Articles of Confederation FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Articles of Confederation CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT The first Constitution of the United States CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 30 Terms in this set 30 Articles of Confederation The first Constitution of the United States Articles of Confederation did not establish Courts Executive President Under the Articles of Confederation who had the final authority in all matters The States Why were the Articles of Confederation replaced by the US Constitution to form a stronger government When were the Articles of Confederation ratified During the American Revolution Powers granted to the federal government under the Articles of Confederation determine peace war decide disputes between states establish and regulate interstate post offices Collecting taxes Power denied to the Federal Government under the Articles of Confederation Shays Rebellion conflict in Massachusettes that demonstrated the need to change the Articles The authors of the Articles of Confederation feared concentration of power in national government Which important legislation was passed while the Articles of Confederation were in effect The Northwest Ordinance The Northwest Ordinance provided the basis for governing much of western territory the law created a new territory north of the Ohio River which would eventually be divided into three to five states 13 of states in the Articles of Confederation How did voting work in Congress under the Articles of Confederation Each state received one vote The Articles of Confederation weak government can be best described as a firm league of friendship How many branches of government were created under the Articles of Confederation One Which two branches of government did the federal government lack under the Articles of Confederation Executive and Judicial Article V In determining questions in the United States in Congress assembled each state shall have one vote Read the above quote from the Articles of Confederation which group would most likely be unhappy with Article V of the Articles of Confederation Article V In determining questions in the United States in Congress assembled each state shall have one vote Read the above quote from the Articles of Confederation which group would most likely be unhappy with Article V of the Articles of Confederation The Large States Because most Americans feared strong governments like King Georges they created the Articles of Confederation to be _______ Weak The Articles of Confederation had no president or executive It took 9 of 13 states to pass a law The federal government had no money and could not tax The federal government could not draft soldiers to form an army they had to ask states for soldiers The federal government had no judicial branch It took a unanimous vote of all thirteen states to amend or change the Articles of Confederation The Federal Government has to ask the states for money They can not tax The Federal Government was to settle disputes between states but they had no power to enforce those settlements 28 On May 14 1787 you are invited to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia You listen to hours of bitter discussion over the merits of the Articles of Confederation A delegate rises and argues that it was important to keep the Articles Respond to him arguing that we should not keep the Articles In a well written organized paragraph give five reasons why the states should abandon the Articles and create a new document Short Essay Choose 2 of 4 29 Was it necessary to replace the Articles of Confederation Could they have been modified to provide Americans with a successful democratic or perhaps a parliamentary government Short Essay Choose 2 of 4 30 Americans soon learned after the Revolutionary War that the Articles of Confederation were too weak How did Shays Rebellion reveal the Articles weaknesses and lead to the end of the Articles Short Essay Choose 2 of 4 31 The Articles of Confederation begins We the States The United States Constitution begins We the People Explain the important difference between the two documents and the two plans for government illustrated by these short but important phrases Short Essay Choose 2 of 4

O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


intangibles FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month 1Which of the following is not an identifiable intangible asset Copyright License Trademark None of the above That is all are identifiable intangible assets CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT LAST OPT None of the above That is all are identifiable intangible assets CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 11 Terms in this set 11 1Which of the following is not an identifiable intangible asset Copyright License Trademark None of the above That is all are identifiable intangible assets LAST OPT None of the above That is all are identifiable intangible assets 2Which of the following statements is not correct AASB 138 highlights identifiablility control and the existence of future economic benefits as three factors necessary for the existence of an intangible asset Under AASB 138 an asset is considered identifiable if it is separable or if the asset arises from contractual or other legal rights AASB 138 defines an intangible asset as an identifiable nonmonetary asset without physical substance The separability criterion specified in AASB 138 gives rise to substantive differences in the financial reporting treatment of intangible assets compared with other assets LAST OPT The separability criterion specified in AASB 138 gives rise to