Marketing Management Chapter 6 FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month ________ is the study of how individuals groups and organizations select buy use and dispose of goods services ideas or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants A Target marketing B Mind mapping C Consumer activism D Consumer behavior E Product differentiation CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT D Consumer behavior CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE Which of the following would be the best illustration of a subculture A a religion B a group of close friends C your university D a fraternity or sorority E your occupation A a religion 1 76 Terms in this set 76 ________ is the study of how individuals groups and organizations select buy use and dispose of goods services ideas or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants A Target marketing B Mind mapping C Consumer activism D Consumer behavior E Product differentiation D Consumer behavior Which of the following would be the best illustration of a subculture A a religion B a group of close friends C your university D a fraternity or sorority E your occupation A a religion The relatively homogeneous and enduring divisions in a society which are hierarchically ordered and whose members share similar values interests and behavior constitute ________ A a culture B a subculture C a social class D a family E a group C a social class A persons ________ consists of all the groups that have a direct facetoface or indirect influence on hisher attitudes or behavior A subculture B family C social class D reference groups E social networks D reference groups An ________ group is one whose values or behavior an individual rejects A aspirational B disassociative C membership D primary E procreational B disassociative Joe is a computer service technician People in his neighborhood usually depend on his suggestions for purchasing any computer accessory or hardware as they believe that he has access to far more information on computer technology than the average consumer The neighbors are also aware that Joe has the required knowledge and background for understanding the technical properties of the products Within this context Joe can be called an ________ A transactional leader B opinion leader C role model D gatekeeper E international marketer B opinion leader Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month For a highschool student Tim is highly concerned about environmental issues He is a strong supporter of the garbage recycling and afforestation campaigns taken up by the environmental activists in his neighborhood He wants to become a full time volunteer for their upcoming wildlife protection program and has even saved money to contribute to the cause This group of environmental activists can be categorized under which of the following reference groups A primary group B secondary group C aspirational group D dissociative group E cognitive group C aspirational group Jason writes a weekly column in his schools newspaper about movies he has seen books he has read and concerts he has attended His column provides information and opinions Feedback from his fellow students is positive and they are appreciative of the advice that is given Which of the following would be the most apt description of the role played by Jason A silent majority B protestor C protector D adapter E opinion leader E opinion leader Social classes differ in media preferences with upperclass consumers often preferring ________ and lowerclass consumers often preferring television A movies B radio C video or computer games D magazines and books E music downloads D magazines and books If a directmail marketer wished to direct promotional efforts toward the family of ________ efforts need to be directed toward parents and siblings of the family members A orientation B procreation C immediacy D intimacy E reference A orientation The family in a buyers life consisting of parents and siblings is the ________ A family of procreation B family of influence C family of efficiency D family of orientation E purchasing family D family of orientation When Gary was a high school student he enjoyed rock music and regularly purchased hip clothing sported by his favorite rock band However five years later when Gary became an accountant his preference shifted toward formal clothing Which of the following personal characteristics is likely to have had the most influence on Garys preferences during his high school days A education B age C income D gender E physiological needs B age Marriage childbirth and divorce constitute the ________ that shape the consumption pattern of individuals A psychological life cycle B product life cycle C social status D postpuberty cycles E critical life events E critical life events Identify an economic circumstance that can greatly affect any product or brand choice A retirement B values C lifestyle D borrowing power E relocation D borrowing power ________ refers to a set of distinguishing human psychological traits that lead to relatively consistent and enduring responses to environmental stimuli A Image B Personality C Psychological transformation D Lifestyle E Acculturation B Personality Brand personality analysts identified the popular music channel MTV as daring spirited and highly imaginative As per Jennifer Aakers research which of the following brand personality traits best suits MTV A excitement B sincerity C competence D ruggedness E sophistication A excitement The Marlboro Man was depicted in the advertisements of Marlboro cigarettes as a rugged outdoor tough cowboy type This was done to establish what is called ________ A trademarking B a brand name C a brand personality D cobranding E a brand reference C a brand personality Consumers often choose and use brands that have a brand personality consistent with how they see themselves also known as the ________ A actual selfconcept B ideal selfconcept C others selfconcept D prohibitive selfconcept E suggestive selfconcept A actual selfconcept Consumers often choose and use brands that have a brand personality consistent with how they think others view them also known as the ________ A actual selfconcept B others selfconcept C ideal selfconcept D dual selfconcept E perceptual selfconcept B others selfconcept Consumers who are highly sensitive to how others see them and who choose brands whose personalities fit the consumption situation are called ________ A change agents B self motivators C self monitors D self adapters E opinion leaders C self monitors Within the context of Jennifer Aakers analysis identify the brand personality that can be associated with a new product whose promotional messages consistently portray it as being reliable intelligent and successful A sincerity B excitement C competence D sophistication E ruggedness C competence Ford motors uses the ad caption Magnify the Adventure to promote its latest SUV the Ford Endeavour The ad features the car traveling through an uneven rocky terrain Within the context of Jennifer Aakers brand personality analysis Ford Endeavour is most likely to be strong on which of the following traits A sincerity B intelligence C imagination D sophistication E ruggedness E ruggedness ________ portrays the whole person interacting with his or her environment A Attitude B Personality C Lifestyle D Selfconcept E Subculture C Lifestyle Consumers who worry about the environment and want products to be produced in a sustainable way have been named ________ A Green B Tree Huggers C LOHAS D Socialists E Mamas C LOHAS IKEA has achieved global recognition by offering consumers leadingedge Scandinavian furniture at affordable prices IKEA is delivering value to consumers who are ________ A money constrained B time constrained C brand constrained D value constrained E selfconcept constrained A money constrained Marketers who target consumers on the basis of their ________ believe that they can influence purchase behavior by appealing to peoples inner selves A time famine B sophistication C money constrain D social class E core values E core values The starting point for understanding consumer behavior is the ________ model in which marketing and environmental stimuli enter the consumers consciousness and a set of psychological processes combine with certain consumer characteristics to result in decision processes and purchase decisions A selfreliance B selfperception C psychogenic D stimulusresponse E projective D stimulusresponse ________ assumed that the psychological forces shaping peoples behavior are largely unconscious and that a person can not fully understand his or her own motivations A Abraham Maslow B Frederick Herzberg C Sigmund Freud D John Cacioppo E Karl Marx C Sigmund Freud Which of the following techniques was suggested by Freud to trace a persons motivations from the stated instrumental ones to the more terminal ones A laddering B word association C role playing D casting E selective attention A laddering Which of the following theories developed by Frederick Herzberg distinguishes dissatisfiers from satisfiers A traitrole theory B psychological constraint theory C probability theory D leadership model E twofactor theory E twofactor theory At the top of Maslows hierarchy of needs shown as a pyramid in the text are ________ needs A esteem B selfactualization C social D safety E physiological B selfactualization ________ is the process by which we select organize and interpret information inputs to create a meaningful picture of the world A Consumption B Perception C Acculturation D Assimilation E Cognitive dissonance B Perception ________ can work to the advantage of marketers with strong brands when consumers make neutral or ambiguous brand information more positive A Selective attention B Selective distortion C Selective retention D Selective choice E Selective embellishment B Selective distortion ________ is the tendency to interpret information in a way that will fit our preconceptions A Selective retention B Cognitive dissonance C Selective distortion D Subliminal perception E Selective embellishment C Selective distortion Marketers embed covert messages in ads or packaging of which the consumers are not consciously aware yet it affects their behavior This technique employed by the marketers targets the ________ of a consumer A selective attention B selective distortion C subliminal perception D voluntary attention E selective retention C subliminal perception ________ teaches marketers that they can build demand for a product by associating it with strong drives using motivating cues and providing positive reinforcement A Demand theory B Learning theory C Economic theory D Psychological theory E Demographic theory B Learning theory Anne is a frequent purchaser of Yoplait strawberry yogurt For once she decides to try a different flavored yogurt Instead of trying out the flavors offered by competing brands Anne selects a different flavor offered by Yoplait Here her past experience with the brand prompts her to make the choice Annes behavior can be best described as ________ A fallacy of proposition B associative networking C generalization D heuristic thinking E selfactualization C generalization The ________ says people have a general tendency to attribute success to themselves and failure to external causes A availability heuristic B traitrole theory C awareness set D generalization theory E hedonic bias E hedonic bias As Rita scans the yellow pages section of her phone book looking for a florist she sees several other products and