My Little Pony From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia This article is about the franchise For the current lineup see My Little Pony 2010 toyline For the 1986 television series see My Little Pony TV series For the 2010 television series see My Little Pony Friendship Is Magic For other uses see My Little Pony disambiguation My Little Pony My Little Pony logo as of 2017 Created by Bonnie Zacherle Original work My Pretty Pony toys 1981 Owner Hasbro Official website mylittlepony hasbro com My Little Pony is a toy line and media franchise mainly targeting girls developed by American toy company Hasbro The first toys were developed by Bonnie Zacherle Charles Muenchinger and Steve DAguanno and were produced in 1981 The ponies feature colorful bodies manes and a unique symbol on one or both sides of their flanks Such symbols are referred to in the two most recent incarnations as cutie marks My Little Pony has been revamped several times with new and more modern looks to appeal to a new market Following the original My Pretty Pony toy that was introduced in 1981 My Little Pony was launched in 1982 and the line became popular during the 1980s The original toy line ran from 1982 to 1992 in the United States and to 1995 globally and two animated specials an animated featurelength film and two animated television series produced during the period up until 1992 The first incarnations popularity peaked in 1990 but the following year Hasbro decided to discontinue the toy line due to increased competition One hundred fifty million ponies were sold in the 1980s The toy line was revived in 1997 but these toys proved unpopular and were discontinued in 1999 The brand saw a more popular revival in 2003 with toys that more closely resembled the original toy line which sold approximately 100 million pony toys globally by 2010 Hasbro launched the fourth incarnation of the franchise in 2010 which started with the animated series My Little Pony Friendship Is Magic The brand grossed over 650 million in retail sales in 2013 and over 1 billion annually in retail sales in 2014 and 2015 Contents 1 History 11 My Pretty Pony 1981 12 19821992 13 19971999 131 My Little Pony Friendship Gardens 1998 14 20032009 15 2010present 2 Adult fans 21 Collectors 22 Friendship Is Magic fandom 3 Imitations 4 Social impact 41 Consumerism 42 Femininity 5 6 7 External links History My Pretty Pony 1981 The predecessor to My Little Pony was My Pretty Pony a pony figurine introduced by Hasbro in 1981 It was created by illustrator Bonnie Zacherle and sculptor Charles Muenchinger My Pretty Pony was a teninchtall hard plastic figurine that could wiggle its ears swish its tail and wink one eye The original My Pretty Pony was followed by My Pretty Pony and Beautiful Baby which came with an additional smaller baby pony figure This was followed by pink yellow and blue versions of the original that had the nowhallmark symbol on the ponies backsides 19821992 Main article My Little Pony 1982 toyline After the relative lack of success of the My Pretty Pony toy line Hasbro introduced six smaller and colorful versions of the toy in 1982 sold under the title My Little Pony The toy line led to many more merchandise under the My Little Pony brand which later became unofficially known as the Generation One or G1 of My Little Pony among collectors This incarnation ended in 1995 in the United States but was marketed internationally until 1995 Animations from mid1980s My Little Pony animated special My Little Pony Escape from Catrina My Little Pony The Movie and My Little Pony segment within My Little Pony n Friends anthology series and My Little Pony Tales from 1992 accompanied the lineup 19971999 My Little Pony 19971999 Original work Toys Games Video games My Little Pony Friendship Gardens 1998 Miscellaneous Toys My Little Pony The 1997 incarnation was marketed by Hasbro as Friendship Garden and designated Generation 2 by collectors They were manufactured in redesigned poses with jewel eyes and turning heads and were smaller slimmer and longerlegged than their 1982 counterparts The line was not successful in the US and was discontinued in 1999 although it continued overseas for several years Since the second generation was more popular in Western Europe Hasbro continued to produce and sell them in Western Europe after 1998 Most were Earth Ponies but a few unicorns were made internationally Although no Pegasus Ponies were made some adults had In Europe the main location was renamed Ponyland instead of Friendship Gardens and were discontinued with the inception of the G3 toyline in 2003 Many ponies released in the last years of the line are considered rare A number of playsets were introduced including a mansion and a castle Some of the licensed merchandise released in Europe included beanbag plushes magazines clothing perfume wrapping paper and coloring books A CDROM game for PC Friendship Gardens was also released which involved taking care of a pony and playing games along the way Some Generation Two ponies were sold as detachable key chains including Morning Glory Sundance Light Heart and Ivy The pony came with a comb attached to her neck by a string The back of the package says My Little Pony Logo and Pony Names are Trademarks of Hasbro Inc Copyright 1998 They were produced under license by Fun4All Corporation and made in China My Little Pony Friendship Gardens 1998 My Little Pony Friendship Gardens is a virtual pet game developed by Artech Digital Entertainment 20032009 Main article My Little Pony 2003 toyline The third incarnation of My Little Pony which is often unofficially referred to as Generation Three or G3 by collectors began in 2003 The revamped line of dolls was targeted to a younger audience than the previous lines Until the generations end in 2009 there were at least two minor revamps A series of directtovideo animated films mostly produced by SD Entertainment accompanied the lineup 2010present Main article My Little Pony 2010 toyline See also My Little Pony Equestria Girls The current incarnation of My Little Pony unofficially known as the Generation Four was launched in 2010 It is set in a fictional location named Equestria and the main characters include Twilight Sparkle Spike Rainbow Dash Pinkie Pie Applejack Rarity and Fluttershy Television series My Little Pony Friendship Is Magic theatrical film My Little Pony The Movie as well as other related media accompany the current lineup This era generated a fandom among grownups with the success of the television series My Little Pony Equestria Girls the anthropomorphic spinoff was launched in 2013 Adult fans Collectors My Little Pony toys drew the attention of collectors from their initial release Media coverage in the 2000s reported on collectors conventions finding it odd that adult women are interested in My Little Pony The 2004 My Little Pony Collectors Convention reportedly had only one man among the attendees When updating the toy line Hasbro reassured collectors that it will produce My Little Pony editions for collectors Friendship Is Magic fandom Main article My Little Pony Friendship Is Magic fandom My Little Pony inspired cosplay Despite Hasbros target demographic of young girls and their parents the fourth incarnation of the franchise has become a cultural and Internet phenomenon as the My Little Pony Friendship Is Magic television series generated the unexpected fandom with many male fans between 13 and 35 creating a large fanbase and a multitude of creative works fan sites and conventions The fanbase has adopted the name brony a portmanteau of bro and pony to describe themselves The older fanbase had come as a surprise to Hasbro and staff members involved with the show They have appreciated and embraced the fandom adding nods to the fans within the show and the toys Sherilyn Connelly and others have noted that bronies alienate other fans of the franchise by focusing on the fandom itself rather than the show Imitations This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message In the United States during the 1990s other toy companies desired to benefit from the success of the My Little Pony line imitations were produced and sold after the discontinuation of the G1 toys in 1992 and before the G2 incarnation was produced and sold in 1997 When Hasbro discontinued the G1 My Little Pony line in 1992 some pony molds fell into the hands of other toy companies who made their own pony toys The second generation was not popular in the United States and there are few imitations however G3 imitations exist There are websites to help people identify genuine My Little Pony toys manufactured by Hasbro and recognize imitations Many but not all imitations are sold at dollar stores Of many imitations the four listed below were popular with young girls in the early to mid1990s and were available at toy stores These toys had similarities to both the My Little Pony and Dream Beauty lines In the My Little Pony collecting community these are known as fakies or bootlegs however some are sought after by collectors Secret Wish Horse Released by Tyco now a division of Mattel Secret Wish Horse was a toyline of colorful plastic horses with rooted eyelashes and a bejeweled saddle that would open up to reveal a surprise such as earrings a bracelet or a ring They also came with a necklace similar to a magic 8ball that was said to make a girls wishes come true Fantasy