Chapter 1 Data Visualization with ggplot2 Introduction The simple graph has brought more information to the data analysts mind than any other device John Tukey This chapter will teach you how to visualize your data using ggplot2 R has several systems for making graphs but ggplot2 is one of the most elegant and most versatile ggplot2 implements the grammar of graphics a coherent system for describing and building graphs With ggplot2 you can do more faster by learning one system and applying it in many places If youd like to learn more about the theoretical underpinnings of ggplot2 before you start Id recommend reading A Layered Grammar of Graphics Prerequisites This chapter focuses on ggplot2 one of the core members of the tidyverse To access the datasets help pages and functions that we will use in this chapter load the tidyverse by running this code library tidyverse Loading tidyverse ggplot2 Loading tidyverse tibble Loading tidyverse tidyr Loading tidyverse readr Loading tidyverse purrr Loading tidyverse dplyr Conflicts with tidy packages filter dplyr stats lag dplyr stats That one line of code loads the core tidyverse packages that you will use in almost every data analysis It also tells you which functions from the tidyverse conflict with functions in base R or from other packages you might have loaded If you run this code and get the error message there is no package called tidyverse youll need to first install it then run library once again installpackages tidyverse library tidyverse You only need to install a package once but you need to reload it every time you start a new session If we need to be explicit about where a function or dataset comes from well use the special form packagefunction For example ggplot2ggplot tells you explicitly that were using the ggplot function from the ggplot2 package First Steps Lets use our first graph to answer a question do cars with big engines use more fuel than cars with small engines You probably already have an answer but try to make your answer precise What does the relationship between engine size and fuel efficiency look like Is it positive Negative Linear Nonlinear The mpg Data Frame You can test your answer with the mpg data frame found in ggplot2 aka ggplot2mpg A data frame is a rectangular collection of variables in the columns and observations in the rows mpg contains observations collected by the US Environment Protection Agency on 38 models of cars mpg A tibble 234 11 manufacturer model displ year cyl trans drv chr chr dbl int int chr chr 1 audi a4 18 1999 4 autol5 f 2 audi a4 18 1999 4 manualm5 f 3 audi a4 20 2008 4 manualm6 f 4 audi a4 20 2008 4 autoav f 5 audi a4 28 1999 6 autol5 f 6 audi a4 28 1999 6 manualm5 f with 228 more rows and 4 more variables cty int hwy int fl chr class chr Among the variables in mpg are displ a cars engine size in liters hwy a cars fuel efficiency on the highway in miles per gallon mpg A car with a low fuel efficiency consumes more fuel than a car with a high fuel efficiency when they travel the same distance To learn more about mpg open its help page by running mpg Creating a ggplot To plot mpg run this code to put displ on the xaxis and hwy on the yaxis ggplot data mpg geom_point mapping aes x displ y hwy The plot shows a negative relationship between engine size displ and fuel efficiency hwy In other words cars with big engines use more fuel Does this confirm or refute your hypothesis about fuel efficiency and engine size With ggplot2 you begin a plot with the function ggplot ggplot creates a coordinate system that you can add layers to The first argument of ggplot is the dataset to use in the graph So ggplotdata mpg creates an empty graph but its not very interesting so Im not going to show it here You complete your graph by adding one or more layers to ggplot The function geom_point adds a layer of points to your plot which creates a scatterplot ggplot2 comes with many geom functions that each add a different type of layer to a plot Youll learn a whole bunch of them throughout this chapter Each geom function in ggplot2 takes a mapping argument This defines how variables in your dataset are mapped to visual properties The mapping argument is always paired with aes and the x and y arguments of aes specify which variables to map to the x and yaxes ggplot2 looks for the mapped variable in the data argument in this case mpg A Graphing Template Lets turn this code into a reusable template for making graphs with ggplot2 To make a graph replace the bracketed sections in the following code with a dataset a geom function or a collection of mappings ggplot data DATA GEOM_FUNCTION mapping aes MAPPINGS The rest of this chapter will show you how to complete and extend this template to make different types of graphs We will begin with the MAPPINGS component Exercises Run ggplotdata mpg What do you see How many rows are in mtcars How many columns What does the drv variable describe Read the help for mpg to find out Make a scatterplot of hwy versus cyl What happens if you make a scatterplot of class versus drv Why is the plot not useful Aesthetic Mappings The greatest value of a picture is when it forces us to notice what we never expected to see John Tukey In the following plot one group of points highlighted in red seems to fall outside of the linear trend These cars have a higher mileage than you might expect How can you explain these cars Lets hypothesize that the cars are hybrids One way to test this hypothesis is to look at the class value for each car The class variable of the mpg dataset classifies cars into groups such as compact midsize and SUV If the outlying points are hybrids they should be classified as compact cars or perhaps subcompact cars keep in mind that this data was collected before hybrid trucks and SUVs became popular You can add a third variable like class to a twodimensional scatterplot by mapping it to an aesthetic An aesthetic is a visual property of the objects in your plot Aesthetics include things like the size the shape or the color of your points You can display a point like the one shown next in different ways by changing the values of its aesthetic properties Since we already use the word value to describe data lets use the word level to describe aesthetic properties Here we change the levels of a points size shape and color to make the point small triangular or blue You can convey information about your data by mapping the aesthetics in your plot to the variables in your dataset For example you can map the colors of your points to the class variable to reveal the class of each car ggplot data mpg geom_point mapping aes x displ y hwy color class If you prefer British English like Hadley you can use colour instead of color To map an aesthetic to a variable associate the name of the aesthetic to the name of the variable inside aes ggplot2 will automatically assign a unique level of the aesthetic here a unique color to each unique value of the variable a process known as scaling ggplot2 will also add a legend that explains which levels correspond to which values The colors reveal that many of the unusual points are twoseater cars These cars dont seem like hybrids and are in fact sports cars Sports cars have large engines like SUVs and pickup trucks but small bodies like midsize and compact cars which improves their gas mileage In hindsight these cars were unlikely to be hybrids since they have large engines In the preceding example we mapped class to the color aesthetic but we could have mapped class to the size aesthetic in the same way In this case the exact size of each point would reveal its class affiliation We get a warning here because mapping an unordered variable class to an ordered aesthetic size is not a good idea ggplot data mpg geom_point mapping aes x displ y hwy size class Warning Using size for a discrete variable is not advised Or we could have mapped class to the alpha aesthetic which controls the transparency of the points or the shape of the points Top ggplot data mpg geom_point mapping aes x displ y hwy alpha class Bottom ggplot data mpg geom_point mapping aes x displ y hwy shape class What happened to the SUVs ggplot2 will only use six shapes at a time By default additional groups will go unplotted when you use this aesthetic For each aesthetic you use the aes to associate the name of the aesthetic with a variable to display The aes function gathers together each of the aesthetic mappings used by a layer and passes them to the layers mapping argument The syntax highlights a useful insight about x and y the x and y locations of a point are themselves aesthetics visual properties that you can map to variables to display information about the data Once you map an aesthetic ggplot2 takes care of the rest It selects a reasonable scale to use with the aesthetic and it constructs a legend that explains the mapping between levels and values For x and y aesthetics ggplot2 does not create a legend but it creates an axis line with tick marks and a label The axis line acts as a legend it explains the mapping between locations and values You can also set the aesthetic properties of your geom manually For example we can make all of the points in our plot blue ggplot data mpg geom_point mapping aes x displ y hwy color blue Here the color doesnt convey information about a variable but only changes the appearance of the plot To set an aesthetic manually set the aesthetic by name as an argument of your geom function ie it goes outside of aes Youll need to pick a