services advertised Though interesting on first glance she quickly returns to her primary task of finding a florist The items that distracted her from her initial search were most likely stored in which of the following types of memory A Shortterm memory B Longterm memory C Middle memory D Subconscious memory E Subliminal memory A Shortterm memory Betsy a teenager uses most of her post school hours in either playing tennis or watching movies She barely manages to concentrate in her lessons for a couple of hours before term exams Being questioned about her substandard performance in the school she points out the teachers inability to complete the entire course during the school hours as the possible reason Betsys behavior is most likely to be associated with ________ A generalization B hedonic bias C discrimination D selective attention E psychological repositioning B hedonic bias The associative network memory model views longterm memory as ________ A a subliminal perception B the interplay of drives C a strong internal stimulus impelling action D a temporary and limited repository of information E a set of nodes and links E a set of nodes and links ________ refers to the process in which information gets out of memory A Memory encoding B Memory decoding C Memory classification D Memory retrieval E Memorization A Memory encoding Amtex electronics a consumer products brand advertises its products inside supermarkets and retail stores frequently to promote the process of ________ and stimulate purchase A memory verification B memory retrieval C memory decoding D memory formation E memory augmentation B memory retrieval Cognitive psychologists believe that memory is ________ so that once information becomes stored in memory its strength of association decays very slowly A highly perceptual B somewhat collective C highly communicative D often reflective E extremely durable E extremely durable The milder information search state where a person simply becomes more receptive to information about a product is called ________ A active information search B information search C heightened attention D purchase decision E dynamic information search C heightened attention The buying process starts when the buyer recognizes an ________ A product B advertisement for the product C salesperson from a previous visit D problem or need E internal cue D problem or need Which of the following is considered to be a more advanced form of information search wherein the person might phone friends or go online to secure information about a product or service A heightened attention B shortterm memory processing C subliminal processing of information D longterm memory processing E active information search E active information search Of key interest to marketers are the major informational sources to which the consumer will turn and the relative importance of each Which of the following can be considered an experiential information source A consumerrating organizations B mass media C acquaintances D Web sites E personal handing and examination E personal handing and examination Brands that meet consumers initial buying criteria are called the ________ A total set B awareness set C consideration set D choice set E decision set C consideration set Maria considers buying a car for herself after she notices the advantages derived by her best friend from his new car Which of the following forms of stimulus has activated Marias problem recognition process A external stimuli B internal stimuli C peer stimuli D secondary stimuli E marketing induced stimuli A external stimuli A consumer who uses Google to find comparative reports on new automobiles is most likely using which of the following information sources for assistance A personal B public C experiential D commercial E undertheradar D commercial With respect to consumer decision making the ________ is the set of strong contenders from which one will be chosen as a supplier of a good or service A total set B awareness set C consideration set D choice set E decision set D choice set An ________ is a descriptive thought that a person holds about something A attitude B belief C desire D feeling E emotion B belief An ________ puts people into a frame of mind such as liking or disliking an object moving toward or away from it A attitude B belief C feeling D position E stance A attitude Marketers need to identify the hierarchy of attributes that guide consumer decision making in order to understand different competitive forces and how these various sets get formed This process of identifying the hierarchy is called ________ A market partitioning B brand association C market valuation D market estimation E market identification A market partitioning ________ are a persons enduring favorable or unfavorable evaluations emotional feelings and action tendencies toward some object or idea A Discriminations B Values C Beliefs D Feelings E Attitudes E Attitudes The expectancyvalue model of attitude formation posits that consumers evaluate products and services by combining their ________ A needs B wants C desires D brand beliefs E consuming attitudes D brand beliefs Gordon Jones is considering purchasing a computer from Best Buy He has created a scale for rating eight different computers on three different characteristics He plans to shortlist only those computers that score at least a seven on his scale on all three characteristics Which of the following choice heuristics has he chosen A eliminationbyaspects heuristic B lexicographic heuristic C conjunctive heuristic D anchoring and adjustment heuristic E representativeness heuristic C conjunctive heuristic With the ________ heuristic the consumer sets a minimum acceptable cutoff level for each attribute and chooses the first alternative that meets the minimum standard for all attributes A conjunctive B lexicographic C eliminationbyaspects D primary E secondary A conjunctive ________ are rules of thumb or mental shortcuts in the decision process A Attitudes B Beliefs C Heuristics D Discriminations E Biases C Heuristics Even if consumers form brand evaluations two general factors can intervene between the purchase intention and the purchase decision One of these is unanticipated situational factors What is the other factor A Amount of purchasing power B Attitudes of others C Shortterm memory capabilities D Ability to return merchandise E The selfconcept B Attitudes of others A mobile phone manufacturing company observes that the main reason for an abrupt fall in their sales volume is the unconventional design of their phones that consumers found inconvenient and unattractive The findings prompt the company to adopt a new strategy They redesigned the product models keeping the requirements of the enduser in mind According to the expectancy valuemodel the companys strategy can be termed as ________ A psychological repositioning B real repositioning C competitive depositioning D physiological depositioning E prescriptive method B real repositioning Ford believes its cars to be of higher quality than General Motors but thinks that consumers wrongly believe the opposite Ford might employ an ________ strategy to change buyers perceptions of its competition A real repositioning B competitive depositioning C psychological repositioning D biased repositioning E attribute repositioning B competitive depositioning When a marketer tries to alter a consumers beliefs about a companys brand to get the consumer to rethink a purchase decision the marketer is using ________ A psychological repositioning B competitive depositioning C positioning D repositioning E biased positioning A psychological repositioning With the ________ the consumer chooses the best brand on the basis of its perceived most important attribute A lexicographic heuristic B conjunctive heuristic C eliminationbyaspects heuristic D availability heuristic E representativeness heuristic A lexicographic heuristic ________ risk occurs if the product fails to perform up to expectations A Physical B Financial C Social D Psychological E Functional E Functional Steve has only 20 minutes to have lunch Although he really likes McDonalds the line is very long and he is concerned that he will not have a chance to get through the line and eat his lunch before he is due back at work Steve perceives ________ in going to McDonalds today A time risk B functional risk C physical risk D psychological risk E social risk A time risk A key driver of sales frequency is the product ________ rate A consumption B disposal C refusal D utility E option A consumption The level of engagement and active processing undertaken by the consumer in responding to a marketing stimulus is called ________ A elaboration likelihood B consumer disengagement C consumer involvement D variety seeking E low involvement C consumer involvement A consumer is persuaded to buy a product by a message that requires little thought and is based on an association with a brands positive consumption experiences from the past In this situation the consumer used a ________ to arrive at this purchase decision A central route B peripheral route C behavioral route D subjective route E objective route B peripheral route Richard Petty and John Cacioppos ________ an influential model of attitude formation and change describes how consumers make evaluations in both low and highinvolvement circumstances A introspective model B elaboration likelihood model C stimulusresponse model D associative network memory model E expectancyvalue model B elaboration likelihood model Which of the following products is most likely to be characterized by low involvement but significant brand difference A toothpastes B digital cameras C packet of salt D a milk carton E furniture A toothpastes With the ________ predictions of usage are based on quickness and ease of use A availability heuristic B representative heuristic C anchoring heuristic D adjustment heuristic E semantic heuristic A availability heuristic A consumer tells another consumer Every time I eat at Big Bills Steakhouse I get poor service Whether this is true or not it is the consumers perception This is an example of consumers basing future predictions on the quickness and ease with which a particular example of an outcome comes to mind This scenario would be an illustration of the ________ heuristic A discrimination B differentiation C availability D screening E representativeness C availability Ben always reaches for the bright blue and yellow box of Ritz crackers when he visits the snack food aisle in the grocery store He rarely even reads the box or checks the price Which of the following heuristics is most likely being used by Ben A Availability B Representative C Anchoring D Adjustment E Semantic B Representative ________ refers to the manner in which consumers code categorize and evaluate financial outcomes of choices A Cost accounting B Financial accounting C Behavioral accounting D Mental accounting E Factual accounting D Mental accounting YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE 208 terms Marketing 310 Final 51 terms Marketing Chapter 5 51 terms Chapter 5 Marketing by Kerin Hartley and Rudelius 60 terms MKT 3020 Midterm OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR 80 terms Marketing Management Chapter 11 70 terms Marketing Management Chapter 5 78 terms Marketing Management Chapter 1 THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH 147 terms MKTG Management Chapter 16 FINAL 150 terms MKTG Management Chapter 15 FINAL 150 terms Marketing Management Topic 15 150 terms Marketing Management Topic 18

