Carrie Brownstein From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Carrie Brownstein Brownstein performing with Wild Flag at Coachella in 2012 Background information Birth name Carrie Rachel Brownstein Born September 27 1974 age 44 Seattle Washington US Origin Redmond Washington US Genres Punk rock indie rock riot grrrl Occupations Musician writer actress Instruments Guitar vocals Years active 1993present Associated acts Excuse 17 SleaterKinney Wild Flag The Spells Carrie Rachel Brownstein born September 27 1974 is an American musician actress writer director and comedian She first came to prominence as a member of the band Excuse 17 before forming the punkindie trio SleaterKinney During a long hiatus from SleaterKinney she formed the group Wild Flag During this period Brownstein wrote and appeared in a series of comedy sketches alongside Fred Armisen which were developed into the satirical comedy TV series Portlandia The series went on to win Emmy and Peabody Awards SleaterKinney eventually reunited as of 2015 Brownstein was touring with the band as well as in support of her new memoir Early life Brownstein was born in Seattle Washington and was raised in Redmond Washington Her mother was a housewife and a teacher and her father was a corporate lawyer They divorced when Carrie was 14 and she was raised by her father Brownstein has a younger sister Her family is Jewish She attended Lake Washington High School before transferring to The Overlake School for her senior year Brownstein began playing guitar at 15 and received lessons from Jeremy Enigk She later said He lived in the neighborhood next to mine so I would just walk my guitar over to his house He showed me a couple of open chords and I just took it from there Id gone through so many phases as a kid with my interests that my parents put their foot down with guitar So the instrument ended up being the first thing that I had to save up my own money for and maybe that was the whole reason that I actually stuck with it After high school Brownstein attended Western Washington University before transferring to The Evergreen State College In 1997 Brownstein graduated from Evergreen with an emphasis on sociolinguistics and stayed in Olympia Washington for three years before moving to Portland Oregon Music career Brownstein at Lollapalooza 2006 Excuse 17 Main article Excuse 17 While attending The Evergreen State College Brownstein met fellow students Corin Tucker Kathleen Hanna Tobi Vail and Becca Albee With Albee and CJ Phillips she formed the band Excuse 17 one of the pioneering bands of the riot grrrl movement in the Olympia music scene that played an important role in thirdwave feminism Excuse 17 often toured with Tuckers band Heavens to Betsy The two bands contributed to the Free to Fight compilation With Tucker she formed the band SleaterKinney as a side project and later released the split single Free to Fight with Cypher in the Snow SleaterKinney Main article SleaterKinney After both Excuse 17 and Heavens to Betsy split up SleaterKinney became Brownstein and Tuckers main focus They recorded their first selftitled album in early 1994 during a trip to Australia where the couple were celebrating Tuckers graduation from Evergreen Brownstein still had three years of college left It was released the following spring They recorded and toured with different drummers until Janet Weiss joined the band in 1996 Following their eponymous debut they released six more studio albums before going on indefinite hiatus in 2006 In a 2012 interview with DIY magazine Brownstein said that SleaterKinney still planned to play in the future On October 20 2014 Brownstein announced on Twitter that SleaterKinney would be releasing a new album No Cities to Love on January 20 2015 and would tour in early 2015 At the same time the announcement was made they released the video for the first single from the album The single Bury Our Friends was also made available as a free MP3 download Critics Greil Marcus and Robert Christgau deemed the band one of the essential rock groups of the early 2000s In 2015 Stereogum Chief Editor Tom Breihan called them the greatest rock band of the past two decades Other work Brownstein and former Helium guitaristsinger Mary Timony recording as The Spells released The Age of Backwards EP in 1999 In summer 2009 Brownstein and Weiss worked together on songs produced by Tucker Martine for the soundtrack of the documentary film Women Art Revolution by Lynn Hershman Leeson In September 2010 Brownstein revealed her latest project was the band Wild Flag with Janet Weiss Mary Timony and Rebecca Cole formerly of The Minders according to Brownstein about a year earlier I started to need music again and so I called on my friends and we joined as a band Chemistry can not be manufactured or forced so Wild Flag was not a sure thing it was a maybe a possibility But after a handful of practice sessions spread out over a period of months I think we all realized that we could be greater than the sum of our parts They released a selftitled album in September 2011 Music has always been my constant my salvation Its cliché to write that but its true From dancing around to Michael Jackson and Madonna as a kid to having my mind blown by the first sounds of punk and indie rock to getting to play my own songs and have people listen music is what got me through Over the years music put a weapon in my hand and words in my mouth it backed me up and shielded me it shook me and scared me and showed me the way music opened me up to living and being and feeling Brownstein in October 2010 In 2011 they toured for a second time and played at CMJ Music Marathon Accolades In 2006 Brownstein was the only woman to earn a spot in the Rolling Stone readers list of the 25 Most Underrated Guitarists of AllTime Brownstein began a career as a writer before SleaterKinney broke up She interviewed Eddie Vedder Mary Lynn Rajskub Karen O and Cheryl Hines for The Believer magazine Brownstein has also written a couple of musicrelated video game reviews for Slate From November 2007 to May 2010 Brownstein wrote a blog for NPR Music called Monitor Mix she returned for a final blog post in October thanking her blog readers and declaring the blog officially concluded In March 2009 Brownstein was contracted to write a book to describe the dramatically changing dynamic between music fan and performer from the birth of the iPod and the death of the record store to the emergence of the you be the star culture of American Idol and the ensuing dilution of rock mystique The book called The Sound of Where You Are is to be published by Ecco HarperCollins Brownsteins memoir Hunger Makes Me A Modern Girl was released on October 27 2015 The book is published by Riverhead Books an imprint of Penguin Books USA Acting career Brownstein with Fred Armisen at the 2011 Peabody Awards Brownstein and Armisens series Portlandia earned the award for Broadway Video and IFC See also Portlandia TV series Brownstein has acted what she calls a mere hobby in the short film Fan Mail the experimental feature Group and the Miranda July film Getting Stronger Every Day Brownstein and Fred Armisen published several video skits as part of a comedy duo called ThunderAnt She also starred opposite James Mercer of The Shins in the 2010 independent film Some Days