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canning

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Sugarfree

jams

and

marmalades

Sugarfree

jams

and

marmalades

Todays

home

canners

want

to

make

jams

that

are

as

good

for

you

as

they

taste

they

are

looking

to

make

wholesome

nutritious

jams

that

arent

going

to

cause

teeth

to

rot

in

your

head

send

you

into

white

refined

sugar

shock

and

pack

on

the

weight

which

is

the

last

thing

most

of

us

need

Most

jam

recipes

from

all

the

tested

reliable

sources

require

you

to

add

anywhere

from

to

cups

to

kg

of

sugar

per

batch

for

just

a

few

jars

One

jam

recipe

promoted

by

Ball

in

on

their

Facebook

page

carrot

jam

calls

for

oz

of

sugar

per

oz

jar

of

jam

being

made

Its

important

to

recognize

that

jams

and

jelly

are

candy

You

are

essentially

candying

the

fruit

to

preserve

it

explained

Sherri

Brooks

Vinton

author

of

the

bestselling

Put

em

Up

canning

books

and

Put

em

Up

Preserving

Answer

Book

Solutions

to

Your

Questions

Lets

face

it

youre

basically

making

fruitflavoured

sugar

and

while

oldtime

canners

may

be

used

to

that

many

modern

canners

are

shocked

by

it

and

just

dont

regard

it

as

acceptable

any

longer

On

this

page

were

going

to

examine

the

topic

of

making

sugarfree

fruit

spreads

such

as

jams

jellies

and

marmalades

Note

the

real

challenge

in

finding

something

to

use

instead

always

boils

down

to

the

bottom

line

of

peoples

individual

tastes

No

matter

how

well

something

performs

you

will

never

please

everyones

taste

buds

and

its

a

fools

game

to

try

You

will

always

find

someone

who

curls

up

their

nose

at

the

taste

of

something

That

may

be

part

of

the

reason

big

companies

such

as

Ball

continue

promoting

the

heavy

use

of

sugar

its

the

path

of

least

resistance

Contents

Types

of

fruit

spreads

Sugars

role

in

fruit

gels

Thickening

fruit

spreads

The

role

of

acidity

in

fruit

spreads

Four

ways

to

make

sugarfree

jams

Use

Specially

Modified

Pectin

Use

Regular

Pectin

With

Special

Recipes

Long

Boil

Use

Gelatin

Using

Clearjel

in

jams

Alternative

sweeteners

for

sugarfree

jams

Stevia

Splenda

Aspartame

Saccharin

Honey

Sweet

One

Jar

size

Canning

the

jams

head

space

Canning

the

jams

processing

times

What

about

the

minute

processing

question

Storage

life

of

sugarfree

jams

Reduced

or

sugarfree

jams

may

be

more

susceptible

to

mould

growth

The

colour

of

your

jam

Shorter

life

once

opened

Miscellaneous

information

Further

Reading

Types

of

fruit

spreads

Jelly

firm

gel

from

juice

Jam

sweet

softer

spread

made

from

crushed

fruit

Preserve

whole

fruit

pieces

of

uniform

size

Conserve

nuts

or

more

fruits

raisins

coconut

Marmalade

citrus

added

including

citrus

peel

or

rind

Other

fruit

concentrates

Fruit

butter

cooked

fruit

spread

from

fruit

pulp

Fruit

honey

consistency

of

honey

from

fruit

juice

Fruit

syrup

sweet

thickened

fruit

juice

Sugars

role

in

fruit

gels

Fruit

products

that

rely

on

pectin

either

natural

or

added

for

their

characteristics

are

also

referred

to

in

the

field

as

gels

Sugar

will

make

jams

and

jellies

set

hard

because

with

the

quantities

of

sugar

traditionally

called

for

they

are

essentially

candy

Some

people

point

out

that

adding

tons

of

refined

sugar

to

get

a

set

on

jam

is

in

fact

a

very

modern

way

of

making

jam

as

the

sugar

wasnt

available

and

when

it

was

it

was

an

extreme

luxury

that

the

true

traditional

way

of

getting

a

set

in

jam

was

boiling

and

boiling

it

till

it

set

naturally

though

that

would

have

been

a

softer

set

certainly

Sugars

preservative

effect

is

to

in

effect

sort

of

mummify

the

fruit

Thickening

fruit

spreads

Fruit

spreads

can

be

thickened

by

boiling

them

down

and

naturally

concentrating

the

pectin

using

added

sugar

and

added

pectin

using

nosugar

needed

pectin

By

doing

this

concentrating

or

thickening

through

one

method

or

another

we

are

making

water

less

available

to

the

microorganisms

so

they

are

not

going

to

be

able

to

multiply

and

cause

as

many

problems

as

they

would

in

foods

with

a

lot

more

available

water

The

role

of

acidity

in

fruit

spreads

Most

fruits

are

acidic

which

makes

them

safe

for

canning

in

a

boiling

water

bath

There

are

only

a

few

lowacid

fruits

which

are

not

such

as

melons

figs

and

rambutan

It

is

not

safe

to

make

preserves

from

these

unless

you

have

a

tested

recipe

A

method

was

developed

for

safely

canning

figs

by

adding

acidity

to

them

There

has

been

no

safe

proven

method

developed

for

canning

any

variety

of

melon

aside

from

converting

it

to

melon

pickles

and

then

canning

it

Watermelon

jam

or

jelly

is

highly

unsafe

There

are

no

tested

recipes

for

it

and

people

have

contracted

severe

cases

of

botulism

from

it

because

the

lowacid

nature

of

it

allowed

the

botulism

toxin

to

develop

in

the

product

Most

fruits

peaches

pears

apples

and

oranges

are

good

examples

are

high

in

acid

they

have

a

pH

of

or

below

Melons

honey

dew

watermelon

and

cantaloupe

are

an

exception

to

this

Melons

have

an

average

pH

of

they

are

low

in

acid

Because

these

fruits

are

low

in

acid

they

can

not

be

safely

canned

in

a

boiling

water

canner

unless

the

product

is

significantly

changed

by

adding

a

lot

of

acid

or

sugar

The

amount

of

acid

added

to

jams

and

jellies

to

help

pectin

to

gel

is

not

enough

to

ensure

the

safety

of

watermelon

jelly

And

no

tests

have

been

done

to

indicate

just

how

much

sugar

would

be

needed

for

a

safe

jelly

Tested

safe

spread

recipes

for

lowacid

foods

will

have

had

enough

acid

added

to

make

them

safe

You

may

see

some

tested

recipes

for

savoury

spreads

or

jellies

being

made

with

low

acid

items

such

as

onion

and

pepper

Those

recipes

will

call

for

Ed

classic

aka

high

methoxyl

pectin

and

acids

such

as

lemon

juice

vinegar

apple

juice

etc

The

acid

both

makes

the

product

safe

food

safetywise

and

helps

with

the

set

because

the

Ed

classic

pectin

molecule

will

not

gel

above

a

pH

of

its

actually

quite

a

bit

lower

than

that

The

environment

has

to

be

acidic

for

the

pectin

to

even

work

Note

that

its

not

the

sugar

that

makes

the

jam

or

jelly

safe

but

rather

the

acidity

levels

While

truly

extreme

concentrations

of

sugar

can

prevent

botulism

by

reducing

water

activity

taking

water

away

that

botulism

bacteria

would

need

to

do

anything

the

fact

is

almost

no

home

canning

recipes

call

for

enough

sugar

for

the

sugar

content

to

do

that

Instead

acidity

is

relied

on

In

fact

many

commercial

packaged

pectin

mixes

contain

added

citric

acid

which

helps

improve

the

safety

of

the

product

being

made

with

it

Four

ways

to

make

sugarfree

jams

The

National

Center

for

Home

Food

