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Safeguarding

and

protection

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Menu

Types

of

abuse

Factors

that

may

contribute

to

an

individual

being

more

vulnerable

to

abuse

The

actions

I

would

take

if

there

are

suspicions

that

an

individual

is

being

abused

Ways

to

ensure

that

evidence

of

abuse

is

preserved

National

and

local

policies

Reports

into

serious

failures

to

protect

vulnerable

adults

from

abuse

Sources

of

information

and

advice

about

own

role

in

safeguarding

and

protecting

individuals

from

abuse

Sources

of

information

and

advice

about

own

role

in

safeguarding

and

protecting

individuals

from

abuse

Some

unsafe

practices

I

know

about

that

may

affect

the

wellbeing

of

individuals

The

actions

to

take

if

unsafe

practices

have

been

identified

The

action

to

take

if

unsafe

practices

have

been

reported

but

nothing

has

been

done

Types

of

abuse

Physical

Inflicting

bodily

harm

on

a

person

that

results

in

pain

or

an

injury

It

includes

being

hit

shoved

kicked

punched

held

choked

or

threatened

Signs

bruises

cuts

marks

scolds

etc

Symptoms

pain

depression

withdrawn

Sexual

Making

someone

partake

in

any

sexual

activity

including

touching

threats

and

exposure

to

pornography

Signs

physical

marks

uncharacteristic

languagebehaviour

Symptoms

poor

sleep

routines

withdrawn

selfneglect

Emotionalpsychological

Taking

control

of

or

overpowering

another

person

Signs

threats

neglect

ignoring

degrading

Symptoms

withdrawn

low

selfesteem

fearful

depression

Financial

Theft

fraud

withholding

funds

or

property

Signs

lack

of

money

gaps

in

accounts

large

credit

card

bills

isolation

dishevelled

Symptoms

frightened

depressed

low

selfesteem

Institutional

abuse

Routines

are

more

important

than

and

restrict

lifestyle

Will

often

include

verbal

emotional

and

physical

abuse

Signs

few

personal

possessions

dirty

clothes

cold

rooms

lack

of

quality

care

Symptoms

fearful

lack

of

motivation

Selfneglect

Not

paying

sufficient

attention

to

ones

wellbeing

Signs

poor

hygiene

and

living

conditions

Symptoms

Not

seeking

help

look

unkempt

Neglect

Deliberate

or

unknowing

lack

of

care

for

service

user

Signs

dirty

clothes

hands

and

nails

hungry

smelly

tired

Symptoms

appearance

deteriorates

Modern

slavery

Having

rights

removed

Signs

little

or

no

freetime

or

liberty

Symptoms

emotionalphysical

hold

by

a

third

party

Factors

that

may

contribute

to

an

individual

being

more

vulnerable

to

abuse

Age

either

young

or

old

A

poor

level

of

understanding

of

the

world

limites

capacity

Living

alone

Health

issues

Financial

issues

Religous

differences

Race

differences

Carers

issues

Carers

feeling

under

pressure

and

unable

to

cope

Poor

training

Poor

support

Carers

feeling

frustrated

or

isolated

Thinking

you

will

not

be

discovered

The

actions

I

would

take

if

there

are

suspicions

that

an

individual

is

being

abused

Reassure

the

individual

Tell

the

individual

that

it

needs

to

be

reported

Record

their

words

and

take

evidence

if

possible

datestimes

Tell

my

line

manager

Follow

it

up

to

ensure

action

is

taken

or

report

it

to

CQC

Ways

to

ensure

that

evidence

of

abuse

is

preserved

Record

evidence

on

a

body

chart

see

one

here

Keep

clothing

unwashed

Keep

written

records

in

a

safe

place

Take

photographs

if

appropriate

National

and

local

policies

DoLS

see

here

The

safeguards

are

used

to

protect

the

rights

of

people

who

lack

the

ability

to

make

certain

decisions

for

themselves

and

make

sure

that

their

freedom

is

not

inappropriately

restricted

They

do

this

by

helping

to

make

sure

that

decisions

made

on

their

behalf

are

done

so

in

their

best

interests

and

also

by

empowering

them

to

make

their

own

decisions

wherever

possible

Care

Act

see

here

An

Act

to

make

provision

to

reform

the

law

relating

to

care

and

support

for

adults

and

the

law

relating

to

support

for

carers

The

Ten

Steps

Northumberland

County

Council

see

here

This

procedural

guide

sets

out

to

describe

the

specific

action

we

need

to

take

to

ensure

that

people

who

have

or

may

have

experienced

harm

or

abuse

are

enabled

to

protect

themselves

or

are

involved

in

decision

making

to

safeguard

them

North

Tyneside

and

Northumberland

Multiagency

Adult

Safeguarding

Policy

see

here

The

vision

of

both

Safeguarding

Adults

Boards

in

North

Tyneside

and

Northumberland

is

to

promote

the

individuals

human

rights

their

capacity

for

independence

ensuring

each

person

is

treated

with

dignity

and

respect

and

able

to

enjoy

a

sustained

quality

of

life

and

improved

wellbeing

That

at

all

times

they

are

afforded

protection

from

abuse

neglect

discrimination

or

poor

treatment

and

that

their

carers

whether

paid

or

unpaid

are

safe

NAPPI

see

here

Assessment

prevention

and

management

of

service

users

whos

behavour

may

become

challenging

The

Police

protect

vulnerable

adults

and

investigate

allergations

CQC

We

monitor

inspect

and

regulate

health

and

social

care

services

httpwwwcqcorguk

Safeguarding

policy

CQC

see

here

Reports

into

serious

failures

to

protect

vulnerable

adults

from

abus

e

Baby

P

httpwwwcqcorgukcontentcarequalitycommissionpublishesreportnhscarebabypeter

Daniel

Pelka

httpwwwstaffordbcgovukliveDocumentsPolicyAndImprovementSeriousCaseReviewDanielPelkapdf