value that makes sense for that aesthetic The name of a color as a character string The size of a point in mm The shape of a point as a number as shown in Figure 11 There are some seeming duplicates for example 0 15 and 22 are all squares The difference comes from the interaction of the color and fill aesthetics The hollow shapes 014 have a border determined by color the solid shapes 1518 are filled with color and the filled shapes 2124 have a border of color and are filled with fill Figure 11 R has 25 builtin shapes that are identified by numbers Exercises Whats gone wrong with this code Why are the points not blue ggplot data mpg geom_point mapping aes x displ y hwy color blue Which variables in mpg are categorical Which variables are continuous Hint type mpg to read the documentation for the dataset How can you see this information when you run mpg Map a continuous variable to color size and shape How do these aesthetics behave differently for categorical versus continuous variables What happens if you map the same variable to multiple aesthetics What does the stroke aesthetic do What shapes does it work with Hint use geom_point What happens if you map an aesthetic to something other than a variable name like aescolor displ 5 Common Problems As you start to run R code youre likely to run into problems Dont worryit happens to everyone I have been writing R code for years and every day I still write code that doesnt work Start by carefully comparing the code that youre running to the code in the book R is extremely picky and a misplaced character can make all the difference Make sure that every is matched with a and every is paired with another Sometimes youll run the code and nothing happens Check the lefthand side of your console if its a it means that R doesnt think youve typed a complete expression and its waiting for you to finish it In this case its usually easy to start from scratch again by pressing Esc to abort processing the current command One common problem when creating ggplot2 graphics is to put the in the wrong place it has to come at the end of the line not the start In other words make sure you havent accidentally written code like this ggplot data mpg geom_point mapping aes x displ y hwy If youre still stuck try the help You can get help about any R function by running function_name in the console or selecting the function name and pressing F1 in RStudio Dont worry if the help doesnt seem that helpfulinstead skip down to the examples and look for code that matches what youre trying to do If that doesnt help carefully read the error message Sometimes the answer will be buried there But when youre new to R the answer might be in the error message but you dont yet know how to understand it Another great tool is Google trying googling the error message as its likely someone else has had the same problem and has received help online Facets One way to add additional variables is with aesthetics Another way particularly useful for categorical variables is to split your plot into facets subplots that each display one subset of the data To facet your plot by a single variable use facet_wrap The first argument of facet_wrap should be a formula which you create with followed by a variable name here formula is the name of a data structure in R not a synonym for equation The variable that you pass to facet_wrap should be discrete ggplot data mpg geom_point mapping aes x displ y hwy facet_wrap class nrow 2 To facet your plot on the combination of two variables add facet_grid to your plot call The first argument of facet_grid is also a formula This time the formula should contain two variable names separated by a ggplot data mpg geom_point mapping aes x displ y hwy facet_grid drv cyl If you prefer to not facet in the rows or columns dimension use a instead of a variable name eg facet_grid cyl Exercises What happens if you facet on a continuous variable What do the empty cells in a plot with facet_griddrv cyl mean How do they relate to this plot ggplot data mpg geom_point mapping aes x drv y cyl What plots does the following code make What does do ggplot data mpg geom_point mapping aes x displ y hwy facet_grid drv ggplot data mpg geom_point mapping aes x displ y hwy facet_grid cyl Take the first faceted plot in this section ggplot data mpg geom_point mapping aes x displ y hwy facet_wrap class nrow 2 What are the advantages to using faceting instead of the color aesthetic What are the disadvantages How might the balance change if you had a larger dataset Read facet_wrap What does nrow do What does ncol do What other options control the layout of the individual panels Why doesnt facet_grid have nrow and ncol variables When using facet_grid you should usually put the variable with more unique levels in the columns Why Geometric Objects How are these two plots similar Both plots contain the same x variable and the same y variable and both describe the same data But the plots are not identical Each plot uses a different visual object to represent the data In ggplot2 syntax we say that they use different geoms A geom is the geometrical object that a plot uses to represent data People often describe plots by the type of geom that the plot uses For example bar charts use bar geoms line charts use line geoms boxplots use boxplot geoms and so on Scatterplots break the trend they use the point geom As we see in the preceding plots you can use different geoms to plot the same data The plot on the left uses the point geom and the plot on the right uses the smooth geom a smooth line fitted to the data To change the geom in your plot change the geom function that you add to ggplot For instance to make the preceding plots you can use this code left ggplot data mpg geom_point mapping aes x displ y hwy right ggplot data mpg geom_smooth mapping aes x displ y hwy Every geom function in ggplot2 takes a mapping argument However not every aesthetic works with every geom You could set the shape of a point but you couldnt set the shape of a line On the other hand you could set the linetype of a line geom_smooth will draw a different line with a different linetype for each unique value of the variable that you map to linetype ggplot data mpg geom_smooth mapping aes x displ y hwy linetype drv Here geom_smooth separates the cars into three lines based on their drv value which describes a cars drivetrain One line describes all of the points with a 4 value one line describes all of the points with an f value and one line describes all of the points with an r value Here 4 stands for fourwheel drive f for frontwheel drive and r for rearwheel drive If this sounds strange we can make it more clear by overlaying the lines on top of the raw data and then coloring everything according to drv Notice that this plot contains two geoms in the same graph If this makes you excited buckle up In the next section we will learn how to place multiple geoms in the same plot ggplot2 provides over 30 geoms and extension packages provide even more see httpswwwggplot2extsorg for a sampling The best way to get a comprehensive overview is the ggplot2 cheatsheet which you can find at httprstudiocomcheatsheets To learn more about any single geom use help geom_smooth Many geoms like geom_smooth use a single geometric object to display multiple rows of data For these geoms you can set the group aesthetic to a categorical variable to draw multiple objects ggplot2 will draw a separate object for each unique value of the grouping variable In practice ggplot2 will automatically group the data for these geoms whenever you map an aesthetic to a discrete variable as in the linetype example It is convenient to rely on this feature because the group aesthetic by itself does not add a legend or distinguishing features to the geoms ggplot data mpg geom_smooth mapping aes x displ y hwy ggplot data mpg geom_smooth mapping aes x displ y hwy group drv ggplot data mpg geom_smooth mapping aes x displ y hwy color drv showlegend FALSE To display multiple geoms in the same plot add multiple geom functions to ggplot ggplot data mpg geom_point mapping aes x displ y hwy geom_smooth mapping aes x displ y hwy This however introduces some duplication in our code Imagine if you wanted to change the yaxis to display cty instead of hwy Youd need to change the variable in two places and you might forget to update one You can avoid this type of repetition by passing a set of mappings to ggplot ggplot2 will treat these mappings as global mappings that apply to each geom in the graph In other words this code will produce the same plot as the previous code ggplot data mpg mapping aes x displ y hwy geom_point geom_smooth If you place mappings in a geom function ggplot2 will treat them as local mappings for the layer It will use these mappings to extend or overwrite the global mappings for that layer only This makes it possible to display different aesthetics in different layers ggplot data mpg mapping aes x displ y hwy geom_point mapping aes color class geom_smooth You can use the same idea to specify different data for each layer Here our smooth line displays just a subset of the mpg dataset the subcompact cars The local data argument in geom_smooth overrides the global data argument in ggplot for that layer only ggplot data mpg mapping aes x displ y hwy geom_point mapping aes color class geom_smooth data filter mpg class subcompact se FALSE Youll learn how filter works in the next chapter for now just know that this command selects only the subcompact cars Exercises