substantive differences in the financial reporting treatment of intangible assets compared with other assets 3Which of the following statement about goodwill is correct Goodwill can not be individually identified and separately recognised Goodwill is only recognised where it is acquired as part of an armslength purchase of one entity by another The identifiability criterion allows a clear distinction to be drawn between intangible assets and goodwill All of the above LAST OPT ALL OF THE ABOVE 4When an intangible asset is purchased separately ie not part of a business combination It is initially measured at cost providing it meets the definition of an intangible asset and the recognition criteria contained in AASB 138 It is not recognised only intangible assets acquired as part of a business combination are recognised It is initially measured at fair value providing active and liquid markets exist otherwise it is measured at cost It is not recognised because its cost can not be reliably measured FIRST OPT It is initially measured at cost providing it meets the definition of an intangible asset and the recognition criteria contained in AASB 138 5Which of the following statements about AASB 138 is not correct The recognition of any intangible asset arising from internally developed publishing titles and customers is specifically prohibited Overall compared to previous Australian accounting standards AASB 138 has substantially limited the circumstances in which internally developed assets can be recognised For development expenditure intangible assets may be recognised in certain circumstances outlined in AASB 138 For research expenditure intangible assets can be recognised if the expenditure can be demonstrated to generate probable future benefits LAST OPT For research expenditure intangible assets can be recognised if the expenditure can be demonstrated to generate probable future benefits 6Which of the following measurement bases is permitted by AASB138 for measuring intangible assets subsequent to initial recognition Only the cost model is allowed because no intangible asset has a fair value that is capable of reliable measurement Only the revaluation model is allowed for brands newspaper mastheads music and film publishing rights One option is the revaluation model providing the fair value of the intangible asset can be measured by reference to an active and liquid market None of the above THIRD OPT One option is the revaluation model providing the fair value of the intangible asset can be measured by reference to an active and liquid market 7For intangible assets with finite useful lives AASB 138 requires sThe depreciable amount of these intangible assets be allocated over the assets useful life on a systematic basi The depreciable amount of these intangible assets be allocated over a 20 year period Such assets are not amortised because there is no systematic pattern of consumption of future economic benefits ie there are only unpredictable declines in value Such assets must not be amortised because the assessment of their useful lives requires judgement FIRST OPT The depreciable amount of these intangible assets be allocated over the assets useful life on a systematic basi 8The selective capitalisation of research and development costs is required by AASB 138 which means that Research and development costs that do not meet the criteria for recognition as an asset are treated as expenses immediately but can be reinstated as assets at a later date if it can be demonstrated that the entity has an intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it All research and development costs are expensed unless it can be demonstrated in accordance with paragraph 57 that it is technically feasible to complete the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale All research costs are recognised as expenses in the period of outlay while development costs may be recognised as intangible assets provided the entity can demonstrate the existence of a market for the output of the intangible asset or the intangible asset itself All research costs are recognised as expenses in the period of outlay while development costs may be recognised as intangible assets provided they meet the general recognition criteria for intangible assets as well as six additional conditions specified in paragraph 57 THIRD OPT All research costs are recognised as expenses in the period of outlay while development costs may be recognised as intangible assets provided the entity can demonstrate the existence of a market for the output of the intangible asset or the intangible asset itself 9Which of the following is the treatment recommended by AASB 3 Business Combinations for purchased goodwill An acquirer in a business combination shall not recognise goodwill because it is not an identifiable resource ie it is not separable An acquirer in a business combination shall recognise goodwill as an asset measured at the excess of the cost of the business combination over the acquirers interest in the net fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities An acquirer in a business combination shall recognise goodwill as an asset measured at the excess of the cost of the business combination over the acquirers interest in the net fair value of the identifiable assets liabilities and contingent liabilities An acquirer in a business combination shall recognise goodwill as an asset measured at the excess of the acquirers interest in the net fair value of the identifiable assets liabilities and contingent liabilities over the cost of the business combination THIRD OPT An acquirer in a business combination shall recognise goodwill as an asset measured at the