Preservation

did

a

blog

posting

in

August

listing

ways

to

make

sugarfree

jams

Their

concern

in

this

blog

posting

is

how

to

get

acceptable

quality

from

sugarfree

fruit

preserves

Use

Specially

Modified

Pectin

Specially

modified

pectin

aka

low

methoxyl

pectin

is

sold

labelled

as

light

or

no

sugar

needed

pectin

Recipes

on

leaflets

accompanying

the

products

will

usually

give

the

options

of

using

a

little

sugar

or

at

all

Those

leaflets

however

from

the

bigname

makers

such

as

Ball

Bernardin

or

SureJell

offer

only

a

small

limited

handful

of

recipes

Other

nosugar

needed

pectins

such

as

Pomona

have

recipe

books

and

whole

recipe

websites

dedicated

to

them

offering

the

user

a

substantially

wider

range

of

recipes

to

choose

from

Healthycanningcom

would

just

add

the

precaution

that

some

of

these

new

modified

pectins

can

gel

anything

even

plain

water

That

can

be

a

danger

First

bear

in

mind

that

the

safe

pH

range

for

shelfstable

fruit

preserves

is

and

lower

Older

traditional

pectins

would

only

gel

if

the

product

was

in

a

narrow

pH

range

between

approximately

and

which

coincidentally

also

happened

to

be

low

enough

to

ensure

the

safety

of

the

product

The

new

ones

can

gel

in

a

pH

up

to

which

is

way

above

the

safety

cutoff

of

Consequently

this

is

yet

another

reason

to

make

sure

you

are

using

only

tested

recipes

which

will

have

a

safe

pH

range

either

naturally

from

the

fruits

or

from

added

acidity

such

as

bottled

lemon

juice

when

using

these

new

pectins

You

dont

want

to

be

serving

up

botulism

spread

to

have

with

toast

and

tea

Heres

a

brief

video

overview

of

nosugarneeded

pectins

The

main

speaker

is

Dr

Martha

Zepp

from

PennState

Extension

Your

browser

does

not

currently

recognize

any

of

the

video

formats

available

Click

here

to

visit

our

frequently

asked

questions

about

video

Use

Regular

Pectin

With

Special

Recipes

Occasionally

you

may

find

recipes

calling

for

regular

pectin

and

reduced

or

no

sugar

but

these

are

rare

Someone

will

have

probably

gone

to

a

lot

of

expensive

trial

and

error

attempts

to

get

a

recipe

that

works

Better

them

than

you

Long

Boil

A

long

boildown

of

the

fruit

to

produce

a

fruit

spread

is

a

method

that

has

been

used

for

centuries

pectin

as

an

addin

commercial

product

is

very

recent

in

human

history

Such

spreads

once

put

in

jars

usually

also

require

a

longer

water

bath

processing

time

to

make

up

for

the

lack

of

added

pectin

which

would

otherwise

be

depriving

micro

organisms

of

water

so

you

need

to

make

sure

that

you

are

actually

killing

those

micro

organisms

off

Consequently

in

general

unless

otherwise

specified

use

processing

times

for

waterbath

canning

that

treat

as

a

fruit

rather

than

as

a

jam

That

being

said

the

longboil

method

is

probably

not

going

to

be

satisfactory

for

most

people

with

todays

expectations

of

what

a

jam

should

be

like

The

jam

can

become

gummy

and

caramelly

tasting

Some

varieties

of

fruit

may

perform

slightly

better

than

others

some

have

suggested

that

for

instance

small

cultivars

of

strawberries

such

as

Alpine

are

better

in

a

long

boil

jam

than

larger

cultivars

such

as

Driscolls

They

also

suggest

that

a

quartered

green

apple

added

and

then

removed

before

canning

may

add

some

pectin

Use

Gelatin

You

can

use

gelatin

as

a

thickener

in

fruit

spreads

but

for

refrigerator

jams

only

not

for

shelfstable

canning

Refrigerate

and

use

within

four

weeks

or

freeze

Using

Clearjel

in

jams

In

comments

following

a

National

Center

for

Home

Food

Preservation

blog

posting

of

August

the

Centers

representative

says

Modified

corn

starch

like

Clearjel

does

not

depend

on

the

same

concentration

of

sugar

to

form

a

gel

if

any

added

sugar

at

all

with

some

fruits

so

it

makes

sense

to

use

in

lowtono

sugar

recipes

They

add

though

However

we

do

not

know

of

tested

recipes

using

Clearjel

for

making

canned

lowtonosugar

jams

and

jellies

and

have

not

developed

any

ourselves

so

we

are

unable

to

make

specific

recommendations

for

its

use

at

this

time

Ed

Washington

State

Extension

actually

released

tested

Clearjel

jam

recipes

in

October

The

NCHFP

give

some

tips

as

to

what

kind

of

development

testing

would

be

needed

Since

the

spread

would

not

have

sugar

to

aid

in

its

preservation

it

may

require

a

slightly

longer

than

usual

process

time

for

longterm

room

temperature

storage

These

products

could

very

well

be

thickened

fruit

purees

and

will

not

fit

the

definition

of

a

pectin

jam

or

jelly

even

though

it

produces

a

spreadable

gellike

consistency

Utah

State

Extension

Service

feels

that

a

modified

starch

product

which

Clearjel

is

could

be

used

in

fruit

spreads

The

advice

below

was

written

in

when

they

mention

saccharin

remember

that

the

choices

for

alternative

sweeteners

were

very

limited

at

that

time

Modified

starch

products

can

also

be

used

to

thicken

jams

with

reduced

sugar

content

Directions

indicate

that

a

small

amount

of

sugar

used

in

the

preparation

will

improve

flavor

color

and

texture

However

for

a

sugarfree

diet

use

of

saccharin

only

gives

an

acceptable

product

In

any

event

all

that

being

said

Washington

State

Extension

Service

has

actually

gone

ahead

and

developed

and

released

jam

recipes

using

Clearjel

Please

note

that

while

these

jams

are

supported

by

the

Extension

they

are

not

currently

promoted

supported

by

the

National

Center

In

this

video

Dr

Martha

Zepp

from

PennState

Extension

says

not

to

use

Clearjel

in

jams

Your

browser

does

not

currently

recognize

any

of

the

video

formats

available

Click

here

to

visit

our

frequently

asked

questions

about

video

Alternative

sweeteners

for

sugarfree

jams

The

following

applies

to

recipes

that

dont

depend

on

the

addition

of

refined

white

sugar

for

the

gelling

of

the

fruit

spread

to

happen

These

sweeteners

wont

perform

well

if

that

is

a

requirement

for

a

particular

jam

recipe

Stevia

Stevia

is

a

natural

product

derived

from

a

plant

just

as

sugar

is

Less

pure

forms

of

it

can

have

aftertastes

including

bitterness

just

as

raw

sugar

cane

can

Purified

forms

of

stevia

such

as

the

liquid

concentrate

made

by

Better

Stevia

do

not

of

the

public

sector

bodies

NCHFP

USDA

University

Extensions

have

publicized

yet

any

work

they

might

have

done

with

it

The

University

of

Kentucky

and

Penn

State

seem

to

be

saying

that

they

dont

foresee

any

problems

with

it

and

appear

to

give

a

nod

towards

its

use

as

a

sweetener

in

canning

Stevia

is

stable

to

heat

and

could

be

used

for

canning

fruit

and

other

products

where

sugar

is

not

critical

to

food

safety

or

texture

In

the

private

sector

of

the

Jarden

recipe

sources

