in Computers and Internet Photography Memes Historical Archive Smile Dog Comments 936 Smile Dogs story consists of a classic horror setup an amateur writer visits the house of a lady who supposedly has a story for which he can borrow from Rather than speak however the lady has locked herself up in her room crying and ranting about nightmares and visions and various other problems All of these center around a floppy disk she had been given that contain the image smilejpg which is smiledog Other cases of this have cropped up Viewing this image incites insanity and no copy of the exact image exists on the web though likenesses of it do The true image of smilejpg is recognized due to the effect it has on the viewer that is they wind up dead Attaching the file that is spreading the word is the only way to save oneself from the smiledog that appears in ones dreams demanding to spread the word Some say that the original legend began with an image of the devil The Pasta I first met in person with Mary E in the summer of 2007 I had arranged with her husband of fifteen years Terence to see her for an interview Mary had initially agreed since I was not a newsman but rather an amateur writer gathering information for a few early college assignments and if all went according to plan some pieces of fiction We scheduled the interview for a particular weekend when I was in Chicago on unrelated business but at the last moment Mary changed her mind and locked herself in the couples bedroom refusing to meet with me The things Mary said made little sense but fit with the pattern I was expecting though I could not see her I could tell from her voice that she was crying and more often than not her objections to speaking with me centered around an incoherent diatribe on her dreams her nightmares Terence apologized profusely when we ceased the exercise and I did my best to take it in stride recall that I wasnt a reporter in search of a story but merely a curious young man in search of information Besides I thought at the time I could perhaps Mary E was the sysop for a small Chicagobased Bulletin Board System in 1992 when she first encountered smilejpg and her life changed forever She and Terence had been married for only five months Mary was one of an estimated 400 people who saw the image when it was posted as a hyperlink on the BBS though she is the only one who has spoken openly about the experience The rest have remained anonymous or are perhaps dead In 2005 when I was only in tenth grade smilejpg was first brought to my attention by my burgeoning interest in webbased phenomena Mary was the most often cited victim of what is sometimes referred to as Smiledog the being smilejpg is reputed to display What caught my interest other than the obvious macabre elements of the cyberlegend and my proclivity toward such things was the sheer lack of information usually to the point that people dont believe it even exists other than as a rumor or hoax It is unique because though the entire phenomenon centers on a picture file that file is nowhere to be found on the internet certainly many photomanipulated simulacra litter the web showing up with the most frequency on sites such as the imageboard 4chan particularly the xfocused paranormal subboard It is suspected these are fakes because they do not have the effect the true smilejpg is believed to have namely sudden onset temporal lobe epilepsy and acute anxiety This purported reaction in the viewer is one of the reasons the phantomlike smilejpg is regarded with such disdain since it is patently absurd though depending on whom you ask the reluctance to acknowledge smilejpgs existence might be just as much out of fear as it is out of disbelief Neither smilejpg nor Smiledog is mentioned anywhere on Wikipedia though the website features articles on such other perhaps more scandalous shocksites as hellojpg or 2girls1cup any attempt to create a page pertaining to smilejpg is summarily deleted by any of the encyclopedias many admins Encounters with smilejpg are the stuff of internet legend Mary Es story is not unique there are unverified rumors of smilejpg showing up in the early days of Usenet and even one persistent tale that in 2002 a hacker flooded the forums of humor and satire website Something Awful with a deluge of Smiledog pictures rendering almost half the forums users at the time epileptic It is also said that in the midtolate 90s that smilejpg circulated on usenet and as an attachment of a chain email with the subject line SMILE GOD LOVES YOU Yet despite the huge exposure these stunts would generate there are very few people who admit to having experienced any of them and no trace of the file or any link has ever been discovered Those who claim to have seen smilejpg often weakly joke that they were far too busy to save a copy of the picture to their hard drive However all alleged victims offer the same description of the photo A doglike creature usually described as appearing similar to a Siberian husky illuminated by the flash of the camera sits in a dim room the only background detail that is visible being a human hand extending from the darkness near the left side of the frame The hand is empty but is usually described as beckoning Of course most attention is given This is of course not a description given immediately after viewing the picture but rather a recollection of the victims who claim to have seen the picture endlessly repeated in their minds eye during the time they are in reality having epileptic fits These fits are reported to continue indeterminably often while the victims sleep resulting in very vivid and disturbing nightmares These may be treated with medication though in someses it is more effective than others Mary E I assumed was not on effective medication That was why after my visit to her apartment in 2007 I sent out feelers to several folklore and urban legendoriented newsgroups websites and mailing lists hoping to find the name of a supposed victim of smilejpg who felt more interested in talking about his experiences For a time nothing happened and at length I forgot completely about my pursuits since I had begun my freshman year of college and was quite busy Mary contacted me via email however near the beginning of March 2008 To jmlcom From maryenet Subj Last summers interview Dear Mr L I am incredibly sorry about my behavior last summer when you came to interview me I hope you understand that it was no fault of yours but rather my own problems that led me to act out as I did I realized that I could have handled the situation more decorously however I hope you will forgive me At the time I was afraid You see for fifteen years I have been haunted by smilejpg Smiledog comes to me in my sleep every night I know that sounds silly but it is true There is an ineffable quality about my dreams my nightmares that makes them completely unlike any real dreams I have ever had I do not move and do not speak I simply look ahead and the only thing ahead of me is the scene from that horrible picture I see the beckoning hand and I see Smiledog It talks to me It is not a dog of course though I am not quite sure what it really is It tells me it will leave me alone if only I do as it asks All I must do it says is spread the word That is how it phrases its demands And I know exactly what it means it wants me to show it to someone else And I could The week after my incident I received in the mail a manila envelope with no return address Inside was only a 3 inch floppy diskette Without having to check I knew precisely what was on it I thought for a long time about my options I could show it to a stranger a coworker I could even show it to Terence as much as the idea disgusted me And what would happen then Well if Smiledog kept its word I could sleep Yet if it lied what would I do And who was to say something worse would not come for me if I did as the creature asked So I did nothing for fifteen years though I kept the diskette hidden amongst my things Every night for fifteen years Smiledog has come to me in my sleep and demanded that I spread the word For fifteen years I have stood strong though there have been hard times Many of my fellow victims on the BBS board where I first encountered smilejpg stopped posting I heard some of them committed suicide Others remained completely silent simply disappearing off the face of the web They are the ones I worry about the most I sincerely hope you will forgive me Mr L but last summer when you contacted me and my husband about an interview I was near the breaking point I decided I was going to give you the floppy diskette I did not care if Smiledog was lying or not I wanted it to end You were a stranger someone I had no connection with and I thought I would not feel sorrow when you took the diskette as part of your research and sealed your fate Before you arrived I realized what I was doing was plotting to ruin your life I could not stand the thought and in fact I still can not I am ashamed Mr L and I hope that this warning will dissuade you from further investigation of smilejpg You may in time encounter someone who is if not weaker than I then wholly more depraved someone who will not hesitate to follow Smiledogs orders Stop while you are still whole Sincerely Mary E Terence contacted me later that month with the news that his wife had killed herself While cleaning up the various things shed left behind closing email accounts and the like he happened upon the above message He was a man in shambles he wept as he told me to listen to his wifes advice Hed found the diskette he revealed and burned it until it was nothing but a stinking pile of blackened plastic The part that most disturbed him however was how the diskette had hissed as it melted Like some sort of animal he said I will admit that I was a little uncertain about how to respond to this At first I thought perhaps it was a joke with the couple belatedly playing with the situation in order to get a rise out of me A quick check of several Chicago newspapers online obituaries however proved that Mary E was indeed dead There was of course no mention of suicide in the article I decided that for a time at least I would not further pursue the subject of smilejpg especially since I had finals coming up at the end of May But the world has odd ways of testing us Almost a full year after Id returned from my disastrous interview with Mary E I received another email To jmlcom From elzahir82com Subj smile Hello I found your email adress thru a mailing list your profile said you are interested in smiledog I have saw it it is not as bad as every one says I have sent it to you here Just spreading the word The final line chilled me to the bone According to my email client there was one file attachment called naturally smilejpg I considered downloading it for some time It was mostly likely a fake I imagined and even if it werent I was never wholly convinced of smilejpgs peculiar powers Mary Es account had shaken me yes but she was probably mentally unbalanced anyway After all how could a simple image do what smilejpg was said to accomplish What sort of creature was it that could break ones mind with only the power of the eye And if such things were patently absurd then why did the legend exist at all If I downloaded the image if I looked at it and if Mary turned out to be correct if Smiledog came to me in my dreams demanding I spread the word what would I do Would I live my life as Mary had fighting against the urge to give in until I died Or would I simply spread the word eager to be put to rest And if I chose the latter route how could I do it Whom would I burden in turn If I went through with my earlier intention to write a short article about smilejpg I decided I could attach it as evidence And anyone who read the article anyone who took interest would be affected And even assuming the smilejpg attached to the email was genuine would I be capricious enough to save myself in that manner Could I spread the word Yes Yes I could Original author unknown Categories Computers and Internet Photography Memes Historical Archive

