How to replace a failed disk that is under Volume Manager control Problem This article discusses how to replace a failed disk that is under Volume Manager control Solution There are several scenarios for replacing a failed disk Disk failed but came back online after some time Disk failed corrupt needs to be replaced and spare Disk is already available in the configuration Disk failed corrupt needs to be replaced and new Disk needs to be added to the configuration Note To replace a disk a disk must be available that is not already in a disk group Disk failed but came back online after some time Lets assume we have the following configuration Two Disks c1t13d0 c1t14d0 in a Disk group testdg one mirrored Volume testvol01 c1t13d0s2 autocdsdisk disk01 testdg online c1t14d0s2 autocdsdisk disk02 testdg online c1t15d0s2 autonone online invalid dg testdg default default 24000 122302654430jerome dm disk01 c1t13d0s2 auto 65536 35774960 dm disk02 c1t14d0s2 auto 65536 35774960 v testvol01 ENABLED ACTIVE 2097152 SELECT fsgen pl testvol0101 testvol01 ENABLED ACTIVE 2097152 CONCAT RW sd disk0101 testvol0101 disk01 0 2097152 0 c1t13d0 ENA pl testvol0102 testvol01 ENABLED ACTIVE 2097152 CONCAT RW sd disk0202 testvol0102 disk02 2097152 2097152 0 c1t14d0 ENA Now c1t13d0 went offline caused by a SAN issue c1t13d0s2 auto error c1t14d0s2 autocdsdisk disk02 testdg online c1t15d0s2 autonone online invalid disk01 testdg failed wasc1t13d0s2 dg testdg default default 24000 122302654430jerome dm disk01 NODEVICE dm disk02 c1t14d0s2 auto 65536 35774960 v testvol01 ENABLED ACTIVE 2097152 SELECT fsgen pl testvol0101 testvol01 DISABLED NODEVICE 2097152 CONCAT RW sd disk0101 testvol0101 disk01 0 2097152 0 RLOC pl testvol0102 testvol01 ENABLED ACTIVE 2097152 CONCAT RW sd disk0202 testvol0102 disk02 2097152 2097152 0 c1t14d0 ENA You can see that c1t13d0 is now showing as failed and the plex is disabled After some time the SAN is back online and the disk is available again on the System c1t13d0s2 autocdsdisk testdg online c1t14d0s2 autocdsdisk disk02 testdg online c1t15d0s2 autonone online invalid disk01 testdg failed wasc1t13d0s2 You can see it is now back online but still showing as failed All we need to do is run vxreattach to check if we can reattach the disk vxreattach c c1t13d0s2 This will reattach the disk to its old disk media name inside its old disk group and run a vxrecover in the background if needed vxreattach rb c1t13d0s2 Use vxtask to check the status vxtask list TASKID PTID TYPESTATE PCT PROGRESS 206 PARENTR 000 101 VXRECOVER disk01 testdg 207 207 ATCOPYR 0410 0209715286016 PLXATT testvol01 testvol0101 testdg We should be back to normal after the vxrecover is finished c1t13d0s2 autocdsdisk disk01 testdg online c1t14d0s2 autocdsdisk disk02 testdg online c1t15d0s2 autonone online invalid Disk failed corrupt needs to be replaced and new disk needs to be added to the configuration We are taking the same configuration as before but this time the disk is corrupt and needs to be replaced c1t13d0s2 auto error c1t14d0s2 autocdsdisk disk02 testdg online c1t15d0s2 autonone online invalid disk01 testdg failed wasc1t13d0s2 As we already have a disk available c1t15d0 we can use that for replacement There are two ways to achieve this Using vxdiskadm which will help you get the disk replaced by running all the needed commands in the background Or you can run the commands by yourself We will show you both First the vxdiskadm way Run vxdiskadm and select option 5 vxdiskadm Volume Manager Support Operations Menu VolumeManagerDisk 1 Add or initialize one or more disks 2 Encapsulate one or more disks 3 Remove a disk 4 Remove a disk for replacement 5 Replace a failed or removed disk 6 Mirror volumes on a disk 7 Move volumes from a disk 8 Enable access to import a disk group 9 Remove access to deport a disk group 10 Enable online a disk device 11 Disable offline a disk device 12 Mark a disk as a spare for a disk group 13 Turn off the spare flag on a disk 14 Unrelocate subdisks back to a disk 15 Exclude a disk from hotrelocation use 16 Make a disk available for hotrelocation use 17 Prevent multipathingSuppress devices from VxVMs view 18 Allow multipathingUnsuppress devices from VxVMs view 19 List currently suppressednonmultipathed devices 20 Change the disk naming scheme 21 Get the newly connectedzoned disks in VxVM view 22 ChangeDisplay the default disk layouts 23 Mark a disk as allocatorreserved for a disk group 24 Turn off the allocatorreserved flag on a disk list List disk information Display help about menu Display help about the menuing system q Exit from menus Select an operation to perform 5 On the next page we select the disk to be replaced and the disk which we are going to use for the replacement Replace a failed or removed disk Menu VolumeManagerDiskReplaceDisk Use this menu operation to specify a replacement disk for a disk that you removed with the Remove a disk for replacement menu operation or that failed during use You will be prompted for a disk name to replace and a disk device to use as a replacement You can choose an uninitialized disk in which case the disk will be initialized or you can choose a disk that you have already initialized using the Add or initialize a disk menu operation Select a removed or failed disk disklistq list Disk group testdg DM NAME DEVICE TYPE PRIVLEN PUBLEN STATE dm disk01 NODEVICE Select a removed or failed disk disklistq disk01 The following devices are available as possible replacements after being initialized or reinitiliazed c0t0d0 c1t15d0 You can choose one of these devices to replace disk01 Choose none to abort the replacement of disk01 Choose a device or select none devicenoneq default c0t0d0 c1t15d0 VxVM INFO V52378 The requested operation is to initialize disk device c1t15d0 and to then use that device to replace the removed or failed disk disk01 in disk group testdg Continue with operation ynq default y y Use FMR for plex resync ynq default n n VxVM INFO V52282 Replacement of disk disk01 in group testdg with disk device c1t15d0 completed successfully Replace another disk ynq default n n This initializes the disk Add it to the disk group with the old disk media name and run a vxrecover on the volume c1t13d0s2 auto error c1t14d0s2 autocdsdisk disk02 testdg online c1t15d0s2 autocdsdisk disk01 testdg online dg testdg default default 24000 122302654430jerome dm disk01 c1t15d0s2 auto 65536 35774960 dm disk02 c1t14d0s2 auto 65536 35774960 v testvol01 ENABLED ACTIVE 2097152 SELECT fsgen pl testvol0101 testvol01 ENABLED ACTIVE 2097152 CONCAT RW sd disk0101 testvol0101 disk01 0 2097152 0 c1t15d0 ENA pl testvol0102 testvol01 ENABLED ACTIVE 2097152 CONCAT RW sd disk0202 testvol0102 disk02 2097152 2097152 0 c1t14d0 ENA The only thing left here is to remove the disk to get it physically replaced You can do this with option 3 in vxdiskadm We will show you how to add a new disk in the next scenario Now the same can be done manually on the command line If we go back to our problem c1t13d0s2 auto error c1t14d0s2 autocdsdisk disk02 testdg online c1t15d0s2 autonone online invalid disk01 testdg failed wasc1t13d0s2 Here are the steps needed to replace the Disk on the command line We will initialize the Disk add it to the Disk group with the same Media Name and then run a recovery in the background vxdisksetup i c1t15d0 formatcdsdisk vxdg g testdg k adddisk disk01c1t15d0s2 vxrecover b testvol01 After the recovery is done c1t13d0s2 auto error c1t14d0s2 autocdsdisk disk02 testdg online c1t15d0s2 autocdsdisk disk01 testdg online dg testdg default default 24000 122302654430jerome dm disk01 c1t15d0s2 auto 65536 35774960 dm disk02 c1t14d0s2 auto 65536 35774960 v testvol01 ENABLED ACTIVE 2097152 SELECT fsgen pl testvol0101 testvol01 ENABLED ACTIVE 2097152 CONCAT RW sd disk0101 testvol0101 disk01 0 2097152 0 c1t15d0 ENA pl testvol0102 testvol01 ENABLED ACTIVE 2097152 CONCAT RW sd disk0202 testvol0102 disk02 2097152 2097152 0 c1t14d0 ENA We need to remove the corrupt Disk and physically replace it We will show you how to add a new Disk in the next scenario vxdisk rm c1t13d0s2 Disk failed corrupt needs to be replaced and new Disk needs to be added to the configuration In the last two scenarios we either replaced the failed Disk with the same Disk or one which was already added to the configuration Now we will show