Ball

or

Bernardin

have

released

any

recommendations

for

it

yet

one

way

or

the

other

but

with

respect

some

of

their

recipe

writers

are

very

yesteryear

at

times

and

as

such

are

heavily

reliant

on

massive

amounts

of

sugar

and

salt

and

appear

unaware

of

or

impatient

with

or

resistant

to

the

changing

market

But

the

more

progressive

people

over

at

Pomona

pectin

do

give

guidelines

for

jams

with

concentrated

liquid

stevia

HealthyCanningcom

has

chosen

concentrated

liquid

stevia

as

its

sweetener

Its

easy

to

use

caloriefree

has

a

pure

clean

sweet

taste

with

no

aftertaste

and

appears

to

provide

quality

results

We

use

it

as

the

sweetener

in

jams

and

jellies

made

with

nosugar

needed

pectin

either

Jarden

Brand

Ball

or

Bernardin

or

Pomona

using

tested

recipes

from

from

those

companies

In

such

recipes

where

any

sweetener

at

all

is

optional

liquid

stevia

is

ideal

as

there

is

no

danger

of

it

affecting

the

texture

or

composition

of

the

recipe

while

still

providing

satisfying

sweetness

Splenda

Splenda

aka

sucralose

provides

sweetness

The

NCHFP

has

used

it

in

a

few

recipes

Note

however

that

some

forms

of

sucralose

which

contain

bulking

agents

such

as

maltodextrin

are

not

actually

caloriefree

You

could

use

Splenda

as

the

optional

sweetener

in

a

jam

or

jelly

made

with

a

nosugar

needed

pectin

such

as

Mrs

Wages

Lite

Home

Jell

Fruit

Pectin

or

Ball

NoSugar

Needed

Pectin

With

these

lowmethoxyl

pectins

no

sugar

is

required

at

all

Sugar

substitutes

can

be

added

as

desired

simply

for

flavor

The

package

inserts

with

these

pectins

give

instructions

on

when

to

add

the

sugar

substitutes

usually

after

all

the

cooking

right

before

filling

the

jars

We

have

not

yet

tried

Splenda

with

these

pectins

with

an

extensive

variety

of

fruits

however

Aspartame

Aspartame

is

not

recommended

for

a

quality

reason

which

is

simply

that

its

sweetness

is

destroyed

by

heat

aspartame

may

lose

its

sweet

flavor

within

to

weeks

aspartame

loses

the

sweet

flavor

when

heated

Saccharin

Saccharin

is

not

recommended

for

taste

reasons

Saccharin

can

produce

an

unwanted

aftertaste

Saccharinbased

sweeteners

such

as

SweetN

Low

Sugar

Twin

or

Sweet

become

bitter

when

exposed

to

canning

temperatures

Honey

Pomona

pectin

allows

for

the

use

of

honey

in

many

of

its

recipes

without

any

adjustments

to

the

rest

of

the

recipe

being

required

It

may

affect

colour

slightly

depending

on

what

you

are

making

and

how

darklycoloured

your

honey

is

Note

however

that

honey

is

pH

neutral

It

will

impact

the

acidity

of

what

you

are

making

sometimes

lowering

it

Sweet

One

William

C

Morris

Associate

Professor

of

Food

Science

and

Technology

with

the

University

of

Tennessee

Agricultural

Extension

Service

published

this

information

in

Sweet

One

acesulfamek

is

heat

stable

packets

of

Sweet

One

cup

sugar

We

havent

worked

with

this

or

seen

anything

else

about

it

as

of

we

are

just

passing

it

on

for

other

people

researching

the

topic

Jar

size

There

appear

to

be

two

reasons

not

to

use

jars

larger

than

are

specified

in

your

jam

recipe

The

first

is

easy

to

guess

at

Longer

processing

times

would

be

needed

for

proper

heat

penetration

and

you

have

no

way

of

knowing

exactly

what

it

would

be

The

second

is

a

quality

reason

and

may

be

less

obvious

Use

of

larger

jars

may

result

in

excessively

soft

products

Smaller

jars

than

called

for

would

appear

to

always

be

fine

Canning

the

jams

head

space

The

standard

head

space

for

jellies

and

jams

is

cm

inch

This

applies

regardless

of

the

size

of

jar

you

pack

the

jam

into

and

whether

the

jam

is

sugarfree

or

sugarladen

Canning

the

jams

processing

times

Summary

reduced

or

sugarfree

jams

may

require

a

longer

processing

time

than

sugarbloated

ones

This

is

because

instead

of

neutralizing

micro

organisms

with

sugar

you

need

to

kill

them

outright

with

heat

But

this

is

not

a

worry

because

the

tested

nosugar

needed

pectin

recipes

you

use

will

already

be

giving

the

correct

adjusted

processing

time

just

remember

to

always

do

any

additional

adjustment

necessary

for

your

altitude

Because

these

contain

less

sugar

than

regular

jams

and

jellies

they

are

more

susceptible

to

mold

growth

Reducedsugar

jams

and

jellies

may

require

longer

processing

in

the

water

bath

canner

to

kill

these

microorganisms

that

might

cause

spoilage

USDA

recommended

processing

times

for

jams

and

jellies

were

developed

based

on

sugar

and

added

pectin

products

not

on

simple

pure

concentrates

of

fruit

pulp

or

juice

Without

the

added

pectin

there

might

be

more

water

available

to

micro

organisms

that

could

cause

spoilage

A

or

minute

process

Ed

which

is

sufficient

for

gelled

products

may

not

provide

sufficient

sterilization

for

pulp

products

But

thats

not

a

problem

because

they

do

have

you

covered

anyway

with

an

alternative

processing

time

We

do

have

directions

for

pureed

fruit

in

the

USDA

canning

guide

that

is

a

minute

boiling

water

process

for

acid

fruits

and

people

that

arent

actually

getting

pectin

gels

might

be

actually

be

better

off

using

that

with

their

own

concentrated

fruit

pulp

instead

of

a

gelled

product

Ed

instead

of

a

processing

time

designed

for

a

gelled

product

The

NCHFP

gives

a

tip

about

how

a

Clearjel

based

jam

might

have

to

be

processed

Since

the

spread

would

not

have

sugar

to

aid

in

its

preservation

it

may

require

a

slightly

longer

than

usual

process

time

for

longterm

room

temperature

storage

These

products

could

very

well

be

thickened

fruit

purees

and

will

not

fit

the

definition

of

a

pectin

jam

or

jelly

even

though

it

produces

a

spreadable

gellike

consistency

So

as

a

fruit

purée

it

appears

from

the

para

above

that

that

might

be

a

minute

processing

time

In

summary

it

appears

it

may

be

important

to

process

reduced

or

sugarfree

jams

and

fruit

spreads

longer

than

high

sugar

ones

To

prevent

spoilage

process

jars

of

lowsugar

jams

and

jellies

longer

in

a

boiling

waterbath

canner

than

regular

jams

or

jellies

Carefully

follow

recipes

and

processing

times

provided

with

each

modified

pectin

product

The

problem

with

underprocessing

a

high

acid

food

from

a

botulism

standpoint

is

that

there

are

certain

molds

which

can

if

they

take

hold

in

your

preserve

actually

change

the

pH

so

that

your

formerly

safe

high

acid

preserve

becomes

low

acid

Low

acid

means

risk

of

botulism

spores

germinating

and

we

are

back

to

a

potentially

dangerous

product

The

chance

of

this

happening

in

a

high

sugar

high

acid

preserve

is

very

remote

but

more

likely

in

the

lowersugar

jams

I

tend

to

make

Processing

in

a

bwb

canner

for

the

full

time

recommended

in

a

tested