Are Better Than Others The film had its world premiere at SXSW on March 13 2010 After their ThunderAnt videos Brownstein and Armisen developed Portlandia a sketch comedy show shot on location in Portland for the Independent Film Channel The two star in the series and write for it with Allison Silverman from The Colbert Report and Jonathan Krisel a writer for Saturday Night Live The show which features appearances of some of the characters from ThunderAnt premiered in January 2011 The series has received positive feedback and has been renewed up to its eighth season As of September 2014 Brownstein portrays the role of Syd in the Amazon Studios original series Transparent In 2015 Brownstein portrayed Genevieve Cantrell in the Todd Haynes film Carol based on Patricia Highsmith s novel The Price of Salt However the majority of her scenes were cut due to the films length The film had its world premiere at the Cannes Film Festival on May 17 2015 It began a limited release on November 20 2015 Brownstein has also appeared as a guest on Saturday Night Live Curb Your Enthusiasm and Man Seeking Woman among other shows Personal life Brownstein was outed as bisexual to her family and the world by Spin when she was 21 years old The article discussed the fact that she had dated bandmate Corin Tucker in the beginning of SleaterKinney the song One More Hour is about their breakup After the article was out she said I hadnt seen the article and I got a phone call My dad called me and was like The Spin articles out Um do you want to let me know whats going on The ground was pulled out from underneath me my dad did not know that Corin and I had ever dated or that I even dated girls In 2006 The New York Times described Brownstein as openly gay In a November 2010 interview for Willamette Week she laid to rest questions about her sexual orientation stating that she identifies as bisexual She says Its weird because no ones actually ever asked me People just always assume like youre this or that Its like OK Im bisexual Just ask Since working together on ThunderAnt Brownstein and Fred Armisen developed what Brownstein has called one of the most intimate functional romantic but nonsexual relationships they have ever had According to Armisen their relationship is all of the things that Ive ever wanted you know aside from like the physical stuff but the intimacy that I have with her is like no other Brownstein has been romantically linked with musician Annie Clark actress Taylor Schilling and comedian Abbi Jacobson Filmography Notes 2001 Getting Stronger Every Day Various Short film 2002 Group Grace 2007 Girls Rock Herself Documentary 2009 Light Tiger Eye Woman Short film 2010 Some Days Are Better Than Others Katrina 20112018 Portlandia Various characters 77 episodes also cocreator coexecutive producer writer and director Peabody Award 2012 Writers Guild of America Award for ComedyVariety including talk series 2013 Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series 201214 2016 Nominated Writers Guild of America Award for ComedyVariety including talk series 2014 Nominated Critics Choice Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series 2015 2012 Vancouvria Photo extra Episode Big City Survival Class 2012 The Simpsons Emily voice Episode The Day the Earth Stood Cool 2012 Saturday Night Live Cameo as herself Episode Martin ShortPaul McCartney What Up with That sketch 2013 Saturday Night Live Cameo as herself Episode Ben AffleckKanye West Its a Lovely Day sketch 2014present Transparent Syd Feldman Recurring character Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series 2015 2015 Carol Genevieve Cranell 2015 Man Seeking Woman Doctor at Chill Acres Episode Branzino 2015 Archer Doctor Sklodowska voice Episodes Drastic Voyage Part 1 and Drastic Voyage Part 2 2016 Saturday Night Live Cameo as herself Episode Fred ArmisenCourtney Barnett The Harkin Brothers sketch 2016 The Realest Real Short film director and writer 2017 Curb Your Enthusiasm Mara Episode Foisted 2018 Dont Worry He Wont Get Far on Foot Suzanne 2018 Tag Therapist Uncredited 2018 The Oath Alice References Breihan Tom August 6 2014 Carrie Brownstein Finishing Nora Ephron Screenplay Lost In Austen Stereogum Retrieved June 25 2015 Braxton Greg January 14 2015 Carrie Brownstein bounces between Portlandia and punk rock Los Angeles Times Retrieved June 25 2015 Weil Elizabeth December 29 2011 Carrie Brownstein Riot Grrrnup The New York Times Retrieved June 25 2015 Works written by Brownstein Carrie Rachel ASCAP Retrieved October 26 2010 Phillips Amy SleaterKinney Return New Album No Cities to Love 2015 Tour Bury Our Friends Lyric Video Pitchforkcom Retrieved 23 October 2015 Zeichner Naomi January 19 2011 Interview Carrie Brownstein on Portlandia The Fader New York City The Fader Media Group Retrieved April 2 2012 de Barros Paul March 3 2012 Carrie Brownstein the Northwests funny girl Seattle Times Seattle Washington The Seattle Times Company Retrieved April 2 2012 Meet Carrie Brownstein A Triple Threat JWAorg Jewish Womens Archive March 28 2013 Retrieved November 17 2013 de Barros Paul March 4 2012 Cover storyFull Frontal Fun Watching Carrie Brownstein in Portlandia we have to laugh at ourselves Seattle Times Seattle Washington Seattle Times Company p 9 Matsui Marc December 17 2002 Eastside spotlight Overlake School Seattle Times Seattle Washington Seattle Times Publishing Company Retrieved February 29 2012 a b Levin Hannah May 2005 Rock of the Decade The Stranger Seattle Washington Index Newspapers LLC Archived from the original on September 28 2007 Retrieved January 12 2011 via SleaterKinneyNet Shepherd Julianne August 28 2006 Get Up Pitchfork New York City Condé Nast Retrieved May 21 2012 Brodeur Nicole November 2 2015 Carrie Brownstein comes home to a changed Seattle The Seattle Times Seattle Washington The Seattle Times Company Retrieved November 6 2018 Rife Katie April 4 2017 Riot grrrl grew up on SleaterKinneys Dig Me Out The AV Club Chicago Illinois Onion Inc Retrieved November 6 2018 Ganz Caryn June 2005 Eat em And Smile Spin via SleaterKinneynet a b Record Bin How SleaterKinney used punk rock to break social stereotypes on Dig Me Out Noogacom 20170923 Retrieved 20170923 Carrie Brownstein SleaterKinney Will Just Start Playing Music Again Thisisfakediycouk Retrieved September 14 2012 Grow Kory October 20 2014 SleaterKinney Reform Share Powerful New Song Bury Our Friends Rolling Stone New York City Wenner Media LLC Retrieved May 18 2017 ODair Barbara May 9 2001 A conversation with Robert Christgau Saloncom San Francisco California Salon Media Group Retrieved 18 July 2015 FrereJones Sasha January 19 2015 Sister Saviors SleaterKinney returns The New Yorker New York City Condé Nast Retrieved July 18 2015 Breihan Tom January 11 2015 Premature Evaluation SleaterKinney No Cities To Love Stereogum Los Angeles California Eldridge Industries Retrieved July 18 2015 Brownstein Carrie March 25 2010 Carrie Brownstein Talks SleaterKinney Acting Writing and More Pitchfork Interviewed by Tom Breihan New York City Condé Nast Retrieved May 18 2017 a b Carrie Brownstein I Have A New Band All Songs Considered blog National Public Radio September 22 2010 Retrieved October 26 2010 Wild Flags Debut Album in Stores Merge Recordscom September 14 2011 Archived from the original on September 19 2011 