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California Giant Salamander Dicamptodon ensatus Range in California Red Dotlocality Range Map Small adult Santa Clara County about 35 inches svl Juvenile Sonoma County 3 inches svl Small adult Santa Cruz County Small adult Santa Cruz County Juvenile Marin County 2 inches svl Small adult Santa Cruz County Adult Sonoma County about 4 inches svl Adult San Mateo County Mark Gary Adult found in shallow water in daylight Santa Cruz County Scott Peden Subadult Santa Cruz County 9inch adult moving on a November afternoon Santa Cruz County Scott Peden Juvenile Sonoma County Lou Silva Adult San Mateo County Melissa Amarello Adult found on a rock on an October afternoon in Marin County William Mays Adult Santa Cruz County Becca Morn Large adult a little over 11 inches in total length and nearly 6 inches svl Marin County Tim Burkhardt Small adult Santa Clara County A comparison of the sizes of the smallest genus of California Salamander Batrachoseps California Slender Salamander on bottom with the largest Dicamptodon on top Adult Sonoma County A comparison of the sizes of the smallest genus of California Salamander Batrachoseps California Slender Salamander on hand with the largest Dicamptodon Adult Sonoma County Unusually warty neotenic adult about 7 inches in length found in a stream in Santa Cruz County Ian Gaston I have not yet discovered the origin of this warty condition or if it is known in this species A similar warty condition has been found in California Newts found in San Diego County That condition was determined to be from disease Warty newts have also been reported on the San Francisco Peninsula This is a smaller lesswarty aquatic salamander from the same area in Santa Cruz County as the one to the left Ian Gaston Giant Salamanders Feeding This juvenile or subadult was found eating a Banana Slug in the mountains of San Mateo County in mid December Abby Edwards Suzanne Cogen found this adult eating a Banana Slug at 3 PM in mid December in Sonoma County Suzanne Cogen This California Giant Salamander was found on a hiking trail in Marin County on a foggy mid May afternoon wet with fog drip It was observed for about 20 minutes as it slowly attempt to eat the banana slug Banana slugs are very sticky and their slime causes numbness which makes it difficult to swallow them Bill West Max Kelley found this adult eating a large rodent possibly a Wood Rat one late November day in San Mateo County In this picture only the rodents long tail is still visible Max Kelley Nancy Gribler discovered this large adult eating a Banana Slug one night in her Marin County back yard Nancy Gribler Subadult eating a Banana Slug in San Mateo County Zach Lim Aquatic Larvae Very small aquatic larva in water Sonoma County Habitat Habitat San Mateo County Habitat Sonoma County Habitat Marin County Habitat Sonoma County Habitat Santa Clara County Habitat Santa Clara County Habitat Sonoma County Sounds and Videos A short video of a juvenile California Giant Salamander in the Redwoods This short video shows some of the sounds this salamander is capable of making This is the sound of a juvenile California Giant Salamander in Sonoma County making noises while trying to crawl under leaf litter after being uncovered There is noise of rustling leaves but you can hear the salamander start off immediately with some clicks followed by a louder chirp and then a more drawn out growl Elliott Smeds After discovering this small adult hiding under a small fallen log in the Sonoma County redwoods Jeff Rice and I set up our recorders and aimed our microphones Then I gently picked it up with my thumb and two fingers grasping the sides of its body firmly but without squeezing so hard I was merely pushing air out of its lungs The salamander squirmed from side to side and opened its mouth slightly After about 10 seconds it made the chirping sound that you can hear here This species is capable of making a farily loud sound but this one A hiker in mid February observed this huge adult CA Giant Salamander walking on a dirt trail at 1 PM in Santa Cruz County He had no idea what it was when he got close with his video camera and was startled to hear a loud rattling bark and the camera movement shows it You can just barely see the salamander opening its mouth as it produces this first roar Then we can hear the salamander making some more raspy rattling sounds as it stands in a defensive posture After using this site to identify the huge mysterious rattling beast Description Size Adults are 2 12 to 6 45 inches long 625 17 cm from snout to vent 67 12 inches 17 305 cm in total length Appearance One of the largest terrestrial salamanders in North America with a large robust body a massive head and stout limbs Transformed adults have 12 13 indistinct costal grooves The tail is flattened from side to side to facilitate swimming Larvae are streamtype with tail fins that extend forward only to the hind limbs There is often heavy black mottling Gills are short bushy and dull red Color and Pattern Light reddish brown coloring above is overlaid with coppercolored marbling The venter is whitish or dull yellow usually unmarked Comparison With Coastal Giant Salamander Dicamptodon tenebrosus Coastal Giant Salamander is very similar in appearance to D ensatus As far as I can determine the only field mark that is useful to tell one species from the other is the presence of marbling on the chin and throat of D ensatus which is absent on D tenebrosus and possibly the underside which is whitish on D ensatus and gray to tan on D tenebrosus According to Stebbins McGinnis 2012 both species are similar in body length but D tenebrosus has a smaller head shorter limbs fewer teeth in the uper jaw a darker body color both dorsally and ventrally and the marbling pattern tends to be finer Stebbins 2003 says that the dark marbling and flecking usually does not extend onto underside of throat and limbs and that there are dark flecks and blotches on throat and underside of legs of D ensatus and that Marbling on chin notable in southern part of range Fellers and Kuchta in Amphibians of the Pacific Northwest 2005 state it this way On D ensatus Marbling or blotching on lower jaw often extends onto the chin throat and underside of the forelimbs and pectoral girdle On D tenebrosus Adult Coastal Giant Salamanders do not have marbling that extends beyond the lower jaw onto the chin or throat Life History and Behavior A member of family Dicamptodontidae Giant Salamanders and the genus Dicamptodon Pacific Giant Salamanders whose members are large in size with heavy stocky bodies Dicamptodon have two distinct life phases Larvae are born in the water where they swim using an enlarged tail fin and breathe with filamentous external gills Aquatic larvae transform into fourlegged salamanders that live on the ground and breathe air with lungs Neotenic adults which retain their gills and continue to live in water are found in many populations These gilled adults may outnumber transformed individuals Activity Little is known about the natural history of D ensatus much of which is presumed from studies of the similar species D tenebrosus This salamander is nocturnal but also active in daylight in wet conditions Transformed animals forage on the forest floor on rainy nights and during daylight in wet periods in winter They can be found walking across roads on rainy nights especially with the first heavy rains of the fall usually in November Adults are also found under cover objects such as rocks logs and artificial cover Sound This salamander often produces a vocal sound when threatened which is a low rattling barklike sound According to Stebbins and Cohen 1997 the Coastal Giant Salamander has vocal cords and can bark or rattle Its sounds are thought to startle predators Defense Large adults are capable of delivering a painful bite Diet and Feeding Presumably the diet consists of anything small enough for a salamander to overpower and eat including slugs and other invertebrates and small vertebrates such as salamanders small rodents and lizards Eggs or embryos have been found in large larvae and terrestrial adult giant salamanders Giant salamanders are sitandwait predators When prey comes near they lunge quickly to grab the prey with their mouth and crush it with their jaws Aquatic larvae probably have a similar diet to the larvae of Dicamptodon tenebrosus which consists of small aquatic invertebrates and small fish hatchlings Breeding and Eggs According to Petranka 1998 regarding Dicamptodon ensatus Information on the mating season and courtship behaviour is not available The information here regarding breeding eggs and young is mostly taken from our account of the similar species Dicamptodon tenebrosus Reproduction is aquatic Fertilization is internal Females reach sexual maturity in 5 to 6 years Breeding occurs mostly in spring usually in May but later in the hear at high elevations Breeding may also occur in the Fall Terrestrial males and females move from their terrestrial hiding places to a stream in which to breed According to Nussbaum et al 1983 observations of Dicamptodon in captivity and in the field suggests that courtship takes place in hidden waterfilled nest chambers beneath logs and stones