The Kootenai River begins in Kootenay National Park in British Columbia In 1973 the Libby Dam was built forming Lake Koocanusa and which extends back into Canada Below Libby Dam the river flows for 50 miles to the Idaho border The countryside as is typical of northwest Montana is mountainous with thickly covered forested slopes Article Contents Kootenai River Overview Fishing the Kootenai River Overview Fishing Libby Dam to Libby Fishing Libby to Idaho Border Floating the Kootenai River Related Article Kootenai River Photographs Kootenai River Overview Introduction The Kootenai River as Libby Dam regulates it flows erratically The river level is subject to sudden flow increases that affect both the fly fishing and the safety of the wade fisherman All anglers who plan to fly fish the Kootenai River whether from shore or by boat are advised to check the current river flows before heading out especially in early summer when flows are high Kootenai Falls on the Kootenai River Below Libby Dam even at low flows the Kootenai River is wide and has a very quick current For the first twentyfive miles below the dam only small riffles and waves exist The river then flows through a rapids called the China Rapids so named because a group of Chinese gold miners attempted to float through these rapids instead of portaging and capsized their raft which sent all their gold and all but one man to the bottom of the river Just below China Rapids the Kootenai River flows over Kootenai Falls a thirtyfoot waterfall that requires a portage of all boats except for advanced paddlers in whitewater kayaks Just below the falls the river flows through a gorge that has extensive whitewater sections After emerging from the gorge the Kootenai River continues on with only small riffles and waves to the Idaho border which also is the lowest point of elevation in Montana Due to the low elevation the river flows through this part of Montana can be surprisingly warm during the summer monthsso be prepared for some potentially warm days during any heat waves that happen to hit Montana Fishing the Kootenai River Overview The Kootenai River is a daunting river for fly fishing The Kootenai River is so big so broad so deep and fast flowing that deciding where to start is no simple task The rivers characteristics also make wade fishing difficult The Kootenai River due to its sheer size is a river thats best float fished particularly during the summer Anyone wading the Kootenai River must also deal with the variable flows of the Kootenai itselfthe unannounced and frequent releases from Libby Dam often quickly raise water levels and increase the flow rate Fly Reel Guide Fly reels do more than just hold line Read this guide to learn the importance of a fly reel and how to select a good one The Kootenai River jumped to prominence in 1997 when the state record rainbow trout was caught near Libby Dam a monstrosity of a fish that was thirtyeight inches in length and weighed thirtythree pounds The Kootenai River also holds the state record for mountain whitefish at more than five pounds which was also caught just below Libby Dam in 1987 As any angler can tell from looking at these numbers the Kootenai River besides being big and broad holds some very large fish indeed The trick of course is catching them on this massive and somewhat intimidating river The best rainbow trout fishing on the Kootenai River is found above Kootenai Falls although the lower river of the Kootenai is making a comeback due to recent changes in fishing regulations The true monster fish for those with the patience to chase them are typically found within a mile or two downstream from Libby Dam These large fish feed not only on flies and other fish but the chopped up remains of the various fish that get caught in the turbines of Libby Dam One bonus of the Kootenai River is that since its flows are regulated by Libby Dam the prime fishing portion of the Kootenai River generally runs clear even during spring runoff although the feeder rivers can occasionally add some murk to the rivers clarity Unlike most Montana rivers that can frequently run low and slow later in the summer the Kootenai River generally runs high and fast through the middle of August Since the water is fed from Libby Dam the water also tends to remain cool These two factors along with no water diversions for irrigation combine to allow the Kootenai River to avoid the dog days of August that often plague some other fine Montana trout streams Sea Eagle Stealth Stalker Fishing Raft Ideal fishing raft for 12 anglers Very tough portable and easy to setup More info about inflatable fishing rafts Fishing the Kootenai River Libby Dam to Libby This section of the Kootenai River travels for seventeen miles The Kootenai River in this section is characterized by fast moving flows is very wide and has a number of side channels and braids along with many deep pools During lower flows during the winter late fall and early spring extensive gravel bars are also exposed while during the higher flows of early summer the shoreline vegetation is often flooded to a depth of several feet Access to this section of the Kootenai River is excellent A fine boat ramp is found just downstream from Libby Dam and several other boat ramps are also found between the dam and the town of Libby Kootenai River in Northwest Montana as it braids around an island Additionally for the angler who lacks the boat an easier major river to access than the Kootenai River is not easily found The Bureau of Reclamation has extensive camping and park facilities below Libby Dam allowing for easy shoreline access Additionally Highway 37 closely follows the Kootenai River for much of its length to Libby providing easy car access Just park your car along the road and hop into the river Just be careful where you hop The true monster rainbow trout of the Kootenai River or those fish reserved for space next to the fireplace are typically located just downstream from Libby Dam The odds of catching these fish on a dainty dry fly however are very slim Instead massive streamersup to five inches longare the flies of choice when chasing these trophy trout Popular and successful flies include the Wolly Bugger and a Kokanee Salmon imitation all heavily weighted and fished down deep on a sink tip or full sinking line Any angler who values quality over quantity and doesnt mind hefting very large streamers on stout tackle hour after unproductive hour can score huge on the Kootenai River when chasing trophy sized rainbow trout Just remember that to catch these monster trout requires patience Lots of patience Dont pull up to the Kootenai River expecting to take home several large rainbow trout every day when chasing these trophy fish Feel lucky and privileged if you catch one of these trophysized rainbows in a day as many locals fish all summer long near the dam without catching any of the Kootenai For anglers who arent interested in chasing after the trophysized trout that are found in the Kootenai River just below the dam the Kootenai River has excellent populations of rainbow trout that average in the 1215 inch range Being a big fertile river with fairly strict fishing regulations all trout between 1318 inches must be released 1324 inches right below the dam it is not surprising that fish counts are also very high Estimates put trout populations on the Kootenai River between 2000 3000 per mile The Kootenai River due to its location in the far northwest corner of Montana does not receive excessive amounts of fishing pressure The sheer size of the river also intimidates many anglers who lack a boat As a result fishing pressure on the Kootenai River is generally moderate and is certainly nothing like what is found on the Missouri River or the Madison River Inflatable Fishing Rafts Inflatable fishing rafts are portable relatively inexpensive and excellent boats for fly fishing in Montana Learn more about these dedicated fishing rafts However despite the relatively low fishing pressure the rainbow trout in the Kootenai River are finicky eaters Successful fishing requires very long light leaders 12 15 foot leaders are the norm on the Kootenai River along with excellent presentation Smaller flies are also more effective in catching the larger rainbows than then large bushy flies commonly used on other Montana rivers The Kootenai River is an interesting river for fly fishing With its peak flows being during the summer fly fishing tactics are somewhat different than found on other Montana rivers Additionally its sheer size makes finding prime fishing areas a challenge especially for anglers lacking a boat There are a number of areas to concentrate on when fly fishing the Kootenai River One area is