicated in epizootic emergence have not been identified Using an efficient system of vector identification employing hamster baited traps we identified Cx Mel vomerifer Cx Mel pedroi and Cx Mel adamesi as natural enzootic vectors in an active focus of subtype ID VEEV in the middle Magdalena Valley of Colombia Methods Study Area The study was carried out from 1999 to 2000 in the Monte San Miguel Forest in the middle Magdalena Valley of Colombia 6 23 30N 74 21 41 W 50 m elevation This is a lowland tropical rainforest surrounded by cattle ranches created by deforestation Mean minimum and maximum daily temperatures are 23C and 33C overall mean of 29C respectively and annual rainfall averages 2700 mm Mean relative humidity is 80 Generally the peaks of the rainy seasons occur in AprilMay and OctoberNovember Numerous previous isolations of subtype ID VEEV from sentinel hamsters 9 indicate that this forest site is a stable enzootic focus Mosquito Traps Figure Major features of hamsterbaited traps used to identify vectors of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus Arrow shows entry route of mosquitoes Hamsterbaited traps were used for detection of natural VEEV vectors These traps were a version of the Trinidad No 10 trap 19 with the following modifications 1 the metal can comprising the trap opening was replaced by a polyvinyl chloride pipe 9 cm in diameter 2 the cylindrical animal cage was enlarged to 11 cm in diameter and 12 cm in height 3 the roof was constructed from plexiglass and 4 the opening for mosquito aspiration was a simple buttonhole sewn into the polyester collection net Figure The traps were baited with adult golden Syrian hamsters obtained from a colony maintained at the Instituto Nacional de Salud in Bogota Baited traps were suspended approximately 15 m above the ground and placed in transects at 10m intervals Carrots and rat chow were provided for food and water The traps were checked each morning between 0600 and 0800 h and some were also checked in the evening between 1700 and 1900 h Mosquitoes were removed from the traps by using an aspirator and the daily or semidaily collections from each trap were frozen as a single pool in a Detection of Natural Transmission to Hamsters To confirm VEEV infection in dead or moribund hamsters virus was isolated from a 10 heart tissue suspension in Eagles minimal essential medium MEM supplemented with 20 fetal bovine serum FBS and antibiotics The suspension was prepared in a Ten Broeck tissue grinder and centrifuged at 15000 x g for 5 min 200 μL of the supernatant was added to a 25cm 2 flask containing a monolayer of Vero cells and adsorbed for 1 h at 37C 6 mL of additional MEM containing 2 FBS was then added Cultures were incubated at 37C for 5 days or until cytopathic effects were evident Mosquito pools from traps in which hamster infection with VEEV was confirmed were assayed for infectious virus Pools containing 140 individuals of each mosquito species were triturated with a Minibeadbeater BioSpec Products Inc Bartlesville OK or a Ten Broeck tissue grinder containing 10 mL of MEM supplemented with 20 FBS penicillin streptomycin and amphotericin B The triturated pool was centrifuged for 5 min at 15000 x g and 200 µl of the supernatant was added to a 10mL plastic tube or a 25cm 2 cell culture dish containing a monolayer of Vero cells and 25 mL of MEM Cultures were monitored for cytopathic effects for 5 days Genetic and Antigenic Characterization of VEEV Isolates Viruses isolated from hamster heart tissue suspensions and mosquito pools were characterized antigenically by using immunofluorescence of infected cells and a panel of monoclonal antibodies described previously 20 Subtype ID VEEV isolates were further characterized genetically by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction PCR amplification of an 856nucleotide portion of the PE2 sometimes called p62 envelope glycoprotein precursor gene as described previously 8 followed by singlestranded conformation polymorphism SSCP or sequence analysis 9 For SSCP analysis PCR products were purified on agarose gel by using the QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit QIAGEN Valencia CA A 2μl volume of the PCR amplicon DNA suspension was mixed with 8 μl of SSCP loading buffer 95 formamide 005 bromophenol blue and 005 xylene cyanol The DNA was heated to 95C for 5 minutes rapidly cooled on ice loaded onto an 8 polyacrylamide gel and underwent electrophoresis in 1X Trisborate EDTA buffer at room temperature for 20 h at 8 mA Singlestranded DNA products were visualized by using silver staining 21 SSCP patterns were compared by measuring the migration of singlestranded DNA of the various isolates in comparison to one another and to a standard DNA ladder Top Results For vector identification studies 87 hamsters were exposed in traps within the Monte San Miguel Forest for 57 days Of these 38 became moribund or died and were processed for virus isolation VEEV was isolated from 37 hamsters and the mosquito collections from the corresponding traps were assayed for virus In 18 of the traps yielding infected hamsters a vector species was identified by using the following criteria 1 the hamster died at least 24 h after the collection of the presumed vector consistent with the incubation time of VEEV in hamsters 22 2 during the first day in which infected mosquitoes were collected from the trap only one species pool had a high titer 50 log 10 PFUpool consistent with an infectious mosquito as determined by previous experimental studies of enzootic VEEV vectors 18 23 26 3 the remaining pools from the first day in which infected mosquitoes were collected were uninfected or had low titers 50 log shown previously to be inconsistent with an infectious mosquito 18 23 26 4 the mosquito collections on the days subsequent to that of the vector collection were mostly infected reflecting hamster viremia and the ingestion of infectious blood by mosquitoes biting 12 h after the transmission event and 5 virus isolates from the hamster and corresponding vector were indistinguishable antigenically and genetically with SSCP analysis sequencing or both In 1837 infected hamster events studied these criteria were fulfilled vector was identified unambiguously Typical data for one of these transmission events hamster 164 is shown in Table 1 In this example transmission by Cx vomerifer occurred 24 h after exposure of the trap and the vector pool had a titer of 58 log 10 PFUpool The other two infected pools from day 2 Cx pedroi and Aedes serratus had log titers 33 indicating that they were not capable of transmission These pools presumably contained one or more mosquitoes that engorged on the hamster after viremia began probably just before the daily trap collection On the next day all mosquito pools contained infectious virus in their midguts representing viremic hamster blood ingested by mosquitoes within the trap A total of 18 transmission events were characterized as described above The most common interval of collection of the identified vector was 2448 h after exposure reflecting a very high level of enzootic VEEV transmission in the Monte San Miguel Forest Cx vomerifer was implicated in 11 of these events Cx pedroi in 5 and Cx adamesi in 2 transmissions Table 2 The minimum infectiontransmission rate for the mosquitoes we collected could not be determined directly because we did not identify the mosquito collections for traps where transmission to the hamster did not occur However rates on the order of 120011000 can be estimated for these three vector species if the species composition is assumed to be similar in traps where transmission did not occur Even if this assumption is incorrect the error in this estimate should not be more than twofold because VEEV transmission occurred in most traps Top Discussion Use of HamsterBaited Traps for Arbovirus Vector Identification Traditional criteria for arthropod vector identification include the following 1 demonstration of feeding or other effective contact with pathogens host 2 association in time and space of the vector and pathogen 3 repeated demonstration of natural infection of the vector and 4 experimental transmission of the pathogen by the vector 27 Infection rates for arbovirus vectors tend to be relatively low usually 1 Therefore fulfillment of these criteria for arbovirus vectors usually relies on the capture of large numbers of arthropods for virus isolation followed by experimental laboratory transmission studies to ensure that species found infected in nature are competent vectors Although this strategy is the most comprehensive and unbiased it is extremely costly and time consuming accounting for the relative paucity of information on natural vectors of many arboviruses Some studies of VEEV vectors have also relied on oral infection from experimentally infected hamsters with viremia levels of very high 10 PFUmL 28 29 a titer at least 1001000 times greater than that generated by experimentally infected rodent reservoir hosts 30 31 equines 13 30 32 or naturally infected humans 8 33 Some studies of equine viremia have yielded titers of 10 8 suckling mouse intracerebral 50 lethal doses but this method for quantifying VEEV titers is 100 to 1000fold more sensitive than PFU 30 34 Results from these studies are therefore inconclusive regarding natural transmission potential Other investigators have streamlined the vector identification process by collecting suspected vectors and sorting them according to species then exposing singlespecies pools to naïve animals in a field or laboratory setting to detect transmission 16 18 We have taken this approach one step further by combining collection and transmission detection using hamsterbaited traps This method simplifies the vector identification process in several ways 1 Hamsterbaited traps attract and capture only