Psych Chap 4 FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month Definition of Sensations and Perception CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT Sensation How sense organs detect external stimuli and the transmission of these responses to the brain Perception The processing organization and interpretation of sensory signals that result in an internal representation of the stimulus CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 35 Terms in this set 35 Definition of Sensations and Perception Sensation How sense organs detect external stimuli and the transmission of these responses to the brain Perception The processing organization and interpretation of sensory signals that result in an internal representation of the stimulus Sensation vs Perception Sensation Our sense organs receive information from the environment However this is raw information and is not all we require to make sense of the world Perception Select organize and interpret the raw information Active process that involves imposing order on stimuli Transduction A process by which sensory receptors produce neural impulses when they receive physical or chemical stimulation Bottomup Topdown Processing Bottom Up Detect features of stimulus combine features in more complex forms recognize stimulus Top Down Formulate hypothesis about stimulus select and examine features recognize stimulus Psychophysics Studies the relationship between the physical stimulus and the perceivers subjective experience of the stimulus limits of human sensory system THRESHOLDS Absolute Threshold The minimum stimulus intensity that an organism can detect probability is 50 detection Sensory Threshold for each sense Just noticeable difference The smallest difference in stimulus intensity that a specific sense can detect Webers Law The principle that the just noticeable difference is based on a proportion of the original stimulus rather than on a fixed amount Signal Detection Theory The theory that detecting a stimulus is jointly determined by the signal and the subjects response criterion Ex Plane vs Bird signal is searching for a plane Calls a plane a plane hit calls a bird a bird correct rejection Vision seeing Environmental stimuli is seen Light waves electromagnetic spectrum Visual receptors rods and cones in retina convert light to neural impulses Light waves transformed into neural impulses transduction Messages sent to the brain to be organized and interpreted Bottom up vs top down for interpreting sensation vs perception Sensation Raw material Data driven Bottomup processing Perception Uses preexisting knowledge Concept driven Topdown processing Gestalt Whole is different than the sum of its parts Figure ground Proximity Proximity Elements close to one another tend to be grouped together Similarity Elements similar to one another tend to be grouped together Simplicity Images are interpreted in the simplest form possible Good continuation We tend to perceive intersecting lines as continues box behind a cylinder Closure We tend to complete figures even when gaps exists Illusory Contours Perceive contours even when they do not exist Shape Constancy This phenomenon of your perceiving the real shapes of objects regardless of their retinal projections is called shape constancy It is one of the several perceptual constancy that one encounters Size Constancy AMES BOX Size constancy refers to the fact that our peceptions of the size of objects are relatively constant despite the fact that the size of objects on the retina vary greatly with distance Size Perception Depends on Distance Perception The size of an objects retinal image depends on that objects distance from the observer To determine an objects size the visual system needs to know how far away it is Depth Perception Binocular is when the brain uses the disparity between the two retinal images to compute distances to nearby objects Monocular is when the eyes use convergence where eye muscles turn the eyes inward and the brain knows how much the eyes are converging and uses this information to perceive distance Occlusion A near object occludes blocks an object that is farther away Relative Size When we view 2 objects we know to be the same size and one appears smaller than the other we assume that the smallest is further away Familiar Size Previous knowledge of an objects size and assuming its distance Linear Perspective Parallel lines converge in the distance so the further away the lines are from the observer the closer together they will appear This fact was discovered and used by renaissance artists to great effect Motion Cues and depth perception Motion parallax The brain uses cues from the relative movements of objects that are at various distances from the observer The MüllerLyer Illusion Illusion in which the perceived length of a line is altered by the position of other lines that enclose it Ponzo Illusion Illusion in which the perceived line length is affected by linear perspective cues side lines seem to converge top line seems farther away the retinal images of the horizontal lines are equal in length Sensory Adaptation a decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of the stimulation construction starting rly loud but becoming more quiet as you get used to it Haptic Sense Touch Sense Temperature Pain and Pressure Transduction The physical properties of a stimulus are translated into neural impulses in a process called molecules of Photopigments reside where in the rods and cones Master chefs are likely to have __ than other people more tastebuds

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Med Surg 27 FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month B A client with uterine cancer is receiving chemotherapy and develops thrombocytopenia Due to this side effect the nurse should plan to give the greatest consideration to which of the following A Monitoring vital signs for signs of infection B Reminding the client to use an electric razor C Encouraging frequent rest periods D Instructing the client to vigorously brush and floss the teeth CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 72 Terms in this set 72 B A client with uterine cancer is receiving chemotherapy and develops thrombocytopenia Due to this side effect the nurse should plan to give the greatest consideration to which of the following A Monitoring vital signs for signs of infection B Reminding the client to use an electric razor C Encouraging frequent rest periods D Instructing the client to vigorously brush and floss the teeth A C E An adolescent female client who had a successful bone marrow transplant is being discharged Which of the following information should the nurse reinforce in relation to the discharge plan Select all that apply A Take you temp twice a day B You may return to school if you feel strong enough C It is important to always wear shoes D Clean your toothbrush weekly with isopropyl alcohol E Avoid using tampons C A nurse is assiting in the development of a care plan for a client immediately following a bone marrow transplant Which of the following post transplant concerns should be the nurses highest priority A Pain B Social isolation C Risk for infection D Graftversushost disease B A client with breast cancer is receiving a combination of chemotherapy agents The nurse understands that the rationale for this combine treatment modaility is that the A Risk of renal toxicity is lessened B Agents act at different stages of cellular mitosis C Length of treatment will be shorter D Potential for bone marrow suppression is eliminated C A nurse is preparing to discharge a client who had a right radical mastectomy 2 days ago and will be going home with drains still in the incision When assisting in the development of a discharge plan of care for this client which of the following is appropriate to include A Empty the reservoir bulb attached to the drain once a day B Avoid exercises that raise the right arm over the head for 6 weeks C Take your blood pressure on the left arm D Report numbness of the inner right arm to the provider B A client is being evaluated in an oncology clinic after referral by the clients provider for suspicion of Hodgkins disease The nurse should anticipate that the client will exhibit which of the following A Bone and joint pain B Enlarged lymph nodes C Difficult swallowing D Patchy alopecia C Four weeks after a bone marrow transplant a client develops a fever and a rash on the hands and feet Based on these findings the nurse should suspect that the client is experiencing which of the following conditions A An allergic response to medication B Side effects of radiation therapy C Graftversushost disease D Venoocclusive disease of the liver D A nurse is caring for a client who has been diagnosed with cancer in situ The client asks the nurse what type of cancer this is An appropriate response by the nurse would be that cancer in situ is when abnormal cell production A Has spread to a distant site B Has infiltrated the lymph nodes C Has invaded surrounding tissue D Has