excess of the cost of the business combination over the acquirers interest in the net fair value of the identifiable assets liabilities and contingent liabilities 10After initial recognition AASB 3 Business Combinations requires that acquired goodwill be measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses Which of the following is incorrect For the purposes of measuring any goodwill impairment goodwill must be allocated to the cashgenerating units to which it relates Goodwill is to be tested for impairment at least annually The reversal of an impairment loss for goodwill is allowed The amortisation of goodwill is prohibited THIRD OPT The reversal of an impairment loss for goodwill is allowed 11What has caused Tobins Q globlisation deregs technologies innovation diversification infotech intangibles humanres orgintans YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE 30 terms Non current assets Intangible Assets and Goodwill 23 terms CPA 2013 FAR23 Intangible Assets 39 terms Ch 12 accounting 16 terms Chapter 8 Intangible asset OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR 9 terms Innovation Entrepreneurship 2 terms Valuation and Analysis 10 terms FINALS CASES 17 terms 27COYS20 28PSHIPS21 10ORS BUS TORTS23 22SOGA25 THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH 8 terms liquidations 1 8 terms liquidations 2 16 terms difference accounting to income tax 16 terms property plant equipment 1

B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Sample questions 13 FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month IMC is the use of many tools including advertising in a coordinated manner to build and maintain brand awareness identity and preference CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT true CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 15 Terms in this set 15 IMC is the use of many tools including advertising in a coordinated manner to build and maintain brand awareness identity and preference true The communication production process produces the content of all advertising messages The communication reception process produces the same interpretations among all audience members false Marketers are looking to the full complement of promotional opportunities in sales promotions event sponsorships new media options and public relations instead of traditional advertising efforts false Advertising by social organizations at the national level is common but not at state and local levels false Demand stimulation can cause consumers to insist on a product at the retail level true Acme products markets a new line of ecofriendly household cleaning products in Southwest Florida To raise awareness and encourage trial they buy advertising time on cable TV place full page ads in womens magazines and provide cents off coupons via local newspapers Each new communication undergoes a review process to ensure that it displays the new green brand logo Acme is doing which of the following managing the IMC process Titleist the manufacturer of golf balls runs a commercial featuring professional golfer John Daly A group of people watching the commercial at a country club all interpret the commercial in a similar manner When members of an audience share a similar interpretation of an advertisement like this it is most likely the result of the similar background and social standing of the audience You are product manager for a company that manufactures copy machines for offices Therefore you will most likely use both personal selling and advertising When advertising acts to encourage and maintain brand loyalty it supports successful price increases Economists call this inelasticity of demand The most visible reseller advertisers are retailers that sell in national or global markets like Sears The Limited and McDonalds A regional fast food chain Chopsticks features rice bowls as a mainline product and is interested in expanding into a new market What type of firm might conduct the research needed to expand into the new market an external facilitator like a marketing or advertising research firm One method of agency compensation has been accused of encouraging advertising agencies to recommend the most costly media vehicles available This method is the commission system Which of the following is a promotion agency available to advertisers direct marketing and database agency an ecommerce agency and an event planning agency Large amounts of investment capital were needed to finance the Industrial Revolution in the United States During the 1840s ____ emerged as way for individuals to reduce the risk of the loss of personal wealth when investing in business ventures the principle of limited liability At the same time that television advertising was beginning to be influenced by the bold fastpaced editing style of MTV many mainstream ads could be described as understated and conservative

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


