Originalism From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States by Howard Chandler Christy Judicial interpretation Forms Constitutional interpretation Statutory interpretation General rules of interpretation Plain meaning rule Mischief rule Golden rule General theories of interpretation Living Constitution living tree doctrine Originalism original meaning Original intent legislative intent legislative history Strict constructionism Textualism Purposive approach v t e In the context of United States law originalism is a concept regarding the interpretation of the Constitution that asserts that all statements in the constitution must be interpreted based on the original understanding of the authors or the people at the time it was ratified This concept views the Constitution as stable from the time of enactment and that the meaning of its contents can be changed only by the steps set out in Article Five This notion stands in contrast to the concept of the living constitution which asserts that the Constitution is intended to be interpreted based on the context of the current times even if such interpretation is different from the original interpretations of the document The term originated in the 1980s Originalism is an umbrella term for interpretative methods that hold to the fixation thesis the notion that an utterances semantic content is fixed at the time it is uttered Originalists seek one of two alternative sources of meaning The original intent theory which holds that interpretation of a written constitution is or should be consistent with what was meant by those who drafted and ratified it This is currently a minority view among originalists The original meaning theory which is closely related to textualism is the view that interpretation of a written constitution or law should be based on what reasonable persons living at the time of its adoption would have understood the ordinary meaning of the text to be Most originalists such as Antonin Scalia are associated with this view Such theories share the view that there is an identifiable original intent or original meaning contemporaneous with the ratification of a constitution or statute which should govern its subsequent interpretation The divisions between the theories relate to what exactly that identifiable original intent or original meaning is the intentions of the authors or the ratifiers the original meaning of the text a combination of the two or the original meaning of the text but not its expected application Contents 1 Strict constructionism 2 Forms 21 Original intent 211 Problems with intentionalism 22 Original meaning 221 Semantic originalism 23 Framework originalism 3 Methodology 4 Discussion 41 Philosophical underpinnings 42 Function of constitutional jurisprudence 43 Matters rendered moot by originalism 5 Pros and cons 51 Arguments favoring originalism 52 Arguments opposing originalism 521 Arguments against some of the proponents of originalism 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 9 External links Strict constructionism This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Bret Boyce described the origins of the term originalist as follows The term originalism has been most commonly used since the middle 1980s and was apparently coined by Paul Brest in The Misconceived Quest for the Original Understanding It is often asserted that originalism is synonymous with strict constructionism Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia was a firm believer in originalism Both theories are associated with textualist and formalist schools of thought however there are pronounced differences between them Scalia differentiated the two by pointing out that unlike an originalist a strict constructionist would not acknowledge that he uses a cane means he walks with a cane because strictly speaking this is not what he uses a cane means Scalia averred that he was not a strict constructionist and noone ought to be he goes further calling strict constructionism a degraded form of textualism that brings the whole philosophy into disrepute Originalism is a theory of interpretation not construction However this distinction between interpretation and construction is controversial and is rejected by many nonoriginalists as artificial As Scalia said the Constitution or any text should be interpreted neither strictly nor sloppily it should be interpreted reasonably once originalism has told a Judge what the provision of the Constitution means they are bound by that meaninghowever the business of Judging is not simply to know what the text means interpretation but to take the laws necessarily general provisions and apply them to the specifics of a given case or controversy construction In many cases the meaning might be so specific and a strict constructionistbut he is not one by virtue of being the other Forms Originalism is actually a family of related views As a movement originalism can be traced to Robert Borks Neutral Principles and Some First Amendment Problems published in the Indiana Law Journal in January 1971 However it was not until the 1980s when conservative jurists began to take seats on the Supreme Court that the debate really began in earnest Old originalism focused primarily on intent mostly by default But that line was largely abandoned in the early 1990s as new originalism emerged most adherents subscribed to original meaning originalism though there are some intentionalists within new originalism Original intent Main article Original intent The original form of originalism is sometimes called intentionalism or original intent originalism and looked for the subjective intent of a laws enactors One problem with this approach is identifying the relevant lawmaker whose intent is sought For instance the authors of the US Constitution could be the particular Founding Fathers that drafted it such as those on the Committee of Detail Or since the Constitution purports to originate from the People one could look to the various state ratifying conventions The intentionalist methodology involves studying the writings of its authors or the records of the Philadelphia Convention or debates in the state legislatures for clues as to their intent There are two kinds of intent analysis reflecting two meanings of the word intent The first a rule of common law construction during the Founding Era is functional intent The second is motivational intent To understand the difference one can use the metaphor of an architect who designs a Gothic church with flying buttresses The functional intent of flying buttresses is to prevent the weight of the roof from spreading the walls and causing a collapse of the building which can be inferred from examining the design as a whole The motivational intent might be to create work for his brotherinlaw who is a flying buttress subcontractor Using original intent analysis of the first kind we can discern that the language of Article III of the US Constitution was to delegate to Congress the power to allocate original and appellate jurisdictions and not to remove some jurisdiction involving a constitutional question from all courts That would suggest that the decision was wrong in Ex Parte McCardle Problems with intentionalism However a number of problems are inherent in intentionalism and a fortiori when that theory is applied to the Constitution For example most of the Founders did not leave detailed discussions of what their intent was in 1787 and while a few did there is no reason to think that they should be dispositive of what the rest thought Moreover the discussions of the drafters may have been recorded however they were not available to the ratifiers in each state The theory of original intent was challenged in a string of law review articles in the 1980s Specifically original intent was seen as lacking good answers to three important questions whether a diverse group such as the framers even had a single intent if they did whether it could be determined from two centuries distance and whether the framers themselves would have supported original intent In response to this a different strain of originalism articulated by among others Antonin Scalia Robert Bork and Randy Barnett came to the fore This is dubbed original meaning Original meaning Main article Original meaning Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes argued that interpreting what was meant by someone who wrote a law was not trying to get into his mind because the issue was not what this man meant but what those words would mean in the mouth of a normal speaker of English using them in the circumstances in which they were used This is the essential precept of modern originalism The most robust and widely cited form of originalism original meaning emphasizes how the text would have been understood by a reasonable person in the historical period during which the constitution was proposed ratified and first implemented For example economist Thomas Sowell notes that phrases like due process and freedom of the press had a long established meaning in English law even before they were put into the Constitution of the United States Applying this form involves studying dictionaries and other writings of the time for example Blackstones Commentaries on the Laws of England see Matters rendered moot by originalism infra to establish what particular terms meant See Methodology infra Justice Scalia one of the most forceful modern advocates for originalism defined himself as belonging to the latter category The theory of originalism treats a constitution like a statute and gives it the meaning that its words were understood to bear at the time they were promulgated You will sometimes hear it described as the theory of original intent You will never hear me refer to