What geom would you use to draw a line chart A boxplot A histogram An area chart Run this code in your head and predict what the output will look like Then run the code in R and check your predictions ggplot data mpg mapping aes x displ y hwy color drv geom_point geom_smooth se FALSE What does showlegend FALSE do What happens if you remove it Why do you think I used it earlier in the chapter What does the se argument to geom_smooth do Will these two graphs look different Whywhy not ggplot data mpg mapping aes x displ y hwy geom_point geom_smooth ggplot geom_point data mpg mapping aes x displ y hwy geom_smooth data mpg mapping aes x displ y hwy Recreate the R code necessary to generate the following graphs Statistical Transformations Next lets take a look at a bar chart Bar charts seem simple but they are interesting because they reveal something subtle about plots Consider a basic bar chart as drawn with geom_bar The following chart displays the total number of diamonds in the diamonds dataset grouped by cut The diamonds dataset comes in ggplot2 and contains information about 54000 diamonds including the price carat color clarity and cut of each diamond The chart shows that more diamonds are available with highquality cuts than with low quality cuts ggplot data diamonds geom_bar mapping aes x cut On the xaxis the chart displays cut a variable from diamonds On the yaxis it displays count but count is not a variable in diamonds Where does count come from Many graphs like scatterplots plot the raw values of your dataset Other graphs like bar charts calculate new values to plot Bar charts histograms and frequency polygons bin your data and then plot bin counts the number of points that fall in each bin Smoothers fit a model to your data and then plot predictions from the model Boxplots compute a robust summary of the distribution and display a specially formatted box The algorithm used to calculate new values for a graph is called a stat short for statistical transformation The following figure describes how this process works with geom_bar You can learn which stat a geom uses by inspecting the default value for the stat argument For example geom_bar shows the default value for stat is count which means that geom_bar uses stat_count stat_count is documented on the same page as geom_bar and if you scroll down you can find a section called Computed variables That tells that it computes two new variables count and prop You can generally use geoms and stats interchangeably For example you can recreate the previous plot using stat_count instead of geom_bar ggplot data diamonds stat_count mapping aes x cut This works because every geom has a default stat and every stat has a default geom This means that you can typically use geoms without worrying about the underlying statistical transformation There are three reasons you might need to use a stat explicitly You might want to override the default stat In the following code I change the stat of geom_bar from count the default to identity This lets me map the height of the bars to the raw values of a y variable Unfortunately when people talk about bar charts casually they might be referring to this type of bar chart where the height of the bar is already present in the data or the previous bar chart where the height of the bar is generated by counting rows demo tribble a b bar_1 20 bar_2 30 bar_3 40 ggplot data demo geom_bar mapping aes x a y b stat identity Dont worry that you havent seen or tibble before You might be able to guess at their meaning from the context and youll learn exactly what they do soon You might want to override the default mapping from transformed variables to aesthetics For example you might want to display a bar chart of proportion rather than count ggplot data diamonds geom_bar mapping aes x cut y prop group 1 To find the variables computed by the stat look for the help section titled Computed variables You might want to draw greater attention to the statistical transformation in your code For example you might use stat_summary which summarizes the y values for each unique x value to draw attention to the summary that youre computing ggplot data diamonds stat_summary mapping aes x cut y depth funymin min funymax max funy median ggplot2 provides over 20 stats for you to use Each stat is a function so you can get help in the usual way eg stat_bin To see a complete list of stats try the ggplot2 cheatsheet Exercises What is the default geom associated with stat_summary How could you rewrite the previous plot to use that geom function instead of the stat function What does geom_col do How is it different to geom_bar Most geoms and stats come in pairs that are almost always used in concert Read through the documentation and make a list of all the pairs What do they have in common What variables does stat_smooth compute What parameters control its behavior In our proportion bar chart we need to set group 1 Why In other words what is the problem with these two graphs ggplot data diamonds geom_bar mapping aes x cut y prop ggplot data diamonds geom_bar mapping aes x cut fill color y prop Position Adjustments Theres one more piece of magic associated with bar charts You can color a bar chart using either the color aesthetic or more usefully fill ggplot data diamonds geom_bar mapping aes x cut color cut ggplot data diamonds geom_bar mapping aes x cut fill cut Note what happens if you map the fill aesthetic to another variable like clarity the bars are automatically stacked Each colored rectangle represents a combination of cut and clarity ggplot data diamonds geom_bar mapping aes x cut fill clarity The stacking is performed automatically by the position adjustment specified by the position argument If you dont want a stacked bar chart you can use one of three other options identity dodge or fill position identity will place each object exactly where it falls in the context of the graph This is not very useful for bars because it overlaps them To see that overlapping we either need to make the bars slightly transparent by setting alpha to a small value or completely transparent by setting fill NA ggplot data diamonds mapping aes x cut fill clarity geom_bar alpha 1 5 position identity ggplot data diamonds mapping aes x cut color clarity geom_bar fill NA position identity The identity position adjustment is more useful for 2D geoms like points where it is the default position fill works like stacking but makes each set of stacked bars the same height This makes it easier to compare proportions across groups ggplot data diamonds geom_bar mapping aes x cut fill clarity position fill position dodge places overlapping objects directly beside one another This makes it easier to compare individual values ggplot data diamonds geom_bar mapping aes x cut fill clarity position dodge Theres one other type of adjustment thats not useful for bar charts but it can be very useful for scatterplots Recall our first scatterplot Did you notice that the plot displays only 126 points even though there are 234 observations in the dataset The values of hwy and displ are rounded so the points appear on a grid and many points overlap each other This problem is known as overplotting This arrangement makes it hard to see where the mass of the data is Are the data points spread equally throughout the graph or is there one special combination of hwy and displ that contains 109 values You can avoid this gridding by setting the position adjustment to jitter position jitter adds a small amount of random noise to each point This spreads the points out because no two points are likely to receive the same amount of random noise ggplot data mpg geom_point mapping aes x displ y hwy position jitter Adding randomness seems like a strange way to improve your plot but while it makes your graph less accurate at small scales it makes your graph more revealing at large scales Because this is such a useful operation ggplot2 comes with a shorthand for geom_pointposition jitter geom_jitter To learn more about a position adjustment look up the help page associated with each adjustment position_dodge position_fill position_identity position_jitter and position_stack Exercises What is the problem with this plot How could you improve it ggplot data mpg mapping aes x cty y hwy geom_point What parameters to geom_jitter control the amount of jittering Compare and contrast geom_jitter with geom_count Whats the default position adjustment for geom_boxplot Create a visualization of the mpg dataset that demonstrates it Coordinate Systems Coordinate systems are probably the most complicated part of ggplot2 The default coordinate system is the Cartesian coordinate system where the x and y position act independently to find the location of each point There are a number of other coordinate systems that are occasionally helpful coord_flip switches the x and yaxes This is useful for example if you want horizontal boxplots Its also useful for long labelsits hard to get them to fit without overlapping on the xaxis ggplot data mpg mapping aes x class y hwy geom_boxplot ggplot data mpg mapping aes x class y hwy geom_boxplot coord_flip coord_quickmap sets the aspect ratio correctly for maps This is very important if youre plotting spatial data with ggplot2 which unfortunately we dont have the space to cover in this book nz map_data nz ggplot nz aes long lat group group geom_polygon fill white color black ggplot nz aes long lat group group geom_polygon fill white color black coord_quickmap