recipe

insures

that

mold

spores

and

other

bacteria

that

might

be

in

the

jar

before

processing

are

destroyed

This

means

that

if

youre

doing

lowsugar

jams

then

its

even

more

important

to

use

modern

processing

recommendations

But

thats

not

a

problem

or

hard

to

do

because

the

tested

recipe

that

you

are

using

from

a

reputable

source

will

give

the

correct

processing

time

for

your

lowsugar

jam

anyway

Sometimes

you

may

find

its

the

same

as

for

similar

highsugar

jams

but

thats

fine

because

their

testing

lab

will

have

figured

it

out

Finally

in

terms

of

processing

all

reputable

sources

agree

on

the

following

for

your

jams

whether

they

are

sugarladen

or

sugarfree

To

be

safely

shelfstable

all

home

canned

jam

products

in

jars

must

be

water

bath

processed

for

a

tested

proven

amount

of

time

Do

not

use

paraffin

wax

as

a

sealer

or

singlepiece

lids

or

cliptop

hinge

lids

etc

Do

not

turn

jars

upside

down

after

processing

What

about

the

minute

processing

question

Its

highly

doubtful

that

any

reduced

or

sugarfree

jam

recipe

would

call

for

a

minute

processing

time

Weve

seen

above

required

processing

times

tend

to

longer

for

these

products

But

well

cover

it

here

anyway

as

this

is

the

jam

page

Some

older

jam

and

jelly

recipes

call

for

only

a

minute

water

bath

processing

time

thats

at

sea

level

higher

altitudes

always

adjusted

accordingly

of

course

A

University

of

Nebraska

extension

rep

Julie

GardenRobinson

says

Use

sterile

jars

and

a

fiveminute

process

time

whenever

possible

The

additional

processing

time

may

cause

weak

gels

in

some

products

Do

not

overcook

Overcooking

may

break

down

pectin

and

prevent

proper

gelling

In

recent

years

Jardens

companies

Ball

and

Bernardin

have

said

that

any

fruit

product

water

bathed

for

minutes

or

more

does

not

needs

its

jar

and

lid

sterilized

Consequently

they

are

recommending

increasing

the

minute

processing

time

where

still

called

for

to

be

increased

to

minutes

and

are

adjusting

their

recipe

directions

to

be

a

minimum

minute

processing

time

They

disagree

with

what

the

University

of

Nebraska

extension

rep

says

above

and

say

that

they

detect

no

change

in

quality

Heat

processing

time

recommendations

for

jams

and

jellies

was

increased

from

minutes

to

minutes

in

thus

eliminating

the

need

to

presterilize

mason

jars

before

filling

Tests

have

shown

that

increasing

the

processing

time

does

not

adversely

affect

the

product

The

extra

minutes

may

be

more

of

a

concern

if

you

are

trying

to

avoid

using

added

pectin

and

relying

on

the

natural

pectin

in

the

fruit

only

Yet

another

University

of

Nebraska

rep

says

Use

of

sterile

jars

is

preferred

Ed

rather

than

the

extra

minutes

especially

when

fruits

are

low

in

pectin

since

the

added

fiveminute

process

time

may

cause

weaker

jels

Storage

life

of

sugarfree

jams

There

are

a

few

storage

issues

to

be

aware

of

They

arent

showstoppers

but

its

good

to

just

be

aware

of

them

Reduced

or

sugarfree

jams

may

be

more

susceptible

to

mould

growth

William

Morris

Extension

Agent

at

the

University

of

Tennessee

writes

Because

these

contain

less

sugar

than

regular

jams

and

jellies

they

are

more

susceptible

to

mold

growth

Reducedsugar

jams

and

jellies

may

require

longer

processing

in

the

water

bath

canner

to

kill

these

microorganisms

that

might

cause

spoilage

But

as

Morris

points

out

and

as

we

saw

in

the

section

above

on

processing

times

this

issue

is

dealt

with

by

longer

processing

times

in

the

water

bath

which

your

tested

recipe

from

a

trusted

source

will

already

have

provided

you

with

As

well

nosugar

needed

pectins

from

Kraft

SureJell

Mrs

Wages

Lite

Fruit

Pectin

and

Jarden

Ball

and

Bernardin

also

may

have

preservatives

added

to

them

to

help

out

These

lite

or

nosugar

pectins

usually

have

mold

inhibitors

added

in

the

form

of

potassium

sorbate

potassium

benzoate

or

sodium

benzoate

Ed

Pomona

pectin

does

not

In

consolation

though

note

that

those

sugarladen

jams

arent

safe

from

mould

concerns

either

Despite

the

highacid

content

of

fruit

and

the

large

quantities

of

sugar

that

are

used

to

make

jellied

products

mold

growth

often

occurs

on

the

top

Water

bath

processing

minimizes

the

risk

The

colour

of

your

jam

Second

sugar

acts

as

a

preservative

If

you

reduce

the

amount

of

sugar

in

your

jam

or

jelly

its

shelf

life

will

not

be

as

long

This

is

not

necessarily

a

bad

thing

but

its

important

to

know

particularly

if

youre

making

jam

to

give

or

sell

others

The

colour

of

your

reduced

or

sugarfree

jam

will

change

faster

than

the

colour

of

sugar

laden

jams

It

happens

even

with

commercial

ones

This

wont

affect

the

quality

the

safety

or

the

taste

and

besides

the

USDA

wants

us

to

use

up

home

canned

goods

within

a

year

anyway

In

some

cases

the

preserves

may

darken

In

others

they

may

fade

But

when

stored

in

good

conditions

this

colour

change

shouldnt

even

start

to

be

noticeable

until

approaching

the

second

year

mark

This

commercial

lowsugar

strawberry

jam

was

a

bright

red

at

first

in

the

unopened

jars

The

colour

darkened

with

the

passage

of

time

even

though

the

jars

had

been

still

unopened

Shorter

life

once

opened

Were

all

used

to

opening

a

jar

of

storebought

high

sugar

jam

using

a

bit

putting

the

lid

back

on

and

putting

it

back

in

the

fridge

and

then

using

it

sporadically

over

the

next

few

years

and

its

fine

Thats

not

going

to

happen

with

reduced

or

sugarfree

jams

whether

store

bought

or

home

made

Sugars

real

role

as

an

aggressive

quality

preserver

really

comes

into

its

own

once

your

sealed

jar

is

opened

Even

refrigerated

moulds

will

slowly

attack

it

and

without

sugar

to

kill

the

spores

by

depriving

them

of

water

will

eventually

win

Consequently

unless

you

are

routinely

feeding

crowds

reduced

or

sugarfree

jams

may

be

better

made

in

smaller

sizes

such

as

litre

ml

US

pint

cup

rather

than

larger

farm

hands

breakfast

table

sizes

such

as

litre

US

pint

Or

smaller

even

such

as

the

ml

US

pint

cup

sampler

sizes

Aim

perhaps

for

a

size

you

can

use

up

within

to

weeks

refrigerated

once

opened

Jams

made

with

pectin

with

preservatives

in

it

will

probably

experience

a

longer

afteropening

life

than

preservativefree

ones

such

as

Pomona

Miscellaneous

information

Elizabeth

Andress

of

the

NCHFP

says

We

are

starting

to

use

that

Ed

a

little

bit

of

butter

or

margarine

in

jelled

fruit

products

in

some

of

our

lower

sugar

jams

and

jellies

that

tend

to

get

a

lot

of

trapped

air

to

reduce

some

of

the

air

there

also

It

shouldnt

be

enough

to

interfere

with

the

gel

at

all

Dont

use

a

food

processor

on

fruit

for

jam

the

blade