CH 3 The Constitution FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month Popular Sovereignty all political power resides with the people Government can only govern with the consent of the governed stated in preamble CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 89 Terms in this set 89 Popular Sovereignty all political power resides with the people Government can only govern with the consent of the governed stated in preamble Limited government no gov is all powerfulmay do only those things that the people have given it the power to do Constitutionalismgov must be conducted according to constitutional principles Separation of powers basic principle of American system of government that the executive legislative and judicical powers are divided among three independent and coequal branches of governent Checks and balances each branch of government is subject to a of constitutional checks or restraints by the other branches judicial review The power of the courts to determine what gov does is in accord with what the Constitution allowsprovides Federalism a system of government in which a written constitution divides power between a central or national government and several regional governments What is popular sovereignty all political power resides with the people Government can only govern with the consent of the governed stated in preamble What is an example of limited government Baron de Montesquieu French Philosopher who came up with the idea of Separation of powers legis judicial exec Checks and balances each branch of government is subject to a of constitutional checks or restraints by the other branches Judicial review how many times how often applied over the years 150 cases define Marbury v Madison Supreme Court established the power of judicial review in the case Marbury v Madison 1803 John Marshall was Chief Justice William Marbury had been appointed as one of John Adams midnight appointees in 1800 Cousin of Thomas Jeffersons staunch Federalists Federalism basic characteristics in our government a system of government in which a written constitution divides power between a central or national government and several regional governments The Preamble its intent and purpose purpose of government Articles 7 Sections 1 branches of Government 2powers and organization 3the states 4amendments added ratification provisions Article I Legislative Article II Executive Article III Courts Judicial Formal Amendments basic principles invovled change or addition that becomes part of the written language of the Constitution itself through one of four methods set forth in the Constitution Main two methods 1st method vote in each house of Congress and ratified by of the state legislature 38 of 50 must approve 26 of 27 amendments have occurred this way 2nd Method amendment proposed by Congress and ratified by conventions in of the states only 21st amendment used this process repeal of prohibition 18th amendment Time limits or other restrictions on the amendments usually 7 years Constitution has only 1 restriction about what kind of an amendment may be proposed NO STATE WITHOUT Informal changes to the Constitution Constitutional changes by other means Basic Legislation Basic legislation passed by Congress many agencies depts and offices in exec Branch were created by acts of Congress added to skeletal parts of the constitutio interpretation of various terms Informal changes to the Constitution Constitutional changes by other means Executive action Presidential action presidents using their powers to grow the Constitution making war without a declaration of war by Congress Executive action executive agreement Informal changes to the Constitution Constitutional changes by other means Court decisions Court Decisions nations courts interpret and apply the Constitution in cases judicial review Informal changes to the Constitution Constitutional changes by other means Party practices political parties were never mentioned in the Constitution but from 1830s on there have been National Conventions to select presidential Candidates made the Electoral College the institution that formally elects the President Informal changes to the Constitution Constitutional changes by other means Customs cabinet heads of 15 executive departments make up the Presidents advisory body cabinet Presidential advisory body traditionally made up of the heads of the executive departments and other officers Senatorial courtesy custom that the Senate will not approve a presidential appointment opposed by a majority party senator from the State in which the appointee would serve executive agreements pact made by the President directly with the head of a foreign state not a treaty which is a formal agreement between 2 sovereign states Ex Agreementdoes not need approval by the Senate treaty a formal agreement between two or more sovereign states national conventions electoral college reasons why created and its role in electing president and vicepresident group of persons chosen in each state and the district of columbia every 4 years who make a formal selection of the President and Vice President Elastic clause Congress may use its power to what is necessary and proper for the government We are a nation of laws not of men ex of limited government 1st amendment Congress may not violate the rights of freedom of religion speech press peaceable assembly and petition 2nd amendment Each state has the right to maintain a militia Individuals can own and use weapons 4th amendment The government may not search or take a persons property without a warrant 5th amendment A person may not be tried twice for the same crime and does not have to testify against himself herself I plead the____ 8th amendment A person is protected from excessive or unreasonable fines or cruel and unusual punishment 10th amendment Any power not given to the Federal Government by the Constitution is a power of neither the State or the people 15th amendment Citizens are guaranteed the right to vote regardless of race color or status of former slave 13th amendment Slavery is outlawed in the United states 19th amendment Citizens are guaranteed the right to vote regardless of sex WOMEN GET THE RIGHT TO VOTE 22nd amendment No president can serve more than two terms 25th amendment The Vice President becomes the President if the President is disabled 26th amendment Citizens who are at least 18 years of age are guaranteed the right to vote 18th