Fillies Fantasy Fillies was a line of colorful plastic horses that were produced by EmpireMarchon The designer of this line also designed Fashion Star Fillies released in 1987 by Kenner which was together with Tonka later acquired by Hasbro in 1991 They came as pegasi unicorns horses and minifillies One called Princess Growing Hair had hair that could grow and a filly was sold with a carriage Magic Touch Pony Magic Touch Pony toys were made of plastic and came in different colors They had symbols on their flanks like My Little Ponies and Dream Beauties Some had hooves that would light up a necklace that lit up plastic flowers in their manes that would light up and some played music Cabbage Patch Ponies Cabbage Patch Ponies toys were made by Hasbro which had a license to manufacture Cabbage Patch Kids from 1988 until 1994 They were made of rubber and came in different colors some had glittery bodies Some had hair that could be combed while others had yarn for hair There were unicorns pegasi and regular ponies Social impact Consumerism My Little Pony is often derided for promoting consumerism When the media adaptations of the franchise debuted there was much controversy in the United States about television advertising targeted at children Relaxed regulation in the 1980s on crossreferencing between programming and commercials led to toybased shows such as Mattel s HeMan and the Masters of the Universe Hasbros Transformers G I Joe and later My Little Pony n Friends While HeMan initially drew the most controversy My Little Pony remained controversial for many decades later even when it was not being produced the criticism is much more harsh and enduring than similar franchises with toy lines Sherilyn Connelly cites examples from authors and journalists who single out My Little Pony for being tied to toys and merchandise often putting it first against the wall while sparing such criticism from the aforementioned Hasbro franchises or franchises such as Star Wars Toy Story and Lego Connelly notes that professionals who work with children for example psychologists and librarians often have a positive view on the franchise psychologist John Rosemond described My Little Pony toys as great soothing quiettime toys having none of the violence or sexuality of other toy franchises The first animated series is often given as the worst example of a Saturdaymorning cartoon despite never airing on Saturday mornings Even though no My Little Pony adaptation was airing on television for much of the 1990s and no toys were being produced it was still often brought up as a contemporary example of aggressive marketing through television Femininity Connelly contends that My Little Pony is singled out not because the franchises business methods or content standards are particularly different from other franchises but because it is overtly girly Replying to criticism that My Little Pony is junk while Star Wars stems from integrity and creative vision cartoonist Craig McCracken noted that both franchises can have integrity or be junk depending on how theyre produced Character designer Chris Battle pointed out that the media adaptation of My Little Pony is seen as less valid because it is aimed at girls Director Lauren Faust who was creative developer of the relaunch of the My Little Pony franchise in 2010 wrote that she expected people who havent even watched the animated series to instantly label it girly stupid cheap for babies or an evil corporate commercial Faust feels that the shows femininity makes it a target of derision regardless of its other qualities Ellen Seiter professor of media studies observed that girls television shows are a ghettoization of girl culture and the attacks on these shows is often aimed at their femininity My Little Pony has been perceived as an icon of femininity and girliegirls particularly in the United Kingdom The franchise has alternately been described as asexual and too sexual by the UK media References Werbner Donna September 10 2004 Campaign Hasbro resurrects My Little Pony brand Press release PRWeek Retrieved February 1 2017 Seiter Ellen 1995 Sold Separately Children and Parents in Consumer Culture Rutgers University Press p 153 McNeil Sheena September 1 2006 My Little Ponies Sequential Tart Retrieved February 2 2017 Hasbo October 7 2010 Hasbros Iconic MY LITTLE PONY Brand Excites a New Generation of Girls with Its Message of Friendship and Adventure Retrieved February 2 2017 Lisanti Tony May 1 2014 The Top 150 Global Licensors Global License Retrieved May 19 2015 Hasbro 2015 Investor Update at Toy Fair Feb 13 2015 Archived from the original on May 23 2015 Retrieved May 19 2015 Hasbro 2014 Annual Report February 26 2015 p 6 Archived from the original on July 7 2017 Retrieved May 20 2015 Lisanti Tony May 2016 Top 150 Global Licensors Global License p T9 The My Little Pony brand drives over 12 billion in retail sales Hasbro 2012 My Little Pony History Archived from the original on November 14 2012 Retrieved May 20 2015 Alkemade Patrick 2013 My Pretty Pony 1981 Archived from the original on May 20 2015 Retrieved May 20 2015 My Little Pony CDROM August 22 2015 Retrieved April 16 2016 Hasbro Revamps My Little Pony to Draw Younger Girls 10 July 2003 Retrieved 9 August 2014 a b c d e f g h i j Sherilyn Connelly 2017 Ponyville Confidential The History and Culture of My Little Pony 19812016 McFarland 9781476662091 Vara Vauhini Zimmerman Ann 20111104 Hey Bro Thats My Little Pony Guys Interest Mounts in Girly TV Show The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on 20111201 Retrieved 20111104 Gennis Sadie 20130801 Give Bronies a BreakIn Defense of Adult My Little Pony Fans TV Guide Retrieved 20130801 a b c Watercutter Angela 20110609 My Little Pony Corrals Unlikely Fanboys Known as Bronies Wired Retrieved 20110609 von Hoffman Constantine 20110531 My Little Pony the Hip New Trend Among the Geekerati BNET Retrieved 20110531 McKean Erin 20111202 The secret language of bros The Boston Globe Retrieved 20111202 Rutherford Kevin 20120420 Behind the Music of Pop Culture Smash My Little Pony Friendship Is Magic Rolling Stone Retrieved 20120420 Ostroff Joshua 20110803 Allages show Hipsters love childrens programming National Post Archived from the original on 20110804 Retrieved 20110803 Turner James 20120320 Is TV paying too much attention to fans Christian Science Monitor Retrieved 20120320 Strike Joe 20110705 Of Ponies and Bronies Animation World Network Retrieved 20110706 Further reading Sherilyn Connelly 2017 Ponyville Confidential The History and Culture of My Little Pony 19812016 McFarland 9781476662091 Summer Hayes May 1 2008 The My Little Pony G1 Collectors Inventory an unofficial full color illustrated collectors price guide to the first generation of MLP including all US ponies playsets and accessories released before 1997 with a foreword by Dream Valleys Kim Shriner Priced Nostalgia Press 9780978606312 Summer Hayes 2007 The My Little Pony G3 Collectors Inventory an unofficial full color illustrated guide to the third generation of MLP including all ponies playsets and accessories from 2003 to the present Priced Nostalgia Press 9780978606350 Hillary DePiano 2005 The My Little Pony Collectors Inventory A Complete Checklist of All US Ponies Playsets and Accessories from 1981 to 1992 Priced Nostalgia Press 1411621654 Summer Hayes 2009 The My Little Pony 20072008 Collectors Inventory Priced Nostalgia Press 9780978606367 Debra L Birge 2007 My Little Pony Around the World Schiffer Publishing 9780764317491 External links Official website United States portal Canada portal Toys portal Television in the United States portal Television in Canada portal Film in the United States portal Animation portal Cartoon portal Comics portal Video games portal 1980s portal 1990s portal 2000s portal v t e My Little Pony v t e Hasbro Categories My Little Pony Fictional horses 1980s toys 1990s toys 2000s toys 2010s toys Fictional characters introduced in 1982 Toy brands Doll brands Toy animals Talking animals in fiction Hasbro brands

B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I I O B I I B I I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

my little pony
american toy company
bonnie zacherle