arthropod species that are attracted to small mammals the natural reservoir hosts of the enzootic VEEV Proechimys spp spiny rats in the case of subtype ID VEEV circulating in this focus 35 minimizing collection and mosquito processing efforts 2 Arthropod collections from traps where no transmission occurs do not need to be sorted greatly reducing a laborious step in the vector identification process 3 Only a small number of arthropod pools must be tested for virus eliminating much of the cost labor and biosafety hazard associated with traditional vector identification approaches In addition the hamsterbaited traps can serve as sentinels for detection of active virus circulation in a forest and reveal the presence of other viruses in a focus However unlike other sentinel enclosures that allow arthropods to escape after biting a 36 Using these hamsterbaited traps alone we were not able to measure directly the capture efficiency of our traps However in the case of five infected hamsters the lack of any collections with a single or few high titer mosquito species pools on the day preceding total infection of collected mosquitoes indicates that the arthropod responsible for transmission may have escaped In other cases two or more mosquito pools collected on the first day virus was detected had titers consistent with infectious vectors precluding vector identification We are currently experimenting with funnelshaped openings to reduce the frequency of vector escape from Enzootic Vectors of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Complex Viruses Previous studies of VEE complex enzootic transmission have each identified a single principal mosquito species in a given geographic region All of these species including Cx portesi 14 Cx cedecei 15 Cx aikenii sensu lato ocossa and panocossa 16 17 and Cx taeniopus 18 are members of the Spissipes section of the subgenus Melanoconion within the genus Culex 37 Previous studies of enzootic VEEV transmission in the Catatumbo region of northeastern Colombia also suggested that Cx pedroi might be the principal vector based on abundance in active foci 38 Cx vomerifer from Iquitos Peru also has been shown to be susceptible to infection by several strains of VEEV 28 but was only tested after mosquitoes ingested 8 log 10 PFUmL from viremic hamsters a viremia titer at least 100 times greater than that generated by experimentally infected rodent reservoir hosts 30 31 Our findings of at least three enzootic vectors of subtype ID VEEV in Colombia contrast with the findings of all previous studies of enzootic VEEV vectors which suggested that enzootic VEEV strains are each adapted to a single principal vector species 13 18 39 41 In Colombia subtype ID VEEV appears to utilize efficiently both Cx vomerifer and Cx pedroi in the Magdalena Valley Cx adamesi which is usually less abundant in the Monte San Miguel Forest appears to serve as a secondary vector All three of the mosquito species that we identified as VEEV vectors are members of the Spissipes section of the subgenus Culex Melanoconion bringing the total to seven confirmed vectors within this section of closely related mosquitoes The genetic or ecologic basis for the exclusive use of these mosquitoes by enzootic VEE complex viruses deserves further study Hypotheses to explain this phenomenon include possible shared derived characteristics of the Spissipes section such as particularly high susceptibility to infection by enzootic VEE complex viruses a particularly high degree of association with the Proechimys spp 35 and other small mammalian reservoir hosts 13 or both Mosquito longevity and population sizes in habitats that support large populations of reservoir hosts may also favor transmission by members of the Spissipes section 35 Role of Enzootic Vectors in VEEV Emergence and Disappearance Identification of the principal enzootic vectors Cx vomerifer and Cx pedroi of subtype ID VEEV strains believed to be closely related to epizootic progenitors will allow us to assess the role of these mosquitoes in the generation of mutations that mediate VEE emergence by enhancing equine viremia and infection of epizootic mosquito vectors such as Ae taeniorhynchus The hypothesis that epizootic VEEV is not recovered from sylvatic foci because these strains lose their fitness for the enzootic vectors 25 can also be tested in the two principal vectors that we identified Top Dr Weaver is director for Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and professor in the departments of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology at the University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston His research interests focus on the ecology epidemiology evolution and pathogenesis of arthropodborne viruses especially Venezuelan equine encephalitis and dengue viruses as well as mosquitovirus interactions Top Acknowledgments We thank Marco Fidel Suarez and Eutimio Guerra for excellent technical assistance This research was supported by grants AI39800 and AI48807 from the National Institutes of Health and by Colciencias grant 21040475898 Top References Weaver SC Recurrent emergence of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis In Scheld WM Hughes J editors Emerging infections I Washington DC ASM Press 1998 p 2742 Johnson KM Martin DH Venezuelan equine encephalitis Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 1974 18 79 116 PubMed RicoHesse R Roehrig JT Trent DW Dickerman RW Genetic variation of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus strains of the ID variety in Colombia Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988 38 195 204 PubMed Kinney RM Tsuchiya KR Sneider JM Trent DW Genetic evidence that epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis VEE viruses may have evolved from enzootic VEE subtype ID virus Virology 1992 191 569 80 DOI PubMed RicoHesse R Weaver SC de Siger J Medina G Salas RA Emergence of a new epidemicepizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in South America Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995 92 5278 81 DOI PubMed Weaver SC Bellew LA RicoHesse R Phylogenetic analysis of alphaviruses in the Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex and identification of the source of epizootic viruses Virology 1992 191 282 90 DOI PubMed Wang E Barrera R Boshell J Ferro C Freier JE Navarro JC Genetic and phenotypic changes accompanying the emergence of epizootic subtype IC Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses from an enzootic subtype ID progenitor J Virol 1999 73 4266 71 PubMed Weaver SC Salas R RicoHesse R Ludwig GV Oberste MS Boshell J Reemergence of epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in South America Lancet 1996 348 436 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ecology vol IV Boca Raton FL CRC Press 1988 p 20331 Aitken THG Habits of some mosquito hosts of VEE Mucambo virus from northeastern South America including Trinidad In Proceedings of workshopsymposium on Venezuelan encephalitis virus Washington Pan American Health Organization Scientific Publ 243 1972 p 2546 Chamberlain RW Sudia WD Coleman PH Work TH Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus from south Fla Sci 1964 145 272 4 Galindo P Grayson MA Culex Melanoconion aikenii natural vector in Panama of endemic Venezuelan encephalitis Science 1971 172 594 5 DOI PubMed Galindo P Endemic vectors of Venezuelan encephalitis In Proceedings of workshopsymposium on Venezuelan encephalitis virus Washington Pan American Health Organization Scientific Publ 243 1972 p 24953 Cupp EW Scherer WF Ordonez JV Transmission of Venezuelan encephalitis virus by naturally infected Culex Melanoconion opisthopus Am J Trop Med Hyg 1979 28 1060 3 PubMed Davies JB A small mosquito trap for use with animal or carbon 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Alvaerez O Jr Johnson KM Epidemiological significance of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in vitro markers Am J Trop Med Hyg 1982 31 561 8 PubMed Barrera R Ferro C Navarro JC Freier J Liria J Salas R Contrasting sylvatic foci of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in northern South America Am J Trop Med Hyg 2002 67 324 34 PubMed Reeves WC Bellamy RE Scrivani RP Differentiation of encephalitis virus infection rates from transmission rates in mosquito vector populations Am J Hyg 1961 73 303 15 PubMed Sirivanakarn S A review of the systematics and proposed scheme of internal classification of the New World subgenus Melanoconion of Culex Diptera Culicidae Mosquito Systematics 1982 14 265 333 Dickerman RW Cupp EW Groot H Alarcon AM Cura E Dickerman AW Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus activity in northern Colombia during April and May 1983 Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1986 20 276 83 PubMed Scherer WF Weaver SC Taylor CA Cupp EW Dickerman RW Rubino HH Vector competence of Culex Melanoconion taeniopus for allopatric and epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses Am J Trop Med Hyg 1987 36 194 7 PubMed Cupp EW Kreutzer RD Weaver SC The biosystematics of Culex Melanoconion taeniopus sensu lato in relation to Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis Mosquito Systematics 1989 21 216 21 Weaver SC Vector biology in viral pathogenesis In Nathanson N editor Viral pathogenesis New York LippincottRaven 1997 p 32952 Top Figure Figure Major features of hamsterbaited traps used to identify vectors of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus Arrow shows entry route of mosquitoes Tables Table 1 Mosquito collections from hamsterbaited trap no 164 Table 2 Mosquito vector species identified in transmission of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus to hamsters Top Cite This Article DOI 103201eid0901020136 Table of Contents Volume 9 Number 1January 2003 Top