or in crevices Males deposit up to 16 spermatophores Females pick up one to a few of the sperm caps with their cloacas and deposit their entire clutch of 135 to 200 eggs larger females deposit more eggs in the nest chamber The eggs are attached singly sidebyside usually on the roof of the nest chamber Only a few nest sites have been observed in the wild The female stays with the eggs to guard them until they hatch usually in November and December or in 6 to 7 months during which time she does not eat A female probably does not breed more than once every two or more years because of the long time she spends with her eggs The function of maternal care is not fully understood but prevention of egg cannibalism seems to be one function Eggs or embryos have been found in large larvae and terrestrial adult giant salamanders which indicates that they are a theat to a nest site Larvae and Young Larvae hatch in water and transform to a terrestrial form in probably about 18 24 months after hatching depending on environmental conditions and the size and permanence of the stream Larvae live on their yolk for 34 months after hatching then they feed on invertebrate prey and small amphibian larvae Some larvae may overwinter and transform in their third year Young larvae are found in still water near the shoreline often under small rocks and leaf litter Older larvae are found in the main stream channel Larvae are more abundant than transformed adults Larvae can be found exposed in the water at the edge of a stream at night by shining a light at the water Recently metamorphosed juveniles move out of streams to the surrounding habitat during wet periods Young Larvae hatch in water and transform to a terrestrial form in probably about 18 24 months after hatching depending on environmental conditions and the size and permanence of the stream Larvae live on their yolk for 34 months after hatching then they feed on invertebrate prey and small amphibian larvae Some larvae may overwinter and transform in their third year Young larvae are found in still water near the shoreline often under small rocks and leaf litter Older larvae are found in the main stream channel Larvae are more abundant than transformed adults Larvae can be found exposed in the water at the edge of a stream at night by shining a light at the water Recently metamorphosed juveniles move out of streams to the surrounding habitat during wet periods Habitat Occurs in wet coastal forests in or near clear cold permanent and semipermanent streams and seepages One population has been found inhabiting flowing water in a network of caves Geographical Range Endemic to California found in two possibly three isolated regions from Mendocino County near Point Arena east into the coast rages into Lake and Glenn counties south to Sonoma and Marin Counties continuing south of the San Francisco Bay from San Mateo County to southern Santa Cruz County Does not occur east of the SF Bay There is an old unconfirmed sight record from Big Sur Monterey County Elevational Range Occurs from sea level to near 3000 ft Notes on Taxonomy The genus Dicamptodon as split into three species when evidence showed that salamanders from the south Bay area to Sonoma County were genetically distinct from those to the north and from animals in Idaho and Montana The southern species became Dicamptodon ensatus California Giant Salamander the northern species became Dicamptodon tenebrosus Coastal Giant Salamander and the eastern species became Dicamptodon aterrimus Idaho Giant Salamander Alternate and Previous Names Synonyms Dicamptodon ensatus California Giant Salamander Stebbins 2003 2012 Dicamptodon ensatus Pacific Giant Salamander Bishop 1943 Stebbins 1954 1966 1985 Dicamptodon ensatus Marbled Salamander Storer 1925 Ambystoma ensatum Dunn 1920 Ambystoma tenebrosum Stejneger and Barbour 1917 Triton ensatum Van Denburgh 1916 Dicamptodon ensatus Strauch 1870 Xiphonura tenebrosa Girard 1858 Amblystoma tenebrosum Cope 1867 Triton ensatus Eschscholtz 1833 Santa Cruz Cave Salamander UC Santa Cruz biologist Barry Sinervo has discovered and studied a paedomorphic form of California Giant Salamander that is found in a system of caves in Santa Cruz County These aquatic salamanders are all patternless and grey in coloration possibly from consuming food in the cave that has no pigment A cave salamander fed pigmented food in the laboratory became darker in color Sinervo and his students collected larval salamanders from inside the cave and just outside the cave then raised them in captivity The cave salamanders stayed in the aquatic phase while 19 of 20 salamanders from outside the Dicamptodon copei is a similar species that is also fixed on the paedomorphic form In a letter dated January 2006 Sinervo says that it is likely that these salamanders represent a genetically distinct population segment that is different from surface populations just outside the cave He needs to analyze the DNA of more salamanders in order to determine how distinct they are but due to the drought present before 2016 which caused no water to flow into the caves specimens have not been available Protecting the unique environment in the caves should be a priority until the lineage of the salamanders can be determined Articles about this population have been published in a number of Santa Cruz sources including the Santa Cruz Sentinal in 2006 which is apparently no longer online and those listed below but none have ever shown a picture of the salamanders Daily Breeze article 3716 Hilltromper Santa Cruz article 12116 Conservation Issues Conservation Status There is not much evidence to show that the current distribution of this species is different from the historical distribution however extensive habitat alteration in its range has most likely destroyed some populations Forest removal and road building near streams has reduced the number of larvae of the similar species Dicamptodon tenebrosus while opening of the forest canopy over streams may also be temporarily beneficial to the larvae Protected from take with a sport fishing license in 2013 Taxonomy Family Dicamptodontidae Giant Salamanders Tihen 1958 Genus Dicamptodon Pacific Giant Salamanders Strauch 1870 Species ensatus California Giant Salamander Eschscholtz 1833 Original Description Eschscholtz 1833 Zool Atlas Pt 5 p 6 pl 22 from Original Description Citations for the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America Ellin Beltz Meaning of the Scientific Name Dicamptodon Greek two curved bent teeth referring to doubly curved teeth ensatus Latin swordshaped possibly refers to the pointed teeth from Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America Explained Ellin Beltz Related California Salamanders Coastal Giant Salamander More Information and References California Department of Fish and Wildlife AmphibiaWeb Stebbins Robert C and McGinnis Samuel M Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of California Revised Edition California Natural History Guides University of California Press 2012 Stebbins Robert C California Amphibians and Reptiles The University of California Press 1972 Stebbins Robert C A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians 3rd Edition Houghton Mifflin Company 2003 Behler John L and F Wayne King The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians Alfred A Knopf 1992 Powell Robert Joseph T Collins and Errol D Hooper Jr A Key to Amphibians and Reptiles of the Continental United States and Canada The University Press of Kansas 1998 Bartlett R D Patricia P Bartlett Guide and Reference to the Amphibians of Western North America North of Mexico and Hawaii University Press of Florida 2009 Bishop Sherman C Handbook of Salamanders Cornell University Press 1943 Lannoo Michael Editor Amphibian Declines The Conservation Status of United States Species University of California Press June 2005 Petranka James W Salamanders of the United States and Canada Smithsonian Institution 1998 Jones Lawrence L C William P Leonard Deanna H Olson editors Amphibians of the Pacific Northwest Seattle Audubon Society 2005 Stebbins Robert C and Nathan W Cohen A Natural History of Amphibians Princeton University Press 1997 Conservation Status The following status listings are copied from the April 2018 Special Animals List and the 2017 Endangered and Threatened Animals List both of which are published by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife If no status is listed here the animal is not included on either CDFW list This most likely indicates that there are no serious conservation concerns for the animal To find out more about an animals status you can go to the NatureServe and IUCN websites to check their rankings Check here to see the most current complete lists Organization Status Listing NatureServe Global Ranking G3 Vulnerable At moderate risk of extinction due to a restricted range relatively few populations often 80 or fewer recent and widespread declines or other factors NatureServe State Ranking S2S3 Imperiled Vulnerable US Endangered Species Act ESA None California Endangered Species Act CESA None California Department of Fish and Wildlife SSC California Species of Special Concern Bureau of Land Management None USDA Forest Service None IUCN NT Near Threatened