Myogenesis From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Myogenesis is the formation of muscular tissue particularly during embryonic development This graphic depicts normal myoblast early muscle cells with a single nucleus fusing together to form myocytes multinucleated muscle cells during myogenesis Muscle fibers generally form the fusion of myoblasts into multinucleated fibers called myotubes In the early development of an embryo myoblasts can either proliferate or differentiate into a myotube What controls this choice in vivo is generally unclear If placed in cell culture most myoblasts will proliferate if enough fibroblast growth factor FGF or another growth factor is present in the medium surrounding the cells When the growth factor runs out the myoblasts cease division and undergo terminal differentiation into myotubes Myoblast differentiation proceeds in stages The first stage involves cell cycle exit and the commencement of expression of certain genes The second stage of differentiation involves the alignment of the myoblasts with one another Studies have shown that even rat and chick myoblasts can recognise and align with one another suggesting evolutionary conservation of the mechanisms involved The third stage is the actual cell fusion itself In this stage the presence of calcium ions is critical In mice fusion is aided by a set of metalloproteinases called meltrins and a variety of other proteins still under investigation Fusion involves recruitment of actin to the plasma membrane followed by close apposition and creation of a pore that subsequently rapidly widens Novel genes and their protein products that are expressed during the process are under active investigation in many laboratories They include Myocyte enhancer factors MEFs which promote myogenesis Serum response factor SRF plays a central role during myogenesis being required for the expression of striated alphaactin genes Expression of skeletal alphaactin is also regulated by the androgen receptor steroids can thereby regulate myogenesis Myogenic regulatory factors MRFs MyoD Myf5 Myf6 and Myogenin Overview There are a number of stages listed below of muscle development or myogenesis Each stage has various associated genetic factors lack of which will result in muscular defects Stages Stage Associated Genetic Factors Delamination PAX3 cMet Migration cmet HGF LBX1 Proliferation PAX3 cMet Mox2 MSX1 Six14 Myf5 MyoD Determination Myf5 and MyoD Differentiation Myogenin MCF2 Six14 MyoD Myf6 Specific Muscle Formation Lbx1 Meox2 Satellite Cells PAX7 Delamination Patient with Waardenburg syndrome III Waardenburg Klein Syndrome with wideset eyes Associated Genetic Factors PAX3 and cMet Mutations in PAX3 can cause a failure in cMet expression Such a mutation would result in a lack of lateral migration PAX3 mediates the transcription of cMet and is responsible for the activation of MyoD expressionone of the functions of MyoD is to promote the regenerative ability of satellite cells described below PAX3 is generally expressed at its highest levels during embryonic development and is expressed at a lesser degree during the fetal stages it is expressed in migrating hypaxial cells and dermomyotome cells but is not expressed at all during the development of facial muscle Mutations in Pax3 can cause a variety of complications including Waardenburg syndrome I and III as well as craniofacialdeafnesshand syndrome Waardenburg syndrome is most often associated with congenital disorders involving the intestinal tract and spine an elevation of the scapula among other symptoms Each stage has various associated genetic factors without which will result in muscular defects Migration Associated Genetic Factors cMet HGF and LBX1 Mutations in these genetic factors causes a lack of migration LBX1 is responsible for the development and organization of muscles in the dorsal forelimb as well as the movement of dorsal muscles into the limb following delamination Without LBX1 limb muscles will fail to form properly studies have shown that hindlimb muscles are severely affected by this deletion while only flexor muscles form in the forelimb muscles as a result of ventral muscle migration cMet is a tyrosine kinase receptor that is required for the survival and proliferation of migrating myoblasts A lack of cMet disrupts secondary myogenesis andas in LBX1prevents the formation of limb musculature It is clear that cMet plays an important role in delamination and proliferation in addition to migration PAX3 is needed for the transcription of cMet Proliferation Associated Genetic Factors PAX3 cMet Mox2 MSX1 Six Myf5 and MyoD Mox2 also referred to as MEOX2 plays an important role in the induction of mesoderm and regional specification Impairing the function of Mox2 will prevent the proliferation of myogenic precursors and will cause abnormal patterning of limb muscles Specifically studies have shown that hindlimbs are severely reduced in size while specific forelimb muscles will fail to form Myf5 is required for proper myoblast proliferation Studies have shown that mice muscle development in the intercostal and paraspinal regions can be delayed by inactivating Myf5 Myf5 is considered to be the earliest expressed regulatory factor gene in myogenesis If Myf5 and MyoD are both inactivated there will be a complete absence of skeletal muscle These consequences further reveal the complexity of myogenesis and the importance of each genetic factor in proper muscle development MyoD 1 MYF3 Determination Associated Genetic Factors Myf5 and MyoD One of the most important stages in myogenesis determination requires both Myf5 and MyoD to function properly in order for myogenic cells to progress normally Mutations in either associated genetic factor will cause the cells to adopt nonmuscular phenotypes As stated earlier the combination of Myf5 and MyoD is crucial to the success of myogenesis Both MyoD and Myf5 are members of the myogenic bHLH basic helixloophelix proteins transcription factor family Cells that make myogenic bHLH transcription factors including MyoD or Myf5 are committed to development as a muscle cell Consequently the simultaneous deletion of Myf5 and MyoD also results in a complete lack of skeletal muscle formation Research has shown that MyoD directly activates its own gene this means that the protein made binds the myoD gene and continues a cycle of MyoD protein production Meanwhile Myf5 expression is regulated by Sonic hedgehog Wnt1 and MyoD itself By noting the role of MyoD in regulating Myf5 the crucial interconnectedness of the two genetic factors becomes clear Differentiation Associated Genetic Factors Myogenin Mcf2 Six MyoD and Myf6 Mutations in these associated genetic factors will prevent myocytes from advancing and maturing Muscular Dystrophy Histopathology Myogenin also known as Myf4 is required for the fusion of myogenic precursor cells to either new or previously existing fibers In general myogenin is associated with amplifying expression of genes that are already being expressed in the organism Deleting myogenin results in nearly complete loss of differentiated muscle fibers and severe loss of skeletal muscle mass in the lateralventral body wall Depiction of man exhibiting the Gowers sign common symptom of centronuclear myopathy that results from the weakness of lower limb muscles Myf6 also known as MRF4 or Herculin is important to myotube differentiation and is specific to skeletal muscle Mutations in Myf6 can provoke disorders including centronuclear myopathy and Becker muscular dystrophy Specific muscle formation Associated Genetic Factors LBX1 and Mox2 In specific muscle formation mutations in associated genetic factors begin to affect specific muscular regions Because of its large responsibility in the movement of dorsal muscles into the limb following delamination mutation or deletion of Lbx1 results in defects in extensor and hindlimb muscles As stated in the Proliferation section Mox2 deletion or mutation causes abnormal patterning of limb muscles The consequences of this abnormal patterning include severe reduction in size of hindlimbs and complete absence of forelimb muscles Satellite cells Associated Genetic Factors PAX7 Mutations in Pax7 will prevent the formation of satellite cells and in turn prevent postnatal muscle growth Satellite cells are described as quiescent myoblasts and neighbor muscle fiber sarcolemma They are crucial for the repair of muscle but have a very limited ability to replicate Activated by stimuli such as injury or high mechanical load satellite cells are required for muscle regeneration in adult organisms In addition satellite cells have the capability to also differentiate into bone or fat In this way satellite cells have an important role in not only muscle development but in the maintenance of muscle through adulthood Skeletal muscle During embryogenesis the dermomyotome andor myotome in the somites contain the myogenic progenitor cells that will evolve into the prospective skeletal muscle The determination of dermomyotome and myotome is regulated by a gene regulatory network that includes a member of the Tbox family tbx6 ripply1 and mespba Skeletal myogenesis depends on the strict regulation of various gene subsets in order to differentiate the myogenic progenitors into myofibers Basic helixloophelix bHLH transcription factors MyoD Myf5 myogenin and MRF4 are critical to its formation MyoD and Myf5 enable the differentiation of myogenic progenitors into myoblasts followed by myogenin which differentiates the myoblast into myotubes MRF4 is important for blocking the transcription of musclespecific promoters enabling skeletal muscle progenitors to grow and proliferate before differentiating Basic helixloophelix There are a number of events that occur in order to propel the specification of muscle cells in the somite For both the lateral and medial regions of the somite paracrine factors induce myotome cells to produce MyoD proteinthereby causing them to develop as muscle cells A transcription factor TCF4 of connective tissue fibroblasts is involved in the regulation of myogenesis Specifically it regulates the type of muscle fiber developed and its maturations Low levels of TCF4 promote both slow and fast myogenesis overall promoting the maturation of muscle fiber type Thereby this shows the close relationship of muscle with connective tissue during the embryonic development Regulation of myogenic differentiation is controlled by two pathways the phosphatidylinositol 3kinase Akt pathway and the Notch Hes pathway which work in a collaborative