you how to replace a failed Disk by physically removing the failed one and get it replaced by a new Disk Here is our configuration c1t13d0s2 autocdsdisk disk01 testdg online c1t14d0s2 autocdsdisk disk02 testdg online dg testdg default default 24000 122302654430jerome dm disk01 c1t13d0s2 auto 65536 35774960 dm disk02 c1t14d0s2 auto 65536 35774960 v testvol01 ENABLED ACTIVE 2097152 SELECT fsgen pl testvol0101 testvol01 ENABLED ACTIVE 2097152 CONCAT RW sd disk0101 testvol0101 disk01 0 2097152 0 c1t13d0 ENA pl testvol0102 testvol01 ENABLED ACTIVE 2097152 CONCAT RW sd disk0202 testvol0102 disk02 2097152 2097152 0 c1t14d0 ENA Now again c1t13d0 fails c1t13d0s2 auto error c1t14d0s2 autocdsdisk disk02 testdg online disk01 testdg failed wasc1t13d0s2 We first need to remove the failed disk for replacement This is option 4 in vxdiskadm Volume Manager Support Operations Menu VolumeManagerDisk 1 Add or initialize one or more disks 2 Encapsulate one or more disks 3 Remove a disk 4 Remove a disk for replacement 5 Replace a failed or removed disk 6 Mirror volumes on a disk 7 Move volumes from a disk 8 Enable access to import a disk group 9 Remove access to deport a disk group 10 Enable online a disk device 11 Disable offline a disk device 12 Mark a disk as a spare for a disk group 13 Turn off the spare flag on a disk 14 Unrelocate subdisks back to a disk 15 Exclude a disk from hotrelocation use 16 Make a disk available for hotrelocation use 17 Prevent multipathingSuppress devices from VxVMs view 18 Allow multipathingUnsuppress devices from VxVMs view 19 List currently suppressednonmultipathed devices 20 Change the disk naming scheme 21 Get the newly connectedzoned disks in VxVM view 22 ChangeDisplay the default disk layouts 23 Mark a disk as allocatorreserved for a disk group 24 Turn off the allocatorreserved flag on a disk list List disk information Display help about menu Display help about the menuing system q Exit from menus Select an operation to perform 4 Then we select the failed disk to be removed Remove a disk for replacement Menu VolumeManagerDiskRemoveForReplace Use this menu operation to remove a physical disk from a disk group while retaining the disk name This changes the state for the disk name to a removed disk If there are any initialized disks that are not part of a disk group you will be given the option of using one of these disks as a replacement Enter disk name disklistq list Disk group testdg DM NAME DEVICE TYPE PRIVLEN PUBLEN STATE dm disk01 NODEVICE dm disk02 c1t14d0s2 auto 65536 35774960 Enter disk name disklistq disk01 VxVM NOTICE V52371 The following volumes will lose mirrors as a result of this operation testvol01 No data on these volumes will be lost VxVM NOTICE V52381 The requested operation is to remove disk disk01 from disk group testdg The disk name will be kept along with any volumes using the disk allowing replacement of the disk Select Replace a failed or removed disk from the main menu when you wish to replace the disk Continue with operation ynq default y y VxVM INFO V52265 Removal of disk disk01 completed successfully Remove another disk ynq default n n After this we should see the following output c1t13d0s2 auto error c1t14d0s2 autocdsdisk disk02 testdg online disk01 testdg removed wasc1t13d0s2 Now you can remove the disk and replace it with another one Once you have replaced it we need to let Volume Manager know that there is a new disk Run the following vxdiskconfig VxVM INFO V521401 This command may take a few minutes to complete execution Executing Solaris command devfsadm part 1 of 2 at 103505 BST Executing VxVM command vxdctl enable part 2 of 2 at 103518 BST Command completed at 103521 BST It will use devfsadm to check the OS for new devices and after that it will run vxdctl enable to add them to Volume Manager Now we should see a new disk c1t13d0s2 auto error c1t14d0s2 autocdsdisk disk02 testdg online c1t15d0s2 autonone online invalid disk01 testdg removed wasc1t13d0s2 Run vxdiskadm again and select option 5 to replace the removed disk Volume Manager Support Operations Menu VolumeManagerDisk 1 Add or initialize one or more disks 2 Encapsulate one or more disks 3 Remove a disk 4 Remove a disk for replacement 5 Replace a failed or removed disk 6 Mirror volumes on a disk 7 Move volumes from a disk 8 Enable access to import a disk group 9 Remove access to deport a disk group 10 Enable online a disk device 11 Disable offline a disk device 12 Mark a disk as a spare for a disk group 13 Turn off the spare flag on a disk 14 Unrelocate subdisks back to a disk 15 Exclude a disk from hotrelocation use 16 Make a disk available for hotrelocation use 17 Prevent multipathingSuppress devices from VxVMs view 18 Allow multipathingUnsuppress devices from VxVMs view 19 List currently suppressednonmultipathed devices 20 Change the disk naming scheme 21 Get the newly connectedzoned disks in VxVM view 22 ChangeDisplay the default disk layouts 23 Mark a disk as allocatorreserved for a disk group 24 Turn off the allocatorreserved flag on a disk list List disk information Display help about menu Display help about the menuing system q Exit from menus Select an operation to perform 5 Now select the removed disk and the new one to be used as a replacement Replace a failed or removed disk Menu VolumeManagerDiskReplaceDisk Use this menu operation to specify a replacement disk for a disk that you removed with the Remove a disk for replacement menu operation or that failed during use You will be prompted for a disk name to replace and a disk device to use as a replacement You can choose an uninitialized disk in which case the disk will be initialized or you can choose a disk that you have already initialized using the Add or initialize a disk menu operation Select a removed or failed disk disklistq list Disk group testdg DM NAME DEVICE TYPE PRIVLEN PUBLEN STATE dm disk01 REMOVED Select a removed or failed disk disklistq disk01 The following devices are available as possible replacements after being initialized or reinitiliazed c0t0d0 c1t15d0 You can choose one of these devices to replace disk01 Choose none to abort the replacement of disk01 Choose a device or select none devicenoneq default c0t0d0 c1t15d0 VxVM INFO V52378 The requested operation is to initialize disk device c1t15d0 and to then use that device to replace the removed or failed disk disk01 in disk group testdg Continue with operation ynq default y y Use FMR for plex resync ynq default n n VxVM INFO V52282 Replacement of disk disk01 in group testdg with disk device c1t15d0 completed successfully Replace another disk ynq default n n It will automatically run a vxrecover in the background Once this is done we can remove the old disk entry vxdisk rm c1t13d0s2 And then we should be back to normal c1t14d0s2 autocdsdisk disk02 testdg online c1t15d0s2 autocdsdisk disk01 testdg online dg testdg default default 24000 122302654430jerome dm disk01 c1t15d0s2 auto 65536 35774960 dm disk02 c1t14d0s2 auto 65536 35774960 v testvol01 ENABLED ACTIVE 2097152 SELECT fsgen pl testvol0101 testvol01 ENABLED ACTIVE 2097152 CONCAT RW sd disk0101 testvol0101 disk01 0 2097152 0 c1t15d0 ENA pl testvol0102 testvol01 ENABLED ACTIVE 2097152 CONCAT RW sd disk0202 testvol0102 disk02 2097152 2097152 0 c1t14d0 ENA You can do the same from the command line Instead of using option 4 in vxdiskadm you use this command to remove the disk vxdg g testdg k rmdisk disk01 Then run this to get the OS to scan for the new disk add it to Volume Manger and initialize it for use vxdiskconfig vxdisksetup i c1t15d0 formatcdsdisk Then run the following to add the new disk with the old Disk Media name recover the mirror and remove the old disk entry from Volume Manager Once the recover is done we should see the following vxdg g testdg k adddisk disk01c1t15d0s2 vxrecover b testvol01 vxdisk rm c1t13d0s2 c1t14d0s2 autocdsdisk disk02 testdg online c1t15d0s2 autocdsdisk disk01 testdg online dg testdg default default 24000 122302654430jerome dm disk01 c1t15d0s2 auto 65536 35774960 dm disk02 c1t14d0s2 auto 65536 35774960 v testvol01 ENABLED ACTIVE 2097152 SELECT fsgen pl testvol0101 testvol01 ENABLED ACTIVE 2097152 CONCAT RW sd disk0101 testvol0101 disk01 0 2097152 0 c1t15d0 ENA pl testvol0102 testvol01 ENABLED ACTIVE 2097152 CONCAT RW sd disk0202 testvol0102 disk02 2097152 2097152 0 c1t14d0 ENA