O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

creepypasta wiki
smile ! ! god loves you


Tom

Kings

CRM

Plus

Ruminations

on

cultural

resource

management

environmental

impact

assessment

and

related

esoteric

topics

by

a

curmudgeon

who

seldom

has

anything

good

to

say

about

anything

Tuesday

July

How

to

Write

Off

Traditional

Cultural

Properties

the

Gladesmen

Report

I

recently

reviewed

a

report

prepared

for

the

US

Army

Corps

of

Engineers

by

New

South

Associates

entitled

You

Just

Cant

Live

Without

it

Ethnographic

Study

and

Evaluation

of

Traditional

Cultural

Properties

of

the

Modern

Gladesmen

Culture

See

I

hoped

that

the

report

would

describe

a

good

traditional

cultural

properties

TCP

study

that

focused

on

places

of

concern

to

groups

of

people

other

than

Native

Americans

Such

studies

are

rare

although

National

Register

Bulletin

on

the

identification

and

documentation

of

TCPs

makes

it

clear

that

any

group

of

people

can

value

such

places

there

is

a

tendency

to

think

of

them

as

the

sole

property

of

Indian

tribes

and

Native

Hawaiians

I

was

deeply

disappointed

by

the

Gladesmen

report

and

feel

obligated

to

say

why

Who

Are

the

Gladesmen

The

Gladesmen

are

in

essence

the

traditional

mostly

Euroamerican

especially

ScotsIrish

rural

residents

of

Floridas

Everglades

Theyre

broadly

characterized

as

a

subdivision

of

the

American

Souths

Cracker

culture

of

selfsufficient

rural

subsistence

farming

fishing

hunting

gathering

and

very

smallscale

industry

Gladesmen

comprise

the

families

that

have

for

generations

lived

in

and

around

the

Everglades

more

or

less

making

their

livings

by

hunting

alligators

and

other

game

fishing

plume

gathering

moonshining

and

smallscale

agriculture

See

Simmons

Ogden

Ogden

The

Study

The

ethnographic

study

of

Gladesmen

TCPs

was

commissioned

by

the

Corps

of

Engineers

in

connection

with

a

Master

Recreation

Plan

being

developed

as

part

of

the

Comprehensive

Everglades

Restoration

Plan

CERP

Apparently

the

possibility

of

National

Register

eligible

TCPs

was

raised

during

public

meetings

on

the

CERP

and

the

Corps

contracted

with

New

South

to

determine

whether

any

existed

New

South

undertook

a

program

of

background

research

and

ethnographic

interviews

to

reach

conclusions

about

whether

any

Gladesmen

TCPs

were

present

Having

identified

thirteen

candidate

sites

they

went

through

them

and

concluded

that

only

two

were

in

fact

TCPs

eligible

for

Critique

So

why

did

I

find

the

Gladesmen

study

so

disappointing

Let

me

try

to

explain

What

Was

Evaluated

It

is

not

clear

to

me

how

the

thirteen

sites

studied

were

selected

or

indeed

why

specific

sites

were

selected

at

all

Comments

on

the

draft

report

by

Palm

Beach

County

Archaeologist

Christian

Davenport

identified

a

number

of

other

seemingly

relevant

locations

that

should

have

been

considered

as

well

as

additional

informants

New

South

breezily

dismisses

Davenports

comments

as

outside

the

scope

of

this

preliminary

study

Exactly

what

the

study

is

preliminary

to

is

unclear

What

particularly

puzzles

me

is

why

the

authors

felt

compelled

to

focus

on

specific

locations

One

clear

feature

of

Gladesmen

culture

is

the

mobility

of

Which

is

what

the

report

proceeds

to

do

Misunderstanding

TCPs

Although

the

authors

of

the

report

have

apparently

at

least

looked

at

National

Register

Bulletin

there

is

little

evidence

that

theyve

tried

very

hard

to

understand

it

Instead

it

appears

that

they

have

cherrypicked

concepts

and

in

some

cases

made

them

up

to

support

their

conclusions

In

Chapter

II

for

example

on

page

we

are

told

that

an

identified

historic

property

usually

must

be

years

old

to

be

considered

a

TCP

This

implies

that

a

place

must

first

be

identified

as

an

historic

property

and

then

considered

for

TCP

status

if

it

is

years

old

This

of

course

stands

the

evaluation

process

on

its

head

A

place

is

a

TCP

if

it

is

regarded

by

people

as

important

in

sustaining

their

traditional

cultural

values

having

recognized

that

it

has

this

value

then

one

applies

the

National

Register

criteria

and

criteria

considerations

to

see

if

it

is

Registereligible

And

of

course

years

old

is

a

deeply

simplistic

gloss

on

the

actual

Fiftyyear

rule

laid

out

in

the

Registers

criteria

considerations

The

same

paragraph

characterizes

the

integrity

of

a

TCP

as

referring

to

a

sustained

integral

relationship

to

traditional

cultural

or

beliefs

and

a

condition

that

is

sufficient

to

convey

significance

This

may

be

a

clumsy

gloss

on

the

Bulletins

discussion

of

a

TCPs

two

kinds

of

integrity

integrity

of

association

and

integrity

of

condition

but

if

so

it

is

a

clumsy

one

indeed

The

reference

to

a

sustainedrelationship

for

example

is

made

up

out

of

whole

cloth

but

neatly

sets

the

authors

up

for

their

subsequent

dismissal

of

eleven

of

the

sites

The

allusion

to

conveying

significance

another

notion

not

Continuity

Claptrap

On

the

same

page

we

are

told

that

the

most

critical

element

in

whether

or

not

a

property

represents

a

TCP

is

its

role

in

long

term

and

continuous

maintenance

of

a

given

culture

emphasis

added

Continuity

is

a

notion

that

has

no

basis

whatever

in

Bulletin

The

Bulletin

succinctly

says

on

page

that

the

fact

that

a

property

may

have

gone

unused

for

a

lengthy

period

of

time

does

not

make

the

property

ineligible

for

the

National

Register

Let

alone

ineligible

to

be

a

TCP

Continuity

as

a

critical

element

or

indeed

any

kind

of

element

is

something

that

has

been

made

up