developed within a localized area B A nurse in an oncology clinic is collecting data from a client who has multiple myeloma In relation to laboratory findings commonly associated with this diagnosis the nurse should carefully obeserve the client for manifestations related to which of the following A Hypocalcemia B Thrombocytopenia C Leukocytosis D Polycythemia D A client with a multiple myeloma is admitted to the unit with a white blood cell count of 2000mm3 Which of the following foods should the nurse prohibit family members from bringing the client A Fried chicken from a fast food shop B A gift basket of bagels C A factorysealed box of chocolates D A fresh fruit basket D A nurse is caring for a client following a right modified radical mastectomy Which of the following actions by an assistive personnel AP should indicate to the nurse that further teaching is needed A Elevating the right arm on a pillow B Encouraging the client to do deep breathing exercises C Emptying the surgical drains every 8 hrs D Taking blood pressure on the right arm A A client who has a suspected ovarian tumor is scheduled to have a pelvic ultrasound In preparing the client for the procedure the nurse should reinforce to the client to A Drink 46 glasses of water and do not void B Have nothing to eat or drink after midnight C Self administer an enema the night before the procedure D Abstain from sexual intercourse the night before A A client who has leukemia has a relapse and the provider recommends a bone marrow transplant After the provier leaves the client asks the nurse Do they put the marrow back in me the same way they took it out for a biopsy Which of the following is an appropriate response by the nurse A No its transfused just like any other blood component into your central IV line B Yes itss replaced directly into the bone like a biopsy but it requires several sites C Yes however you will not feel it because they will do it in the operating room under anesthesia D Ill get the doctor back in here to answer the rest of your questions B A client is admitted to the hospital after being treated with vincristine for cancer The client reports being diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy due to chemotherapy When collecting data from the client the nurse should expect to see which of the following clinical manifestations in the clients extremities A Edema B Tingling C Ataxia D Spasms C A nurse anticipates that a client who is receiving antineoplastic medications may manifest which of the following side effects A Gingival hyperplasia B Hirsutism C Aplastic anemia D Weight gain A A client is receiving external radiation therapy Which of the following statements indicates to the nurse that the client understands the discharge teaching plan A I need to protect the area from sunlight B Im going to apply skin cream every day to the area C Ill massage the area once a day D Ill wash the markings off after each therapy treatment B A nurse is caring for a client who is to receive brachytherapy via a cervical implant Which of the following statements by the client should indicate to the nurse that further teaching is necessary A My husband will stand 6 feet away during his visit B My children will only be allowed to visit for 20 minutes C My pregnant sister can not visit me while I am here D A walk to the bathroom is off limits the next 2 days A A client who is receiving external radiation asks the nurse Am I radioactive Which of the following is an appropriate response by the nurse A No you are not radioactive B Only your urine is radioactive C Are you afraid that you might be radioactive D Your blood will be radioactive for 7 days A A nurse is admitting a client who has been diagnosed as having squamous cell carcinoma of the lung When completing the history and physical the nurse should ask the client about a history of which of the following A Hemoptysis B Dysphagia C Dysgeusia D Heartburn D A nurse is helping to develop a plan of care for a client with metastatic lung cancer who is at risk for the development of superior vena cava syndrome The nurse includes in the plan to assess the client frequently for early manifestations of superior vena cava syndrom including A Irregular cardiac rhythm B Change in the LOC C Wasting of the arms D Facial edema B Which of the following definitions best describes the tumor classification of a carcinoma A Cancer that originates from organs that form blood B Cancer that originates from epithelial cells C Cancer that originates from organs that fight infection D Cancer that originates from connective tissue such as bone or muscle C Which of the following dietary modifications reduces the risk of cancer A Decrease intake of foods rich in Vitamin A C such as fruits and yellow and green leafy vegetables B Increase intake of processed meats that contain nitrites and nitrates as preservatives C Decrease fat intake to 2030 of total daily calories D Increase intake of red meat D Which of the following warning signs might indicate the possibility of cancer A Change in bowel and bladder habits and function B Sores that do not heal C A change in wart or mole D All of the above A What does it mean when the lab report states Tumor is a grade IV A Tumor is very aggressive and unpredictable B Tumor has malignant cells confined to the layer of cells in which they began C Tumor with undifferentiated cells that should respond well to treatment D Tumor with benign cells that resemble the tissue of origin B What term is used when a patient has a low WBC count A Myelosuppression B Leukopenia C Thrombocytopenia D Xerostomia A What term is used when a patients CBC indicates low leukocytes erythrocytes and platelet counts A Myelosuppression B Leukopenia C Thrombocytopenia D Stomatitis D Which of the following are adverse side effects of chemotherapy A Nausea and vomiting first 24 hours following treatment B Stomatitis and myelosuppression C Alopecia and fatigue D All of the above C What are the 3 safety principles for nurses when a patient has radioisotopes used to treat cancer A Time desquamation distance B Time shielding extravastion C Time distance shielding D Time alopecia shieding D When caring for a patient with cancer which of the following problems might be related to their cancer diagnosis A Pain B Fatigue C Infection D All of the above D Patients with cancer have a lot of nutrition difficulties Which of the following nursing interventions might be beneficial for the patient A Encourage small frequent meals B Nauseated and vomiting patient should replenish fluids by taking small amounts of water or flat beverages every 1015 minutes C A high fluid intake is necessary to promote excretion of chemotherapeutic drugs Water milk fruit juices and highprotein beverages are good choices D All of the above Oncology nursing The nursing specialty related to care of clients with cancer is ________ Cytoreductive surgery A surgical procedure when the entire tumor can not be removed but as much of it as possible is removed is referred to as__________ Environmental ________ carcinogens include prolonged exposures to sunlight radiations and pollutants Reconstructive ________ surgery may be done after extensive surgery to correct defects caused by the original surgery Primary treatment When tumors are confined and have not invaded vital organs the surgery is more likely to be curative Chemical agents These types of carcinogens are believed to account for 75 of all cancers Examples include tobacco asbestos coal dust pesticides and formaldehydes Time Distance and Shielding When radioisotopes are used to treat cancer these three safety principles must ALWAYS be kept in mind Palliative Surgery that helps to relieve uncomfortable symptoms or prolong life Tumor markers Specialize tests that identify specific proteins antigens hormones genes or enzymes that cancer cells release Mohs surgery A type of surgery that involves shaving off one thin layer of skin at a time Each layer is examined microscopically Surgery ends when all cells look normal Neoplasms tumors New growths of abnormal tissue Carcinomas Cancers originating from epithelial cells Lymphomas Cancers originating from organs that fight infection Leukemias Cancers originating from organs that form blood Sarcomas Cancers originating from connective tissue such as bone or muscle Benign Not invasive or spreading remain at their site of development Malignant Invasive and capable of spreading likely to metastasize External radiation therapy Uses highenergy ionizing radiation such as highenergy xrays gamma rays and radioactive particles alpha and beta particles neutrons and protons to destroy cancer cells shrink tumors and relieve symptoms Internal radiation therapy AKA brachytherapy refers to shortdistance therapy It involves the direct application of radioactive source on or within a tumor and can deliver a high dose of radiation to a small area Chemotherapy Uses antineoplastic agents to treat cancer cells locally and systemically These agents may be used alone or with other therapies to cure