B I I B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 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Discussion

Visual

Difference

Between

and

Lumens

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Thread

Visual

Difference

Between

and

Lumens

Thread

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Display

PM

mikedeason

Flashaholic

Join

Date

Oct

Posts

Visual

Difference

Between

and

Lumens

ok

I

can

see

a

huge

difference

between

my

lumen

Fenix

and

Lumen

Fenix

so

I

am

considering

either

a

lumen

LED

or

a

lumen

HID

Would

the

the

visual

difference

between

the

HID

and

LED

mentioned

be

similar

to

the

and

Reply

With

Quote

AM

Dude

Dudeson

Flashaholic

Join

Date

Jun

Location

Sacramento

California

Posts

Re

Visual

Difference

Between

and

Lumens

The

basic

rule

is

the

lumens

to

double

the

brightness

but

to

actually

see

it

like

that

youd

need

to

be

comparing

identical

beam

profiles

Once

different

beam

profiles

come

into

the

equation

it

can

be

different

a

throwy

lumen

light

can

have

a

far

brighter

hotspot

than

a

more

floody

lumen

light

Reply

With

Quote

AM

Super

Moderator

Join

Date

Oct

Location

Borg

cube

Posts

Re

Visual

Difference

Between

and

Lumens

Much

will

depend

on

the

beam

profile

as

DD

has

said

With

very

bright

lights

such

as

these

having

too

much

flood

can

actually

be

counterproductive

and

a

nuisance

The

reason

for

this

is

that

a

floody

beam

will

light

up

more

of

the

foreground

near

you

With

a

very

bright

floody

light

the

foreground

could

be

quite

dazzling

and

you

could

find

it

difficult

to

see

past

it

and

concentrate

on

objects

further

away

Resistance

is

futile

Reply

With

Quote

AM

Jash

Flashaholic

Join

Date

Nov

Location

Brisbane

Queensland

Australia

Posts

Re

Visual

Difference

Between

and

Lumens

Yes

lumens

lights

up

way

more

than

As

has

been

said

the

beam

profile

makes

a

big

difference

as

does

tint

and

colour

temp

I

dont

agree

with

the

light

needed

to

appear

twice

as

bright

My

on

turbo

looks

about

twice

as

bright

as

on

high

which

it

is

Theres

much

debate

on

that

subject

and

I

think

its

not

an

answer

set

in

concrete

There

can

never

be

too

much

honey

to

lick

off

your

fingers

Reply

With

Quote

AM

xul

Flashaholic

Join

Date

Aug

Location

MD

Posts

Re

Visual

Difference

Between

and

Lumens

From

httpwwwcompuphasecomelectronicscandela_lumenhtm

The

CIE

has

standardized

the

relation

between

luminous

intensity

and

perceived

brightness

as

a

cubic

root

other

sources

claim

that

a

square

root

better

approximates

this

relation

So

its

probably

between

a

and

a

ratio

Last

edited

by

xul

at

AM

Reply

With

Quote

PM

Flashaholic

Join

Date

Aug

Posts

Re

Visual

Difference

Between

and

Lumens

The

LED

is

most

likely

going

to

be

pure

flood

unless

it

uses

an

aspheric

lens

or

TIR

Whereas

the

lumen

HID

will

most

likely

be

very

focused

with

a

smaller

hotspot

and

will

look

significantly

brighter

than

the

LED

at

a

distance

Reply

With

Quote

PM

Dude

Dudeson

Flashaholic

Join

Date

Jun

Location

Sacramento

California

Posts

Re

Visual

Difference

Between

and

Lumens

Originally

Posted

by

Jash

Yes

lumens

lights

up

way

more

than

As

has

been

said

the

beam

profile

makes

a

big

difference

as

does

tint

and

colour

temp

I

dont

agree

with

the

light

needed

to

appear

twice

as

bright

My

on

turbo

looks

about

twice

as

bright

as

on

high

which

it

is

Theres

much

debate

on

that

subject

and

I

think

its

not

an

answer

set

in

concrete

Part

of

the

source

of

that

debate

has

to

do

with

ranges

Example

Say

you

are

trying

to

illuminate

something

that

is

simply

outside

the

range

of

your

high

setting

Lets

say

its

not

far

outside

that

range

Now

you

go

to

your

turbo

setting

and

now

you

can

see

this

object

Well

obviously

here

the

difference

perceptually

speaking

is

huge

were

going

from

nothing

to

seeing

On

the

other

extreme

take

those

same

two

settings

and

observe

them

against

a

white

wall

from

inches

away

well

your

eye

probably

isnt

going

to

see

much

difference

in

hotspot

intensity

there

Youd

probably

see

a

lot

more

difference

at

the

edge

of

the

spill

than

in

the

hotspot

It

really

comes

down

to

how

close

to

the

edge

of

your

eyes

dynamic

range

you

are

and

if

youre

in

the

center

of

that

range

the

rule

is

pretty

accurate

Go

toward

the

edges

and

that

rule

starts

to

bend

get

to

the

edge

and

that

rule

starts

to

break

down

completely

Reply

With

Quote

PM

mcmc

Flashaholic

Join

Date

Feb

Posts

Re

Visual

Difference

Between

and

Lumens

Also

in

addition

to

the

logarithmic

brightness

response

Ive

noticed

that

throwiness

seems

to

actually

track

in

a

linear

fashion

So

while

two

beams

with

similar

profiles

of

and

may

not

seem

like

a

big

brightness

jump

in

use

I

think

it

tends

to

come

closer

to

a

jump

in

reach

Anyone

else

noticed

this

EDC

MilkySpit

TriMCE

In

the

car

MillerMods

QuadCree

Mag

At

home

Mettee

Missing

somewhere

MilkySpit

MCE

UltraFire

SS