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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O


Physical Science Chpt 15 16 17 FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month massive stars ending their life cycle in supernova CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT According to the protoplanet nebular model the first important event in the creation of the Solar System was CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 84 Terms in this set 84 massive stars ending their life cycle in supernova According to the protoplanet nebular model the first important event in the creation of the Solar System was Mercury A terrestrial planet slightly larger than Earths Moon is Venus The brilliant evening and morning star that appears near sunrise or sunset is the planet Mars The planet with areas of dry riverbed features with dry tributaries suggesting a former abundance of liquid water is Saturn Uranus Neptune any of the above This planet has rings of dustsized particles and more than 7 moons Mercury and Venus Which planets has have no moons The sun Most of the mass of the Solar System is found in Mercury The smallest planet in the solar system is Uranus Which planet has its axis of rotation tilted so much that it appears to rotate on its side carbon dioxide The atmosphere of Venus is predominantly It is much too cold for liquid water to exist Which of the following is true about the surface of Mars Because Jupiter is mostly hydrogen it is only slightly more massive than Earth Which of the following about Jupiter is not true None of these are true Which of the following statements about the length of a planets day is true irregular spheroid bulging at the equator The shape of Earth is that of a Kuiper Belt The diskshaped region of small icy bodies some 30 to 100 AU from the Sun believed to be the source of some comets is called the pieces from the asteroid belt Most meteorites are meteorites Remnants of asteroids that survive the trip through Earths atmosphere to strike the surface are called 6 percent more solar energy in January Because of the shape of Earths orbit around the Sun the overall Earth receives fastest in January As Earth moves in its orbit it has an orbital speed that is is the same direction at all times The relationship of Earths axis to the plane of the ecliptic is the same direction at all times The orientation of Earths axis to the background of stars directly toward the sun The Northern Hemispheres summer solstice occurs when Earth moves in its orbit to point the North Pole longest On the Northern Hemispheres winter solstice the Sun at noon makes a shadow that is spring or autumnal equinox Daylight and night are of equal length during Coriolis effect Which of the following provides evidence that Earth rotates precession The slow wobble of the earths axis is called a constant inclination and orientation of the axis Days and nights vary in length throughout the year because of longitude The distance east or west from the prime meridian is called all of the above An apparent solar day is around 7 pm If your favorite constellation rose at 800 PM one night when would it rise two weeks later never North of the Tropic of Cancer the Sun appears directly overhead at noon above the horizon all day at least once during December South of the Antarctic Circle the Sun appears before the meridian In the time 900 AM the AM means set it to 300 pm If you were flying east on a jet across three times zones and your watch read 1200 noon when you landed you should the Moons periods of rotation and revolution are the same We always see the same side of the Moon because new During which phase of the moon would we most likely see a solar eclipse full A lunar eclipse can only occur during which phase of the moon silicon and oxygen The elements that occur most frequently in Earths crust are made up of several minerals Granite is a rock because it is small An igneous rock that formed by rapid cooling will probably have crystals that are sediments Materials that settle out of water are known as shale In which type of rock would you expect to find fossils sandstone A rock made up of cemented sand grains is marble Which of the following does not belong with the others obsidian One of the following cooled too quickly to allow crystals to form gneiss Heat and pressure can change slate to the metamorphic rock schist What is probably formed when more heat and pressure acts on schist intrusive igneous rocks Magma that cools slowly beneath Earths surface produces rhyolite A finegrained igneous rock made of mostly orthoclase feldspar quartz crystals and a few ferromagnesian crystals is probably mineral composition and texture Igneous rocks are classified by sediment size or chemical composition Sedimentary rocks are classified by degree of foliation or recrystallization Metamorphic rocks are classified according to weathering sedimentation What process in the rock cycle are you performing if you mix your garbage in your garden natural inorganic and has a crystalline structure Quartz is a mineral because it is luster One of the following mineral properties can be determined by observing rather than doing something to a sample break along smooth cleavage surfaces When hit with a hammer most minerals will uranus A terrestrial planet slightly larger than Earths moon is any of the above This planet has rings of dust sized particles and more than 7 moons January 3 Earth moves most rapidly in its orbit around all of the above A dwarf planet of the solar system is Cardon dioxide The atmosphere of venus is predominately Jupiter Which one of the following planets does not belong with the others Venus The brightest object in the sky after the sun and moon is flat The ancient Greeks believed that the shape of the earth was The varying solar day Evidence that Earth is rotating is provided by full During which phase of the moon would most likely see a solar eclipse new A lunar eclipse can only occur during which phase of the moon from the impact of the Earth with a planet sized object Evidence form Apollo missions indicate that the moon originated irregular spheroid bulging at the equator The shape of Earth is that of a all of the above The rock cycle is a concept that predicts which of the following will undergo ongoing constant change igneous The most common rock type in Earths crust is ellipses Keplers first law states that the orbits of the planets around the sun are 8 According to todays classification system how many major planets are there in the solar system Mohs Scale A common scale for denoting a minerals hardness is the True The Sun has hundreds of ties more mass than all the rest of the solar system False Venus the sister planet to Earth has an atmosphere whose composition is similar to that of Earth a True The Asteroids forming a belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter were prevented from forming a planet by the strong gravitational field of jupiter true Lattitude is a measure of how far north or south one is from the equator True A person traveling westward across the international date line gains a day True Molten rock material from which minerals can crystallize is called magma True Sedimenary rooks were formed from particles dissolved materials from older rocks True Sandstone is sand that has been consolidated into a solid mass Hardness _______ is the resistance of a mineral to being scratched 15 degrees Standard time zone is _____ wide 215 pm An airline passenger departs from NY at 1145 am an lands in LA after 55 hour flight What is the local time upon arrival YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE 93 terms PHS 111 Final 197 terms Astronomy final exam 2 ASTRO 41 terms Astronomy exam 2 OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR 32 terms Law Ed Test 1 Political Science Final 28 terms Chapter 15 57 terms Human BIO Chapt 1314 THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH 84 terms Chapters 141516 30 terms chapter 15 40 terms Life Science Chapter 4 Heat and Temperature 29 terms Chapter 2 Test