around the many feeder rivers and streams of the Kootenai River These areas provide a mix of current allowing the fish to find relief from the strong currents of the Kootenai A second area if somewhat more difficult to spot and very difficult to reach without a boat are the various seams in the rivers current Like all rivers the Kootenai River generally runs fastest in the middle of the river with slower flowing sections found closer to shore Due to these changes in the current speed seams in the river form with pockets of slower water surrounded by fast moving currents Gingerly plopping a dry fly into one of these slow water stretches is an excellent way to catch a large rainbow A third area to look for are any noticeable deep pools This is easier said than done though especially for someone who has never fished the Kootenai before The river is just so large and fast that often by the time you recognize a hole you have little or hope of rowing over to fish it in time Unlike many other rivers in Montana the holes on the Kootenai River are usually not all that obvious at a casual glance A fourth area to concentrate on is around the various braids and channels on the Kootenai River particularly on the tail water section downstream from the islands The current in these tail water sections is much slower than found out in the main flows creating some excellent seams in the water Flies that are floated down the river right along the seams edge should successfully draw up the rainbows Additionally many of these braids and channels are not nearly as deep as out in the main current As a result it is easier to locate shore and submerged structure that provide holding waters for trout For any angler who will be fishing the Kootenai River for the first time concentrating their efforts around these braids and channels although a boat will generally be needed to float down to them will be time well spent Montana Fishing Guidebooks View detailed fishing guide books river maps for Montana A fifth area to look for particularly when flows are high in July is submerged structure on the shoreline During July the Kootenai River usually runs very high flooding much of the shoreline vegetation often to a depth of several feet The rainbow trout frequently move into these flooded waters in search of terrestrial insects such as grasshoppers and ants If there is ever a good time to wade fish the Kootenai River this high water period is it While wade fishing can still be deadly in these high currents wade anglers can generally stick right along the shoreline in the slower water wading up or down the river casting to the trout that will be found in the flooded vegetation A stealthy approach to these trout though will be required as they can be quite skittish in the shallow water along the shoreline The trout will not be impressed by lots of movement or awful presentations Successful fishing can begin on the Kootenai River as early as March for those willing to tolerate the elements Northwest Montana has long cold cloudy winters and a March fishing trip in this part of the state is unlikely to be a warm one However for those who choose to brave the elements the best fishing for large rainbow trout other than the trophies found just below Libby Dam can be had during this time Streamer and nymph patterns weighted on a sink tip line are used for this early spring fishing bouncing them right along the bottom The popular The Kootenai River is a large and somewhat intimidating river The first dry fly fishing of the year begins in May with the best dry fly fishing occurring during the summer The Parachute Adams Blue Winged Olive and the Pale Morning Dun are very effective dry flies to use when fly fishing the Kootenai River during the summer in sizes ranging from 1622 For the angler who wants to increase the chances of catching a larger rainbow trout and who is skilled at nymph fishing popular and effective patterns include the Hares Ear Beadhead nymph and the Prince nymph in sizes 1620 During July and lasting through August in addition to using the dry flies described above terrestrial patterns are successfully used particularly if the summer is a hot and dry one Hopper imitations sizes 48 are very effective when fished in the flooded shoreline vegetation found on the Kootenai River in July Fall on this section of the Kootenai River continues to offer excellent dry fly fishing The Kootenai River continues to provide solid mayfly hatches through the fall Small flies on light tackle continues to be the rule when dry fly fishing during this time with popular imitations being the trusted Parachute Adams along with the Sparkle Dun and Blue Quill sizes ranging from1824 Fishing the Kootenai River Libby to Idaho Border This section of the Kootenai River runs for thirtythree miles The best fishing on this section is found above Kootenai Falls The Lower Kootenai like further upstream runs big broad and fast This section though also has some riffles and rocks which provide some nice habitat for the trout Additionally the China Rapids just upstream from Kootenai Falls provides excellent fishing in the deep holes found among the rocks and boulders Bridge to Kootenai Falls on the Kootenai River Access is more difficult on this section of the Kootenai River as it flows primarily through private property The best access on this section is around Kootenai Falls which has a natural area that provides easy shore access and even a bridge that crosses the river The town of Libby also has several access sites A campground at the Yaak River confluence also provides a good access site along with a boat ramp and makes for a handy take out point for floaters coming down from further upstream Access to the Kootenai River also exists just upstream from China Rapids and which serves primarily as a take out point for floaters who want to avoid the trip down the China Rapids and over Kootenai Falls Other than these changes in the character of the river fishing between Libby and Kootenai Falls is not much different than found further upstream In addition to using the flies and tactics described earlier fishing in the holes found behind the rocks can be very productive for catching nice rainbow trout Fishing pressure on this section of the Kootenai River is also less than found further upstream Below Kootenai Falls the fishing in the Kootenai River is still good but fish populations drop off somewhat Recent fishing regulations changes should help in getting fish populations and sizes up as all rainbow trout between 1318 inches must be released Sea Eagle 350x Inflatable Fishing Kayak The Sea Eagle 350x Inflatable Fishing Kayak is ideal for solo anglers who need a boat that can run rapids and is easy for flat water paddling More info about inflatable fishing kayaks Floating the Kootenai River Except for two sections floating the Kootenai River is not difficult and offers a pleasant float The scenery is nice and the current is fast especially during high water Prime floating conditions occur with river flows between 800012000cfs A float trip can begin at a boat ramp located about a mile below Libby Dam Four miles below the dam a short class III rapid called the Jennings Rapid can either be floated through or easily portaged Kayaker Going over Kootenai Falls on the Kootenai River in Montana Dont try this without a whitewater kayak Below the rapid the Kootenai River flows quickly but smoothly for twentytwo miles until it reaches the class III China Rapids This rapid is long and depending on river flows can provide a rough ride for inexperienced floaters or parties in canoes Due to the constant fluctuation in river levels and the effect it has on rapids it is highly recommended to scout the rapid before running it Two miles below the rapid the Kootenai River goes over Kootenai Falls and then enters a gorge A portage of the falls is required as it is over thirtyfeet high A convenient take out point is located just above the falls Below the falls the Kootenai River runs through two miles of moderate whitewater the severity of which depends on the river levels A floater contemplating running the gorge should expect to encounter at least 34 class IV rapids and 24 class III rapids Additionally as it runs through a gorge there is no way out once you commit to it Due to the whitewater dont expect to do much fishing while floating through the gorge Below the gorge the Kootenai River continues on towards Idaho with only a few riffles and small waves to deal with and should not pose any problems for a floater of any skill level Kootenai River River Miles Libby Dam 503 Jennings Rapid 46 Libby Bridge 33 China Rapids 24 Kootenai Falls 216 Troy Bridge 155 Yaak River Confluence 61 Idaho Border 0