cancer prevent it from metastasizing slow its growth destroy tumor cells that have metastasized or relieve symptoms Stem cell transplantation Used to replace bone marrow destroyed by cancer or cancer treatments Immunotherapy The purpose of this is to manipulate the natural immune response by restoring modifying stimulating or augmenting the natural defenses It uses the clients own immune system to stimulate the bodys natural immunity to restrict and destroy cancer cells or involve receiving immune system components to do the same Hyperthermia This is combined with other therapies It alters cell membrane permeability so that uptake of chemotherapy is increased It enhances the function of immunotherapeutic agents This uses thermal temperatures greater than 1067 degrees to destroy tumor cells Photodynamic therapy Uses a photoactive drug porfimer Photofrin that when administered intravenously is stored in higher concentrations in malignant tissues Several days after the drug is administered laser light applied to the tumor activates the drug and destroys the malignant cells Damage to healthy tissues is minimal Gene therapy This involves replacing altered genes with correct genes inhibiting defective genes and introducing substances that destroy genes or cancer cells Scientists have theorized that many cancers result from gene alterations D When advising a client on diet modifications to reduce the risk of cancer the nurse is correct in recommending which of the following A Increase your intake of red meat B Decrease your intake of dietary fiber C Increase your intake of processed meat D Increase your intake of cruciferous vegetables A Which of the following instructions does the nurse provide to clients receiving radiation therapy A Report when there is difficulty with swallowing B Report when there are mood swings C Report when there is a loss of appetite D Report when there are sleep disorders C The nurse is explaining the clients upcoming surgery for cancer stating that liquid nitrogen is used to freeze and destroy cancer cells The nurse is describing what kind of surgery A Electrosurgery B Laser C Cryosurgery D Chemosurgery A Which of the following is a nursing intervention when managing clients receiving radiation therapy A Monitor clients for signs of bone marrow suppression B Monitor clients for dehydration C Monitor clients for insufficient urine output D Monitor clients for signs of increased blood sugar levels D Which of the following safety measures must the nurse implement to minimize radiation effects when working with clients who have just undergone treatment with radioisotopes A Wear a special uniform to block radiation B Do not attend the client for the first 14 hours C Wear a face mask and gloves D Limit time spent with the client B Which of the following is an important nursing intervention when managing clients receiving a bone marrow transplant A Monitor clients for signs of elevated urine specific gravity B Monitor clients for signs of infection C Monitor clients for signs of elevated blood urea nitrogen D Monitor clients for signs of elevate blood pressure B A client asks the nurse about the stage of the recently diagnosed malignant tumor The client states My doctor told me it is T1 NO MX What is the nurses best response A The tumor is connected to another organ B The tumor is small with no evidence of metastasis at this time C The tumor is small but does not have welldefined margins D The tumor is welldifferentiated and will respond well not treatment D The nurse practitioner is concerned that a client has not had regular checkups as a means of catching any abnormalities early Which of the following is an early warning signs and symptom of cancer A Fibrocystic breast disease B Yeast infection C Stasis ulcers D A change in a wart or mole B A client tells the nurse that the physician wants to examine the tumor density shape size volume and location as well as looking at the blood vessels that feed the tumor The client asks what is the test that does this The nurse correctly states that it is which of the following test A A nuclear scan B A CT C An ultrasound test D A fluoroscopy examination A A client is being treated with radiation therapy and develops thrombocytopenia What nursing intervention has the highest priority A Advise the client to shave with an electric razor B Avoid using soap and friction on the irradiated area C Keep the clients lips moist with lip balm D Tell the client to wear loose cotton clothing A A nurse instructs a group of young adults at a community center about behaviors that can decrease the risk of cancer Which information is most applicable for this age group A Avoid smoking and prolonged sun exposure B Schedule yearly mammograms or prostate examinations C Perform selfexamination techniques four times per year D Eat a diet low in salt and fat D A client is told that the malignant tumor is at stage T2 N0 M0 The client asks the nurse what this means What is the nurses best response A The cancer is widespread beyond the tumor margins B There is evidence of metastasis to another organ C The tumor has spread to the surrounding lymph nodes D This tumor can be measured but has not extended or metastasized A A client newly diagnosed with cancer receives external radiation therapy Which nursing instruction regarding bathing is most appropriate A Use a soft washcloth to wash the irradiated skin B Avoid getting the irradiated skin wet C Use alcohol instead of soap on the irradiated skin D Cover the reddened irradiated area with clear plastic A B E A client is receiving chemotherapy for cancer After several treatments blood studies demonstrate that the client is experiencing bone marrow suppression The licensed practical nurse LPN can expect that the client will exhibit which of the following signs and symptoms Select all that apply A Easy bruising B Bleeding from gums C Bone pain D Fatigue E Headaches A The nurse is caring for a client who is experiencing a poor appetite while receiving chemotherapy Which of the following strategies is most appropriate for the nurse to use to increase the patients nutritional intake A Add instant breakfast or milk powder cheese or peanut butter to selected foods B Avoid liquid protein supplements to encourage eating at mealtime C Increase intake of liquids at mealtime to stimulate the appetite D Serve three large meals per day plus snack between each meal B A client diagnosed with cancer comes to the clinic after receiving a combination of radiation and chemotherapies the client complains of nausea vomiting and diarrhea Which of the following signs requires an initial focused assessment by the nurse A Fatigue B Dehydration C Infection D Anemia A At a routine clinic visit the nurse weighs a client who has cancer and finds that the client has lost 25lbs since beginning cancer treatment What is the nurses best suggestion for increasing the clients caloric intake A Advise the client to eat small frequent meals B Inform the client to eat foods high in fat C Suggest that the client eat larger portions D Tell the client to increase red meat intake YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE 62 terms Chapt 15 Oncology Med Surg Medsurg test 3 prepu chapter 15 cellular regulation practice questions 104 terms MedSurg Oncology Ch 15 PrepU ATI OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR 168 terms Med Surg 26 workbook and NCLEX 241 terms Med Surg 25 68 terms Med Surg 21 135 terms Mental Health 3 THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH 33 terms Chapter 24 Care of Patients with Cancer 43 terms Lewis Chapter 16 Cancer Questions 20 terms ATI Oncology 43 terms Lewis Chapter 16 Cancer Questions

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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