Keychain

Light

Reply

With

Quote

PM

AnAppleSnail

Flashaholic

Join

Date

Aug

Location

South

Hill

VA

Posts

Re

Visual

Difference

Between

and

Lumens

Originally

Posted

by

mcmc

Also

in

addition

to

the

logarithmic

brightness

response

Ive

noticed

that

throwiness

seems

to

actually

track

in

a

linear

fashion

So

while

two

beams

with

similar

profiles

of

and

may

not

seem

like

a

big

brightness

jump

in

use

I

think

it

tends

to

come

closer

to

a

jump

in

reach

Anyone

else

noticed

this

It

depends

If

I

crank

my

highpower

HID

spotlight

from

low

to

high

but

Im

blasting

the

foreground

with

spill

I

wont

see

any

better

My

biggest

lighthog

is

my

camera

Reply

With

Quote

PM

Dude

Dudeson

Flashaholic

Join

Date

Jun

Location

Sacramento

California

Posts

Re

Visual

Difference

Between

and

Lumens

Originally

Posted

by

mcmc

Also

in

addition

to

the

logarithmic

brightness

response

Ive

noticed

that

throwiness

seems

to

actually

track

in

a

linear

fashion

So

while

two

beams

with

similar

profiles

of

and

may

not

seem

like

a

big

brightness

jump

in

use

I

think

it

tends

to

come

closer

to

a

jump

in

reach

Anyone

else

noticed

this

Well

yes

and

no

Lets

imagine

a

perfectly

collimated

laser

beam

a

beam

that

never

spreads

even

after

infinite

distance

With

such

a

beam

the

amount

of

power

makes

no

difference

in

the

throw

distance

the

only

limiting

factor

is

how

much

matter

the

beam

passes

through

Even

at

the

atomic

level

there

will

be

both

absorption

and

reflection

of

pieces

of

that

beam

and

eventually

that

beam

degrades

to

zero

But

if

you

could

have

a

truly

perfect

void

with

no

atoms

whatsoever

then

that

beam

would

go

forever

Again

the

amount

of

power

would

have

nothing

to

do

with

it

But

to

really

get

deep

there

are

theories

that

say

various

quantum

effects

over

INSANE

timescales

like

that

of

proton

decay

not

photon

would

eventually

decay

the

beam

from

within

The

inverse

square

law

would

not

apply

for

such

a

beam

But

thats

an

imaginary

beam

we

cant

produce

something

like

that

Now

lets

go

to

the

other

extreme

one

that

DOES

exist

in

reality

a

light

source

that

radiates

perfectly

evenly

and

spherically

well

perfectly

enough

for

this

discussion

anyway

Now

the

inverse

square

law

applies

perfectly

So

with

our

flashlight

beams

the

reality

lies

in

between

these

two

extremes

but

its

pretty

much

going

to

be

a

lot

closer

to

the

inverse

square

law

side

of

the

fence

than

the

perfect

laser

beam

side

Usually

the

amount

of

crap

in

the

air

is

going

to

be

a

bigger

factor

than

where

on

this

scale

the

beam

profile

lies

but

given

really

clean

air

Id

say

doubling

the

output

with

anything

besides

a

well

focused

aspheric

setup

isnt

going

to

get

you

much

more

than

more

throw

distance

at

best

Which

rather

neatly

fits

into

the

the

lumens

to

double

the

brightness

theory

but

again

see

my

above

comments

about

being

in

the

center

of

your

eyeballs

dynamic

range

Look

straight

at

the

sun

then

look

straight

at

another

sun

thats

on

the

other

side

of

our

sky

and

has

the

output

theyre

perceptually

speaking

both

going

to

blind

you

equally

because

theyre

both

far

beyond

your

eyeball

specification

Of

course

the

actual

physical

damage

on

your

retina

will

be

much

more

with

that

brighter

sun

Reply

With

Quote

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O O O O O B I I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

visual difference between 2000
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Home Jolly Ranchers Peach Jolly Ranchers 160 pieces Click Image to enlarge Product Description Reviews Shipping Product Description Peach Jolly Ranchers Approximately 160 Peach Jolly Ranchers Sorry unfortunately the Peach Jolly Ranchers have been discontinued by the manufacturer and we are out of stock Use the Contact Us form to let us know that you want to be on the waiting list and if we find any then you will be the first to know before we release them to everyone else Thanks again CandyMafia Get a total of approximately 160 Peach Jolly Ranchers and only the Peach ones The peach Jolly Ranchers taste AMAZING But they are extremely difficult to get in stock and even harder to keep in stock But you found them And they are totally worth it Now you dont have to sort through all of the other flavors in order to get the ones that you want They are all individually sorted and so you only get the ones that you really want the Peach Jolly Ranchers The reason that the Peach Jolly Ranchers are more expensive than the other flavors is that they are only released in limited quantities and they are not sold in bulk like regular Jolly Ranchers They also use the identical colored dye as the other flavors It makes sorting them out extremely difficult They are packaged with the Orange and they all look identical But at least you dont have to buy an entire package and throw out the other flavors that you dont like Thanks again for loving Peach Jolly Ranchers Here is a picture of the other flavors that come together See why its so difficult They are packed in a clear heat sealed bag for freshness