manner to suppress MyoD transcription The O subfamily of the forkhead proteins FOXO play a critical role in regulation of myogenic differentiation as they stabilize NotchHes binding Research has shown that knockout of FOXO1 in mice increases MyoD expression altering the distribution of fasttwitch and slowtwitch fibers Muscle fusion Primary muscle fibers from primary myoblasts and tend to develop into slow muscle fibers Secondary muscle fibers then form around the primary fibers near the time of innervation These muscle fibers form from secondary myoblasts and usually develop as fast muscle fibers Finally the muscle fibers that form later arise from satellite cells Two genes significant in muscle fusion are Mef2 and the twist transcription factor Studies have shown knockouts for Mef2C in mice lead to muscle defects in cardiac and smooth muscle development particularly in fusion The twist gene plays a role in muscle differentiation The SIX1 gene plays a critical role in hypaxial muscle differentiation in myogenesis In mice lacking this gene severe muscle hypoplasia affected most of the body muscles specifically hypaxial muscles Protein synthesis and actin heterogeneity There are 3 types of proteins produced during myogenesis Class A proteins are the most abundant and are synthesized continuously throughout myogenesis Class B proteins are proteins that are initiated during myogenesis and continued throughout development Class C proteins are those synthesized at specific times during development Also 3 different forms of actin were identified during myogenesis Sim2 a BHLHPas transcription factor inhibits transcription by active repression and displays enhanced expression in ventral limb muscle masses during chick and mouse embryonic development It accomplishes this by repressing MyoD transcription by binding to the enhancer region and prevents premature myogenesis Delta1 expression in neural crest cells is necessary for muscle differentiation of the somites through the Notch signaling pathway Gain and loss of this ligand in neural crest cells results in delayed or premature myogenesis Techniques The significance of alternative splicing was elucidated using microarrary analysis of differentiating C2C12 myoblasts 95 alternative splicing events occur during C2C12 differentiation in myogenesis Therefore alternative splicing is necessary in myogenesis Systems approach Systems approach is a method used to study myogenesis which manipulates a number of different techniques like highthroughput screening technologies genome wide cellbased assays and bioinformatics to identify different factors of a system This has been specifically used in the investigation of skeletal muscle development and the identification of its regulatory network Systems approach using highthroughput sequencing and ChIPchip analysis has been essential in elucidating the targets of myogenic regulatory factors like MyoD and myogenin their interrelated targets and how MyoD acts to alter the epigenome in myoblasts and myotubes This has also revealed the significance of PAX3 in myogenesis and that it ensures the survival of myogenic progenitors This approach using cell based highthroughput transfection assay and wholemount in situ hybridization was used in identifying the myogenetic regulator RP58 and the tendon differentiation gene Mohawk homeobox References Yaffe David Feldman Michael 1965 The formation of hybrid multinucleated muscle fibers from myoblasts of different genetic origin Developmental Biology 11 2 300317 doi 101016001216066590062X Wei L Zhou W Croissant JD Johansen FE Prywes R Balasubramanyam A Schwartz RJ Nov 1998 RhoA signaling via serum response factor plays an obligatory role in myogenic differentiation J Biol Chem 273 46 3028794 doi 101074jbc2734630287 PMID 9804789 Vlahopoulos S Zimmer WE Jenster G Belaguli NS Balk SP Brinkmann AO Lanz RB Zoumpourlis VC Schwartz RJ et al 2005 Recruitment of the androgen receptor via serum response factor facilitates expression of a myogenic gene J Biol Chem 280 9 778692 doi 101074jbcM413992200 PMID 15623502 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Pestronk Alan Myogenesis Muscle Regeneration WU Neuromuscular Washington University Retrieved 20130316 a b Harovltch Sharon Myogenesis in primary cell cultures from Drosophila melanogaster protein synthesis and actin heterogeneity during development Pubmed 197B by MIT Retrieved 20130314 a b c Kitamura Tadahiro Kitamura YI Funahashi Y Shawber CJ Castrillon DH Kollipara R DePinho RA Kitajewski J Accili D 4 September 2007 A FoxoNotch pathway controls myogenic differentiation and fiber type specification The Journal of Clinical Investigation 117 9 24772485 doi 101172JCI32054 PMC 1950461 PMID 17717603 a b c Maroto M Reshef R Münsterberg A E Koester S Goulding M Lassar A B Apr 4 1997 Ectopic Pax3 activates MyoD and Myf5 expression in embryonic mesoderm and neural tissue Cell 89 139148 doi 101016S0092867400801907 PMID 9094722 a b c d e f Ito Yoshiaki A Systems Approach and Skeletal Myogenesis International Journal of Genomics Hindawi Publishing Organization Retrieved 14 March 2013 Windner SE Doris RA Ferguson CM Nelson AC Valentin G Tan H Oates AC Wardle FC Devoto SH 2015 Tbx6 Mespb and Ripply1 regulate the onset of skeletal myogenesis in zebrafish Development 142 6 115968 doi 101242dev113431 PMC 4360180 PMID 25725067 Maroto M Reshef R Münsterberg A E Koester S Goulding M Lassar A B 4 Apr 1997 Ectopic Pax3 activates MyoD and Myf5 expression in embryonic mesoderm and neural tissue Cell 89 1 139148 doi 101016S0092867400801907 PMID 9094722 Mathew Sam J Hansen JM Merrell AJ Murphy MM Lawson JA Hutcheson DA Hansen MS AngusHill M Kardon G 15 January 2011 Connective tissue fibroblasts and Tcf4 regulate myogenesis Development 138 2 371384 doi 101242dev057463 PMC 3005608 PMID 21177349 Retrieved 14 March 2013 Baylies Mary Invertebrate Myogenesis looking back to the future of muscle development Pubmed Elsevier Science Limited Retrieved 20130314 Laclef Christine Hamard G Demignon J Souil E Houbron C Maire P 14 February 2003 Altered myogenesis in Six1deficient mice Development 130 10 22392252 doi 101242dev00440 PMID 12668636 Retrieved 14 March 2013 Havis Emmanuelle Pascal Coumailleau Aline Bonnet Keren Bismuth MarieAnge Bonnin Randy Johnson ChenMin Fan Frédéric Relaix DeLi Shi Delphine Duprez 20120316 Development and Stem Cells Development 139 7 19101920 doi 101242dev072561 PMC 3347684 Retrieved 20130316 Rios Anne Serralbo Olivier Salgado David Marcelle Christophe 20110615 Neural crest regulates myogenesis through the transient activation of NOTCH Nature 473 7348 532535 doi 101038nature09970 PMID 21572437 Retrieved 20130316 Bland CS Wang David Johnson Castle Burge Cooper July 2010 Global regulation of alternative splicing during myogenic differentiation Nucleic Acids Research 38 21 76517664 doi 101093nargkq614 PMC 2995044 PMID 20634200 Retrieved 20130316 External links Gilbert Scott F Developmental Biology Sixth Edition Myogenesis The Development of Muscle v t e Physiology of muscles Exertion Exercise Movement Eye movement Gait Locomotion Other Hand strength Muscle tone Muscle contraction Isometric Isotonic Uterine contraction Endplate potential Myogenesis Categories Animal developmental biology Muscular system

B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O

myogenesis
embryonic development
muscle fibers


NASCAR Whelen Southern Modified Tour From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Whelen Southern Modified Tour Category Stock cars Country United States Inaugural season 1989 Inaugural season 2005 Folded 2016 Manufacturers Chevrolet Ford Pontiac Tire suppliers Hoosier Last Drivers champion Burt Myers Last Teams champion Myers Brothers Racing Last Makes champion Ford Official website Whelen Southern Modified Tour Current season The NASCAR Whelen Southern Modified Tour WSMT was a stock car racing series owned by NASCAR and operated in the Southeastern United States as part of its Modified Division The series began in 1989 as the Southern Modified Auto Racing Teams SMART before NASCAR took over the series in 2005 The Whelen Southern Modified Tour used nearly identical rules as its northeasternbased counterpart the NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour The series merged with the Modified Tour in 2017 Contents 1 History 11 The SMART TOUR Era 111 1989 season 112 1990 season 113 1991 season 114 1992 season 115 1993 season 116 1994 season 117 1995 season 1171 1995 top 10 points standings 118 1996 season 119 1997 season 1110 1998 season 1111 1999 season 1112 2000 season 11121 2000 top 10 points standings 1113 2001 season 11131 2001 top 10 points standings 1114 2002 season 11141 2002 top 10 points standings 1115 2003 season 11151 2003 top 10 points standings 1116 2004 season 11161 2004 top 10 points standings 12 NASCAR Tour era 121 2005 season 1211 2005 Top 10 points standings 122 2006 season 1221 2006 top 10 points standings 123 2007 season 1231 2007 top 10 points standings 124 2008 season 1241 2008 top 10 points standings 125 2009 season 1251 2009 top 10 points standings 126 2010 season 1261 2010 top 10 points standings 127 2011 season 1271 2011 top 10 points standings 128 2012 season 1281 2012 top 10 points standings 129 2013 season 1291 2013 top 10 points standings 1210 2014 season 12101 2014 top 10 points standings 1211 2015 season 12111 2015 top 10 points standings 1212 2016 season 