PSYC266 Chapter 9 and 10 FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month experimental design CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT general structure of the experiment CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE Terms in this set 58 experimental design general structure of the experiment Three aspects of experiment that play part in experimental design 1 the number of independent variables 2 the number of treatment conditions needed to make a fair test of the experimental hypothesis 3whether the same or different subjects are used in each of the treatment conditions betweensubjects designs draw conclusions by making comparisons between the behaviors of different groups of subjects how many subjects are enough for an experiment no simple answer more than one or two subjects in each treatment condition in betweensubjects designs p265 effect size a statistical estimate of the size or magnitude of the treatment effect the larger the effect size the fewer subjects need to detect a treatment effect p267 power charts estimate the minimum number of subjects needed for each treatment in most statistic textbooks 20 is usually a good number one independent variable two group designs two variations of the two group design two independent group design and two matched group design both use treatment conditions but differ dramatically in how the researcher decides which subjects will take part in each treatment condition twoindepdent groups design subjects placed in each of two treatment conditions through random assignment p267 random assignment means that every subject has equal chance of being placed in any of the treatment conditions Kelley randominization hot and cold lecture experimental groupcontrol experimental condition we apply a particular value of our independent variable to the subjects and measure the dependent variable control condition used to determine the value of the dependent variable carry out exact procedure as exp condition except for experimental manipulation Vohs and Schooler faced maturation threat to internal validity when investigating whether inducing people to believe behavior was predetermined would encourage them to be more likely to cheat when opportunity arose Brady study of ulcers in monkeys shocked monkeys p270 two experimental groups design after it is found an independent variable produces some effect not ordinarily present researchers will often use to gather more precise info can be used to look at behavioral differences that occur when subjects are exposed to two different values or levels of the independent variable p272 Anderson and dill two experimental groups design violent video games would increase aggressive thoughts and behavior ethical decisions in control groups p 273 Dugaswaiting list control group in experiment to test cognitive behavioral intervention to reduce generalized anxiety disorder Zajonc Heingarter and Herman tested hypothesis that cockroaches would run fast through simple maze when together than alone must be equivalent on an important subject variable to not cause confounding more subjects equals more randomization which equals less confounding risk when to use two independent group designs start by looking at hypothesis if there is only one independent variable good choice we assume randomization is successful two matched groups two groups of subjects by the researcher assigns them to groups by matching or equating them on a characteristic that will probably affect the dependent variable matching before and after subjects may be measure extraneously if not possible to do before we can use precision or range matching precision matching we insist that the members of the matched pairs have identical scores range matching more common procedure we require that the members of a pair fall within a precisely specified range of scores p 279 subjects can be omitted if they dont match up rank ordered matching sometimes used subjects are ranked by their scores on the matching variable and subjects with adjacent scores become a matched pair all subjects are typically used downside may be unacceptably large differences between members of a pair on the matching variable Delvin used matching successfully when investigating teacher paraprofessional teams to increase the ability of elementary school students with disabilities to function when mainstreamed when we match it is highly related to the dependent variable of the experiment multiple groups design a design in which there are more than two groups of subjects and each group is run through a different treatment condition different dosages of same medicine multiple independent groups design most common subjects assigned to different treatment conditions at random also possible to use multiple groups and matched subjects basic procedures same as two matched groups design except more than two treatment conditions more treatment conditionsmore difficult to match subjects assigning subjects randomly random number table Appendix B Block randomization p283 how to assign subjects choosing treatments prefer proportional increments between conditions What will I gain in adding the extra conditions SELECT THE SIMPLEST DESIGN POSSIBLE practical limits choosing design pilot study used to pretest selected levels of an independent variable before conducting the actual experiment can work out bugs in an experiment factorial designs design in which more than one independent variable is present give us info about the effects of each independent variable called MAIN EFFECTS enable us to figure out how the influence of one independent variable affects the influence of another in an experiment factors independent variables each one while have two or more values or levels two factor experiment simplest factorial design main effect the action of a single independent variable in an experiment when more than one IV has an effect they each have a main effect must use statistical analysis such as ANOVA analysis of variance test to determine significance looking for interactions present when the effect of one independent variable changes across the levels of another IV music speech and plants p 292 The effects of one factor will change depending on the levels of the other alcohol and sleeping pill when together are harmful have a different reaction we cant get a full picture of results in an experiment because higher order interactions involve more than two variables at a time when 2 IVs are present only one possible reaction is present increases with more variables possible to have an interaction with no main effects and have main effects with no significant interaction Mehrabian and Piercy tested whether people assign different kinds of personality characteristics to theory based solely on their first name p296 design matrix used in factorial designs to understand what you are testing what kind of design you are using and how many treatment conditions are required will be more complex if you are working with more than two factors or more than two levels of each factor p297 shorthand notation 2x2 means two by two factorial design tell us number of factors involved the numerical value of each numberlevels each factor has 1stfactors 2ndlevels product number of different conditions factor labeling methods placed in parentheses following numerical notations factors are separated by x variable names are only capitalized if they are separated by x p299 Pliner and Chaiken relationship between gender and eating behavior factorial experiment p301 crossover interaction the effects of each factor completely reverse at each level of the other factor measuring interactions is one of the key reasons for doing factorial research stereotype differences in male test performance p308 p 311 chart to determine type of experiment design to use All of these help determine the design of an experiment except the scale of measurement By randomly assigning subjects to treatment conditions many extraneous variables are automatically _____ across conditions balanced The values of an independent variable in a factorial design are called _____ levels Placebo effects in drug trials are due to demand characteristics A notreatment condition in an experiment which measures how subjects ordinarily perform on the dependent measure is called the control group What does between subjects mean in a betweensubjects experiment Experimenters compare the performance of different groups on the dependent variable A 2 x 3 betweensubjects factorial experiment will have _____ Hope randomly assigned subjects to rate the attractiveness of job candidates with either an obvious facial piercing experimental condition or no facial piercing control condition Which experimental design did she use independent groups YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE Chapter 10 Psych Research Methods in Psychology CH 10 Set 34 terms Methods in Behavioral Research chapter 8 Research Methods Chapter 610 read description OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR 4 terms Assistive Tech 28 terms Speech and Hearing Science Quiz August 24 2017 26 terms Produce 67 terms Aural Rehab Final THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH 88 terms PSYC 266 Chapter 7 and 8 89 terms PS211 CH13 22 terms Experimental Psychology MyersHansen Chapter 14 14 terms Chapter 8 Solving Problems Controlling Extraneous Variables

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Chapter 8 Double Object Pronouns FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month Double Object Pronouns CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT PersonObject Tango of Indirect and Direct Object Pronouns CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 31 Terms in this set 31 Double Object Pronouns PersonObject Tango of Indirect and Direct Object Pronouns Indirect Object Pronouns Person me I te you le se hesheit nos we les se they Direct Object Pronouns Object lo theit la theit los thethem las thethem Rule of Double Object Pronouns Indirect Object Pronoun Always Precedes the Direct Object Pronoun Before Le camarera ME muestra EL MENú The waitress show me the menu After La camarera ME LO muestra The waitress shows it to to me Before NOS sirven LOS PLATOS They serve us the dishes After NOS LOS sirven They serve them to us Before Maribel TE pidió UNA HAMBURGUESA Maribel ordered a hamburger for you After Maribel TE LA pidió Maribel ordered it for you Rule Le and Les Se for No Two Ls are Allowed Before LE escribí LA CARTA I wrote him the letter After SE LA escribí I wrote it to him Before LES sirvió LOS SáNDWICHES He served them the sandwiches After SE LOS sirvió He served them to them Structure se and la seyou lait Sí señores Enseguida se la traigo seSenores lathe plate Por qué no me llevé un pollo asado a mi casa anoche Why meTe un pollo asadolo llevar is verb Tú si te lo llavaste Por qué no le preparaste el bistec a la señora Soto Senora person el bistec object preparasteverb Yo sí se lo prepare preterite Te lo voy a mostrar Voy a mostrártelo