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Exam

FLASHCARDS

WRITE

SPELL

TEST

MATCH

GRAVITY

Upgrade

to

remove

ads

Only

interaction

gene

occurs

when

genes

at

different

loci

determine

the

same

phenotype

To

study

Isolate

a

large

set

of

mutants

with

abnormal

expression

of

the

characteristic

under

study

Determine

the

number

of

gene

loci

involved

Test

mutants

to

determine

if

mutations

are

alleles

of

the

same

gene

using

the

complementation

test

for

allelism

Create

double

mutants

Look

at

phenotypes

to

determine

interaction

CLICK

THE

ARROWS

BELOW

TO

ADVANCE

Terms

in

this

set

interaction

gene

occurs

when

genes

at

different

loci

determine

the

same

phenotype

To

study

Isolate

a

large

set

of

mutants

with

abnormal

expression

of

the

characteristic

under

study

Determine

the

number

of

gene

loci

involved

Test

mutants

to

determine

if

mutations

are

alleles

of

the

same

gene

using

the

complementation

test

for

allelism

Create

double

mutants

Look

at

phenotypes

to

determine

interaction

prototroph

Neurospora

capable

of

growth

on

defined

minimal

media

delete

delete

wildtype

affected

Complementation

Test

for

Allelism

Cross

the

mutant

lines

and

examine

If

phenotype

is

there

are

two

independent

genes

mutations

complement

If

phenotype

is

there

is

one

gene

with

two

alleles

mutations

do

not

complement

epistasis

Effect

of

one

gene

pair

masks

or

modifies

another

gene

pair

prevents

or

overrides

the

expression

of

other

alleles

at

a

second

locus

complement

when

genes

it

means

that

two

gene

pairs

are

needed

to

complete

a

phenotypic

trait

red

white

P

AAbbCC

white

mutant

x

aaBBCC

white

mutant

AaBbCC

red

x

AaBbCC

red

what

is

the

phenotypic

ratio

red

blue

white

Considering

this

gene

pathway

colorless

enzyme

A

blue

enzyme

B

colorless

enzyme

C

red

P

aaBB

x

AAbb

AaBb

x

AaBb

What

will

be

the

phenotypic

ratio

of

the

red

white

Considering

this

gene

pathway

colorless

enzyme

A

red

enzyme

B

colorless

P

aaBB

x

AAbb

AaBb

x

AaBb

What

will

be

the

phenotypic

ratio

of

the

epistatic

hypostatic

An

gene

coversmasks

a

gene

epistatic

hypostatic

red

orange

white

CC

or

Cc

are

pigmented

flowers

cc

flowers

are

unpigmented

white

The

rgene

produces

an

enzyme

that

converts

orange

pigment

into

a

red

pigment

RR

or

Rr

red

pigment

present

rr

orange

pigment

present

red

flowers

orange

flowers

or

ccrr

unpigmented

white

flowers

C

is

to

R

R

is

the

gene

In

a

selfcross

between

two

red

flowers

CcRr

what

will

be

the

phenotype

ratio

of

the

offspring

black

golden

brown

BB

or

Bb

black

coat

bb

brown

coat

EE

or

Ee

allows

pigment

expression

ee

does

not

allow

pigment

expression

golden

phenotype

E

is

epistatic

to

B

recessive

epistasis

BbEe

x

BbEe

What

will

be

the

phenotypic

ratio

of

the

black

golden

brown

use

multiplication

rule

see

slide

ppt

BB

or

Bb

black

coat

bb

brown

coat

EE

or

Ee

allows

pigment

expression

ee

does

not

allow

pigment

expression

golden

phenotype

E

is

epistatic

to

B

recessive

epistasis

Cross

BbEe

x

Bbee

What

will

be

the

phenotypic

ratio

of

the

offspring

no

gene

interaction

genes

in

the

same

pathway

recessive

epistasis

dominant

epistasis

suppressor

has

no

phenotype

suppressor

is

like

mutant

synthetic

lethals

complete

dominance

incomplete

dominance

or

codominance

heterozygous

phenotype

test

cross

What

type

of

interaction

can

we

infer

from

these

phenotypic

ratios

suppressor

a

mutant

allele

of

a

gene

that

reverses

the

effect

of

a

mutation

of

another

gene

resulting

in

wildtype

or

nearwildtype

phenotype

revertants

wild

types

that

are

actually

reversals

of

the

original

mutation

event

contrast

with

pseudorevertants

double

mutants

in

which

one

of

the

mutations

is

a

suppressor

modifier

a

mutation

at

a

second

locus

changes

the

degree

of

expression

of

a

mutated

gene

at

the

first

locus

synthetic

lethals

cases

where

two

viable

single

mutants

are

intercrossed

and

the

resulting

double

mutants

are

lethal

manifested

as

a

ratio

because

the

would

die

haploid

Because

bacteria

are

all

mutations

will

be

directly

expressed

and

multiple

alleles

of

genes

are

found

Their

asexual

reproduction

also

simplifies

the

isolation

of

pure

strains

suspension

To

study

bacterial

genotypes

and

phenotypes

a

of

bacteria

can

be

spread

on

a

petri

plate

with

agar

gel

and

incubated

until

colonies

made

up

of

clones

of

their

corresponding

original

cell

form

This

method

can

be

used

to

make

purebreeding

lineages

of

a

specific

genotype

prototroph

Organism

that

can

synthesize

all

essential

organic

compounds

Is

said

to

be

wild

type

for

all

growth

requirements

and

can

grow

on

minimal

medium

auxotroph

A

mutant

that

has

lost

the

ability

to

make

one

or

more

organic

compounds

Amino

acid

histidine

his

prototroph

is

his

and

an

auxotroph

is

his

delete

delete

replica

plating

is

a

technique

used

to

study

bacterial

mutations

a

bacterial

suspension

is

plated

onto

a

velvet

surface

and

individual

bacteria

are

grown

into

clonecolonies

classic

plating

technique

but

on

a

velvet

surface

The

velvet

plate

is

then

pressed

onto

other

plates

with

different

media

and

the

bacteria

are

monitored

to

see

if

they

grow

or

die

on

that

specific

medium

delete

delete

Hfr

high

frequency

recombination

single

origin

double

homologous

recombination

F

conjugation

When

an

F

plasmid

becomes

integrated

into

the

hosts

genome

the

host

is

now

This

donor

cell

sends

out

a

pilus

to

connect

with

a

recipient

cell

The

donor

chromosome

is

now

transferred

as

DNA

starting

at

the

of

transfer

Segments

of

the

integrated

plasmid

are

at

the

beginning

and

the

end

of

the

DNA

being

transferred

The

donor

and

recipient

cells

separate

before

full

transfer

of

the

chromosome

can

occur

In

the

recipient

cell

the

transferred

DNA

becomes

It

is

then

integrated

into

the

recipients

DNA

by

The

recipient

now

carries

transferred

genes

but

remains

This

process

is

called

homologous

recombination

transformation

A

bacterium

under

stress

will

take

up

and

integrate

extracellular

DNA

fragments

in

hopes

that

the

genes

obtained

will

be

advantageous

After

the

new

DNA

is

integrated

by

the

old

DNA

will

degrade

within

the

cell

This

process

is

called

transduction

integrates

phage

particle

site

of

integration

Specialized

involves

the

transfer

of

only

a

few

specific

genes

from

one

bacterial

cell

to

another

by

means

of

a

phage

The

Lambda

phage

infects

E

coli

by

injecting

its

DNA

into

the

bacterial

cell

the

DNA

then

into

a

specific

site

on

the

host

chromosome

On

rare

occasions

a

is

then

produced

when

a

segment

of

DNA

containing

both

phage

and

bacterial

genes

breaks

off

from

the

host

chromosome

A

piece

of

phage

DNA

is

also

left

behind

on

the

host

chromosome

The

phage

that

develop

from

these

particles

are

defective

because

they

do

not

carry

the

entire

phage

genome

but

they

can

still

infect

other

bacterial

cells

The

defective

phage

will

leave

the

original

host

and

attach

to

another

bacterial

cell

injecting

its

DNA

which

again

is

integrated

into

the

new

host

chromosome

Only

bacterial

genes

located

near

the

of

the

phage

DNA

can

be

transduced

homologous

recombination

even

linkage

Genetic

Information

Exchange

Conjugation

Transformation

Transduction

restores

haploid

state

in

recipient

numbers

of

crossover

events

are

needed

to

substitute

the

donor

DNA

into

the

recipient

chromosome

cotransfer

of

genes

reveals

prototrophic

Lederberg

and

Tatum

found

that

mixing

together

strain

A

met

bio

thr

leu

thi

and

strain

B

met

bio

thr

leu

thi

on

minimal

media

produced

some

bacteria

that

were

for

all

genes

They

went

on

to

prove

that

cellcell

contact

was

required

for

this

gene

when

they

partitioned

the

strains

with

a

fine

filter

permeable

to

nutrients

impermeable

to

bacteria

and

there

were

no

resulting

wild

type

colonies

F

factor

small

circular

plasmid

contains

an

origin

of

replication

and

genes

required

for

formation

of

pili

and

transfer

of

DNA

see

slide

ppt

What

do

these

terms

mean

exconjugant

exogenote

endogenote

Hfr

prototropic

strain

antibiotic