amendment making and selling alcohol is illegal the 21st amendment repealed this amendment equal rights amendment 1970s and 1980s not ratified was given 3 extra years to ratify on top of the 7 year deadline Civil War amendments 13th 14th 15th amendements Schenck v United states In Schenck v United States 1919 the Supreme Court invented the famous clear and present danger test to determine when a state could constitutionally limit an individuals free speech rights under the First Amendment In reviewing the conviction of a man charged with distributing provocative flyers to draftees of World War I the Court asserted that in certain contexts words can create a clear and present danger that Congress may constitutionally prohibit While the ruling has since been overturned Schenck is still significant for creating the contextbased balancing tests used in reviewing freedom of speech challenges Tinker vs Des moines School district The kids that wore the armbands that had peace signs they wore them during the vietnam war The school sent them home Their parents sued the school saying that the school was violating their freedom expression 27th amendment Most recent amendment to be ratified in 1992 Was first offered to congress in 1789 It says any pay raise the House of Representatives may approve for its members does not take effect until after the next congressional election Dillion v gloss Dillon V Gloss 1921 when Congress proposed the 18th amendment in 1917 it set a 7 year deadline for its ratification 7 ys is usual time frame George Washington Alexander Hamilton Franklin D Roosevelt John Marshall amendments a change in or addition to a constitution or law Formal amendments Change to the Constitutions written words Senatorial Courtesy custom that the Senate will not approve a presidential appointment opposed by a majority party senator from the State in which the appointee would serve Cabinet Presidential advisory body traditionally made up of the heads of the executive departments and other officers Treaty a formal agreement between two sovereign countries that requires congressional approval Executive agreement pact made by the President directly with the head of a foreign state not a treaty which is a formal agreement between 2 sovereign states Ex Agreementdoes not need approval by the Senate Electoral college group of persons chosen in each state and the district of columbia every 4 years who make a formal selection of the President and Vice President impeachment prohibition cruel and unusual punishment whipping to death presidential disability if the president becomes unable to serve the Vice president steps in his place reserved powers Presidential terms limitation Can not declare war unreasonable search and arrest bill of rights 1st ten amendments What issues might arise when the legislative and executive branches are controlled by different parties Grid lock nothing gets done Divided government Explain the concept of rule of law The government and its officers are not above the Law Constitutionalism another name What might happen if there were no rule of law Gov Would have unlimited power Explain how the ratification process is an example of popular sovereignty Pop sovereignty People govern Elected congress men women oppose amendents When an amendment is proposed why is it not sent to the President to sign or veto An amendment is not a law When congress proposes an amendment it is not a law therefore the President has no responsibility for it How does the process of Constitutional amendment reflect the goals of the Framers The framers of the constitution came up with flexibility to flexible for future needs They promote federalism How many amendments have been added to the Constitution 27 What are the 1st ten amendments called The bill of rights In what year were the 1st ten amendments added 1791 When was the most recent amendment and what was it 1992 27th congressional pay limits which amendment abolished slavery when 13th 1865 What did the 19th amendment in 1920 give to women Right to vote suffrage Under which amendment are we guaranteed the freedom of religion 1st Assembly the right to get together Petition the right to ask government to make a change Quartering The right to furnish soilders with lodgging Why did Americans insist on adding the Bill of Rights to the Constitution Freedom of rights and liberty YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE 89 terms Gov Chapter 3 62 terms civics chapter 3 Government Chapter 3 The Constitution Notes Chapter 3 The Constitution OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR 33 terms Key Theological Terms 39 terms Education final multiple choice exam 1 103 terms Govt Test 2 40 terms Review for ch 3 THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH 42 terms Government chapter 3 6 terms Japanese Regents Counters 1 34 terms Chapter 20 Civil Liberties Protecting Individual Rights 109 terms chemistry

O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