Victoria

Climbie

Winterbourne

view

national

response

Orchid

View

Sources

of

information

and

advice

about

own

role

in

safeguarding

and

protecting

individuals

from

abuse

Training

Supervision

Reviews

Statutory

reports

and

legislation

Social

Services

CQC

Sources

of

information

and

advice

about

own

role

in

safeguarding

and

protecting

individuals

from

abuse

a

working

with

person

centred

values

Treat

people

with

respectdignity

Prioritise

value

Get

to

know

the

individual

Treat

others

as

I

would

want

to

be

treated

b

encourage

active

participation

Help

to

reduce

isolation

Be

involved

in

their

own

community

Having

sense

on

worthvalue

Having

a

presence

being

known

Promote

inclusion

c

promoting

choice

and

rights

Choices

Encourage

selfdetermination

Encourage

discussion

on

all

decisions

Rights

Consider

views

Allow

other

to

have

a

voice

Encourage

value

The

importance

of

an

accessible

complaints

procedure

for

reducing

the

likelihood

of

abuse

Supports

the

right

to

be

heard

creates

a

listening

post

Aids

bringing

justice

on

anothers

behalf

Provides

a

process

for

rapid

resolution

Created

an

open

culture

It

must

be

easy

to

understand

and

implement

Let

me

know

when

you

are

unhappy

Some

unsafe

practices

I

know

about

that

may

affect

the

wellbeing

of

individuals

Grieving

Being

somewhere

newdifferent

Being

among

strangers

Having

different

values

Not

recording

changes

in

behavour

Changes

to

the

physical

environment

Unsafeunclean

environments

Inadequate

risk

assessments

Poor

care

plan

recording

Not

responding

to

complaints

The

actions

to

take

if

unsafe

practices

have

been

identified

Begin

the

whistleblowing

procedure

Record

evidence

quotes

times

and

dates

photographs

if

appropriate

Report

concerns

to

line

manager

Followup

to

ensure

action

has

been

taken

The

action

to

take

if

unsafe

practices

have

been

reported

but

nothing

has

been

done

Whistleblow

to

senior

management

or

Social

Services

h

ttpwwwnorthumberlandgovukCareSupportSafeguardingaspx

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B I B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


All Free Admission Food Rides VonsAlbertsons SingleDay Tickets Presented By VonsAlbertsons Visit any participating Vons or Albertsons store Aug 22Sept 23 to purchase singleday admission tickets for just 12 for adults ages 13 and 6 for ages 612 After admission ticket purchase save 13 and receive a coupon to purchase a carnival ride wristband for 37 purchase required restrictions apply WedFri the wristband must be purchased at the carnival ticket booth and affixed around wrist before 9 pm The wristband is good until 11 pm and is nontransferable Weekends Labor Day the wristband must be purchased at the carnival ticket booth and affixed around wrist by 4 pm The wristband is Tickets on sale beginning Aug 22 2018 VonsAlbertsons Store Locations Superior SingleDay Tickets Presented BySuperior Grocers Visit any participating Superior Grocers stores July 24 Sept 23 to purchase singleday admission tickets for just 12 for adults ages 13 and 6 for ages 612 You may also purchase a 37 carnival ride wristband voucher to use at the Fair purchase required restrictions apply WedFri the wristband must be redeemed at the carnival ticket booth and affixed around wrist before 9 pm The wristband is good until 11 pm and is nontransferable Weekends Labor Day the wristband must be redeemed at the carnival ticket booth and affixed around wrist by 4 pm The wristband is good until 7 Tickets on sale beginning July 24 2018 Superior Grocers Locations Save Big at the Fair PASSPORT TO SAVINGS is a coupon book full of more than 100 great savings offers This little green book includes over 1000 in savings inside the Fair on food rides games and products AND a FREE return ticket to the Fair Wednesday through Friday only valued at 14 plus a FREE spin of the Passport to Savings Spin to Win wheel Get your Passport to Savings now online as supplies are limited or inside the Fair Booths are located next to the Guest Relations booths inside the Yellow Blue and Green games plus on Broadway next to the Grandstand Concert VISIT PASSPORT TO SAVINGS WEBSITE HERE to see a listing of the more than 100 great savings offers included in the each book Buy Passport to Savings Booklet King Taco Mexican Independence Day BOGO Presented By King Taco Visit any participating King Taco location and pick up a coupon for buy one get one free Fair admission valid Sunday Sept 16 from 10 am 5 pm only Store list coming soon Available at all King Taco locations King Taco Locations Superior SingleDay Tickets Presented BySuperior Grocers Visit any participating Superior Grocers stores July 24 Sept 23 to purchase singleday admission tickets for just 12 for adults ages 13 and 6 for ages 612 You may also purchase a 37 carnival ride wristband voucher to use at the Fair purchase required restrictions apply WedFri the wristband must be redeemed at the carnival ticket booth and affixed around wrist before 9 pm The wristband is good until 11 pm and is nontransferable Weekends Labor Day the wristband must be redeemed at the carnival ticket booth and affixed around wrist by 4 pm The wristband is good until 7 Tickets on sale beginning July 24 2018 See the LA County Fairs beloved Thummer at a Superior near you for a list of store appearances Superior Grocers Locations Wild Wednesdays Presented By OReilly Auto Parts Fair admission and a carnival ride wristband for just 29 OReilly Auto Parts Must purchase at OReilly Auto Parts and present purchase receipt at admission ticket booth Available in participating locations Aug 2Sept 19 2018 No merchandise purchase necessary Restrictions apply Valid Wednesdays Sept 5 12 19 2018 OReilly Auto Parts Locations Fresh Fun Thursday Presented By Subway Fair admission and a carnival ride wristband for just 29 Offer available in participating stores Aug 15Sept 20 2018 Check your Subway register receipt for the offer Good Thursdays only Valid Thursdays Sept 6 13 20 2018 Must be purchased before 9pm Voucher must be presented and surrendered at LA County Fair admission gatesto redeem the Fresh Fun Thursdays discount Not valid with any other offer Each voucher good for up to six 6 Fresh Fun Thursday packages Each Fresh Fun Thursday package costs 29 and includes one Fair Thursday admission and one carnival ride wristband voucher good that Thursday only Valid through 9202018 At participating restaurants No cash value Subway is a Registered Trademark of Subway IP Inc 2018 Subway IP IncSubway discount coupons including the coupons on the back of the LA County Fair ticket are not valid at the Click here for a list of locations Costco Fair Savings Just 5999 for 4 single day admission tickets 1 parking pass and 44 ride game tickets Rides games require multiple tickets Available instores and at Costcocom beginning August 13 th 2018 Valid during the Fair season 2018 See the LA County Fairs beloved Thummer at a Costco near you for a list of store appearances Sprint Mexican Independence Day BOGO Presented By Sprint Visit any participating Sprint location and pick up a coupon for buy one get one free Fair admission valid Sunday Sept 16 from 10 am 5 pm only Sprint Store Locations Senior Wednesdays Ages 60 Free admission Wednesdays noon 3 pm Good for one free admission per person with proper ID Valid Wednesdays Sept 5 12 19 2018 Receive ticket in person with proper ID NO COUPON REQUIRED FOR THIS OFFER College Day Show your school spirit and join your college at the Fair and get a discount Redeem your college day coupon for one LA County Fair admission at a discounted rate of 660 Must present valid College student ID or business card Must be Printed Prior to Arrival Friday September 7 th 2018 Week for Heroes Just 2 for singleday admission for active retired military veterans reserves fire police and paramedics w ID and 2 singleday admission for one guest good Sept 5 9 2018 only 1 from each admission will be donated to a local charity In 2017 proceeds were donated to Vet Hunters Project Valid Sept 5 9 2018 Must be purchased in person with proper ID Bring a Group and Save Experience a mouthwatering buffet with a oneofakind picnic Explore unique exhibits only found here Even rock out at our premiere concerts in our VIP Party Box Whether you are looking to be entertained pampered or experience something new let us make sure your group has everything you need at the best price 12 for anyday adult admission 6 for anyday child admission ages 612 Ages 5 and younger are free Food Drive Thursdays Thursdays noon 5 pm Donate five canned goods per person and receive one free admission that day only The canned food will be donated to Los Angeles Regional Food Bank and local charities Valid Thursdays Sept 6 13 20 2018 Acceptance of donated items is at the discretion of the LA County Fair Promotion is limited to one free admission per person Guest must be present with donation to receive free ticket for that day only City Days Fairplex home of the LA County Fair has long been a proud community partner Our sense of social responsibility guides our decisions on growth and development building on the community partnerships that we continue to nurture and cultivate We are dedicated to investing in our collective future and strive to be a community asset View City Days School Supply Wednesdays Presented By Wells Fargo Wednesdays noon 5 pm Bring in 5 new packaged school supplies and receive free admission that day Recipients of the school supply donations Local community schools Inland Empire United Ways School Tools Program Los Angeles Unified School District Suggested school supplies boxes of crayons boxes of markers boxes of pencils notebooks glue stick packs packages of lined notebook paper pencil cases packages of erasers packages of highlighters Valid Wednesdays Sept 5 12 19 2018 Acceptance of donated items is at the discretion of the LA County Fair Promotion is limited to one free admission per person Guest must be present with donation to receive free admission for that day only Give Blood Through our local partners you can donate a pint of blood and receive a free ticket for admission to the LA County Fair Carnival Ride Wristbands Wednesday Friday the wristband must be purchased at the carnival ticket booth and affixed around wrist before 9 pm The wristband is good until 11 pm and is nontransferable Includes one free carnival game Weekends Labor Day the wristband must be purchased at the carnival ticket booth and affixed around wrist by 4 pm The wristband is good until 7 pm and is nontransferable Includes two free carnival games Wristband is good only for the date of purchase Review time restrictions in Description