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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


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Christian AP Kovats DO Family Medicine View Accepted Insurance Specialties Family Medicine Board Certifications American Board of Family Medicine Academic Information Medical Education Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine Internship Michigan State University Garden City Hospital Residency Naval Hospital Bremerton Does this profile need to be updated If your physician or physician practice profile needs to be updated please email rPhysicianProfilesOrlandoHealthcom with specific details and instructions Requested changes will be reviewed and approved by Medical Staff Services prior to publishing Find An Appointment Locations Orlando Orlando Health Physician Associates Address 12780 Waterford Lakes Parkway Suite 120 Orlando FL 32828 httpwwwpaofcom Phone 4073841053 Fax 4072778168 Online Scheduling Christian Kovats MD Waterford Lakes 12780 Waterford Lakes Pkwy Suite 120 Orlando FL 32828 407 3805888 New patients Established patients Timeslots with no colored bar at top can be booked by any patient type new or established Wed Nov 14 Thu Nov 15 Fri Nov 16 Sat Nov 17 Sun Nov 18 Please call 407 3805888 Powered by Bio When not seeing patients I enjoy spending time with my family and participating in many outdoor activities such as water skiing snow skiing and fishing Practices Orlando Health Physician Associates With locations across Central Florida were always in your neighborhood

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Sports College College Gridiron 365 Tampa judge has harsh words for USF coach Charlie Strong USF football coach Charlie Strong received harsh words from a Tampa judge during a bond hearing for a Bulls player accused of sexual battery Judge Margaret Taylor said she was ashamed to be a USF alumni and questioned if Strong had control over his South Florida football players A Tampa judge had some strong words for new USF football coach Charlie Strong during a hearing for LaDarrius Jackson a defensive end on the team accused of sexual battery Wednesday morning Jackson 22 was arrested Monday and charged with sexual battery and false imprisonment of a woman who was reportedly an acquaintance The junior from Alabama was making his first court appearance in the case I graduated from USF Im an alumni graduated from USF in 1989 long before there was a football team Judge Margaret Taylor said to Jackson according to WTSP And while USF may not be the topranked school in the nation I was never ashamed of being an alum until now Lets just say that my USF diploma is not proudly hanging in my office right now Taylor then addressed Strong who was hired by the school in December to replace Willie Taggart And I have a message for your coach as well Coach Strong if you are listening in the last couple of months there have been two arrests of your players for very violent felonies Taylor said This court and Im sure Im not alone questions whether you have control over your players Its fairly clear you do not have control of them off the field and I guess only time will tell whether you have control over them on the field I would implore you to think long and hard about whether being head coach at USF is a good fit for you before any other members of this community have to suffer at the hands of one of your players Jackson who was recruited by Taggarts staff is the second USF player to have a runin with the law in recent months Hassan Childs a defensive back and Kissimmee Osceola High graduate was charged with aggravated assault and possession of marijuana in March during a road rage incident He was dismissed from the team Jackson also has been removed from team activities Strong responded to the judges comments in a statement released by USF In the short time I have been here our program has been built on character discipline and family Strong said in the statement We have wonderful young men in the USF football program who choose to do the right thing every day We are dedicated to recruiting young men of high character and to consistently developing them with structure and frequent education regarding appropriate conduct and behavior on and off the playing field Strong said While I am shocked and saddened at the recent arrest of a member of our team I am disappointed that the actions of two players over the last two months have harmed the reputation of our program of our wonderful university and of my character We have high expectations of our coaches staff and studentathletes and we hold accountable those who act contrary to our values Taylors verbal assault on USF and Strong quickly blew up into a national story and the extra attention led to the judge filing paperwork on Thursday to voluntarily recuse herself from Jacksons case according to the Tampa Bay Times The order cites a state judicial rule about a defendant fearing he wont get a fair hearing because of prejudice or bias of the judge A new judge is expected as early as Friday CAPTION mmurschelorlandosentinelcom Follow Matt Murschel on Twitter at osmattmurschel or like his Facebook page for more college football coverage

O O O O O B I O O O O B O B I B O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Sports Pictures Active NFL players from FSU Jeff HaynesAssociated Press Carolina Panthers wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin tries to make a move against Tampa Bay Buccaneers defensive back Javien Elliott Both players went to FSU Duane BurlesonAssociated Press Wide receiver Anquan Boldin has played for 4 NFL teams including the Detroit Lions Tampa Bay Buccaneers QB Jameis Winston Minnesota Vikings cornerback Xavier Rhodes and Oakland Raiders center Rodney Hudson are among the active NFL players who played for FSU Copyright 2018 Orlando Sentinel Xavier Rhodes Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFL Rodney Hudson Jameis Winston Oakland Raiders Minnesota Vikings