O B I O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O B I O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O 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are very important whether you are involved in cyclocross racing or riding your cyclocross bike to work Frame designs the frame of a cyclocross bike is different to a road bike There is usually a longer wheel base and you sit on the bike in a more upright position This makes it easier to maneuver and more comfortable to ride Clearance to make it easier to get over obstacles the bottom brackets are usually higher on cyclocross bikes In addition theres more clearance in the fork legs so that your wheels keep spinning even when there is a buildup of mud Tires tires are usually wider than the tires on road bikes plus they have more grip Cables the cables on a cyclocross bike are usually positioned so that they are out of the way when the rider puts the bike onto hisher shoulder to walk or run with it Advantages of cyclocross bikes If you are involved in cyclocross racing you will understand the importance of this specific style of bike but lots of others can benefit too The maneuverability 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O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O


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News 10152015 Travis Barker Had a Premonition About His NearFatal Plane Crash I Walked Away From Death News 750 PM Young Thug Says His Album is Dropping in Two Days News 629 PM Childish Gambino Pays Tribute to Mac Miller at Chicago Concert News 544 PM Two Pussy Riot Members Arrested in Moscow News 448 PM Olivia NewtonJohn Reveals Shes Battling Cancer for a Third Time News 249 PM Leslie Moonves to Step Down as CBS CEO Amid Misconduct Claims News 231 PM German Pop Singer Daniel Kueblboec Goes Overboard From Cruise Ship Missing News 135 PM A Star is Born Star Lady Gaga Says Fame is Very Unnatural at TIFF 2018 News 128 PM Janelle Monae Has a Clear Message For Sexists Misogynists Dont F With Me News 982018 John Legend Says Kanye West is Serious About Running for President News 982018 Kanye West Teases That Watch the Throne 2 is Coming Soon News 982018 Kelly Rowland Jonathan Van Ness More React to Serena Williamss Controversial US Open Loss News 982018 Serena Williams Argues With Umpire at US Open Youre a Thief News 982018 Ariana Grande Shares Sweet Photo Following the Death of Mac Miller News 982018 Rita Ora Kygo and More Remember Avicii on His 29th Birthday News 982018 Nick Jonas Reveals How He And Priyanka Chopra Fell in Love We Jumped Right In News 982018 Darius Rucker Pays Tribute to Aretha Franklin at Detroit Concert News 982018 Weekend Box Office The Nun Delivering Divine 50MPlus Debut News 972018 John Lennon Celebrated With Release of Commemorative Stamp News 972018 Pregnant Carrie Underwood Cancels Long Road Festival Performance Due to Illness News 972018 Kanye West Is a Creative Director For The Inaugural Pornhub Awards Travis Barker Had a Premonition About His NearFatal Plane Crash I Walked Away From Death 10152015 by Steven J Horowitz EMAIL ME Chelsea LaurenWireImage Travis Barker performs with Demi Lovato at Staples Center on September 27 2014 in Los Angeles California The Blink182 drummer discusses his highs and lows in anticipation of his memoir Can I Say From gangrelated shootings to near overdoses Travis Barker has consistently cheated death The 39yearold drummer a human metronome who has manned the kit for Blink182 44 and The Transplants has survived armed robberies pill addiction and a plane crash in 2008 that killed four and left him with burns on 65 percent of his body After the accident he battled posttraumatic stress disorder survivors guilt and at his lowest point suicidal thoughts Ailing in his hospital bed after the crash he begged Transplants vocalist Rob Aston to bring a gun and end it all Less than a year later the only other crash survivor Barkers best friend Adam DJ AM Goldstein was found dead from a suspected drug overdose Barkers past still haunts him but today hes in a better space Hes eight years sober from hard drugs and is focusing on his career and raising his three children as a single father The California native recounts it all in his riveting brutally honest memoir Can I Say HarperCollins Oct 20 coauthored with Gavin Edwards Barker touches on his two divorces flings with Paris Hilton and Lindsay Lohan substance abuse and that fateful day that changed everything Billboard Cover Lady Gaga Gets Personal About Saving Troubled Teens Ive Suffered Through Depression and Anxiety My Whole Life Your memoir is incredibly detailed and honest What was the writing process like Thank you man It was like an album for me I spent a lot of time on it and I just wanted it to be perfect You know with record labels theyll be like Oh its gotta be turned in next month If the music aint ready then youre like Naw sorry Youve gotta postpone it For this I wanted to treat it like an album I was like Man its my life And especially because its my memoir My first and only memoir part one and its gotta be on point A lot of the book is spent talking about your relationships with women At one point you called yourself a complete asshole for the way that you treated them Taking a look back at the Travis from 20 years ago what would you kind of say to yourself back then knowing what you know now Back then I was living very much daytoday My attitude was like Shit I could be dead tomorrow I grew up losing my mom at a young age being shot at at a young age Doing lots of drugs If it was my time it was my time but then it wasnt until when I had my kids everything changed Then it was like Oh my gosh what did I put in my body What did I do that for I loved being a father I want to stay home with my kids but Im a musician and I have Youve been married and divorced twice Are you more cautious about getting into relationships now No I have much different patterns now The moment I had kids my life changed I wanted to be sober for them I wanted to be alive and healthy for them So much had changed and as far as like girls its like I havent been in a relationship since really exwife Shanna Moakler Ive had people Ive dated and stuff its cool but I get so much love from my kids I get so much satisfaction out of playing music and I stay so busy doing it I dont have that longing to be in a relationship 247 Im Theres a lot of detail about your substance abuse problems What was your lowest point There was really a couple man To stay gone for three months at a time without my kids that was hard That led to extreme abuse But I think in Australia in 2004 I was so addicted to Oxycodone and I had a security that would actually sleep during the day and then stay up at night to make sure I was breathing That was pretty pathetic My bones were so brittle from so much painkiller use I had this moment when I got to Europe for that tour where I really identified myself as a dumpster And I wasnt Travis Barker on New Lineup PostTom DeLonge Exit Its Definitely a Great Feeling These days whats your motivating factor for staying sober Ive been sober from hard drugs for more than eight years now But I stopped smoking weed maybe like four years ago And that was just something I did a little but I even had a warning shot for that I had like precancerous cells on my throat I was meant to be sober man I had done my time I still question myself sometimes even though I did smoke before I go to sleep Id be like do I need this Am I addicted to it Is it like one more thing I have to hide from my kids You wrote that on the day of the crash you had reservations about getting on the plane Do you trust your gut more these days One hundred percent yeah We got to the airport and I did my normal thing Im medicating I called my dad I dont know what it was but I said Pops I have a really strange feeling about this one Something just tells me its not right And Id walked off planes before But I said I love you and if anything happens make sure the kids are taken care of And then sure enough Looking back on the plane crash do you value life more now Whats your mentality I think back and I was this little punk someone Im not proud of thats abusing pills every day and taking all this shit recreationally And then you look death in the face and you almost die in a plane crash and then youre actually forced to be on morphine for four months or whatever Its like Oh how did the tables change I went from being like that to getting out of the hospital and refusing to take pain meds home I was on all these crazy crazy bipolar drugs too cause I was suicidal in the hospital masking It was a combination from seeing like a posttraumatic doctor to Adam DJ AM who was completely sober and we were each others support system At that point there was no doctor no therapist you can talk to thats been in a plane crash They just dont exist We were it and then there was like actually a website called Access Health we would both go on obsessively and we come to find its just for plane crash survivorvictims So it was kind of weird we were there for each other being survivors and I went on there a lot Blink182s Mark Hoppus Travis Barker Expose Tom DeLonge in TellAll Interview DJ AM passed less than a year later Having gone through that experience so soon after the crash how did that change the way you value friendships He was my best friend It was beyond friendship It was like there was only one other person in the world And then losing him and just wondering Fk is there something I could have done It was like the one thing that will never stop resurfacing in my head I look at things I see whats important and whats not important and if anyones going through anything severe I can honestly say that before the plane crash You dont know what its about Theres very few people that go through something like that Unless youve actually gone through something Would you consider yourself OK today Aw yeah man I have the best support system I have the most amazing kids Im not on any medications I havent seen a posttraumatic doctor in six years I get so much love and happiness out of playing music and playing the drums and my kids Theres nothing better I couldnt ask for more Go to Amazoncom to purchase Barkers Can I Say An edited version of this article originally appeared in the Oct 24 issue of Billboard Billboard Video Maluma Talks Working With Shakira Wanting to Collaborate With Shawn Mendes MTV VMAs 2018 Maluma Talks Working With Shakira Wanting to Collaborate With Shawn Mendes MTV VMAs 2018 Hayley Kiyoko Talks Taylor Swift Working With Kehlani More MTV VMAs 2018 Lil Pump Talks New Music Teases Collaborations More MTV VMAs 2018 Noah Cyrus LIl Xan Open Up About Their Relationship New Music More MTV VMAs 2018 Rita Ora Talks New Music Working With Avicii More MTV VMAs 2018 Sabrina Carpenter Talks Love of Rihanna Remembers Aretha Franklin More MTV VMAs 2018 Kim Petras Talks Madonna Her GoTo Pump Up Song More MTV VMAs 2018 Frankie Grande Talks Arianas Engagement to Pete Davidson MTV VMAs 2018 GEazy Talks Touring With Ty Dolla ign New Music More MTV VMAs 2018 Madison Beer Says She Wants to Work With Daft Punk MTV VMAs 2018 Grace VanderWaal Talks Stargirl Touring With Imagine Dragons More MTV VMAs 2018 Lauv Talks New Music Touring With Ed Sheeran More MTV VMAs 2018 Smokepurpp Talks Working With Lil Pump His First Tattoo More MTV VMAs 2018 Kyle Talks The After Party DJ Khaleds Life Advice More MTV VMAs 2018 PRETTYMUCH Share Tour Stories Embarrassing OnStage Moments More MTV VMAs 2018 Chung Ha Talks Going Solo Her Favorite Dance Moves More Billboard Previous EMAIL ME Comments