of

a

food

processor

damages

the

natural

pectin

in

fruit

Jams

and

jellies

made

with

artificial

sweeteners

and

unflavored

gelatin

or

added

pectin

generally

provide

to

calories

to

grams

carbohydrate

per

tablespoon

Those

made

with

a

commercial

lowcalorie

jelling

mixture

such

as

maltodextrin

provide

to

calories

to

grams

carbohydrates

per

tablespoon

Further

Reading

Ball

sugarfree

jam

video

Clearjel

for

Jam

Austin

Joanne

Using

Clearjel

WSU

Skagit

Country

Extension

October

Driessen

Suzanne

Low

Sugar

Alternatives

for

Jams

and

Jellies

University

of

Minnesota

Extension

Service

Gupta

Sujata

What

Makes

A

Jam

A

Jam

Surge

In

Savory

Spreads

Presents

Riddles

For

Purists

NPR

Digital

Media

August

Hart

Anne

You

dont

have

to

add

sugar

to

homemade

marmalade

jam

jelly

or

fruit

butter

Examiner

January

Watermelon

jelly

causes

botulism

in

Vancouver

References

Andrea

Weigl

Canning

Making

the

most

of

fruits

and

veggies

Raleigh

NC

The

News

Observer

July

httpswww

Andress

Elizabeth

History

Science

and

Current

Practice

in

Home

Food

Preservation

Webinar

February

At

Accessed

January

at

httpsnchfpugaedumultimediavideonchfpwmv

Andress

Elizabeth

History

Science

and

Current

Practice

in

Home

Food

Preservation

Webinar

February

At

Accessed

January

at

httpsnchfpugaedumultimediavideonchfpwmv

Andress

Elizabeth

History

Science

and

Current

Practice

in

Home

Food

Preservation

Webinar

February

At

Accessed

January

at

httpsnchfpugaedumultimediavideonchfpwmv

Ingham

Barb

Safe

Preserving

Watermelon

Jelly

In

Safe

and

Healthy

Preserving

Food

at

Home

University

of

WisconsinExtension

Cooperative

Extension

August

Accessed

January

at

httpsfyi

Andress

Elizabeth

History

Science

and

Current

Practice

in

Home

Food

Preservation

Webinar

February

At

Accessed

January

at

httpsnchfpugaedumultimediavideonchfpwmv

Christian

Kacey

National

Center

for

Home

Food

Preservation

Want

to

Make

Sweet

Spreads

but

Dont

Want

to

Add

Sugar

August

Accessed

June

at

Stone

Martha

and

Mary

Schroeder

Current

Issues

in

Food

Preservation

Desktop

Training

Powerpoint

Slide

Show

Colorado

State

University

Cooperative

Extension

June

Slide

Accessed

March

at

httpswww

authorstream

Blog

discussion

at

httpsdinersjournalblogsnytimes

Accessed

June

National

Center

for

Home

Food

Preservation

Blog

Want

to

Make

Sweet

Spreads

but

Dont

Want

to

Add

Sugar

August

Accessed

March

at

Lauritzen

Georgia

C

Reduced

Sugar

and

Sugarfree

Food

Preservation

Utah

State

Extension

Service

FN

Page

Accessed

June

at

httpsextension

usu

pdf

Penn

State

Extension

Sugars

and

NonNutritive

Sweeteners

in

Food

Preservation

July

Accesssed

January

at

httpsextension

psu

Penn

State

Extension

Can

Splenda

sucralose

be

used

in

preserving

food

Accessed

January

at

httpsextension

psu

edufoodpreservationfaqsplenda

Lauritzen

Georgia

C

Reduced

Sugar

and

Sugarfree

Food

Preservation

Utah

State

Extension

Service

FN

Page

Accessed

June

at

httpsextension

usu

pdf

Penn

State

Extension

Canning

With

Artificial

Sweeteners

Accessed

January

at

httpsextension

psu

edufoodpreservationfaqcanningwithartificialsweeteners

Morris

William

C

Low

or

No

Sugar

in

Jams

Jellies

and

Preserves

University

of

Tennessee

Agricultural

Extension

Service

Page

Accessed

August

at

httpsextension

tennessee

GardenRobinson

Julie

Jams

and

Jellies

from

Native

Wild

Fruits

North

Dakota

State

University

Extension

Service

January

Accessed

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Roll over image to zoom in Product Description Delivery and Returns Trumer Pils Beer 12 PK Bottles Item is no longer available Product Description Salzburg Seit 1601 Berkeley Est 20042010 Gold The Great American Beer Festival World Beer Cup Gold Award 2006 2008 Best GermanStyle Pilsner Trumer Pils is brewed to the same exacting standards at its two sister breweries in Salzburg Austria and Berkeley California Combining the heritage and tradition of its European roots with the excellence and passion of Americana craft brewing Trumer Pils stands in a class of its own wellbalanced with a distinct hoppiness and crisp dry finish If its good you import the beer If its great you import the brewery Salzburg Specification Name Value Height 915 Width 510 Depth 785 Weight 12176 Safety Warning Government Warning 1 According to the Surgeon General women should not drink alcohol beverages during pregnancy because of the risk of birth defects 2 Consumption of alcoholic beverag Actual product packaging and materials may contain more or different information than that shown on our website You should not rely solely on the information presented here Always read labels warnings and directions before using or consuming a product View full Product Information Disclaimer

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How can we get Dad to stop humming all the time Home Community Voices Caregiver Journey Blog How can we get Dad to stop humming all the time by Immersion Active June 14 2013 My Dad hums all the time recently Its very annoying to us all How do we get him to stop Why is he doing it I recall a comment during a family support group where a wife said that the challenge of caregiving isnt always the big things its the little things that can push you over the edge I can understand why your dads humming behavior while seemingly a little thing is annoying Your dads behavior could have a number of causes Alzheimers disease and the other dementias often impact words and language This may be a simple form of communication for him or a behavior covering up his failing vocabulary I also find that persons with dementia often do have compulsive or recurring behavior His humming may be a similar symptom Sometimes when I have these issues I ask myself What wont work Clearly in your dads case it wont work to snap at him criticize or ask him to stop It wont help to lose your temper Here are some ideas that might help Substitute other music Play some of his past favorite songs to see if he can verbalize or sing the lyrics for example I left my heartin San Francisco This might break the humming habit Engage him in a meaningful chore or task Can he still sweep the floor wipe off tables fold laundry or towels This might provide a distraction and break the habit Get him out of doors Being outside on a nice day can provide sensory stimulation Seeing flowers a cat jump over the fence humming birds or hearing the neighbors lawn mower might change the behavior Ask him to tell you more Ask him about his music and why he is humming Dad do you enjoy musicI hear you humming What are you favorite songs Do you enjoy going to concerts Sometimes getting him to talk about the music breaks the repetitive cycle If his behavior doesnt change you will have to work on your own reactions Try to keep your sense of humor or take a break from dad by encouraging attendance at a day center or finding an upbeat well trained home worker Because AD is progressive be aware that a behavior that bothers you today may be gone tomorrow This can be bittersweet At some point in his journey he may lose the ability or interest in humming You may actually find yourself missing this behavior that today is so bothersome