original intent because as I say I am first of all a textualist and secondly an originalist If you are a textualist you dont care about the intent and I dont care if the framers of the Constitution had some secret meaning in mind when they adopted its words I take the words Though there may be no evidence that the Founding Fathers intended the Constitution to be like a statute this fact does not matter under Scalias approach Adherence to original meaning is explicitly divorced from the intent of the Founders rather the reasons for adhering to original meaning derive from other justifications such as the argument that the understanding of the ratifiers the people of the several States at the time of the adoption of the Constitution should be controlling as well as consequentialist arguments about original meanings positive effect on rule of law Perhaps the clearest example illustrating the importance of the difference between original intent and original meaning is the Twentyseventh Amendment The Twentyseventh Amendment was proposed as part of the Bill of Rights in 1791 but failed to be ratified by the required number of states for two centuries eventually being ratified in 1992 An original intent inquiry might ask what the framers understood the amendment to mean when it was written though some would argue that it was the intent of the latterday ratifiers that is important An originalmeaning inquiry would ask what the plain public meaning of the text was in 1992 when it was eventually ratified Semantic originalism Semanticoriginalism is Ronald Dworkin s term for the theory that the original meaning of many statutes implies that those statutes prohibit certain acts widely considered not to be prohibited by the statutes at the time of their passages This type of originalism contrasts with expectations originalism which adheres to how the statutes functioned at the times of their passages without any expectation that they would function in any other particular ways Justice Antonin Scalia and other originalists often claim that the death penalty is not cruel and unusual punishment because at the time of the Eighth Amendment s passage it was a punishment believed to be neither cruel nor unusual Dworkin and the semanticoriginalists assert however that if advances in moral philosophy presuming that such advances are possible reveal that the death penalty is in fact cruel and unusual then the original meaning of the Eighth Amendment implies that the death penalty is unconstitutional All the same Justice Scalia purported to follow semantic originalism although he conceded that Dworkin does not believe Scalia was true to that calling Framework originalism Framework Originalism is an approach developed by Jack Balkin a professor of law at Yale Law School Framework Originalism or Living Originalism is a blend of primarily two constitutional interpretive methods originalism and Living Constitution Balkin holds that there is no inherent contradiction between these two aforementioned interpretive approacheswhen properly understood Framework Originalists view the Constitution as an initial framework for governance that sets politics in motion This framework must be builtout or filledout over time successive generations by the various legislative and judicial branches This process is achieved primarily through building political institutions passing legislation and creating precedents both judicial and nonjudicial In effect the process of building out the Constitution on top of the framework of the original meaning is living constitutionalism the change of and progress of law over time to address particular current issues The authority of the judiciary and of the political branches to engage in constitutional construction comes from their joint responsiveness to public opinion over long stretches of time while operating within the basic framework of the original meaning Balkin claims that through mechanisms of social influence both judges and the political branches inevitably come to reflect and respond to changing social mores norms customs and Methodology In The Original Meaning of the Recess Appointments Clause Michael B Rappaport described the methodology associated with the original meaning form of originalism as follows The task is to determine the original meaning of the language that is to understand how knowledgeable individuals would have understood this language when it was drafted and ratified Interpreters at the time would have examined various factors including text purpose structure and history The most important factor is the text of the Clause The modern interpreter should read the language in accord with the meaning it would have had in the late 1780s Permissible meanings from that time include the ordinary meanings as well as more technical legal meanings words may have had If the language has more than one interpretation then one would look to purpose structure and history to help to clarify the ambiguity Purpose structure and history provide evidence for determining which meaning of the language the authors would have intended The purpose of a Clause involves the objectives or goals that the authors would have sought to accomplish in enacting it One common and permissible way to discern the purpose is to look to the evident or obvious purpose of a provision Yet purpose arguments can be dangerous because it is easy for interpreters to focus on one purpose to the exclusion of other possible purposes without any strong arguments for doing so Historical evidence can reveal the values that were widely held by the Framers generation and that presumably informed their purposes when enacting constitutional provisions History can also reveal their practices which when widely accepted would be evidence of their values The structure of the document can also help to determine the purposes of the Framers The decision to enact one constitutional clause may reveal the values of the Framers and thereby help us understand the purposes underlying a second constitutional clause One additional source of evidence about the meaning of constitutional language is early constitutional interpretations by government officials or prominent commentators Such interpretations may provide evidence of the original meaning of the provisions because early interpreters would have had better knowledge of contemporary word meanings societal values and interpretive techniques Of course early interpreters may also have had political and other incentives to misconstrue the document that should be considered Id at 57 Discussion This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Philosophical underpinnings Originalism in all its various forms is predicated on a specific view of what the Constitution is a view articulated by Chief Justice John Marshall in Marbury v Madison The constitution organizes the government and assigns to different departments their respective powers It may either stop here or establish certain limits not to be transcended by those departments The government of the United States is of the latter description The powers of the legislature are defined and limited and that those limits may not be mistaken or forgotten the constitution is written To what purpose are powers limited and to what purpose is that limitation committed to writing if these limits may at any time be passed by those intended to be restrained Originalism assumes that Marbury is correct the Constitution is the operating charter granted to government by the people as per the preamble to the United States Constitution and its written nature introduces a certain discipline into its interpretation Originalism further assumes that the need for such a written charter was derived from the perception on the part of the Framers of the abuses of power under the unwritten British Constitution under which the Constitution was essentially whatever Parliament decided it should be In writing out a Constitution which explicitly granted the government certain authorities and withheld from it others and in which power was balanced between multiple agencies the Presidency two chambers of Congress and the Supreme Court at the national level and State governments of the United States with similar branches the intention of the Framers was to restrain government originalists argue and the value of such a document is nullified if that documents meaning is not fixed As one author stated If the constitution can mean anything then the constitution is reduced to meaninglessness Function of constitutional jurisprudence Dissenting in Romer v Evans Scalia wrote Since the Constitution of the United States says nothing about this subject it is left to be resolved by normal democratic means including the democratic adoption of provisions in state constitutions This Court has no business imposing upon all Americans the resolution favored by the elite class from which the Members of this institution are selected This statement summarizes the role for the court envisioned by originalists that is that the Court parses what the general law and constitution says of a particular case or controversy and when questions arise as to the meaning of a given constitutional provision that provision should be given the meaning it was understood to mean when ratified Reviewing Steven D Smiths book Laws Quandary Scalia applied this formulation to some controversial topics routinely brought before the Court It troubles Smith but does not at all trouble mein fact it pleases methat giving the words of the Constitution their normal meaning would expel from the domain of legal issues most of the constitutional disputes that capture our attention such as Can a macho military educational institution dedicated to what is euphemistically called the adversative