O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Report

Email

Indonesia

Crime

Safety

Report

Jakarta

Travel

Health

and

Safety

Transportation

Security

Terrorism

Crime

Financial

Security

Cyber

Other

Maritime

AntiAmerican

sentiment

Elections

Political

Violence

Intellectual

Property

Rights

Disease

Outbreak

East

Asia

Pacific

Indonesia

Jakarta

According

to

the

current

US

Department

of

State

Travel

Advisory

at

the

date

of

this

reports

publication

Indonesia

has

been

assessed

as

Level

Exercise

increased

caution

due

to

terrorism

Travelers

are

advised

to

reconsider

travel

to

Central

Sulawesi

and

Papua

due

to

civil

unrest

Overall

Crime

and

Safety

Situation

US

Embassy

Jakarta

does

not

assume

responsibility

for

the

professional

ability

or

integrity

of

the

persons

or

firms

appearing

in

this

report

The

American

Citizen

Services

ACS

unit

can

not

recommend

a

particular

individual

or

establishment

and

assumes

no

responsibility

for

the

quality

of

services

provided

The

US

Department

of

State

has

assessed

Jakarta

as

being

a

HIGH

threat

location

for

crime

directed

at

or

affecting

official

US

government

interests

Please

review

OSACs

Indonesiaspecific

page

for

original

OSAC

reporting

consular

messages

and

contact

information

some

of

which

may

be

available

only

to

privatesector

representatives

with

an

OSAC

password

With

a

population

of

over

million

people

Jakarta

is

one

of

the

largest

most

densely

populated

cities

in

the

world

The

greater

Jakarta

area

which

encompasses

Bogor

Depok

Tangerang

and

Bekasi

and

is

known

locally

as

Jabodetabek

includes

more

than

million

residents

and

constitutes

the

second

largest

urban

area

in

the

world

after

greater

Tokyo

Considering

the

size

of

the

official

and

private

American

communities

estimates

reflect

roughly

US

citizen

residents

and

visitors

in

Jakarta

at

any

given

time

there

were

relatively

few

reports

of

crimes

against

US

citizens

in

This

may

be

in

part

due

to

elevated

security

awareness

many

US

private

sector

organizations

have

dedicated

security

professionals

who

are

familiar

with

the

latest

crime

trends

and

provide

active

security

briefings

to

their

employees

and

staff

Crime

Threats

Through

several

sources

the

RSO

has

gathered

statistics

regarding

criminal

activities

and

trends

in

Jakarta

Due

to

the

reluctance

of

many

Indonesians

and

expatriates

to

report

crimes

these

statistics

may

reflect

a

degree

of

underreporting

The

general

crime

rates

on

a

per

capita

basis

should

be

viewed

in

context

as

Indonesias

crime

rates

are

relatively

lower

than

those

of

many

large

western

hemisphere

cities

For

the

Jakarta

Metropolitan

Police

Local

Crime

Index

reported

the

following

crime

statistics

murders

rapes

aggravated

assaults

thefts

and

vehicle

thefts

Each

of

these

reflects

a

statistically

significant

decrease

from

Jakarta

Metropolitan

Police

reported

almost

fewer

incidents

of

crime

overall

in

compared

to

The

Chief

of

the

Indonesian

National

Police

stated

that

crimes

reported

nationwide

declined

in

and

the

percentage

of

crimes

successfully

resolved

by

police

also

fell

by

Indonesian

criminals

are

normally

reluctant

to

use

force

and

usually

do

not

harm

their

victims

unless

confronted

with

violence

Personal

and

snatchandgrab

robberies

are

the

most

common

type

of

crime

One

common

form

of

semiconfrontational

robbery

involves

two

perpetrators

on

a

passing

motorcycle

or

moped

who

attempt

to

grab

backpacks

handbags

or

jewelry

from

individuals

walking

along

or

waiting

near

the

edge

of

the

sidewalk

There

were

a

handful

of

such

incidents

involving

US

Embassy

employees

and

their

family

members

in

in

Pickpocketing

regularly

affects

both

local

residents

and

visitors

with

most

incidents

occurring

in

crowded

areas

like

the

mass

transit

system

markets

andor

pedestrian

bridges

A

small

number

of

US

Embassyaffiliated

personnel

have

also

had

their

wallets

stolen

from

larger

bags

in

crowded

areas

such

as

mall

restaurants

Though

relatively

uncommon

violent

crimes

do

occur

and

may

attract

significant

media

attention

In

there

were

increased

reports

of

groups

of

criminals

on

motorcycles

targeting

other

motorcyclists

as

well

as

other

victims

There

were

also

a

small

number

of

atypically

violent

robberies

in

which

victims

were

targeted

and

injured

or

killed

by

assailants

after

they

had

been

observed

withdrawing

large

sums

of

cash

from

banks

or

ATMs

Credit

and

debit

fraud

crime

remains

a

concern

The

bulk

of

this

type

of

crime

involves

dishonest

employees

of

smaller

businesses

and

restaurants

copying

details

of

a

card

or

swiping

it

through

a

skimmer

This

enables

them

to

copy

credit

card

information

and

make

fraudulent

cards

with

valid

credit

card

numbers

In

police

broke

up

multiple

crime

rings

in

some

cases

operated

by

Eastern

European

nationals

that

had

installed

skimmers

on

ATMs

in

touristfriendly

areas

like

Bali

For

more

information

please

review

OSACs

Report

The

Overseas

Travelers

Guide

to

ATM

Skimmers

Fraud

Drinkspiking

and

subsequent

robberies

often

conducted

either

by

females

in

hotel

rooms

or

male

companions

en

route

to

hotels

are

also

occasionally

reported

though

there

were

no

such

reports

involving

US

Embassy

personnel

in

For

more

information

please

review

OSACs

Report

Shaken

The

Donts

of

Alcohol

Abroad

Organized

crime

remains

a

problem

and

has

not

been

effectively

addressed

though

it

tends

not

to

affect

expatriates

Illegal

loggingfishing

human

traffickingprostitution

the

sale

of

illicitcounterfeit

drugs

and

extensive

corruption

continue

as

well

In

some

instances

the

prosecution

of

individuals

accused

of

these

crimes

is

unsuccessful

because

of

payoffs

andor

bribes

to

corrupt

government

officials

including

judges

Visitors

should

note

that

crime

throughout

Indonesia

predictably

increases

before

and

during

Ramadan

This

is

reportedly

due

in

part

to

the

pressure

of

providing

gifts

for

family

members

and

obtaining

money

for

the

Eid

AlFitri

holiday

Consider

employing

a

residential

guard

if

possible

Invest

in

a

residential

alarm

system

Rent

houses

with

window

grilles

and

substantial

doors

Train

household

staff

to

not

allow

anyone

to

enter

your

residence

without

your

permission

Cybersecurity

Issues

As

the

number

of

internet

and

social

media

users

continues

to

grow

so

does

the

volume

of

crime

committed

online

Hoax

news

stories

are

an

increasing

problem

and

the

spread

of

misinformation

and

intentional

falsehoods

is

exacerbated

by

the

extremely

high

use

of

social

media

Jakarta

routinely

ranks

at

or

among

the

top

cities

in

the

world

in

terms

of

social

media

posts

Other

Areas

of

Concern

There

are

areas

in

which

the

chances

of

becoming

a

victim

of

a

crime

are

greater

Block

M

in

South

Jakarta

is

associated

with

bars

and

nightclubs

of

dubious

reputation

at

which

prostitutes

drugs

and

criminal

activity

are

present

Some

expatriates

visit

Block

M

but

those

who

do

should

remain

extra

vigilant

Police

sources

also

report

that

South

Jakarta

a

largely

affluent

area

with

international

schools

and

multinational

corporations

in

which

a

large

number

of

expatriates

reside

has

become

an

increasingly

attractive

target

for

criminals

The

Ancol

Port

area

and

other

areas

such

as

Glodok

in

North

Jakarta

are

wellknown

for

bars

and

nightclubs

and

tend

to

experience

a

higher

crime

rate

than

other

areas

of

the

city

Several

establishments

in

North

Jakarta

are

offlimits

for

US

government

personnel

due

to

high

incidence

of

crime

drugs

and

prostitution

and

thus

frequent

police

raids

These

include

Alexis

Colosseum

Crown

Illigals

Malioboro

Millies

International

Paragon

Club

Stadium

Lounge

Sun

City

and

Karaoke

In

the

Governor

effectively

closed

the

hotel

and

massage

parlor

portions

of

Alexis

on

suspicion

of

prostitution

by

refusing

to

renew

business

licenses

Visitors

should

consult

the

Consular

Affairs

Country

Specific

Information

for

Indonesia

before

traveling

to

Central

Sulawesi

and

Papua

the

sole

two

provinces

to

which

travel

by

US

government

personnel

is

restricted

These

areas

have

the

potential

for

increased

crime

civil

disturbance

and

political

violence

due

to

ethnic

religious

andor

separatist

tensions

Visitors

should

also

note

that

Sharia

law

is

enforced

for

Muslims

in

Aceh

province

TransportationSafety

Situation

For

more

information

please