Retrieved September 19 2011 a b c d A Final Word From Carrie Brownstein Monitor Mix blog National Public Radio October 6 2010 Retrieved October 26 2010 Weil Elizabeth December 29 2011 Carrie Brownstein Riot Grrrnup The New York Times New York City New York Times Company Retrieved January 1 2012 Caramanica Jon October 19 2011 Wild Flag Is What Passes for an Inspirational Supergroup at CMJ The New York Times New York City New York Times Company Retrieved January 1 2012 The TwentyFive Most Underrated Guitarists Rolling Stone October 1 2006 Archived from the original on March 2 2011 Retrieved December 28 2015 Contributors Carrie Brownstein from The Believer magazine website Brownstein Carrie November 27 2007 Rock Band vs Real Band Slate New York City The Slate Group Retrieved November 6 2018 Brownstein Carrie November 19 2008 Wii Will Rock You Slate New York City The Slate Group Retrieved November 6 2018 Welcome to Monitor Mix from the NPR Music website Matthew Thornton March 16 2009 Book Deals Week of 31609 Publishers Weekly Retrieved October 26 2010 The Sound of Where You Are Monitor Mix blog National Public Radio December 17 2007 Retrieved October 26 2010 Kreps Daniel Carrie Brownstein Pens Memoir Hunger Makes Me a Modern Girl RollingStone Retrieved 23 October 2015 Riverhead Overview Penguincom Retrieved 23 October 2015 Carrie Brownstein Talks Spells Book SleaterKinney Pitchfork Media November 2008 Thunderant Thunderant Retrieved February 29 2012 Locker Melissa April 26 2012 EXCLUSIVE CLIP WATCH CARRIE BROWNSTEIN IN SOME DAYS ARE BETTER THAN OTHERS IFCcom Retrieved December 29 2015 Indiewire March 11 2010 SXSW 10 McCormicks Sad Valentine Some Days are Better Than Others Indiewirecom Retrieved December 29 2015 Portlandia TV Series 2011 Episodes IMDb SNL Fans Prepare for Portlandia IFC Channel August 6 2010 Archived from the original on August 16 2010 Retrieved October 26 2010 Before There Was Portlandia There Was Thunderant IFC Channel October 7 2010 Archived from the original on October 13 2010 Retrieved October 26 2010 Portlandia Rotten Tomatoes Retrieved December 29 2015 Roots Kimberly February 10 2015 Portlandia Renewed for Seasons 6 7 TVLinecom Retrieved December 29 2015 Bendix Trish September 26 2014 Carrie Brownstein gives us the scoop on her character Syd in Transparent AfterEllencom Retrieved December 29 2015 Syme Rachel December 14 2015 Transparent Season 2 Episodes 2 and 3 Pool Parties and Provosts NYTimescom Retrieved December 29 2015 Ford Rebecca April 9 2014 Portlandias Carrie Brownstein Joins Cate Blanchett in Carol The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved 21 May 2015 Stiernberg Bonnie January 6 2015 Carrie Brownstein Fill in the Blank Paste Magazine Retrieved April 6 2018 2015 Official Selection FestivalCannescom April 16 2015 Archived from the original on April 18 2015 Retrieved December 29 2015 Carol Poster Premiere Cate Blanchett Rooney Mara and the Falls Most Acclaimed Romance Vanity Fair September 2 2015 Retrieved December 29 2015 Watch Fred Armisen and Carrie Brownstein in SNLs Southern Rock Supergroup IFC Retrieved 20180710 Carrie Brownstein and Larry David Fight About Constipation in New Curb Your Enthusiasm Trailer Watch Pitchfork pitchforkcom Retrieved 20180710 Kulzick Kate Man Seeking Woman Branzino TV Club Retrieved 20180710 SleaterKinney Last Show from Under the Radar Archived November 12 2006 at the Wayback Machine Parales Jon August 4 2006 SleaterKinney May or May Not Be Bidding New York Farewell The New York Times New York City New York Times Company Retrieved November 6 2018 Mesh Aaron November 3 2010 Mock Star Willamette Week Portland Oregon City of Roses Newspapers Archived from the original on December 10 2010 Retrieved November 3 2018 Rosenblit Rachel January 9 2012 Portlandias Comedy Chemistry Elle New York City Hearst Publications Archived from the original on January 22 2013 Retrieved April 6 2018 Fred Armisen Transcript Archived November 27 2012 at the Wayback Machine from WNYC s Heres the Thing Retrieved September 14 2012 OK Guys Which Celesbian Is The New St Vincent Song About Autostraddle July 4 2017 Retrieved July 10 2018 Pomarico Nicole September 20 2015 Taylor Schilling Carrie Brownstein Are A Thing Bustle New York City Bustle Digital Group Retrieved July 10 2018 Dockray Heather October 7 2016 Enjoy this beautiful baseless rumor that Carrie Brownstein and Abbi Jacobson are dating Mashable Los Angeles California j2 Global Retrieved July 10 2018 Carrie Brownsteins Short Film Trailer For Kenzo Features Kim Gordon Mahershala Ali Watch Indiewire 13 July 2016 Retrieved 23 July 2016 Scott AO June 14 2018 Review Tag Youre It Playing the Long Game Into Middle Age The New York Times Retrieved August 12 2018 External links Q2940239 at Wikipedias sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Carrie Brownstein on IMDb Carrie Brownstein on Twitter Carrie Brownstein discography at MusicBrainz Official SleaterKinney website Carrie Brownsteins blog Monitor Mix at NPR 20072010 Radio interview on Fresh Air 35 minutes 2015 v t e Carrie Brownstein Book Hunger Makes Me a Modern Girl Music The Age of Backwards EP Bands Excuse 17 SleaterKinney Wild Flag v t e SleaterKinney Authority control BNE XX5647383 ISNI 0000 0003 6052 2217 MusicBrainz 2b7d41d821d44410a57b5ddaeb131094 VIAF 220780249 WorldCat Identities via VIAF 220780249 Categories 1974 births Actresses from Portland Oregon American film actresses American women bloggers American bloggers American female guitarists American female singers American Jews American punk rock singers American television actresses Bisexual actresses Bisexual musicians Female punk rock singers Feminist musicians Jewish American actresses Jewish American musicians Jewish women writers Lead guitarists LGBT musicians from the United States Living people Musicians from Portland Oregon Musicians from Seattle People from Redmond Washington Riot grrrl musicians The Evergreen State College alumni Western Washington University alumni Bisexual feminists 21stcentury American actresses Writers from Portland Oregon Writers from Seattle LGBT Jews LGBT people from Oregon LGBT people from Washington state LGBT singers LGBT memoirists American sketch comedians Singers from Washington state Jews in punk rock SleaterKinney members Guitarists from Washington state Guitarists from Oregon Wild Flag members 21stcentury American comedians 21stcentury American singers 21stcentury women singers

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carrie brownstein
american musician
seattle


Help CategoryAircraft manufacturers of South Africa From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aircraft manufacturers of South Africa Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory D Defunct aircraft manufacturers of South Africa 3 P Pages in category Aircraft manufacturers of South Africa The following 6 pages are in this category out of 6 total This list may not reflect recent changes A AeroCam Aerosud J Jonker Sailplanes S SkyReach Aircraft T The Airplane Factory X Xplorer UltraFlight Categories Aircraft manufacturers by country Aircraft manufacturers of Africa Manufacturing companies of South Africa Aviation in South Africa Hidden categories Commons category link is on Wikidata