O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


The 2019 Grammys Recording Academys Neil Portnow on Grammy Nominations I Think Were Incredibly Relevant and on Point 2019 Grammy Nominations The Snubs Surprises 2019 Grammy Nominations Yes There Are More Female Nominees This Year But Maybe Not the Ones Youd Expect BTS Album Earns 2019 Grammy Nomination Heres Why Its Important Eight Artists Who Could Benefit From the 2019 Grammys New Expanded Major Categories 6272018 by Andrew Unterberger FACEBOOK TWITTER EMAIL ME Kevin MazurWireImage Taylor Swift and Kendrick Lamar attend The 58th Grammy Awards at Staples Center on Feb 15 2016 in Los Angeles On Tuesday June 26 Billboard broke the news that the Grammys would be expanding the fields of their big four categories album of the year song of the year record of the year and best new artist from five nominees to eight According to Recording Academy presidentCEO Neil Portnow the decision was made to create more opportunities for a widerrange of recognition in these important categories and gives more flexibility to our voters when having to make the often challenging decisions about representing excellence and the best in music for the year With this policy change it seems like a good time to take a look at some of the artists who might end up being beneficiaries of the expanded nomination pools at the 2019 Grammys The eligibility period for the upcoming ceremonies isnt over yet of course but with the cutoff coming three months from now on Sept 30 were already 34 of the way through the Grammy year And unlike last years ceremonies where a couple clear frontrunners had already emerged by this point in Kendrick Lamar and Ed Sheeran the big categories seem fairly open in 2018 especially since Read More Grammy Awards Expand Nominees for Top Album Song Record New Artist From 5 to 8 Exclusive Its too early to do a proper Grammy preview but with three months to go and three extra slots to occupy heres eight artists who currently look likely to factor prominently in the Grammys big four next February Kendrick Lamar Still around and still busy after a historically productive 2017 Kendrick Lamar should still be a heavy presence in next years awards He might not see his own name in the album of the year category but the Black Panther soundtrack that he executive produced and appeared on every track of was a commercial and critical triumph and may end up being a Grammy favorite Soundtracks have been absent in AOTY for most of the millennium but they did score a win in 02 via the O Brother Where Art Thou OST and were a fairly recurring presence in the category in the decades prior He could also factor into album or song of the year via the sets smash lead single All the Stars a collab with fellow recent multicategory nominee SZA Kacey Musgraves Kacey Musgraves is no stranger to Grammy glory having won both best country album for her debut LP 2013s Same Trailer Different Park and best country song for the records lead single Merry Go Round But while both Trailer and follow up Pageant Material were recognized in the country categories rapturously received third album Golden Hour could see her cross over to the album of the year category for the first time as her most popleaning and most mainstreamacclaimed set to date Musgraves visited the big four once before as a best new artist nominee in 2014 but lost to Macklemore Ryan Lewis Read More Why Taylor Swifts Reputation Didnt Receive Any Grammy Nominations Taylor Swift Reputation might have gotten something of a mixed reception critically and commercially but Taylor Swift remains in a Grammy class by herself Well not counting Adele who hasnt released a seconds worth of music this year The twotime album of the year winner has to be considered a likely nominee at the least for her latest LP and dont count out a couple of its singles particularly the slowburning Delicate which has surreptitiously grown into one of the years bigger radio hits for the song or record of the year categories either The Carters Thats Beyoncé and JAYZ in case you havent gotten used to referring to the star couple by their familial duo name Weve already covered the case their surprise June drop Everything Is Love has for album of the year and why it might even be in the awards best interest to do whatever they can to make sure theyre so awarded But suffice to say whether or not the superteaming is recognized in the Grammys marquee category where neither artist involved has ever gone home a winner the duo will almost certainly be one of the most closely monitored subplots of this years nominees Read More Beyonce JAYZ Debut 5 Songs on Billboard Hot 100 From The Carters Everything Is Love Album Janelle Monáe The profile of multiplatform star Janelle Monáe increases with each successive album of hers and this years Dirty Computer earned her not only some of her strongest reviews to date but her best firstweek sales numbers as well and even her first No 1 debut on Billboard s Top RB Albums chart Aside from Monáes own singular presence the Grammy clout of the album and its hit single Make Me Feel may also benefit from the involvement of her predecessor in genre and genderbending electrofunk the late Prince Rogers Nelson a twotime album of the year nominee at the Grammys in the 80s Camila Cabello Eight slots may or may not be enough for Camila Cabellos understated debut LP Camila one of 2018s most delightful pop releases and a Billboard 200topper to get the newly minted solo star an album of the year nod in her first time out But both the sets advance single the Young Thugfeaturing and Hot 100besting Havana and top tencharting followup Never Be the Same could figure into the song of the year and album of the year races and Cabello herself is about as sure a bet as they come for recognition in the best new artist category Dua Lipa As with Cabello ascendant pop singersongwriter Dua Lipa might be a little too new on the scene for the prestige of the album of the year category and in fact as a June 2017 release her selftitled debut album is almost certainly ineligible for the honors anyway However the sets sparkling singles could elbow their way into the song and record of the year category particularly the viral radio smash New Rules and Lipa seems practically a shooin to grab one of the eight best new artist slots Read More Why We Should Care About Drake Abstaining From The Grammys Drake We wont be able to properly size up the chances of his Scorpion album to earn an album of the year nomination until the set sees release in two days but given Drakes stratospheric success thusfar in 2018 including a combined 18 weeks at No 1 on the Hot 100 with his Gods Plan and Nice for What singles both of which should also be Grammy contenders in their own right it certainly seems likely he could slide into one of those eight slots Especially given how even Drakes muchmaligned Views LP was still too big for the Grammys to ignore in their marquee category two years earlier But of course itll depend on if he even submits Scorpion for Grammy consideration something he didnt see fit to do for playlist set More Life last year Watch Alvaro Soler Talks Favorite HomeCooked Dish Slang Words Christmas Traditions More Growing Up Latino