O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Marketing Ch 14 FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month Six Steps in Setting Price 1Identify Pricing Objectives and Constraints 2Estimate Demand and Revenue 3Determine Cost Volume and Profit Relationships 4Select Approximate Price Level 5Set List of Quoted Price 6Make Special Adjustments to List or Quoted Price CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 51 Terms in this set 51 Six Steps in Setting Price 1Identify Pricing Objectives and Constraints 2Estimate Demand and Revenue 3Determine Cost Volume and Profit Relationships 4Select Approximate Price Level 5Set List of Quoted Price 6Make Special Adjustments to List or Quoted Price 4 Select Approximate Price Level What Four Approaches Is integral in getting to the final price because it is a reasonable starting point Four Approaches DemandOriented CostOriented ProfitOriented CompetitionOriented Some will over lap and multiple must be considered in order to select this reasonable starting point 4 Select Approximate Price Level DemandOriented Approaches What Approaches 8 Weigh factors underlying expected customer tastes and prefs more heavily then other factors Skimming Penetration Prestige Price Lining Oddeven Target Bundle Yield management 4 Select Approximate Price Level DemandOriented ApproachesSkimming Pricing Conditions needed 4 setting the highest initial price that customers who really desire the product are willing to pay They do this bc they value it above subs For new or innovative products lower the price to reach new market with D in this mkt dec skims other layers of customer segments as they lower price Conditions 1 enough prospective customers willing to buy it immediately at the high price for profitability 2 high initial price wont attract competitors 3 lower the price to skim down only has minor effect on inc sales volume and dec unit costs 4 Customers interp high price means high quality 4 Select Approximate Price Level DemandOriented ApproachesPenetration Pricing Conditions needed 4 Setting a low initial price on a new product to appeal immediately to the mass market Opposite of skimming pricing Conditions 1 many mkt segments of the mkt are price sensitive 2 low initial price discourages competitors from entering the mkt 3unit production costs and mktg costs fall dramatically as production volume inc May follow skimming pricing 4 Select Approximate Price Level DemandOriented ApproachesPrestige Pricing Marketing Managers strategy here Setting a high price so that quality or statusconscious consumers will be attracted to the product and buy it Marketing Managers strategy here Stay above initial price 4 Select Approximate Price Level DemandOriented ApproachesPrice Lining Pricing When a firm that is selling a line of products may price them at a number of different specific pricing points Marking them up by dif percentages may depend on color style and expected demand 34 price points is better then 810 so as to avoid confusion for customers 4 Select Approximate Price Level DemandOriented ApproachesOddeven Pricing ex the theory setting prices a few dollars or cents under an even number Ex pricing something at 49999 vs 500 The theory bc you will see the product as being over 400 rather then about 500 and will be more willing to buy it 4 Select Approximate Price Level DemandOriented ApproachesTarget Pricing When manufacturers deliberately adjust the composition and features of a product to achieve the consumers target price find this price by estimating the consumers target price and then the markups that other companies make to get their own price 4 Select Approximate Price Level DemandOriented ApproachesBundle Pricing Ex The offer for two or more products in s a single package price enhanced consumer satisfaction bc they dont have to make multiple purchases Ex Delta airlines you can purchase plane ticket hotel room and rental car all in one swoop 4 Select Approximate Price Level DemandOriented ApproachesYield Management Pricing The charging of different prices to max rev for a set amount of capacity at any given time continuously matches demand to supply to customize the price Ex first class vs economy seat pricing 4 Select Approximate Price Level CostOriented Approaches What 3 Approaches Price is set by looking at the production and marketing costs and then adding enough to cover direct expenses overhead and profit Standard Markup Costplus Experience Curve 4 Select Approximate Price Level CostOriented Approaches Standard Markup adding a fixed percentage to the cost of all items in a specific product class Markups are lower for staple items vs discretionary ones Cover all of the expenses of the store overhead costs and contribute to profit by 1 4 Select Approximate Price Level CostOriented Approaches Costplus summing the total unit cost of providing a product or service and adding a specific amount to the cost to arrive at a price 4 Select Approximate Price Level CostOriented Approaches Experience Curve the unit cost of many products and services declines by 1030 each time a firms experience at producing and selling them doubles complements skimming followed by penetration pricing 4 Select Approximate Price Level ProfitOriented Approaches 3 May choose to balance both revs and costs to set price using this approach Target Profit Pricing Target ReturnonSales Pricing Target ReturnonInvestment Pricing 4 Select Approximate Price Level ProfitOriented Approaches Target Profit Pricing A firm that sets an annual target of a specific dollar volume of profit must know what the price cap is before raising the price lowers demand use profit equation to find Target Profit Pricing Downside Does not give a benchmark for sales or investment needed 4 Select Approximate Price Level ProfitOriented ApproachesTarget Returnon Sales Pricing Setting prices that will give them a profit that is a specified percentage say 1 of the sales volume Do same thing as Target Profit Pricing but the result by the target percent return on sales add that back and that is the price 4 Select Approximate Price Level ProfitOriented ApproachesTarget Returnon Investment Pricing Setting prices to achieve an annual returnoninvestment goal May increase quality so that you can raise prices Inc prices probs dec rev bc of lower of units being sold 4 Select Approximate Price Level CompetitionOriented Approaches3 Stresses setting the price level based on what competitors or the market are doing Approaches Customary Pricing Above At BelowMarketing Pricing LossLeader Pricing 4 Select Approximate Price Level CompetitionOriented ApproachesCustomary Pricing What Ex Products where tradition a standardized channel of distribution or other competitive factors dictate the price Ex Gum ball machines always cost 25 cents 4 Select Approximate Price Level CompetitionOriented Approaches Above At BelowMarketing Pricing When it is hard to ID a specific market price for a product or product class so marketing managers have to use their subjective feel for the market to create a price This price going to shoot for being Above At or BelowMarketing Pricing 4 Select Approximate Price Level CompetitionOriented ApproachesLossLeader Pricing Goal For special promotions retail stores deliberately sell a product below its customary price to attract attention to it Goal Not to inc sales but attract customers in hopes they will buy other products especially discretionary items with high markups 5Set List of Quoted Price What 3 Steps So you have your Approximate Price Level now The manager must decide on a specific price for a product by choosing a Price Policy Consider Company Customer and Competitive Effects on Pricing Balance Incremental Costs and Revenues 5Set List of Quoted Price Price Policy2 Important in setting a list or quoted price 2 Options FixedPrice Policy Dynamic Pricing Policy 5Set List of Quoted Price Price Policy FixedPrice Policy What Ex Also called oneprice policy setting one price for all buyers of a product or service No haggling Ex 99 cent store 5Set List of Quoted Price Price Policy Dynamic Pricing Policy What Dependent on Ex Clickstream Also called flexibleprice policy setting different prices for products and services in real time in response to supply and demand conditions dependent on demand cost and competitive