12121 2016 Top 10 points standings 13 Merger with the Modified Tour 2 Tour champions 21 SMART Modified Tour champions 22 Whelen Southern Modified Tour champions 23 Champions 231 SMART Modified Tour 232 Whelen Southern Modified Tour 233 Overall 3 Type of Race Cars Rules 4 Tracks 41 42 Former NASCAR venues 2005present 43 SMART era venues 19892004 5 Winners table 51 Most wins at each track 52 Current tracks 53 Former tracks 6 Rookie of the Year Award 7 Most Popular Driver Award 8 Notes and references 9 See also 10 External links History NASCAR itself has a long tradition of Modified racing in the Southeastern US Prior to the formation of todays Northeasternbased Whelen Modified Tour in 1985 The evolution of Modified racing began in the late 1940s with the first NASCAR sanctioned race taking place at Daytona beach course in February1948 Coupes and sedans were the vehicles of choice and provided a new form of entertainment as tracks began spring up all over the country NASCAR Modified teams competed in championship events up and down the east coast including stops at Bowman Gray Stadium in WinstonSalem North Carolina North Wilkesboro Speedway and Martinsville Speedway Top drivers from North Carolina and Virginia such as Ralph Brinkley Ray Hendrick and Satch Worley were regular NASCAR Modified competitors In the late eighties while modified racing was maintaining its popularity in the Northeast US Late Model Stock cars moved into the spotlight throughout the south The downward slide suffered by the southern modifieds made many people feel that the division was fading and quite possibly disappearing altogether from the region The SMART TOUR Era In September 1988 after a rainout in Myrtle Beach South Carolina a group of dedicated car owners and drivers banded together and formed the Southern Modified Auto Racing Teams or SMART as they became known to race fans throughout the region The group had the goal for the club to strive to return Modifieds to their previous state of popularity in the South For the next 16 years Modified racing through the SMART Tour raced up and down the Carolinas and Virginia 1989 season The Inaugural Season included a total 6 races The Schedule had two race each at North Wilkesboro and Pulaski County and one race each at Langley and Myrtle Beach The first race in series history was on April 9 1989 at Langley Speedway in Hampton VA 18 modifieds entered the inaugural event Frank Flemings polewinning lap of 15990 seconds 89660 mph for the event was the quickest in Langleys history Robert Jeffreys earned the honor of being the first race winner by holding off Philip Smith At the Lowes 150 on April 15 at North Wilkesboro Speedway driver Don Smith Event Date Track Polewinner Winner 1 Modified 150 April 9 1989 Langley Speedway Hampton VA Frank Fleming Robert Jeffreys 2 Lowes 150 April 15 1989 North Wilkesboro Speedway North Wilkesboro NC Jimmy Spencer 3 July 1 1989 Pulaski County Speedway Radford VA Tony Jankowiak 4 September 9 1989 Myrtle Beach Speedway Myrtle Beach SC Frank Fleming 5 September 17 1989 North Wilkesboro Speedway North Wilkesboro NC Philip Smith Philip Smith 6 October 15 1989 Pulaski County Speedway Radford VA Johnny Bush 1990 season The 2nd Season grew to 8 races The Season began at Hickory Motor Speedway on March 31 and ended on September 29 at Caraway Speedway North Wilkesboro was the only track to hold more than one event with two races This was the first season that had a race held at Caraway Speedway which would later hold the most races in series history Junior Miller won his first career series win at the season opener at Hickory Motor Speedway It wasnt until April 21 at North Wilkesboro Speedway the 3rd race of the year and 9th race in the series Event Date Track Polewinner Winner 1 March 31 1990 Hickory Motor Speedway Hickory NC Junior Miller 2 April 13 1990 TriCounty Motor Speedway Hudson NC Jay Hedgecock 3 Lowes 150 April 21 1990 North Wilkesboro Speedway North Wilkesboro NC Robert Jeffreys 4 July 7 1990 Pulaski County Speedway Radford VA Jay Hedgecock 5 August 26 1990 Lonesome Pine International Raceway Coeburn VA Junior Miller 6 September 1 1990 Myrtle Beach Speedway Myrtle Beach SC Jay Hedgecock 7 September 16 1990 North Wilkesboro Speedway North Wilkesboro NC Billy Middleton Jay Hedgecock 8 September 29 1990 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Jay Hedgecock 1991 season The 3rd Season held 7 races starting off with the season opener on April 13 at Concord Motorsport Park and ended on October 5 at Lanier Speedway The October 5 event at Lanier Speedway in Braselton GA was the first event held outside of Virginia and the Carolinas Junior Miller dominated the Motor Mile Speedway event leading all but 25 laps of the race and holding off pole winner Jay Hedgecock Hedgecock had to be treated for exhausted after driving the entire race without power steering Philip Smith dominated the race at North Wilkesboro leading the last 91 laps en Event Date Track Polewinner Winner 1 April 13 1991 Concord Motorsport Park Concord NC Gary Myers 2 April 20 1991 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Junior Miller 3 July 6 1991 Motor Mile Speedway Radford VA Jay Hedgecock Junior Miller 4 August 31 1991 Myrtle Beach Speedway Myrtle Beach SC Billy Middleton 5 September 8 1991 TriCounty Motor Speedway Hudson NC Jay Hedgecock 6 September 15 1991 North Wilkesboro Speedway North Wilkesboro NC Gary Myers Philip Smith 7 October 5 1991 Lanier Speedway Braselton GA Junior Miller 1992 season The 1992 Season held 13 races nearly twice as many as any previous season The Season began on April 11 at North Wilkesboro Speedway and ended on November 3 at Caraway Speedway Tour races were held at Bowman Gray Stadium for the first time In the season opener Paul Spencer Brother of NASCARs Jimmy Spencer claimed his only series victory by holding off Jay Hedgecock Bobby Hutchens was the pole winner for the race but fell out on the 13th lap due to a mechanical failure There were 6 winners during the season Frank Fleming won the most races during Event Date Track Polewinner Winner 1 Lowes 150 April 11 1992 North Wilkesboro Speedway North Wilkesboro NC Bobby Hutchens Paul Spencer 2 April 18 1992 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Frank Fleming 3 May 2 1992 Bowman Gray Stadium WinstonSalem NC Junior Miller Ralph Brinkley 4 July 3 1992 TriCounty Motor Speedway Hudson NC Jay Hedgecock 5 July 4 1992 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Junior Miller 6 August 1 1992 Bowman Gray Stadium WinstonSalem NC Gary Myers 7 September 7 1992 Myrtle Beach Speedway Myrtle Beach SC Jay Hedgecock 8 September 14 1992 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Gary Myers 9 September 18 1992 TriCounty Motor Speedway Hudson NC Gary Myers 10 September 20 1992 North Wilkesboro Speedway North Wilkesboro NC Frank Fleming 11 September 26 1992 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Frank Fleming 12 October 3 1992 South Boston Speedway South Boston VA Frank Fleming 13 November 3 1992 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Jay Hedgecock 1993 season The 1993 Season held 10 races The Season began at Caraway Speedway on March 13 and ended also at Caraway Speedway on October 30 There were 7 winners during the season the most in a season for the series Junior Miller won 3 races the most wins by any driver during the season and claimed his 2nd series championship at the end of the season by beating Philip Smith by just 17 points Event Date Track Polewinner Winner 1 March 13 1993 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Gary Myers Junior Miller 2 March 27 1993 Summerville Speedway Summerville SC Al Hill Robert Jeffreys 3 July 2 1993 TriCounty Motor Speedway Hudson NC Billy Middleton 4 September 4 1993 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Philip Smith 5 September 18 1993 Myrtle Beach Speedway Myrtle Beach SC Gary Myers Philip Smith 6 September 25 1993 Southern National Motorsports Park Kenly NC Al Hill 7 October 2 1993 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Junior Miller Gary Myers 8 October 16 1993 TriCounty Motor Speedway Hudson NC Junior Miller 9 October 23 1993 South Boston Speedway South Boston VA Frank Fleming Frank Fleming 10 October 30 1993 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Philip Smith Junior Miller 1994 season The 1994 Season held 9 races The Season began at Caraway Speedway on April 2 and again ended at Caraway Speedway on October 30 At the Season Opener Tim Arre began his comingout party holding off early race leader Frank Fleming for his first SMART victory There were 6 winners during the season with Tim Arre scoring the most wins with 3 victorys Arre would win the season championship at the end of the season Event Date Track Polewinner Winner 1 April 2 1994 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Tim Arre 2 April 23 1994 Summerville Speedway Summerville SC Frank Fleming 3 July 1 1994 TriCounty Motor Speedway Hudson NC Philip Smith 4 July 2 1994 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Bobby Hutchens 5 September 3 1994 Myrtle Beach Speedway Myrtle Beach SC Tim Arre 6 September 10 1994 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Frank Fleming 7 September 24 1994 Ace Speedway Altamahaw NC Tim Arre 8 October 8 1994 Southern National Motorsports Park Kenly NC Roger Hill 9 October 30 1994 