O B I B B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B B I O O B B I O O O B B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B I O O O B O O B B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B I O O O O B B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Cannabis Business Times August 2018 21 Cannabis Greenhouse Design Considerations Special Advertising Section Greenhouse Efficiency Guide July 27 2018 John W Bartok Jr A gable roof structure Photos courtesy John W Bartok Jr Greenhouses are becoming popular structural options for cannabis production due to lower facilities costs easy expansion potential ability to capture more uniform light from the sun and reduced production costs as compared to indoor warehouse facilities However there are many important design elements you need to consider once you have developed a business plan and selected a site Planning should be your first step in developing a framework for an orderly greenhouse buildout Start with a facilities master plan that looks at topography and drainage the building locations parking for customers and staff access for vehicles and equipment and utilities including water supply and electricity Facilities Layout 1 Because materials handling is one of the largest costs in a greenhouse operation major consideration should be given to placement of a new greenhouse and its relation to the headhouse A headhouse is the key nerve center that houses the work area office germination and growth rooms utility area processing shipping and storage Typically a headhouse makes up 10 percent to 20 percent of the total greenhouse space 2 The selection of a plantmoving system is important in relation to the plants grown distance moved and elevation differences Conveyors carts and pallet trays have advantages and disadvantages that you should evaluate 3 A master plan can also help in obtaining zoning wetlands and building permits You should submit the master plan with the initial phase of any multiphase buildout or expansion This then becomes part of the approval process If commission membership and sentiments change the expansion phases are already on file 4 Expansion space should be planned for all areas It is best to create the plan on paper so that several alternatives can be evaluated Greenhouses are large modular erector sets and expansion is easy if planned in advance Fuel supply electricity water service and headhouse layout should be sized with expansion in mind Greenhouse Style 5 A freestanding greenhouse can have a quonset hoop Gothic or gable roof shape Gothic designs are the most popular as they provide higher light transmission and shed snow more easily Aframe design is standard when glass will be used for glazing The freestanding design is usually the best choice for the small grower planning on less than 10000 square feet of growing space It is easy to build additional greenhouses as more space is needed A separate growing environment can be provided in each house Individual greenhouses can also be shut down when not in use Freestanding greenhouses are generally less expensive to build as site preparation and erection costs are less 6 Growing space greater than 10000 square feet is best provided by a gutterconnected greenhouse Individual bays vary in width from 12 feet to 30 feet and have a clearance of 12 feet to 20 feet at the gutter Bays can be constructed to achieve the desired width The greenhouse can also be built in modular sections when more growing area is needed Lengths up to 300 feet are available A gutterconnected greenhouse offers the greatest flexibility A taller gutter height is better as it provides an air buffer and room for an energy truss and energyshade screen Heat can be centralized and heating costs are as much as 25 percent less than an equal 7 Glass glazing will give the highest light transmission about 90 percent but has the greatest heat loss When the greenhouse is fitted with one or two energy screens the heat loss is about the same as doublepoly two layers of 6 mil film plastic separated by air from a small blower or twinwall polycarbonate a rigid material that has ribs between two layers of rigid plastic Taxes on a greenhouse covered with lowcost fouryear poly are generally less than one with more permanent material A glazing that diffuses the light will provide more uniform coverage and deeper penetration into the plant canopy Space Utilization 8 A peninsulastyle bench arrangement will allow for more growing space than the traditional long benches It also allows separation of individual plant varieties The main aisle down the center of the greenhouse or bay should be wide enough to allow two carts to pass usually 5 feet to 6 feet wide but may be up to 10 feet wide in a gutterconnected greenhouse Perpendicular side aisles can be 18 inches to 24 inches wide 9 Movable benches can increase usable growing space to as much as 90 percent of your total greenhouse space These can be set up near the floor to give maximum plant height area or at 30 inches above the floor to give convenient working height One 20inch to 24inch work aisle is all that is needed 10 To save valuable greenhouse growing space mother plants and early vegetative growth can be done in separate rooms in the headhouse Good temperature humidity and lighting control can provide the ideal environment Hoop roof structure Heating 11 With energy being one of the largest cost items in production installing highefficiency heating is extremely important 12 Compare heating fuels on a cost per millionBTU British thermal unit basis Natural gas is usually the least expensive but can cost more when the demand charge for the summer months is added in Some growers have found that installing propane heaters to handle peak demand will lower total heating cost 13 A hot water boiler is the best choice for a heating system Water temperature can be modulated to meet the needs of air or rootzone systems at different times of the year Distribution can be lowcost watertoair unit heaters or fin pipe radiation Hot air unit heaters and furnaces work well for greenhouses that may be closed for winter 14 Heating the bottom of pots the floor or under the benches can provide uniform rootzone temperature allowing air temperature to be lower This saves fuel A natural gas or propanefired domestic hotwater heater or an instantaneous inline water heater works well for small greenhouses Distribution can be performed with crosslinked polyethylene PEX or ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber EPDM tubing or lowoutput fin radiation under the benches It is best to limit this type of heat to no more than 25 BTUsq ft as excessive drying of the growing mix can occur otherwise Water temperature should not exceed 110F In cold climates air heat provides the difference EnergyShade Screens 15 A reduction of up to 50 percent in fuel costs can be achieved with the installation of an energyshade screen This movable screen is closed at night to retain heat During the summer it provides shade to lower plantleaf temperature and save electricity from less fan operation A 40percent to 60percent shade with 50percent energy savings is a common material used for cannabis production Gothic roof structure Cooling 16 A fan and louver system will provide the most positive ventilation Although more expensive to operate than a natural ventilation system it will provide better temperature control The system should be designed to give a ventilation rate of about 2 cubic feet per minute cfmsq ft of floor area during the winter and 8 cfmsq ft during the summer Several stages of ventilation capacity with multiple fans are best Select the largest diameter fans with the smallest motors to get the lowest electricity consumption cfmwatt Evaporative cooling either fanandpad or fog can lower inside temperature by up to 20F during the summer 17 Natural ventilation through side and roof vents can be effective if sized properly Side vents should measure between 15 percent and 25 percent of the floor area The same applies for roof vents If insect screening is required a larger area is needed in side and roof vents as screening will reduce airflow 18 A horizontal air flow HAF system provides good air movement uniform temperatures and reduces disease potential Use 110 horsepower 12inch to 20inchdiameter fans Spacing depends on fan design but fans should provide a minimum airmass speed of 100 feetminute for adequate air circulation Controls 19 If individual thermostats are used for the heating and cooling systems select those that have a 1ºF differential meaning the temperature can only swing 1 degree from the setpoint This will give better temperature control and save energy A better choice is to use an electronic controller that will integrate the heaters fans evaporative cooling system irrigation system and supplemental lights Many controllers also have temperature and power alarm features to warn cultivators of problems within the grow environment Computer control is best for multiple greenhouses or several sections in a gutterconnect greenhouse Supplemental Lighting 20 To overcome variable weather conditions and still meet a production schedule some supplemental lighting is usually needed High pressure sodium HPS and lightemitting diode LED fixtures are the most efficient As cannabis is a shortday planwith a total daily light integral DLI of 30 to 40 moles of sunlight plus supplemental light that has to be accumulated within 12 hoursyou may have to install 500 µmols to 600 µmols of supplemental lighting to achieve this Have the lightingequipment supplier design the fixture layout using its computer program to get adequate intensity and uniform coverage for your location Irrigation 21 Automated watering can save considerable labor The system should be designed to provide uniform watering Drip systems either individual emitters for container crops or tape for crops grown in beds are usually the best choice More water is wasted with overhead sprinklers as water goes between the containers and also runs off the leaves A large number of plants can be irrigated at one time on a small water supply due to the low flow rate Adding one or more injectors can provide fertigation This can be either a portable unit with integral concentrate tank or a central location in the headhouse with storage for the mixing tanks and fertilizer John W Bartok Jr is an agricultural engineer an emeritus extension professor at the University of Connecticut and a regular contributor to Greenhouse Management a GIE Media Horticulture Group publication He is an author consultant and certified technical service provider doing greenhouse energy audits for USDA grant programs in New England

O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Canopy Family Panama Canopy Tower Birds Below is a list of some of the birds of Panama and other Central American birds you may see on our birding tours Remember to print in greyscale and conserve the environment Document Title Size Revision Checklist of the Birds and Mammals 567 MB Mar 13 2016 Checklist of the Birds and Mammals Canopy Camp Darien Bird Checklist 1160 MB Jun 15 2017 Canopy Camp Darien Bird Checklist Return to Species Lists Reservations Birding Nature Packages Special Tours Offers Follow Canopy Family Learn more about the latest news of the Canopy Family recent sightings trip reports special promotions accolades TripAdvisor Certificate of Excellence 2014 Canopy Lodge The Canopy Family is proud to announce that the Canopy Lodge has been awarded the prestigious Certificate of Excellence by TripAdvisor The Certificate of Excellence is awarded to More Information trip reports VENT Panamas Darien Lowlands Canopy Camp January 1624 2016 Jeri Langham Macaws hummingbirds owls and a plethora of Darien specialties were seen during a fantastic week at the Canopy Camp Jeri outlines the target birds and some of the participants top ten favorite birds along with mammals and other interesting sightings in Darien recent sightings Rosethroated Becard at the Canopy Lodge A new species for our Canopy Family checklist this month Rosethroated Becard meet our guides Danilo Rodriguez Jr Danilo was born on January 21 1991 and grew up in the town of El Valle de Anton He spent his childhood surrounded by nature as his father Danilo was guiding at the Canopy Adventure Between the ages of 10 and 15 species lists Plants Wildflowers Checklist of plantswildflowers for the Canopy Tower Canopy Lodge photographers Especially for Photographers