factors Ex Amazon routinely adjust prices in response to purchase situations and past purchase behaviors Some online orgs monitor your clickstream the way you navigate through a site If you are comparing prices price sensitive shopper they will lower the price offered 5Set List of Quoted Price Consider Company Customer and Competitive Effects on Pricing3 In determining final list of quoted price manager must next assess Company Effects Consumer Effects Competitive Effects 5Set List of Quoted Price Consider Company Customer and Competitive Effects on Pricing Company Effects What ProductLine Pricing Determines When setting prices a manager must consider the price of one item in relation to the price of other items in the product line ProductLine Pricing the setting of prices for all items in a product line seeks to cover cost and create profit maybe not for each item but for the whole line Determines 1 price of lowest priced product 2 price of highest priced product 3 price differentials for all other products in the line 5Set List of Quoted Price Consider Company Customer and Competitive Effects on Pricing Consumer Effects Marketers pay close attention to factors that satisfy the perceptions or expectations of the consumers such as the customary prices for a variety of consumer products 5Set List of Quoted Price Consider Company Customer and Competitive Effects on Pricing Competitive Effects Price War Managers pricing decisions are apparent to competitors who respond by lowering their prices when others do May result in prices being so low that no one makes a profit Price War Involves successive price cutting by competitors to increase or maintain there unit sales or market share 5Set List of Quoted Price Balance Incremental Costs and Revenues When a price is changed or new ading or personal selling programs are planned their effect on the quant sold must be considered Marginal Analysis assessing the trade offs btw incremental changes in costs and revenues and how a profit will still be made 6Make Special Adjustments to the List or Quoted Price What Types You set a list or quoted price when giving a service to someone List or quoted price can have some wiggle room if you are selling MMs or a Wolf range to a wholesaler or retailer Types Discounts Allowances Geographical Adjustments 6Make Special Adjustments to the List or Quoted Price Discount 4 Reductions from the list price that a seller gives a buyer as a reward for some activity of the buyer that is favorable to the seller Quantity Discounts Seasonal Discounts Trade Functional Discounts Cash Discounts 6Make Special Adjustments to the List or Quoted Price DiscountQuantity Discounts reductions in unit costs for a larger order Noncumulative based on size of an individual purchase order cumulative apply to the accumulation of purchases of a product over a period of time 6Make Special Adjustments to the List or Quoted Price Discount Seasonal Discounts encourage buyers to stock inventory earlier than normal demand would require 6Make Special Adjustments to the List or Quoted Price Discount Trade Functional Discounts What 30105 offered to resellers on basis of where they are in the channel and the marketing activities they are expected to perform in the future 30105 represent discounts apply left to right to get selling price 6Make Special Adjustments to the List or Quoted Price Discount Cash Discounts What 210 encourages retailers to pay bills sooner 210 2 if paid in 10 days 6Make Special Adjustments to the List or Quoted Price Allowances2 reductions from list or quoted price for performing some activity tradein promotional etc Tradein Allowances Promotional Allowances 6Make Special Adjustments to the List or Quoted Price Allowances Tradein Allowances price reduction given when a used product is part of the payment for a new product 6Make Special Adjustments to the List or Quoted Price Allowances Promotional Allowances undertaking certain advertising or selling activities to promote the product Everyday low prices practice of replacing promotional allowances with lower manufacturer list prices 6Make Special Adjustments to the List or Quoted Price Geographical Adjustments23 FOB Origin Pricing Uniform Delivered Pricing BasingPoint Pricing 6Make Special Adjustments to the List or Quoted Price Geographical AdjustmentsFOB Origin Pricing free on boardpays cost of loading the product on vehicle used for transport Involves seller naming location of loading as sellers factory or warehouse Title good passes to buyer at arrival so buyer responsible for picking specific mode transport transport costs subsequent product handling Bad for buyers far from area 6Make Special Adjustments to the List or Quoted Price Geographical AdjustmentsUniform Delivered Pricing What Single pricing zone pricing Multiple Zone Pricing FOB with freight allowed pricing Basing point pricing price the seller quotes includes transit costs FOB at seller so chooses transport type retains title etc Single pricing zone pricing all buyers pay same delivered price for products regardless of distance Multiple Zone Pricing firm divides its selling territory into geographic areas or zones FOB with freight allowed pricing FOB plant with freight allowed buyer deducts freight cost so seller absorbs transit costs Basing point pricing selecting one or more geographical locations from which list price for products are changed 6Make Special Adjustments to the List or Quoted Price Geographical AdjustmentsBasingPoint Pricing Basing point pricing selecting one or more geographical locations from which list price for products are changed 6Make Special Adjustments to the List or Quoted Price Legal and Regulatory Aspects of Pricing 5 Pricing practices that are often scrutinized Price Fixing Price Discrimination Deceptive Pricing Geographical Pricing Predatory Pricing 6Make Special Adjustments to the List or Quoted Price Legal and Regulatory Aspects of Pricing Price Fixing Horizontal Price Fixing Vertical Price Fixing conspiracy to set prices among firms Horizontal two or more competing firms agree on set price Vertical price fixing controlling agreements between independent buyers and sellers where sellers can not sell below a certain price resale price maintenance 6Make Special Adjustments to the List or Quoted Price Legal and Regulatory Aspects of Pricing Price Discrimination What Cost justification defense Meet the competition defense practice of charging different prices to different for similar goods Cost justification defense when price difference does not exceed difference in cost to manufacturer to sell Meet the competition defense allowed when different prices quoted in good faith to selected buyers to meet competitors prices and not intended to hurt competition Allowed when price differences from changing market conditions 6Make Special Adjustments to the List or Quoted Price Legal and Regulatory Aspects of Pricing Deceptive Pricing What Ex price deals that mislead consumers Ex Bait and switch bargains conditional on other purchases comparable value comparisons comparisons with suggested prices former price comparisons 6Make Special Adjustments to the List or Quoted Price Legal and Regulatory Aspects of Pricing Geographical Pricing usually allowed unless conspiracy to lessen competition or price discrimination exists 6Make Special Adjustments to the List or Quoted Price Legal and Regulatory Aspects of Pricing Predatory Pricing pricing extremely low with intent of driving out competition Once out raise prices YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE 82 terms marketing chapter 14 23 terms ch 14 52 terms Marketing Chapter 9 Marketing Chapter 14 OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR 35 terms MGMT 80 Midterm 1 22 terms Marketing Ch 18 45 terms Marketing Ch 17 19 terms AE 350 Session 1 The Muslim Empire 6321219 CE