to

justify

dismissing

the

significance

of

places

from

whose

use

people

have

been

lately

excluded

As

many

Indian

tribes

can

testify

the

fact

that

one

has

been

made

unable

to

maintain

the

traditional

use

of

a

place

through

relocation

forcible

exclusion

genocide

or

other

historical

circumstance

by

no

means

renders

Yet

the

authors

of

the

Gladesmen

study

elevate

their

wholecloth

invention

to

the

status

of

most

critical

element

in

determining

whether

a

place

is

a

TCP

They

go

on

to

explain

Because

continuity

in

use

plays

such

an

important

role

in

defining

TCPs

changes

in

a

propertys

use

or

association

through

time

can

change

the

eligibility

status

of

that

property

If

extensive

changes

or

discontinuity

in

use

occur

through

time

a

site

that

has

integrity

may

still

be

eligible

for

recording

as

a

historic

property

But

it

would

not

maintain

the

necessary

level

of

significance

for

recording

as

a

TCP

This

important

role

that

the

authors

assign

to

continuity

in

use

forms

the

basis

for

the

rest

of

the

studys

dismissive

analysis

But

it

is

a

status

assigned

by

the

authors

based

on

no

stated

authority

and

it

is

directly

inconsistent

with

the

plain

language

of

Bulletin

Inflating

Misstatements

Perhaps

following

Hitlers

maxim

that

if

you

tell

a

big

enough

lie

often

enough

it

becomes

the

truth

the

authors

repeatedly

reframe

and

elaborate

on

their

misstatements

On

page

Chapter

VII

for

instance

as

they

set

about

identifying

Gladesmen

TCPs

they

say

that

it

is

important

to

restate

here

that

many

properties

associated

with

Gladesmen

Culture

may

warrant

recording

as

historic

properties

but

not

all

of

these

will

meet

the

criteria

for

recording

them

sic

as

TCPs

The

NRHP

guidelines

distinguish

a

TCP

as

a

property

that

not

only

meets

existing

criteria

as

a

historic

property

but

is

also

one

that

represents

a

continuing

association

with

the

Gladesmen

culture

whose

primary

importance

is

its

role

in

maintaining

cultural

identity

and

practice

So

now

a

Gladesmen

TCP

must

not

only

be

eligible

for

the

Register

and

represent

a

continuing

association

whatever

that

means

but

must

have

maintaining

cultural

identity

and

practice

as

its

primary

importance

How

in

the

world

is

anyone

supposed

to

ascertain

whether

a

place

meets

all

these

new

and

inventive

standards

Who

for

instance

is

supposed

to

decide

whether

a

places

role

in

maintaining

cultural

identify

and

practice

is

primary

As

opposed

to

secondary

tertiary

or

quaternary

Note

too

the

reference

to

NRHP

guidelines

What

guidelines

are

these

Certainly

not

Bulletin

The

bibliography

also

refers

to

National

Register

Bulletin

if

that

bulletin

provides

advice

upon

which

the

authors

base

their

assumptions

it

would

have

been

helpful

for

them

to

have

provided

a

specific

citation

But

no

we

are

simply

assured

that

New

Souths

case

is

grounded

on

NRHP

guidelines

The

mysterious

guidelines

are

referred

to

again

on

page

where

we

are

told

that

NRHP

guidelines

distinguish

a

TCP

as

a

property

that

not

only

meets

existing

as

opposed

one

imagines

to

nonexistent

criteria

as

a

historic

property

but

is

also

one

that

represents

a

continuing

association

whose

primary

importance

is

its

role

in

maintaining

cultural

identity

and

practice

The

authors

go

on

to

warn

us

that

properties

will

not

meet

TCP

criteria

if

the

continuity

of

their

use

has

significantly

changed

over

time

if

they

do

not

retain

sufficient

integrity

and

most

importantly

if

they

do

not

contribute

to

maintaining

Gladesmen

Culture

as

a

whole

Again

as

far

as

I

can

tell

New

South

has

made

up

these

standards

on

the

spot

out

of

thin

air

Who

Sez

But

lets

assume

just

for

a

moment

that

there

really

is

some

National

Register

guideline

that

makes

all

those

preposterous

statements

How

would

one

operationalize

it

Notably

who

is

to

determine

whether

the

use

of

a

place

has

significantly

changed

Or

whether

it

retains

sufficient

integrity

Sufficient

relative

to

what

And

who

decides

whether

a

place

contributes

to

maintaining

Gladesmen

Culture

particularly

as

a

whole

New

South

never

tells

us

but

it

becomes

abundantly

clear

that

the

invariable

answer

to

the

question

of

who

says

is

you

guessed

it

New

South

Despite

Bulletin

repeated

calls

for

evaluating

the

significance

and

integrity

of

places

with

reference

to

the

views

and

beliefs

of

those

who

value

them

the

Gladesmen

report

authors

never

miss

a

beat

in

skipping

from

describing

properties

to

evaluating

them

with

never

a

reference

that

I

could

find

to

the

views

of

Gladesmen

themselves

Chapter

IX

presents

the

studys

results

which

the

authors

unblushingly

identify

on

page

as

New

South

Associates

findings

The

Bottom

Line

And

what

are

these

findings

That

eleven

of

the

thirteen

properties

described

just

havent

been

demonstrated

by

whom

to

be

TCPs

or

lack

sufficient

information

to

permit

evaluation

Two

properties

a

duck

camp

and

the

site

of

an

airboat

association

already

identified

by

the

Corps

as

eligible

for

the

Register

are

identified

as

honesttogosh

TCPs

Heres

one

typical

example

of

how

New

South

writes

off

possible

TCPs

It

happens

to

be

Duck

Camp

but

it

could

be

any

of

the

others

Oral

history

suggests

that

this

campsite

has

been

in

use

by

modern

Gladesmen

since

the

late

as

well

as

during

earlier

times

However

use

of

the

camp

by

regional

Gladesmen

changed

with

its

ownership

by

Governor

Kirk

and

the

current

camp

cabin

was

not

built

until

the

While