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Junior Miller 1995 season The 1995 Season held 10 races The Season began at Summerville Speedway on April 1 and ended at Caraway Speedway on October 29 At the season opener Defending series champ Tim Arre started his title defense off well by winning the event Tim Arre won his fifth and his final series race at Myrtle Beach Speedway on September 2 holding off Gary Myers after the duo swapped the lead multiple times during the event At Franklin County Speedway on October 7 Jay Foley captured his first series victory leading the last 69 laps This race had a significance to Kenny Event Date Track Polewinner Winner 1 Azalea 150 April 1 1995 Summerville Speedway Summerville SC Tim Brown Tim Arre 2 April 8 1995 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Junior Miller Frank Fleming 3 Fairvalue 150 June 30 1995 TriCounty Motor Speedway Hudson NC Al Hill 4 July 1 1995 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Randy Butner Junior Miller 5 September 2 1995 Myrtle Beach Speedway Myrtle Beach SC Tim Arre Tim Arre 6 Hayes Jewelers 150 September 9 1995 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Junior Miller 7 September 30 1995 Peach State Speedway Jefferson GA Tim Arre Junior Miller 8 October 7 1995 Franklin County Speedway Callaway VA Gary Myers Jay Foley 9 October 14 1995 Hickory Motor Speedway Hickory NC Junior Miller Junior Miller 10 MidAtlantic 500 October 29 1995 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Tim Brown Junior Miller 1995 top 10 points standings Rank Driver Points Diff Starts Wins T5 T10 Poles 1 Junior Miller 1752 10 5 8 9 2 Bobby Hutchens 1607 145 10 0 6 8 3 Jay Foley 1508 244 10 1 2 6 4 Tim Dwiggins 1497 255 10 0 4 7 5 Roger Hill 1398 354 10 0 2 4 6 Al Hill 1372 380 10 1 3 3 7 Billy Middleton 1368 384 8 0 3 7 8 Gary Myers 1356 396 9 0 5 6 9 Kenny Minter 1344 408 10 0 1 5 10 Tim Arre 1330 422 8 2 5 6 1996 season The 1996 Season held 12 races The Season began on March 30 at Summerville Speedway and ended at Caraway Speedway on October 27 Gary Myers avenged a heartbreaking loss in the 1995 Summerville race to claim victory in the 1996 season opener at Summerville Frank Fleming won the final SMART event at North Wilkesboro Speedway on September 14 There were 5 different winners during the season Frank Fleming and Junior Miller tied for the most victorys with 4 each Gary Myers won the season championship by just 10 points over runnerup Frank Fleming and 74 points over 3rd place Jay Event Date Track Polewinner Winner 1 March 30 1996 Summerville Speedway Summerville SC Gary Myers 2 Lowes 150 April 13 1996 North Wilkesboro Speedway North Wilkesboro NC Roger Hill Junior Miller 3 April 13 1996 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Roger Hill Bobby Hutchens 4 April 20 1996 Franklin County Speedway Callaway VA Frank Fleming Frank Fleming 5 July 4 1996 Franklin County Speedway Callaway VA Roger Hill 6 July 5 1996 TriCounty Motor Speedway Hudson NC Frank Fleming 7 July 6 1996 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Junior Miller 8 August 31 1996 Myrtle Beach Speedway Myrtle Beach SC Junior Miller 9 September 7 1996 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Frank Fleming 10 September 14 1996 North Wilkesboro Speedway North Wilkesboro NC Frank Fleming 11 September 19 1996 Franklin County Speedway Callaway VA Junior Miller Gary Myers 12 October 27 1996 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Junior Miller Junior Miller 1997 season The 1997 Season only held 5 races 4 of which were at Caraway Speedway The July 4 event at TriCounty Motor Speedway was the season opener after rain apparently canceled the April 12th scheduled season opener at Caraway Speedway the season ended at Caraway Speedway on September 27 Jay Foley became the only driver other than Junior Miller to win a SMART Modified race in 1997 winning the prestigious Myrtle Beach event on August 30 Junior Miller won by making the decisive pass of Frank Fleming on the 121st lap at the September 6 race at Caraway Speedway At the Event Date Track Polewinner Winner 1 July 4 1997 TriCounty Motor Speedway Hudson NC Junior Miller 2 July 5 1997 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Junior Miller 3 August 30 1997 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Jay Foley 4 September 6 1997 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Junior Miller 5 September 27 1997 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Junior Miller 1998 season The 1998 Season the 10th season of the series had an increase of events to 9 races The Season began on April 11 at Caraway Speedway and ended at Caraway Speedway on October 11 Frank Fleming made it a seasonsweep at TriCounty Motor Speedway on September 19 by holding off Burt Myers In the season finale Jay Hedgecock won the race but it was Junior Miller who was crowned the 1998 champion There were 5 different winners during the season Junior Miller won the most victorys with 3 This was Junior Millers 2nd straight year and 5th time in series Event Date Track Polewinner Winner 1 April 11 1998 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Junior Miller Randy Butner 2 July 2 1998 Concord Motorsport Park Concord NC Jay Hedgecock 3 July 3 1998 TriCounty Motor Speedway Hudson NC Frank Fleming 4 July 4 1998 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Junior Miller 5 August 29 1998 Summerville Speedway Summerville SC Junior Miller 6 September 5 1998 Myrtle Beach Speedway Myrtle Beach SC Junior Miller 7 September 19 1998 TriCounty Motor Speedway Hudson NC Frank Fleming 8 September 26 1998 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Gary Myers 9 October 11 1998 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Jay Hedgecock 1999 season The 1999 Season held 13 races The season began on March 27 at Summerville Speedway and ended at Caraway Speedway on November 1 Frank Fleming claimed the Season Opener victory by holding off Junior Miller Burt Myers won his first series race on September 4 at Myrtle Beach Speedway Junior Miller dominated the B99 500 leading all 150 laps en route to victory over Jay Foley and points rival Gary Myers Miller left the event 70 points ahead of Myers Miller continued to dominate the circuit at the nest event rolling to his third consecutive victory At the Kenny Minter No Event Date Track Polewinner Winner 1 March 27 1999 Summerville Speedway Summerville SC Frank Fleming 2 April 3 1999 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Gary Myers 3 April 10 1999 Lonesome Pine International Raceway Coeburn VA Jay Hedgecock Frank Fleming 4 Triad Clean Sweep 150 April 17 1999 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Junior Miller 5 July 1 1999 Concord Motorsport Park Concord NC Jay Hedgecock 6 July 3 1999 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Gary Myers 7 July 16 1999 TriCounty Motor Speedway Hudson NC Bobby Hutchens 8 September 4 1999 Myrtle Beach Speedway Myrtle Beach SC Burt Myers 9 September 11 1999 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Frank Fleming Junior Miller 10 B99 500 September 18 1999 Franklin County Speedway Callaway VA Junior Miller 11 September 25 1999 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Junior Miller 12 Kenny Minter Memorial 150 October 16 1999 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Jay Hedgecock 13 November 1 1999 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Frank Fleming Jay Hedgecock 2000 season The 2000 Season held 11 races The Season began on April 1 at Caraway Speedway and ended at Caraway Speedway on October 29 At the season opener Rising Northern Modified star LW Miller claimed victory holding off Junior Miller Junior Miller won his first race of the year at the next event at Coastal Plains Raceway holding off a young Brian Loftin Junior Miller won for the fourth time at the September 23 event holding off Burt Myers in a thrilling lastlap duel Northern Modified star Ed Flemke Jr won his only series race holding off LW Miller at the Event Date Track Polewinner Winner 1 April 1 2000 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Frank Fleming LW Miller 2 May 19 2000 Coastal Plains Raceway Jacksonville NC Jay Hedgecock Junior Miller 3 June 30 2000 Anderson Motor Speedway Anderson SC Jay Foley Junior Miller 4 July 1 2000 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Junior Miller Jay Foley 5 September 2 2000 Myrtle Beach Speedway Myrtle Beach SC Jay Foley Gary Myers 6 September 9 2000 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Bobby Hutchens Junior Miller 7 September 15 2000 Ace Speedway Altamahaw NC Junior Miller Frank Fleming 8 September 23 2000 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC George Brunnhoelzl III Junior Miller 9 Advance Auto Parts 150 September 29 2000 Motor Mile Speedway Radford VA Ed Flemke Jr Ed Flemke Jr 10 Kenny Minter Memorial 150 October 14 2000 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC George Brunnhoelzl III Gary Myers 11 October 29 2000 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Frank Fleming Frank Fleming 2000 top 10 points standings Rank Driver Points Diff Starts Wins T5 T10 Poles 1 Junior Miller 1940 11 4 11 11 2 2 Frank Fleming 1788 152 11 2 7 9 2 3 Jay Foley 1734 206 11 1 5 9 2 4 Burt Myers 1675 265 11 0 6 9 0 5 Earl Baker 1621 319 11 0 4 7 0 6 Gary Myers 1577 363 11 2 5 5 0 7 Puddin Swisher 1562 378 11 0 1 7 0 8 Brian