O O B O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B B B O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O B O B O O O O O O O O O B O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O B O B O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O B B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O B O B O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B B O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O B O B O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O B O B O O B O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O B O B O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O B B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Volume

Shadow

Copy

Service

VSS

Information

and

Troubleshooting

VSS

issues

Article

ID

Last

Published

Products

Backup

Exec

Problem

Volume

Shadow

Copy

Service

VSS

Information

and

Troubleshooting

VSS

issues

Solution

By

default

VSS

is

installed

with

Windows

Server

and

above

The

service

is

set

to

a

Manual

startup

type

The

service

starts

if

a

backup

program

the

Requestor

can

use

the

VSS

Writer

or

Writers

Use

the

following

items

to

help

troubleshoot

an

issue

may

experience

with

Exchange

VSS

backups

Event

log

information

VSSADMIN

commands

Diagnostic

logging

The

Exchange

Extra

tool

Event

Log

Information

The

following

steps

describe

the

Exchange

backup

process

that

occurs

when

use

VSS

together

with

the

corresponding

events

that

are

logged

Examine

the

events

that

are

logged

during

the

backup

operation

to

help

determine

which

component

is

failing

Step

Database

Preparation

The

backup

program

also

known

as

the

agent

runs

a

scheduled

job

The

VSS

Requestor

in

the

backup

program

submits

a

request

to

VSS

to

prepare

the

selected

Exchange

storage

groups

for

a

snapshot

backup

VSS

signals

the

Exchange

VSS

Writer

to

prepare

for

a

snapshot

backup

The

following

table

lists

the

series

of

events

that

are

logged

in

the

Application

log

for

every

backup

instance

that

is

started

Step

Database

Snapshot

After

the

Exchange

Writer

reports

to

VSS

that

the

backup

preparation

is

complete

the

following

actions

occur

The

Exchange

Writer

freezes

the

appropriate

Exchange

databases

In

this

scenario

Exchange

performs

the

following

operations

Exchange

prohibits

administrative

actions

against

the

particular

storage

group

Exchange

checks

volume

dependencies

for

the

storage

group

Exchange

suspends

all

write

operations

to

the

appropriate

database

files

and

transaction

log

files

Note

Exchange

still

allows

Read

access

to

the

database

files

and

transaction

log

files

When

Exchange

starts

the

operation

to

freeze

the

Exchange

database

files

and

transaction

log

files

Exchange

starts

a

worker

thread

to

keep

track

of

how

long

it

takes

to

create

the

snapshot

copy

of

the

database

The

copy

process

is

not

permitted

to

take

longer

than

seconds

The

whole

snapshot

copy

process

may

not

exceed

seconds

This

includes

all

the

operations

that

occur

in

the

Step

Database

Snapshot

process

If

the

whole

process

exceeds

seconds

the

worker

thread

times

out

If

a

timeout

occurs

Exchange

stops

the

backup

job

and

unfreezes

the

Exchange

storage

groups

Then

Exchange

continues

typical

operations

The

following

table

lists

the

series

of

events

that

are

logged

in

the

Application

log

during

the

snapshot

operation

Step

Shadow

Copy

Verification

The

VSS

Requestor

in

the

backup

program

verifies

the

health

of

the

shadow

copy

Then

the

program

informs

Exchange

whether

the

backup

was

successful

This

action

signals

the

completion

of

the

backup

operation

The

OnBackupComplete

method

is

used

to

reset

the

backupInProgress

flag

The

following

table

lists

the

series

of

events

that

are

logged

in

the

Application

log

during

the

completion

of

the

backup

When

the

backup

operation

exits

the

Exchange

Writer

calls

the

OnBackupShutdown

method

This

method

is

used

to

perform

operations

that

are

required

when

a

backup

program

exits

after

the

backup

job

is

finished

If

a

fatal

error

has

occurred

the

OnBackupShutdown

method

sets

the

Exchange

Writer

status

to

Failed

The

following

table

lists

the

series

of

events

that

are

logged

in

the

Application

log

during

a

BackupShutdown

event

The

following

two

function

calls

occur

during

a

backup

failure

CVssIExchWriterOnAbort

This

method

indicates

that

a

shadow

copy

operation

has

ended

prematurely

The

Exchange

Writer

uses

this

method

to

clean

up

the

Exchange

Writer

and

to

tell

the

JET

database

to

thaw

release

the

information

store

Also

the

Exchange

Writer

uses

this

method

to

tell

the

JET

database

that

the

snapshot

was

stopped

CVssIExchWriterEcBackupCleanup

If

the

backup

has

failed

Exchange

uses

this

method

to

perform

postbackup

failure

cleanup

operations

Exchange

uses

this

method

to

tell

the

JET

database

that

the

snapshot

has

failed

Also

Exchange

uses

this

method

to

tell

the

information

store

that

the

snapshot

has

failed

Step

Transaction

Log

Truncation

At

the

end

of

a

successful

backup

Exchange

performs

the

following

operations

Exchange

truncates

the

transaction

log

files

Note

If

not

performed

an

Exchange

backup

but

instead

take

a

snapshot

backup

of

a

volume

that

contains

Exchange

database

files

the

backup

is

handled

in

the

same

manner

as

for

an

Exchange

backup

However

in

this

scenario

the

backup

is

considered

to

be

a

Copy

backup

and

no

transaction

log

truncation

occurs

Exchange

updates

the

database

headers

with

the

appropriate

Log

Required

field

information

Exchange

clears

the

backup

in

progress

status

Exchange

records

the

time

of

the

last

backup

for

the

appropriate

databases

VSSADMIN

Commands

Use

the

VSS

administrative

commandline

tool

VSSADMIN

to

obtain

information

about

the

Writers

and

Providers

that

are

registered

with

VSS

To

obtain

information

about

VSS

Writers

follow

these

steps

On

the

Exchange

server

click

Start

click

Run

type

cmd

and

then

click

OK

At

the

command

prompt

type

vssadmin

list

writers

and

then

press

ENTER

Examine

the

results

that

are

returned

to

locate

the

Exchange

Writer

results

The

Exchange

Writer

should

be

in

a

stable

state

The

following

results

are

returned

when

the

Exchange

Writer

is

in

a

stable

state

Writer

name

Microsoft

Exchange

Writer

Writer

Id

Writer

Instance

Id

State

Stable

Last

error

No

error

If

the

State

value

is

anything

other

than

Stable

restart

the

Microsoft

Exchange

Information

Store

service

Results

that

resemble

the

following

are

returned

when

the

Exchange

Writer

is

in

a

failed

state

Writer

name

Microsoft

Exchange

Writer

Writer

Id

Writer

Instance

Id

State

Failed

Last

error

Retryable

error

To

obtain

information

about

the

registered

VSS