sensitive

F

aux

strain

antibiotic

resistant

Strains

mixed

samples

removed

at

intervals

Samples

placed

in

blender

Blender

separated

conjugating

cells

terminating

chromosome

transfer

Cells

plated

on

antibioticcontaining

media

plusminus

required

nutrients

How

would

you

set

up

a

conjugation

analysis

to

map

genes

by

time

of

entry

D

need

glucose

because

lac

mutant

can

not

make

glucose

from

lactose

need

leucine

because

leu

mutant

can

not

make

leucine

strr

because

mutant

is

already

resistant

and

wont

mind

it

then

we

see

if

these

mutants

have

received

phenylalanine

from

F

bacteria

F

Genotype

lac

leu

phe

strr

To

select

for

cells

that

have

acquired

the

phe

gene

what

type

of

selective

medium

must

they

be

grown

on

A

glucose

leucine

phenylalanine

streptomycin

B

lactose

leucine

phenylalanine

streptomycin

C

lactose

leucine

streptomycin

D

glucose

leucine

streptomycin

E

glucose

phenylalanine

streptomycin

integration

Genes

closer

to

the

site

of

Ffactor

will

be

transferred

earlier

and

more

efficiently

F

the

last

piece

of

chromosome

to

be

transferred

is

the

main

portion

of

Ffactor

itself

The

recipient

of

genetic

material

from

an

Hfr

strain

almost

never

becomes

markers

Streptomycin

is

used

to

distinguish

recipient

and

donor

cells

so

recipients

can

be

tested

for

gain

of

donor

The

donor

is

always

the

Hfr

Hfr

is

usually

prototrophic

sensitive

to

at

least

one

antibiotic

Streptomycin

used

to

distinguish

donor

and

recip

So

recipients

can

be

tested

for

gain

of

markers

Recipient

strr

azis

tons

lac

gal

Donor

strs

azir

tonr

lac

gal

Which

is

the

Hfr

late

if

transferred

and

combined

into

recip

resistance

gene

will

be

lost

Recipient

strr

azis

tons

lac

gal

Donor

strs

azir

tonr

lac

gal

The

donor

is

the

Hfr

Is

it

better

for

the

strs

gene

to

be

transferred

early

or

late

integration

integration

sites

circular

Some

cells

in

F

culture

become

HFR

as

a

result

of

rare

events

Different

HFR

strains

derived

from

the

same

F

strain

will

have

different

origins

of

transfer

because

of

different

This

helped

prove

that

the

bacterial

chromosome

is

A

You

perform

interruptedmating

experiments

on

three

Hfr

strains

A

B

and

C

Genes

are

transferred

from

last

to

first

in

the

following

order

from

each

strain

strain

A

thihisgallacpro

strain

B

azileuthrthihis

strain

C

lacgalhisthithr

How

are

the

F

factors

in

these

strains

oriented

A

A

and

B

are

oriented

in

the

same

direction

B

B

and

C

are

oriented

in

the

same

direction

C

A

and

C

are

oriented

in

the

same

direction

D

All

of

them

are

oriented

in

the

same

direction

E

More

information

is

needed

delete

delete

recombination

mapping

Mapping

by

interrupted

mating

is

best

for

genes

more

than

minutes

apart

For

smaller

distances

we

use

Strategy

Select

for

Leu

progeny

Dont

know

the

genotype

of

the

other

loci

Leu

arg

met

Leu

arg

met

Leu

arg

met

Leu

arg

met

Test

the

Leu

progeny

for

arg

and

met

okay

Finescale

mapping

Look

at

slide

ppt

okay

late

unselected

crossover

lowest

Strategy

for

finescale

mapping

Select

for

marker

ensures

that

all

markers

have

entered

the

cell

at

some

stage

Of

the

recovered

cells

then

test

for

the

marker

genes

Use

the

frequencies

of

at

different

locations

to

determine

gene

order

and

mu

The

frequency

class

is

the

fourcrossover

class

a

to

allow

selection

for

met

recombinants

last

marker

to

enter

ensures

that

all

the

loci

considered

in

the

cross

will

have

already

entered

each

recombinant

that

we

analyze

b

met

pur

thi

c

metpur

mu

purthi

mu

see

solved

problem

p

of

TB

A

cross

is

made

between

an

Hfr

that

is

met

thi

pur

and

an

F

that

is

met

thi

pur

Interrupted

mating

studies

show

that

met

enters

the

recipient

last

and

so

met

recombinants

are

selected

on

a

medium

containing

supplements

that

satisfy

only

the

pur

and

thi

requirements

These

recombinants

are

tested

for

the

presence

of

the

thi

and

pur

alleles

The

following

numbers

of

individuals

are

found

for

each

genotype

met

thi

pur

met

thi

pur

met

thi

pur

met

thi

pur

a

Why

was

methionine

met

left

out

of

the

selection

medium

b

What

is

the

gene

order

c

What

are

the

map

distances

in

recombination

units

B

select

for

the

gene

farthest

from

the

origin

first

Following

an

interrupted

mating

experiment

the

following

progeny

were

obtained

leu

phe

met

leu

phe

met

leu

phe

met

What

is

the

order

of

the

genes

with

respect

to

the

origin

O

A

O

leu

phe

met

B

phe

leu

met

O

C

leu

phe

met

O

D

O

met

phe

leu

F

see

slide

ppt

Hfr

strains

can

convert

back

to

the

unintegrated

F

factor

During

this

step

sometimes

a

bacterial

gene

that

is

adjacent

to

the

exiting

F

factor

will

be

transferred

to

the

F

plasmid

The

plasmid

is

now

denoted

merozygote

a

partly

diploid

E

coli

cell

formed

from

a

complete

chromosome

the

endogenote

plus

a

fragment

the

exogenote

F

Ffactor

plus

piece

of

bacterial

chromosome

dominance

complementation

F

cells

are

partial

diploids

and

can

be

used

to

determine

and

transformation

recombination

homologous

Uptake

of

free

DNA

from

the

environment

Uptake

can

lead

to

stable

genetic

change

in

recipient

cell

by

incoming

DNA

must

match

host

DNA

recombination

incoming

genes

replace

original

recipient

genes

transformation

In

a

study

of

the

R

benign

and

S

deadly

strains

of

a

virus

the

live

R

strain

mixed

with

dead

S

strain

was

able

to

transform

into

S

this

was

made

possible

by

the

process

of

single

recombination

linkage

In

transformation

DNA

enters

the

cell

as

a

strand

and

is

then

replicated

by

cellular

machinery

Even

number

of

crossovers

is

required

for

the

DNA

to

become

integrated

This

integration

by

is

needed

for

the

recipient

to

gain

the

new

characteristic

Transformation

can

be

used

to

study

of

genes

transformants

see

slide

ppt

In

linkage

analysis

via

transformation

Donor

a

b

c

Recipient

a

b

c

The

donor

cell

is

killed

so

that

it

releases

its

DNA

into

the

environment

The

genotypes

of

the

are

then

examined

lysis

The

rupture

and

death

of

a

bacterial

cell

on

the

release

of

phage

progeny

lysogenic

cycle

The

life

cycle

of

a

normal

bacterium

when

it

is

infected

by

a

wildtype

lambda

phage

and

the

phage

genome

is

integrated

into

the

bacterial

chromosome

as

an

inert

prophage

virulent

temperate

A

bacteriophage

that

can

not

display

lysogeny

is

A

bacteriophage

that

can

display

lysogeny

is

integration

If

of

viral

DNA

has

occurred

the

same

virus

can

not

infect

the

bacterium

immune

virulent

bacteriophages

can

only

display

the

lytic

cycle

temperate

integration

prophage

bacteriophages

undergo

lytic

andor

lysogenic

cycles

that

lead

to

of

the

viral

chromosome

into

the

bacterial

host

chromosome

producing

a

okay

see

slide

ppt

for

lytic

cycle

okay

okay

see

slide

ppt

for

lyticlysogenic

cycle

okay

generalized

specialized

In

transduction

any

gene

may

be

transferred

In

transduction

only

specific

REGIONS

of

the

bacterial

genome

are

transduced

by

the

phage

transducing

generalized

transduction

The

phage

injects

its

DNA

which

replicates

New

phage

proteins

are

made

In

some

cases

the

host

cell

DNA

becomes

fragmented

New

phages

are

made

by

the

assembly

of

phage

DNA

and

phage

proteins

Sometimes

a

piece

of

host

cell

DNA

is

packaged

into

a

phage

coat

This

is

called

a

phage

because

it

can

carry

a

bacterial

gene

to

a

recipient

cell

where

it

recombines

with

the

cells

chromosome

replacing

one

gene

with

another

becomes

a

recombinant

This

process

is

known

as

specialized

temperate

In

transduction

phages

integrate

into

the

chromosome

in

specific

regions

ex

phage

lambda

λ

always

integrates

between

E

coli

genes

gal

and

bio

homologous

sequences

prophage

Specialized

Transduction

Many

temperate

phages

have

a

specific

site

of

integration

into

the

bacterial

chromosome

during

lysogenic

growth

due

to

Since

the

integration

site

is

specific

only

neighboring

genes

can

be

included

during

a

faulty

outlooping

of

the

Outlooping

excision

is

stimulated

by

UV

and

results

in

a

faulty

outloop

in

some

approximately