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Cathodic protection From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Aluminium sacrificial anodes light colored rectangular bars mounted on a steel jacket structure Zinc sacrificial anode rounded object screwed to the underside of the hull of a small boat Pronunciation of the word Cathodic Cathodic protection CP is a technique used to control the corrosion of a metal surface by making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell A simple method of protection connects the metal to be protected to a more easily corroded sacrificial metal to act as the anode The sacrificial metal then corrodes instead of the protected metal For structures such as long pipelines where passive galvanic cathodic protection is not adequate an external DC electrical power source is used to provide sufficient current Cathodic protection systems protect a wide range of metallic structures in various environments Common applications are steel water or fuel pipelines and steel storage tanks such as home water heaters steel pier piles ship and boat hulls offshore oil platforms and onshore oil well casings offshore wind farm foundations and metal reinforcement bars in concrete buildings and structures Another common application is in galvanized steel in which a sacrificial coating of zinc on steel parts protects them from rust Cathodic protection can in some cases prevent stress corrosion cracking History Cathodic protection was first described by Sir Humphry Davy in a series of papers presented to the Royal Society in London in 1824 The first application was to HMS Samarang in 1824 Sacrificial anodes made from iron attached to the copper sheath of the hull below the waterline dramatically reduced the corrosion rate of the copper However a side effect of cathodic protection was the increase in marine growth Usually copper when corroding releases copper ions which have an antifouling effect Since excess marine growth affected the performance of the ship the Royal Navy decided that it was better to allow the copper to corrode and have the benefit of reduced marine growth so cathodic protection was not used further Davy was assisted in his experiments by his pupil Michael Faraday who continued his research after Davys death In 1834 Faraday discovered the quantitative connection between corrosion weight loss and electric current and thus laid the foundation for the future application of cathodic protection Thomas Edison experimented with impressed current cathodic protection on ships in 1890 but was unsuccessful due to the lack of a suitable current source and anode materials It would be 100 years after Davys experiment before cathodic protection was used widely on oil pipelines in the United States cathodic protection was applied to steel gas pipelines beginning in 1928 and more widely in the 1930s Types Galvanic sacrificial anode attached to the hull of a ship showing corrosion Galvanic In the application of passive cathodic protection a galvanic anode a piece of a more electrochemically active metal is attached to the vulnerable metal surface where it is exposed to an electrolyte Galvanic anodes are selected because they have a more active voltage more negative electrode potential than the metal of the target structure typically steel Concrete has a pH around 13 In this environment the steel reinforcement has a passive protective layer and remains largely stable Galvanic systems are constant potential systems that aim to restore the concretes natural protective environment by providing a high initial current to restore passivity It then reverts to a lower sacrificial current while harmful negative Chloride ions migrate away from the steel and towards the positive anode The anodes remain reactive through their lifetime 1020 years typically increasing current when the resistivity decreases due to corrosion hazards such as rainfall temperature increases or flooding The reactive nature of these Unlike ICCP systems steel constant polarization is not the goal rather the restoration of the environment Polarization of the target structure is caused by the electron flow from the anode to the cathode so the two metals must have a good electrically conductive contact The driving force for the cathodic protection current is the difference in electrode potential between the anode and the cathode During the initial phase of high current the potential of the steel surface is polarized pushed more negative protecting the steel which hydroxide ion generation at the steel surface and ionic migration restore the concrete environment Over time the galvanic anode continues to corrode consuming the anode material until eventually it must be replaced Galvanic or sacrificial anodes are made in various shapes and sizes using alloys of zinc magnesium and aluminium ASTM International publishes standards on the composition and manufacturing of galvanic anodes In order for galvanic cathodic protection to work the anode must possess a lower that is more negative electrode potential than that of the cathode the target structure to be protected The table below shows a simplified galvanic series which is used to select the anode metal The anode must be chosen from a material that is lower on the list than the material to be protected Metal Potential with respect to a CuCuSO 4 reference electrode in neutral pH environment volts Carbon Graphite Coke 03 Platinum 0 to 01 Mill scale on Steel 02 High Silicon Cast Iron 02 Copper brass bronze 02 Mild steel in concrete 02 Lead 05 Cast iron not graphitized 05 Mild steel rusted 02 to 05 Mild steel clean 05 to 08 Commercially pure aluminium 08 Aluminium alloy 5 zinc 105 Zinc 11 Magnesium Alloy 6 Al 3 Zn 015 Mn 16 Commercially Pure Magnesium 175 Impressed current systems Simple impressed current cathodic protection system A source of DC electric current is used to help drive the protective electrochemical reaction In some cases impressed current cathodic protection ICCP systems are used These consist of anodes connected to a DC power source often a transformerrectifier connected to AC power In the absence of an AC supply alternative power sources may be used such as solar panels wind power or gas powered thermoelectric generators Anodes for ICCP systems are available in a variety of shapes and sizes Common anodes are tubular and solid rod shapes or continuous ribbons of various materials These include high silicon cast iron graphite mixed metal oxide platinum and niobium coated wire and other materials For pipelines anodes are arranged in groundbeds either distributed or in a deep vertical hole depending on several design and field condition factors including current distribution requirements Cathodic protection transformerrectifier units are often custom manufactured and equipped with a variety of features including remote monitoring and control integral current interrupters and various type of electrical enclosures The output DC negative terminal is connected to the structure to be protected by the cathodic protection system The rectifier output DC positive cable is connected to the anodes The AC power cable is connected to the rectifier input terminals The output of the ICCP system should be optimised to provide enough current to provide protection to the target structure Some cathodic protection transformerrectifier units are designed with taps on the