O O O O O O B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 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natural enzootic vectors
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Georgia Tech Football Next five games could be most important of Johnsons tenure As Georgia Tech football enters their bye week for the 2018 season they sit 34 on the season with just one game remaining on their schedule that should be a victory with games against Virginia Tech Miami and Georgia left the Jackets could be facing a second straight season with no bowl appearance Last week we presented to you our bold predictions for Georgia Tech for the rest of the season Just a few days later and we can trash those bold predictions since Georgia Techs 2814 loss to Duke on Saturday took care of most of the predictions The only prediction that can still stand is that the Georgia Tech defense will see a vast improvement To be fair to Nate Woody and his defense they did a phenomenal job against Duke when they werent given the short field to work with Outside of Duke first possession the Yellow Jackets were strong when they had some cushion behind them That being said the most important story to come out of Saturdays loss to Duke was that the Jackets are now on the verge of missing a bowl game for the third time in four seasons With the loss to Duke the Yellow Jackets sit at 34 with five games remaining Left on that schedule is Virginia Tech North Carolina Miami Virginia and Georgia Out of those five games only one game is a game you can point to and say the Yellow Jackets can and should win That game is North Carolina Though ESPNs FPI believes the Jackets should also defeat Virginia later this season giving them a 689 chance to do so The Yellow Jackets full FPI percentages for the rest of the season are the following Virginia Tech 354 North Carolina 734 vs Miami 380 vs Virginia 689 Georgia 88 The point however is with five games remaining the Yellow Jackets will be considerable underdogs in three of their remaining five games If the Jackets go the predicted 23 in that stretch it will still only get them to 57 on the season With a 57 record the Yellow Jackets wouldnt be guaranteed a bowl game however if not enough teams qualify for the postseason the Jackets may be fortunate enough to earn a bowl game spot but the chances are slim to say the least If the Jackets do fail to make a bowl game it will be the first time since 1995 and 1996 that the Jackets have missed backtoback bowl games the first two full seasons of George OLearys tenure RELATED PRODUCT Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Colosseum Big Logo Pullover Hoodie Navy For the Jackets administration a third missed bowl game in four years will put them in a tough situation with head coach Paul Johnson Johnson is without a doubt one of the best coaches in Georgia Techs history and is the best head coach the program has had since Bobby Dodd That being said missing three bowl games in four years around the country is usually not perceived well At Georgia Tech it may be a little different with an administration that doesnt nearly stress athletic success as much as other major universities But at the same time the administration If the Yellow Jackets finish strong here down the stretch or even go the projected 23 Johnsons status is most likely going to be fine heading into next season It would be backtoback seasons they missed a bowl game but in both instances just one more win wouldve gotten them to the bowl season not that that should count as an excuse but it will probably be good enough to get the job done But lets say the Yellow Jackets collapse down the stretch going either winless or picking up one victory If that happens the Jackets would be looking at a fouryear stretch of 39 94 56 and either 39 or 48 If that happens Johnsons seat would certainly be warm at the very least heading into next season For Johnson the next five games may be the most important of his tenure at Georgia Tech Over the course of the next five weeks we may either see Paul Johnson earn himself the rest of his contract or we can begin to see the true downfall of his tenure on The Flats Either way its going to be a hot topic around The Flats and Georgia Tech football fans everywhere Has Paul Johnson run his course at Georgia Tech Have the Yellow Jackets peaked under Johnson So and so forth Georgia Tech Football Three quick hits following 2814 loss to Duke Want your voice heard Join the Yellow Jacked Up team Write for us Theres no arguing that Johnson has brought consistency to Georgia Tech for the most part and great success outside of a few seasons but either way the administration will need to evaluate Johnson and the football staff this offseason to decide just what the trajectory is for the program moving forward If they believe that the program is going in the wrong direction they may have to make a difficult decision of outing one of the best coaches in school history before the downslide turns into a tailspin for the program Load Comments