method admit only men Is there a right to abortion Or to the assistance of a physician in ending ones life If we should read English as English Smith bemoans these questions would seemingly all have received the same answer No law on that That is precisely the answer they should have received The federal Constitution says nothing on these subjects which are therefore left to be governed by state law In Marbury Chief Justice John Marshall established that the Supreme Court could invalidate laws which violated the Constitution that is judicial review which helped establish the Supreme Court as having its own distinct sphere of influence within the federal government However this power was itself balanced with the requirement that the Court could only invalidate legislation if it was unconstitutional Originalists argue that the modern court no longer follows this requirement They argue thatsince US v Darby in which Justice Stone writing for a unanimous Court ruled that the Tenth Amendment had no legal meaningthe Court has increasingly taken to making rulings in which the Court has determined not what the Constitution says but rather the Court has sought to determine what is morally correct at this point in the nations history in terms of the evolving standards of decency and considering the context of international jurisprudence and then justified that determination through a creative reading of the text This latter approach is frequently termed the Living constitution Scalia inveighed that the worst thing about the living constitution is that it will destroy the constitution Matters rendered moot by originalism Originalists are sharply critical of the use of the evolving standards of decency a term which first appeared in Trop v Dulles and of reference to the opinions of courts in foreign countries excepting treaties to which the United States is a signatory per Article II Section 2 Clause 2 of the United States Constitution in Constitutional interpretation In an originalist interpretation if the meaning of the Constitution is static then any ex post facto information such as the opinions of the American people American judges or the judiciaries of any foreign country is inherently valueless for interpretation of the meaning of the Constitution and should not form any part of constitutional jurisprudence The Constitution is thus fixed and has procedures defining how it can be changed The exception to the use of foreign law is the English common law which originalists regard as setting the philosophical stage for the US Constitution and the American common and civil law Hence an originalist might cite Blackstone s Commentaries to establish the meaning of the term due process as it would have been understood at the time of ratification Pros and cons Arguments for and against Originalism should be read in conjunction with alternative views and rebuttals presented in footnotes Arguments favoring originalism This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2008 Learn how and when to remove this template message If a constitution no longer meets the exigencies of a societys evolving standard of decency and the people wish to amend or replace the document there is nothing stopping them from doing so in the manner which was envisioned by the drafters through the amendment process The Living Constitution approach would thus only be valuable in the absence of an amendment process Originalism deters judges from unfettered discretion to inject their personal values into constitutional interpretation Before one can reject originalism one must find another criterion for determining the meaning of a provision lest the opinion of this Court rest so obviously upon nothing however the personal views of its members Scalia has averred that there is no other criterion to constrain judicial interpretation Originalism helps ensure predictability and protects against arbitrary changes in the interpretation of a constitution to reject originalism implicitly repudiates the theoretical underpinning of another theory of stability in the law stare decisis If a constitution as interpreted can truly be changed at the decree of a judge then the Constitution is a mere thing of wax in the hands of the judiciary which they may twist and shape into any form they please said Thomas Jefferson Hence the purpose of the constitution would be defeated and there would be no reason to have one Sometimes the Ninth Amendment is cited as an example by originalism critics to attack originalism Selfdescribed originalists have been at least as willing as judges of other schools to give the Ninth Amendment no substantive meaning or to treat it as surplusage duplicative of the Tenth Amendment Bork described it as a Rorshach blot and claimed that the courts had no power to identify or protect the rights supposedly protected by it Scalia held similarly The Constitutions refusal to deny or disparage other rights is far removed from affirming any one of them and even afarther removed from authorizing judges to identify what they might be and to enforce the judges list against laws duly enacted by the people Troxel v Granville 530 US 57 2000 Scalia J Dissenting Scalias interpretation renders the Ninth Amendment entirely unenforcable and moot which is clearly contrary to its original intent However this is a criticism of specific originalistsand a criticism that they are insufficiently originalistnot a criticism of originalism The theory of originalism as a whole is entirely compatible with the Ninth Amendment Alternative theories of originalism have been argued by Randy Barnett that give the Ninth Amendment more practical effect than many other schools of legal thought do Contrary to critics of originalism originalists do not always agree upon an answer to a constitutional question nor is there any requirement that they have to There is room for disagreement as to what original meaning was and even more as to how that original meaning applies to the situation before the court But the originalist at least knows what he is looking for the original meaning of the text Usually that is easy to discern and simple to apply Sometimes there will be disagreement regarding the original meaning and sometimes there will be disagreement as to how that original If the people come to believe that the constitution is not a text like other texts if it means not what it says or what it was understood to mean but what it should mean in light of the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society they will look for qualifications other than impartiality judgment and lawyerly acumen in those whom they elect to interpret it More specifically they will look for people who agree with them as to what those evolving standards have evolved to who agree with them as to what the constitution Arguments opposing originalism This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2008 Learn how and when to remove this template message If one is then to look at the interpretation or meaning which inheres at the particular time period the question becomes why is that reading the essential one Or restated an essential reading then is owing to whom Is it owing then to the meaning derived by the average person at that time The collective intent of the voters who passed it Or is it possible that they indeed entrusted the framers with the authority to draft the constitution ie that the intent of the drafters should remain relevant Originalism faces hermeneutic difficulties in understanding the intentions of the Founding Fathers who lived 200 years ago original intent or the context of the time in which they lived original meaning Justice Scalia accepted this problem Its not always easy to figure out what the provision meant when it was adopted I do not say originalism is perfect I just say its better than anything else Legal controversy rarely arises over constitutional text with uncontroversial interpretations How then does one determine the original meaning of an originally broad and ambiguous phrase Thus originalists often conceal their choice between levels of generality or possible alternative meanings as required by the original meaning when there is considerable room for disagreement It could be argued as for example Justice Breyer has that constitutions are meant to endure over time and in order to do so their interpretation must therefore be more flexible and responsive to changing circumstances than the amendment process Originalists often argue that where a constitution is silent judges should not read rights into it ie a textualist interpretation However the Ninth Amendment seen through an originalist lens can be seen as providing the judiciary with means of protecting rights which the founders had not thought for whatever reasons to explicitly list such as rights involving abortion gender and sexual orientation equality and capital punishment This presents a particular challenge to the theory of Original Intent which seems to thus suggest just the opposite of what the text of the Constitution and original intent of the founders arguably affirm creating an inconsistency in the practice of at least one branch of Originalism The subsequent Tenth Amendment detailing nonenumerated rights as the sole property of the states and the people is often cited as the clarification for this inconsistency and the reason why the federal courts have no say in affirming or denying said rights per the Ninth Amendment Originalism allows the dead hand of prior generations to control important contemporary issues to an extraordinary and unnecessary level of detail While everyone agrees that broad constitutional principles should control if the question is whether abortion is a fundamental right why should past centuriesold intentions