Loftin 1515 425 11 0 2 6 0 9 Tim Dwiggins 1481 459 11 0 0 5 0 10 Gene Pack 1456 484 11 0 1 5 0 2001 season The 2001 Season held 13 races The Season began on April 7 at Caraway Speedway and ended on November 10 at South Boston Speedway Jay Foley started the year off by winning the first 2 events Junior Miller had dominated the 2nd event but was taken out in a late crash Junior Miller would notched his first victory at the next event the Jockey Lot 150 holding off Gary Myers Doug Wolcott claimed his first series victory by dominating the last third of the race at Langley Speedway en route to victory over Frank Fleming At the Alco Yamaha of Event Date Track Polewinner Winner 1 April 7 2001 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Gary Myers Jay Foley 2 April 14 2001 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Patrick DePonte Jay Foley 3 Jockey Lot 150 June 15 2001 Anderson Motor Speedway Anderson SC Junior Miller Junior Miller 4 July 4 2001 Langley Speedway Hampton VA Patrick DePonte Doug Wolcott 5 July 6 2001 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC George Brunnhoelzl III Frank Fleming 6 Myrtle Beach 150 September 1 2001 Myrtle Beach Speedway Myrtle Beach SC Junior Miller Jay Foley 7 Labor Day 150 September 3 2001 Ace Speedway Altamahaw NC George Brunnhoelzl III Gary Myers 8 3M 150 September 8 2001 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC George Brunnhoelzl III Junior Miller 9 Advance Auto Parts 150 September 15 2001 New River Valley Speedway Radford VA George Brunnhoelzl III Jay Hedgecock 10 September 29 2001 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC George Brunnhoelzl III Jay Foley 11 Alco Yamaha of Asheboro 150 October 13 2001 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC George Brunnhoelzl III Burt Myers 12 MidAtlantic Championship 500 October 28 2001 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC George Brunnhoelzl Jr Burt Myers 13 Baileys 150 November 10 2001 South Boston Speedway South Boston VA Frank Fleming Gary Myers 2001 top 10 points standings Rank Driver Points Diff Starts Wins T5 T10 Poles 1 Jay Foley 2201 13 4 11 12 0 2 Burt Myers 2156 45 13 2 9 13 0 3 Gary Myers 1999 202 13 2 7 9 1 4 Junior Miller 1821 380 11 2 8 10 2 5 Frank Fleming 1819 382 12 1 6 9 1 6 George Brunnhoelzl III 1757 444 13 0 3 8 6 7 Gene Pack 1750 451 13 0 0 7 0 8 John Smith 1714 487 13 0 1 6 0 9 Earl Baker 1676 525 13 0 2 6 0 10 Jason Myers 1615 586 13 0 1 3 0 2002 season The 2002 Season held 10 races The season opener was on April 6 at Summerville Speedway after a race at Caraway Speedway the previous week was cancelled due to rain The Season ended on October 27 at Caraway Speedway Burt Myers started the year on top winning the season opener by holding off Frank Fleming Bob Park won his only career SMART race at the next event the Triad Neat Sweep 150 holding off Burt Myers Frank Fleming won his 21st final SMART race at the September 7 event at Caraway Speedway holding off Jay Foley Junior Miller ended the Event Date Track Polewinner Winner 1 Azalea 150 April 6 2002 Summerville Speedway Summerville SC Junior Miller Burt Myers 2 Triad Neat Sweep 150 April 13 2002 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Ed Flemke Jr Bob Park 3 WTKR TV 3 Firecracker 200 July 3 2002 Langley Speedway Hampton VA Danny Baker Doug Wolcott 4 July 5 2002 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Burt Myers Jay Hedgecock 5 Pepsi 150 September 2 2002 Ace Speedway Altamahaw NC Doug Wolcott Burt Myers 6 September 7 2002 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Jay Hedgecock Frank Fleming 7 Advance Auto Parts 150 September 21 2002 New River Valley Speedway Radford VA George Brunnhoelzl III Burt Myers 8 September 28 2002 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Junior Miller 9 October 5 2002 Concord Motorsport Park Concord NC George Brunnhoelzl III Junior Miller 10 October 27 2002 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC George Brunnhoelzl III Junior Miller 2002 top 10 points standings Rank Driver Points Diff Starts Wins T5 T10 Poles 1 Burt Myers 1702 10 3 8 9 1 2 Junior Miller 1616 86 10 3 5 7 1 3 Jay Foley 1584 118 10 0 4 10 0 4 Jay Hedgecock 1581 121 10 1 7 7 1 5 Frank Fleming 1578 124 10 1 6 7 0 6 Gary Myers 1511 191 10 0 4 7 0 7 Puddin Swisher 1429 273 10 0 1 6 0 8 Gene Pack 1385 317 10 0 1 5 0 9 George Brunnhoelzl III 1343 359 10 0 3 3 3 10 Jason Myers 1339 363 10 0 1 4 0 2003 season The American Speed Association became the sanctioning body of the series in 2003 and the tour was renamed as the ASA SMART Tour The 2003 Season was the 15th season of the Tourthere were 10 races were held during the season The Season began on March 29 at Caraway Speedway and ended on October 12 at Friendship Motor Speedway At the Season Opener Jay Hedgecock took home the winners trophy dominating the 2nd half of the race en route to holding off Jeff Fultz A crash near the end of the race left driver Puddin Swisher with some injuries and he had to be Event Date Track Polewinner Winner 1 Caraway 150 March 29 2003 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Jay Hedgecock Jay Hedgecock 2 Summerville 150 April 5 2003 Summerville Speedway Summerville SC Burt Myers John Smith 3 Caraway 150 April 12 2003 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Jay Foley LW Miller 4 Friendship 150 May 2 2003 Friendship Motor Speedway Elkin NC Rained Out LW Miller 5 Friendship 150 June 13 2003 Friendship Motor Speedway Elkin NC LW Miller LW Miller 6 Caraway 150 July 4 2003 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC LW Miller LW Miller 7 Myrtle Beach 150 August 30 2003 Myrtle Beach Speedway Myrtle Beach SC Junior Miller LW Miller 8 Ace 150 September 1 2003 Ace Speedway Altamahaw NC LW Miller LW Miller 9 Caraway 150 September 6 2003 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Jay Hedgecock Jay Hedgecock 10 Grubbs Marine 150 September 13 2003 Friendship Motor Speedway Elkin NC Tim Brown Burt Myers 11 Concord 150 October 4 2003 Concord Motorsport Park Concord NC LW Miller Jay Hedgecock 12 Friendship 500 October 12 2003 Friendship Motor Speedway Elkin NC Frank Fleming Jay Foley 2003 top 10 points standings Rank Driver Points Diff Starts Wins T5 T10 Poles 1 LW Miller 2053 12 6 9 10 4 2 Jay Hedgecock 2002 51 12 3 10 11 2 3 Jay Foley 1953 100 12 1 8 10 1 4 Junior Miller 1879 174 12 0 7 10 1 5 Earl Baker 1841 212 12 0 4 10 0 6 Burt Myers 1835 218 12 1 6 9 1 7 Gary Myers 1783 270 12 0 4 8 0 8 Brian Pack 1691 362 12 0 4 9 0 9 Gene Pack 1690 363 12 0 1 6 0 10 Frank Fleming 1661 392 12 0 2 6 1 2004 season Event Date Track Polewinner Winner 1 Caraway 150 March 27 2004 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Rained Out Michael Clifton 2 Friendship 150 April 4 2004 Friendship Motor Speedway Elkin NC LW Miller LW Miller 3 Caraway 150 April 10 2004 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Jay Hedgecock LW Miller 4 Caraway 150 April 17 2004 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Bobby Hutchens Jay Hedgecock 5 Friendship 150 May 21 2004 Friendship Motor Speedway Elkin NC LW Miller Burt Myers 6 Friends of Friendship 150 June 11 2004 Friendship Motor Speedway Elkin NC LW Miller Jay Foley 7 Caraway 150 July 2 2004 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Burt Myers LW Miller 8 ASASMART 150 September 4 2004 Myrtle Beach Speedway Myrtle Beach SC Brian Loftin Brian Loftin 9 Caraway 150 September 11 2004 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC LW Miller Brian Loftin 10 Caraway 150 September 25 2004 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Jay Hedgecock LW Miller 11 Star CountryOld Milwaukee 150 October 2 2004 Motor Mile Speedway Radford VA Jason Myers Brian Loftin 12 North vs South Shootout Qualifier October 9 2004 Concord Motorsport Park Concord NC Jay Foley Ted Christopher 13 Championship 200 October 17 2004 Friendship Motor Speedway Elkin NC LW Miller Brian Loftin 2004 top 10 points standings Rank Driver Points Diff Starts Wins T5 T10 Poles 1 LW Miller 2105 13 4 10 12 4 2 Brian Loftin 1989 116 13 4 9 9 1 3 Junior Miller 1973 132 13 0 8 11 0 4 John Smith 1932 173 13 0 6 11 0 5 Burt Myers 1885 220 13 1 6 11 1 6 Frank Fleming 1842 263 13 0 3 10 0 7 Jay Foley 1830 275 13 2 5 7 0 8 Earl Baker 1828 277 13 0 4 9 0 9 Brian Pack 1801 304 13 0 2 9 0 10 Jay Hedgecock 1579 325 12 1 5 7 2 In late 2004 NASCAR announced it was taking over the SMART Tour and bringing it under the NASCAR banner NASCAR Tour era The NASCAR Whelen Southern Modified Tour was established in 2005 taking over what had formerly been the Southern Modified Auto Racing Tour SMART after the collapse of the organization as part of the breakup of the American Speed Association in late 2004 Whelen Industries who sponsors the NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour agreed to sponsor the Southern Tour series which became the Whelen Southern Modified Tour 2005 season Event Date Track Polewinner Winner 1 Southern Modified 150 March 26 2005 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Burt Myers Ted Christopher 2 Southern Modified Tour 150 April 9 2005 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Jay Hedgecock Burt Myers 3 Southern Modified Tour 150 April 16 2005 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Jay Hedgecock Junior Miller 4 Southern Modified Tour 150 July 1 2005 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Jay Hedgecock Brian Loftin 5 Advance Auto Parts 199 August 6 2005 Bowman Gray Stadium WinstonSalem NC Burt Myers Burt Myers 6 Made In America Whelen 300 September 3 2005 Martinsville Speedway Ridgeway VA Brian Loftin Brian Loftin 7 DMC Auto Exchange 100 September 5 2005 Ace Speedway Altamahaw NC Burt Myers Burt Myers 8 Crown Truck N Stuff 100 September 5 2005 Ace Speedway Altamahaw NC Random Draw Junior Miller 9 Southern Modified Tour 150 September 10 2005 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Junior Miller Junior Miller 10 Southern Modified Tour 150 September 24 2005 Caraway Speedway Asheboro NC Jay Hedgecock Brian Loftin 11 Adams Construction Star Country 150 October 1 2005 Motor Mile Speedway Radford VA Brian Loftin Brian Loftin 12 Whelen 150 October 29 2005 Ace Speedway Altamahaw NC Michael Clifton Jay Hedgecock Martinsville WMT and WSMT combo race Highest finishing WSMT driver credited a win 2005 Top 10 points standings Rank Driver Points Diff Starts Wins T5 T10 Poles 1 Junior Miller 1904 12 3 7 11 1 2 Burt Myers 1872 32 12 3 7 9 3 3 Brian Loftin 1844 60 12 4 8 9 2 4 Tim Brown 1752 152 11 0 6 8 0 5 Michael Clifton 1740 164 12 0 6 9 1 6 Jay Hedgecock 1680 224 12 1 4 7 4 7 Jay Foley 1669 235 12 0 3 7 0 8 Frank Fleming 1655 249 12 0 3 8 0 9 Brian Pack