B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Plastic Ono Band by Yoko Ono Digital Album Streaming Download Includes unlimited streaming via the free Bandcamp app plus highquality download in MP3 FLAC and more Buy Digital Album 10 USD 1 Why 0536 2 Why Not 0955 3 Greenfield Morning I Pushed An Empty Baby Carriage All Over The City 0537 4 AOS 0707 5 Touch Me 0438 6 Paper Shoes 0724 7 Open Your Box Bonus Track 0734 8 Something More Abstract Bonus Track 0043 9 Why Extended Version Bonus Track 0838 10 The South Wind Bonus Track 1641 about This longoverdue vinyl reissue of Yoko Onos seminal but massively underappreciated Plastic Ono Band has all the makings of a classic rock nostalgia trip Ono John Lennon Ringo Starr Klaus Voorman and freejazz legend Ornette Coleman All the pieces are here to stir up a dangerous amount of nostalgia But once the needle drops the record achieves something exactly perpendicular to nostalgia Released in 1970 the album not only influenced the approach of other musicians for decades it also sounds absolutely modern 44 years out eternally fresh despite the forward march of time Yoko OnoPlastic Ono Band not only predicted the intersection of the avantgarde and rock that would take place in the second half of that decade the album would sound right at home at where that intersection is happening today Its closest contemporaries White LightWhite Heat and Bitches Brew while innovative today sound rooted in the time in which they were recorded Maybe only Kraftwerks output from the same era also belongs in this alltoo rare category of timelessness Released as the mirror twin album to John LennonPlastic Ono Band Onos record continues to inform and inspire in equal measure to its companion album As Yokos voice responds to and then overpowers the whitehot dissonant guitar squalls the reaction will be nearly immediate maybe not immediately smitten but always always intrigued What is this music might as well be When is this music Then smugly inform these fledglings that this searing guitar is being played by John Lennon probably smiling eartoear free and in love and performing this powerful forward music with the love of his life Its a record dense with ideas and sonics the personal and the political But for such a monolithic touchstone record its also important to remember this music is supposed to be fun Its intended to make you feel endless possibility to question the very walls around you And if your Western ears have some trouble with the vocal phrasing its okay to smile as you process Smile the whole way through if you need to Its a bit simplistic to deem Onos mythic prelanguage vocal exercises as merely feral and free The improvisations are a lesson in directness and control Over a decade before the release of Plastic Ono Band Ono created New York Citys downtown loft scene That is to say her loft was the downtown loft scene at its inception She played Carnegie Recital Hall twice in the 60s performing experimental pieces long before her name was ever spoken in the same breath as The Beatles When she crossed the pond to begin the work that would become Plastic Ono Band it garnered just as many concerns from her contemporaries in the loft scene and Fluxus movement as it did fans of The Beatles Following three experimental records with John Lennon and a Live in Toronto record Yoko OnoPlastic Ono Band stands as the bold first statement from the newly christened project Its contemporaries are few The Velvet Undergrounds feedbacklaced motorik Sonny and Linda Sharrocks Black Woman The Stooges Funhouse Silver Apples The electronic and collage experiments of previous Yoko and John records come fullblossom here It forecasts fidgety unhinged punk a few moments before it predicts postpunk new wave and then no wave Then it goes on to hint at the popexperiments of Animal Collective in the cutandpaste of a George Harrison sitar Yoko Ono was born in Tokyo in 1933 Throughout her childhood she and her family moved to New York City and back to Japan eventually settling in Scarsdale NY She enrolled in Sarah Lawrence College in 1952 and during her time there cultivated her interest in the avantgarde and ingrained herself with New York City artists writers and experimentalists Her art career similarly as influential as her musical career took form before the Fluxus movement began having a strong influence on it interacting with George Maciunas LaMonte Young Richard Maxfield Nam June Paik as well as John Cage Marcel Duchamp Ono married John Lennon in 1969 sparking a period of unparalleled production including 4 studio albums in 4 years a book 12 films and the beginning of a steady stream of landmark cultural events and turning points such as the BedIn for Peace Onos seemingly simple highconcept art weaves the personal and political into clean transcendent statements Only her activism and philanthropy match her legendary artistic output Secretly Canadian is honored to partner with Chimera Music on releasing Onos musical output from 1968 to 1985 Comprised of eleven studio albums the reissue projects focus is to painstakingly reconstruct the original vinyl packaging to thoroughly excavate and appropriately curate the treasureladen archives of neverbeforeseen photos and ephemera and to remaster the audio all for the purpose of creating the definitive editions of this timeless work In addition to making the vinyl available for the first time in decades each album will also be available digitally for the first time ever We couldnt be more proud to be a The Yoko Ono Reissue Project contains the following albums and will be released in three groups 1st group Unfinished Music No 1 Two Virgins 1968 Unfinished Music No 2 Life With Lions 1969 Plastic Ono Band 1970 2nd group Fly 1971 Approximately Infinite Universe 1973 Feeling the Space 1973 A Story recorded in 1974 released as part of Ono Box in 1992 3rd group Season of Glass 1981 Its Alright I See Rainbows 1982 Starpeace 1985 Unfinished Music No 3 Wedding Album 1969 credits released November 11 2016 license all rights reserved tags about Yoko Ono New York New York placeholder Yoko Ono was born in Tokyo in 1933 Throughout her childhood she and her family moved to New York City and back to Japan eventually settling in Scarsdale NY She enrolled in Sarah Lawrence College in 1952 and during her time there cultivated her interest in the avantgarde and ingrained herself with New York City artists writers and experimentalists Ono married John Lennon in 1969 imaginepeacecom Instagram contact help Contact Yoko Ono Streaming and Download help