O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Here Are the Lyrics to All the Stars by SZA Kendrick Lamar An unanticipated problem was encountered check back soon and try again Error Code MEDIA_ERR_UNKNOWN Session ID 201812174e9838fc1a1e7e417981c809 Player Element ID videojs5727588226001 OK 2132018 by Nina Braca TWITTER EMAIL ME YOUTUBE The Black Panther soundtrack is continuing its reign in the spotlight heading for the No 1 spot on next weeks Billboard 200 albums chart This comes as no surprise since the album features hitmakers The Weeknd SZA and Khalid on tracks produced by Kendrick Lamar Read More Black Panther Soundtrack Set for No 1 Debut on Billboard 200 Albums Chart Included on the starstudded album is the powerful SZA and Kendrick track All the Stars which features SZAs stunning vocals Lamars iconic raps and an intergalactic video Check them both out below Love lets talk about love Is it anything and everything you hoped for I get a feeling on you on you I get a feeling on you on you Cause maybe the night and my dreams might let me know All the stars are closer all the stars are closer all the stars are closer Cause maybe the night and my dreams might let me know All the stars are closer all the stars are closer all the stars are closer Tell me what you gon do to me Confrontation aint nothin new to me You can bring a bullet bring a sword Bring a morgue but you cant bring the truth to me Fuck you and all your expectations I dont even want your congratulations I recognize you far as confidence and calculated promises all in your conversation I hate people that feel entitled Look at me crazy cause I aint invite you Oh you important Youre the moral to the story you endorsing Motherfucker I dont even like you Corrupted mans heart with a gift Thats how you find out who you dealin with A small percentage whom Im building with I want the credit if Im losing or Im winning On my momma thats the realest shit Girl lets talk about love Is it anything and everything you hoped for I get a feeling on you on you I get a feeling on you on you Cause maybe the night and my dreams might let me know All the stars are closer all the stars are closer all the stars are closer Cause maybe the night and my dreams might let me know All the stars are closer all the stars are closer all the stars are closer Skin covered with ego Get to talking like a endforth like a rebound No control no off switch in the way that you bringing me down Its a turn on get it away from me Let me mourn keep away from me That is so wrong get it away from me yeah I just cry for no reason I just pray for no reason I just thank for the life for the day for the hours and another life breathin How did it all gonna feel good You let it all if you feel bad Better live your life We are running out of time Love lets talk about love Is it anything and everything you hoped for I get a feeling on you on you I get a feeling on you on you Cause maybe the night and my dreams might let me know All the stars are closer all the stars are closer all the stars are closer Cause maybe the night and my dreams might let me know All the stars are closer all the stars are closer all the stars are closer Lyrics licensed provided by LyricFind Lyrics SonyATV Music Publishing LLC Universal Music Publishing Group Written byAlexander William Schuckburgh Kendrick Lamar Mark Anthony Spears Solana I Rowe Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video EMAIL ME