review

OSACs

Report

Security

in

Transit

Airplanes

Public

Transport

and

Overnights

Road

Safety

and

Road

Conditions

Visitors

will

find

traffic

conditions

in

Jakarta

extremely

difficult

due

to

massive

congestion

undisciplined

drivers

and

numerous

motorcyclesmopeds

Additionally

traffic

moves

on

the

left

side

of

the

road

adding

to

initial

frustration

and

confusion

The

number

of

vehicles

estimated

to

increase

by

per

year

far

exceeds

the

capacity

of

roadway

infrastructure

Road

safety

awareness

is

very

low

and

many

drivers

especially

motorcyclemoped

drivers

disregard

most

traffic

laws

Accidents

on

rented

motorcycles

constitute

the

majority

of

expatriate

deaths

in

Indonesia

especially

on

Bali

Road

conditions

vary

from

good

to

dangerously

poor

Indonesian

toll

roads

are

modern

multilane

wellmaintained

and

usually

overcrowded

Most

roads

outside

of

the

major

cities

are

singlelane

and

overly

congested

with

a

variety

of

vehicles

from

trucks

to

small

mopeds

carrying

entire

families

It

is

common

for

vehicles

to

pass

on

either

side

of

the

road

or

shoulder

while

driving

at

a

high

rate

of

speed

and

swerving

to

avoid

colliding

with

bicycles

or

horseox

carts

Driving

at

night

outside

of

major

cities

is

strongly

discouraged

President

Jokowis

administration

has

prioritized

road

infrastructure

and

built

many

kilometers

worth

of

new

roads

Due

to

the

unique

and

dangerous

driving

conditions

in

Indonesia

however

the

majority

of

US

government

personnel

Western

expatriates

and

affluent

Indonesians

hire

personal

drivers

All

rental

car

companies

offer

drivers

and

travelers

are

strongly

encouraged

to

consider

hiring

personal

drivers

from

a

reputable

company

Travelers

should

always

ensure

that

the

driver

knows

where

they

are

going

and

should

notify

friendsfamilyemployers

if

traveling

outside

of

Jakarta

It

is

imperative

that

American

citizens

traveling

in

Indonesia

especially

in

ruralremote

areas

exercise

due

diligence

to

confirm

that

travel

agencies

tour

companies

and

rental

drivers

are

legitimate

Serious

vehicle

accidents

and

injuries

have

occurred

when

American

passengers

contracted

services

from

unverified

tour

companies

Despite

the

appeal

of

Indonesias

more

remote

and

pristine

locations

the

risk

of

motorvehicle

accidents

may

be

higher

in

these

areas

due

their

relative

isolation

and

the

inability

to

quickly

obtain

medical

care

If

an

accident

involving

personal

injury

occurs

Indonesian

law

technically

requires

both

drivers

to

wait

for

the

arrival

of

police

Ambulance

services

should

not

be

counted

on

to

transport

injured

persons

to

hospitals

Instead

taxisprivate

vehicles

are

typically

used

to

transport

victims

to

hospitals

Although

Indonesian

law

requires

thirdparty

insurance

most

drivers

are

uninsured

even

if

they

are

insured

it

is

common

for

insurance

companies

to

refuse

to

pay

damages

Often

times

the

driver

of

the

larger

vehicle

will

likely

be

considered

liable

Public

Transportation

Conditions

Visitors

are

generally

advised

to

avoid

public

mass

transit

platforms

including

buses

and

trains

as

well

as

bajaj

local

tuktuks

and

angkot

microbuses

These

forms

of

public

transportation

may

leave

travelers

more

vulnerable

to

crime

Instead

visitors

are

advised

to

use

reputable

registered

taxi

companies

Bluebird

Group

Express

which

vet

their

drivers

and

have

been

responsive

to

US

Embassy

inquiries

and

requests

The

use

of

disreputable

and

freelance

taxis

has

occasionally

resulted

in

crime

The

most

common

scenario

involves

the

driver

taking

passenger

usually

female

to

a

remote

area

where

other

males

who

are

occasionally

armed

rob

them

of

items

of

value

In

some

instances

criminals

demand

ATM

PINs

or

drive

the

victim

to

an

ATM

and

force

himher

to

withdraw

cash

Though

relatively

uncommon

in

there

were

reports

of

Americans

who

were

sexually

assaulted

by

taxi

or

other

car

service

drivers

in

some

cases

the

victims

were

under

the

influence

of

alcohol

before

entering

the

vehicle

AviationAirport

Conditions

Indonesia

experiences

frequent

transportation

accidents

including

plane

crashes

and

nonfatal

runway

overruns

In

however

Indonesia

received

a

Category

rating

from

the

US

Federal

Aviation

Administration

following

compliance

by

the

countrys

civil

aviation

authority

with

International

Civil

Aviation

Office

ICAO

standards

Other

Travel

Conditions

There

continue

to

be

serious

accidents

involving

interisland

ferries

some

of

which

are

fatal

Overcrowding

on

these

ferries

is

common

regulation

is

lax

safety

equipment

is

often

missing

and

adherence

to

safety

standards

can

be

minimal

Terrorism

Threat

The

US

Department

of

State

has

assessed

Jakarta

as

being

a

HIGH

threat

location

for

terrorist

activity

directed

at

or

affecting

official

US

government

interests

Local

Regional

and

International

Terrorism

ThreatsConcerns

Several

members

of

terrorist

organizations

in

Indonesia

including

Jemaah

Islamiyah

JI

and

Jemaah

Ansharut

Daulah

JAD

trained

at

alQaida

bases

in

Afghanistan

and

Pakistan

in

the

and

Many

individuals

are

either

imprisoned

or

have

been

killed

nevertheless

JAD

JI

and

other

terrorist

groups

sympathetic

to

ISIS

as

well

lone

wolf

individual

extremists

continue

to

aspire

to

commit

attacks

against

Indonesian

police

and

security

forces

Government

of

Indonesia

facilities

andor

Western

interests

Indonesia

has

experienced

a

number

of

attacks

or

incidents

attributed

to

ISIS

influence

since

the

beginning

of

December

A

Molotov

cocktail

was

thrown

at

a

church

in

Central

Sulawesi

during

early

morning

hours

November

A

police

building

was

burned

and

two

suspected

terrorists

were

killed

by

responding

police

in

Dharmasraya

September

Two

police

officers

were

ambushed

shot

and

wounded

by

suspected

terrorists

in

Bima

June

A

sleeping

police

officer

was

ambushed

and

stabbed

at

provincial

police

headquarters

building

in

North

Sumatra

Also

two

police

officers

were

stabbed

in

Jakarta

mosque

near

Indonesian

National

Police

headquarters

And

an

IED

exploded

prematurely

in

a

suspected

extremists

Bandung

apartment

May

Two

suicide

bombers

carrying

pressure

cooker

bombs

inside

backpacks

killed

themselves

and

three

police

officers

monitoring

a

preRamadan

parade

by

an

east

Jakarta

bus

station

April

Six

suspected

extremists

were

killed

by

responding

police

in

Tuban

after

shooting

at

traffic

police

officers

from

a

vehicle

and

fleeing

February

A

rice

cooker

bomb

detonated

in

vacant

lot

in

Bandung

after

which

a

suspected

extremist

was

killed

during

shootout

with

responding

police

Throughout

Indonesian

law

enforcement

officials

continued

to

pursue

terrorist

cells

disrupting

multiple

aspirational

plots

Indonesia

cooperated

on

a

wide

range

of

counterterrorism

efforts

with

local

and

international

partners

including

the

US

According

to

the

Chief

of

the

Indonesian

National

Police

terrorism

cases

were

opened

in

Despite

these

successes

violent

extremist

networks

and

terrorist

cells

remain

intact

and

have

the

capacity

to

become

operational

and

conduct

attacks

with

littleno

warning

as

do

individual

or

unaffiliated

ISIS

sympathizers

The

Indonesian

National

Police

INP

have

limited

resources

in

terms

of

its

ability

to

monitor

extremists

including

returned

foreign

fighters

and

former

convicted

extremists

released

from

prison

AntiAmericanAntiWestern

Sentiment

There

are

isolated

pockets

of

antiWestern

sentiment

In

US

Embassy

Jakarta

experienced

protests

directly

targeting

the

Embassy

Seven

of

those

occurred

in

December

and

were

conducted

in

response

to

the

US

decision

to

recognize

Jerusalem

as

the

capital

of

Israel

The

largest

of

these

attracted

an

estimated

participants

Other

protestrelated

issues

included

the

enhanced

scrutiny

of

foreign

visa

applications

and

the

US

withdrawal

from

the

Paris

Climate

Accords

In

US

Embassy

Jakarta

experienced

only

one

protest

directly

targeting

the

Embassy

Political

Economic

Religious

and

Ethnic

Violence

The

US

Department

of

State

has

assessed

Jakarta

as

being

a

HIGH

threat

location

for

political

violence

directed

at

or

affecting

official

US

government

interests

Regional

elections

are

scheduled

to

take

place

in

June

after

a

fourmonth

campaign

period

to

choose

new

governors

mayors

and

regents

in

jurisdictions

across

Indonesia

The

Chief

of

the

Indonesian

National

Police

has

stated

that