plaque

morphology

rf

recombinantstotal

plaques

host

range

phages

may

differ

in

the

spectra

of

bacterial

strains

that

they

can

infect

and

lyse

for

example

certain

strains

of

bacteria

are

immune

to

adsorption

attachment

or

injection

by

phages

Two

phage

phenotypes

we

can

analyze

are

and

E

coli

Wild

type

phage

can

infect

both

E

coli

B

and

E

coli

mutants

can

not

infect

cistrons

rII

phage

mutants

fell

into

two

groups

A

and

B

This

indicated

that

these

mutations

represent

two

functional

groups

Benzer

called

them

genes

do

dont

If

mutations

complement

mutations

in

different

genes

If

mutations

complement

mutations

in

the

same

gene

intragenic

recombination

mutations

were

in

different

regions

of

the

A

gene

After

observing

that

the

rII

mutants

fell

mostly

into

two

groups

A

and

B

Benzer

mapped

mutants

within

the

A

and

B

cistrons

by

a

method

that

can

detect

rare

events

Rarely

the

wild

type

phage

was

yielded

This

indicated

that

deletion

mapping

wild

type

After

observing

that

mutations

in

phages

occurred

in

different

regions

in

the

same

gene

using

intragenic

recombination

Benzer

tried

where

he

deleted

the

region

in

question

on

one

of

the

parent

phages

A

gene

Since

recombination

could

not

occur

in

the

area

of

deletion

no

phage

could

be

produced

This

meant

that

the

mutation

must

lie

in

the

region

of

the

deletion

in

the

A

gene

To

summarize

If

the

deletion

overlapped

the

mutation

no

recombinants

were

produced

If

the

mutation

was

outside

the

deletion

recombinants

were

produced

This

method

was

used

to

localize

the

position

of

the

rll

mutations

sizes

nucleotide

a

single

nucleotide

change

can

change

the

protein

product

produced

by

the

gene

Benzers

conclusions

The

smallest

unit

of

function

genes

are

different

The

ultimate

unit

of

mutation

is

the

generalized

specialized

transduction

any

bacterial

gene

has

a

chance

to

be

picked

up

by

a

phage

and

transferred

to

another

bacteria

transduction

only

specific

region

of

bacterial

chromosome

can

be

transferred

requires

special

temperate

phages

information

content

ex

encodes

proteins

faithful

replication

infrequent

change

mutation

Three

key

properties

of

genetic

material

transforming

principle

Frederick

Griffiths

experiment

with

Streptococcus

Pneumoniae

Two

strains

of

S

Pneumoniae

Smooth

S

WT

psc

kills

mice

Rough

R

mutant

psc

does

not

kill

mice

Heatkilled

WT

and

live

R

injected

mouse

dies

will

only

kill

mouse

if

mixed

together

The

S

strain

has

transferred

something

to

the

R

strain

S

cells

have

transformed

R

cells

into

S

cells

Called

polysaccharide

the

DNA

s

DNA

In

Avery

MacLeod

and

McCarty

showed

that

the

transforming

principle

is

not

polysaccharide

Their

experiment

Kill

S

cells

destroy

different

classes

of

molecules

with

enzymes

add

to

R

cells

Their

finding

Only

when

the

strains

was

destroyed

was

the

mouse

able

to

live

DNA

is

the

transforming

agent

and

is

thus

the

carrier

of

genetic

information

protein

DNA

The

Phage

Injects

DNA

Not

Protein

Alfred

Hershey

and

Martha

Chase

used

radioactive

isotopes

to

tag

phage

phage

found

that

protein

not

entering

cells

falling

off

into

phage

ghosts

but

DNA

WAS

entering

cells

demonstrated

that

viri

injected

DNA

into

bacteria

proving

that

DNA

is

the

genetic

material

dNMP

general

term

for

a

nucleotide

phosphate

deoxyribose

nitrogenous

base

A

T

C

G

three

parts

of

a

DNA

nucleotide

dAMP

dGMP

purine

nucleotides

dCMP

dTMP

pyrimidine

nucleotides

purines

dAMP

dGMP

nucleotides

with

carbons

rings

in

their

nitrogenous

base

pyrimidines

dCMP

dTMP

nucleotides

with

carbons

ring

in

their

nitrogenous

base

to

phosphodiester

bonds

P

atom

of

phosphate

hydroxyl

sugar

Phosphodiester

means

a

phosphate

forms

a

bridge

between

OH

groups

on

two

adjacent

sugar

residues

and

denote

which

carbon

atoms

are

linked

on

adjacent

sugar

residues

Each

unit

in

the

DNA

backbone

is

linked

by

between

the

and

the

group

of

the

hydrogen

bonds

In

hydrogen

bonds

two

negatively

charged

atoms

share

a

proton

ie

a

hydrogen

atom

Hydrogen

bonds

are

quite

weak

only

about

the

strength

of

a

covalent

bond

Hydrogen

bonds

are

strongest

when

the

participating

atoms

are

pointed

at

each

other

The

two

helices

of

DNA

sugarphosphate

backbones

are

held

together

by

between

the

two

bases

polar

to

carbon

of

sugar

A

links

to

carbon

of

sugar

B

DNA

strands

are

that

is

they

are

assembled

in

a

directional

manner

in

the

direction

semiconservative

one

parent

strand

one

daughter

strand

Watson

Crick

proposed

a

model

of

DNA

replication

but

a

priori

there

are

two

other

possibilities

conservative

replication

and

dispersive

replication

semiconservative

isodense

MeselsonStahl

Experiment

to

support

the

model

of

DNA

replication

DNA

is

functional

when

it

has

either

light

or

heavy

in

its

structure

DNA

is

more

E

coli

were

grown

for

several

generations

in

a

medium

with

When

DNA

is

extracted

from

these

cells

and

centrifuged

on

a

salt

density

gradient

the

DNA

separates

out

at

the

point

at

which

its

density

equals

that

of

the

salt

solution

The

DNA

of

the

cells

grown

in

medium

had

a

higher

density

than

cells

grown

in

normal

medium

After

that

E

coli

cells

with

only

in

their

DNA

were

transferred

to

a

medium

and

were

allowed

to

divide

DNA

was

extracted

periodically

and

was

compared

to

pure

DNA

and

DNA

After

one

replication

the

DNA

was

found

to

have

intermediate

density

Since

conservative

replication

would

result

in

equal

amounts

of

DNA

of

the

higher

and

lower

densities

but

no

DNA

of

an

intermediate

density

conservative

replication

was

excluded

However

this

result

was

consistent

with

both

semiconservative

and

dispersive

replication

Semiconservative

replication

would

result

in

doublestranded

DNA

with

one

strand

of

DNA

and

one

of

DNA

while

dispersive

replication

would

result

in

doublestranded

DNA

with

both

strands

having

mixtures

of

and

DNA

either

of

which

would

have

appeared

as

DNA

of

an

intermediate

density

The

authors

continued

to

sample

cells

as

replication

continued

DNA

from

cells

after

two

replications

was

found

to

consist

of

equal

amounts

of

DNA

with

two

different

densities

one

corresponding

to

the

intermediate

density

of

DNA

of

cells

grown

for

only

one

division

in

medium

the

other

corresponding

to

DNA

from

cells

grown

exclusively

in

medium

This

was

inconsistent

with

dispersive

replication

which

would

have

resulted

in

a

single

density

lower

than

the

intermediate

density

of

the

onegeneration

cells

but

still

higher

than

cells

grown

only

in

DNA

medium

as

the

original

DNA

would

have

been

DNA

polymerase

III

to

DNA

is

mostly

synthesized

by

synthesis

proceeds

only

in

the

direction

and

nucleotides

can

only

be

added

to

the

end

of

an

existing

strand

primer

dependence

primase

pol

I

DNA

polymerase

I

exonuclease

to

DNA

ligase

The

directional

nature

and

of

DNA

synthesis

means

that

the

leading

strand

can

be

synthesized

continuously

while

the

lagging

strand

must

be

synthesized

discontinuously

synthesizes

RNA

primers

that

hybridize

to

sequences

along

the

lagging

strand

and

at

the

beginning

of

the

leading

strand

uses

its

activity

in

the

direction

to

degrade

the

RNA

primer

then

replaces

it

with

repairs

the

discontinuities

in

the

daughter

strand

Discontinuous

synthesis

produces

Okazaki

fragments

DNA

polymerases

DNA

chain

elongation

is

catalyzed

by

replisome

helicases

singlestrand

binding

proteins

topoisomerases

primase

Pol

III

Pol

I

ligase

DNA

is

replicated

in

vivo

by

a

large

complex

of

proteins

called

the

break

the

hydrogen

bonds

unzipping

the

DNA

strands

melt

the

duplex

prevent

reformation

of

the

duplex

relax

supercoiling

synthesizes

RNA

primers

A

PAIR

of

enzymes

catalyze

continuous

and

discontinuous

strand

synthesis

fills

the

gaps

degrades

the

primers

seals

the

gaps

Pol

I

Pol

III

use

their

exonuclease

activity

to

excise

mismatched

base

pairs

proofreading

origins

of

replication

Replication

of

the

E

coli

chromosome

is

initiated

at

unique

sequences

called

and

proceeds

in

both

directions