transformer windings and jumper terminals to select the voltage output of the ICCP system Cathodic protection transformerrectifier units for water tanks and used in other applications are made with solid state circuits to automatically adjust the operating voltage to maintain the optimum current output or structuretoelectrolyte potential Analog or digital meters are often installed to show the operating voltage DC and sometime AC and current output For shore structures and other large complex target structures ICCP system are often designed with multiple independent zones of anodes with separate cathodic protection transformerrectifier circuits Hybrid Systems Hybrid systems have been used for over a decade and incorporate the coordination monitoring and high restorative current flow of ICCP systems with the reactive lower cost and easier to maintain galvanic anodes The system is made up of wired galvanic anodes in arrays typically 400mm apart which are then initially powered for a short period to restore the concrete and power ionic migration The power supply is then taken away and the anodes simply attached to the steel as a galvanic system More powered phases can be administered if needed Like Galvanic systems corrosion rate monitoring from polarisation tests and halfcell potential mapping can be used to measure corrosion Polarization is not the goal for the life of the system Applications Pipelines An air cooled cathodic protection rectifier connected to a pipeline Cathodic protection markers over a gas pipeline in Leeds West Yorkshire England Hazardous product pipelines are routinely protected by a coating supplemented with cathodic protection An impressed current cathodic protection system ICCP for a pipeline consists of a DC power source often an AC powered transformer rectifier and an anode or array of anodes buried in the ground the anode groundbed The DC power source would typically have a DC output of up to 50 amperes and 50 volts but this depends on several factors such as the size of the pipeline and coating quality The positive DC output terminal would be connected via cables to the anode array while another cable would connect the negative terminal of the rectifier to the pipeline preferably through junction boxes to allow measurements to be taken Anodes can be installed in a groundbed consisting of a vertical hole backfilled with conductive coke a material that improves the performance and life of the anodes or laid in a prepared trench surrounded by conductive coke and backfilled The choice of groundbed type and size depends on the application location and soil resistivity The DC cathodic protection current is then adjusted to the optimum level after conducting various tests including measurements of pipetosoil potentials or electrode potential It is sometimes more economically viable to protect a pipeline using galvanic sacrificial anodes This is often the case on smaller diameter pipelines of limited length Galvanic anodes rely on the galvanic series potentials of the metals to drive cathodic protection current from the anode to the structure being protected Water pipelines of various pipe materials are also provided with cathodic protection where owners determine the cost is reasonable for the expected pipeline service life extension attributed to the application of cathodic protection Ships and boats The white patches visible on the ships hull are zinc block sacrificial anodes Cathodic protection on ships is often implemented by galvanic anodes attached to the hull and ICCP for larger vessels Since ships are regularly removed from the water for inspections and maintenance it is a simple task to replace the galvanic anodes Galvanic anodes are generally shaped to reduced drag in the water and fitted flush to the hull to also try to minimize drag Smaller vessels with nonmetallic hulls such as yachts are equipped with galvanic anodes to protect areas such as outboard motors As with all galvanic cathodic protection this application relies on a solid electrical connection between the anode and the item to be protected For ICCP on ships the anodes are usually constructed of a relatively inert material such as platinised titanium A DC power supply is provided within the ship and the anodes mounted on the outside of the hull The anode cables are introduced into the ship via a compression seal fitting and routed to the DC power source The negative cable from the power supply is simply attached to the hull to complete the circuit Ship ICCP anodes are flushmounted minimizing the effects of drag on the ship and located a minimum 5 ft below the light load line in an area to avoid mechanical damage The current density required for protection is a function of velocity and considered when selecting the current capacity and location of anode placement on the hull Some ships may require specialist treatment for example aluminium hulls with steel fixtures will create an electrochemical cell where the aluminium hull can act as a galvanic anode and corrosion is enhanced In cases like this aluminium or zinc galvanic anodes can be used to offset the potential difference between the aluminium hull and the steel fixture If the steel fixtures are large several galvanic anodes may be required or even a small ICCP system Marine Marine cathodic protection covers many areas jetties harbors offshore structures The variety of different types of structure leads to a variety of systems to provide protection Galvanic anodes are favored but ICCP can also often be used Because of the wide variety of structure geometry composition and architecture specialized firms are often required to engineer structurespecific cathodic protection systems Sometimes marine structures require retroactive modification to be effectively protected Steel in concrete The application to concrete reinforcement is slightly different in that the anodes and reference electrodes are usually embedded in the concrete at the time of construction when the concrete is being poured The usual technique for concrete buildings bridges and similar structures is to use ICCP but there are systems available that use the principle of galvanic cathodic protection as well although in the UK at least the use of galvanic anodes for atmospherically exposed reinforced concrete structures is considered experimental For ICCP the principle is the same as any other ICCP system However in a typical atmospherically exposed concrete structure such as a bridge there will be many more anodes distributed through the structure as opposed to an array of anodes as used on a pipeline This makes for a more complicated system and usually an automatically controlled DC power source is used possibly with an option for remote monitoring and operation For buried or submerged structures the treatment is similar to that of any other buried or submerged structure Galvanic systems offer the advantage of being easier to retrofit and do not need any control systems as ICCP does For pipelines constructed from prestressed concrete cylinder pipe PCCP the techniques used for cathodic protection are generally as for steel pipelines except that the applied potential must be limited to prevent damage to the prestressing wire The steel wire in a PCCP pipeline is stressed to the point that any corrosion of the wire can result