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

save
albertsons store
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Basic Information Sheet Macaw Date Jan 8 2012 By Christal Pollock DVM DABVP Avian Practice Keywords allergic pneumonitis frugivore granivore natural history Categories Macaw Parrot Resources Education Macaw Blue and gold macaw Ara ararauna left greenwinged macaw Ara chloropterus right Natural history Macaws are found in a variety of habitats throughout large areas of the Amazon Basin such as gallery forests and mangrove swamps Most macaws are listed on Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CITES Appendix I however the blue and gold greenwinged Hahns noble redbellied severe and yellowcollared macaws are listed on CITES Appendix II Appendix I species are threatened with extinction globally and commercial trade is prohibited and importationexportation for scientific research requires special permits Appendix II species are not necessarily threatened with extinction but may become so unless their trade is strictly regulated Taxonomy Class Aves Psittaciformes Family Psittacidae Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus hyacinth macaw Ara spp Ara ararauna blue and gold macaw Ara chloropterus greenwinged macaw Ara macao scarlet macaw Diopsittaca nobilis D n cumanensis noble macaw There are 15 species of macaws in the genus Ara and 3 species in genus Anodorhynchus Blue and gold scarlet and greenwinged macaws are among the most popular pet macaw species Physical description Macaws are slender birds with long tapered tails strong heavy bills and a bare facial patch Macaws are sexually monomorphic The greenwinged macaw may be distinguished from the scarlet macaw by its larger size and the bands of small red feathers around the eyes Scarlet macaws also have yellow feathers on their wings caption idattachment_886 alignaligncenter width300 Scarlet macaws Ara macao Image by Dunleavy Click image to enlarge caption Diet Macaws are frugivores granivores andor florivores Freeranging birds feed on seeds fruit figs palm nuts leaves nectar andor flowers Some macaws need more fat in their diet Hyacinth macaws consume only palm nuts in the wild Since psittacine birds hull seeds before ingestion they do not require grit In fact some individuals will overeat grit when ill putting the bird at risk for impaction Allseed diets are deficient in protein vitamins and minerals including calcium and vitamin A Husbandry Macaws require a large amount of space in a quality made cage or room with appropriate toys Cage bar spacing should be 07515 in 1938 cm Perch diameter should range from 58 in 16 cm for Hahns macaw up to 2 in 5 cm for hyacinth macaws Provide frequent baths or showers Behavior Most of the large macaws are considered gentle birds however all large macaws can be quite noisy and destructive The scarlet macaw has a reputation for a particularly strong personality making them a difficult pet for inexperienced owners All macaws are extremely intelligent that require a lot of stimulation Feather destructive behavior may be more common in some of the mini macaw species Most macaw species have a bare facial area which can flush pink indicating a change in mood Foraging is an important part of normal daily parrot activity Teach and encourage pet birds to play and forage Normal physiologic values Temperature average 42C 1077F Heart rate beatsmin Small Macaws 389 Large Macaws 275 Respiration breathsmin 2025 Average body weight g Hahns 120160 Military 900 Scarlet 9001000 Blue and Gold 9001300 GreenWinged 12001600 Hyacinth 12501695 Mean life span years Small Macaws 2025 35 reported Large Macaws 3045 75100 possible Sexual maturity Small Macaws 46 years Large Macaws 57 years Mean number of incubation days 2328 Longer for larger birds Average number of eggs laid 13 Weaning age days Small Macaws 90120 parent raised Large Macaws 120150 parent raised Target environmental temperature Mimic natural environment Household temperatures of 7080F 2127C are generally acceptable however healthy birds can tolerate hot and cold temperatures Routine avian exam does not include measuring body temperature Anatomy and physiology Macaws have a rolling or waddling gait due to walking on their feet as well as caudal tarsometatarsus The pressure exerted by a large macaw beak can be greater than 200 psi Macaws share the following anatomic traits with other members of Order Psittaciformes Communication of the right and left nasal sinus The only avian tongue with intrinsic muscles Simply syrinx Craniofacial hinge of beak is a synovial joint Ceca absent Gall bladder often absent Zygodactyl foot two toes pointed backward and two pointed forward Restraint Most macaw species have a bare facial patch that can flush pink color indicating a change in mood Restrain large macaws by placing the thumb and forefinger beneath the mandible Secure the outside wing with three fingers and use the other hand to hold the feet Avoid touching the bare facial patch as the skin can bruise after aggressive restraint Venipuncture Use a 25gauge needle and 1 to 3mL syringe to draw blood from the right jugular vein Collection of up to 1 of body weight is acceptable in healthy patients Preventive medicine Obtain a complete history and perform a thorough annual physical examination Establish baseline data with regular clinical testing complete blood count protein electrophoresis and plasma biochemistries Ensure proper nutrition and husbandry Recommend quarantine of newly acquired birds Perform additional testing for select diseases based on history and physical exam findings avian polyoma virus and psittacosis Determine origin and history of newly acquired sick birds to contain and prevent further spread of disease Birds housed in large groups or aviaries are at higher risk of Pachecos disease virus and use of the vaccine may be indicated The avian polyoma virus vaccine is recommended for breeding populations Injections Intramuscular IM Reasonably safe most accurate Inject middle of muscle mass Ideal location Pectoral muscle mass Subcutaneous SQ Large volumes can be injected poor absorption Location Inguinal or precrural fold Intravenous Effective narrow safety range Right jugular vein or brachial vein is most commonly used Alternative option superficial metatarsal vein Important medical conditions NonInfectious Diseases Aspergillosis Atherosclerosis Beak malocclusion Degenerative cardiac disease Feather destructive behavior in some mini macaw species Goiter Inflammatory skin disease Internal papillomatosis Respiratory disease including pulmonary hypersensitivity syndrome or allergic pneumonitis The incidence of respiratory disease increases in birds exposed to low relative humidity andor birds that produce lots of powder down such as cockatoos Yolk peritonitis Infectious Diseases Oral abscesses Avian bornavirus infection proventricular dilitation disease or PDD Avian polyomavirus Login to view references