O O O O O B I I O B B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Quick Facts Name Jewel Occupation Songwriter Singer Guitarist Birth Date May 23 1974 age 44 Education Interlochen Place of Birth Payson Utah Full Name Jewel Kilcher Zodiac Sign Gemini Synopsis Early Career Folk Superstar Recent Projects Cite This Page IN THESE GROUPS USO Entertainers Famous People Who Founded Charities Famous People Born in United States Famous People Named Jewel Jewel Biography Songwriter Singer Guitarist 1974 Jewel is a multiplatinum singersongwriter poet and actress Her debut album Pieces of You yielded the hit single Who Will Save Your Soul Synopsis Jewel Kilcher was born on May 23 1974 in Payson Utah Growing up in Alaska Jewel began her musical career at the age of six performing with her singersongwriter parents She played in San Diego coffeehouses before signing a deal with Atlantic Records and releasing her first record Pieces of You in 1995 Jewel is also a published poet and actress starring in Ang Lees Civil War drama Ride with the Devil Early Career Jewel Kilcher was born on May 23 1974 in Payson Utah and grew up in Alaska She began her musical career at the age of six joining her parents singersongwriters Atz Kilcher and Nedra Carroll on stage After her parents divorced Jewel continued to tour for several years with her father who taught her how to yodela singing technique that Jewel has used in many of her own songs At age 15 Jewel made a big career jump she began performing as a solo act and won a vocal scholarship to Interlochen a private school in Michigan dedicated to the arts While there she began writing songs and took up the guitar Jewel later moved to San Diego California to live with her mother and eventually branched out on her own ending up living in a van for a time as she tried to make it as a performer ADVERTISEMENT Thanks for watching With her impressive vocal range and poetic lyrics Jewel found success playing at coffeehouses in the San Diego area Her first steady gig was at the Innerchange in Pacific Beach While performing there she was discovered by a music manager and record company representatives who were impressed with her raw talent Jewel signed a deal with Atlantic Records in 1994 Folk Superstar The following year Jewels first album Pieces of You was released but it wasnt until 1996 that the album really took off In the meanwhile she toured constantly to promote her music serving as the opening act for two musical legends Bob Dylan and Neil Young Her persistence began to pay off as her single Who Will Save Your Soul became a huge hit climbing to No 11 on Billboard s Top 100 chart Two other songs from Pieces of You You Were Meant for Me and Foolish Games were also wellreceived With its folk and pop sensibility the album went on to sell around 11 million copies Listeners were captivated by the heartfelt emotions Jewel conveyed in her songs Jewels second album Spirit released in 1998 showcased her talents as a folk music performer Filled with ballads and simple instrumentation the album included popular songs Hands and Standing Still That same year a collection of Jewels poetry A Night Without Armor was published quickly becoming a bestseller With 2001s This Way Jewel returned with a lighter more popbased sound She went on to really reinvent herself with 2003s 0304 making a foray into dance music much to the surprise of her longtime fans The album debuted at the No 2 spot on the Billboard 200 albums chart and featured the hit single Intuition Not only did Jewel sound different she looked different too wearing sexier edgier clothing in her music videos and on stage In 2006 however Jewel returned to her roots with the personal folkinfluenced album Goodbye Alice in Wonderland The album met with mild success The following year in November 2007 Jewel made another musical transformation she signed to Valory Records and began working on her first country album Perfectly Clear hit retail stores in June 2008 and debuted at No 1 on the Billboard Country Album Chart The album included the hit Stronger Woman which made it into the Top 20 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts Recent Projects In early 2009 Jewel announced that she was working on new album Lullaby a collection of lullabies for listeners of all ages was released in May of 2009 The albums first single Somewhere Over the Rainbow a remake of the Judy Garland classic was released on iTunes in March Jewel has sold more than 25 million albums over her musical career In addition to her music Jewel has also taken on several acting roles She made her debut in Ang Lees Civil War drama Rides with the Devil in 1999 acting alongside Tobey Maguire and Skeet Ulrich On television she has appeared on such shows as The Lyons Den CSI Crime Scene Investigation and Las Vegas Jewel has also devoted her time to helping others She established Higher Ground for Humanity a charitable foundation that handles projects in many different countries in 1998 Some of the organizations efforts include helping to provide clear drinking water to communities around the world In 2008 Jewel auctioned off celebrities handwritten lyrics to benefit HGHs drinkingwater project In June 2012 Jewel announced that she would be playing June Carter Cashthe second wife of the late Johnny Cashin an upcoming Lifetime movie The June Carter Cash Story For the role Jewel dyed her hair brown and had veneers applied to her teeth straightening her signature crooked smile Actress Reese Witherspoon also played the part of June Carter Cash in the 2005 film Walk the Line and won an Oscar for her performance Fact Check We strive for accuracy and fairness If you see something that doesnt look right Citation Information Article Title Jewel Biography Author Biographycom Editors Website Name The Biographycom website URL httpswwwbiographycompeoplejewel224921 Access Date January 4 2019 Publisher AE Television Networks Last Updated April 1 2014 Original Published Date April 1 2014 BIO NEWSLETTER Sign up to receive updates from BIO and AE Networks SUBSCRIBE MORE STORIES FROM BIO Biography Roseanne Cash Singer Guitarist Songwriter 1955 Biography Marie Osmond Reality Television Star Singer Television Personality Theater Actress 1959 Biography Loretta Lynn Guitarist Singer Songwriter 1932 Biography Lee Ann Womack Singer Songwriter 1966 Biography Johnny Cash Singer Guitarist Songwriter 19322003 Biography Alicia Keys Singer Television Actress Pianist 1981 Biography Shania Twain Songwriter Singer 1965 Biography Jennifer Nettles Pianist Songwriter Philanthropist Guitarist 1974

O O O B O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O B O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O B O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O B O