be controlling The originalists distinction between original meaning and original intention here is unclear due to the difficulty of discussing meaning in terms of specific details that the Constitutional text does not clarify In writing such a broad phrase such as cruel and unusual it is considered implausible by some that the framers intended for its very specific meaning at that time to be permanently controlling The purpose of phrases such as cruel and unusual rather is specifically not to specify which punishments are forbidden but to create a flexible test that can be applied over future centuries Stated alternatively there is no reason to think the framers have a privileged position in making this determination of what is cruel and unusual while their ban on cruel punishment is binding on us their If applied scrupulously originalism requires the country either to continually reratify the Constitution in order to retain contemporary standards for tests such as cruel and unusual punishment or unreasonable searches and seizures or to change the language to specifically state that these tests shall be administered according to the standards of the society administering the test Critics of originalism believe that the first approach is too burdensome while the second is already inherently implied Arguments against some of the proponents of originalism Critics argue that originalism as applied by its most prominent proponents is sometimes pretext or at least the rules of originalism are sometimes bent to reach desired ends no less so than the Living Constitution For example Jack Balkin has averred that neither the original understanding nor the original intent of the 14th Amendment is compatible with the result implicitly reached by the originalist justices Thomas and Scalia in their willingness to join Chief Justice Rehnquists concurrence in Bush v Gore 531 US 98 2000 Furthermore while both Scalia and Thomas have objected on originalist grounds to the use of foreign law by the court see respectively Thompson v Oklahoma 487 US 815 868 1988 and Knight v Florida 528 US 990 1999 both have allowed it to seep into their opinions at one time or another see respectively McIntyre v Ohio Elections Committee 514 US 334 381 1995 and Holder v Hall 512 US 874 904 1994 Another example is the centrality of the concept of person to the Constitution and the fact that any claim by originalists such as Bork Scalia or Thomas that the Constitution does not speak to human rights and gender equality a fortiori reflects a judicial effort to legislate meaning into the term Person for example Scalias assertion that womens equality is entirely up to the political branches ignores the use of the term person rather than man in the Constitution and the common meaning of the term at the time and instead interprets the Constitution to say that only heterosexual men and male fetuses are persons thus reading silence into the Constitution on a matter on which it is not silent for the purpose of narrowing the Constitutions meaning The device of originalism is thus used to replace the original intent the original meaning and the text itself with Scalias subjective view or desires See also Constitution in exile Government by Judiciary Judicial activism Footnotes a b B Boyce Originalism and the Fourteenth Amendment 33 Wake Forest L Rev 909 Ackerman Bruce January 1 2017 The Holmes Lectures The Living Constitution Yale University Law School Vloet Katie September 22 2015 Two Views of the Constitution Originalism vs NonOriginalism University of Michigan Law Brest Paul 1980 The Misconceived Quest for the Original Understanding Boston University Law Review 60 204238 L Solum Semantic Originalism Illinois Public Law Research Paper No 0724 The University of Chicago The Law School I am not a strict constructionist and no one ought to be Archived copy Archived from the original on December 19 2005 Retrieved December 16 2005 Archived copy Archived from the original on December 16 2005 Retrieved December 16 2005 Wil Gerken Nathan Hendler Doug Floyd John Banks News Opinion Who Would Bush Appoint to the Supreme Court The Boston Phoenix 041000 Retrieved March 19 2016 See Smith v United States 508 US 223 1993 A Scalia A Matter of Interpretation 9780691004006 Amy Guttman ed 1997 at p23 Barnett The Original Meaning of the Commerce Clause Robert H Bork January 1971 Neutral Principles and Some First Amendment Problems Indiana Law Journal 1 Retrieved 20160401 via Digitalcommonslawyaleedu Ex Parte McCardle 74 US 506 Wall 1868 See for example Powell The Original Understanding of Original Intent 98 Harv L Rev 885 1985 See also W Serwetman Originalism At Work in Lopez An Examination of the Recent Trend in Commerce Clause Jurisprudence See A Matter of Interpretation supra see also A Scalia Originalism the Lesser Evil 57 U Cin L Rev 849 See R Bork The tempting of America The political seduction of the law See R Barnett An Originalism for nonOriginalists 45 Loy L Rev 611 R Barnett Restoring the Lost Constitution O W Holmes Collected Legal Papers 9780844612416 p204 Thomas Sowell Articles Political Columnist Commentator townhallcom Retrieved March 19 2016 See A Scalia A Theory of Constitution Interpretation speech at Catholic University of America 101896 Barnett Randy Restoring the Lost Constitution p 95 Princeton U Press 2013 Scalia Antonin A Matter of Interpretation Federal Courts and the Law Federal Courts and the Law p 144 Princeton University Press 1998 Balkin Jack February 16 2009 Framework Originalism and The Living Constitution Public Law Legal Theory Research Paper Series Yale Law School Retrieved July 27 2013 The New Guard Retrieved March 19 2016 A Scalia Law Language First Things November 2005 See for example Griswold v Connecticut 381 US 479 1965 Roe v Wade 410 US 113 1973 Morrison v Olson 487 US 654 1988 Lawrence v Texas 539 US 558 2003 Roper v Simmons Docket No 03633 2005 Kelo v City of New London Docket No 04108 2005 See Scalia Constitutional Interpretation speech at Woodrow Wilson International Center 31405 See Atkins v Virginia 536 US 304 2002 Scalia dissenting Scalia Woodrow Wilson speech supra Thomas Jefferson to Spencer Roane Retrieved 20170405 a b CommonLaw Courts in a CivilLaw System The Role of United States Federal Courts in Interpreting the Constitution and Laws Scalia talks up originalism in UVM speech Times Argus Online Retrieved March 19 2016 2017 February 10 2017 Neil Gorsuch Is Trumps Best Revenge for Judicial Activism The Daily Signal Retrieved 20170509 Cohen Adam September 22 2010 Justice Scalia Mouths Off on Sex Discrimination Time Retrieved December 12 2012 Fischer David Hackett 1989 Albions Seed Four British Folkways in America New York Oxford University Press 9780195069051 References External video Booknotes interview with Jack Rakove on Original Meanings Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution July 6 1997 CSPAN Originalism The QuarterCentury of Debate 2007 ISBN 9781596980501 Jack N Rakove Original Meanings Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution 1997 ISBN 9780394578583 Keith E Whittington Constitutional Interpretation Textual Meaning Original Intent and Judicial Review 2001 ISBN 9780700611416 Vasan Kesavan Michael Stokes Paulsen The Interpretive Force of the Constitutions Secret Drafting History 91 Geo LJ 1113 2003 Randy E Barnett Restoring the Lost Constitution 2005 ISBN 9780691123769 Gary Lawson On Reading Recipes and Constitutions 85 Geo LJ 1823 19961997 External links This articles use of external links may not follow Wikipedias policies or guidelines Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references April 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Originalism Blog Why Originalism Is So Popular by Eric A Posner The New Republic Justice Scalia lecture at CUA discussing originalism 1996 Justice Scalia lecture at Woodrow Wilson Center comparing and contrasting originalism from the living constitution approach 2005 Legal Theory Lexicon entry on Originalism Originalism The Lesser Evil by Antonin Scalia 57 U Cin L Rev 849 An Originalism for Nonoriginalists by Randy Barnett Original Intent and Purpose of the Second Amendment GunCitecom Original Intent and The Free Exercise of Religion Joseph A Zavaletta Jr Esq Constitutional Issues of Taxation Original Intentorg Trumping Precedent with Original Meaning Not as Radical as It Sounds by Randy Barnett The Founders Constitution Foundingera materials American Patriot Party Foundingera Principles Judicial Activism Reconsidered by Thomas Sowell B Wittes What Is Cruel and Unusual Jack Balkin Bad originalism Jack Balkin Scalia blowing smoke Ed Brayton Balkin on Bad Originalism JustOneMinute The NY Times finds a codebreaker Ed Whelan Boiling the Frog reviewing Cass Sunsteins Radicals in Robes Original Intent or How Does the Constitution Mean The London Review of Books Vol 10 No 7 March 1988 v t e Tea Party movement Issues American exceptionalism Constitutional economics Contract from America Originalism Paleoconservatism Free market FairTax Flat taxation Opposition to taxation History Electoral history of the Tea Party movement Right America Feeling Wronged Some Voices from the Campaign Trail Taxpayer March on Washington Restoring Honor rally Tea Party protests People Justin Amash Dick Armey Michele Bachmann Glenn Beck Matt Bevin Herman Cain Keli Carender Ted Cruz Jim DeMint Karl Denninger Matt Gaetz Trey Gowdy Sean Hannity Matt Kibbe Charles Koch David Koch Amy Kremer Mark Levin Rush Limbaugh Mark Meckler Sarah Palin Dan Patrick Rand Paul Ron Paul Rick Santelli Joe Walsh Allen West List of Tea Party politicians Organizations Americans for Prosperity Americans for Tax Reform Club 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B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