the

location

has

a

known

Gladesmen

association

that

qualifies

it

as

an

historic

property

New

South

does

not

recommend

Duck

Camp

to

the

NRHP

as

a

TCP

Just

like

that

The

site

is

associated

through

oral

history

with

Gladesmen

use

since

sometime

before

the

late

but

New

South

in

its

Olympian

wisdom

does

not

recommend

it

as

a

TCP

Why

Well

were

not

told

but

maybe

it

has

something

to

do

with

that

house

But

were

talking

about

a

site

here

are

we

not

Which

in

NRHP

lingo

means

a

piece

of

real

property

regardless

of

any

buildings

or

structures

on

it

Or

maybe

its

something

in

the

oral

history

maybe

people

say

naah

we

dont

care

about

that

place

If

thats

what

they

say

it

might

have

been

nice

of

the

authors

to

mention

it

But

New

South

apparently

feels

no

need

to

justify

its

judgments

with

data

it

is

sufficient

that

it

does

not

recommend

the

place

The

statement

does

go

on

The

camp

appears

to

be

typical

of

a

midcentury

Everglades

backcountry

camp

that

is

used

by

an

individual

or

a

small

number

of

people

Is

this

some

sort

of

implicit

standard

Must

the

camp

be

atypical

Used

by

more

than

a

small

sic

number

of

people

We

are

not

told

We

are

told

however

in

another

unsubstantiated

statement

of

imperious

opinion

that

Duck

Camp

does

not

exhibit

a

continuing

association

with

modern

Gladesmen

Culture

as

a

whole

and

therefore

is

not

recommended

as

a

TCP

Excuse

me

Have

the

authors

not

just

asserted

that

Duck

Camp

has

a

Gladesmen

association

extending

back

to

before

the

Is

this

somehow

not

continuing

Did

Governor

Kirks

ownership

sever

that

relationship

If

so

how

Or

is

the

failure

somehow

to

reflect

association

with

Gladesman

culture

as

a

whole

what

dooms

the

camp

The

somewhat

detailed

data

on

Duck

Camp

found

on

pages

does

not

clarify

The

rest

of

the

evaluations

are

similar

Each

briefly

summarizes

descriptive

data

on

the

site

and

then

states

a

conclusion

substantiated

by

nothing

other

than

New

Souths

selfassumed

authority

Conclusions

What

are

we

to

make

of

this

report

Its

certainly

not

an

example

I

intend

to

cite

except

perhaps

as

an

indicator

of

how

not

to

evaluate

TCPs

But

why

in

the

world

is

it

as

it

is

Does

it

give

the

Corps

of

Engineers

anything

it

can

really

use

in

designing

and

carrying

out

the

CERP

Does

it

give

Gladesmen

any

help

in

preserving

these

places

that

as

the

reports

title

implies

they

just

cant

live

without

Did

preparing

it

accomplish

anything

other

than

to

support

some

New

South

employees

for

awhile

and

bring

New

South

some

overhead

I

dont

know

but

I

do

know

that

the

report

butchers

the

very

notion

of

traditional

cultural

properties

wildly

misinterpreting

Bulletin

I

suspect

too

that

it

has

given

the

Corps

an

ostensibly

authoritative

basis

for

writing

off

the

traditional

cultural

significance

of

Gladesmen

sites

and

perhaps

more

importantly

of

Gladesmen

cultural

landscapes

as

it

moves

forward

with

implementing

the

CERP

Ogden

Laura

A

Swamplife

People

Gators

and

Mangroves

Entangled

in

the

Everglades

Minneapolis

University

of

Minnesota

Press

Parker

Patricia

L

and

Thomas

F

King

Guidelines

for

the

Evaluation

and

Documentation

of

Traditional

Cultural

Properties

National

Register

Bulletin

Washington

DC

National

Register

of

Historic

Places

National

Park

Service

Simmons

Glenn

and

Laura

Ogden

Gladesmen

Gator

Hunters

Moonshiners

and

Skiffers

Gainesville

University

Press

of

Florida

Posted

by

Tom

King

at

PM

Email

This

BlogThis

Share

to

Twitter

Older

Post

Home

Subscribe

to

Post

Comments

Atom

Pages

Home

That

Petition

Again

Welcome

to

Tom

Kings

CRM

Plus

Welcome

to

my

blog

on

topics

related

to

cultural

resource

management

whatever

that

may

mean

to

you

or

me

I

hope

you

find

some

interest

in

what

you

read

here

that

youll

add

your

own

contributions

and

that

youll

encourage

others

to

have

a

look

Thanks

Followers

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Archive

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traditional cultural properties
gladesmen report


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Designer Kamali Below is the solution for Designer Kamali crossword clue This clue was last seen on Nov 6 2016 in the Newsday crossword puzzle While searching our database we found 1 possible solution matching the query Designer Kamali Please check the answer provided below and if its not what you are looking for then head over to the main post and use the search function You can always go back at Newsday Crossword Puzzles crossword puzzle and find the other solutions for todays crossword clues Designer Kamali crossword clue POSSIBLE ANSWER NORMA Post navigation Cybermemo Equinox mo

B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O


Clue Switch settings Switch settings is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted over 20 times There are related clues shown below Referring crossword puzzle answers ONS OFFS Likely related crossword puzzle clues Switch positions Blows away Walk___ small roles Does in Rubs out Dispatches Gets rid of Takes out Wipes out Whacks Recent usage in crossword puzzles Sheffer Oct 26 2018 Sheffer Oct 16 2018 Penny Dell July 25 2018 Sheffer Oct 7 2017 Pat Sajak Code Letter Sept 24 2017 Sheffer July 24 2017 Sheffer July 22 2017 Joseph July 13 2017 Penny Dell June 29 2017 Sheffer May 31 2017 WSJ Daily April 28 2017 Sheffer March 28 2017 Sheffer March 20 2017 Pat Sajak Code Letter Jan 28 2017 Sheffer Dec 22 2016 Penny Dell Oct 31 2016 USA Today April 11 2016 Joseph March 25 2016 Joseph March 18 2016 USA Today Aug 1 2015

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O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