O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Wedding Packages The Hemingway Home is the perfect historic and tropical venue for your Key West wedding special event or corporate affair This legendary property provides the ideal setting for any event from an intimate gathering for two to a gala for 100 guests You too can host a marvelous event reminiscent of Ernest and Paulines soirées entertaining the likes of fellow artists novelists poets and socialites such as Waldo Pierce Archibald McLeish and F Scott Fitzgerald Day Time Wedding Rates Up to 30 guests Day Time InSeason Rates NovemberJune Day Time OffSeason Rates JulyOctober Fridays Saturdays Call 3053932444 or 3055091876 Fridays Saturdays Call 3053932444 or 3055091876 Sundays Thursdays Call 3053932444 or 3055091876 1 hr Site Fee 375 each additional hr 375 Sundays Thursdays Call 3053932444 or 3055091876 1 hr Site Fee 375 each additional hr 375 Holiday Rates Please call to inquire Holiday Rates Please call to inquire Evening Wedding Rates Evening Events limited to 100 guests maximum Friday Saturday and Holidays are subject to a 4hour minimum rental Evening ceremony packages are limited to 30 people Evening InSeason Rates NovemberJune Evening OffSeason Rates JulyOctober Fridays Saturdays 600pm 1030pm Event Insurance 100 this is compulsory 4hr Site Fee 3000 tax Additional Hour 750 tax Fridays Saturdays 600pm 1030pm Event Insurance 100 this is compulsory 4hr Site Fee 3000 tax Additional Hour 750 tax Sundays Thursdays 600pm 1000pm Event Insurance 100 this is compulsory 4hr Site Fee 2000 tax Additional Hour 500 tax Sundays Thursdays 600pm 1000pm Event Insurance 100 this is compulsory 4hr Site Fee 2000 tax Additional Hour 500 tax Holiday Rates Please call to inquire Holiday Rates Please call to inquire

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Opel GT for Sale New Search Search Filters Make Opel 5 Photos 4 Year 1971 2 1973 3 Transmission Manual 4 Unspecified 1 Country US Canada International Results include ads from the January 2019 issue of Hemmings Motor News To see ads from the February 2019 issue you must be a subscriber to Hemmings Motor News Link your active subscription or for instant access Sort Default Show 15 30 60 Viewing 1 5 of 5 results Selected Filters Type of Ad Vehicles for Sale Make Opel Model GT All Ads Private Sellers 1 Dealers 3 Auctions 1 Inquire 1973 Opel GT 6 Brummen Netherlands Simply stunning 1973 Opel GT 19 This is the socalled GTAL 1900 version with the more powerful 19 litre engine Introduced in 1970 it Offered By Gallery Aaldering Advertiser since 2015 Auction 1971 Opel GT 12 Kissimmee FL The Opel GT was built in Germany and sold in the United State at Buick Dealerships Nicknamed The Baby Corvette Rare example presented in Offered By Mecum Auctions Kissimmee 2019 13900 1971 Opel GT 60 Morgantown PA 1971 Opel GT The Opel GT was a small twoseater from GMs famed German subsidiary Underneath its an Opel Kadett a small reardrive car Offered By Classic Auto Mall Inc 24995 1973 Opel GT 26 Lake Bluff IL The first generation Opel GT 19681973 debuted as a styling exercise in 1965 at the Paris and Frankfurt motor shows The production vehicle used Offered By Northshore Sportscars 24995 1973 Opel GT Lake Bluff IL OPEL 1973 GT red body Aerokit HRE wheels 5spd 24995 8472470447 IL northshoresportscarscom 30YR Offered By Private Seller Advertiser since 1995 From January 2019 print edition 1 Tell me when new listings like these appear

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Home Lifestyle 100 Team Names for Girls 100 Team Names for Girls By Michelle Keldgord on May 20 2018 Share Tweet Share Share 0 comments If you and your girlfriends are signing up for a team whether its softball running volleyball or some other great sport you will need a name These are some of the cutest funniest and most adorable team names for girls Youre bound to find ONE you LOVE Dolls with Balls This one is great because not only is it clever but its true if youre playing a sport using actual balls Fly Girls Thats right you and your girls are FLY Let everyone know Pony Tails Love this clever twist on the classic and most wellused hairstyle in the sports niche Red Hots You ladies are hot and great at what you do Of course Youre RED HOT Mischievous Mermaids Full of mystery and mischievous behavior eh You must be the mischievous mermaids Lunachicks Youre not just luntatics youre Lunachicks Disco Divas Perfect for a rollerblading team Howling Hyenas Hyenas are known to be fierce and loud so if that sounds anything like you and your friends youll want to pick this team name Pink Ladies What lady doesnt love pink If youre pink and powerful youll want this charming little name Charming Chickidees Chicks full of charm are bound to fall in love with this cute team name Lovely Ladies Youre just so lovely arent you Let the world know with this adorable name Poison Ivies Got to say we just LOVE this team name for girls Chicks with Sticks Going for a hockey team or some other game involving sticks This is the ideal and super clever name for you Girls with Attitude If youre a team full of girls with attitude this is obviously the perfect choice Mavens of Mayhem With this team name you show the whole world that YOUR team is FIERCE and unstoppable Hot Flash So clever It makes us laugh but it also kind of scares us its the perfect combination Pinks Keep it simple with a cute name like PINKS Powderpuff Girls The lovable cartoon show can also be used to show off how powerful and cute you and your friends are The Dream Team Heck Yes Blue Eyed Bombshells Team full of blueeyed gals This is the ideal team name for you Blondes Have More Fun Do they We love this name and everyone else will too Red Hots So spicy so hot Watch out for the ladies in this group Spicy Senoritas For my senoritas out there who are just so saucy and can take any other team down without a blink of an eye Divas Its simple but it does its purpose Little Cuties One of the most adorable team names on this list Bumble Bees Beware these chicks have stingers and they arent afraid to use them Double Ds A little risque but cant deny its a funny and sexy team name for girls Heartbreakers You know who you are The Heat Its not just a name reserved for the NBA women can use it too Do These Jeans Make My Butt Look Fast THIS IS JUST TOO FUNNY Violets Subtle and sweet but will take you down in a flash right Sweaty Coconuts Ahem I think we know which coconuts this name is talking about So funny Girls of the Galaxy Youre so good youre from another dimension Hot Shots Youre hot and you always make your shots youre the HOT SHOTS Fire Ants Cute name for the fiery ladies out there Kiss My Boots Chow Diamond Gals Every lady loves a diamond dont they Amazonians For the tall babes out there who need a team name that suits them perfectly Bottoms Up Thats a little cool huh Ladybugs Ladybugs are undeniably the cutest things ever so this makes a great team name Butterflies Another charming little creature that doubles as a super cute team name Nightmares Were scared Hippy Chicks For my hippy girls out there who want to show off their 70s inspo Beautiful Babes If you got it flaunt it Ferocious Felines We wouldnt want to mess with you Cheetah Girls CLASSIC Rocket Power Would be perfect for a group of girls on roller skates skateboards or surfing Pink Warriors Warriors dont have to always wear dark attire they can wear PINK too Screaming Divas Ahh Sole Sisters This is just WAY too clever and we cant get enough of it Firecrackers We would NOT want to mess with the Firecrackers Eye Candy You know youre grabbing everyones attention and its not just because youre dropdead gorgeous Pink Flamingos Sweet and fun name Ruby Reds Theres nothing like a stunning ruby Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Its so true isnt it ladies Lady Leopards Growl Angels Well youre probably not so angelic on the court or field though are you Goal Diggers This one is just too hysterical Cant get enough of it Bubbles So cute Killer Bees Oh yikes now this one is terrifying Estrogen Express For the women out there who arent afraid to show off that estrogen Golden You are golden Rush Because youre going to rush to the finish line every time Fire and Ice The two most intense sensations Flower Power You go girls Cupcakes Who doesnt love a super sweet and tasty cupcake Such a cute team name Wildcats Growl Cowgirls Simple but so cute Short Cuts For the shorthaired princesses out there ready to destroy the competition Victorious Secrets No words We just love this one Hoops I Did it Again So clever Love this twist on the classic Britney song Southern Belles For the southern gals out there Happy Feet So cute Wonder Women The perfect superhero inspired team name for girls Supergirls Another great choice to show off your superpowers Wild Thangs Youre wild and you know it Dazzling Divas Youll be dazzling on the court the field wherever Dream Killers Tough but true Chicks on the Loose Theyre on the loose and we should all be afraid Girls with a Shot Perfect for a basketball team Girls Day Out Its your day out and youre probably going to really enjoy yourself while you reach the finish line No Punt Intended Too funny Perfect for female fantasy football league Lady Luck Cute Luck Be a Lady Another wonderful name inspired by an awesome song Sassy Sistahs If youre sassy and you know it use this team name Sugar and Spice and everything nice The Blonde and the Beautiful Very clever and very true Watch Out for the Girls Yup Watch out because theyre going to cream you Wild Kicks Wild Kicks are going to stomp you DOWN Women Untamed Untamed women Sounds very threatening You Just Lost to a Girl HA The Polka Dots So cute Trophy Wives Oh we LOVE this one for the wifeys out there Scared Hitless oh thats just too funny Love THIS Luckness Monsters LOL Laces Out WATCH OUT Laced Up Ladies And theyre ready to take you down AllStars Hey now were the ALLSTARS Were going to get our game on GO PLAY Death at the Net Id be very afraid if I were you Easy Breezy Beautiful Covergirl No girls kicking some major tail in their sport Which one is your favorite team name for girls Comment and suggest some in the comments below girl team names girl teams team names team names for girls