police

will

increase

efforts

to

monitor

developments

maintain

security

and

dampen

the

potential

for

social

conflict

due

to

the

elections

The

five

provinces

holding

elections

are

viewed

as

mostprone

to

potential

conflict

are

West

Java

East

Java

West

Kalimantan

North

Sumatra

and

South

Sulawesi

Civil

Unrest

Political

demonstrations

are

a

daily

occurrence

in

Indonesia

Common

areas

for

protest

activity

include

the

National

Monument

MONAS

Square

the

Hotel

Indonesia

traffic

circle

the

Presidential

Palace

and

the

US

Embassy

by

default

as

protesters

frequently

pass

by

the

Embassy

main

entrance

en

route

to

one

of

the

aforementioned

locations

Most

demonstrations

are

peaceful

and

police

are

generally

very

effective

at

maintaining

security

Visitors

should

avoid

demonstrations

and

protests

Additionally

participation

in

political

activities

violates

the

terms

of

Indonesian

visas

issued

to

foreigners

In

greater

Jakarta

experienced

approximately

demonstrations

according

to

Jakarta

Metropolitan

Police

statistics

The

majority

of

protests

had

a

nexus

to

laborwage

disputes

or

corruption

Protests

have

become

violent

particularly

when

issues

involving

the

confluence

of

religion

and

politics

are

involved

ReligiousEthnic

Violence

Localized

political

violence

and

civil

unrest

due

to

ethnic

sectarian

religious

and

separatist

causes

remains

a

possibility

Papua

has

a

number

of

small

but

active

separatist

groups

which

include

a

small

number

of

armed

guerrillas

In

there

were

approximately

shooting

incidents

near

Tembagapura

in

Mimika

regency

close

to

largescale

mining

operations

that

were

attributed

by

police

to

armed

separatists

Two

police

were

killed

and

more

than

other

people

were

injured

in

the

attacks

In

Jakarta

and

other

cities

with

sizeable

ethnic

Chinese

populations

there

are

occasional

incidents

related

to

latent

antiChinese

sentiment

Some

are

these

incidents

are

reportedly

motivated

by

economic

jealousy

or

linked

to

the

belief

that

Chinese

nationals

are

entering

the

country

and

taking

jobs

from

Indonesian

citizens

Postspecific

Concerns

Environmental

Hazards

According

to

Indonesias

National

Disaster

Management

Agency

there

were

natural

disaster

events

in

Indonesia

in

Indonesia

is

located

in

an

active

seismic

region

known

as

the

Ring

of

Fire

and

has

the

most

volcanoes

of

any

country

in

the

world

including

some

that

are

considered

to

be

active

Minor

and

sometimes

even

major

volcanic

eruptions

are

a

weekly

occurence

Significant

volcanic

activity

occurs

on

Java

Sumatra

the

Sunda

Islands

Halmahera

Island

Sulawesi

Island

Sangihe

Island

and

in

the

Banda

Sea

Indonesia

has

deployed

an

effective

volcano

monitoring

system

which

has

enabled

the

government

to

inform

the

population

of

potential

eruptions

and

to

facilitate

evacuations

in

order

to

prevent

or

minimize

casualties

Beginning

in

the

During

the

rainy

season

floods

and

mudslides

can

wreak

havoc

in

many

areas

including

Jakarta

In

general

the

rainiest

season

is

DecemberMarch

though

this

can

vary

The

western

and

northern

parts

of

Indonesia

experience

the

most

precipitation

since

the

north

and

westwardmoving

monsoon

clouds

are

heavy

with

moisture

by

the

time

they

reach

these

more

distant

regions

Every

year

Indonesia

significant

numbers

of

Indonesians

throughout

the

country

are

displaced

or

are

injured

or

killed

due

to

extreme

flooding

and

mudslides

especially

in

rural

or

remote

regions

Economic

Concerns

Indonesia

remained

on

the

Special

priority

watch

list

for

intellectual

property

rights

IPR

protection

in

Indonesias

failure

to

protect

intellectual

property

and

enforce

IPR

laws

has

resulted

in

high

levels

of

physical

and

online

counterfeiting

and

piracy

The

Government

of

Indonesia

has

signed

and

ratified

the

World

Intellectual

Property

Organization

internet

treaties

but

further

clarifications

of

its

Copyright

Law

is

needed

in

order

to

fully

implement

these

treaties

Drugrelated

Crimes

The

Indonesian

National

Police

INP

and

National

Narcotics

Board

BNN

increased

their

rhetoric

against

drug

criminals

and

targeted

them

very

aggressively

in

Authorities

reportedly

seized

significantly

more

illegal

drugs

in

than

in

Seventynine

suspected

drug

dealers

or

smugglers

who

either

resisted

arrest

or

tried

to

escape

custody

during

drug

raids

were

killed

in

raising

objections

from

some

human

rights

groups

Indonesian

Customs

INP

and

BNN

stationed

at

the

air

and

seaports

of

major

cities

Jakarta

Surabaya

Bali

and

Medan

continue

to

arrest

drug

smugglers

and

couriers

According

to

Indonesian

authorities

the

country

has

become

a

primary

destination

for

drug

smuggling

operations

controlled

by

Chinese

Iranian

and

West

African

drug

trafficking

organizations

In

addition

to

an

increase

in

methamphetamine

ice

seizures

law

enforcement

officials

have

seized

large

volumes

of

synthetic

drugs

ecstasy

ketamine

and

marijuana

The

demand

for

illegal

drugs

remains

high

INP

and

BNN

continue

to

coordinate

with

foreign

and

domestic

law

enforcement

agencies

to

attempt

to

stem

the

steady

Penalties

for

the

possession

use

or

trafficking

illegal

drugs

in

Indonesia

are

severe

The

death

sentence

may

be

imposed

in

cases

involving

drug

trafficking

and

multiple

convicted

traffickers

have

been

executed

in

recent

years

including

foreign

nationals

Kidnapping

Threat

There

were

isolated

cases

of

kidnapping

in

Jakarta

in

which

had

little

impact

on

the

expatriate

community

These

kidnappings

were

typically

financiallymotivated

and

the

perpetrators

were

typically

known

to

the

victim

and

victims

family

Police

Response

Police

have

limited

capability

to

respond

quickly

to

criminal

acts

and

other

emergencies

on

a

consistent

basis

Limited

training

and

investigative

ability

challenge

investigations

to

solve

complex

and

complicated

crimes

Skills

are

improving

however

due

to

programs

offered

by

the

US

International

Criminal

Investigative

Training

Assistance

Program

ICITAP

AntiTerrorism

Assistance

Program

ATA

the

Bangkokbased

International

Law

Enforcement

Academy

ILEA

and

others

Corruption

remains

a

problem

some

officers

augment

low

salaries

by

accepting

payments

from

motorists

who

violate

traffic

laws

Police

sometimes

charge

victims

to

investigate

crimes

or

to

return

recovered

stolen

property

Persons

violating

Indonesian

laws

even

unknowingly

may

be

expelled

arrested

or

imprisoned

Convicted

offenders

can

expect

lengthy

prison

sentences

and

hefty

fines

The

sex

industry

including

the

commercial

exploitation

of

children

is

widespread

and

is

a

key

focus

of

law

enforcement

efforts

How

to

Handle

Incidents

of

Police

Detention

or

Harassment

US

citizens

who

have

been

arrested

or

detained

should

call

the

Embassy

at

press

ext

for

the

operator

and

ask

for

the

Duty

Officer

Individuals

should

remain

calm

and

consider

the

advice

assistance

and

information

provided

by

the

Embassy

Consular

Officer

Consular

Officers

are

often

able

to

visit

detaineesarrestees

expeditiously

Crime

Victim

Assistance

Within

Jakarta

police

assistance

can

be

obtained

by

dialing

or

in

most

cases

however

the

volume

of

calls

may

result

in

the

line

being

busy

or

the

person

answering

the

call

will

have

limited

Englishlanguage

ability

Visitors

especially

those

who

are

going

to

remain

in

Indonesia

for

an

extended

period

of

time

are

encouraged

to

find

out

the

cell

and

landline

phone

numbers

of

the

nearest

police

station

PoliceSecurity

Agencies

Indonesian

National

Police

INPPOLRI

The

INP

is

headquartered

in

South

Jakarta

and

handles

daytoday

traffic

operations

criminal

investigations

and

protection

of

vital

property

and

personnel

INPs

Mobile

Brigade

performs

SWATlike

and

riotcrowd

control

functions

and

its

Special

Detachment

Densus

or

Det

is

the

countrys

elite

counterterrorism

force

National

Narcotics

Board

Badan

Narkotika

NasionalBNN

BNN

deals

with

nationwide

narcotics

issues

and

is

commanded

by

a

twostar

police

general

BNN

is

Indonesias

equivalent

to

the

US

Drug

Enforcement

Administration

DEA

The

central

government

established

the

National

Counterterrorism

Agency

BNPT

in

a

major

step

toward

enhancing

law

enforcement

efforts

and

countering

violent

extremism

BNPT

is

a

national

level

civilian

counterterrorism

agency

under

the

Coordinating

Ministry

for

Political

Legal

and

Security

Affairs

that

is

responsible

for

coordinating