B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O 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Government Semester Exam Review 2 FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month When a childs parents both identify strongly with the same political party the child will most likely CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT identify with the parents party CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 60 Terms in this set 60 When a childs parents both identify strongly with the same political party the child will most likely identify with the parents party The Connecticut Compromise provided for a bicamereal legislature with one houses composition based upon state population and anothers on equal state representation The term party machine usually refers to a local party organization that is tightly disciplined and well staffed and relies on patronage to create party loyalty Which of the following demographic groups have voted most consistently for the Democratic Party over the last three decades African Americans The National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA is an example of an independent agency Which of the following best describes gerrymandering The party in control of the state legislature draws district boundaries in such a way as to favor its own candidates in subsequent elections Which of the following has authority over the printing of currency The Department of the Treasury A nonlitigant group or individual that wants to attempt to influence the court in a particular case can file an amicus curiae brief Which of the following best defines civil liberties Provisions in the Bill of Rights that provide guarantees against arbitrary interference by government The theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for influence in government resulting in healthy democratic compromise and balance is called pluralism A tax whereby poor citizens pay a higher percentage of their incomes compared with wealthier citizens is known as a regressive tax Just as the Fourth Amendments right to privacy has been declared enforceable against the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth it is enforceable by the same sanction as is used against the federal government Were it otherwise the assurance against unreasonable searches and seizures would be a form of words valueless in the concept of ordered liberty Justice Tom Clark Mapp v Ohio 1961 Which two principles are addressed in the excerpt above I The incorporation doctrine II The concept of eminent domain III The exclusionary rule IV The wall of separation doctrine I The incorporation doctrine III The exclusionary rule The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 McCainFeingold did which of the following It banned soft money donations to national parties Which of the following best describes pork barrel politics Members of Congress negotiate bills so that individual districts get money for projects that do not benefit the nation as a whole Citizens who believe that their votes will have no effect on the outcome of an election have a low level of political efficacy The United States Supreme Court has used which of the following to incorporate the Bill of Rights into state law The Fourteenth Amendment Enumerated powers of the federal government include all of the following EXCEPT the power to regulate intrastate commerce Which of the following did the Supreme Court establish in Marbury v Madison The Supreme Court can declare federal legislation invalid if the legislation violates the Constitution The process known as frontloading refers to the tendency of states to choose an early date on the primary calendar Which of the following is true of both members of the House of Representatives and senators They must be citizens of the United States Fiscal policies refer to the governments power to tax and spend The franking privilege is one example of an incumbency advantage Which of the following is a type of primary election that requires registration as a party affiliate to vote Closed Which of the following is filed when an imprisoned person wants to be brought before a judge so that the judge can determine whether his or her imprisonment is legal Habeas corpus petition In The Federalist papers James Madison argues that political liberty is best protected by the fragmentation of political power in a large republic The committee that resolves differences between House and Senate versions of a bill is called a conference committee A bill of attainder is a law that declares that an action of an individual can be punished without a trial The number of justices on the United States Supreme Court is set by Congress The presidents role as chief diplomat is derived from delegated powers Which of the following is true of the seniority system of Congress in relation to committee leadership and committee staffing The chairs of congressional committees tend to be senior members of the bodys majority party Jim Crow laws still in place in the early 1960s in the South were outlawed by the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act HYPOTHETICAL GOVERNMENT President Republican Senate 49 Republicans 51 Democrats House 220 Republicans 215 Democrats The government depicted above is best described by which of the following terms Divided government An election in which there is a significant shift in the bases of electoral support from one political party to another is called a realigning election The primary function of the White House staff is to advise the president In Gideon v Wainwright the United States Supreme Court ruled that the Sixth Amendment righttocounsel provision applies to those accused of major crimes under state laws One example of constitutional checks and balances is the House can impeach federal judges and the president and the Senate holds the impeachment trial The War Powers Resolution does which of the following Requires that the president notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops Which of the following describes the result in a winnertakeall singlememberdistrict plurality system The candidate who receives the most votes in the election wins The three points of an iron triangle include an administrative agency an interest group and a congressional committee The free rider problem occurs when people benefit from an interest groups efforts without making any contribution Which of the following policies involves more state spending than federal spending Education All of the following United States Supreme Court decisions strengthened the power of the federal government EXCEPT Dred Scott v Sandford According to the clear and present danger test speech may be restricted when it incites violent action The constitutional powers of the president include all of the following EXCEPT declaring war A major difference between political parties and interest groups is that political parties seek to gain control of government while interest groups seek to influence public policy A referendum can best be described as a vote to determine whether citizens support an action by their state legislature Which of the following most accurately describes media coverage of elections Network news coverage is usually dominated by reporters who offer relatively short sound bites from the candidates The Senate must confirm all of the following presidential appointments EXCEPT White House staff When none of the presidential candidates receives a majority of the votes in the electoral college the winner is chosen by the House of Representatives only Which of the following forms of financial aid from the national government gives the states the broadest discretion in the spending of money Block grants Congressional legislative powers include all of the following EXCEPT pardoning felons A prominent example of the process of returning more of the responsibilities of governing from the national level to the state level is welfare reform The term splitticket voting is most accurately described as voting for candidates of different parties on the same ballot Members of Congress who have adopted the delegate role of representation normally cast their votes based on which of the following The preferences of the majority of their constituents Under the Articles of Confederation which of the following were true I Congress could not tax the states directly II The executive branch of government exercised more power than Congress III Congress was a unicameral body IV States were represented in Congress proportionally according to population I Congress could not tax the states directly III Congress was a unicameral body When contributing to congressional campaigns political action committees PACs are most likely to contribute to incumbents of both major parties Which of the following best explains why cabinet secretaries might not aggressively pursue the presidents policy agenda Cabinet secretaries may develop strong loyalty to their departments When the effects of income and education are eliminated which of the following statements about voting rates is true Black citizens vote at a higher rate than White citizens Which of the following is a unique power held by members of the Senate The ability to filibuster If Congress adjourns during the ten days the president has to consider a bill passed by both houses of Congress but which the president has not yet signed what is the result Pocket veto YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE 60 terms AP Government Practice AP Gov Practice Test AP Government Practice Test 57 terms AP Government Final Flashcards OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR 208 terms Caribbean Currents Vocabulary 61 terms Spanish Ch22 Vocabulary 76 terms Spanish Ch21 Vocabulary 78 terms Spanish Ch20 Vocabulary THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH 355 terms AP GOVERNMENT REVIEW SET 16 terms Government Semester Exam Review 56 terms AP Government Midterm Unit 2 44 terms AP Government Released Exam Questions for Unit 4 Test

B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

government semester exam
political party