O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I B I O O


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Presidents and Chancellors Create A Job Agent Expand Search Sort by Display Results 1 25 of 53 President Priority West Virginia Northern Community College Wheeling WV Presidents and Chancellors Posted 010219 President Meadville Lombard Theological School Chicago IL Presidents and Chancellors Posted 010419 Assoc Vice Chancellor for Finance University of North Carolina Wilmington Wilmington NC Presidents and Chancellors Posted 010319 President Black River Technical College Pocahontas AR Presidents and Chancellors Posted 010319 President Ventura College Ventura County Community College District Ventura CA Presidents and Chancellors Posted 123118 Campus President Several Openings CollegeWide 998221 Miami Dade College Miami FL Presidents and Chancellors Posted 123118 President Southside Virginia Community College Virginia Community College System Alberta VA Presidents and Chancellors Posted 122918 President Danville Community College Virginia Community College System Danville VA Presidents and Chancellors Posted 122918 President Eastern Shore Community College Virginia Community College System Melfa VA Presidents and Chancellors Posted 122918 Vice Chancellor for University Advancement and Alumni Relations University of Wisconsin Stout Menomonie WI Presidents and Chancellors Posted 122618 President and Chief Executive Officer University of New Mexico Foundation Albuquerque NM Presidents and Chancellors Posted 121818 President of Western Wyoming Community College Western Wyoming Community College Rock Springs WY Presidents and Chancellors Posted 121818 Pro ViceChancellor Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander Education Strategy and Consultation Western Sydney University Parramatta Australia Presidents and Chancellors Posted 121718 Regional Presidents Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 CSCU Community College System Hartford CT Presidents and Chancellors Posted 121718 President Los Angeles Pierce College Los Angeles Community College District Woodland Hills CA Presidents and Chancellors Posted 121418 President Orange Coast College Coast Community College District Costa Mesa CA Presidents and Chancellors Posted 121318 Campus President Chamberlain College of Nursing Sacramento CA Presidents and Chancellors Posted 121218 Vice Chancellor for Diversity Equity and Inclusion University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City KS Presidents and Chancellors Posted 121018 President Art Academy of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH Presidents and Chancellors Posted 121018 President Missouri Western State University St Joseph MO Presidents and Chancellors Posted 121018 Campus President Chamberlain College of Nursing Chicago IL Presidents and Chancellors Posted 120718 President State University of New York College at Plattsburgh Plattsburgh NY Presidents and Chancellors Posted 120618 President Christian Brothers University Memphis TN Presidents and Chancellors Posted 120618 Presidential Search National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities Washington DC Presidents and Chancellors Posted 120618 President University of Alabama in Huntsville Huntsville AL Presidents and Chancellors Posted 120518 1 2 3 Results 1 25 of 53

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Khalifa University of Science and Technology Sort by Display Results 1 25 of 56 Research Engineer Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Laboratory and Research Posted 121718 Research Associate Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Laboratory and Research Posted 121718 Research Assistant Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Laboratory and Research Posted 121718 PostDoctoral Fellow Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Mechanical Engineering Posted 121718 Research Associate Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Electrical Engineering Posted 121418 Research Associate Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Other Engineering Faculty Posted 121418 PostDoctoral Fellow Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Electrical Engineering Posted 121418 Research Associate Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Laboratory and Research Posted 112918 PostDoctoral Fellow Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Physics Posted 112918 System Senior Administrator UNIX Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates NetworkSystem Administration Posted 112818 HPC System Senior Administrator Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates NetworkSystem Administration Posted 112818 Research Engineer Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Laboratory and Research Posted 111918 Research Associate Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Laboratory and Research Posted 111918 Research Assistant Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Laboratory and Research Posted 111918 Research Scientist Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Posted 111618 Research Scientist Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Aerospace Engineering Posted 111618 Research Engineer Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Electrical Engineering Posted 111618 Research Associate Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Laboratory and Research Posted 111618 Research Assistant Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Laboratory and Research Posted 111618 PostDoctoral Fellow Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Posted 111618 PostDoctoral Fellow Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Mechanical Engineering Posted 111618 PostDoctoral Fellow Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Aerospace Engineering Posted 111618 PostDoctoral Fellow Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Computer Engineering Posted 111618 Post Doctoral Fellow Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Civil and Environmental Engineering Posted 111618 Research Associate Khalifa University of Science and Technology Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Laboratory and Research Posted 102418 1 2 3 Results 1 25 of 56

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X2RP TACO MOLLE x2rptaco 3 Reviews This unique pouch can securely hold an infinite combination of mags and other accessories Price 5000 Choose Your Color QTY Lifetime Guarantee HSGI products are fully warranted to the original owner against defects in materials and workmanship for the lifetime of the product If a product ever fails due to a manufacturing defect we will repair it or replace it at our discretion Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video Description Specifications Product Resources Reviews X2RP TACO Modular Double Rifle and Single Pistol Mag Pouch The X2RP TACO combines two modular rifle mag pouches and a modular pistol mag pouch into one secure unit and can securely hold an infinite combination of mags and other accessories Two original TACO form the base holding USGI HK PMAG ARC FAL AK 30 40 LR20 and M14 magazines securely and deploying easily and silently on demand On top we attached a Pistol TACO This versatile pouch will hold almost any pistol magazine Single stack double stack it makes no difference 1911 HK 45 M9Beretta 92 Glock XD mags are all held securely The Pistol TACO can also hold a variety of multitools and flashlights All pouches are made of Cordura an injectionmolded polymer and shock cord The pouches both maintain a positive adjustable grip of the mag and do not require any other securing systems unless desired Webbing tabs are sewn in on the top for use of over the top bungee retainers not included Additional loop Velcro is sewn in the inside of the rifle pouch if the user wishes to utilize adhesive backed hook Velcro on his magazine body for added security Covered by HSGIs Lifetime Warranty Made in the USA Patent 9759536