O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Orange Beach unveils proposed route of 28 million bridge Posted by Lagniappe Nov 11 2015 Bay Briefs 1 BY ERIC MANN According to recent surveys conducted on behalf of Baldwin Countys coastal residents and the Alabama Department of Transportation ALDOT the remedying of traffic woes in Gulf Shores and Orange Beach should be a top priority for state and local officials On ALDOTs list of the states 20 busiest twolane roads Canal Road with a daily average of 15510 vehicles ranks 18th Coincidentally in an unrelated informal survey Orange Beach residents listed traffic improvements as their second priority in a list of 10 A new bridge either over the Intracoastal Waterway or Wolf Bay was the second priority in a separate list The city is already planning to widen Canal Road and improve its congested intersection with State Highway 161 A separate project will expand William Silvers Parkway near the Orange Beach Sportsplex But at a town hall meeting Oct 20 the city unveiled the proposed route of a new bridge to span the Intracoastal Canal providing a new route between the Foley Beach Express and State Route 182 along the coast PhotoCity Orange Beach The proposed route of a new bridge yellow and existing one orange The proposal includes plans to carve a new road through Gulf State Park where the state is also planning to spend more than 85 million in BP oil spill fines to build a resort hotel and convention center Vince Calametti ALDOT Southwest Region engineer said the bridge is necessary to meet the countys needs for additional northsouth traffic According to Calametti State Route 59 is at capacity and some drivers are still hesitant to use the Foley Beach Express toll bridge because they dont want to pay the 350 fee The bridge is still in the design phase and will be the second of three phases of construction on the route from north to south The first two phases will create a new road from the intersection of the Foley Beach Express and Baldwin County Road 8 to Baldwin County Road 4 through developed private properties and forested land past the eastern border of Jack Edwards Airport on the way to the proposed bridge and its connection to Canal Road The third phase would connect Canal Road to the beach by cutting through the state park ALDOT Director John Cooper said the first two phases have an estimated cost of as much as 28 million Property tax records indicate the projects first phase will cross land owned by the city of Gulf Shores Turf Properties Doyce and Shirley Ellenburg and Anthony and Patricia Diliberto According to records maintained by the Alabama Secretary of State Turf Properties is owned in part by Gulf Shores Mayor Robert Craft Additional property owners who could be impacted by the project for better or worse include Edwin G Cowdin Orlanda B ClarkPerrault Richard E Nolte Jr and Olivia Reagan Coates Further south the road would travel along the existing Waterplant Road adjacent to property registered to the family of former Gov George C Wallace through undeveloped canalfront parcels owned by Charlotte North Carolinabased Coastal Resort Properties The route crosses the canal where the bridges southern end depending on its design may cross over Canal Road before connecting on land owned by Laura Rogers Almaroad Meanwhile Joe Emerson a 20year Gulf Shores resident is leading a social media charge against the proposal which is just one and a half miles west of the existing Foley Beach Express toll bridge Emerson suggested any hopes a new bridge would alleviate traffic on Canal Road without an additional connection to the beach are unfounded My complaint is that this bridge is going to do the exact opposite of what they are saying it is going to do he said It is supposed to ease traffic on Canal Road but instead it is just going to dump traffic back onto Canal Emerson started a Facebook group called End the Bridge2Nowhere which included 380 members as of Nov 9 He was also photographed in The Islander newspaper protesting at the site of the bridge with a homemade sign declaring the project a bridge to nowhere and poor planning He said its been a conversation starter It is time that we stop just accepting things the way they are Emerson said We need to tell the people in charge that throwing 30 million at a bad idea is a waste of tax money Calametti said the state would reimburse property owners for right of way acquisitions He said he could not judge the publics reaction to the proposed bridge but said residents at the town hall meeting seemed receptive to another announced project to add an additional lane to Canal Road I didnt get a feel for the reaction to the bridge in any way he said The first section of the project could be under contract next year but Calametti said work on the bridge over the Intracoastal Waterway wont begin until the end of 2016 or into 2017 Still the state has no concrete plans to connect the new road to State Park Road 2 which circumnavigates Lake Shelby in the park Without the connection Emerson contends the proposal will be a bridge to nowhere An employee of Pleasure Island Parasail Emerson said I work in an industry that survives because of tourism so I understand the need to make it easier for people to access the beach This bridge wont do that