Eukaryotic

cells

also

employ

fixed

The

Cairns

experiment

proved

the

existence

of

the

replication

fork

see

page

pdf

Draw

and

label

origin

of

replication

replication

fork

replication

bubble

telomerase

is

a

ribonucleoprotein

enzyme

that

adds

DNA

sequence

repeats

TTAGGG

in

all

vertebrates

to

the

end

of

DNA

strands

in

the

telomere

regions

which

are

found

at

the

ends

of

eukaryotic

chromosomes

this

region

of

repeated

nucleotides

called

a

telomere

contains

noncoding

DNA

and

hinders

the

loss

of

important

DNA

from

chromosome

ends

pulsechase

First

line

of

evidence

that

RNA

is

the

messenger

that

moves

from

the

nucleus

to

the

cytoplasm

in

DNA

transcriptiontranslation

experiment

using

Result

The

label

appears

first

in

the

nucleus

and

then

in

the

cytoplasm

Conclusion

RNA

moves

from

the

nucleus

to

the

cytoplasm

and

is

therefore

a

good

candidate

to

be

the

messenger

lytic

cycle

Second

line

of

evidence

that

RNA

is

the

messenger

that

moves

from

the

nucleus

to

the

cytoplasm

in

DNA

transcriptiontranslation

The

Volkin

and

Astrachan

experiments

Rationale

Very

early

in

the

of

phage

there

should

be

a

burst

of

RNA

synthesis

if

RNA

is

the

messenger

Result

There

is

a

burst

of

RNA

synthesis

immediately

after

infection

Is

this

phage

RNA

or

bacterial

RNA

How

can

you

tell

Check

the

nucleotide

content

of

this

RNA

and

compare

it

to

the

nucleotide

content

of

the

phage

and

the

bacterial

chromosome

Conclusion

RNA

is

the

messenger

ribose

uracil

single

RNA

vs

DNA

RNA

has

instead

of

deoxyribose

has

instead

of

thymine

is

hydroxyl

H

Ribose

has

a

on

its

carbon

whereas

deoxyribose

has

a

pyrimidine

carbons

Is

uracil

a

purine

or

pyrimidine

delete

delete

mRNA

tRNA

rRNA

snRNA

miRNA

microRNAs

Classes

of

RNA

Coding

RNA

contain

protein

coding

sequence

NonCodingFunctional

RNA

carry

correct

amino

acids

to

the

ribosomes

integral

parts

of

ribosomes

participate

in

processing

of

mRNAs

regulate

expression

of

mRNAs

by

RNA

interference

mechanism

initiation

elongation

termination

processing

Four

stages

of

transcription

eukaryotes

only

okay

study

page

pictures

and

pdf

okay

to

RNA

transcription

moves

in

the

direction

hydroxyl

OH

look

at

page

picture

pdf

to

see

how

they

connect

new

nucleotides

are

added

to

the

group

region

tata

box

region

promoters

study

page

picture

pdf

transcription

in

prokaryotes

begins

at

site

two

regions

upstream

consensus

sequences

ie

very

similar

in

all

genes

provide

signal

to

attract

binding

RNA

polymerase

so

it

can

start

making

RNA

AUG

termination

in

prokaryotes

translation

starts

at

the

codon

a

signal

downstream

tells

RNA

polymerase

to

stop

transcribing

okay

study

page

picture

pdf

okay

two

key

domains

of

the

promoter

in

prokaryotic

transcription

RNA

polymerase

II

mRNAs

In

prokaryotes

there

is

only

one

RNA

polymerase

in

eukaryotes

there

are

three

and

transcribes

all

and

snRNAs

Eukaryotic

RNA

polymerases

also

have

a

more

complex

subunit

structure

and

utilize

a

greater

number

of

cofactors

sigmafactor

promoter

sigmafactor

Initiation

of

transcription

in

prokaryotes

scans

the

chromosome

When

it

encounters

the

sequence

it

helps

to

melt

unwind

the

DNA

so

that

RNA

polymerase

can

start

initiate

transcription

Thus

provides

specificity

sigma

factor

holoenzyme

RNA

polymerase

alpha

subunits

beta

subunits

core

enzyme

core

enzyme

TATA

box

TBP

TATA

binding

protein

RNA

polymerase

II

phosphorylation

of

the

CTD

in

RNA

pol

II

elongation

initiation

of

transcription

in

eukaryotes

The

promoter

sequence

is

at

The

promoterrecognizing

factor

analogous

to

sigmafactor

Several

other

general

transcription

factors

bind

to

the

promoter

and

attract

and

position

from

which

the

initiation

complex

dissociates

by

Everything

is

now

ready

for

the

next

step

rNMPn

rNTP

growing

RNA

DNA

RNA

polymerase

PPi

Nucleotides

NTPs

are

added

one

at

a

time

in

the

direction

The

energy

for

the

reaction

is

derived

from

the

splitting

of

the

highenergy

triphosphate

NTP

NMP

PPi

Its

just

like

elongation

of

the

DNA

strand

but

with

RNA

rNTP

turns

into

rNMP

which

explains

the

term

Elongation

reaction

equation

see

pg

pdf

picture

draw

a

picture

depicting

elongation

eukaryotes

AAUAAA

endonuclease

polymerase

Termination

of

transcription

in

A

signal

in

the

newly

transcribed

RNA

recruits

nucleotides

downstream

of

the

signal

that

cuts

the

strand

the

falls

off

the

template

prokaryotes

GCrich

hairpin

loop

Urich

sequence

rho

protein

may

be

multiple

choice

Q

read

about

in

book

Termination

of

transcription

in

Mediated

by

a

and

intrinsic

or

by

the

extrinsic

ribosomes

compartmentalized

Elongation

of

nascent

RNAs

in

eukaryotes

The

process

of

elongation

is

similar

in

eukaryotes

and

prokaryotes

The

primary

difference

is

that

translation

can

begin

as

soon

as

the

nascent

RNA

is

long

enough

for

to

bind

in

prokaryotes

whereas

processing

and

transport

of

the

RNA

must

occur

before

translation

in

eukaryotes

In

other

words

transcription

and

translation

are

in

eukaryotes

side

with

shorter

strings

see

pg

pdf

picture

In

an

EM

picture

of

RNA

transcripts

being

made

in

eukaryotes

one

side

of

the

DNA

strand

has

short

strings

of

RNA

coming

off

of

it

and

one

side

has

long

strings

which

is

the

end

of

the

template

mRNAs

addition

of

the

cap

cleavage

and

termination

of

transcription

addition

of

the

poly

A

tail

splicing

Eukaryotic

transcription

Processing

Eukaryotic

cells

process

primary

RNA

transcripts

into

mature

Processing

occurs

in

the

nucleus

in

four

steps

RNA

polymerase

II

end

that

was

made

first

protection

positioning

the

ribosome

later

see

pg

pdf

picture

In

eukaryotes

catalyzes

the

elongation

of

a

new

RNA

transcript

The

enzyme

guanyltransferase

adds

a

to

the

end

of

the

message

as

elongation

proceeds

This

capping

is

for

and

Termination

occurs

The

enzyme

polyA

polymerase

adds

adenosine

residues

after

termination

This

poly

A

tail

is

for

preventing

degradation

degradation

initiate

translation

Capping

the

of

the

mRNA

has

two

functions

it

prevents

of

the

message

and

it

acts

as

a

signal

to

exons

intervening

sequences

introns

spliceosome

proteins

snRNAs

RNA

Processing

in

Eukaryotes

Splicing

In

many

eukaryotic

genes

the

coding

regions

called

are

interrupted

by

noncoding

regions

called

or

When

genes

are

split

in

this

way

the

intervening

sequences

are

actually

spliced

out

as

the

primary

transcript

is

processed

to

the

mature

mRNA

Splicing

is

catalyzed

by

the

a

complex

of

and

hybridization

hybrids

are

made

of

one

strand

DNA

one

strand

RNA

intervening

sequences

RNA

How

do

we

know

that

eukaryotic

genes

are

spliced

Evidence

for

introns

of

RNA

with

DNA

for

a

specific

gene

View

with

electron

microscope

Result

observed

loops

of

singlestranded

DNA

these

loops

were

the

parts

of

the

DNA

that

could

not

hybridize

with

RNA

This

means

that

there

are

or

introns

that

must

have

been

taken

out

of

the

splicing

The

poly

A

tail

is

added

to

RNA

after

has

occurred

exon

shuffling

alternative

splicing

Why

do

introns

exist

Known

functions

of

introns

Introns

contain

regulatory

regions

for

transcription

enhancers

and

inhibitors

Introns

can

contain

other

genes

important

for

evolution

alternative

splicing

Because

of

one

gene

can

give

rise

to

many

different

mRNAs

and

thus

to

many

different

proteins

A

given

gene

might

be

spliced

to

yield

distinct

mRNAs

in

different

cell

types

and

at

different

stages

of

development

spliceosome

snRNPs

small

nuclear

ribonucleoprotein

particles

protein

snRNAs

consensus

snRNAs

How

are

introns

spliced

out

Splicing

is

catalyzed

by

a

particle

called

the

The

spliceosome

is

made

up

of

which

themselves

are

complexes

of

and

The

spliceosome

recognizes

two

very

small

but

well

conserved

sequences

GU

at

the

splice

site

AG

at

the

splice

site

The

A

at

the

branch

point

of

all

introns

is

also

conserved

The

help

to

align

the

spliceosome

by

complementary

base

pairing

to

the

conserved

spliced

sites

selfsplicing

RNA

Selfsplicing

autocatalysis

In

Tom

Cech

discovered

that

an

rRNA

from

Tetrahymena