B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


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Download Download Subtitles Select movie quality 720p File size 90161 MB Download Magnet 1080p File size 185 GB Download Magnet Kill Bill Vol 2 2004 Action Crime Drama Thriller Available in 720p 1080p 383 8 Downloading torrents without VPN is risky Your IP address is and you are located near Your ISP Govt might be tracking you Download Similar Movies Loading Synopsis The murderous Bride is back and she is still continuing her vengeance quest against her exboss Bill and taking aim at Bills younger brother Budd and Elle Driver the only survivors from the squad of assassins who betrayed her four years earlier Its all leading up to the ultimate confrontation with Bill the Brides former master and the man who ordered her execution Uploaded By SERAPH Downloaded 196076 times Nov 01 2015 at 1233 AM Cast Quentin Tarantino as Directors Voice Samuel L Jackson as Rufus Lucy Liu as ORen Ishii Uma Thurman as Beatrix Kiddo Tech specs 720p 1080p 90161 MB 1280720 English R Subtitles 23976 fps 2hr 17min PS 23 189 Movie Reviews Read more IMDb reviews

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


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Read

Amazon

data

in

Power

BI

Call

AWS

API

JSON

XML

Posted

on

June

by

ZappySys

Contents

Introduction

Requirements

StepByStep

Connect

to

Amazon

in

Power

BI

Configure

ODBC

DSN

Amazon

connection

for

JSONXML

Import

AWS

File

or

AWS

API

data

in

Power

BI

dataset

Calling

Amazon

AWS

API

in

Power

BI

Cost

Billing

API

Example

Debugging

Crafting

AWS

API

Call

Request

Import

Data

From

AWS

Lambda

from

Power

BI

Get

VM

information

in

Power

BI

Query

Buckets

and

Files

in

Power

BI

Understanding

AWS

REST

API

Pagination

in

Power

BI

Paginate

by

Response

Attribute

Paginate

by

URL

Parameter

Loop

until

certain

StatusCode

Paginate

by

URL

Path

Loop

until

no

record

Paginate

by

Header

Link

RFC

Handling

AWS

Web

API

Error

in

Power

BI

METHOD

Using

Error

Handling

Options

When

to

use

Scenario

Scenario

METHOD

Using

Connection

Retry

Settings

Other

Considerations

for

Calling

AWS

API

in

Power

BI

API

Limit

Throttling

Array

Transformation

Conclusion

Share

this

Related

Introduction

If

you

are

looking

around

to

find

connectivity

options

to

get

Amazon

data

in

Power

BI

eg

Read

from

AWS

bucket

files

then

unfortunately

as

of

now

Power

BI

doesnt

support

it

natively

In

this

article

you

will

learn

How

to

read

Amazon

data

in

Power

BI

and

in

later

section

we

will

also

learn

How

to

import

data

from

AWS

API

Calls

eg

Billing

DynamoDB

We

will

use

ZappySys

REST

JSON

Driver

to

access

AWS

data

without

any

ETL

or

Programming

In

our

previous

article

we

discussed

how

to

access

REST

API

data

in

Power

BI

Read

JSON

XML

Web

API

Now

lets

learn

how

to

connect

to

AWS

in

Power

BI

In

this

article

We

will

explore

interesting

scenarios

such

as

below

It

will

help

you

to

connect

Amazon

AWS

in

Power

BI

and

import

data

from

AWS

without

doing

any

ETL

or

programming

Read

JSON

file

from

bucket

in

Power

BI

Use

ZappySys

JSON

Driver

Read

XML

file

from

bucket

in

Power

BI

Use

ZappySys

XML

Driver

Call

Amazon

AWS

REST

API

JSON

or

XML

and

get

data

in

Power

BI

Some

examples

of

API

calls

Get

VM

count

and

their

Status

in

Power

BI

Dashboard

Read

data

from

AWS

Athena

Service

Use

AWS

Cost

Billing

API

to

display

monthly

Cost

by

Service

Display

summary

of

Redshift

Clusters

Extract

response

from

Lambda

function

and

display

in

Power

BI

So

lets

get

started

Requirements

First

you

will

need

to

have

Power

BI

Desktop

FREE

installed

Make

sure

you

have

AWS

Access

Key

and

Secret

Key

to

access

AWS

data

or

call

API

for

the

desired

service

On

third

place

our

ZappySys

ODBC

Power

Pack

StepByStep

Connect

to

Amazon

in

Power

BI

Now

lets

look

at

steps

to

import

Amazon

data

Power

BI

Steps

listed

below

are

almost

identical

for

XML

or

JSON

data

format

except

for

selecting

Driver

Type

Configure

ODBC

DSN

Amazon

connection

for

JSONXML

To

consume

data

in

Power

BI

first

we

have

to

create

ODBC

DSN

using

ZappySys

Driver

XML

or

JSON

Perform

the

following

steps

To

do

this

we

will

first

open

the

ODBC

Data

Source

bit

Open

odbc

data

source

Use

the

User

DSN

page

and

press

Add

new

data

source

Add

the

ZappySys

XML

Driver

if

you

are

accessing

XML

files

from

Bucket

or

calling

any

AWS

APi

which

returns

data

in

XML

format

Select

JSON

driver

for

JSON

data

or

API

Access

in

JSON

Format

Create

DSN

using

ZappySys

ODBC

Driver

for

XML

SOAP

API

It

is

time

to

connect

with

Amazon

File

and

read

data

In

Data

Source

URL

or

File

Path

we

will

use

XML

file

URL

as

below

Notice

that

URL

has

parts

is

bucket

name

is

service

endpoint

for

some

service

doesnt

require

region

and

is

our

file

name

After

you

specify

URL

select

Connection

as

per

the

screenshot

Syntax

for

URL

BucketName

ServiceURL

FilePath

If

you

are

not

sure

what

can

be

your

service

endpoint

then

check

this

table

OR

OR

OR

OR

Configure

Amazon

Connection

Read

from

XML

File

or

JSON

File

Once

you

specify

the

URL

and

Credentials

Next

select

Filter

This

helps

to

flatten

the

nested

hierarchy

of

your

Data

If

you

dont

have

nested

Hierarchy

then

skip

this

step

Select

Filter

Flatten

the

hierarchy

to

extract

data

from

nested

structure

Now

go

to

Preview

Tab

and

click

Preview