LOTE Spanish 613 InstructionAssessment FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month Theories of language acquisition CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT Interactionist Nativist Cognitive Behaviorist CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 54 Terms in this set 54 Theories of language acquisition Interactionist Nativist Cognitive Behaviorist Interactionist Jerome Bruner interactions between the child and parent determine the course of language development Nativist Innate theory of language Noam Chromsky LAD Language Acquisition Device Children are born with a innate ability for language learning Adults provide lexicon and sociolinguistic help Cognitive Jean Piaget Language acquisition as one component of a childs overall cognitive development he believed language develops following the same stages he proposed for all intellectual progress Behaviorist BF Skinner Language is developed through imitation of parents and caregivers Scaffolding Temporary support that is tailored to a learners needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process CUP Common Underlying Proficiency Knowledge acquired in the L1 can be transferred into the L2 Iceberg Analogy CALP Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency Academic language takes 4 to 7 years of formal instruction Cognitive linguist skills can be transferred to other languages BICS Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills Social language acquired after 2 to 4 years of exposure Assessed by WoodcockMuñoz Language Survey Cognates Words in 2 languages that are very similar in meaning and spelling Ex Insectinsecto zebrazebra SUP Separate Underlying Proficiency L1 and L2 operate separately without transfer with a restrictive amount of room for language Language Learning Is not a communicative as language acquisition and is a result of direct instruction This is often encouraged to help students learn L2 Language Acquisition When language is naturally acquired for example babies and toddlers This is not direct instruction FLEX Foreign Language Experience Enrichment programs designed for limited exposure to 1 or 2 foreign languages to children in Elementary FLES Foreign Language in Elementary School Program Designed to help students develop some level of proficiency and are not simply for exposure Sequential language instruction is provided Immersion Program Intertwine content learning from the regular curriculum and foreign language instruction Bilingual Education Program Content learning is conducted in both L1 and L2 languages ACTFL American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages The 5 Cs from ACTFL to design appropriate instruction Standards for learning a foreign language Communication communicate in language other than English Cultures gain knowledge and understanding of other cultures Connection connect with other disciplines and acquire information Comparison develop insight into the nature of language and culture Communities participate in multilingual communities at home and around the world Cognitive learning Critical thinking Problemsolving Reasoning Blooms Taxonomy Articulation matrix that outlines 6 levels of cognitive learning 1 Knowledge define 2 Comprehension explain 3 Application solve problem 4 Analysis explain why process work 5 Synthesis use process in new way 6 Evaluate Presentative Speaking and writing Interlanguage An emerging linguistic system that has been developed by a learner of a second language or L2 who has not become fully proficient yet but is approximating the target language Student doesnt speak L1 nor L2 Communicative Language Approach CLA Focus on students communicating naturally in second language conversation instead of grammar teaching strategies role play games interviews negotiation Emphasizes use of language for communication in reallife scenarios L2 is better developed through meaningful interactions Content Based Approach Interdisciplinary Thematic Units CBA Use content or subjects to teach students L2 in a meaningful way Integrated approach Teach grammar and vocabulary and uses writing assignments to practice skills L2 main method of communication in the classroom between students and student and teacher It also allows them to learn content area vocabulary Teachers use handson meaningful interaction and methods to help students learn the language in real world settings Grammarbased method Students learn grammar rules and then use their knowledge of those rules to translate sentences Helps read and translate literature but does not generally help develop proficiency or comprehension NOT popular in current language teaching Teaches why and how Communicationbased method Audiolingual Method Method of teaching language inspired by Behavorism that emphasizes the formation of habits through repetition practice and memorization of sentence patterns Oral drills are frequently used and the student repeats after the teacher Student learns correct grammar from the drills but is not explicitly taught Still used but not popular Formal Assessment Test Quizzes Informal Assessment Oral questions Classroom assignments Journal entry Formative Assessment Given while the students are still working on a unit Summative Assessment Given at the end of a unit Cloze test A test that requires a person to fill in missing words in a text Normative Test normformated test Compare a test taker to hisher peers SAT Criterionreferenced Test Shows a students knowledge or performance on certain tasks STAAR Total Physical Response TPR A method of teaching a second language where students are required to respond physically using their body to the words of the teacher James Asher Effective with kinesthetic learners Language Transfer Students use knowledge of L1 and apply those rules to L2 and is positive Language Interference The interference of L1 over the structures of L2 can cause errors For example substitution of a sound of Z and S zoo and Sue Indirect correction When teachers repeat what the student said but in the correct way The adult repeats back the childs sentence in correct form Overgeneralization Student learns a rule in L2 and applies it incorrectly I writed a story goed comed Interpretive Communication Listening and reading Students should be given plenty of listening exercises questions over a listening portion and questions about video clips Interpersonal Communication Speaking or writing Direct facetoface communication between two or more people Pair native speaker with nonnative speaker Metacognitive strategies Teach students to evaluate their own reading and comprehension by pausing and asking themselves if they understood what they read Teachers should model this for students to monitor comprehension and help students determine their preferred learning method to select material on their own to help them learn Ex Auditory songs Communication strategies Give students various topics to choose from to have conversations with partners find fun videos and songs for them to respond to comprehension questions about them Allow students to choose a topic or idea to present on and allow them to prerecord and show it to the class Design fun engaging actives for students to practice speaking spanish Cultures strategies Student should research a culture of their choice and how how the ideas thoughts and perspectives of the culture are related to their practice Holidays Traditions Food Connection strategies Collaborate with content are teachers and plan activities games videos songs related to the material Teach vocab words related to concepts learned in class to reinforce their knowledge and provide new vocab word Comparison strategies Teach students about cognate and point out similarities and differences of sentence structure and word order in Spanish Have students discuss with a partner how their culture is similar to and different than the cultures studied in class Communities strategies Encourage students to use Spanish in realworld settings Store Restaurant Offer extra credit if they record and interview with a native speaker or watch a movie in Spanish and take notes Improving students listening and speaking skills Set a positive example by listening carefully to each student Set up listening situations oneonone small groups formal speeches orals reading student presentations and class discussions Improving students reading and writing skills Read to the class frequently with expression and enthusiasm Assign different genre such as novel poetry biographies etc Allow student to read and lead a class discussion about the topic Literary sociogram A diagram of how the characters in a story are related Plot profile Timeline of events and their impact upon and importance to the development of the story Components of language Reading Writing Speaking Hearing Three method most commonly used to teach language other than English Grammarbased Communicationbased Contentbased Kashens Hypothesis Students acquire more language knowledge when they are given introduced to comprehensible information that is a little above their current level of language competency

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