in failure An additional problem is that any excessive hydrogen ions as a result of an excessively negative potential can cause hydrogen embrittlement of the wire also resulting in failure The failure of too many wires will result in catastrophic failure of the PCCP To implement ICCP therefore requires very careful control to ensure satisfactory protection A simpler option is to use galvanic anodes which are selflimiting and need no control Internal cathodic protection Vessels pipelines and tanks which are used to store or transport liquids can also be protected from corrosion on their internal surfaces by the use of cathodic protection ICCP and galvanic systems can be used A common application of internal cathodic protection is water storage tanks and power plant shell and tube heat exchangers Galvanized steel Galvanizing generally refers to hotdip galvanizing which is a way of coating steel with a layer of metallic zinc or tin Galvanized coatings are quite durable in most environments because they combine the barrier properties of a coating with some of the benefits of cathodic protection If the zinc coating is scratched or otherwise locally damaged and steel is exposed the surrounding areas of zinc coating form a galvanic cell with the exposed steel and protect it from corrosion This is a form of localized cathodic protection the zinc acts as a sacrificial anode Galvanizing while using the electrochemical principle of cathodic protection is not actually cathodic protection Cathodic protection requires the anode to be separate from the metal surface to be protected with an ionic connection through the electrolyte and an electron connection through a connecting cable bolt or similar This means that any area of the protected structure within the electrolyte can be protected whereas in the case of galvanizing only areas very close to the zinc are protected Hence a larger area of bare steel would only be protected around the edges Automobiles Several companies market electronic devices claiming to mitigate corrosion for automobiles and trucks Corrosion control professionals find they do not work There is no peer reviewed scientific testing and validation supporting the use of the devices In 1996 the FTC ordered David McCready a person that sold devices claiming to protect cars from corrosion to pay restitution and banned the names Rust Buster and Rust Evader Testing Electrode potential is measured with reference electrodes Coppercopper sulphate electrodes are used for structures in contact with soil or fresh water Silversilver chlorideseawater electrodes or pure zinc electrodes are used for seawater applications The methods are described in EN 135092003 and NACE TM0497 along with the sources of error in the voltage that appears on the display of the meter Interpretation of electrode potential measurements to determine the potential at the interface between the anode of the corrosion cell and the electrolyte requires training and can not be expected to match the accuracy of measurements done in laboratory work Problems Production of hydrogen A side effect of improperly applied cathodic protection is the production of atomic hydrogen leading to its absorption in the protected metal and subsequent hydrogen embrittlement of welds and materials with high hardness Under normal conditions the atomic hydrogen will combine at the metal surface to create hydrogen gas which can not penetrate the metal Hydrogen atoms however are small enough to pass through the crystalline steel structure and lead in some cases to hydrogen embrittlement Cathodic disbonding This is a process of disbondment of protective coatings from the protected structure cathode due to the formation of hydrogen ions over the surface of the protected material cathode Disbonding can be exacerbated by an increase in alkali ions and an increase in cathodic polarization The degree of disbonding is also reliant on the type of coating with some coatings affected more than others Cathodic protection systems should be operated so that the structure does not become excessively polarized since this also promotes disbonding due to excessively negative potentials Cathodic disbonding occurs rapidly in pipelines that contain hot fluids because the process is accelerated by heat flow Cathodic shielding Effectiveness of cathodic protection CP systems on steel pipelines can be impaired by the use of solid film backed dielectric coatings such as polyethylene tapes shrinkable pipeline sleeves and factory applied single or multiple solid film coatings This phenomenon occurs because of the high electrical resistivity of these film backings Protective electric current from the cathodic protection system is blocked or shielded from reaching the underlying metal by the highly resistive film backing Cathodic shielding was first defined in the 1980s as being a problem and technical papers on the subject have been regularly published since then A 1999 report concerning a 20600 bbl 3280 m 3 spill from a Saskatchewan crude oil line contains an excellent definition of the cathodic shielding problem The triple situation of disbondment of the corrosion coating the dielectric nature of the coating and the unique electrochemical environment established under the exterior coating which acts as a shield to the electrical CP current is referred to as CP shielding The combination of tenting and disbondment permits a corrosive environment around the outside of the pipe to enter into the void between the exterior coating and the pipe surface With the development of this CP shielding phenomenon impressed current from the CP system can not access exposed metal under the exterior coating to protect the pipe surface from the Cathodic shielding is referenced in a number of the standards listed below Newly issued USDOT regulation Title 49 CFR 192112 in the section for Additional design requirements for steel pipe using alternative maximum allowable operating pressure requires that The pipe must be protected against external corrosion by a nonshielding coating see coatings section on standard Also the NACE SP01692007 standard defines shielding in section 2 cautions against the use of materials that create electrical shielding in section 423 cautions against use of external coatings that create electrical shielding in section 5123 and instructs readers to take appropriate action when the effects of electrical shielding of cathodic protection current are detected on an operating pipeline in section 109 Standards 49 CFR 192451 Requirements for Corrosion Control Transportation of natural and other gas by pipeline US minimum federal safety standards 49 CFR 195551 Requirements for Corrosion Control Transportation of hazardous liquids by pipelines US minimum federal safety standards AS 28324 Australian Standard for Cathodic Protection ASME B31Q 00010191 ASTM G 8 G 42 Evaluating Cathodic Disbondment resistance of coatings DNVRPB401 Cathodic Protection Design Det Norske Veritas EN 120681999 Cathodic protection External organic coatings for the corrosion protection of buried or immersed steel pipelines used in conjunction with cathodic protection Tapes and shrinkable materials EN 124732000 General principles of cathodic protection in sea water EN 124742001 Cathodic protection for submarine pipelines EN 124952000 Cathodic