button

in

the

toolbar

You

can

remove

attributes

in

the

query

to

use

default

attributes

from

Previous

Tab

You

can

always

override

DSN

level

setting

inside

WITH

clause

of

SQL

Preview

data

from

AWS

File

XML

Data

Use

ZappySys

XML

Driver

to

Connect

to

AWS

API

To

learn

more

about

query

language

click

on

View

Examples

Click

OK

to

save

your

ODBC

DSN

settings

Import

AWS

File

or

AWS

API

data

in

Power

BI

dataset

Now

lets

look

at

how

to

import

Amazon

data

in

Power

BI

using

ZappySys

XML

driver

In

the

previous

section

we

configured

ODBC

DSN

for

AWS

API

call

and

added

the

ZappySys

drivers

in

the

ODBC

Driver

Administrator

with

information

to

connect

to

AWS

REST

API

We

queried

File

using

ZappySys

XML

Driver

Now

we

will

open

Power

BI

and

import

the

information

from

ZappySys

JSON

Driver

via

ODBC

connectivity

option

in

Power

BI

Open

Power

BI

Desktop

and

select

the

option

Get

data

Get

data

in

power

bi

Get

Data

will

allow

adding

the

ZappySys

ODBC

driver

Go

to

Other

and

select

ODBC

Select

odbc

in

Power

BI

Select

ODBC

DSN

name

from

the

DSN

dropdown

Now

its

time

to

import

data

Basically

there

are

two

modes

to

import

data

Table

Mode

and

Query

Mode

We

will

Import

using

Power

BI

Query

Mode

Select

your

DSN

and

click

Advanced

Option

to

enter

custom

SQL

Query

to

Import

your

REST

API

data

You

can

use

ODBC

DSN

Data

sources

Preview

tool

to

generate

SQL

Query

For

example

you

can

enter

a

query

like

below

SELECT

author

title

genre

price

description

tag

FROM

WITH

Filterstorebook

ElementsToTreatAsArraybook

SELECT

author

title

genre

price

description

tag

FROM

WITH

Src

Filter

storebook

ElementsToTreatAsArray

book

Import

JSON

REST

API

data

in

Power

BI

using

SQL

Query

Mode

On

the

next

screen

select

Windows

Authentication

to

continue

No

userid

and

password

Select

Windows

Credentials

to

connect

to

zappysys

driver

Click

OK

to

import

data

in

Power

BI

Now

you

can

create

custom

Dashboard

from

imported

Dataset

Calling

Amazon

AWS

API

in

Power

BI

Cost

Billing

API

Example

So

far

you

have

seen

how

to

connect

to

File

Now

lets

look

at

another

interesting

example

to

call

AWS

API

and

display

information

in

Power

BI

dashboard

For

example

purpose

we

are

going

to

call

this

AWS

Billing

and

Cost

Analysis

API

Perform

following

steps

Create

new

DSN

using

Zappysys

JSON

Driver

Configure

ODBC

DSN

as

below

Enter

URL

Select

Connection

as

OAuth

Select

Provider

as

AWS

API

and

enter

AWS

Key

and

Secret

Click

OK

to

save

the

connection

Select

Method

as

POST

Enter

HTTP

Request

Headers

as

below

Note

each

Billing

Cost

API

action

will

have

different

Header

value

for

XAmzTarget

so

refer

API

documentation

Configure

AWS

API

Connection

for

Cost

Billing

API

Data

Use

ZappySys

JSON

Driver

Enter

Request

Body

Modify

your

report

parameters

As

you

see

in

below

request

we

are

requesting

billing

data

for

services

for

till

If

you

dont

know

service

name

then

simply

refer

to

your

Bill

and

copy

Service

Name

in

Values

array

TimePeriod

End

Granularity

MONTHLY

Filter

Dimensions

Key

SERVICE

Values

Amazon

Simple

Storage

Service

Amazon

DynamoDB

Amazon

Redshift

AWS

Key

Management

Service

GroupBy

TypeDIMENSION

KeySERVICE

TypeTAG

KeyEnvironment

MetricsBlendedCost

UnblendedCost

UsageQuantity

TimePeriod

Start

End

Granularity

MONTHLY

Filter

Dimensions

Key

SERVICE

Values

Amazon

Simple

Storage

Service

Amazon

DynamoDB

Amazon

Redshift

AWS

Key

Management

Service

GroupBy

Type

DIMENSION

Key

SERVICE

Type

TAG

Key

Environment

Metrics

BlendedCost

UnblendedCost

UsageQuantity

Select

Filter

as

ResultsByTimeGroups

Click

Test

Connection

button

see

it

shows

OK

If

the

connection

is

OK

then

switch

to

Preview

Tab

to

test

query

You

can

select

Table

name

from

the

dropdown

or

type

query

as

below

SimpleQuery

to

Extract

AWS

Billing

Cost

Information

SELECT

as

BillStartDate

as

BillEndDate

as

ServiceName

as

BillAmount

as

Quantity

FROM

ORDER

BY

SELECT

as

BillStartDate

as

BillEndDate

Keys

as

ServiceName

as

BillAmount

as

Quantity

FROM

ORDER

BY

You

can

also

override

attributes

in

your

query

using

below

syntax

CustomQuery

to

Extract

AWS

Billing

Cost

Information

WITH

clause

SELECT

as

BillStartDate

as

BillEndDate

as

ServiceName

as

BillAmount

as

Quantity

FROM

ORDER

BY

WITH

DataConnectionTypeOAuth

ScopeSeparatorspace

ServiceProviderAmazonAWS

ClientIdAKIAxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

ClientSecretlPiXQxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

UseCustomAppTrue

FilterResultsByTimeGroups

RequestData

TimePeriod

End

Granularity

MONTHLY

Filter

Dimensions

Key

SERVICE

Values

Amazon

Simple

Storage

Service

Amazon

DynamoDB

Amazon

Redshift

AWS

Key

Management

Service

GroupBy

TypeDIMENSION

KeySERVICE

TypeTAG

KeyEnvironment

MetricsBlendedCost

UnblendedCost

UsageQuantity

HeaderXAmzTarget

AWSInsightsIndexServiceGetCostAndUsage

ContentType

RequestMethodPOST

SELECT

as

BillStartDate

as

BillEndDate

Keys

as

ServiceName

as

BillAmount

as

Quantity

FROM

ORDER

BY

WITH

Src

DataConnectionType

OAuth

ScopeSeparator

space

ServiceProvider

AmazonAWS

ClientId

AKIAxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

ClientSecret

lPiXQxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

UseCustomApp

True

Filter

ResultsByTimeGroups

RequestData

TimePeriod

End

Granularity

MONTHLY

Filter

Dimensions

Key

SERVICE