O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


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in Arson The Gas Man English Comments 1 Share Spoiler Warning Plot details follow read at your own risk The Gas Man Information Desk Arson Crime Scene Steffens House Fire Sawyer House Fire Clues 16 Persons of Interest 9 Questions 16 Locations Gullivers Travel Agency Suburban Redevelopment Fire Station No 32 InstaHeat Factory Clemens Worksite Ryans Worksite Varleys Worksite Progression Previous case Next case Manifest Destiny A Walk in Elysian Fields I hear youre a good case man but if you fuck up on my detail Ill have you out of here before your feet touch the ground Lachlan McKelty The Gas Man is an Arson case in LA Noire This is the first case Cole Phelps takes on the Arson desk after being demoted from the Vice desk due to the scandal he caused Contents show Persons of Interest Don Steffens Homeowner and arson victim Matthew Ryan InstaHeat gas fitter John Cunningham Gullivers Travel Agency sales representative Sawyer Family Family killed in residential fire Joanna Alford Sawyer family neighbor Herbert Chapman Known pyromaniac Reginald Varley InstaHeat gas fitter Ivan Rasic InstaHeat factory manager Walter Clemens InstaHeat gas fitter Investigate Steffens House Fire Interview Don Steffens Investigate Sawyer House Fire Investigate Gullivers Travel Agency Trace Address for Suburban Redevelopment Investigate Suburban Redevelopment Investigate Fire Station No 32 Investigate InstaHeat and the InstaHeat Factory Interview Walter Clemens Apprehend Matthew Ryan Interview Matthew Ryan Interview Reginald Varley Charge a Suspect Walkthrough The opening cutscene shows Cole Phelps at the Wilshire Police Station sitting down at his table while the following conversation takes place Lachlan McKelty Okay everyone keep it down Cole Phelps joins the Arson squad today William Tilden chuckles Howd you like porking that German whore Phelps Lachlan McKelty Phelps is up before a review board in December Until then he works the Arson desk End of story Phelps Cole Phelps Yes sir Lachlan McKelty I dont care what you did or didnt do Phelps I hear youre a good case man but if you fuck up on my detail Ill have you out of here before your feet touch the ground Do we have an understanding Cole Phelps Yes sir Steffens House Fire Interview Don Steffens Question Response Response Remaster Evidence ClueLocationPOILeadObjective Travel Competition Truth Good Cop Suburban Redevelopment Doubt Bad Cop Steffens will give you the Competition Ticket clue and the location of Gullivers Travel Agency After speaking with Steffens you need to search for one clue Go to the left side of the house near the chimney If you look at the fence you should see an InstaHeat heater box Check it for the clue Now use the gamewell down the street to get the address for the Suburban Redevelopment Fund Sawyer House Fire Upon arriving youll meet Albert Lynch and Jake Rampley After the cutscene talk to the coroner and then examine the bodies of the deceased family Stencil Details Found on the ground a few feet away from the house to the right when facing it Description Gas flow regulator valve fire damaged recovered from Sawyer residence Clues Regulator valve Phelps the guy across the street Ive seen him before He likes fires Albert Lynch After discovering the valve you will need to chase down Herbert Chapman a known pyromaniac who is identified by Albert Lynch You will have to chase down and tackle him or wait until he has run out of stamina and fight him hand to hand He is the first suspect in this case Gullivers Travel Agency Upon arriving at the agency you will talk to John Cunningham He will provide a ledger and you will need to tap your finger on the Steffens family and the Sawyer family on the lefthand page After selecting the families names you will interview him Interview John Cunningham Question Response Response Remaster Evidence ClueLocationPOILeadObjective Suburban Redevelopment Truth Good Cop Promotional Travel Contest Doubt Bad Cop As an alternative you can visit the travel agency before investigating the Sawyer house as a glitch can occur where Cunningham will not be present The door will be inactive and the player will be forced to restart the case Suburban Redevelopment The site turns out to be an Elysian housing development work site If you want you can enter the small building to your left to discover a note from Leland Monroe however this does not count towards the case The location of Fire Station No 32 will now become available Fire Station No 32 When you arrive Albert Lynch will show you the heater panel from the Sawyer house He will then explain how the explosion happened and set up a demonstration for you to complete Put the balloon on the right the regulator valve in the middle and the Bunsen burner on the left LA Noire Gas Man Case arson experiment InstaHeat Factory Interview Ivan Rasic Question Response Response Remaster Evidence ClueLocationPOILeadObjective InstaHeat Model 70 Doubt Bad Cop Ivan Rasics statement Heater Service History Lie Accuse Heater serviced by Ryan or Heater serviced by Varley Phelps will then ask for a list of installers Stencil Details On Rasics desk Description List of InstaHeat water heater installers and service providers Clues List of gas fitters Use the phone to your left to check all of the names on the list for criminal records The names of Walter Clemens Matthew Ryan and Reginald Varley will appear in your notebook as well as their criminal record clues Talk to Rasic again for the addresses of all three suspects Clemens Locker First search Clemens locker Stencil Details Clemens locker Description Leaflet containing anarchist propaganda found in Walter Clemens locker Clues Clemens anarchist pamphlet Ryans Locker Next search Ryans locker Stencil Details Ryans locker Description Anarchist propaganda for distribution found in Matthew Ryans locker Clues Ryans anarchist pamphlets Varleys Locker Finally search Varleys locker Stencil Details Varleys locker Description Mosquito repellent coils found in Reginald Varleys locker Clues Mosquito coils If you havent driven one yet drive an InstaHeat van in the parking lot for progress on the Auto Fanatic AchievementTrophy Suspects Worksites Interview Walter Clemens Question Response Response Remaster Evidence ClueLocationPOILeadObjective Knowledge of Varley Doubt Bad Cop Walter Clemens statement Employment with InstaHeat Doubt Bad Cop Knowledge of Ryan Lie Accuse Clemens anarchist pamphlet Apprehend Reginald Varley It is very easy to catch Varley with a warning shot as he crosses the