AP Biology Chapter 5 Review Polymer Basics Carbohydrates FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month 4 macromolecules CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins and Nucleic Acids CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 35 Terms in this set 35 4 macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins and Nucleic Acids 3 macromolecules considered polymers carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acids whats a polymer a polymer is a long molecule of repeated identical or similar building blocks what bond is in a polymer covalent bond building block of a polymer monomer enzymes special macromolecules used to speed up a chemical reaction what reaction forms a polymer dehydration synthesis whats dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction covalently bonding two molecules with the loss of water molecule one monomer provides hydroxyl group the other hydrogen what reaction breaks a polymer hydrolysis whats hydrolysis bond broken through water molecule with H from water attaching to one monomer and hydroxyl group attaching to adjacent monomer example of hydrolysis digestion carbohydrates consists of both sugars and polymer of sugar how to classify a sugar 1 functional groups 2 size of carbon skeleton 3 arrangement around asymmetric carbon sugars named after number of carbon in their name location of carbonyl group what is a monosaccharide building blocks of simple sugars monosaccharide purposes 1 fuel for the cell 2 carbon skeleton provide raw materials for synthesis what is a disaccharide two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage whats a glycosidic linkage a covalent bond between two monomers through dehydration a reaction 2 glucose glucose galactose fructose glucose maltose lactose sucrose polysaccharides polymers with at least hundreds of monomers linked through glycosidic linkage purpose of polysaccharides 1 storage material ATPenergy 2 structural material structure storage material has what kind of glucose alpha structural material has what kind of glucose beta whats the difference between alpha and beta glucose alpha has 14 16 beta has 14 and every glucose monomer is upside down what is the storage polysaccharide in a plant starch stored in placids in plants starch is made up of what two enzymes amylase amylopectin what is the storage polysaccharide in an animal glycogen liver and muscle what is the structural polysaccharide in a plant cellulose found in cell walls cant be broken down what is the structural polysaccharide in an animal chitin side group has nitrogen help animals build exoskeleton three most abundant organic compounds in nature chitin cellulose and starch monosaccharides can also act as a what sugar reducing ex fructose how can the sugar be a reducing sugar aldehyde group oxidizes to carboxylic or ion what structure type causes a sugar not to be a reducing sugar ring if there is sugar what color will the test tube turn with the Benedicts test yellow bright red if there is starch what color will the test tube turn with the iodine test black

O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Genetics Practice Test FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month An individual with two normal sets of autosomes and a single X chromosome has CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT Turner syndrome CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 19

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O


Ch 34 Pain Management FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month A nurse is assessing a mentally challenged adult client who is in pain after a fall Which of the following scales should the nurse use to assess the clients pain a wontbaker faces scale b pain assessment in advanced Dementia PAINAD c Numeric Scale d Liner Scale b pain assessment in advanced THis i developed for cognitively impaired clients WongBaker Faces is best for children nd clients who are culturally diverse Numeric Scale a word scale or liner scale or a linear scale to quantify the pain intensity of adult clients who can express their pain intensity in words numbers or linear fashion wit help of the respective scales CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 26 Terms in this set 26 A nurse is assessing a mentally challenged adult client who is in pain after a fall Which of the following scales should the nurse use to assess the clients pain a wontbaker faces scale b pain assessment in advanced Dementia PAINAD c Numeric Scale d Liner Scale b pain assessment in advanced THis i developed for cognitively impaired clients WongBaker Faces is best for children nd clients who are culturally diverse Numeric Scale a word scale or liner scale or a linear scale to quantify the pain intensity of adult clients who can express their pain intensity in words numbers or linear fashion wit help of the respective scales Which of the following statements accurately describes a consideration when using a patientcontrolled analgesia PCA pump to relieve client pain a this approach can only be used with oral analgesic b the pump mechanism can be programmed to deliver a specified amount of analgesic within a given time interval c a PCA pump must be used an monitored in a health care facility d The PCA pump is not effective for chronic pain b the pump mechanism can be programmed to deliver a specified amount of analgesic within a given time interval This approach can be used with oral analgesic agent as well as with infusion of opioid analgesic agents by iv submit epidural perineal routs THis drug delivery system may be used to manage acute and chronic pain in health care facility or in the home A client reports after a back massage that his lower back pain has decreased from 83 on the pain scale What opioid neuromodulator does the nurse know is released with skin stimulation and is more likely responsible for this increased level of comfort a Endorphins b melatonin c Serotonin d dopamine a Endorphins Endorphins and enkephalins are opioid neuromodulators that are powerful pain blocking chemicals which have prolonged analgesic effects and produce euphoria It is thought that certain measures such as skin stimulation and relaxation techniques release endorphins A client describes pain in the lower leg and has been diagnosed with a herniated lumbar disk The pain in the leg is what type of pain a acute pain b referred