PO Singapore Updated Local Classics At The Warehouse Hotel Popiah And Hokkien Mee Goes Upmarket by admin January 25 2017 in Feature Review Food Singapore Singapore South No Comments 5726 PO at newly restored The Wardhouse Hotel at Havelock Road can be considered a tribute to food from our Popo an affectionate way we call our grannies Food served includes familystyle dishes inspired by grannies recipes and humble local classics which are given an updated twist The chefconsultant behind PO is no stranger to modernised local food Chef Willin Low behind Wild Rocket is one of the first to introduce ModSin food in Singapore in a bigger way Disclosure I had this meal with Willin himself who wanted to dine at PO as a regular customer for the first time instead of testing food in the kitchen Yes he came sort of disguised but people recognised him anyway except me who didnt initially Anyway I told him I would be frank in this writeup he totally understands though not everyone does LOL oh well The highlight at PO is interestingly the POpiah which Willin said he pursued a granny so hard till he got a glimpse of her secret recipe Popiah skin is specially ordered from Kway Guan Huat a 3rd generation family business at Joo Chiat The Popiah comes in options of Classic Platter 28 a more luxurious Prawn Platter 38 featuring fresh tiger prawns and Fresh Flower Crab Platter 58 with handpicked crabmeat So my question to you Dear Singaporeans will you pay 28 to wrap 4 Popiah yourself while knowing you can get a 2 x4 version easily elsewhere all wrapped I personally think it is about time that Singapores very own local street food can go upmarket to be served on different platforms We can not just expect cheapcheapcheap as cost of living go all the way up Wrapping Popiah could be a way to introduce our local cultures to foreign guests as well provided you know some history about this dish My own Popo used to make a superb version almost every weekend and doing it all over again brought back lovely memories Back to POs Popiah I liked the freshness of the ingredients especially the prawns used Crispy shallots added gave the fillings a light crunch as you bite through The stewed grated turnip fillings wasnt the usual type I was used to and I wished it included some dried shrimps and well pork belly or lard Thats just me To be objective I thought portion of the turnip could be more as it seemed just enough to wrap 3 sufficiently I also ordered a Truffle Duck Pie Tee 19 for 6 because I was intrigued enough A moment of surprise as I popped the entire shell always eat this all in a mouthful and not in separate bites There was an unexpected bottom layer of mash with truffle which provided a big contrast to the topping of savoury tasty braised pulled duck I suspect this would be an eitheryoulikeit or youdont option Lets just say I may not order this again My favourite dishes were the Carabinero Prawns and Konbu Mee 32 and Kurobuta Char Siew 19 The former is another atas version of the familiar Hokkien Mee Surprisingly with wok hei cooked in rich prawn stock giving the noodles an intense flavour with sakura ebi adding delightful crisp every spoonful The Kurobuta Char Siew 19 was beautifully charred with caramalised finished As the pork collar was sousvide for 24 hours the bite was soft and tender Another worthy char siew other than Chars Other highlights include the Barramundi Salad 19 inspired by local yu sheng Charcoalgrilled Iberico Satay 20 POs Ngoh Hiang 15 and Paper Spring Chicken 49 PO does some pleasing renditions and updates on our local food It is somewhat inventive but doesnt go overboard Price is on the high side but understandably because of the ingredients used and the type of customer base it will possibly attract PO The Warehouse Hotel 320 Havelock Road Robertson Quay Singapore 169628 Tel 65 6828 0000 Opening Hours Lunch 1130am 230pm Last order 230pm Dinner 600pm 1000pm Last order 1000pm Follow DanielFoodDiary on Facebook and Instagram for more food news food videos and travel highlights This meal was a treat Loading Lo And Behold PO Review PO Singapore PO The Warehouse Hotel The Warehouse Hotel

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O


Home Math Language Arts Resources Calendar Contact Our Class Our School Meet Mrs Davis Lose a Document Journeys Unit 2 Lesson 10 A Cupcake Party Lesson 10 A Cupcake Party by David McPhail Question to think about How do the parts of a story work together Words to Know eat give one put small and take Spelling Words us sun but fun bus and run practice here Phonics Using nd mp nt st and short u Using ump Comprehension Story structure beginning middle and end of the story and visualize This means to create visual pictures or focus on the sounds textures smells and tastes of the story Retelling a story Vocabulary Strategies Synonyms words that mean about the same Fluency Practice Stress emphasizing certain words more than others Grammar Using prepositions and prepositional phrases prepositions for where on up away and for when after now today Writing Writing descriptions and thinking about organization Web Resources Consonant Blends Word Find Unit 11 Word Builder Unit 11

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Welcome to the Davy Crockett TA Travel Center IHOP PAPA JOHNS PIZZA DUNKIN DONUTS EXPRESS We are your DESTINATION Travel Center when traveling I81 through Tennessee Plenty of Parking Large 6 Bay Truck Service Chrome Shop Several Food Options Nice Clean Showers Restrooms Large Drivers Lounge More From Us To You Happy New Year Customer Reviews and Testimonials Watch the video of the flag dedication at the Davy Crockett TA Travel Center for Army Corporal Carl Dana Brandon Wed like to give a thank you to all the men and women who risk their lives for our freedom as well Watch the video below to hear Tony Justice talk about his hometown truckstop Watch the video here below to see our Davy Crockett TA Travel Center ad