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article five
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PaR

Systems

From

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April

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PaR

Systems

Inc

Type

LLC

Industry

Systems

Engineering

Predecessor

General

Mills

Founded

Shoreview

Minnesota

United

States

Headquarters

Shoreview

Minnesota

United

States

Area

served

worldwide

Key

people

Mark

Wrightsman

CEO

Robert

Pohlad

Albert

J

Colianni

Thomas

O

Pohlad

Products

Robotic

gantries

customsolution

cranes

CNC

waterjet

cutters

robot

controllers

robotic

inspection

systems

material

handling

systems

Owner

Pohlad

Companies

Number

of

employees

Subsidiaries

Ederer

LLC

Jered

LLC

SDI

Lasers

Ltd

Oak

River

Technology

PaR

Marine

Services

LLC

Marine

Systems

Technology

Ltd

Website

www

par

com

PaR

Systems

Inc

is

a

systems

engineering

firm

headquartered

in

Shoreview

Minnesota

specializing

in

automated

manufacturing

and

material

handling

equipment

subsidiaries

include

Jered

LLC

specializing

in

marine

equipment

and

cargo

handling

systems

Ederer

LLC

specializing

in

custom

and

specialty

cranes

and

associated

equipment

CAMotion

specializing

in

advanced

motion

control

and

Cartesian

palletizers

and

Oak

River

Technology

specializing

in

automated

manufacturing

testing

equipment

and

medical

device

manufacturing

equipment

PaR

systems

specializes

in

engineering

equipment

for

the

nuclear

field

designing

equipment

for

nuclear

industry

hot

cells

process

facilities

and

decommissioning

applications

in

Japan

UK

and

United

States

In

the

aerospace

industry

PaR

specializes

in

precision

cutting

trimming

drilling

coating

scanning

and

nondestructive

testing

equipment

PaR

Systems

has

quality

certifications

in

and

ASME

compliant

Contents

History

Contracts

Defense

Contracts

Main

Crane

system

Products

CNC

manufacturing

Palletizing

and

packaging

Hazardous

environment

See

also

External

links

History

This

section

needs

expansion

You

can

help

by

adding

to

it

February

PaR

Systems

was

spun

off

from

General

Mills

in

under

the

name

Programmed

and

Remote

Systems

Corporation

in

PaR

Systems

was

acquired

by

the

Minneapolisbased

Pohland

family

Contracts

Defense

Contracts

Jered

was

the

primary

contractor

for

the

aircraft

elevators

on

the

Nimitzclass

aircraft

carriers

Tarawaclass

Waspclass

and

half

of

the

Iwo

Jimaclass

ships

for

the

US

navy

as

well

as

the

French

aircraft

carrier

Charles

de

Gaulle

and

the

Spanish

aircraft

carrier

Príncipe

de

Asturias

Main

Crane

system

PaR

Systems

was

awarded

the

subcontract

for

the

Main

Crane

System

MCS

for

the

Chernobyl

New

Safe

Confinement

the

system

consists

of

two

overhead

bridge

cranes

which

support

two

trolley

hoists

and

a

Mobile

Tool

Platform

MTP

The

MTP

is

suspended

from

a

third

trolley

using

a

wire

rope

tensile

truss

with

three

paired

winches

giving

the

platform

six

degrees

of

freedom

the

MTP

is

equipped

with

a

wide

variety

of

tools

including

a

manipulator

arm

that

will

be

needed

to

dismantle

the

Sarcaphagus

and

reactor

building

so

that

the

radioactive

material

can

be

moved

to

more

stable

containment

The

bridges

are

meters

feet

long

and

run

on

a

meters

feet

long

runway

track

with

six

rails

There

are

shielded

garages

along

the

track

to

allow

tools

to

be

exchanged

to

and

from

the

bridges

for

maintenance

and

different

operations

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was

done

by

PaR

Systems

and

manufactured

by

PaR

Systems

and

PaR

Marine

Products

This

section

needs

expansion

You

can

help

by

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PaR

Systems

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lines

in

addition

to

custom

solutions

CNC

manufacturing

PaR

Systems

line

of

waterjet

cutters

is

sold

under

the

Vector

brand

they

can

be

used

to

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from

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objects

Palletizing

and

packaging

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environment

See

also

Companies

portal

List

of

Minnesota

companies

References

httpswwwparcomcompanynewsminneapolisbasedpohladfamilyacquiresparsystemsmmlcapitalpartners