protection for fixed steel offshore structures EN 124992003 Internal cathodic protection of metallic structures EN 126962012 Cathodic protection of steel in concrete EN 129542001 Cathodic protection of buried or immersed metallic structures General principles and application for pipelines EN 131732001 Cathodic protection for steel offshore floating structures EN 131742001 Cathodic protection for Harbour Installations EN 135092003 Cathodic protection measurement techniques EN 136362004 Cathodic protection of buried metallic tanks and related piping EN 145052005 Cathodic protection of complex structures EN 151122006 External cathodic protection of well casing EN 152802013 Evaluation of ac corrosion likelihood of buried pipelines EN 501622004 Protection against corrosion by stray current from direct current systems BS 736111991 Cathodic Protection NACE SP01692013 Control of External Corrosion on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems NACE TM 0497 Measurement Techniques Related to Criteria for Cathodic Protection on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cathodic protection Anodic protection Sacrificial metal Wetting voltage Redox Notes Peabody p6 Davy cited in Ashworth 1994 Ashworth 103 Baeckmann Schwenck Prinz p12 Scherer 3827 179 cited in Baeckman Robert J Kuhn Cathodic Protection of Underground Pipe Lines from Soil Corrosion API Proceedings Nov 1933 Vol 14 p157 Natural Resources Canada Retrieved 23 JAN 2012 1 Archived January 6 2013 at the Wayback Machine Roberge p871 ASTM B41816 Standard Specification for Cast and Wrought Galvanic Zinc Anodes ASTM B84313 Standard Specification for Magnesium Alloy Anodes for Cathodic Protection ASTM F1182072013 Standard Specification for Anodes Sacrificial Zinc Alloy Peabody p304 Ashworth 1010 Roberge p880 Peabody p158 Baeckmann Schwenck Prinz p233 Peabody p22 Peabody p132 Peabody p32 BS 736111991 Sect 62 BS 736111991 Sect 6212 CP2 Cathodic Protection TechnicianMaritime Student Manual NACE International July 2009 pg 311 EN 124732000 Sect 831 Roberge p876 Britton p1 Ashworth et al 1082 Covino et al Daily Highways Agency Sect 48 Highways Agency Sect 21 Highways Agency Sect 45 NACE RP01002000 Sect 525 Gummow NACE RP01002000 Sect 54 EN 124992003 Ashworth et al 10112 CounterAct at Canadian Tire retailer NACE International Article Electronic Rust Prevention Federal Trade Commission Press Release NACE TM0497 Section 58 NACE TM0497 Section 12 Fundamentals of Electrochemical Corrosion p 174 at Roberge Sect 1141 p886 Baeckmann Schwenck Prinz p167 Baeckmann Schwenck Prinz p168 Peabody p37 NACE International Paper 09043 Transportation Safety Board of Canada References AW Peabody Peabodys Control of Pipeline Corrosion 2nd Ed 2001 NACE International ISBN 1575900920 Davy H Phil Trans Roy Soc 114151242 and 328 1824 Ashworth V Corrosion Vol 2 3rd Ed 1994 ISBN 0750610778 Baeckmann Schwenck Prinz Handbook of Cathodic Corrosion Protection 3rd Edition 1997 ISBN 0884150569 Scherer L F Oil and Gas Journal 1939 ASTM B843 07 Standard Specification for Magnesium Alloy Anodes for Cathodic Protection ASTM B418 09 Standard Specification for Cast and Wrought Galvanic Zinc Anodes Roberge Pierre R Handbook of Corrosion Engineering 1999 ISBN 0070765162 NACE International Paper 09043 Coatings Used in Conjunction with Cathodic Protection Shielding vs Nonshielding Coatings NACE International TM04972002 Measurement Techniques Related to Criteria for Cathodic Protection on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems Transportation Safety Board of Canada Report Number P99H0021 1999 2 Britton Jim Corrosion98 1998 3 Covino Bernard S et al Performance of Zinc Anodes for Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Bridges Oregon Dept of Transport Federal Highway Administration March 2002 UK Highways Agency BA 8302 Design Manual for Roads and Bridges Vol3 Sect3 Part 3 Cathodic Protection For Use In Reinforced Concrete Highway Structures 4 Retrieved 20110104 Daily Steven F Using Cathodic Protection to Control Corrosion of Reinforced Concrete Structures in Marine Environments published in Port Technology International Gummow RA Corrosion Control of Municipal Infrastructure Using Cathodic Protection NACE Conference Oct 1999 NACE Materials Performance Feb 2000 EN 124732000 General principles of cathodic protection in sea water EN 124992003 Internal cathodic protection of metallic structures NACE RP01002000 Cathodic Protection of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipelines BS 736111991 Cathodic Protection SAE International Paper No 912270 Robert Baboian State of the Art in Automobile Cathodic Protection Proceedings of the 5th Automotive Corrosion and Prevention Conference P250 Warrendale PA USA August 1991 US Army Corps of Engineers Engineering manual 111022704 12 July 2004 External links NACE International formerly the National Association of Corrosion Engineers Introduction to Cathodic Protection Institute of Corrosion A technical society based in the UK Glossary A comprehensive glossary of cathodic protection and corrosion terms Cathodic Protection 101 Cathodic Protection 101 a beginners guide National Physics Laboratory Short introductory paper on cathodic protection USDOT CFR 192112 USDOT regulations CFR 192112 requiring the use on nonshielding corrosion coating systems on steel pipe using alternative maximum allowable operation pressure Offshore Cathodic Protection Methods Offshore specific cathodic protection methods Categories Chemical processes Corrosion prevention Hydrogen technologies

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cathodic protection
corrosion
sacrificial metal


Cessna AT17 Bobcat From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia AT17 UC78 Bobcat Model T50 Cessna AT17 Bobcat Role fiveseat light transport Manufacturer Cessna Aircraft Company First flight March 26 1939 T50 Primary users United States Army Air Forces Royal Canadian Air Force United States Navy Produced 19391944 Number built 5422 The Cessna AT17 Bobcat was a twinengined advanced trainer aircraft designed and made in the United States and used during World War II to bridge the gap between singleengined trainers and twinengined combat aircraft The AT17 was powered by two Jacobs R755 9 radial engines The commercial version was the Model T50 from which the AT17 was developed Contents 1 Design and development 2 Operational history 3 Variants 4 Operators 5 Specifications AT17 6 See also 7 8 External links Design and development A T50 in flight The AT17 was a military version of the commercial Cessna T50 light transport The Cessna Airplane Company first produced the wood and tubular steel fabriccovered T50 in 1939 for the civilian market as a lightweight and lowcost twin for personal use where larger aircraft such as the Beech 18 would be too expensive A lowwing cantilever monoplane it featured retractable main landing gear and wing trailing edge flaps both electrically actuated The wing structure was built up of laminated spruce spar beams with spruce and plywood ribs The fixed tailwheel is not steerable and fullswivelling The prototype T50 made its maiden flight on 26 March 1939 In 1940 the United States Army Air Corps ordered them under the designation AT8 as twinengined advanced trainers Operational history UC78 in flight Thirtythree AT8s were built for the US Army Air Corps