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Home Water and Waste Management Watershed Management Biological Monitoring Biological Monitoring In 1995 the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection DEP established the Watershed Assessment Program to assess and report on the water quality of the States streams and lakes Following a period of restructuring within the agency the programs name was changed to the Watershed Assessment Branch WAB The WAB is comprised of a staff of biologists and environmental scientists who measure and assess the chemical and physical properties of water assess habitat conditions and collect biological samples in the form of benthic macroinvertebrates and fish from streams and lakes throughout the state As of 2017 the WAB has collected 9330 benthic macroinvertebrate samples at 6450 stations from 3630 different streams About 527 fish community samples have been collected at 492 stations from 404 different streams Since 1998 the WAB has used the benthic macroinvertebrate data to measure the biological health of West Virginia streams Fish community sampling in streams has been part of WAB biological monitoring since 2006 Water Sampling Habitat Assessment Benthic Macroinvertebrates Benthic macroinvertebrates also known as benthos are small animals living among stones logs sediments and aquatic plants on the bottom of streams rivers and lakes They are large enough to see with the naked eye macro and have no backbone invertebrate Insects comprise the largest diversity of the these organisms and include mayflies stoneflies caddisflies beetles midges crane flies dragonflies and others Noninsect members of the benthic macroinvertebrate community are snails clams aquatic worms and crayfish To date the WAB has collected and identified 538 different kinds mostly Genus level identifications of benthos from 6202 stations on 5530 different streams throughout West Virginia The WAB has found the diversity of some benthos to be especially high including mayflies 49 genera and stoneflies 43 genera Some benthic genera are fairly common throughout the state while others are limited in their distribution to just a few areas The most commonly encountered benthos is the midge Polypedilum Family Chironomidae found at 81 of collection stations The caddisfly Cheumatopsyche Family Hydropsychidae and mayfly Baetis Family Baetidae have been found at 77 and 72 of the stations respectively The netwinged midge Blepharicera Family Blephariceridae is not common found at only 12 of all collection stations This sensitive organism is restricted to the steeper streams in the higher mountains of the state where oxygen rich water cascades over waterfalls and tumbles through small rapids and riffles For more information about benthic macroinvertebrates click on a link below WAB Benthic Macroinvertebrate Data Quality Reporting Tool Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates West Virginia Save Our Streams Benthic Macroinvertebrate Images West Virginia Save Our Streams SFS Taxonomic Certification Program Benthic Macroinvertebrate and Fish Topics Habitats Adaptations Importance in Food Webs Biological Indicators Collecting Bethic Macroinvertebrates Using to Assess Biological Conditions WVSCI Scoring Process WVSCI Example Fish Reference Site Criteria Caddisfly Family Hydropsychidae Mayfly Family Baetidae Midge Family Blephariceridae Habitats Benthic macroinvertebrates live in a wide variety of habitats and can be found from the smallest headwater streams down to the largest rivers In West Virginia benthic macroinvertebrates are especially diverse having adapted to the complex array of streams that dissect the mountains and tumble through the narrow valleys In general benthic organisms are most diverse in the fast flowing riffle and run areas of streams Compared to pools and glides riffles and runs are shallower and have higher stream gradients and faster water velocities They are composed of rough materials such as large gravel cobbles and small boulders that create turbulence and oxygenate the water while providing a stable habitat for benthos to live Many insect benthos spend the majority of their lives anywhere from 1 month to 4 years depending on the species in the water and only emerge as adults for a few Bee Run Small headwater stream benthos habitat Gandy Creek Mountain trout stream benthos habitat Adult Stonefly Adaptations Benthic macroinvertebrates have special adaptations that allow them to live in the stream environment These adaptations may be unique physical features or even specialized behaviors For example many species have flattened bodies that allow them to hide between boulders and cobbles thus limiting the stress of fastmoving water and allowing them to avoid some predators Others have sharp claws suction cups or other grasping mechanisms on their bodies to prevent them from being swept away in the swiftflowing current Black fly larvae Family Simuliidae have a silk gland and posterior hooks that are used to anchor them in place while Mayfly Family Heptageniidae flattened body Black Fly Family Simuliidae silk glands and hooks Feeding Benthos are often classified based on their feeding strategy The stonefly Pteronarcys Family Pteronarcyidae is in the shredder functional feeding group These large stoneflies primarily consume decaying leaves that have fallen into the stream from trees along the forested riparian corridor The water penny beetle Family Psephenidae is a scraper and can be observed grazing on algae that covers rocks and logs The mayfly Family Baetidae is classified as a collectorgatherer primarily feeding on fine pieces of organic material on the stream bottom The most recognized predator in the aquatic insect world is the larval form of the dobsonfly more commonly known as the hellgrammite Family Corydalidae Hellgrammites are active predators crawling Beetle Family Psephenidae grazing on algae Hellgrammite searching for prey Importance in Food Webs Benthic macroinvertebrates are extremely important in aquatic food webs In most streams the energy stored by plants is available for consumption by benthos either in the form of leaves that fall into the water or in the form of algae that grows on the stream bottom The energy derived by eating leaves and algae is then transferred from benthos to other life forms in and around the stream such as fish frogs salamanders snakes birds and even fishermen In another sense benthos are important for recreational purposes as thousands of trout anglers strive to match the hatch of many species Brook Trout preys on benthic macroinvertebrates Mud Salamander preys on benthic macroinvertebrates Biological Indicators Benthic macroinvertebrates provide reliable and comprehensive information on water and habitat quality and have been used as biological indicators in many parts of the world for nearly 100 years In some cases it may be difficult to identify pollutants and stressors in streams with chemistry data alone which only provides information pertinent to the precise time of sampling Even the presence of fish may not be indicative of the status of a stream because fish can swim away to avoid polluted water or unfavorable habitat conditions and then return when conditions improve Many benthic macroinvertebrates are not as mobile as Nutrient enrichment from livestock waste Sediment depostion from construction activity Collecting Benthic Macroinvertebrates Streams in West Virginia are primarily high gradient with coarse substrate materials such as boulder cobble and gravel These physical conditions are responsible for the typical rifflerun habitats commonly found in most streams across the state The Watershed Assessment Branch samples these riffleruns for benthos by using a handheld net often referred to as a kicknet Generally speaking the net is secured to the stream bottom in a rifflerun while the cobbles and gravels upstream are cleaned and disturbed kicked causing the benthos to float downstream into the net This procedure is used statewide by the WAB in all wadeable Entities wishing to collect benthic macroinvertebrates from West Virginia streams for basic environmental research studies or permitting projects will need to obtain a scientific collection permit from the West Virginia DNR which requires that the investigators follow the methods established and used by the WAB The WAB Standard Operating Procedures may be found following this link Scientific Collection Permit Division of Natural Resources DNR Page Hosted by DEP Collecting benthos Processing benthos Sorting benthos Using Benthic Macroinvertebrates to Assess Biological Conditions In order to extract and understand the information presented by a benthic macroinvertebrate sample the WAB uses a tool commonly called an Index of Biotic Integrity IBI An IBI is a summary score that is comprised of several biological indicators called metrics A metric is a characteristic of the biological community that changes in some predictable way with increases in human disturbance For example species richness sometimes called diversity generally exhibits a marked decrease as human disturbance increases Therefore it is one of the most commonly utilized component metrics of IBIs In 2000 the WAB collaborated with the United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA Region III to develop its own IBI a multimetric index for biological assessments called the West Virginia Stream Condition Index WVSCI The WVSCI summarizes family level identifications of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages to assess the biological condition of wadeable streams with rifflerun habitats This index includes six biological metrics that represent elements of the structure and composition of benthic macroinvertebrate communities The WVSCI metrics were selected to maximize discrimination between streams with known stressors and reference streams Reference streams have little or no human disturbances and therefore exhibit good water quality and habitat conditions Many of the streams that the WAB recognizes as reference sites are located on public lands such as Monongahela National Forest and the West Virginia State Park system WVSCI Document WVSCI Addendum During West Virginias 2012 legislative session Senate Bill 562 was passed This legislation requires the DEP to develop new assessment methodology that will be subject to legislative approval The process to develop and evaluate options for assessing stream health more holistically is ongoing and specifically considers the use of fish community information along with benthic macroinvertebrate index scores as part of the assessment methodology Fish Community Assessments Fish community assessments are an important component of many water quality management programs These assessments can be useful for making decisions regarding biological integrity and overall stream health Similar to benthic macroinvertebrates samples of fish communities from streams can be assessed using an IBI Recently 2015 the DEP collaborated with West Virginia University to finalize the development of fish IBIs specifically applicable to West Virginia fish communities It was determined during the IBI development that fish communities varied regionally and therefore required region specific expectations The end result is that IBIs have been developed for 3 of the 5 distinct West Virginia Fish IBI Report Consumption Advisories Human activities have allowed the discharge of chemicals trace metals and other contaminants into the waters of the state Fish and other aquatic organisms may bioaccumulate these contaminants in their tissues to levels much higher than those in the water and sediments The WAB collects fish of various species from West Virginias waterbodies in order to determine if contaminants are present in their tissues and to what level This information is used by the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources through an interagency agreement with West Virginias DEP and Division of Natural Resources to develop consumption advisories for Fish Consumption Advisory

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Editing features Editing vertices and segments Performing spatial adjustments About spatial adjustment Choosing the data to be adjusted Creating displacement links Saving displacement links Setting the link and limited adjustment area symbols Modifying displacement links Selecting displacement links Viewing the spatial adjustment link table Transforming data Edgematching data Rubbersheeting data Previewing the spatial adjustment Performing the spatial adjustment Transferring attributes Performing the spatial adjustment ArcMap 103 Other versions Once you have chosen which data to adjust selected an adjustment method set the adjustment properties created links and previewed the result you can perform the adjustment Clicking the Adjust command executes the spatial adjustment Once an adjustment has been performed displacement links are removed from the document You can undo an adjustment to return to the original state if the results are not what you intended You can also save links to a text file through the link table Click the Spatial Adjustment menu Click Adjust Related Topics Previewing the spatial adjustment Feedback on this topic