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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Navar From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Navar or Navor or Naver Persian نوار or ناور may refer to Navar Hamadan نوار Navār Navar West Azerbaijan ناور Nāvar This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name If an internal link led you here you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article Categories Place name disambiguation pages

B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia This article needs attention from an expert in Organized Labour Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article WikiProject Organized Labour may be able to help recruit an expert November 2009 Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs Agency overview Formed 1977 42 years ago Preceding agency Presidents Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States Headquarters Washington DC US Employees 1000 Agency executives Craig E Leen Director Marika Litras Acting Deputy Director Website wwwdolgovofccp The Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs OFCCP is part of the US Department of Labor OFCCP is responsible for ensuring that employers doing business with the Federal government comply with the laws and regulations requiring nondiscrimination This mission is based on the underlying principle that employment opportunities generated by Federal dollars should be available to all Americans on an equitable and fair basis Contents 1 Statutes and Executive Orders 2 3 Organization 4 Constituency groups 5 See also 6 7 External links Statutes and Executive Orders OFCCP administers and enforces three equal employment opportunity laws Executive Order 11246 as amended Section 503 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 as amended and the Vietnam Era Veterans Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974 as amended 38 USC 4212 VEVRAA Collectively these laws make it illegal for contractors and subcontractors doing business with the federal government to discriminate in employment because of race color religion sex sexual orientation gender identity national origin disability or status as a protected veteran In addition contractors and subcontractors are prohibited from discriminating against applicants or employees because they inquire about discuss or disclose their compensation or that of others subject to certain limitations Its regulations can be found at CFR Title 41 Chapter 60 Public Contracts and Property Management Seal OFCCP as it is today was created in 1978 with Executive Order 12086 by President Jimmy Carter through a consolidation of all the Affirmative Action enforcement responsibilities at each federal agency with Executive Order 11246 to the United States Secretary of Labor The origins of the agency trace back to President Franklin D Roosevelt and World War II when he signed Executive Order 8802 preventing discrimination based on race by government contractors In 1953 President Dwight D Eisenhower created the Presidents Committee on Government Contracts with Executive Order 10479 The order was a followup to Executive Order 10308 signed by President Harry S Truman in 1951 establishing the antidiscrimination Committee on Government Contract Compliance In 1961 President Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925 which created the Presidents Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity This called for people to take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are hired and employees are treated during employment without regard to race creed color or national origin On September 24 1965 President Lyndon B Johnson signed EO 11246 transferring responsibility for supervising and coordinating the Federal Contract Compliance from the Presidents Committee to the Secretary of Labor who established the Office of Federal Contract Compliance OFCC Executive Order 11375 by President Lyndon Johnson in 1967 added sex discrimination to OFCCPs mandate In 1975 the name was changed from OFCC to OFCCP by President Gerald Ford This reflected the addition of the responsibility to enforce laws prohibiting discrimination against the disabled and veterans The agency has recently helped develop new applicant and record keeping regulations covering internet applicants Organization This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it November 2009 Organization chart There are six Regional Offices MidAtlantic Midwest Northeast Pacific Southeast and Southwest and Rocky Mountain SWARM In the national office there are three divisions Management Administrative Policy and Program Development and Program Operations Constituency groups National Industrial Liaison Groups Affirmative Action Association of America National Urban League National Association for the Advancement of Colored People League of United Latin American Citizens Center for Corporate Equality See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs List of OFCCP Deputy Assistant Secretaries Equal Opportunity Employment References FAQs on OFCCPs Internet Applicant Recordkeeping Rule a b US Department of Labor OFCCP Key Personnel National Office Dolgov 20130530 Retrieved 20140207 External links Official website OFCCP in the Federal Register The OFCCP Institute National Industrial Liaison Groups NILG Conference Affirmative Action The Center for Corporate Equality v t e Agencies under the United States Department of Labor Headquarters Frances Perkins Building Alex Acosta Secretary of Labor Patrick Pizzella Deputy Secretary of Labor Deputy Secretary of Labor Administrative Review Board Benefits Review Board Bureau of International Labor Affairs Bureau of Labor Statistics Center for FaithBased and Neighborhood Partnerships Employees Compensation Appeals Board Employee Benefits Security Administration Office of Administrative Law Judges Office of the Assistant Secretary for Administration and Management Ombudsman for the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Employment and Training Administration Mine Safety and Health Administration Occupational Safety and Health Administration Office of the Chief Financial Officer Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs Office of Inspector General Office of LaborManagement Standards Office of Public Engagement Office of the Solicitor Office of Workers Compensation Programs Veterans Employment and Training Service Wage and Hour Division Womens Bureau Categories United States Department of Labor agencies Affirmative action in the United States

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Old Police Headquarters From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia City of San Diego Police Headquarters Jails and Courts US National Register of Historic Places Location 801 W Market St San Diego California Coordinates 324238N 1171012W Coordinates 324238N 1171012W Area 42 acres 17 ha Built 1939 Architect multiple Architectural style Spanish Colonial Revival NRHP reference 98000833 Added to NRHP July 9 1998 The complex at night 2016 Old Police Headquarters is an historic building in San Diego in the US state of California It was built in 1939 and served as the San Diego Police Department s headquarters until 1987 The renovated buildings are now known as The Headquarters at Seaport Village See also NRHP portal California portal National Register of Historic Places listings in San Diego County California References National Park Service 20100709 National Register Information System National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Old Police Headquarters Portofsandiegoorg Retrieved 20161029 External links Media related to Old Police Headquarters at Wikimedia Commons Official website This article about a property in California on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it Categories 1939 establishments in California Buildings and structures completed in 1939 National Register of Historic Places in San Diego Police stations on the National Register of Historic Places California Registered Historic Place stubs

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