Providers

type

vssadmin

list

providers

at

the

command

prompt

The

following

results

should

appear

Provider

name

Microsoft

Software

Shadow

Copy

provider

Provider

type

System

Provider

Id

Version

By

default

only

the

Microsoft

Software

Shadow

Copy

provider

is

listed

However

if

a

thirdparty

backup

program

is

installed

other

providers

may

be

listed

Note

For

more

information

about

the

commands

that

are

available

type

vssadmin

at

the

command

prompt

Diagnostic

Logging

If

suspect

that

the

issue

that

is

caused

by

an

issue

with

the

Exchange

Writer

enable

diagnostic

logging

for

the

Exchange

Writer

To

do

this

follow

these

steps

Note

It

is

recommended

to

have

Microsoft

troubleshoot

the

writer

issue

Start

the

Exchange

Management

Shell

Run

the

following

command

geteventloglevel

whereobject

like

Exchange

Writer

seteventloglevel

level

expert

To

verify

the

logging

level

for

the

Exchange

Writer

run

the

following

command

geteventloglevel

whereobject

like

Exchange

Writer

To

restore

the

diagnostic

logging

level

to

its

default

level

run

the

following

command

geteventloglevel

whereobject

like

Exchange

Writer

seteventloglevel

level

Lowest

Acknowledgement

Related

Articles

How

to

enable

the

Volume

Shadow

Copy

VSS

Services

debug

tracing

features

in

Microsoft

Windows

Server

to

troubleshoot

VSS

Failures

How

to

troubleshoot

AOFO

Initialization

failure

errors

for

Microsoft

Volume

Shadow

Copy

Service

VSS

service

during

BackupsRestores

Was

this

content

helpful

No

O O O O B O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O


STATUS CODE 23 Socket Read Failed occurs when attempting to do a userdirected restore Article ID 100016999 Last Published 20131023 Products NetBackup Problem STATUS CODE 23 Socket Read Failed occurs when attempting to do a userdirected restore Error Message Socket Read Failed Timed out waiting for acknowledgement The restore may or may not have initiated Check the status of the NetBackup Client Service it must be running in order to start a restore The server returned error code 23 Solution Overview STATUS CODE 23 Socket Read Failed occurs when attempting to do a userdirected backup or restore Troubleshooting This sort of behavior can be seen when there is a latency in the network connection between the client and the master server It can also be seen if the backup set in question contains a very high file count as in excess of 1 million files The status 23 may appear in the activity monitor or it may appear as a pop up error on the client Figure 1 Figure 1 A status 23 condition is seen Master Log Files NA Media Server Log Files NA Client Log Files NA Resolution In addition to investigating any possible network latency change the userdirected operation timeout to a higher value by doing the following 1 Pull up the Backup Archive and Restore interface on the client machine in question 2 Click File NetBackup Client Properties 3 Increase the userdirected operation timeout Figure 2 Figure 2 Changing the userdirected operation timeout to a higher value can resolve the Status 23 error on a userdirected operation The userdirected operation timeout is the number of seconds to wait for a response from the NetBackup master server when performing userdirected operations If exceeded the user receives a socket read failed error even if the server is still processing the users request The default is 60 seconds The minimum setting is 0 The maximum setting is 32400 seconds Also increasing the File List Timeout also seen in Figure 2 can resolve issues with listing files that are available for restore Was this content helpful No

O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


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Price Comparison Template Compare prices for multiple vendors or stores using Microsoft Excel by Jon Wittwer This new price comparison template can be used for comparing office supplies from multiple vendors or grocery prices at your favorite stores I created this based on a request from a user who wanted to list prices and item IDs for up to five vendors and then filter the list to create a Advertisement categories Home Family Lists Budgets Price Comparison Template for Excel Download For Excel 2010 or later Excel for iPad Template Details Private Use not for distribution or resale No installation no macros just a simple spreadsheet by Jon Wittwer Advertisement Description This spreadsheet contains two different cost comparison worksheets The main difference is that one of them lets you include product IDs unique to each vendor You can create a shopping list by filtering the table to display only the items where the quantity is greater than zero The Subtotal formula uses the SUMPRODUCT function to multiply the price by the quantity and sum the results You can leave the Tax and Shipping fields blank but dont forget that some online stores make up for discount prices by charging more for shipping How to Use the Cost Comparison Template Unit Prices Vendors and stores may offer packages with different weights or quantities For a more accurate cost comparison you may want to list the Unit Price For example if Costco sells a package of 25 pens for 450 and WalMart sells a package of 5 pens for 125 you can enter the price as the unit price 45025 for Costco and 1255 for WalMart Then the quantity for Costco would be entered as multiples of 25 and the quantity for WalMart would be entered as multiples of 5 TIP You can press CTRLALTF9 to calculate the result of 45025 as you are editing the cell if you want to store the value 018 rather than the formula 45025 Creating a Shopping List The List column in the price comparison table contains a formula that checks whether the sum of the quantity Qty amounts is greater than zero If it is the formula returns an x You can use the AutoFilter feature in Excel to hide all the rows except for the rows where the List column includes an x just click on the Arrow in the header of the List column and unselect everything but the x option Adding More Items rows This is extremely easy to do The price comparison worksheet uses the Excel Table feature previously called a List in older versions of Excel Just rightclick on a cell within the Table and go to Insert Table Rows Above or Insert Table Rows Below Adding More Vendors columns You will need to be fairly comfortable with Excel to make the modifications necessary to add more vendors You can start by inserting new columns renaming the table headers copying the formats for the columns from other columns updating the List formula to include the new Qty column and updating the inputs and formulas below the table Price Comparison Resources PriceGrabbercom There are many different price comparison sites but pricegrabbercom is one of the best that I know of Other good ones are Yahoo Shopping large number of retailers listed and NexTagcom shows price history over time ConsumerReportsorg ConsumerReportsorg may not be the best place to run price comparisons but its the best place to find unbiased product reviews They specialize in testing vehicles appliances electronics tools and other consumer products If you want to be a wellinformed consumer the subscription is well worth it Related Content