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in Devil May Cry 2 lesser demons Playable characters Female Secretary Secretary Personal Data Species Artifical Demon Status Inactive Relations Arius Creator Deceased Lucia Fellow Secretary Defected Real World Data Appearances Devil May Cry 2 Actors Françoise Gralewski Gallery A Secretary is a moderate enemy encountered in Devil May Cry 2 Their public personas serve as bodyguards for Arius the CEO of the Uroboros Corporation In actuality the Secretaries are artificial demons or mannequins created by Arius through his knowledge of arcane sciences Contents show Description A Secretary wears a plum leather outfit with leather gloves and highheeled boots and wears a birdlike feathered mask at all times to conceal her face They have the body of a beautiful young woman but can also assume a Devil Trigger form These demonic forms look much the same as Lucias own Devil Trigger but have dark feathers making them appear as the raven to Lucias dove As their arms are shorter in Devil Trigger their weapons float around their hands rather than being held Story Devil May Cry 2 Lucia discovers that she is a Secretary Main article Lucia Long before Dante is called to Dumary Island Χ was one of the Secretaries but due to a defect Arius ordered for her to be disposed of However Matier found the demon and raised her as a daughter naming her Lucia Like her foster mother Lucia became one of the Vie de Marli who protect the island Years later when Lucia confronts Arius at the oil rigs helicopter pad he reveals her true nature as a defective Secretary and has one of his attendant Secretaries remove her mask to reveal a face that matches Lucias In disbelief she attacks but her daggers are deflected back at her ripping her clothes and revealing the Χ marked on her shoulder In order to prevent Arius from summoning Argosax the Chaos Dante ascends the Uroboros Corporations Skyscraper Sanctum When he reaches the top he reveals that he switched the Arcana Medaglia with his own twosided coin which causes the ritual to fail Furious Arius and his Secretaries attack Dante but they are defeated Devil May Cry 2 Gameplay Dante fights Arius and two Secretaries in Mission 17 Both of them are quick and agile able to easily dodge Dantes attacks with a good window of time left to retaliate However their fighting style in itself is not as different as Lucias so knowing her moves will be a reasonable help in avoiding the clones attacks Usually after avoiding Dantes attacks around three times they will attempt to retaliate using their swords Dodging quickly and attacking afterwards will guarantee a successful combo hit and have them fall to the ground as well as waiting until they rise up again for another easy Jomothumsira that are summoned The Secretary becomes a playable character after clearing Lucia Must Die mode However much like Trish in both Dantes and Lucias disks she does not appear in any ingame cutscenes when played as She has access to all of the same equipment as Lucia Devil May Cry 2 Background The Secretarybird is a longlegged raptorlike bird of prey native to Africa While the exact history behind the birds name is unclear the demons name can be interpreted as a homograph referring either to the bird with which it shares several aesthetic similarities or to its role as an office assistant Gallery Secretary Devil Trigger Bloody Palace picture reward Secretary Demon Form Flying Secretary Secretary in Game Secretary in Save Menu Secretary Status Screen Unlocked Secretary screen Notes and references Devil May Cry 2 Enemy File Secretary This beautiful artificial creature is created from Ariuss knowledge of magic and science Devil May Cry 2 Characters Arius Dante Lucia Matier Trish Bosses Argosax Bolverk Furiataurus Infested Chopper Infested Tank Jokatgulm Nefasturris Noctpteran Orangguerra Phantom Tartarussian Plutonian Tateobesu Trismagia Lesser Demons Blade Demonochorus Erupt Gel Finis Demon Flambat Infestant Goat Clan Mancer Demon Msira Puia Sargasso Savage Golem Secretary Spicere Weapons Dantes weapons Merciless Rebellion Vendetta Ebony Ivory Missile Launcher Shotgun Submachine Guns Lucias weapons Cutlaseer Klyamoor Zambak Bow Gun Cranky Bomb Darts Throwing Daggers Trishs weapons Sparda Luce Ombra Nightmareγ Locations Miscellaneous Dantes Office Demon World Dumary Island Human World Arcana Amulet Guidepost Majin Form Categories Devil May Cry 2 lesser demons Playable characters Female Artificial Demons Demons Lesser demons

O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O B B O O B O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O