street during the initial footchase If you fail to stop him with a warning shot he will eventually reach his truck and flee By firing a warning shot you can earn the Not So Hasty AchievementTrophy if youve not already done so Chase Matthew Ryan Matthew Ryan will try to escape in his car Do not be afraid to use your brakes he takes tight corners and getting hung on even one of them means restarting the chase over again Biggs will try to shoot out his tires If you fail to stop Ryan he will eventually be hit by a tram causing his vehicle to roll ending the chase At times the tram will not stop Ryan If it doesnt then continue chasing him until he hits a pole Wilshire Police Station Interview Matthew Ryan Question Response Response Remaster Evidence ClueLocationPOILeadObjective Anarchist Literature Lie Accuse Ryans anarchist pamphlets InstaHeat Model 70 Lie Accuse Ivan Rasics statement Suburban Redevelopment Doubt Bad Cop Matthew Ryans statement Attempted Murder Charge DoubtLie Bad CopAccuse Ryans criminal record If you charge Ryan now you can still get a 5 star rating If you do not charge him leave Interview Room 1 and proceed to Interview Room 2 Interview Reginald Varley Question Response Response Remaster Evidence ClueLocationPOILeadObjective Work at Sawyer residence Lie Accuse Heater serviced by Varley Suburban Redevelopment Lie Accuse Walter Clemens statement Matthew Ryans statement InstaHeat Model 70 Lie Accuse Mosquito coils If you charge Varley you will only obtain 3 stars and Lachlan McKelty will tell you off If you charge Ryan you will get 5 stars Case Briefing The Arson desk took reports overnight of fires at 326 South Kenmore and 4414 Rosewood Residential no background no mention of suspicious circumstances or insurance All we know is that they used to be houses and now theyre piles of ash Biggs and I have been assigned to investigate though I hardly even know what that means My new partner doesnt seem very forthcoming on the subject Case Notes Clemens served four years for Arson and would have proudly shared his motive if questioned The case against Varley looks dangerously thin for a man facing four counts of murder Matthew Ryan fronts the Grand Jury with four murder charges around his neck Collectibles Vehicles At the fire station there is an American LaFrance Fire Truck that can be entered for progress towards Auto Fanatic There should also be a Packard Custom vehicle in the InstaHeat Factory parking lot one of the only places it can be found A Chevrolet Pickup 2 is also found across the street After you have interviewed Clemens you can walk across the road and into the parking lot to find a Ford DeLuxe Convertible Video Walkthroughs LA Noire Walkthrough Mission 17 The Gas Man 5 Star Original Version LA Noire Remaster Case 21 The Gas Man 5 Stars Remaster Version Trivia Aaron Staton Cole Phelps Rich Sommer John Cunningham and Vincent Kartheiser Walter Clemens were costars on the television series Mad Men Michael Shamus Wiles Albert Lynch and Keith Szarabajka Herschel Biggs were costars on the television series Sons of Anarchy Michael Shamus Wiles Albert Lynch and Michael Bofshever Ivan Rasic were costars on the television series Breaking Bad Vincent Kartheiser Walter Clemens and Keith Szarabajka Herschel Biggs were costars on the television series Angel It is possible to view all of the destroyed buildings in this and the later Arson cases during the Patrol Traffic Homicide and Vice desks most easily during free roam Coroner Mal Carruthers says that the deceased Sawyer family were all in bed by the looks of it but the three visible corpses are fully clothed The player is given a handicap in that the arsonist is shown from the back putting tools in the back of a van during the cutscene when leaving the InstaHeat building While his face isnt visible his hair is and he is clearly a different man than either of the two main suspects Additionally the van is clearly a Chevrolet not an International D Series InstaHeat model Therefore the player ends the case knowing that neither of the final suspects are guilty This case is arguably unfair from a gameplay perspective since the evidence against Varley is at least as strong as that against Ryan but unlike similar 2suspect cases on the Homicide desk where similarly neither suspect is the real perpetrator the game considers charging Varley a fail Gullivers Travel Agency is most likely a reference to Jonathan Swifts novel Gullivers Travels The title of the case is very similar to The Wicker Man This is the only case on the Arson desk where the player must charge a suspect BugsGlitches There is a bug that can be experienced during the investigation of the Sawyer House Fire If you find the InstaHeat regulator valve before inspecting the bodies you will have to go back and inspect the bodies to complete the investigation of the Sawyer House Fire However after inspecting the bodies the investigation music will not stop playing despite the fact that there is nothing else to find Experienced on a PS3 and X360 as well as PC There is a bug that can be experienced during the chase with Ryan If he hits the tram but does not stop his car he may get out The only way to fix this is to exit or restart the case Experienced on a X360 During the final question of the Ryan interview a bug may cause you to not be able to choose the LieAccuse option after using an intuition point Backing out of the accusation and interview completely will bring the option back Selecting LieAccuse and then Ryans criminal record will acquire you The Hunch AchievementTrophy Experienced on an X360 Sometimes when pursuing Herbert Chapman you wont be able to interact with him after he hides behind a wall Experienced on an X360 and PC In the PS3 and PC versions the regulator the arsonist tampers with in the opening cutscene may be invisible In the X360 version there is an occasional bug where you wont be able to charge Ryan after you have interviewed Varley first v d e Cases Patrol Upon Reflection Armed and Dangerous Warrants Outstanding Start Buyer Beware Traffic The Drivers Seat The Consuls Car PS3 exclusive A Marriage Made in Heaven A Slip of the Tongue PreorderDLC The Fallen Idol Homicide The Red Lipstick Murder The Golden Butterfly The Silk Stocking Murder The White Shoe Slaying The Studio Secretary Murder The Quarter Moon Murders Vice The Black Caesar Reefer Madness DLC The Set Up The Naked City PreorderDLC Manifest Destiny Arson The Gas Man A Walk in Elysian Fields House of Sticks A Polite Invitation Nicholson Electroplating DLC A Different Kind of War Other Street Crimes Categories Arson Languages Español Русский