Quick

Facts

Name

Lord

Byron

Occupation

Playwright

Poet

Birth

Date

January

Death

Date

April

Did

You

Know

Byron

fell

deeply

in

love

with

his

distant

cousin

and

wrote

the

Hills

of

Annesley

and

The

Adieu

about

his

unrequited

passion

Did

You

Know

Lord

Byron

had

an

affair

with

his

halfsister

Augusta

Did

You

Know

Lord

Byron

died

at

the

young

age

of

Place

of

Birth

London

England

United

Kingdom

Place

of

Death

Messolonghi

Greece

Cite

This

Page

IN

THESE

GROUPS

Famous

People

Who

Died

in

Messolonghi

Famous

People

Born

in

Famous

British

People

Famous

Playwrights

quotes

Pleasures

a

sin

and

sometimes

sins

a

pleasure

Lord

Byron

Lord

Byron

Biography

Playwright

Poet

Lord

Byron

is

regarded

as

one

of

the

greatest

British

poets

and

is

best

known

for

his

amorous

lifestyle

and

his

brilliant

use

of

the

English

language

Who

Was

Lord

Byron

Born

in

Lord

Byron

was

one

of

the

leading

figures

of

the

Romantic

Movement

in

early

century

England

The

notoriety

of

his

sexual

escapades

is

surpassed

only

by

the

beauty

and

brilliance

of

his

writings

After

leading

an

unconventional

lifestyle

and

producing

a

massive

amount

of

emotionally

stirring

literary

works

Byron

died

at

a

young

age

in

Greece

pursuing

romantic

adventures

of

heroism

Lord

Byron

Poems

English

Bards

and

Scotch

Reviewers

After

receiving

a

scathing

review

of

his

first

volume

of

poetry

Hours

of

Idleness

in

Byron

retaliated

with

the

satirical

poem

English

Bards

and

Scotch

Reviewers

The

poem

attacked

the

literary

community

with

wit

and

satire

and

gained

him

his

first

literary

recognition

Upon

turning

Byron

took

his

seat

in

the

House

of

Lords

A

year

later

with

John

Hobhouse

he

embarked

on

a

grand

tour

through

the

Mediterranean

and

Aegean

seas

visiting

Portugal

Spain

Malta

Albania

Greece

and

Turkey

ADVERTISEMENT

Thanks

for

watching

Childe

Harolds

Pilgrimage

It

was

during

his

journey

filled

with

inspiration

he

began

writing

Childe

Harolds

Pilgrimage

a

poem

of

a

young

mans

reflections

on

travel

in

foreign

lands

Love

Affairs

More

Poems

In

July

Byron

returned

to

London

after

the

death

of

his

mother

and

in

spite

of

all

her

failings

her

passing

plunged

him

into

a

deep

mourning

High

praise

by

London

society

pulled

him

out

of

his

doldrums

as

did

a

series

of

love

affairs

first

with

the

passionate

and

eccentric

Lady

Caroline

Lamb

who

described

Byron

as

mad

bad

and

dangerous

to

know

and

then

with

Lady

Oxford

who

encouraged

Byrons

radicalism

Then

in

the

summer

of

Byron

apparently

entered

into

an

intimate

relationship

with

his

half

sister

Augusta

now

married

The

tumult

and

guilt

he

experienced

In

September

seeking

to

escape

the

pressures

of

his

amorous

entanglements

Byron

proposed

to

the

educated

and

intellectual

Anne

Isabella

Milbanke

also

known

as

Annabella

Milbanke

They

married

in

January

and

in

December

of

that

year

their

daughter

Augusta

Ada

better

known

as

Ada

Lovelace

was

born

However

by

January

the

illfated

union

crumbled

and

Annabella

left

Byron

amid

his

drinking

increased

debt

and

rumors

of

his

relations

with

his

half

sister

and

of

his

bisexuality

He

never

saw

his

wife

or

daughter

again

Exile

In

April

Byron

left

England

never

to

return

He

traveled

to

Geneva

Switzerland

befriending

Percy

Bysshe

Shelley

his

wife

Mary

and

her

stepsister

Claire

Clairmont

While

in

Geneva

Byron

wrote

the

third

canto

to

Childe

Harold

depicting

his

travels

from

Belgium

up

the

Rhine

to

Switzerland

On

a

trip

to

the

Bernese

Oberland

Byron

was

inspired

to

write

the

Faustian

poeticdrama

Manfred

By

the

end

of

that

summer

the

Shelleys

departed

for

England

where

Claire

gave

birth

to

Byrons

daughter

Allegra

in

January

Don

Juan

In

October

Byron

and

John

Hobhouse

sailed

for

Italy

Along

the

way

he

continued

his

lustful

ways

with

several

women

and

portrayed

these

experiences

in

his

greatest

poem

Don

Juan

The

poem

was

a

witty

and

satirical

change

from

the

melancholy

of

Childe

Harold

and

revealed

other

sides

of

Byrons

personality

He

would

go

on

to

write

cantos

before

his

death

and

leave

the

poem

unfinished

By

Byrons

life

of

debauchery

had

aged

him

well

beyond

his

years

He

then

met

Teresa

Guiccioli

a

married

countess

The

pair

were

immediately

attracted

to

each

other

and

carried

on

an

unconsummated

relationship

until

she

separated

from

her

husband

Byron

soon

won

the

admiration

of

Teresas

father

who

had

him

initiated

into

the

secret

Carbonari

society

dedicated

to

freeing

Italy

from

Austrian

rule

Between

and

Byron

edited

the

societys

shortlived

newspaper

The

Liberal

Last

Heroic

Adventure

In

a

restless

Byron

accepted

an

invitation

to

support

Greek

independence

from

the

Ottoman

Empire

Byron

spent

pounds

of

his

own

money

to

refit

the

Greek

naval

fleet

and

took

personal

command

of

a

Greek

unit

of

elite

fighters

On

February

he

fell

ill

Doctors

bled

him

which

weakened

his

condition

further

and

likely

gave

him

an

infection

Death

Byron

died

on

April

at

age

He

was

deeply

mourned

in

England

and

became

a

hero

in

Greece

His

body

was

brought

back

to

England

but

the

clergy

refused

to

bury

him

at

Westminster

Abbey

as

was

the

custom

for

individuals

of

great

stature

Instead

he

was

buried

in

the

family

vault

near

Newstead

In

a

memorial

to

Byron

was

finally

placed

on

the

floor

of

Westminster

Abbey

Early

Life

Early

Poems

Born

George

Gordon

Byron

he

later

added

Noel

to

his

name

on

January

Lord

Byron

was

the

sixth

Baron

Byron

of

a

rapidly

fading

aristocratic

family

A

clubfoot

from

birth

left

him

selfconscious

most

of

his

life

As

a

boy

young

George

endured

a

father

who

abandoned

him

a

schizophrenic

mother

and

a

nurse

who

abused

him

As

a

result

he

lacked

discipline

and

a

sense

of

moderation

traits

he

held

on

to

his

entire

life

In

at

age

George

inherited

the

title

of

his

greatuncle

William

Byron

and

was

officially

recognized

as

Lord

Byron

Two

years

later

he

attended

Harrow

School

in

London

where

he

experienced

his

first

sexual

encounters

with

males

and

females

In

Byron

fell

deeply

in

love

with

his

distant

cousin

Mary

Chaworth

and

this

unrequited

passion

found

expression

in

several

poems

including

Hills

of

Annesley

and

The

Adieu

From

to

Byron

attended

Trinity

College

intermittently

engaged

in

many

sexual

escapades

and

fell

deep

into

debt

During

this

time

he

found

diversion

from

school

and

partying

with

boxing

horse

riding

and

gambling

In

June

he

formed

an

enduring

friendship

with

John

Cam

Hobhouse

and

was

initiated

into

liberal

politics

joining

the

Cambridge

Whig

Club

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O O O B I O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B I O B B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O B O B O O O O O B B O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O