pain c chronic pain d limited pain b referred pain Pain from the abdominal pelvic or back may be referred to areas far distant from the site of tissue damage A nurse is caring for a client who was administered opioid narcotics The client complains of constipation Which of the following is another potential side effect of opioid narcotics a insomnia b Diarrhea c anxiety d sedation d sedation Opoids and opiates cause sedation nausea constipation and respiratory depression which is the main side effect to watch for DO NOT lead to anxiety diarrhea or insomnia inc clients Which of the following principles should the nurse integrate into the pain assessment and pain management of pediatric client a The developing neurologic system of children transmits less pain than in older clients b a numeric scale should be used to assess pain if the child is older than 5 years of age c pharmacologic pain relief should be used only as an intervention of last resort d pain assessment may require multiple methods in order to ensure accurate pain data d pain assessment may require multiple methods in order to ensure accurate pain data It is often necessary to use more than one technique for pain assessment in children Though their neurological system is indeed developing children feel pain acutely and it is inappropriate to withhold analgesics until they are a last resort It is simplistic to specify a numeric pain scale for all clients above a certain age the assessment tool should reflect the clients specific circumstances abilities and development Which of the following nonpharmacologic pain relief measures have been found to be effective for soothing agitated newborns and comatose clients a distraction b humor c imagery d music d music Listening to music can relax soothe decrease pain and provide distraction A nurse is assessing a clients pain The nurse notes which of the following database findings that is indicative of acute pain a decreased pulse rate b increased blood pressure c pupil constriction d decreased respiratory rate b increased blood pressure Due to overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system A nurse assesses a client who is being given an opioid analgesic and finds the client unresponsive to shaking or other stimuli What drug might be ordered to reverse this state a penicillin b cortisone c naloxone d asprin c naloxone Narcan opoid antagonist that reverses the respiratorydepressant effect of opioids When the client is alert and the respiratory rate is greater than 9 breathsmin the opioids may be resumed A nurse is caring for a client with severe backache The physical has prescribed transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation TENS Which of the following candidates is most suitable for TENS a client involved in sports activities b client who is pregnant c client with chronic dysrhythmias d client with cardiac pacer a client involved in sports activities TENS is a noonnarcotic noninvasive method and has no toxic side effects thus athletes prefer when in acute pain it is contradictive for pregnant women because its effect on the unborn fetus has not been determined A nurse is caring for a neonate age 2 days in a NICU What pain assessment scale would best assess the pain for this client a FLACC scale b COMFORT scale c Checklist of nonverbal indicators d CRIES pain scale d CRIES pain scale CRIES is appropriate for neonates 06 months COMFORT is used for infants and adults who are unable to use other scales FLACC is used for infants and children 2 months7 years unable to validate the presence of or quanify the severity of pain The checklist on nonverbal indicators is appropriate for adult who are unable to validate the presence of or quantify the severity of pain using either r the Numeric rating scale or face scale A nurse is caring for a client with an amputated limb The client tells the nurse that he has a burning sensation in his amputated limb How should the nurse document this pain a Visceral pain b cutaneous pain c referred pain d phantom pain d phantom pain A type of neuropathic pain that is often experienced days weeks or even months after the source of pain has been treated or resolved Visceral pain is associated with disease or injury Referred pain is not experienced in the exact site where and organ is located Cutaneous pain originates at the skin level and is a commonly experienced sensation resulting from some form of trauma Which of the following guidelines regarding pain should be included in the nurses education plan for a group of parents with infants and toddlers a infants can not express pain until 8 month of age b toddlers often try to be brave and not cry c toddlers are often reluctant to express pain d pain can be a source of fear and threat to the toddlers security d pain can be a source of fear and threat to the toddlers security During the toddler and preschool years children are achieving a sense of autonomy Because pain can be sourced of fear and threat to security the child responds with crying anger physical resistance or withdrawal While assessing an infant the nurse notes that the infant displays an occasional grimace and is withdrawn legs are kicking body is arched and the infant is moaning during sleep When awaken The infant is inconsolable What scale should the nurse use while assessing pain in this infant a BRADEN SCALE b FLACC SCALE c APGAR SCORE d FACES SCALE b FLACC SCALE FLACC face legs activity cry and consolability is used to measure pain for children between the ages of 2 months and 7 years The braden scale is used to predict pressure sore risk Faces is used to assess pain in older children using a series of faces ranging from happy face to crying