Values

Amazon

Simple

Storage

Service

Amazon

DynamoDB

Amazon

Redshift

AWS

Key

Management

Service

GroupBy

TypeDIMENSION

KeySERVICE

TypeTAG

KeyEnvironment

MetricsBlendedCost

UnblendedCost

UsageQuantity

Header

XAmzTarget

AWSInsightsIndexServiceGetCostAndUsage

ContentType

RequestMethod

POST

Click

Preview

button

to

see

the

result

Query

AWS

Cost

Billing

Data

using

API

in

Power

BI

Use

ZappySys

JSON

Driver

Click

OK

to

save

Your

DSN

Now

you

can

Import

Billing

Cost

data

in

Power

BI

using

same

steps

as

previous

section

Except

use

custom

Query

and

DSN

we

just

created

for

AWS

API

call

Import

AWS

Billing

Cost

Data

in

Power

BI

Call

AWS

REST

API

Repeat

steps

to

import

more

datasets

using

different

queries

Debugging

Crafting

AWS

API

Call

Request

Check

below

article

to

learn

various

techniques

to

debug

and

craft

AWS

API

Request

Body

Headers

and

URL

How

to

call

Amazon

AWS

API

using

SSIS

Lambda

API

Gateway

SQS

Import

Data

From

AWS

Lambda

from

Power

BI

Now

lets

look

at

another

scenario

Assume

that

someone

from

other

team

has

written

a

Lambda

Function

which

exposes

certain

data

in

JSON

format

which

you

want

to

display

that

in

your

Dashboard

Refer

to

this

Lambda

API

documentation

to

learn

more

about

API

syntax

Here

is

an

example

query

to

Call

Lambda

Function

submit

input

data

in

JSON

and

receive

data

in

JSON

format

SELECT

FROM

WITH

RequestMethodPOST

RequestContentTypeCodeApplicationJson

Uncomment

to

override

DSN

settings

DataConnectionTypeOAuth

ScopeSeparatorspace

ServiceProviderAmazonAWS

ClientIdAKxxxxxxxxxxx

ClientSecretlPiXxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

UseCustomAppTrue

SELECT

FROM

WITH

Src

RequestMethod

POST

RequestData

RequestContentTypeCode

ApplicationJson

Uncomment

to

override

DSN

settings

DataConnectionTypeOAuth

ScopeSeparatorspace

ServiceProviderAmazonAWS

ClientIdAKxxxxxxxxxxx

ClientSecretlPiXxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

UseCustomAppTrue

Get

VM

information

in

Power

BI

Now

lets

look

at

AWS

Service

API

Virtual

Machine

Service

This

API

is

in

XML

format

so

you

have

to

use

ZappySys

XML

Driver

Below

query

calls

this

API

to

get

list

of

all

instances

SELECT

FROM

WITH

ElementsToTreatAsArrayitem

FilterDescribeInstancesResponsereservationSetiteminstancesSetitem

RequestMethodPOST

DataConnectionTypeOAuth

ScopeSeparatorspace

ServiceProviderAmazonAWS

ClientIdAKIAxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

ClientSecretlPiXQvxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

UseCustomAppTrue

SELECT

FROM

WITH

ElementsToTreatAsArray

item

Src

Filter

RequestData

RequestMethod

POST

DataConnectionTypeOAuth

ScopeSeparatorspace

ServiceProviderAmazonAWS

ClientIdAKIAxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

UseCustomAppTrue

Get

Instance

List

in

Power

BI

Use

ZappySys

XML

Driver

Query

Buckets

and

Files

in

Power

BI

Now

lets

look

at

how

to

Query

File

System

in

Power

BI

For

example

if

you

have

to

prepare

dashboard

to

show

Total

Data

Size

and

File

count

in

a

given

Bucket

then

you

can

write

following

Query

For

more

information

check

Bucket

List

API

Help

Get

File

Size

and

Count

for

a

given

Bucket

SELECT

count

as

as

TotalMB

FROM

WITH

ElementsToTreatAsArrayContents

FilterListBucketResultContents

NextUrlAttributeOrExprListBucketResultNextContinuationToken

NextUrlSuffixcontinuationtokennextlink_encoded

Uncomment

below

to

use

override

DSN

values

DataConnectionTypeOAuth

ScopeSeparatorspace

ServiceProviderAmazonAWS

ClientIdAKIAxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

ClientSecretlPiXcxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

UseCustomAppTrue

RequestMethodGET

SELECT

count

as

TotalFiles

sum

Size

as

TotalMB

FROM

WITH

ElementsToTreatAsArray

Contents

Src

Filter

ListBucketResultContents

NextUrlAttributeOrExpr

ListBucketResultNextContinuationToken

NextUrlSuffix

continuationtoken

Uncomment

below

to

use

override

DSN

values

DataConnectionTypeOAuth

ScopeSeparatorspace

ServiceProviderAmazonAWS

UseCustomAppTrue

RequestMethodGET

To

list

buckets

you

can

use

following

query

List

Buckets

SELECT

FROM

WITH

FilterListAllMyBucketsResultBucketsBucket

ElementsToTreatAsArrayBuckets

Uncomment

below

to

use

override

DSN

values

DataConnectionTypeOAuth

ScopeSeparatorspace

ServiceProviderAmazonAWS

UseCustomAppTrue

RequestMethodGET

SELECT

FROM

WITH

Src

Filter

ListAllMyBucketsResultBucketsBucket

ElementsToTreatAsArray

Buckets

Uncomment

below

to

use

override

DSN

values

DataConnectionTypeOAuth

ScopeSeparatorspace

ServiceProviderAmazonAWS

UseCustomAppTrue

RequestMethodGET

Understanding

AWS

REST

API

Pagination

in

Power

BI

Even

we

set

up

ODBC

Data

Source

to

get

the

data

it

may

not

be

enough

Usually

if

you

are

getting

a

huge

data

set

from

API

provider

it

wont

give

it

to

you

in

one

HTTP

response

Instead

it

gives

back

only

a

subset

of

data

and

provides

a

mechanism

for

data

pagination

The

good

news

is

that

ZappySys

ODBC

Driver

includes

many

options

to

cover

virtually

any

pagination

method

Below

you

will

find

a

few

examples

of

API

pagination

If

you

need

something

more

sophisticated

check

the

below

link

the

article

was

written

for

SSIS

PowerPack

but

UI

options

and

concepts

apply

to

ODBC

Driver

too

httpszappysyscomblogssisrestapiloopinguntilnomorepagesfound

Paginate

by

Response

Attribute

This

example

shows

how

to

paginate

API

calls

where

you

need

to

paginate

until

the

last

page

detected