interagency

prevention

efforts

international

programs

and

counterterrorism

operations

BNPT

also

manages

the

nations

counter

and

deradicalization

programs

both

of

which

are

wholeofgovernment

efforts

Medical

Emergencies

Sanitation

and

health

care

conditions

in

Indonesia

are

far

below

US

standards

Routine

medical

care

is

available

in

all

major

cities

although

most

expatriates

leave

the

country

for

all

but

basic

medical

procedures

Psychological

and

psychiatric

services

are

limited

throughout

Indonesia

Contact

Information

for

Available

Medical

Services

For

a

list

of

available

medical

facilities

please

refer

to

the

US

Embassys

Medical

Assistance

page

Available

Air

Ambulance

Services

For

a

list

of

available

air

ambulance

services

please

refer

to

the

US

Embassys

Medical

Assistance

page

Insurance

Guidance

Physicians

and

hospitals

often

expect

payment

or

sizable

deposits

before

providing

medical

care

Travelers

should

be

aware

that

US

Medicare

does

not

apply

overseas

Make

sure

your

health

insurance

plan

provides

coverage

overseas

Most

care

providers

only

accept

cash

payments

Supplemental

insurance

to

cover

medical

evacuation

is

strongly

recommended

US

government

personnel

and

private

US

citizens

often

travel

to

Singapore

for

treatment

of

serious

medical

conditions

Countryspecific

Vaccination

and

Health

Guidance

Malaria

dengue

Japanese

encephalitis

and

Zika

virus

are

mosquitoborne

diseases

in

Indonesia

Prevention

of

mosquito

bites

is

strongly

encouraged

malaria

preventive

medication

is

needed

in

some

areas

Pregnant

women

should

be

aware

that

Indonesia

is

a

CDC

Zika

risk

area

and

that

Zika

can

be

spread

by

mosquitos

as

well

as

through

sexual

intercourse

Diarrheal

diseases

are

very

common

throughout

Indonesia

and

food

and

water

precautions

are

recommended

For

more

information

please

refer

to

OSACs

Report

Im

Drinking

What

in

My

Water

Rabies

is

prevalent

in

animals

and

contact

with

animals

should

be

avoided

The

CDC

offers

additional

information

on

vaccines

and

health

guidance

for

Indonesia

OSAC

Country

Council

Information

There

is

an

active

OSAC

Country

Council

in

Jakarta

Interested

privatesector

security

managers

should

contact

OSACs

East

Asia

Pacific

team

with

any

questions

US

Embassy

Location

and

Contact

Information

Embassy

Address

and

Hours

of

Operation

US

Embassy

Jakarta

Medan

Merdeka

Selatan

Jakarta

Indonesia

Hours

MonFri

except

US

and

Indonesian

holidays

Embassy

Contact

Numbers

Switchboard

Marine

Post

One

Website

httpjakartausembassygov

Nearby

Posts

Consulate

Surabaya

httpsurabayausconsulategov

Consulate

Medan

httpmedanusconsulategov

Consular

Agency

Bali

httpsidusembassygovembassyconsulatesconsularagencybali

Embassy

Guidance

US

citizens

traveling

to

Indonesia

should

register

with

the

Smart

Traveler

Enrollment

Program

STEP

to

ensure

they

receive

pertinent

security

updates

and

notices

Additional

Resources

Indonesia

Country

Information

Sheet

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

overseas security advisory council
u.s. embassy jakarta


School Safety Outreach Program School Safety According to the Bureau of Labor and Statistics there were 217300 nonfatal occupational injuries and 37 fatalities in US elementary and secondary schools in 2014 This makes public schools the secondhighest industry for workplace accidents in the United States Approximately 5 in 100 public school employees will suffer a workplace injury or illness each year What OSHAcademy can do for you Legal Requirements Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 employers have a responsibility to provide a safe workplace for their employees School districts as the employer should establish a safety program to ensure They provide a workplace free of serious recognized hazards Employees have and use safe tools and equipment Employees are aware of potential hazards Safety training is provided Safety meetings are conducted regularly A hazard communication program for hazardous chemicals is established Workplace injuries and illnesses are recorded Does each school have to do this YES Every school or separate site with employees working on a regular basis should implement a sitespecific safety program The Problem Administrators teachers and support staff have little if any safety and health experience or training How do they fit developing a quality safety program into their already busy schedules The Solution OSHAcademy is here to help Our online safety and health training courses and programs provide the knowhow needed to establish a highquality safety program Because our training is online and selfpaced it is easy to fit into even the busiest of schedules OSHAcademy students can access our training on a desktop computer laptop tablet smartphone or eReader device You can even download our PDF course study guides allowing you to train anywhere you go with or without an Internet connection We have training programs to help your district safety director school principal safety committee leader and members classroom teachers and support staff How Much Does It Cost Because we believe the safety information we provide is important for everyone to learn we do not charge any fee to access our training courses We do charge a small fee to officially document a students training and cover our administrative costs As a K12 school district administrators teachers and support staff are eligible to receive a 50 discount for all PDF certificate packages for both courses and programs What about our students Can they take and receive the K12 Educator discount Absolutely We already have schools putting high school students through our 10hour Employee OSH program This is a great program for students Establish an Educator Account To receive the educator discount you will need to establish an educator account Once we receive your information we will contact you to see how we can best fit your needs There is absolutely no cost or obligation when requesting an Educator account To request an educator account please Request an Educator Account Courses to Consider Employees Bloodborne Pathogens in the Workplace Bloodborne Pathogens Program Essentials of Occupational Safety Health HAZCOM for the Employee Housekeeping Safety Introduction to Ergonomics Introduction to Occupational Safety Health Laboratory Safety Managing Workplace Stress Preventing Workplace Violence School Safety Athletics Supervision School Safety Exterior Facilities School Safety Crisis Planning to review our full list of courses Programs to Consider Students 10hour Employee Occupational Safety and Health Safety Committees 36hour Safety Committee Chair Program 32hour Safety Committee Member Program Safety Trainers 36hour OSH Trainer TraintheTrainer Program Administration and Faculty 132hour OSH Professional Program 48hour OSH Manager Program 36hour OSH Supervisor Program to review our full list of programs Please note Our training courses provide essential general knowledge awareness training about each topic however an employer must provide training for the specific equipment policies and procedures in use at their work sites Request an Educator Account

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Edwards syndrome Flashcards 0 11 complete Questions 0 8 complete New Highyield notes Genetics Genetic Syndromes Alport syndrome Marfan syndrome Angelman syndrome PraderWilli syndrome Klinefelters syndrome Fragile X syndrome Huntingtons disease Down syndrome Edwards syndrome Patau syndrome Contents Summary Flashcards Questions Memory Anchors Document search Resources References Summary of Edwards syndrome Edwards syndrome Edwards syndrome also known as trisomy 18 is a chromosomal abnormality caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 18th chromosome This genetic condition almost always results from nondisjunction during meiosis After Down syndrome Edwards syndrome is the secondmost common autosomal trisomy that carries to term The syndrome has a low rate of survival beyond the first year of life and is associated with heart abnormalities kidney malformations and other internal organ disorders Flashcards on Edwards syndrome This is an Osmosis Prime feature Reinforce your understanding with flashcards the fastest way to study the essentials Edwards syndrome 11 flashcards Chromosomal trisomy is found in Edwards syndrome Questions on Edwards syndrome This is an Osmosis Prime feature Test your knowledge and prepare for the boards with these indepth practice questions Edwards syndrome Step 1 8 questions Start Edwards syndrome 3 questions Start A 1day old female infant is examined in the clinic Physical examination shows a prominent occiput and a cleft lip Her index finger is found to be overlapping the third finger and her fifth finger is overlapping the fourth finger as shown here Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities is most likely present in this infant

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edwards syndrome
trisomy 18
internal organ disorders