B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Clubs Locate a club near you Map instructions Use your cursor to drag and move around map The slider on the left allows you to zoom in and out Click on a pin to find out club information This page cant load Google Maps correctly Do you own this website OK Find a club Filter by region Akaroa Golf Club Amberley Golf Club Amuri Golf Club Avondale Golf Club Bottle Lake Golf Club Burnham Golf Club Charteris Bay Golf Club Chatham Island Golf Club Cheviot Golf Club Christchurch Golf Club Clearwater Golf Club Coringa Golf Club Culverden Golf Club Ellesmere Golf Club Everglades Golf Club Greendale Golf Club Hagley Golf Club Hanmer Springs Golf Club Harewood Golf Club Hawarden Golf Club Hororata Golf Club Kaiapoi Golf Club Kaituna Golf Club Lincoln Golf Club McLeans Island Golf Club Pegasus Golf Club Rangiora Golf Club Rawhiti Golf Club Richmond Hill Golf Club Russley Golf Club Scargill Golf Club Tai Tapu Golf Club Templeton Golf Club Terrace Downs Resort Waimairi Beach Golf Club Waimakariri Gorge Golf Club Waitikiri Golf Club Weedons Country Club

B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


WELCOME TO CANYON PRODUCTS The Original Soft Cooler Canyon was conceived about 27 years ago when an avid fisherman felt a need for an insulated bag to store tuna As such he designed the first soft coolers for fish storage to satisfy his own personal needs The popularity in the marketplace was so outstanding that he decided to sell to the public and further diverge the product line Since then Canyon was the first to bring lure bags chum bags and equipment covers to market for the fishing industry Canyon Products has branched out into making what you need due to our own fishing experience Canyon is constantly seeking to make your time on the water successful and rewarding Our greatest pleasure is to hear a customer say THIS HAS TO BE GOOD ITS A CANYON PRODUCT We are proud to be known to have the highest quality in the marketplace Canyons diversity and growth are a direct result of the ever improving quality of each product we manufacture

O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Hemanjani Gonchigar MD Hemanjani Gonchigar MD Psychiatry Mood disorders Psychotic disorders Anxiety Adolescent psychiatry Depression Department Psychiatry Address 124 Park Street SE St 203 Vienna VA 22180 Phone Number 703 889 5406 About As founder of Capital Area Psychiatric Services Hemanjani Gonchigar MD works with patients experiencing all general psychiatric conditions With over 20 years of experience Dr Gonchigar has worked extensively with adolescent patients 13 and has developed a passion for helping both adolescents and adults manage a vast range of psychiatric conditions Dr Gonchigar approaches her treatment with a view on psycodynamic approaches in addition to integrating psycopharmocological and behavioral interventions Clinic Hours Monday Wednesday 900 AM 430 PM Thursday 900 AM 400 PM Friday Sunday Closed

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Orlando FL Cap World Truck Accessories Trailers 501 5350 East Colonial Drive Orlando FL 32807 4072770122 Open right now Mon 900 am530 pm Tue 900 am530 pm Wed 900 am530 pm Thu 900 am530 pm Fri 900 am530 pm Sat 800 am300 pm Sun Orlando FL Capworld Team Jeff Johnson Store Manager Bio Cap World in Orlando FL is your one stop shop for all your vehicle accessory needs We have been in business for over 30 years and are dedicated to giving you quality name brand products at discount prices Visit our location at 5350 East Colonial Drive to view all of our large inventory of truck covers also known as truck toppers truck caps or camper shells cargo and utility trailers bed liners running boards bike racks ladder racks floorliners hitches snow plows and MUCH MORE As our saying goes at Cap World we carry Everything but the Truck Our experienced and talented installation team are available to install or repair all interior and exterior vehicle accessories on site Call or visit us today for pricing and more information on all the vehicle accessories that we offer Vehicle Accessories Car truck and SUV accessories Car SUV Truck Accessories Bedliners Bed Mats Bike Racks Bed Rugs Bed Slides Bug ShieldsBras Cab Guards Cargo Boxes Chrome Trim Fender Flares Grill Guards Hitch Step Ladder Racks LED Lighting Mud Flaps Plows Rain Guards Roof Racks Step Bars Tool Boxes Trailer Hitches Wheels and Tires Wheel Well Liners Cargo Mats Dash Covers Floorliners Interior Lighting Interior Storage Seat Covers Truck Bed Covers Truck Caps and Tonneau Covers Truck Bed Covers Truck Caps Tonneau Covers Aluminum Truck Caps ARE Fiberglass Truck Caps LEER Fiberglass Truck Caps ARE Commercial Truck Caps LEER Commercial Truck Caps ARE Fiberglass Tonneau Truck Covers LEER Tonneau Truck Covers Hard Folding Tonneau Covers UnderCover Lift Tonneau Covers Retractable Tonneau Covers Access Rollup Tonneau Covers Soft Folding Tonneau Covers Towing Hitches and Towing Accessories Hitches Towing Accessories Class II Hitches Class III Hitches Rear Mounted Hitches Front Mounted Hitches Hitch Steps Ball Mount Hitches Wiring for Hitches Pintle Hitches Weight Distribution Hitches Trailers Utility and Cargo Trailers Open Enclosed Cargo Utility Trailers Utility Trailers Dump Trailers Landscape Trailers Equipment Trailers Car Trailers Cargo Trailers Construction Trailers Motorcycle Trailers Installation Repairs Installation Repairs Truck Cap Installation Tonneau Cover Installation Sprayon Liner Installation Bike Rack Installation Cargo Carrier Installation Hitch Installation Snow Plow Installation Running Board Installation LED Lighting Installation and much more Jeff Johnson Store Manager Bio I have been with Cap World since 2011 Most of my free time is spent with my daughter I enjoy movies musicvideo games and working on cars and trucks I have been married to my wife Christine for 10 years and have a daughter named Lilliann Customer Reviews Ive been to capworld over 6 times I have had them install my toolbox which I bought from them at an excellent price I also bought all season floor mats at a great price I bought a bull bar which they installed and got at an excellent price on I had a them install tail light guards on my truck and they also installed LED lights on my truck on which I brought to them I can go on but there is no need to on what I bought and had done but I dont have to since there installation Jason C Add your review Very helpful staff I had a 4 oclock appointment for an accessory installationthey got me in early and back on the road very quickly Great selection of aftermarket parts and accessories They explained all the options and different applications Jim Woodger Add your review Great staff who obviously love their work Professional installation and support long after the sale Cant recommend enough Rich Kramer Add your review No matter what kind of truck do you have you will find the cap that you need for your truck Good prices and service Manuela Mejia Add your review