O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


What Are the Chances Success in the Arts in the 21st Century NOVEMBER 17 2016 The chances of your book becoming a New York Times best seller in 2012 0002 percent 1 The chances that a living artist in the United States would receive a solo exhibition at MoMA in 2015 00006 percent 2 The median income of those with art degrees who made their living as artists in New York City in 2012 25000 3 The median income for an artist in Canada in 2012 21603 4 The percentage of total earnings that came from commissions andor productions of their plays among a group of 250 working playwrights in the United States surveyed in 2005 15 percent or 37505999 for the average playwright in that group 5 The minimum fee set by WAGE for artists receiving solo exhibits in organizations with total annual operating expenses of 3000000 6000 6 The percentage of artists surveyed by the group WAGE who received no payment at all for exhibiting or presenting their work in New York City in 2010 not even reimbursement for expenses 58 percent 7 The percentage of artists across the United Kingdom surveyed by the group an who received no payment at all for exhibiting or presenting their work in 2010 not even reimbursement for expenses 59 percent 8 Number of years the artist Walid Raad estimated that an artist showing in commercial galleries will achieve financial success over the course of their career four 9 Chances of being awarded a Creative Capital grant in 2015 if you applied 12 percent 10 Number of the top 10 most expensive colleges that were arts schools in 2011 eight 11 Average cost for a fouryear undergraduate degree at one of those eight schools in 2011 150312 12 How much whiter the population of working artists in New York City is than the population of the city as a whole 224 percent 13 These are just tiny slices of data and certainly do not paint a comprehensive portrait of the arts The data admittedly skews toward New York City which is where I have been writing about arts and labor for a little while now I specifically included the numbers for Canada and the United Kingdom because so often people trot out the old yarn that artists lives are so much better abroad well get back to that a bit later The point of this brief sampling is to start a conversation about what success means in the arts today Time and again I encounter people of all ages for whom success for artists looks like some version of the following 1 making a living entirely from your art andor 2 getting to spend all of your time making it My own version for most of my 20s manifested as an intensely vague idea that if I were able to get one of my plays or performances produced by a big enough theater or if I were to win a big enough award or grant then suddenly I would level up this new echelon of achievement would beget more achievements Financial rewards can certainly come but they are often shortterm and irregular In the best cases monetary rewards appear to cycle up and down over the years but rarely stay high for an entire career Of course people will be quick to point out that there are some artists out there who do make a living from their art and that is certainly true but as the earnings and payment numbers listed above indicate for the vast majority of those artists that means hustling pretty hard for not a whole lot of cash And even among the one percent artists 14 And when it comes to time you might be able to spend much of it working on your art for a little while but just like the money that seems to come and go Esther Robinson founder of ArtHome and formerly of the arts funder Creative Capital a woman who has seen the personal finances and daily calendars of artists at every level up close and in detail noted in my interview with her for this article that as far as she can tell no matter where you fall in the fame or success spectrum you get to spend about 20 percent of your time making art For those making a living from their art the other 80 percent is spent doing administrative managerial or sales work and for the rest of us who dont make our living entirely Of course there are those artists you meet out at events who never really say quite how they make it work but always seem to spend as much time as they like on their work and never worry about whether or not they have the cash to spend a night out with friends Robinson offered a cleareyed assessment of those types They havent figured something out that you dont know Thats the dirty secret of the art world the people that have the apartments bigger than you inherited them They are not more talented than you Nine out of 10 Which is to say all signs point to a reality in which no artist no matter how famous or successful spends 100 percent of their time on their art nor do they earn 100 percent of their income from their art alone over the course of their entire career except perhaps for those with enough support from wealthy families that worrying about the pesky reality of earning a living will never be a thing So what then is success To try to answer this question I spoke with four people with unique perspectives on success in the arts Filmmaker Esther Robison started off at Creative Capital helping to shape and develop their particular method of funding and providing professional development for artists After working there for seven years she was looking for a way to impact a larger group of artists than just the small slice that manage to get grants and so she founded ArtHome Following countless conversations with artists she discovered that part of what helped artists who have managed to keep going over the longterm was I also spoke with the artist and activist Nia King who produces the podcast We Want the Airwaves The podcast which King has been producing since early 2013 and has led to two books the second of which was just published focuses on conversations with queer and trans artists of color and their strategies for navigating an arts world that can be especially dismissive or hostile to their work Two artists who help run an important small arts nonprofit in the US also spoke with me but because we discussed some of the inner workings of that organization their comments remain anonymous in what follows One thing that came up consistently in each of these conversations was the challenge of separating systemic failure from personal failure In other words the question of whether youre just making bad art instead of good art must be weighed against broken funding and distribution systems Racism misogyny homophobia transphobia ageism and classism all affect the distribution of money and accolades for artists From OscarsSoWhite to the VIDA Count to the Gallery Tally the numbers make it clear that discrimination is alive and kicking in the arts continuing to seriously limit opportunities for success But structural inequality is not the only thing standing in a working artists way Robinsons experience as a grantmaker gives her a particularly useful perspective on failed funding systems The one thing an artist can control is how good their art is and in the grantmaking process that doesnt have a lot of meaning That isnt to say it has no meaning it absolutely has meaning but its not one to one your work is good and you get funding With all the funding cuts youll maybe get seven to 10 grants in a lifetime Thats a not a system of support thats an intermittent prize system And people are making all of these choices based on this possibility Further for Robinson there is no good way around the limitations of any small groups notions of quality I came to have deep questions about ones capacity to understand quality without understanding cultural bias And if youre looking at the work of an entire nation a nation of work can not in any way shape or form be reflected in one persons taste especially not a nation that is such a plurality at this point On this same idea Nia King added Its really easy to see that the way that art is valued is completely arbitrary but also completely Not to mention shifts in arts funding have meant that very little public or private arts money ends up in the hands of artists themselves As I reported in Hyperallergic in 2012 The fact is that the National Endowment for the Arts NEA devotes less than 2 of its meager budget to direct grants to individual artists State arts agencies spend only 3 of their grant dollars on individual artists The bulk of philanthropy in the arts goes to only 2 of the nations arts institutions who are among those with the largest budgets And we know that many of those institutions dont pay the artists whose work they show Most arts funding these days is instead being funneled to small and large nonprofits who then control the rewards and opportunity it affords Institutional change both in terms of diversifying leadership and audiences at the vast majority of arts institutions is long overdue but even where change is happening shifting cultures within organizations and audiences is rarely a swift or easy process as one of my anonymous sources noted My role being the face of the organization remains somewhat confusing There hasnt been a black face around here in a long time and because my concerns are so specific in some ways around race and gender that makes me automatically problematic as a representative So it will remain to be seen how it plays itself out Although many of the people that I care about most in this community have been incredibly supportive A favorite pastime of many American artists is to wax rhapsodic about the artists life in Europe They love to mention things like Denmark giving small annual stipends to artists but they generally neglect to mention that its only for 275 artists out of a total population of 57 million people What makes a much bigger difference to the wellbeing of every single artist in Denmark and in many other European countries is free healthcare and education subsidized child care a national pension system and guaranteed unemployment benefits for two years not a handful of stipends for the lucky few Nia King brought this point home in my conversation with her when we spoke about artists needs I think that what artists need to succeed and to continue to have careers are cheap rent and good jobs and access to healthcare Its the same stuff that other people that dont make a lot of money need If a country doesnt punish its poor people for being poor as much as the US then you have a better chance of making it as an artist and also as a human being So if an artists success isnt measured in money perhaps it can be measured by fame Certainly the realities of our current internetbased news cycle means the number of people who get very short bursts of fame has mushroomed but the number of artists who manage to translate that temporary internet fame or infamy into a lucrative career for any significant period of time appears to be as low as the average Snapchat users attention span To reach a mass audience now even more than ever you have to convince really really rich people or the people who control their So what then is success If its not money time or mass audience what the hell is it Ultimately the answer is the same as it ever was for artists you dictate the terms of success yourself Ive been asked to talk about arts labor and income at couple of art schools and organizations in the past few years and I generally feel like most people are vaguely pissed off when I raise that particular point Thats the big takeaway We Americans love a recipe for success We ache for it Concocting and selling them generates billions of dollars in revenue and has always been a lucrative trade particularly when selling this particular snake oil involves the arts Its part of why art schools have been able to get away with such staggeringly high tuition costs people Making art is the only thing that makes you an artist Learning from others can certainly offer you useful perspective or a new set of skills but there are plenty of ways to learn from others that dont cost 150000 And there are no guaranteed pathways no matter what the admissions officers and program directors are paid to tell you The other national weakness afflicting Americans is a deep belief that they will be the exception They will look at those odds listed at the top of this essay and believe in their hearts that they will be that 00006 percent that they will be Horatio Alger Why am I saying all this So many artists I meet are so desperate for these mythic ideas of success that they are