The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro Speech given by Frederick Douglass on the 4th July 1852 Summary of Speech Douglass criticises the Fourth of July Celebrations because the ideals of the American Revolution freedom equality dignitiy and pursuit of happiness were denied to African Americans Douglass captures the irony that the Fourth of July is a celebration of liberty Yet the same country that celebrates liberty denies it to three million Americans held in legal slavery What to the American slave is your 4th of July I answer a day that reveals to him more than all other days in the year the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim Full Speech Fellow Citizens I am not wanting in respect for the fathers of this republic The signers of the Declaration of Independence were brave men They were great men too great enough to give frame to a great age It does not often happen to a nation to raise at one time such a number of truly great men The point from which I am compelled to view them is not certainly the most favorable and yet I can not contemplate their great deeds with less than admiration They were statesmen patriots and heroes and for the good they did and Fellowcitizens pardon me allow me to ask why am I called upon to speak here today What have I or those I represent to do with your national independence Are the great principles of political freedom and of natural justice embodied in that Declaration of Independence extended to us and am I therefore called upon to bring our humble offering to the national altar and to confess the benefits and express devout gratitude for the blessings resulting from your independence to us Would to God both for your sakes and ours that an affirmative answer could be truthfully returned to these questions Then would my task be light and my burden easy and delightful For who is there so cold that a nations sympathy could not warm him Who so obdurate and dead to the claims of gratitude that would not thankfully acknowledge such priceless benefits Who so stolid and selfish that would not give his voice to swell the hallelujahs of a nations jubilee when the chains of servitude had been torn from his limbs I am not that man In But such is not the state of the case I say it with a sad sense of the disparity between us I am not included within the pale of glorious anniversary Your high independence only reveals the immeasurable distance between us The blessings in which you this day rejoice are not enjoyed in common The rich inheritance of justice liberty prosperity and independence bequeathed by your fathers is shared by you not by me The sunlight that brought light and healing to you has brought stripes and death to me This Fourth July is yours not mine You may rejoice By the rivers of Babylon there we sat down Yea we wept when we remembered Zion We hanged our harps upon the willows in the midst thereof For there they that carried us away captive required of us a song and they who wasted us required of us mirth saying Sing us one of the songs of Zion How can we sing the Lords song in a strange land If I forget thee 0 Jerusalem let my right hand forget her cunning If I do not remember thee let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth Fellowcitizens above your national tumultuous joy I hear the mournful wail of millions whose chains heavy and grievous yesterday are today rendered more intolerable by the jubilee shouts that reach them If I do forget if I do not faithfully remember those bleeding children of sorrow this day may my right hand forget her cunning and may my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth To forget them to pass lightly over their wrongs and to chime in with the popular theme would be treason most scandalous and shocking and would make me a reproach before God and the But I fancy I hear some one of my audience say It is just in this circumstance that you and your brother abolitionists fail to make a favorable impression on the public mind Would you argue more an denounce less would you persuade more and rebuke less your cause would be much more likely to succeed But I submit where all is plain there is nothing to be argued What point in the antislavery creed would you have me argue On what branch of the subject do the people of this country need light Must I undertake to prove that For the present it is enough to affirm the equal manhood of the Negro race Is it not astonishing that while we are ploughing planting and reaping using all kinds of mechanical tools erecting houses constructing bridges building ships working in metals of brass iron copper silver and gold that while we are reading writing and ciphering acting as clerks merchants and secretaries having among us lawyers doctors ministers poets authors editors orators and teachers that while we are engaged in all manner of enterprises common to other men digging gold in California capturing the whale in the Pacific feeding Would you have me argue that man is entitled to liberty that he is the rightful owner of his own body You have already declared it Must I argue the wrongfulness of slavery Is that a question for Republicans Is it to be settled by the rules of logic and argumentation as a matter beset with great difficulty involving a doubtful application of the principle of justice hard to be understood How should I look today in the presence of Amercans dividing and subdividing a discourse to show that men have a natural right to freedom speaking of it relatively What am I to argue that it is wrong to make men brutes to rob them of their liberty to work them without wages to keep them ignorant of their relations to their fellow men to beat them with sticks to flay their flesh with the lash to load their limbs with irons to hunt them with dogs to sell them at auction to sunder their families to knock out their teeth to burn their flesh to starve them into obedience and submission to their masters Must I argue that a system thus marked with blood and stained with pollution What then remains to be argued Is it that slavery is not divine that God did not establish it that our doctors of divinity are mistaken There is blasphemy in the thought That which is inhuman can not be divine Who can reason on such a proposition They that can may I can not The time for such argument is passed At a time like this scorching irony not convincing argument is needed O had I the ability and could reach the nations ear I would today pour out a fiery stream of biting ridicule blasting reproach withering sarcasm and stern rebuke For it is not light that is needed but fire it is not the gentle shower but thunder We need the storm the whirlwind and the earthquake The feeling of the nation must be quickened the conscience of the nation must be roused the propriety of the nation must be startled the hypocrisy of the nation must be exposed What to the American slave is your 4th of July I answer a day that reveals to him more than all other days in the year the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim To him your celebration is a sham your boasted liberty an unholy license your national greatness swelling vanity your sounds of rejoicing are empty and heartless your denunciation of tyrants brass fronted impudence your shouts of liberty and equality hollow mockery your prayers and hymns your sermons and thanksgivings with all your religious parade and solemnity are to Him mere bombast fraud Go where you may search where you will roam through all the monarchies and despotisms of the Old World travel through South America search out every abuse and when you have found the last lay your facts by the side of the everyday practices of this nation and you will say with me that for revolting barbarity and shameless hypocrisy America reigns without a rival Allow me to say in conclusion notwithstanding the dark picture I have this day presented of the state of the nation I do not despair of this country There are forces in operation which must inevitably work the downfall of slavery The arm of the Lord is not shortened and the doom of slavery is certain I therefore leave off where I began with hope While drawing encouragement from the Declaration of Independence the great principles it contains and the genius of American Institutions my spirit is also cheered by the obvious tendencies of the age Nations do not now The far off and almost fabulous Pacific rolls in grandeur at our feet The Celestial Empire the mystery of ages is being solved The fiat of the Almighty Let there be Light has not yet spent its force No abuse no outrage whether in taste sport or avarice can now hide itself from the allpervading light The iron shoe and crippled foot of China must be seen in contrast with nature Africa must rise and put on her yet unwoven garment Ethiopia shall stretch out her hand unto Ood In the fervent aspirations of William Lloyd Garrison I say and God speed the year of jubilee The wide world oer When from their galling chains set free Th oppressd shall vilely bend the knee And wear the yoke of tyranny Like brutes no more That year will come and freedoms reign To man his plundered rights again Restore God speed the day when human blood Shall cease to flow In every clime be understood The claims of human brotherhood And each return for evil good Not blow for blow That day will come all feuds to end And change into a faithful friend Each foe God speed the hour the glorious hour When none on earth Shall exercise a lordly power Nor in a tyrants presence cower But to all manhoods stature tower By equal birth That hour will come to each to all And from his Prisonhouse to thrall Go forth Until that year day hour arrive With head and heart and hand Ill strive To break the rod and rend the gyve The spoiler of his prey deprive So witness Heaven And never from my chosen post Whateer the peril or the cost Be driven The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass Volume II PreCivil War Decade 18501860 Philip S Foner International Publishers Co Inc New York 1950 Related Pages People in the antislavery movement Men and women who campaigned for the end of slavery This includes former slaves such as Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass and political campaigners such as William Wilberforce and Abraham Lincoln Famous Black People A list of inspirational black men and women Including Martin Luther King Nelson Mandela Oprah Winfrey Barack Obama Desmond Tutu Mohammad Ali Harriet Tubman and Rosa Parks Great speeches that changed the world Frederick Douglass People in the antislavery movement

O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O