and production continued under the designation AT17 reflecting a change in equipment and engine types In 1942 the US Army Air Force the successor to the Air Corps from June 1941 adopted the Bobcat as a light personnel transport and those delivered after January 1 1943 were designated UC78 s By the end of World War II Cessna had produced more than 4600 Bobcats for the US military 67 of which were transferred to the United States Navy as JRC1 s In addition 822 Bobcats had been produced for the Royal Canadian Air Force as Crane I s many of which were used in the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan The aircraft did not last long in North American postwar military service Few if any Bobcats were in service with the United States Air Force when it was formed in September 1947 Surviving military aircraft were declared obsolete in 1949 Dubbed the Bamboo Bomber by the pilots who flew them it was one of the aircraft featured in the popular television series Sky King of the earlytomid 1950s The aircraft was replaced in later episodes by the T50s successor the allmetal Cessna 310 After the war surplus AT17s and UC78s could be converted by CAAapproved kits to civilianstandard aircraft allowing their certification under the T50s original Type Certificate ATC 722 issued 3241940 They were used by small airlines charter and bush operators and private pilots Some were operated on floats By the 1970s the number of airworthy aircraft had dwindled as they were made obsolete by more modern types and by the maintenance required by their aging wood wing structures and fabric covering Since then several have been restored by antique airplane enthusiasts As of December 2017 FAA records show 52 T50s two AT17s and five UC78s listed on its registration database In the postwar years Bobcats continued in military service with Brazil and the Nationalist Chinese Variants RCAF Cessna Crane as employed in the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan on display at the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum T50 Company design number Fiveseat twinengined commercial transport aircraft fitted with Jacobs L4MB radial piston engines AT8 Military trainer version of the T50 with two 295 hp 220kW Lycoming R6809 radial piston engines 33 built AT17 As the AT8 but powered by 245 hp 183 kW Jacobs R7559 L4 engines 450 built some later converted to AT17E AT17A As the AT17 but with metal propellers and reduced weight 223 built 182 to Canada as Crane IAs and later conversion to AT17Fs AT17B As the AT17A but with equipment changes 466 built Subsequent aircraft were built as UC78Bs AT17C As the AT17A but different radio equipment 60 built AT17D As the ATC with equipment changes 131 built AT17E AT17 with gross weight limited to 5300 lb 2400 kg Cessna UC78C AT17F AT17A with gross weight limited to 5300 lb 2400 kg AT17G AT17B with gross weight limited to 5300 lb 2400 kg C78 Military transport version for the United States Army Air Forces redesignated UC78 in 1943 1354 built UC78 C78 redesignated in 1943 variablepitch propellers UC78A 17 impressed civilian T50s UC78B Originally the AT17B wooden propellers and reduced weight 1806 built UC78B on display at the Museum of Aviation Robins AFB UC78C Originally the AT17D same as UC78B with equipment changes 196 built and 131 AT17Ds redesignated JRC1 Navy light transport version of the UC78 with two Jacobs 9 engines 67 delivered Crane I Royal Canadian Air Force designation for T50s with minor equipment changes 640 delivered as light transports Crane 1A 182 AT17As delivered to Canada under lendlease P7 An experimental variant of the T50 with more powerful 300 hp 220 kW Jacobs L6MB engines and plywood covered tailplane and wings one aircraft only first flown June 2 1941 P10 1941 advanced bomber trainer with modified fuselage sliding canopy and 330 hp 250 kW Jacobs engines 1 built Operators Brazil Brazilian Air Force operated 39 from 1943 to 1956 Canada Royal Canadian Air Force operated 744 from 1941 to 1949 Queen Charlotte Airlines Costa Rica Air Force of Costa Rica operated one in 1948 Ethiopia Ethiopian Air Force operated two from 1946 to 1965 France French Air Force and French Navy operated eight from 1943 to 1951 Guatemala Guatemalan Air Force received one in 1949 Haiti Haitian Air Force operated four from 1943 to 1963 Nicaragua Nicaraguan Air Force received two in 1947 North Yemen Yemeni Air Force operated three from 1950 to 1958 Republic of China Republic of China Air Force operated 15 from 1946 to 1950 Peru Peruvian Air Force operated nine from 1945 to 1958 Poland LOT Polish Airlines operated 14 in 19461950 reg nos SPLEA to LEO United States Civil Aeronautics Authority United States Army Air Corps United States Army Air Forces United States Navy Northern Consolidated Airlines Wiggins Airways Wisconsin Central Airlines Specifications AT17 General characteristics Crew pilotfour Length 32 ft 9 in 998 m Wingspan 41 ft 11 in 1278 m Height 9 ft 11 in 302 m Wing area 295 sq ft 274 m 2 Empty weight 3500 lb 1588 kg Gross weight 5700 lb 2585 kg Max takeoff weight 6062 lb 2750 kg Powerplant 2 Jacobs R7559 sevencylinder aircooled radial piston engine 245 hp 183 kW each Maximum speed 169 kn 314 kmh 195 mph Cruise speed 152 kn 282 kmh 175 mph Range 652 nmi 1207 km 750 mi Service ceiling 22000 ft 6700 m See also Military of the United States portal United States Air Force portal Aviation portal Aircraft of comparable role configuration and era Airspeed Oxford Avro Anson Siebel Si 204 Related lists List of aircraft of World War II References Notes Wixley 1984 p13 Phillips Edward H Cessna A Masters Expression Flying Books 1985 ISBN 0911139044 Swanborough Gordon Bowers Peter M United States Military Aircraft Since 1909 Putnam 1989 ISBN 085177816X Juptner Joseph P US Civil Aircraft Series Vol 8 TAB Books 1994 ISBN 0816891788 FAA Registry Aircraft Make Model Inquiry faagov Retrieved 11 June 2016 FAA Registry Aircraft Make Model Inquiry faagov Retrieved 11 June 2016 FAA Registry Aircraft Make Model Inquiry faagov Retrieved 11 June 2016 Cessna P10 aerofiles Retrieved 15 September 2018 Jońca Adam 1985 Samoloty linii lotniczych 19451956 Barwa w lotnictwie polskim no4 WKiŁ Warsaw ISBN 8320605296 in Polish p12 Bibliography Mondey David American Aircraft of World War II Hamlyn Concise Guide London Bounty Books 2006 ISBN 9780753714614 Wixley Kenneth E Cessna BobcatA Production History Aircraft Illustrated January 1984 Vol 17 No 1 pp 1316 ISSN 00022675 Cessna Model T50 Aviation Vol 39 no 1 January 1940 pp 4647 Registration required help External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cessna T50 Lone Star Flight Museum Wright Stuff Squadron Commemorative Air Force v t e Cessna aircraft v t e United States trainer aircraft designations ArmyAir Force and TriService systems v t e United States military transport aircraft designations ArmyAir Force and TriService systems v t e USN USMC utility aircraft designations 19351955 Categories Cessna aircraft United States civil utility aircraft 19301939 United States military trainer aircraft 19401949 United States military utility aircraft 19401949 Twinengined tractor aircraft Lowwing aircraft World War II trainer aircraft of the United States Aircraft first flown in 1939 Retractable conventional landing gear

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