splices

itself

no

protein

The

result

was

doubted

for

a

long

time

Many

people

insisted

there

must

be

some

protein

contaminant

in

Cechs

RNA

preparations

Eventually

Cech

was

proven

correct

other

examples

were

found

and

he

was

awarded

the

Nobel

prize

Why

do

you

suppose

Cechs

discovery

of

is

now

considered

to

be

so

important

cap

on

the

polyA

tail

on

the

introns

are

excised

and

exons

are

spliced

together

RNA

processing

in

eukaryotes

summary

Eukaryotic

transcripts

are

processed

in

ways

The

primary

RNA

transcript

becomes

a

mature

mRNA

and

is

transported

out

of

the

nucleus

to

be

translated

rRNA

mRNA

tRNA

RNA

Polymerase

I

synthesizes

RNA

Polymerase

II

synthesizes

and

RNA

Polymerase

III

synthesizes

poly

A

tail

The

cap

is

and

the

tail

is

polyadenine

contiguous

adenines

The

marks

transcripts

for

transport

out

of

the

nucleus

and

may

also

affect

message

stability

in

the

cytoplasm

eukaryotes

In

one

gene

gives

one

mRNA

prokaryotes

In

one

or

more

genes

can

give

one

mRNA

prokaryotes

eukaryotes

Prokaryotes

vs

Eukaryotes

In

all

RNA

species

are

synthesized

by

a

single

RNA

polymerase

In

three

different

RNA

polymerases

are

responsible

for

the

different

classes

of

RNA

molecule

proteins

and

small

nuclear

RNAs

a

type

of

functional

nonproteincoding

RNA

the

spliceosome

is

made

up

of

GU

AG

the

spliceosome

pulls

the

transcript

together

and

makes

a

covalent

phosphodiester

bond

between

exons

using

these

markers

The

intron

has

a

conserved

at

its

junction

and

a

conserved

at

its

junction

why

do

these

need

to

be

present

for

splicing

to

occur

that

rRNA

acts

as

an

enzyme

does

not

code

for

proteins

established

that

singlestranded

RNAs

can

fold

into

shapes

and

act

as

enzymes

supports

the

idea

that

RNA

was

the

first

nucleic

acid

on

earth

What

did

Tom

Cechs

discovery

of

autocatalysis

selfsplicing

suggest

carbon

with

H

R

and

COOH

attached

Draw

and

label

the

general

structure

of

an

amino

acid

peptide

bonds

elimination

of

water

to

make

a

covalent

linkage

Amino

acids

are

connected

by

between

the

amino

end

of

one

and

the

carboxyl

end

of

the

next

thus

forming

a

linear

polypeptide

chain

the

linear

sequence

of

amino

acids

in

a

polypeptide

describe

protein

primary

stucture

interactions

between

amino

acids

that

are

close

together

usually

due

to

hydrogen

bonding

between

the

CO

and

NH

groups

of

nearby

amino

acid

residues

eg

αhelix

and

βpleated

sheet

describe

the

protein

secondary

structure

and

what

causes

it

the

architecture

determined

by

electrostatic

hydrogen

and

Van

Der

Waals

bonds

between

R

groups

often

distant

describe

the

protein

tertiary

structure

and

what

causes

it

the

binding

together

of

two

or

more

individual

polypeptides

to

form

a

multimeric

protein

eg

hemoglobin

describe

the

protein

quaternary

structure

side

chains

Primary

structure

the

sequence

of

amino

acids

determines

the

secondary

and

tertiary

structures

of

the

protein

the

way

the

string

of

amino

acids

folds

in

space

The

amino

acid

determine

the

folding

of

the

protein

and

they

provide

functionality

to

the

interaction

surfaces

and

to

the

active

sites

of

enzymes

sequenced

mutations

in

a

protein

and

found

that

their

positions

corresponded

to

mutation

in

the

gene

gene

mutations

were

mapped

on

DNA

by

transduction

recombination

analysis

protein

the

wild

type

and

mutant

proteins

were

sequenced

demonstrated

correspondence

between

the

linear

sequence

of

a

gene

and

its

encoded

polypeptide

determined

that

the

linear

sequence

of

nucleotides

in

a

gene

determines

the

linear

sequence

of

amino

acids

in

its

protein

What

did

Yanofsky

do

to

demonstrate

what

was

inferred

from

the

structure

of

DNA

Experiment

Sequence

mutant

genes

and

their

protein

products

If

the

code

is

nonoverlapping

then

a

single

base

change

should

alter

only

one

amino

acid

in

the

protein

If

the

code

is

overlapping

then

a

single

base

change

should

alter

amino

acid

in

the

protein

eg

if

bases

overlap

a

single

base

change

will

alter

adjacent

amino

acids

Result

Mutation

of

a

single

base

in

a

given

gene

results

in

one

amino

acid

change

in

corresponding

protein

Conclusion

The

genetic

code

is

nonoverlapping

How

did

we

determine

whether

the

genetic

code

is

overlapping

or

nonoverlapping

YOU

MIGHT

ALSO

LIKE

Final

Exam

Practice

terms

BIL

Exam

Dr

Wang

Spring

Exam

terms

Genetics

chapter

OTHER

SETS

BY

THIS

CREATOR

Rules

Protocol

Posture

GRE

Vocabulary

Cell

Division

Cycle

B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Physics unit 2 FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month mass CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT synonym for inertia CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 16 Terms in this set 16 mass synonym for inertia Newtons First Law a special case of Galileos Law of Inertia impulse force times time momentum a truck rolling down hill is an example velocity momentummass Newtons Second Law the derivation of impulse equals momentum dynamics the study of the causes of motion Newtons First Law an object at rest remains at rest if no net force acts on it gravitational field surrounds every object large around large object inverse square law the relationship F oc 1d acceleration due to gravity 98 msec2 momentum the product of mass and velocity gravitational force what all masses exert inertial mass Fa Newtons Second Law acceleration is proportional to force impulse the product of force and time

B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Cell Organelle Review FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month in what organelle does cellular respiration take place CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT mitochondria CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 32 Terms in this set 32 in what organelle does cellular respiration take place mitochondria what are two storage organelles vacuole and vesicle what is the list of organelles that take part in protein synthesis nucleus and ribosomes what organelle is considered a factory because it takes in raw materials and converts them to cell products that are secreted or can be used by the cell Golgi apparatus what is the function of the plasma membrane controls what goes in and out of the cell what do ribosomes do make proteins where are ribosomes found why are they found there freely floating in the cytoplasm and attached to another organelle they are there for cell use what does endoplasmic reticulum do series of tunnels through cytoplasm what is the difference between rough and smooth ER r makes proteins s makes lipids what is ER doing that is different in each case breaks down calcium and detoxifies cells what are lysosomes small vesicles what types of molecules can be found inside a lysosome clean up cells why might a lysosome fuse with or link up with a food vacuole to digest food in what organelle do molecules move from the ER to the Golgi bodies vesicles what is a centriole protein rods that help with cell division mitosis what are microtubules largehollow tubes how do microtubules differ from microfilaments small thin protein what is a flagella long whip like a tail what organelles are ONLY found in plant cells plastids large vacuole cell wall what is a cell wall made up of cellulose what is the function of the cell wall structure and protection which organelle can convert sunlight carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen chloroplast which organelle can convert sugarglucose and oxygen into ATPenergy molecule carbon dioxide and water mitochondria do plant cells contain a mitochondria why yes they need ATP too what type of vacuole is present in all plant cells large central vacuole what is the cytoskeleton made up of protein what organelles are responsible for transport of some kind vesicles what is the molecular composition if the cell membrane phospholipids and proteins which part of the cell membrane actually CONTROLS which molecules can enter and leave a cell lipid portion what is the difference between a cell that is prokaryotic and a cell that is eukaryotic prokaryotic cell has no nucleus and no membrane bound organelle is the prokaryotic cell a ancestor of the eukaryotic cell or vice versa the eukaryotic cell is an ancestor of the prokaryotic cell P 1st E 2nd how does the nucleus differ in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells prokaryotic cells have no nucleus

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O