B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Pregnancy Loss Causes and Risk Factors Trisomy 16 and FirstTrimester Miscarriages By Krissi Danielsson Updated November 23 2018 Andrew Brookes Getty Images If youve learned that a baby you miscarried had trisomy 16 or if youre learning about the role if chromosome abnormalities in miscarriage what do you need to know If instead youve learned that your baby may have mosaic trisomy 16 after chorionic villus sampling an amniocentesis or a karyotype done after birth what do you need to know What happens next and what does this mean over the long term Chromosomal Abnormalities in Miscarriage Chromosomal disorders are the most common cause of firsttrimester miscarriages with estimates of these disorders being responsible for 50 to 75 percent of all miscarriages Trisomies in turn are the most common chromosomerelated finding in postmiscarriage testing Trisomy 16 in Miscarriage Of all trisomies discussed below trisomy 16 seems to be the most common occurring in approximately one percent of all pregnancies and accounting for around 10 percent of miscarriages There are different types of trisomy 16 with one type being completely incompatible with life while another may result in a healthy infant at times We will talk about these different types but first should explain what is meant by trisomy What Is a Trisomy and How Does It Occur Normally people have 46 chromosomes which are grouped together in 23 pairs One set of 23 chromosomes come from the mother and the other set from the father Most pairs 44 of the chromosomes are considered autosomes and the other two are sex chromosomes Females ordinarily have a karyotype of 46 XX and males 46 XY When cells divide to form eggs and sperm in a process called meiosis one copy of each chromosome goes to one of two eggs or two sperm Sometimes a mistake occurs and two chromosomes go to one egg or sperm and none to the other When the sperm and egg then combine during fertilization the zygote will end up with either an extra chromosome trisomy or a missing chromosome monosomy Trisomy may occur after fertilization as well Before division the cells double their chromosomes so they have 92 When the cell divides each daughter cell will have 46 chromosomes If an error occurs one cell may end up with 47 chromosomes and the other with 45 Types of Trisomy 16 There are three types of trisomy full partial and mosaic Full trisomy 16 Full trisomy 16 means that all of the cells in the babys body are affected Full trisomy 16 is incompatible with life and nearly all babies who have the condition are miscarried in the first trimester Mosaic trisomy 16 It is also possible to have mosaic trisomy 16 meaning some of the bodys cells are affected while the other cells are normal Mosaic trisomy 16 may result from the trisomy trying to correct itself during cell division very early in fetal development leaving some cells affected but not others Mosaicism is usually expressed as a percentage Partial trisomy 16 It is also possible in rare cases to have a pregnancy in which the placental cells have full trisomy 16 or mosaic trisomy 16 even though the baby is chromosomally normal This is known as partial trisomy 16 Understanding Karyotypes With Trisomy 16 A normal karyotype is written as 46 XX or 46 XY with a trisomy being 47 XX or 47 XY Trisomy 16 is written as 47 XX 16 for a girl or 47 XY 16 for a boy with the 16 indicating that the trisomy involves the 16th chromosome Mosaic trisomy would be written as a percentage for example with a boy it may be written 47 XY 2146 XY with a percentage given as to a number of cells which are 47 XY 16 and the number which are 46 XY Diagnosis A diagnosis of trisomy 16 may be made after a miscarriage or in contrast may be found during pregnancy as a result of prenatal testing Full trisomy 16 may be diagnosed as the cause of a miscarriage if parents collect tissue and testing for chromosomal abnormalities in a miscarriage is done Trisomy 16 or mosaic trisomy 16 can also be diagnosed during pregnancy through chorionic villus sampling CVS or amniocentesis What Diagnosis After Miscarriage Means for You Full trisomy 16 almost always results in firsttrimester miscarriage If you have been told that trisomy 16 was the cause of your miscarriage you should know that the miscarriage was not your fault and the chances of miscarriage in a subsequent pregnancy are low Up to 85 percent of women who have a firsttrimester miscarriage go on to have a normal pregnancy the next time they become pregnant Diagnosis Made During CVS or Amniocentesis If you are currently pregnant and have received CVS or amniocentesis results showing cells affected by trisomy 16 its completely normal to be scared or confused You should know however that its unlikely that the baby has full trisomy 16 if your pregnancy has progressed past the first trimesterthe baby may have mosaic trisomy 16 or the trisomy may be confined to the placenta Mosaic Trisomy 16 During Pregnancy Carrying a baby with mosaic trisomy 16 does carry an increased risk of complications and its important to see an obstetrician who specializes in highrisk pregnancies to help monitor your pregnancy Pregnancy with trisomy 16 carries a higher than average incidence of Intrauterine growth retardation Pregnancyinduced hypertension preeclampsia or toxemia Csection delivery Neonatal intensive care unit admission after delivery Congenital Anomalies in Babies With Mosaic Trisomy 16 or Placental Trisomy 16 There isnt a lot of research on the outcomes for either mosaic trisomy 16 or trisomy 16 of the placenta partial trisomy 16 but the research that is available suggests that affected babies usually do not suffer serious complications Among babies born with trisomy 16 the health effects can vary widely depending on the degree of mosaicism Sometimes babies are born with no evidence of any abnormalities while others can have a characteristic set of health problems Roughly 60 percent of these children will have evidence of at least some congenital anomalies which may include Heart defects congenital heart disease Ventricular septal defect is present in around 17 percent of these babies and atrial septal defect ASD in around 10 percent Hypospadias Hypospadias is a condition in which the opening of the male urethra is not at the end of the penis but instead somewhere along the shaft Facial deformities such as a short neck high forehead andor a pointed nose Respiratory abnormalities such as small hypoplastic lungs Musculoskeletal abnormalities such as scoliosis Cognitive impairment or developmental delays but this appears to be the exception LongTerm Outcomes of Children With Mosaic Trisomy 16 Despite complications of pregnancy and an incidence of congenital anomalies close to 60 percent a 2017 revealed encouraging information as to the longterm health of children with mosaic trisomy 16 Of schoolage children with trisomy 16 80 percent were able to attend mainstream classes Studies looking at physical health psychological health and quality of life were very encouraging showing that most of these children scored between 80 and 90 on a 100 point scale of optimal quality of life Management of Pregnancies With Mosaic Trisomy 16 As noted above there are several pregnancy complications which are more common with a baby with trisomy 16 Involving a perinatologist or obstetrician who specializes in highrisk pregnancies is important Learning about the condition may help you prepare especially learning that the majority of children born with mosaic trisomy 16 go on to have excellent physical and psychological health as they grow Seeing a mental health professional who is familiar with chromosomal abnormalities can be extremely helpful as well both to reinforce the fact that there is nothing you did that caused the condition and to help you adjust to having a child who may have some anomalies Learning About Trisomy 16 and Genetic Counseling After Miscarriage Regardless of any studies or predictions it is normal to be upset and have questions when testing shows there may be problems with your baby If youve learned that a baby you miscarried had trisomy 16 genetic counseling can be very helpful Just as with carrying children with mosaic trisomy 16 is random having a miscarriage related to trisomy 16 in the fetus is not something you caused Other Human Trisomies There are many different human trisomies some of which are not compatible with life and others which are Perhaps best known is Down syndrome trisomy 21 As with trisomy 16 the vast majority of these trisomies are random accidents and are unlikely to reoccur in future pregnancies Bottom Line With full trisomy 16 miscarriage usually occurs during the first trimester and the condition appears to be incompatible with life While learning about this diagnosis is heartbreaking it may be reassuring to some parents to realize that there is nothing they have done to cause the disorder and the chance of having Trisomy 16 in another pregnancy is uncommon With mosaic trisomy 16 the news appears to be more encouraging than thought in the past There certainly appear to be more pregnancy complications with a fetus having trisomy 16 and there is a high incidence of congenital anomalies but longterm physical intellectual and psychological health of these children are usually very good Was this page helpful Article Sources