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title

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Archived

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Palais

de

Justice

Brussels

From

Wikipedia

the

free

encyclopedia

Palace

of

Justice

Palais

de

justice

de

Bruxelles

in

French

Justitiepaleis

van

Brussel

in

Dutch

Main

façade

being

renovated

Wikimedia

OpenStreetMap

General

information

Architectural

style

Eclectic

neoclassical

Location

Marollen

Brussels

Brussels

Belgium

Coordinates

Coordinates

Current

tenants

Belgian

court

Construction

started

October

Inaugurated

October

Cost

million

Belgian

franc

Client

Belgian

government

Owner

Belgian

government

Height

metres

ft

Dimensions

Diameter

by

metres

ft

ft

Technical

details

Floor

area

square

metres

sq

ft

Design

and

construction

Architect

Joseph

Poelaert

The

Palace

of

Justice

French

Palais

de

Justice

Dutch

Justitiepaleis

help

or

Law

Courts

of

Brussels

is

the

most

important

court

building

in

Belgium

It

was

built

between

and

in

the

eclectic

style

by

the

celebrated

architect

Joseph

Poelaert

The

total

cost

of

the

construction

land

and

furnishings

was

somewhere

in

the

region

of

million

Belgian

francs

It

is

reputed

to

be

the

largest

building

constructed

in

the

century

It

is

a

notable

landmark

of

Brussels

Contents

History

Inception

Renovation

Dimensions

Influence

Sections

External

links

History

Inception

Depiction

of

the

Palais

on

a

postcard

Note

the

lower

dome

In

during

the

reign

of

Leopold

I

a

Royal

decree

announced

the

building

of

the

Palace

of

Justice

and

an

international

architecture

contest

was

organised

for

its

design

The

designs

entered

in

the

contest

were

found

to

be

unacceptable

and

were

thus

rejected

The

then

minister

of

justice

Tesch

appointed

Joseph

Poelaert

to

design

the

building

in

The

first

stone

was

laid

on

October

and

the

building

was

inaugurated

on

October

four

years

after

Poelaerts

death

in

For

the

building

of

the

Palace

of

Justice

a

section

of

the

Marollen

neighbourhood

was

demolished

while

most

of

the

park

belonging

to

the

House

of

Mérode

was

also

expropriated

The

landlord

owners

of

the

houses

many

of

whom

lived

in

their

homes

received

large

indemnities

while

the

other

inhabitants

about

a

hundred

were

also

forced

to

move

by

the

Belgian

government

though

they

were

compensated

with

houses

in

the

garden

city

TillensRoosendael

French

citéjardin

TillensRoosendael

in

the

municipality

of

Uccle

in

the

Quartier

du

Chat

Poelaert

himself

lived

in

the

Marollen

neighbourhood

in

a

house

only

a

few

hundred

metres

from

the

building

a

house

adjoining

his

vast

offices

and

workshops

It

is

thus

unlikely

he

saw

himself

as

ruining

the

neighbourhood

As

a

result

of

the

forced

relocation

of

so

many

people

the

word

architect

became

one

of

the

most

serious

insults

in

Brussels

The

Palaces

location

is

on

the

Galgenberg

hill

where

in

the

Middle

Ages

convicted

criminals

were

hanged

View

from

The

Hotel

Brussels

then

Hilton

in

The

building

includes

huge

interior

statues

of

Demosthenes

and

Lycurgus

by

sculptor

Pierre

Armand

Cattier

and

figures

of

Roman

jurists

Cicero

and

Ulpian

by

AntoineFélix

Bouré

Although

the

construction

took

place

during

the

reign

of

Léopold

II

he

showed

little

interest

in

the

building

and

its

not

considered

part

of

his

extensive

architectural

program

in

Brussels

or

his

legacy

as

the

BuilderKing

Renovation

At

the

end

of

the

Second

World

War

on

the

eve

of

the

liberation

of

Brussels

the

retreating

Germans

started

a

fire

in

the

Palace

of

Justice

in

order

to

destroy

it

As

a

result

the

cupola

collapsed

and

part

of

the

building

was

heavily

damaged

By

most

of

the

building

was

repaired

and

the

cupola

was

rebuilt

two

and

a

half

metres

higher

than

the

original

Renovations

on

the

building

have

been

in

progress

since

These

renovations

pertain

to

the

repair

and

strengthening

of

the

roof

structure

and

the

walls

as

well

as

putting

a

new

layer

on

the

gilded

cupola

Progress

is

slow

and

in

it

was

reported

that

the

decadeold

scaffolding

was

so

rusted

and

unsafe

that

the

scaffolding

itself

was

in

need

of

renovation

Dimensions

At

the

centre

of

the

building

looking

upwards

towards

the

dome

Hall

of

the

Court

of

Cassation

The

Brussels

Palace

of

Justice

is

bigger

than

St

Peters

Basilica

in

Rome

The

building

is

currently

by

meters

and

has

a

total

built

ground

surface

of

m

The

meter

high

dome

weighs

tons

The

building

has

courtyards

with

a

surface

of

m

large

court

rooms

and

smaller

court

rooms

and

other

rooms

Situated

on

a

hill

there

is

a

level

difference

of

meters

between

the

upper

and

lower

town

which

results

in

multiple

entrances

to

the

building

at

different

levels

Influence

There

is

a

wellknown

story

that

Adolf

Hitler

was

reportedly

fond

of

the

building

Albert

Speer

stated

in

his

book

Inside

the

Third

Reich

that

he

had

been

dispatched

to

Brussels

in

to

study

the

building

Although

lacking

the

dome

and

being

much

smaller

the

Justice

Palace

in

Lima

in

Peru

which

houses

the

Supreme

Court

of

Peru

is

based

upon

the

Brussels

Palace

of

Justice

Sections

Court

of

Cassation

president

GriffieClerck

and

Prosecution

Court

of

Appeal

of

Brussels

president

GriffieClerckand

Prosecution

Bar

association

of