In

this

example

next

page

is

indicated

by

some

attribute

called

nextlink

found

in

response

If

this

attribute

is

missing

or

then

it

stops

fetching

the

next

page

SELECT

FROM

WITH

SRChttpszappysyscomdownloadsfilestestpagination_nextlink_inarray_1json

NextUrlAttributeOrExpr

nextlink

keep

reading

until

this

attribute

is

missing

If

attribute

name

contains

dot

then

use

brackets

like

this

myattrname

Paginate

by

URL

Parameter

Loop

until

certain

StatusCode

This

example

shows

how

to

paginate

API

calls

where

you

need

to

pass

page

number

via

URL

The

driver

keeps

incrementing

page

number

and

calls

next

URL

until

the

last

page

detected

error

There

are

few

ways

to

indicate

the

last

page

eg

By

status

code

By

row

count

By

response

size

If

you

dont

specify

end

detection

then

it

will

use

the

default

ie

No

records

found

SELECT

FROM

WITH

PagingModeByUrlParameter

PagingByUrlAttributeNamepage

PagingByUrlEndStrategyDetectBasedOnResponseStatusCode

Paginate

by

URL

Path

Loop

until

no

record

This

example

shows

how

to

paginate

API

calls

where

you

need

to

pass

page

number

via

URL

Path

The

driver

keeps

incrementing

page

number

and

calls

next

URL

until

the

last

page

is

detected

There

are

few

ways

to

indicate

the

last

page

eg

By

status

code

By

row

count

By

response

size

If

you

dont

specify

end

detection

then

it

will

use

the

default

ie

No

records

found

SELECT

FROM

WITH

SRChttpszappysyscomdownloadsfilestestcustpagexml

PagingModeByUrlPath

PagingByUrlAttributeNamepage

PagingByUrlEndStrategyDetectBasedOnRecordCount

Paginate

by

Header

Link

RFC

API

like

GitHub

Wordpress

use

Next

link

in

Headers

RFC

SELECT

FROM

LIMIT

WITH

wait

ms

after

each

request

Handling

AWS

Web

API

Error

in

Power

BI

Sometimes

errors

occur

they

just

do

and

there

is

nothing

you

can

do

Or

can

you

Actually

in

ODBC

PowerPack

you

can

handle

them

in

two

ways

METHOD

Using

Error

Handling

Options

When

to

use

You

may

want

to

use

them

when

your

source

is

a

resource

located

on

the

Internet

eg

a

file

on

a

website

a

file

on

an

FTP

server

or

just

a

plain

API

HTTP

response

By

default

when

a

remote

server

returns

an

error

data

retrieval

is

stopped

an

error

is

raised

and

no

data

is

given

back

to

you

This

might

not

be

always

desirable

Scenario

Imagine

a

scenario

that

there

is

a

web

server

which

each

day

at

AM

releases

a

new

JSON

file

with

that

days

date

as

filename

eg

And

of

course

you

want

to

download

it

and

use

it

daily

in

your

Power

BI

report

But

you

have

a

problem

Power

BI

report

data

sources

are

refreshed

each

hour

and

you

may

get

HTTP

status

code

no

file

was

found

when

a

file

is

not

released

yet

Which

consequentially

means

other

data

sources

wont

be

updated

as

well

and

you

will

see

old

and

cached

data

on

the

report

Thats

where

you

could

use

Continue

on

any

error

or

Continue

when

Url

is

invalid

or

missing

Errors

to

avoid

an

error

being

raised

and

let

other

data

sources

to

be

updated

Scenario

Another

scenario

is

when

you

expect

a

web

server

to

raise

some

kind

of

HTTP

error

when

accessing

a

URL

You

dont

want

ODBC

Data

Source

to

raise

an

error

but

instead

you

want

to

get

response

data

Thats

where

you

can

use

Continue

on

any

error

or

alike

together

with

Get

response

data

on

error

to

continue

on

an

error

and

get

the

data

METHOD

Using

Connection

Retry

Settings

Another

scenario

you

may

run

into

is

a

buggy

web

server

You

ask

it

to

give

you

some

file

or

data

and

it

like

a

snotty

kid

just

doesnt

give

it

to

you

You

have

to

ask

twice

or

thrice

before

it

does

its

job

If

thats

the

case

you

have

to

retry

HTTP

requests

using

Connection

Other

Considerations

for

Calling

AWS

API

in

Power

BI

There

are

few

settings

you

can

coder

while

calling

Web

API

API

Limit

Throttling

While

calling

public

API

or

other

external

web

services

one

important

aspect

you

have

to

check

how

many

requests

are

allowed

by

your

API

Especially

when

you

use

API

pagination

options

to

pull

many

records

you

have

to

slow

down

based

on

API

limits

For

example

your

API

may

allow

you

only

requests

per

second

Use

Throttling

Tab

on

Driver

UI

to

set

delay

after

each

request

Array

Transformation

If

you

are

using

JSON

or

XML

API

Driver

then

possible

you

may

have

to

transform

your

data

using

array

transformation

feature

Check

this

link

for

more

information

Conclusion

In

this

article

we

show

how

to

connect

to

AWS

API

and

File

data

in

Power

BI

We

configured

ODBC

DSN

for

AWS

REST

API

connection

and

finally

imported

data

in

Power

BI

We

used

ZappySys

driver

for

JSON

that

can

be

used

to

extract

data

from

any

REST

API

or

a

JSON

file

Download

ODBC

PowerPack

to

try

yourself

see

how

easy

it

is

to

consume

XML

JSON

REST

API

and

AWS

data

in

Power

BI

and

Say

goodbye

to

ETL

or

Coding

If

you

need

any

help

with

your

API

integration

feel

free

to

contact

zappysys

support

you

will

be

amazed

for

sure

how

quickly

your

issue

is

resolved

Posted

in

JSON

File

REST

API

Driver

ODBC

PowerPack

Reporting

Microsoft

Power

BI

XML

File

SOAP

API

Driver

and

tagged

aws

json

lambda

rest

api

xml

Post

navigation

Calling

SOAP

API

in

Power

How

to

Import

LinkedIn

data

in

Power

BI

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