O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Addiction Drug Use Basic Facts About Anabolic Steroids Synthetic Male Testosterone By Buddy T Updated May 07 2018 Peter Dazeley CollectionPhotographers ChoiceGetty Images Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of the male hormone testosterone which promote the growth of skeletal muscle and increase lean body mass Street Names Arnolds Gym Candy Pumpers Roids Stackers Weight Trainers Gear Juice What are Steroids Anabolic steroids are synthetically produced versions of the naturally occurring male hormone testosterone While they may be legally prescribed illicit use far exceeds legitimate use What Does It Look Like Steroids come in tablets or liquid form How is it Taken Anabolic steroids are taken orally or injected Many users use them in what is called cycling Users take them in cycles of weeks and months instead of continuous use They frequently use several different types of steroids in order to maximize the good benefits of a specific steroid and lessening the more negative effects This form of abuse is known as stacking Who Uses Steroids Bodybuilders and athletes often use steroids to boost their competitive advantage and improve their physical appearance Those who use steroids often talk about feeling good about themselves and invincible while using steroids The positive feelings can soon turn to anger rage paranoia and violence What are the Effects of Steroids Reports indicate that use of anabolic steroids increases lean muscle mass strength and endurance What are the Hazards of Steroids Steroids often make users feel edgy moody aggressive and paranoid Other shortterm hazards include Headaches Nosebleeds Acne Stomach pain Increased heart rate Increased blood pressure Fluid retention Muscle tightness Muscle cramps Tendon problems Many problems can arise from longterm use These include Heart disease Liver Cancer Hypertension Eating disorder Elevated cholesterol Stunted growth Episodes of rage Delusions Violent behavior HIV Hazards for Specific Groups Adolescents Adolescents may experience stunted growth due to premature skeletal maturation and accelerated puberty changes which is irreversible Women Women often experience a masculinization effect when using steroids They may have an increase in facial hair enlarged clitoris deepened voice and changes in or cessation of the menstrual cycle Men Men may experience a feminization effect when using steroids They can experience infertility shrinking testicles reduced sperm count impotence baldness and development of breasts Are Steroids Addictive Steroid users often experience characteristics related to addiction when they stop using steroids including severe cravings depression and sleeping disorders Was this page helpful Article Sources

O O O O O O B I B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

anabolic steroids
synthetic male testosterone


PTSD PTSD and the Military Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom and PTSD By Matthew Tull PhD Updated May 10 2018 John Moore Getty Images We know that those who are exposed to trauma are at an increased risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD What do we know about OEFOIF and PTSD Occurrence OEFOIF is an acronym that refers to the USled conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq Specifically OEF means Operation Enduring Freedom the war in Afghanistan while OIF stands for Operation Iraqi Freedom or the Iraq War Veterans from the OEFOIF conflicts have been found to have high rates of PTSD Specifically the US Department of Veterans Affairs VA estimates that some 10 to 18 percent of OEFOIF veterans have or had posttraumatic stress disorder and may be at risk for other mental health problems PTSD was more likely to be diagnosed in service members several months after they returned from the two conflicts rather than right away Heres some information on the conflicts and how PTSD has affected those who participated Operation Iraqi Freedom and PTSD Operation Iraqi Freedom the Iraq War started with the invasion of Iraq on March 20 2003 and officially ended in 2011 when the US and its allies withdrew its forces Soldiers returning from Iraq many of whom served multiple deployments were at high risk of PTSD in large part because they had faced many combat stressors as part of their service in general more than those soldiers returning from Afghanistan Iraq War combat veterans experienced multiple stressors traumatic events linked to PTSD that can contribute to PTSD According to studies from the VA some 95 percent of OIF combat veterans reported seeing dead bodies Meanwhile 93 percent said they had been shot at 89 percent said they had been attacked or ambushed 86 percent received mortar or rocket fire and 86 percent said they knew someone who had been seriously injured or killed Operation Enduring Freedom and PTSD Operation Enduring Freedom was launched by the United States and its allies as a response to the terrorist attacks on Sept 11 2001 that brought down the World Trade Center and damaged the Pentagon The attacks were linked to al Qaeda a terrorist group operating in Afghanistan under the protection of the Taliban and so the US in October 2001 invaded Afghanistan in an effort to oust the Taliban and destroy al Qaeda Operation Enduring Freedom lasted for 13 years until December 2014 when the US and its allies ended their combat mission in Afghanistan Although OEF combat veterans generally dont suffer from PTSD at the same rates as OIF veterans significant numbers of soldiers who participated in this conflict experienced combat stressors according to the VA Specifically 84 percent said they had received mortar or rocket fire 66 percent said they had been shot at 58 percent said they had been attacked or ambushed 43 percent said they knew someone who had been seriously injured or killed and 39 percent said they had seen dead bodies Mental Illness in OEFOIF Veterans While up to 18 percent of OEFOIF veterans suffer from PTSD these veterans also are at high risk for other mental health problems Specifically depression may have affected between 3 and 25 percent of those returning from these conflicts due to widely differing methods used in the studies conducted its difficult to get a firm read on how many suffered depression Veterans may also have had difficulties with drinking and excessive tobacco use the VA says What You Can Do Unfortunately even though we know PTSD is very common among Veterans and treatments are available too many Veterans are seeking out help Thankfully something is being done about this The Department of Defense realizes there is a stigma problem and is taking measures to reduce the stigma Veterans no longer need to report that they are seeking out mental health treatment for combatrelated reasons The Military is also trying to spread the word that symptoms such as PTSD are normal after experiencing the stressors of war Many Veterans are coming forward sharing their experience as well as a way to decrease the stigma and allow others to speak up about their struggles Families of Veterans With PTSD As a final note its important to bring up families Few people experience PTSD in isolation and its important the concerns and needs of family members of those who serve are recognized as well In addition its been noted in a few studies not all that dependents of Veterans who develop PTSD as a result of the stressors or war may have an increased risk of developing PTSD as well Resources for Veterans Living With PTSD If you are living with PTSD but dont know where to start there are resources available The US Department of Veteran Affairs National Center for PTSD is dedicated to research and education surrounding PTSD Other military resources are available which can help with the spectrum of mental health concerns and more that concern veterans In addition to mental health support there are VA drug rehab services which can go hand in hand as many people with PTSD related to the stressors of war selfmedicate Was this page helpful Article Sources