wrecking themselves trying to achieve it Both Nia King and Esther Robinson spoke at length about artists responding to systemic failures by working themselves into the ground From Robinson The collapse of the merit system means that when people encounter the system whether its the market whether its a grant opportunity or whether its a critical opportunity to show they arent getting the feedback of success that theyre looking for And a lot of people respond to that stimulus by working harder and doing more And so I feel like we have a crisis of overproduction And that overproduction is about people trying the touch validation and also possibly to create financial remuneration King offered her own take It is really easy to feel when youre getting a lot of rejections that the problem is you or that youre not working hard enough And I think thats one of the hardest things to deal with the message that youre just not working hard enough Because I feel like so many of the artists I know are just incredibly hard working incredibly talented often working three jobs in addition to doing their art maybe dealing with disabilities or raising kids Its so destructive especially for people for whom racism and sexism and homophobia are barriers to success Its just One of the statements I remember being struck by when I participated in a professional development program run by Creative Capital a few years back is that no one will notice if you take a year off That ran so counter to everything I felt I was being told that I had to keep producing keep hustling keep my name out there Not long after attending that workshop I went to a panel discussion run by The Field focused on sustaining longterm artistic careers All the panelists had been making art for decades instead of years and it was striking to hear each of them say that at some point they had walked away from their artmaking for a period whether it be for a year or a decade They stopped making art and focused their energy elsewhere Of course as any artist knows ideas and experiences were likely accumulating and taking shape but the point is that it didnt stop them from being artists or prevent them from picking it back up Despite what others might tell There is no secret sauce Every artist takes a different path When I asked my interviewees about their own ideas of success the answers were nuanced and had as much to do with larger shifts in the culture as they did with their own work They cared as much about their own artistic interests and intellectual questions as they did about shifting the culture and creating opportunities for other artists or helping them build lives and careers for themselves It was particularly interesting to hear about what they imagined the life as an artist might be when they were younger Robinson a thirdgeneration artist grew up with living role models in very close proximity I got the sense sitting with her over tea in her apartment that she has very much crafted a life in that image a modest but bustling home overfull with life and ideas and an industrious commitment to carry on Her notions of success were clearly delineated For her films she noted that she has very specific aesthetic concerns and ideas that she wants to What I want to help artists understand is that there are a lot of forces acting on them that are about system collapse and training them to move out of that unconscious reactive state and into a state where they know what they want and theyve written it down and theyre advancing methodically to a goal that theyve set themselves While King was skeptical from early on that the artists life would ever be lucrative she at least felt like she would find compatriots to share ideas and work within the established arts communities around her but that idea was quickly upended at the art school she swiftly left I thought getting into art school was such an honor that it meant that I was special in some way I went and had a really heartbreaking and disillusioning experience I was raised by my parents to think of art spaces and arts education as places that would be liberal progressive maybe even radical places where it was okay to be weird and explore ideas and challenge norms And what I found when I got to art school was that it felt like an incredibly creatively and politically stifling place for me as a queer person of color who was The two women I spoke to at the arts organization came to the life of an artist by very different paths both assuming that it would involve a life of relative poverty and each making very different choices based on that assumption For one of them who grew up with black parents who were the first in their families to attend college and build whitecollar careers I had an urgent sense that I had to make a living There was simply no chance that I was going to become impoverished as long as my parents were alive Because their sense of the world was so intensely about how you made money in the world working I just didnt have a way to understand the arts as a possible way of life Despite an early recognition of her own interest and talent she pursued a highlevel career outside the arts switching to the arts only after a parent passed away The other woman also assumed that the arts would involve a life of relative poverty but as a queer white kid who stuck out in her hometown she felt What do I have to sacrifice Because I will probably do it As a young woman who felt keenly how much people around her viewed her as other she thought to herself Either Im going to kill myself or someone is going to kill me so I might as well just do this one thing that I enjoy After school and some retail jobs she ended up offering to work as As much as the above differences are about choice they also reflect real class and cultural differences when it comes to navigating life in the US and the realities of having to work in order to survive here And even though so many people start off knowing that most artists spend much of their lives broke or at least living modestly something is happening today where many artists have suddenly started thinking they ought to be earning a comfortable living this way after a certain point Why is that shift happening Most signs point back to the incredible proliferation of The rest of the signs point to a pervasive rhetoric in the US that says that the epitome of life is to live your passion Everyone should be able to be personally fulfilled by their wageearning labor But the ugly lie behind this statement has produced a world in which people feel forced to say garbage like I have a passion for customer service while interviewing for lowwage jobs where they will be treated with a level of dispassionate cruelty that is quite literally endangering their health and wellbeing along with that of their families I have no doubt that people have passions for useful skills or tasks but many of us will have to spend much or most of our time doing things we are not in the least passionate about in order to earn a wage And even if you do get to do something that you genuinely feel good about all of it involves real work much of which will not be enjoyable From Robinson It will always be hard Thats not going away Artists I know dont care everything is hard They need to get over the idea that something will The reality is that you dont have to earn any money from your art to be an artist Professionalization is a relatively new obsession in the arts but artists have been making work outside of the arts economy for centuries It is one option among thousands The value of art has very little to do with the amount of cash it generates and the value of an artist or any citizen is not tied to their contribution to the GDP From Robinson Artists have a great deal to teach the world about an anticonsumerist way to put something of value at the center that isnt money Artists generally have really good lives Even with constrained resources we have lives of great beauty and great meaning A lot of the adjustments that people need to make are simple adjustments like your day job makes it possible so love your damn day job Just love it actually love it This is what it takes to make your work its not separate its not in the way its literally a part of it Stop separating I find for myself having spent a lot of time writing and thinking about the arts economy Im less interested in it over time and more inclined to dip in and out I feel in many ways similar to one of the women I spoke to who runs the arts organization People are like who are you talking to But I know who Im talking to Im talking to whoever is reading my work Thats good enough for me I feel like thats why youre an artist For me thats not a lack of ambition its a sense of focus All of this is not to say you cant or shouldnt have ambitions that you cant or shouldnt go after the kinds of achievements you see your peers getting particularly not for those who continue to be systematically excluded from those opportunities But the truth is that there is no future reality in which all artists will have a middleclass income or better That has never been the case and there is no sign that it ever will be The only chance that will ever happen is Its not about not applying for things its about making sure its really worth your time and that youve made realistic plans based on the chances that some things arent going to work out as youd like If you say that youll only do the project if you get a grant there are going be tradeoffs there Saying that youll only do x y z if you get a b c Be careful You control the odds by choosing which games to play If your only definition of success is becoming a New York Times best seller or getting a solo exhibit at MoMA chances are pretty low that you will ever achieve it But if you have different terms for success the odds could improve substantially that you will achieve it giving you the opportunity to slow down enough to build a base of work and resources for yourself that might help you through a life that will inevitably involve a lot more ups and downs than most people are willing to admit Alexis Clements is a writer based in Brooklyn New York 1 Total number of books published in 2012 according to Bowker was 2352797 and there were a total of 41 New York Times best sellers in 2012 23 fiction and 18 nonfiction 2 This is admittedly a crude measure but here is what Im basing it on The National Endowment for the Arts estimates that there are 21 million artists in the US of those roughly 75 percent fall into categories of work for which MoMA has had at least one exhibition leaving about 1575 million living artists in the US whose work could be displayed at MoMA In 2015 MoMA mounted nine solo exhibitions featuring living USbased artists 3 Analysis of the Census Bureaus 20102012 American Community Survey by the BFAMFAPhD Collective 4 From Art Gallery of York Universitys 2012 Waging Culture Report 5 From the book Outrageous Fortune The Life and Times of the New American Play written by Todd London with Ben Pesner and Zannie Giraud Voss published in 2009 6 Based on the WAGE Fee Calculator as of May 1 2016 7 From the WAGE Survey published in 2012 8 From an The Artists Information Companys 2014 report Paying Artists 9 From Anton Vidokles March 2013 eflux article Art without Market Art without Education Political Economy of Art 10 From the Creative Capital websites published data on Past Grants for 2015 I have no desire to pick on Creative Capital in particular they just happen to be one of the only grantmakers in the arts that publishes their data publicly 11 From Lynn OShaghnessys article for CBSNewscom 25 Colleges With the Highest Hidden Price Tags 12 From Lynn OShaghnessys article for CBSNewscom 25 Colleges With the Highest Hidden Price Tags 13 From the BFAMFAPhD collectives analysis of the Census Bureaus 20102012 American Community Survey 14 This is just a cursory sampling from CNN from the blog Madame Noire and a short commentary at The New York Times And for those that would scoff at my inclusion of celebrities here just keep in mind that 1 many people who dismiss celebrities still harbor dreams of their level of fame and financial remuneration and 2 celebrity culture is part of what makes information about their side businesses clear to the public whereas many working elsewhere at the upper echelons of the arts prefer or consciously make sure to keep their income sources out of the public eye

O O O O B I I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

success in the arts
21st century
alexis clements