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Mean Annual Precipitation MAP Concepts The MAP mm characterises the long term quantity of water available to a region for hydrological and agricultural purposes Under nonirrigated conditions it gives an upper limit to a regions sustainable agricultural potential in regard to biomass production if other factors eg light temperature topography soils are not limiting Not only is MAP important as a general statistic in its own right but it is probably also that climatic variable best known to hydrologists and farmers and to which they can relate many other things In southern African agrohydrological studies MAP has for example been used as a variable related to monthly rainfall distribution design flood prediction the number of raindays or crop production eg Schulze 1983 Schmidt and Schulze 1987 Dent Lynch and Schulze 1989 While simple to calculate and attractive to use the concept of MAP nevertheless has its weaknesses in that in southern Africa negative departures of annual precipitation ie low rainfall years are more numerous than positive ones ie higher than average years and therefore annual rainfalls are not distributed normally ie they have a positive skew and MAPs are frequently inflated by a few very high annual totals from very wet years especially in areas of low rainfall Distribution of MAP The overall feature of the distribution of MAP over southern Africa is that it decreases fairly uniformly westwards from the escarpment across the interior plateau Between the escarpment and the ocean in both the southern and the eastern coastal margins there is the expected complexity of rainfall patterns induced by irregularities of terrain About 35 of southern Africa receives less than 300 mm per annum as a result of the presence of subtropical high pressure cells which inhibit rainfall generation because of predominantly subsiding air while only about 7 has a MAP exceeding 800 mm Perusal of the statistics indicates Annual Precipitation in the Wettest and Driest Years in Five Using a frequency distribution of annual precipitation values the wettest year in 5 was represented by 20th percentile of exceedence and the driest year in 5 by the 80th percentile There is a general shift of isohyets eastwards for the driest year in 5 and westwards for the wettest year in 5 Coefficient of Variation of Annual Precipitation Concepts The average amount of precipitation need not necessarily be a constraint to successfully carrying out an agricultural or water resources operation in fact one can get by with and adapt ones practices and operating rules to a low rainfall if one has the assurance that the rains will fall when needed or as expected Average annual precipitation maps however do not show the natural yeartoyear variability of rainfall that occurs For this reason the socalled Coefficient of Variation or CV expressed as a percentage was mapped The higher the CV the more variable the yeartoyear ie interannual rainfall of a The CV of annual precipitation is an index of climatic risk indicating a likelihood of fluctuations in reservoir storage or crop yield from year to year Agriculturally it is perhaps a more crucial statistic in marginal areas than in either very dry areas where farming practices have adapted to variability or in wet areas where relatively lower interannual variabilities are generally expected A rule of thumb established over 50 years ago already by Conrad 1941 from analyses of rainfalls worldwide is that the higher the MAP the lower its interannual variability was likely to be In other words areas with a low annual rainfall are likely to be doubly worse off because they will additionally suffer from high deviations around their already low average rainfall This inverse relationship between CV and MAP has been documented in several previous studies of rainfall over South Africa eg Schulze 1979 1983 Distribution of CV of Annual Precipitation The map of CV of yeartoyear rainfall illustrates a general westward increase in the coefficient from less than 20 in the higher rainfall areas mainly along the eastern seaboard to over 40 in the Northern Cape It is important to note that on a monthly or seasonal basis rainfall variability is considerably higher than on an annual basis eg Schultze1983 Rainfall Concentration Concepts The distribution and selection of crops or the sustainability of veld or the period in which most runoff is generated depend not only on annual amounts variability or seasonality but also on the duration of the rainy season ie whether the rainfall season is concentrated over a short period of the year only or spread over a longer period A rainfall concentration index is calculated by a set of relatively complex equations developed by Markham In essence a concentration index of 100 would imply that all of a locations rainfall falls very concentratedly in one single month whereas a concentration index of 0 would mean the rainfall of each month of the year is the same The higher the concentration index therefore the less spread the rainfall season is over time irrespective of whether it is a high or low rainfall area or in a winter or summer rainfall region Distribution of Rainfall Concentration The accompanying map of rainfall concentration shows that the highest concentrations with percentages exceeding 65 are in the north of the Northern Province and the Northern Cape while the lowest rainfall concentrations are found along the south coast of the Eastern and Western Cape provinces where values are below 10 indicating an even spread of rainfall throughout the year The tabulated statistics of rainfall concentration derived from the 437 ooor gridded values covering southern Africa confirm the Northern NorthWest and Northern Cape provinces to having high concentrations but additionally show that in those provinces the ranges of high concentrations between Rainfall Seasonality Concepts An area may have high or low average rainfall a high or relatively low variability of rainfall from one year to the next or its rainfall may be concentrated over a short rainy season or spread over a longer period That does not yet however indicate anything about the season in which the rain falls be it predominantly in winter or throughout the year or in summer and if in summer whether it be in early late or very late summer Rainfall seasonality is an important agrohydrological consideration particularly when viewed in the light of runoff generation or in agriculture Delineation of Rainfall Seasonality Regions As with rainfall concentration the seasonality of rainfall is best determined by the socalled Markham technique To delineate southern Africa into regions of rainfall seasonality the all yearrainfall region was first identified by analysing the median ie expected monthly rainfalls at each of the 437 000 grid points over the region All grid points with a rainfall concentration 20 were designated all year rainfall Next the winter rainfall regions were isolated by a Smoothed Percentages index These were grid points where the smoothed percentage index of the annual rainfall for each of the months June July and August exceeded 8 Why Monthly Rainfall Totals There are many water resources as well as agricultural problems and decisions for which MAPs or even wetdry season precipitation totals be they high or low are of relatively little consequence because an intrayear distribution of rainfall is required Monthly rainfall values serve as an important tool in describing such an intrayear distribution It should however be borne in mind that the use of the calendar month is but a time step of convenience for describing temporal patterns of rainfall for it breaks up annual precipitation into components of time long enough to smooth out many of the irregularities of Why Median and not Mean Monthly Rainfall The median is the middle value when a data series is ranked from highest to lowest It therefore designates a statistically expected value with as many years having been wetter than the median as there are years having had less rain than the median value Mean values are frequently inflated by a few heavy and extreme events or outlier events that may have occurred a phenomenon which is especially prevalent in dry regions or in generally dry months Under such rainfall regimes the mean is therefore not as representative of expected conditions as the median The Importance of Rainfall to Agriculture Among the various individual climatic parameters which influence the growth characteristics of crops in southern Africa the most important is considered to be water Limitations in water availability are frequently a restrictive factor in plant development and water is essential for the maintenance of physiological and chemical processes within the plant acting as an energy exchanger and carrier of nutrient food supply in solution In any regional study of agricultural production rainfall is therefore of fundamental importance Focus is invariably on the patterns of rainfall in time and over an area by asking initially how much it rains where it rains its spatial distribution when it rains its seasonal distribution how frequently it rains and what the duration and intensity of rainfall events are In their analyses of rainfall however the concerns of farmers go further since they need to consider also how variable the rainfall is from year to year or for a given month and how frequently droughts of a certain level of severity are likely to recur The reservoir of water from which crops draw their moisture supply through the soil is derived mainly in the form of rainfall with relatively minor contributions in southern Africa from dew fog and snow Not all rainfall is however freely available to the crop through the soil as some is intercepted by the plant Distribution of Median Monthly Rainfall FebruaryMay The distinctive feature of these four months is the transition from areas with summer rainfalls to areas with winter rainfalls This is evident particularly in April with its similar rainfall patterns and interquintile ranges ie the difference between the 20 and 80 exceedence probability values throughout southern Africa Up to April KwaZuluNatal remains the wet province while the Western Cape is the dry province until the end of March Distribution of Median Monthly Rainfall JuneSeptember June to August are very much the months in which the Western Cape is the only province to really feature in terms of median rainfall amounts The summer rainfall regions with the virtual absence of rainfall except along the east coast and where it is orographically induced by mountains is characterised by CVs often being meaninglessly high designated with a in the tables because they have been computed from low base values with a small number of outliers distorting the statistic September patterns show the gradual phasing in of summer rains Distribution of Median Monthly Rainfall OctoberDecember Gauteng Mpumalanga and KwaZuluNatal feature as the generally wet provinces in these months with the decline of precipitation particularly obvious in the winter rainfall areas of the Western Cape which also displays high intraprovincial CVs in the last three months of the year

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mean annual precipitation
rainfall concentration
rainfall seasonality


About Southwestern Seminary desires to see teenagers who for the glory of the Father and in the power of the Spirit spend a lifetime embracing the full supremacy of the Son responding to His kingly reign in all of life inviting Christ to live His life through them and joining Him in making disciples among all peoples To that end the seminary has presented a gift to the churches That gift is a comprehensive sixyear curriculum to be used with those specific teenagers who want to be disciples of Jesus The studies are grounded in Scripture and include the content areas Apologetics Core Doctrines Servant Leadership Biblical Interpretation Ethics Spiritual Disciplines Biblical Relationships Evangelism and Missions Worldview Teenagers share in the leadership of the sessions They prepare to disciple believers now and for a lifetime nearby and to the ends of the earth The Disciple6 curriculum is available as free PDF downloads and free smartphonetablet downloads Southwestern Seminary believes every teenager and every church deserves the best discipleship resources regardless of economic situation Download the Leaders Guide below Download Leaders Guide Lessons Disciple6 is a sixyear curriculum for making teenage disciples To learn how to choose lessons for a particular year or a particular age group see page 13 of the Leaders Guide Blue Year Brown Year Green Year Purple Year Red Year Yellow Year Supplementary Resources Supplementary Lessons Disciple 6 Slide Disciple 6 Cover Image Disciple 6 Logo Frequently Asked Questions What Are the Lesson Titles How Would Our Church Teach This Curriculum In What Order Should the Lessons Be Taught How Does Our Church Get Ready Is This Curriculum a Magic Bullet Who Are the Writers Can This Study Lead to a College Scholarship Why Would Southwestern Seminary Give This Away Can we use Disciple 6 Graphics and Logos for Promotional Purposes

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