O O O O O B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

operation enduring freedom
operation iraqi freedom


Despite the delay Spyro Reignited Trilogy still requires a day one download By Sherif Saed Tuesday 30 October 2018 1159 GMT Spyro Reignited Trilogy players who opt for the disc version will need to download a big day one patch at release Spyro Reignited Trilogy which was initially scheduled for release in September was later delayed to November At the time many assumed the delay would allow Activision to have all three games available on disc Thats because the publisher had previously announced that only the first game would be on disc and physical version owners would have to download the two remaining games 您的瀏覽器目前無法識別任何可用的影片格式 按一下這裡以瀏覽關於 HTML5 影片的常見問題 Unfortunately while the delay did help youre still going to need to download a big update on day one Activision confirmed to IGN that the disc version comes with the full game of Spyro the Dragon and some levels from Spyro 2 Riptos Rage and Spyro Year of the Dragon The rest Activision clarified is included in the day one update This means that youll be able to play some stages from Spyro 2 Riptos Rage and Spyro Year of the Dragon though Activision didnt give an exact count Were also not yet sure how big the update is going to be Spyro Reignited Trilogy is due for release November 13 on PS4 and Xbox One Sometimes we include links to online retail stores If you click on one and make a purchase we may receive a small commission For more information go here Games featured in this article Spyro Reignited Trilogy News Comments Sorry the browser you are using is not currently supported Disqus actively supports the following browsers Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11 Safari Diane 2 months ago What ManuOtaku 2 months ago So the disc will only have one game out of the three Then I will pass and or wait if it will ever comes out for a real trilogy pack being released on the disc One question though I havent seen the cover of the disc but if this is not being mentioned on the product at all and with a name that has the term trilogy can it be considered false advertisement Lycella 2 months ago It contains all 3 games in the licence you buy just because the disc doesnt have the full games on them doesnt mean anything Discs are a limiting factor with games and you cant do much compression on a console title either ManuOtaku 2 months ago Even under the optics of licenses the term trilogy means three games under one llicense and the disc only holds one game if this is not stated on the box in any shape or form people that do not have internet connection could be affected if they buy the disc with not capability of getting the remaining two games in the license Lycella 2 months ago It has been stated that it requires a day 1 patch to play it all I think it would be at most 20gig which is easy these days even with potato Aussie net you can get it down in a day Legally the disc could be almost blank other then a file that says to download the game from some website and it would be fine The disc for a physical release is basically a key So you buy a Licence and a key to start the game But since you knowingly paid for a game that requires an update to unlock everything you would expect to download that update Without a huge breakthrough is Disc storage space and speed it wont be viable to have games fully on discs Expect Consoles to drop discs as keys and switch to codes like Steam soon Trading inReselling games isnt technically legal and something will be done about it And with Next Gen Xboxs apparently not having disc drives being digital download only it is looking to be just around the corner ManuOtaku 2 months ago Legally the disc could be almost blank other then a file that says to download the game from some website and it would be fine Even if that information is missing on the product and it is unknown by one of the parties The disc for a physical release is basically a key So you buy a Licence and a key to start the game I have played many games this generation without the online aspect therefore the physical releases have been more than a key Lycella 2 months ago The Information isnt missing it states it on the physically release that a download is required to play all of the games If you are too stupid to read you shouldnt be buying anything other than help with learning to read Even without the online aspect the discs are nothing but keys It is the same as buying a Steam game you get a key And that key has replaced the disc for PC But consoles keep the discs as keys You try playing your games from this generation without the key see how it goes without pirating ManuOtaku 2 months ago The Information isnt missing it states it on the physically release that a download is required to play all of the games Where does states this in the product You try playing your games from this generation without the key see how it goes without pirating Iam playing all the games of this generation just fine on my PS4ONE WiiU Of course vanilla build but they are more than keys Lycella 2 months ago On the advertising and the current demo cases at my local games retailer Tho PS4 and Xbox one both require updates to play games from this generation vanilla build wont run them ManuOtaku 2 months ago I do play all my games without updates very fine with some few exceptions like mortal kombat and some minor issues on most games Lycella 2 months ago I dont see how that is possible since Day 1 the PS4 has required updates for all games It forces you to update it doesnt even let you launch the games without it Sea Dog 2 months ago Yeah but I dont think thats the case when the whole system isnt connected to the internet Lycella 2 months ago It says please connect to internet and update when you try to launch the game Even with Launch Titles Once the update was done they all worked ManuOtaku 2 months ago I play those fine without the day 1 patches of course vanilla style but I can play them all of them with the exception of Mortal kombat which is a broken mess without the update Lycella 2 months ago Version 10 was Vanilla yet 105 was the Minimium required version an update is required to play every game on PS4 ManuOtaku 2 months ago And how Im playing all my games including this year God of war far cry 5 nier automata odyssey etc I think the disc already ownshas the baer required Minimum already Lycella 2 months ago They dont God of War Nier and Farcry 5 all required updates before play ManuOtaku 2 months ago Im telling you that Im playing those games without any updates just with what comes with the disc Lycella 2 months ago On your PS4 go to Settings System System Information Then from what you are saying you have System Software 10 I am saying it isnt possible and I currently am forced to use 602 to play God of War ManuOtaku 2 months ago Dont know which system software has the only updates I have done to it are the ones that come installed in the disc with the games I think the latest one was the one With Odyssey Hermione Granger 2 months ago there is no point in arguing with this Lycella person its clearly they dont know jack shit about ownership of a physical product that you buy this is typical of pc gamers that wavered their ownership and rights away for license of digital games years ago since they could not be arsed to go buy the physical product they accepted the garbage stream and now try in a desperation to defend their own idiocy olajohnfan 1 month ago This is actually really sad considering in the future even the consoles will be digital only or even a streaming platform which prevent you from owning anything but a fucking license which they as the service provider can cancel if they so please And the saddest part is when people actually aplaude this kind of behavior and procedure I myself buy only DRMfree games and the ones that dont give me any option to actually own the gameinstaller I simply resort to piracy Hermione Granger 1 month ago when the digital future comes i will quit gaming then all these idiots that is in support of the digital future and the always online microtransaction filled never finished games can enjoy the hell they created andrewsqual 2 months ago Yes its still clearly on the box its even on the box of the newly announced double boxed release of Crash and Spyro Benjamin Hüll 2 months ago Useless to buy the physical version then Waiting for a price drop on the digital version it is then Lycella 2 months ago Which will have to wait on a RRP drop so retailers dont get screwed Honestly they need to drop the whole RRP side of things and offer good prices like some retailers do Ive paid 47 for this and other day 1 retail releases when others have the game for 9995 day 1 Little Shadow 2 months ago Too many other games to care about this honestly WSHH Recycle Bin 2 months ago Factual andrewsqual 2 months ago Except there isnt lol Battlefield V Red Dead 3 AC Odyssey Soul Calibur VI just some of the disappointingmeh looking games I am not giving any money towards anytime soon I am all over Spyro day one though _ Hermione Granger 2 months ago what a disgrace there is absolutely no excuse for this they could have gone for two discs and i am not gonna support this kind of half arsed releases fuck greedy activision for ruining spyro so they could save a few pennies on bluray discs andrewsqual 2 months ago Okay maybe it isnt going to be as huge an update as it would have been And at least People have to remember that unbelievable by Activision too especially after the success of Crash this game is still only priced at 40 quid its only 28 sterling on Basecom that works out at around 33 euro Its undeniable how much more work was required to make this trilogy over the Crash trilogy and Im really surprised its still a very cheap price overall Did I mention how its even more unbelievable that is Activision lol Sea Dog 2 months ago Looking forward to this I really like these games and they look glorious now a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 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O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B B I I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Senior Leadership Team Mike Mallaro Chief Executive Officer VGM Group Inc Mike Mallaro is VGMs chief executive officer As CEO Mike provides a strategic and financial perspective to decisions made at VGM His daytoday focus is working on projects to strategically position VGM for growth and success in the future Mike has been with VGM since 2001 and served as the lead on development of the employee stock ownership plan ESOP which included transition to a 100 percent employee ownership in 2008 Jim Walsh Board Chairman and General Counsel VGM Group Inc Jim Walsh is board chairman and general counsel of VGM Group Inc As an original investor Jim has been involved with the company since the late Van G Miller founded it in 1986 Ten years after his initial investment Jim became VGMs corporate counsel a director of all its companies and a frequent source and consultant to members of VGMsponsored companies Jim is also one of three cotrustees who serve as the governing board for VGMs ESOP Christa Miehe President Marketing and Shared Services Christa Miehe is president of Marketing and Shared Services for VGM Group Inc In this role Christa guides company strategy to coordinate and execute various marketing and certain shared internal services across VGMs divisions Businesses included in Marketing and Shared Services are VGM Forbin VGM Marketing Strategic Imaging Facilities Events Strategic Planning and Project Management Christa has been with VGM since 2002 Clint Geffert President VGM Associates As president of VGM Associates Clint oversees all of the specialty health care groups including membership under the VGM Group Inc umbrella of businesses These divisions include VGMs Contracting Team The van Halem Group US Rehab Live at Home Orthotic Prosthetic Group of America Essentially Women VGM Government Relations People for Quality Care Nationwide Respiratory Freedom Link VGM Alternate Care VGM Retail VGM Home Infusion VGM Wound Care VGM Market Data and the Reimbursement Team Clint has been with VGM since 2012 D Jay Ellis President VGM Club D Jay Ellis is the president and one of the founding owners of VGM Club a division of VGM Group Inc VGM Club has over 3500 members across the United States and continues to strive to be the most trusted service provider in the club industry In 2010 sixteen years after founding VGM Club D Jay led a strategic move to acquire a restaurantfocused company with similar values to that of VGM Club That company is now known as VGM Client Rewards Dave Kazynski President VGM HOMELINK Dave Kazynski is president of HOMELINK a subsidiary of VGM Group Inc He has served in this capacity since helping the late Van G Miller develop the HOMELINK network for VGMs HME members in 1993 More than 20 years later the network which connects payers to credentialed communitybased providers has expanded to include home health complex rehab technology orthotic and prosthetic services transportation breast pump program accessibility modifications physical occupational and speech therapy and hearing health care James Albritton President Streamline Solutions James Albritton is the president of Streamline Solutions a division of VGM Group Inc The family of companies supported by Streamline Solutions includes Client Rewards Creative Purchasing Solutions HALO Logic and Health Services Through James strategic management each company is growing within their perspective areas Health Services GPO is the most recent strategic business acquisition and HALO Logic is a newly formed company delivering a software data management system James joined VGM in July 2010 Mike Kloos President VGM Insurance Services Mike Kloos is president of VGM Insurance Services a division of VGM Group Inc Since 2013 Mike has overseen the growth and diversification of VGM Insurance Services and its affiliated companies which include VGM Specialty Underwriters with offices in Merriam Kansas and Phoenix Arizona PT1 Insurance Solutions based in North Liberty Iowa and Affinity Club Underwriters based in Morristown New Jersey Along with overseeing VGM Insurance Mike also serves as cotrustee of VGMs ESOP Mike joined VGM in 1994 Sara Laures SVP People and Strategy Sara Laures is the senior vice president of people and strategy for VGM Group Inc where she oversees human resources talent acquisition organizational development corporate planning and manages strategic projects that support the success of VGMs 27 businesses and 900 employees She works closely with the CEO to develop and implement strategy across the Company Additionally she provides leadership oversight to human resources talent acquisition organizational development health and wellness and facilities functions A 20year associate of VGM her career has included multiple roles in VGM businesses including a 14year term as the vice president of VGM Education Sara has