APGAR score is done at birth to assess how well the baby tolerate the birthing process A client has required frequent scheduled and breakthrough doses of opioid analgesics in the six days since admission to the hospital The client medication regimen may necessitate which of the following interventions a frequent turns and application of skin emollients b Stool softeners and increased fluid intake c calorie restriction and dietary supplements d supplementary oxygen and chest physiotherapy b Stool softeners and increased fluid intake The most common side effect of opioid use is constipation opoids may cause respiratory depression A middleag client tells the nurse that her neck pain reduced considerably after she underwent a treatment in which thin needles were inserted into her skin What kind of pain relief treatment did the client undergo a Rhizotomy b biofeedback c Acupuncture d Transcutaneous electrical nervous system c Acupuncture A client has been admitted to a postsurgical unit with a patientcontrolled analgesia PAC system Which of the following statements is true of this medication delivery system a an antidote is automatically delivered if the client exceeds the recommended dose b The dose that is delivered when the client activates the machine is preset c thorough client education is necessary to prevent overdoses d use of opioid analgesics in a PCA is contraindicated due to the risk of respiratory depression b The dose that is delivered when the client activates the machine is preset PCA are designed to make it impossible for the client to exceed the patientspecific dosing parameters programmed into the machine A client with an amputated arm tells a nurse that sometimes he experiences throbbing pain or a burning sensation in the amputated arm What kind of pain is the client experiencing a cutaneous pain b chronic pain c neuropathic pain d Visceral pain c neuropathic pain often experienced daysw weeks or even months after the source of the pain has been treated and resolved A postoperative client who has been receiving morphine for pain management is exhibiting a depressed respiratory rate and is not responsive to stimuli What drug has the potential to reverse the respiratory depressant effect of an opioid a Naloxone b atropine c epinephrine d diphenhydramine a Naloxone The nurse has completed a preoperative education session with a client who will receive morphine via a patientcontrolled analgesia pump PCA after surgery Which of the following statements by the client indicates the need for further teaching a i will remind my family member to push the PCA pump for me if i doze off during the day b i will use the PCA pump until oral pain medication controls my pain c i can push the button when ever i feel pain d i will let my nurse know if the pain medication is not effective enough to help me move after surgery a i will remind my family member to push the PCA pump for me if i doze off during the day seditation that prevents the client from delivering a dose of opioid contributes to the safety of intravenous PCA drug administration A nurse is caring for a client with acute back pain When should the nurse assess the clients pain a six hours after administering a prescribed analgesic b once per day when the pain is a potential problem c after the client is discharged from the health care facility d whenever the vital signs are measured and documented d whenever the vital signs are measured and documented After the nurse has instructed a client with lowback pain about the use of a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator TENS unit for pain management the nurse determines that the client has a need for further instruction when eh client states a one advantages of the TENS unit is it increases blood flow b i may need fewer pain medications with the TENS unit in place c wearing the TENS unit should not interfere with my daily activities d i could use the tens unit if i feel pain somewhere else on my body d i could use the tens unit if i feel pain somewhere else on my body A nurse observes that a client who underwent knee surgery two weeks ago needs progressively larder doses of analgesics to get relief from pain The nurse interprets this as which of the following a dependence b tolerance c addiction d seditation b tolerance A nurse is assessing the vital signs of a client who is moaning due to the acute onset of pain What would be the expected objective findings a no change from clients norms b increased temp c increased pulse and bp d decreased pulse and respiration c increased pulse and bp A nurse attempts to arous a post surgical client and finds him frequently drowsy and drifting off during conversation however he can be aroused What would be the sedation score for this client a 2 b 1 c 4 d 3 d 3 A physician orders a placebo for a client What is a placebo a an inactive substance given in place of a drug b an analgesic with no known side effects c an intravenous form of a potent analgesic d a smaller than usual dose of analgesic a an inactive substance given in place of a drug YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE 65 terms NURS FUNDAMENTAL Ch 34 NCLEX Comfort and Pain Mamagment 65 terms NURS FUNDAMENTAL Ch 34 NCLEX Comfort and Pain Mamagment Ch 43 Pain Management Potter and Perry Ch 43 Pain Management Potter and Perry OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR 44 terms CH 13 16 terms Ch 4 33 terms CH 3 48 terms Ch 11 THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH 64 terms Chapter 12 Prep U 97 terms chapter 35 comfort 44 terms Chapter 20 44 terms Taylor Fundamentals of Nursing Chapter 29 Perioperative Nursing

O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O