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Cordierite for catalytic converters 0 Posted on 1132012 by Romain Nicolas A cordierite perspective The cordierite is issued from sedimentary rocks Deposits can be found in Sri Lanka India Burma Madagascar USA and Canada It has a high thermal resistance and is a relatively strong material However it has a high coefficient of thermal expansion CTE and a relatively low density Cordierite is a high volume throughput via low cost extrusion or dyepressing processes It is used in electrical insulation domain high performance resistors burner tubes and of course exhaust catalysts supports and filters Cordierite ceramic honeycomb based catalytic converters The first application of cordierite in automotive industry was the usage of cordierite ceramics in the catalytic converters from the middle of seventies These catalytic convertors are wall through chemical reactors which are integrated in the exhaust pipe They are used to convert pollutants like CO HC and NOx in some particular cases How does a catalytic converter work A catalytic converter is composed of a substrate the washcoat catalysts the mat and the can The substrate is a ceramic honeycomblike which provides surface area for the catalyst and where the washcoat is deposed The washcoat is a deposit which increases the effective area of the substrate It helps controlling the catalysis thanks to its properties and facilitates the deposit of catalyst onto the surface The catalyst is in general a precious metal which catalyzes the conversion of pollutants into harmless gases It is applied to the washcoated substrate through a chemical process The mat is wrapped around substrate and provides thermal insulation protection against mechanical shocks and vehicle vibrations The can is a metal package that encases the substrates and its mat Catalyst substrate for air pollution control The ceramic monolith used in converters has a pore structure around 3 to 4 µm pores which allows both mechanical and chemical link to the washcoat It offers a high surface area for washcoat deposit like Al 2 O 3 and can be further impregnated with a catalytic component such as Platinum Key manufacturing elements The manufacturing process is the following 1 Raw material processing Material is delivered to the manufacturing site by trucks It is weighed and checked by manufacture laboratory Then materials are mixed into a batch which is mixed with water and conveyed to extrusion 2 Forming and drying The cell geometry is formed by extrusion of the batch material The cell density shape and wall thickness are formed here It is then dried thanks to microwave 3 Cutting and loading Pieces are cut to size and cleaned A process control is performed at this step to ensure parts conformity Pieces are then loaded in a kiln thermally insulated chamber 4 Firing A firing is performed according to a precise timetemperature cycle 5 Finishing and shipping The cordierite substrates are then packaged and shipped to customers assembly site Macrocellular design and performance data Monolith porous ceramics as catalyst substrates for air pollution control The main advantage of monolithic material is that it offers a relatively low back pressure compared to pelletshaped catalysts It is important in a fuel economy point of view as the engine will need less work to evacuate burned gas Then it offers a higher surface area than conventional pelletshaped catalysts This allows to have more washcoat area and then better conversion efficiency The monolith properties can hence be tailored for optimum catalyst and reactor performance Substrate geometric considerations The main geometric characteristics are defined as follows The cell density is often defined in cells per square inch cpsi and the wall thickness in 103 inch A substrate typical dimension definition is Nw like 4004 or 9002 Having a higher cell density and lower wall thickness allows a better conversion of pollutants and a decreased lightoff temperature In order to test efficiency of different substrates manufacturers perform vehicle tests on homologated cycles To do so a standard engine is chosen as an exhaust gas generator The engine is operated over a given cycle eg FTP cycle The tested substrate is mounted in the exhaust line coated with a constant amount of Platinum Group Metals PGM Then 3 runs are performed with overnight soak and cold start Both continuous measurement and bag sampling are performed and analyzed Typical analysis result is a graph representing accumulated HC versus time for different substrate Thermal shock and erosion considerations Thermal induced stress Thermal stress is defined by a sudden change of temperature A fracture can occur when thermal stress exceeds strength of the body Thermal stress is due to thermal expansion which is defined by the relative length increase compared to the initial length of the body LL The hotter the region will expand more than the cooler region of the body This difference of expansion is called thermal strain and will cause stress in the cooler region There exists two kinds of cracking due to thermal expansion The first one called ringoff cracking happens when the center of substrate is hotter than skin The center hence expands in axial direction more than the skin The latter is then in tension and if tension exceeds axial strength ringoff cracking appears around the circumference The second kind of thermal crack is the face cracking It appears when the center is hotter than the end faces The hot center expands in radial direction more than the end faces Then faces are in tension and if tension exceeds radial strength a face cracking appears In order to estimate the thermal stress and temperature at failure several physical values are taken into account such as the CTE curve Coefficient of Thermal Expansion E Elastic modulus T1 T2 and MOR Modulus of Rupture Lets approximate the honeycomb of a catalyst as solid cylinder of an infinite length where the interior temperature is equal to T2 and surface temperature is equal to T1 Simplified treatment of stress equation gives Axial stress E T1 LL T2 LL T1 which is equivalent to Axial stress E T1 CTE T1 to T2 T2T1 Once the predicted axial stress is computed the stress parameter is defined in order to assess the thermal durability of a DPF during high temperature regeneration for example SPE 500C LL 500900C This stress parameter enables to estimate the probability of survival in such conditions by considering the Modulus Of Rupture MOR Indeed the ratio SPMOR is proportional to the probability of survival of the substrate In the same manner failure occurs when MOR is equal to stress Erosion The erosion phenomenon is mainly due to presence of particulates in the exhaust It decreases while the temperature increases because substrate MOR increases at higher temperatures 400C For assessing the erosion phenomenon a substrate front face is sand blasted with eg 100 g SiC particles in a lab The aim is to determine the footprint left by the erosion and the amount of cell plugged by SiC particles If particles are smaller than channels the flow distribution will be uniform and the erosion footprint will only depend on the flow distribution left Whereas if the particles are larger than the channels there will be cell plugging and then uneven erosion leading to uneven flow distribution right Conclusion The utility of the macrocellular product is further enhanced via process flexibility to control key macrostructural design attributes Critical attribute is resistance to stress and erosion which represents the durability of the substrate and then durability of the catalyst or filter Source Corning Romain Nicolas opinion The cordierite substrate is a pretty efficient filtration device and it is also inexpensive However its melting temperature is relatively low compared to Silicon Carbide SiC substrates which can be an issue when it faces uncontrolled regenerations How do you think manufacturers deal with the tradeoff between cost and risk of melting when choosing either Cordierite or SiC substrates Do you foresee any technologic breakthrough concerning aftertreatment substrates This site uses Akismet to reduce spam Learn how your comment data is processed Engine News Air and fuel supply Combustion Engine control Vehicle integration Emissions reduction Fuel and lubricants Engine technology Glossary Our partner Popular posts The different driving cycles 0152013 ESP Electronic Stability Program 12152012 Suspension design definitions and effects on vehicle behavior 01282013

B O B I O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


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5 Star ratings from cincinnatimetromixcom Casual Chinese Restaurant Credit Lynette Mace The name speaks for itself this is a small Chinese restaurant with a genuinely friendly staff It might seem to an outsider like your typical strip mall Chinese joint but its legions of devoted regulars might have something to say about that Its great for those who dont feel like cooking but still want to pay a reasonable price Among the most ravedabout items are the Pad Thai and the original egg rolls Owner Harry Hsu uses a secret method of cooking noodles and other dishes bringing crispy and tasty to higher levels Youll probably want takeout but theres also

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Bay Market 38 Market Street Camana Bay George Town Grand Cayman Time 730 AM to 700 PM Monday through Saturday and is closed on Public Holidays Phone 3458151080 Email geoescobarfostersigacom About Map Additional Information Bay Market at Camana Bay offers a variety of gourmet specialty and organic items as well as a full shopping experience Bay Market offers a wide variety of products ranging from pastas meats and dry foods to produce and frozen Along with the largest gourmet cheese selection on island Bay Market also offers made to order salads and sandwiches an olive and antipasto bar fresh juices sushi prepared meals soups and a meat carving station Made to order breakfast and lunch is offered daily with the full menu available when you sign up to receive the daily specials Sign Up Here Hand crafted espresso based coffees are also available at the Coffee Bar Come in and experience these mouth watering selections for yourself In addition to gourmet and specialty food products Bay Market also offers ecofriendly household personal beauty and baby products Many of these products use postconsumer resins recyclable and biodegradable materials and natural ingredients Fragrance free nontoxic and products free of phosphate fillers dyes and chemicals are also offered Bay Market truly encompasses the idea behind a healthy green lifestyle and brings together organic natural specialty and ecofriendly products under one roof for your shopping pleasure Previous Next Visited 1455 times 1 Visit today Posted in Health Beauty Captain Charles Kirkconnel International Airport Abacus Restaurant Lounge Add a Review You must be logged in to post a comment