O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


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Cairns the Tropical North Tours All Tours Air Helicopter Balloon Tours Cruises Sailing Water Tours Cultural Theme Tours Day Trips Excursions Food Wine Nightlife Kid Friendly Multiday Extended Tours Outdoor Activities Private Custom Tours Shore Excursions Shows Concerts Sports Sightseeing Tickets Passes Tours Sightseeing Transfers Ground Transport Walking Biking Tours Water Sports Attractions All Attractions Great Barrier Reef Skyrail Rainforest Cableway Kuranda Scenic Railway Kuranda Tjapukai Aboriginal Cultural Park Green Island Barron Gorge National Park Recommendations All Recommendations How to Spend 3 Days in Cairns the Tropical North White Water Rafting Tours from Cairns Outdoor Adventures on Green Island Top Beaches in Cairns the Tropical North Outdoor Adventures Near Cairns Diving and Snorkeling at the Great Barrier Reef Best Ways to See the Great Barrier Reef Nearby Queensland Palm Cove Port Douglas Cape Tribulation Mission Beach Magnetic Island Airlie Beach Northern Territory New South Wales South Australia Having trouble booking online Call 888 6519785 Australia Queensland Cairns the Tropical North Best Ways to See the Great Barrier Reef Best Ways to See the Great Barrier Reef 1212 Reviews With hundreds of thousands of miles of coral reefs sunsoaked shores and waters teeming with fish nowhere else on earth is like the Great Barrier Reef Here are the top ways to experience the UNESCOlisted star of Australias Tropical North Underwater Dive in to swim snorkel or scuba dive amid a kaleidoscope of exotic fish and corals or try a seawalker helmet dive all of which provide the chance to spot green sea turtles anemones stingrays giant clams and other marine life Keep in mind that you dont have to get wet to experience the underwater wondersopt for a cruise on a glassbottomed boat take a semisubmersible boat tour or admire the views from an underwater observatory From Above The Great Barrier Reef is so gigantic it can be seen from space and the only way to get a sense of its magnitude is from above Take off for a scenic flight or thrilling helicopter ride from Cairns and enjoy unbeatable aerial views of highlights such as Lizard Island Green Island and the Arlington Reef while soaring overhead Flights can last anywhere from 20 minutes to over an hour and many tours combine a flight with a boat cruise or sightseeing tour By Sightseeing Boat The easiest way to discover the Great Barrier Reef is by boat and a range of day cruises run to popular spots such as Michaelmas Cay Fitzroy Island Green Island and the Low Isles Soak up the scenery onboard a schooner or catamaran hop off to explore the islands or spend a night at the unique Reefworld pontoon Most cruises depart from Port Douglas Airlie Beach or Cairns and typically include breakfast lunch or afternoon tea served onboard Tours Activities 6 January 2019 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Filter Sort by Default From 11955 USD Great Barrier Reef Diving and Snorkeling Cruise from Cairns 579 Reviews If snorkeling on the Great Barrier Reef is on your bucket list dont miss this day trip from Cairns Youll spend five hours at two different locations on the barrier reef for the chance to see tropical marine life in the clear waters Lunch is included on board the boat and you have the option to upgrade to include additional adventures such as introductory or certified scuba diving or a helicopter flight over this UNESCO World Heritage site Both water sports enthusiasts and novices are welcome Learn More Duration 8 hours 30 minutes From 26736 USD Great Barrier Reef Scenic Helicopter Tour and Cruise from Cairns 165 Reviews Customize your visit to the Great Barrier Reef from Cairns with your selection from three travel options with a choice of snorkeling scuba diving and a oneway or roundtrip scenic helicopter tour Admire views of the Great Barrier Reef from your helicopter as you get a multiangled perspective on one of the worlds top natural wonders Then enjoy a close experience of the coral reef by choosing to snorkel or enroll in an optional scuba diving course additional expense Learn More Duration 8 hours From 46734 USD 2Day Best of Cairns and the Great Barrier Reef 73 Reviews See the best of Cairns with a twoday package that provides the ultimate reef and rainforest experience First explore the town of Kuranda traveling via the Kuranda Scenic Railway and Skyrail Rainforest Cableway Then discover the aquatic wonders of the Great Barrier Reef on a 5hour ocean cruise with stops for snorkeling and scubadiving Return to Cairns by helicopter taking a scenic flight over the Great Barrier Reef Have the option to add on admission to Rainforestation in Kuranda to learn about Aboriginal culture and Australian wildlife Learn More Duration 2 days From 16592 USD Sunlover Reef Cruises Outer Great Barrier Reef Cruise from Cairns 56 Reviews Enjoy the natural delights of the Great Barrier Reef on an activity cruise from Cairns that gives you several ways to experience this renowned underwater world After traveling by catamaran to a pontoon moored on the reef you can observe marine life on a glassbottom boat or semisubmersible vessel go snorkeling to spot sea turtles get your hands wet in the touch pool upgrade to include a Seawalker Helmet dive or upgrade to include an introductory or certified scuba dive Snacks and a buffet lunch are included and the pontoon is equipped with showers Learn More Duration 8 hours From 45285 USD Kuranda Scenic Railway Skyrail Great Barrier Reef Helicopter Tour and Cruise 152 Reviews See some of Australias most famous natural wonders the rainforest and Great Barrier Reef during an actionpacked fullday tour from Cairns Spend the morning in the mountains taking the Kuranda Scenic Railway and Skyrail Rainforest Cableway between Cairns and Kuranda In the afternoon head to the Great Barrier Reef in style on an approximately 25minute helicopter tour Transfer to an afternoon cruise on the Outer Reef to admire the underwater world while swimming or snorkeling Learn More Duration 9 hours From 37061 USD Ultimate 3Day Great Barrier Reef Cruise Pass 21 Reviews Explore the Great Barrier Reef exactly the way you want and save with this greatvalue customizable 3day pass Choose three different fullday cruises to suit your style and preferences from certified and introductory scuba dive trips to snorkeling and glass bottomboat adventures Get a new perspective on the worldfamous reef on every cruise with diverse destinations including Green Island Agincourt Reef and Low Isles Tours depart from Cairns or Port Douglas can be taken over a 7day period to suit your sightseeing schedule Its a fantastic way to discover Australias spectacular underwater world Learn More Duration 3 days Top Cairns the Tropical North Attractions Great Barrier Reef Skyrail Rainforest Cableway Kuranda Scenic Railway Kuranda Tjapukai Aboriginal Cultural Park Green Island Barron Gorge National Park

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