Brussels

French

and

Dutch

Library

of

the

Magistrate

Library

of

the

Bar

association

of

Brussels

Library

of

the

Lawyers

References

a

b

Centre

UNESCO

World

Heritage

Le

Palais

de

Justice

de

Bruxelles

UNESCO

World

Heritage

Centre

whcunescoorg

Retrieved

May

AVB

Liste

des

expropriations

publiée

dans

Poelaert

et

son

temps

Plan

du

géomètre

Van

Keerbergen

indiquant

les

propriétés

nécessaires

à

lérection

du

Palais

de

Justice

de

Poelaert

février

AVB

TP

Louis

Quiévreux

Bruxelles

notre

capitale

histoire

folklore

archéologie

p

Ceux

qui

lui

donnèrent

ce

sobriquet

ce

furent

les

expulsés

de

la

partie

des

Marolles

démolie

afin

que

puisse

être

érigé

le

colosse

de

la

place

Louise

La

rue

des

Sabots

celle

de

lArtifice

et

dautres

encore

étant

condamnées

on

transplanta

leurs

habitants

dans

un

quartier

riant

et

campagnard

celui

du

Chat

à

Uccle

à

la

limite

de

Forest

Poelaert

et

son

temps

Bruxelles

catalogue

exposition

p

Il

habitait

une

maison

rue

des

Minimes

voisine

de

ses

bureaux

et

qui

communiquait

avec

ceuxci

Le

Patrimoine

monumental

de

la

Belgique

Bruxelles

Pentagone

NZ

Brussels

edition

Pierre

Mardaga

p

Boulevard

de

Waterloo

n

Deux

maisons

bourgeoises

jumelées

de

quatre

niveaux

Le

n

était

lhabitation

personnelle

de

larchitecte

Joseph

Poelaert

au

moins

durant

la

construction

du

Palais

de

Justice

et

jusquà

son

décès

en

Lactuelle

façade

dallure

Second

Empire

datant

des

années

lui

est

peutêtre

même

attribuable

a

b

Palais

de

Justice

in

French

Belgian

federal

building

registry

September

Archived

from

the

original

on

February

Retrieved

August

Stellingen

Brussels

justitiepaleis

zelf

aan

restauratie

toe

in

Dutch

De

Standaard

November

Retrieved

June

Palais

de

justice

de

Bruxelles

Brussels

Structurae

Structurae

Retrieved

May

Speer

Albert

Inside

the

Third

Reich

Memoirs

by

Albert

Speer

Translated

by

Winston

The

Macmillan

Company

p

About

us

History

Balie

Brussel

Retrieved

May

httpbibbarreaudebruxellesbewebopacVubiscsp

External

links

Wikimedia

Commons

has

media

related

to

Law

Courts

of

Brussels

Climbing

the

Law

Courts

in

Dutch

Justitiepaleis

or

in

French

Palais

de

justice

v

t

e

Brussels

v

t

e

Tallest

buildings

and

structures

in

Belgium

Categories

Government

buildings

completed

in

Belgian

law

Courthouses

Palaces

in

Brussels

Terminating

vistas

City

of

Brussels

Libraries

in

Belgium

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Parsi cuisine From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia This article includes a list of references related reading or external links but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations April 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article is part of the series Indian cuisine Regional cuisines Ingredients types of food Preparation cooking See also Related cuisines India portal v t e This article is part of the series Pakistani cuisine پاکستانی پکوان Regional cuisines Ingredients Preparation and cooking See also v t e Parsi Cuisine refers to the traditional cuisine of the Parsis of India and Pakistan Primary meals The basic feature of a Parsi lunch is rice eaten with lentils or a curry Curry is made with coconut and ras without with curry usually being thicker than ras Dinner would be a meat dish often accompanied by potatoes or other vegetable curry Kachumbar a sharp onioncucumber salad accompanies most meals Popular Parsi dishes include Chicken Farcha Fried chicken appetizer Dhansak Lamb mutton goat chicken or vegetables in a mixed lentil or toor daal gravy served with brown rice Patra ni Machhi Fish Pomfret or Surmai stuffed heavily with green coconut chutney and wrapped in a banana leaf steam cooked Sali Murghi Spicy chicken with fine fried matchstick potatoes Saas ni Machhi Yellow rice with pomfret fish fillets in white sauce Kolmi no Patio Shrimp in spicy tomato curry Jardaloo Sali Boti Boneless mutton in an onion and tomato sauce with apricots and fried matchstick potatoes Khichri rice with toor daal or moong daal Tamota ni Ras Chaval mutton cutlets with white rice and tomato sauce Also popular among Parsis but less so elsewhere are the typical Parsi eeda egg dishes which include akuri scrambled eggs with spices and the pora Parsi omelette Also vegetables like okra tomato potato and others are often cooked with eggs on top Traditional breakfasts during the 1930s in Mumbai or in many South Gujarat villages consisted of khurchan offal meats cooked with potatoes in a spicy gravy and some variant of the ubiquitous deepfried fried or halffried eggs In agrarian communities this would be washed down by copious quantities of coconut toddy often straight off the tree Although in the notsodistant past vegetables were considered a poor peoples food there is a presently a trend towards light eating no redmeat and even vegetarianism Desserts Common desserts include sev vermicelli ravo sweet semolina pudding and malido a nutty fudge Also popular are faluda and kulfi both of which are adoptions from the cuisines of the Irani and Persian speaking communities Wedding feasts traditionally include Lagan nu Custard Snacks Popular parsi snacks include bhakhra deep fried sweet dough batasa tea biscuits dar ni pori sweetened lentils stuffed in a light pastry doodh na puff milk froth and khaman na ladva dumplings stuffed with sweetened coconut See also Irani Cafe References Further reading USA Parsi Cuisine Manna of the 21st Century httpswwwcreatespacecom4832223 ISBNEAN13 1499730284 9781499730289 Westrip Joyce P 2006 Fire and spice Parsi cookery London Serif ISBN 1897959419 External links Media related to Parsi cuisine at Wikimedia Commons Categories Parsi cuisine