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Nursing Nursing The Nursing Program at CCBC is the premier learningcentered Associate Degree Nursing Program in the greater Baltimore metropolitan area The nursing graduate is educated in a learningcentered environment which is committed to optimal use of available resources and emphasizes the diversity of the surrounding community Additionally graduates are prepared to enter the health care workforce and are eligible for licensure as a registered nurse Congruent with the CCBC mission a commitment to lifelong learning and educational mobility is fostered through the curriculum Program Overview Associate to Bachelors ATB Nursing Degree Day program Evening and weekend Online hybrid LPN to RN bridge Paramedic to RN bridge Practical nursing Accreditation The Associate Degree Nursing Registered Nursing Program at the Community College of Baltimore County is accredited by the Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing ACEN 3343 Peachtree Road NE Suite 850 Atlanta Georgia 30326 404 9755000 wwwacenursingorg Interested in a School of Health Professions Program Get started steps to apply Learn more about selective admission

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Skill Development Program SDP Biological Sciences Chemical Sciences Certificate Course Course Schedule Application deadline Skill Development in Advanced Spectroscopic NMR HPLC LCMS UVIR Techniques 6th May5th Aug2019 20th April2019 Skill Development in Electron Microscopy 3rd June12th July2019 24th May 2019 Skill development in Care Management of Laboratory Animals Experimental Techniques New 12th Nov21st Dec2018 6th Nov2018 Skill Development in Computational Approaches to Drug Design Development 7th Jan 20191st March 2019 20th Nov2018 Download Certificates Course Details Download Skill Development Program Advertisement 2018

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Home Join the club Meetings and events Past events Photo gallery Club resources Other clubs Officers Upcoming Meetings and Events MEETING Tuesday January 15 2019 Yen Ching Restaurant Welcome to the CVMC The Central Virginia Miata Club CVMC is an active group of Miata owners and enthusiasts who share the common bond of love for the Miata and the Zoom Zoom Zoom experience Founded on September 10 1991 by George E Ferrell Midlothian Virginia the club provides opportunities to form and maintain friendships exchange information about Miatas to discuss other related issues and best of all participate in rallies and events We welcome visitors and invite any Miata owner to become a member of the CVMC Bud Deihl CVMC President buddeihlgmailcom

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The California Foundation on the Environment and the Economy is an important organization that fulfills a critical public policy goal nonpartisan engagement and discussions on energy and environmental issues essential to a prosperous California Leon E Panetta Former Secretary of Defense Chairman The Panetta Institute of Public Policy CFEE is one of the unique California institutions that can effectively bring together stakeholders representing divergent views to discuss and act on the critical issues of the day Energy water transportation are all areas where I have seen CFEE play a key role in moving the needle on important policy matters CFEE is nimble entrepreneurial and relevant Kathleen Brown Former California State Treasurer I have been a CFEE enthusiast since its creation which coincided with my arrival at NRDC The institution and its leadership are legendary for their convening powers scrupulous fairness facilitation skills and dedication to the public interest If there is any complex and seemingly intractable threat to Californias environment and economy that would not benefit from CFEEs engagement I have never encountered it Ralph Cavanagh Energy Program CoDirector Natural Resources Defense Council The most effective policy for producing a healthy environment is a growing economy Societies with the highest productivity and incomes have made the greatest strides to bring about sustained improvements in environmental standards and quality CFEE is Californias most effective institution fostering collaboration among labor business environmental community and public institutions to bring about both environmental improvement and job growth Robert Balgenorth President Emeritus State Building Construction Trades Council of CA

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local_florist Home Obituaries About Us Services Directions PrePlan Veterans Resources Cemetery Info 7735 Gibbs Sprawl Road San Antonio TX 78239 Tel 2106556411 Memorial Park Hours Sunrise to Sundown Recent Obituaries Sherry Johnson Dec 26 2018 Richard Mario Juliano Jr Dec 25 2018 Richard Juliano Dec 25 2018 Mary Hinojosa Dec 14 2018 Velia Gonzalez Dec 9 2018 Jose Higinio Guerrero Dec 8 2018 Natalia Garza Dec 4 2018 Robert Duane Daniel Dec 2 2018 Melvin Howard Nov 30 2018 Jose Adamez Jr Nov 28 2018 Hoa Huynh Nov 21 2018 Victoria Bata Nov 20 2018 Subscribe to Obituary Alerts Enter your email below Your Email Address Antispam security test What is forty plus ten Enter numbersdigits not words Join Email List AVAILABLE 247 365 DAYS PER YEAR If you need our services immediately please call us at 2106556411 We will begin the process of bringing your loved one into our care right away Proudly Caring for the Families of San Antonio At Chapel Hill Funeral Home and Crematory we do our utmost to make every service unique A personalized service touches families and friends and celebrates a life well lived We are always inspired by the beautiful examples we have seen and will be happy to share some of them with you We encourage you to get in touch with us at 2106556411 to learn more about how we can plan a personalized service Chapel Hill Memorial Park Funeral Home and Crematory 7735 Gibbs Sprawl Road San Antonio TX 78239 Tel 2106556411 contactchapelhillsacom Send Flowers CURRENT SERVICES PrePlanning BEGIN HERE Frequent Questions LEARN MORE Grief Support LEARN MORE Veterans Services LEARN MORE GET IN TOUCH CONTACT US

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BATTERY CHARGERS NOT RECOGNIZING A BATTERY There are situations where a smart battery charger wont recognize a battery because the battery is deeply discharged Some chargers have a relatively high voltage threshhold Remember a 12 volt battery adjust numbers for 6 volt etc is effectively discharged at 119 to 12 volts fully charged is 1272 volts A battery can be drawn lower than this particularly if allowed to remain totally discharged for extended periods This is not particularly good for battery health and may in fact destroy the battery but that is not for this discussion Some of the more common floating chargers for vehicle or other battery maintenance have threshhold voltages between 8 and 11 volts If your battery voltage is below the particular level of your charger the charger wont acknowledge a viable battery hookup and wont pass current Some chargers indicate a fault mode continuous flashing and others just dont do anything Some charger manufacturers dont consider a battery below their threshhold voltage as worth recharging theyre not necessarily correct Some particularly marine battery chargers are designed to check for battery voltage before passing voltagecurrent to prevent sparks in case the charger is How to deal with this There are a couple of ways to get around this to see if your battery will recover and take some charge It still may have to be desulfated later First a nonintelligent charger like you had in your garage 25 years ago may be used with supervision to cram some current into the battery which will raise battery voltage This is another case for having a decent digital voltmeter around the shophouse You can keep checking the battery until it has enough voltage to register on the smart charger then let the smart charger take over If you have golf cart type 6 volt batteries you can series a pair positive to negative to look like a 12 volt battery and use a 12 volt charger as above Second method if you dont have a dumb charger parallel a second battery positive to positive negative to negative Hope you dont need this information but we run into this situation with customers enough putting something together on the subject was advisable Home Tutorials Battery Recognition

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