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I


Patrick Dixon From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia For the Irish cricketer of the same name see Patrick Dixon cricketer This article contains content that is written like an advertisement Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view Learn how and when to remove this template message Patrick Dixon Born 1957 London Occupation Consultant Spouses Sheila Children Four Patrick Dixon born 1957 is an author and business consultant often described as a futurist and chairman of the trends forecasting company Global Change Ltd He is also founder of the international AIDS agency ACET and Chairman of the ACET International Alliance In 2005 he was ranked as one of the 20 most influential business thinkers alive according to the Thinkers 50 a private survey printed in The Times Dixon was also included in the Independent on Sunday s 2010 Happy List with reference to ACET and his other work tackling the stigma of AIDS Contents 1 Medical career 2 Trends analysis business consulting and writing 3 Personal life 4 Works 41 42 Selected articles 5 6 External links Medical career Patrick Dixon studied Medical Sciences at Kings College Cambridge and continued medical training at Charing Cross Hospital London In 1978 while a medical student he founded the IT startup Medicom selling medical software solutions in the UK and the Middle East based on early personal computers After qualifying as a physician he cared for people dying of cancer at St Josephs Hospice and then as part of the Community Care Team based at University College Hospital London while also continuing IT consulting parttime In 1988 he launched the AIDS charity ACET following publication of his first book The Truth about AIDS which warned of an unfolding catastrophe that has since hit many nations in subSaharan Africa ACET grew rapidly providing home care services across London and other parts of the UK as well as a national sex education programme in schools reaching more than 450000 students Dixon no longer practices as a physician but remains actively involved as Chairman of the ACET International Alliance This is now a network of independent national AIDS care and prevention programmes sharing the same name and values active in 23 countries in Europe Africa and Asia Trends analysis business consulting and writing Patrick Dixon now advises large corporations in many different industries on trends risk management and opportunities for innovation giving keynotes to thousands of business leaders at corporate events each year Since the 1990s Dixon has written 15 books covering a wide range of issues and macrotrends including social media multichannel marketing consumer shifts demographics rise of emerging economies health care biotechnology social issues sustainability politics and business ethics Futurewise first published in 1998 uses the word FUTURE as a mnemonic standing for Six Faces of the Future which will impact every large business F ast U rban T ribal U niversal R adical and E thical Dixon is optimistic about the capacity of human innovation to solve complex challenges This millennium will witness the greatest challenges to human survival that we have ever seen and many of them will face us in the early years of the first century It will also provide us with science and technology beyond our greatest imaginings and the greatest shift in values for over 50 years Futurewise page xi Building a Better Business published in 2005 describes a new approach to leadership management marketing teams brands customer relations innovation strategy corporate governance and values The book applies lessons from volunteering and nonprofit organisations in motivating and inspiring large numbers of people to achieve great things In it Dixon argues that all successful leadership derives from an appeal to a common desire for a better futurefor customers workers shareholders and communities He attacks the dangerous obsession with shareholder value in many global corporations Our society has come to see that a strategy to build shareholder value without a clear mission based on robust ethical values is a complete nonsense In fact it has proved one of the fastest ways of destroying an entire global business Sustainagility published in 2010 and coauthored by Johan Gorecki describes green technology and innovations across a wide range of industries which Dixon believes will help to transform and protect the world Personal life Dixon is married to Sheila with four grown up children including the pop artist Paul Dixon known as fyfe previously Davids Lyre and lives in London where the family is active in local church and community life Works Patrick Dixon publishes video messages on his web TV site He claims over 15 million viewers and YouTube shows over 5 million video views on his channel there Books The Thinkers 50 noted Dixons relaxed attitude to his own intellectual capital in that he makes much of it available from the Global Change website without charge The Truth about AIDS Kingsway ACET International Alliance 1987 1989 1994 new edition 2004 AIDS and Young People Kingsway 1989 AIDS and You Kingsway ACET Int All 1990 2004 The Genetic Revolution Kingsway 1993 1995 The Rising Price of Love Kingsway 1994 Signs of Revival Kingsway 1994 1995 Out of the Ghetto Word 1995 The Truth about Westminster Kingsway 1995 The Truth about Drugs Hodder 1996 Cyberchurch Kingsway 1996 Futurewise Harper Collins 1998 2001 Profile Books 2003 reprinted 2004 2005 4th edition 2007 Island of Bolay Harper Collins 2000 thriller Building a Better Business Profile Books 2005 Sustainagility Kogan Page 2010 Selected articles Wake up to stronger tribes and a longer life Financial Times References a b c d e Ciaran Parker The Thinkers 50 Praeger Publishers 2005 0275991458 Thinkers 50 2005 Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Des Dearlove Stuart Crainer 1 December 2005 The Most Influential Management Gurus The Times Archived from the original on 11 June 2011 The IoS Happy List 2010 the 100 Independent on Sunday 25 April 2010 wwwacetinternationalorg Patrick Dixon speakers profile at Leigh Bureau Patrick Dixon CV on Global Change website About Patrick Dixon Youtube Retrieved 10 May 2014 Books by Dixon GlobalChangecom Wake up to stronger tribes and a longer life Financial Times 31 October 2005 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Patrick Dixon Wikiquote has quotations related to Patrick Dixon Official website httppdixonblogspotcom blog comment on recent events Patrick Dixon Futurist s channel on YouTube Authority control ISNI 0000 0000 8202 6474 NKC jo2018978131 SUDOC 085679852 VIAF 16336597 WorldCat Identities via VIAF 16336597 Categories British nonfiction writers British thriller writers Futurologists British business theorists British businesspeople Business speakers English writers Alumni of Kings College Cambridge 1957 births Living people HIVAIDS activists Alumni of Charing Cross Medical School English male novelists

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

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PennWell From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia PennWell Parent company Clarion Events Founded 1910 Founder Patrick Boyle Country of origin United States Headquarters location Tulsa Oklahoma Publication types Magazines newsletters books maps directories databases Official website www pennwell com PennWell Corporation is a diversified businesstobusiness publisher founded in 1910 and based in Tulsa Oklahoma It is owned by the British company Clarion Events PennWell publishes 45 businesstobusiness magazines and newsletters conducts over 60 conferences and exhibitions on six continents and also offers books maps directories and database services In 2011 it acquired a data mapping company and also expanded its publications in the technology field Contents 1 History 2 Publications 3 4 External links History The company originally called the Petroleum Publishing Company and owned by Pennsylvanian Patrick Boyle began in 1910 with the acquisition of a magazine based in Beaumont Texas called Oil Investors Journal Boyle moved the publication to Tulsa and renamed it Oil Gas Journal Boyle died in 1920 and was succeeded first by his soninlaw Frank T Lauinger and then in 1932 by his grandson PC Lauinger who led the Journal to increasing financial success established a number of other petroleumoriented publications and acquired publications in the dental care field PC Lauinger remained in control of the company until his death in 1988 thereafter his soninlaw Robert Biolchini led the company until 2015 when Mark Wilmoth was elected president and CEO while Biolchini became chairman of the board In 2018 PennWell was acquired by Clarion Events a British company owned by The Blackstone Group Publications Water Wastewater International Small Times Solid State Technology Renewable Energy World Laser Focus World Industrial Laser Solutions BioOptic World OptoIQ Oil Gas Journal Offshore Magazine Oil Gas Financial Journal PennEnergyl Utility Products Electric Light Power Power Engineering Power Engineering International HydroWorld Cogeneration OnSite Power Journal of Emergency Medical Services Fire Rescue Law Officer Fire Engineering Magazine Pennwellhub Power Vision Systems Design Dental Economics LUX Magazine References Laser Focus World Wins Gold at the 2011 Folio Awards in New York City PennWell January 31 2011 Retrieved November 29 2015 httpwwwpennwellcom Rod Walton PennWell acquires broadband assets from Hermes Tulsa World December 30 2011 a b Rod Walton PennWell marks 100 years of publishing Tulsa World October 17 2010 Bobby D Weaver Oil and Gas Journal at Oklahoma Historical Society Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture Archived 20090416 at the Wayback Machine accessed January 13 2012 Publisher of oil industry Journal still going full gusher at age 70 Associated Press in The Miami News May 27 1971 PennWell announces leadership changes Tulsa World September 24 2015 PennWell Corp and NewBay Media Acquired By UK Firms Folio 20180404 Retrieved 20180901 httpwwwwwinternationalcom httpwwwrenewableenergyworldcom httpwwwlaserfocusworldcom httpwwwindustriallaserscom httpwwwbioopticsworldcom httpwwwoptoiqcom httpwwwOGJcom httpwwwoffshoremagcom httpwwwOGfJcom httpwwwpennenergycom httpwwwutilityproductscomindexhtml httpwwwelpcomindexhtml httpwwwpowerengcomindexhtml httpwwwpowerengineeringintcomindexhtml httpwwwhydroworldcomindexhtml httpwwwcosppcomindexhtml a b c PennWell Acquires Elsevier Public Safety Media Brands httpwwwvisionsystemscom httpwwwdentaleconomicscom Wright Maury October 14 2014 PennWell acquires interest in publisher of Lux Magazine and Lux Review wwwledsmagazinecom External links PennWell Corporation Categories Publishing companies of the United States Companies based in Tulsa Oklahoma 1910 establishments in Oklahoma Media in Tulsa Oklahoma

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