B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Used Vehicle Inventory Show Only Body Style All Body Styles Convertible 2 Sedan 19 SUV 41 Truck 16 Van 1 Wagon 3 Make Year Price 10k 20k 30k 40k 0 5 10 15 20 25 Inventory Include No Price Available 16 EPAEst Hwy MPG 6 EPAEst City MPG 6 Exterior Color Interior Color Engine Transmission Drive Line Packages Mileage 82 Vehicles matching All Listings Watch Video Save This Car Get Price Alerts 2018 Ford EcoSport Titanium 4WD Sport Utility 4 Market Price 24511 Discount 5516 Price 18995 View Original Window Sticker Engine 20L 4 Transmission Automatic Mileage 18638 miles EPAEst MPG 6 2329 Exterior Color BRN Stock R1956 VIN MAJ6P1WL1JC187638 Compare Watch Video Save This Car Get Price Alerts 2018 Ford EcoSport Titanium 4WD Sport Utility 4 Market Price 22995 Discount 4000 Price 18995 View Original Window Sticker Engine 20L 4 Transmission Automatic Mileage 19379 miles EPAEst MPG 6 2329 Exterior Color Canyon Ridge Metallic Interior Color Ebony Black Stock R1955 VIN MAJ6P1WL4JC193983 Compare Watch 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29700 Discount 2705 Price 26995 View Original Window Sticker Engine 20L 4 Transmission Automatic Mileage 27830 miles EPAEst MPG 6 2027 Exterior Color GLD Stock R1957 VIN 2FMPK4K94JBB31469 Compare Watch Video Save This Car Get Price Alerts 2017 Ford Edge Titanium AWD Sport Utility 4 Market Price 25995 Discount 2000 Price 23995 View Original Window Sticker Engine 20L 4 Transmission Automatic Mileage 33208 miles EPAEst MPG 6 2027 Exterior Color Ruby Red Metallic Tinted Clearcoat Interior Color Ceramic Stock R1919 VIN 2FMPK4K98HBC13389 Technology Package Radio AMFM Stereo wSingle CDNavigation Blind Spot Information System Remote Start System AutoDimming Drivers Sideview Mirror Compare Watch Video Save This Car Get Price Alerts 2017 Ford Edge Titanium AWD Sport Utility 4 Market Price 26050 Discount 2053 Price 23997 View Original Window Sticker Engine 20L 4 Transmission Automatic Mileage 33983 miles EPAEst MPG 6 2027 Exterior Color Shadow Black Interior Color Ceramic Stock R1892 VIN 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Ford Escape 4WD 4dr SE Sport Utility 4 Market Price 17995 Discount 1000 Price 16995 View Original Window Sticker Engine 16L 4 Transmission Automatic Mileage 24718 miles EPAEst MPG 6 2229 Exterior Color Deep Impact Blue Interior Color Charcoal Black Stock R1945 VIN 1FMCU9GX1GUB50349 Equipment Group 201A SE Cold Weather Package Compare Watch Video Save This Car Get Price Alerts 2016 Ford Escape 4WD 4dr SE Sport Utility 4 Market Price 16995 View Original Window Sticker Engine 16L 4 Transmission Automatic Mileage 34273 miles EPAEst MPG 6 2229 Exterior Color Shadow Black Interior Color Charcoal Black Stock R1926 VIN 1FMCU9GX6GUA71453 Equipment Group 201A SE Cold Weather Package Compare Watch Video Save This Car Get Price Alerts 2016 Ford Escape 4WD 4dr SE Sport Utility 4 Market Price 15825 Discount 827 Price 14998 View Original Window Sticker Engine 16L 4 Transmission Automatic Mileage 45617 miles EPAEst MPG 6 2229 Exterior Color White Platinum Metallic TriCoat Interior Color Charcoal Black 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O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


new look coming soon Hills Science Diet Adult Urinary Hairball Control Find a StoreVet Hills Science Diet Adult Urinary Hairball Control cat food provides precisely balanced nutrition to help support the health of the whole urinary system Supports the health of the whole urinary system with optimal level of magnesium Natural fiber comfortably reduces hairballs Clinically proven antioxidant benefits No artificial colors flavors or preservatives X Product Details Key Benefits Clinically proven nutrition that can transform your pets life Feeding Guide How to adjust feeding amounts to maintain optimal weight Ingredients High quality protein and thoughtfully sourced ingredients Average Nutrient Caloric Content Balanced nutrition that exceeds AAFCO nutrition standards

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English Cocker Spaniel Dog Breed Information and Personality Traits English Cocker Spaniel Dog Breed Facts and Traits Hills Pet Pet Care Center The English cocker spaniel is cheerful playful and thrives on companionship and being part of the family He does require significant exercise English Cocker Spaniel At a glance In America the American version of the cocker spaniel became the more popular but in the rest of the world the English cocker spaniel is the more popular Size Weight Range Male 2632 lbs Female 2632 lbs Height at Withers Male 1517 in Female 1416 in Features Floppy ears naturally Expectations Exercise Requirements 2040 minutesday Energy Level Average 1214 yrs Tendency to Drool Low Tendency to Snore Low Tendency to Bark Low Tendency to Dig Low SocialAttention Needs High Bred For Bird flushing retrieving Coat Length Medium Characteristics Straight Colors Solid black liver red black and tan liver and tan particolored ticked roan Overall Grooming Needs High Club Recognition AKC Classification Sporting UKC Classification Gun Dog Prevalence Soso The English cocker spaniel is slightly taller than long This moderately built dog is small enough to push through dense bushes and fit on your lap and large enough to retrieve game and go jogging with you English cocker spaniels are 1417 inches tall and they weigh 2632 pounds 7 to 8 kilograms The head of the English cocker spaniel is long and somewhat narrow compared to other spaniels The ears are long and set low Overall the dogs expression is soft and the contours of the head are soft with no abrupt angles The hair is of medium length and somewhat silky it is long enough to protect the dogs underside when in the field but never so long as to be a hindrance The dogs coat comes in a variety of colors and patterns Personality The English cocker spaniel has kept strong hunting instincts this dog likes few things better in life than to go out in search of birds Yet that pleasure is closely rivaled by the pleasure the dog derives from being close to family members This is a breed that likes to be part of every family activity He is cheerful biddable loyal sensitive and playful in short a perfect companion for a considerate child or an adventurous adult This is a friendly dog whether to other dogs and pets children strangers and even burglars The English cocker spaniel is a pretty good watchdog but a poor choice for a protection dog Living With The English cocker spaniel was bred to hunt all day long searching for flushing and retrieving upland game birds This kind of energy can not be burned off in a walk around the block These dogs need a lot of exercise but fortunately they can satisfy their needs with a couple of good exercise periods a day Ready access to a fenced yard is a definite help The English cocker spaniels coat must be brushed two or three times a week For best appearances the coat should be clipped or scissored around the face ears tail and feet every couple of months Ears need special attention as they are somewhat prone to problems if they are allowed to remain moist inside When the dog is eating the ears should be held back with a head stocking called a snood to prevent food from getting stuck in the feathered tips History The spaniel family of dogs is among the first groups of dogs created to aid in the capture of birds As such it is a large group with many breeds specializing in hunting different bird species amidst various terrains Those that specialized in land hunting were divided into larger and smaller spaniels with the smaller spaniels specialized for hunting woodcock No attempt was made to breed the two sizes separately and both sizes were routinely present in the same litters With the advent of dog shows this presented some difficulties and in 1892 the two sizes of land spaniels began to be designated as separate breeds with the smaller size dubbed cocker spaniels When the cocker spaniel came to America many breeders in the United States preferred and bred for a different look than what was traditional in the founding country of England The two styles diverged until they were split into separate varieties in 1936 This meant they could be interbred but would be shown separately Since almost nobody elected to interbreed the varieties they were split into separate breeds in 1946 In America the American version of the cocker spaniel became the more popular but in the rest of the world the English cocker spaniel is the more popular

O O B I B I O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

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Star India suspends director Mukesh Chhabra from Kizie Aur Manny due to sexual harassment allegations Mukesh Chhabra has been suspended as the director of Kizie Aur Manny after two women accused him sexual harassment bollywood Updated Oct 19 2018 1155 IST HT Correspondent Hindustan Times Mukesh Chhabra is making his directorial debut with Kizie Aur Manny Bollywood casting director Mukesh Chhabra who was set to make his directorial debut with Kizie Aur Manny has been suspended from the film following accusations of sexual harassment The films studio Star India shared a statement saying it takes allegations of sexual harassment of women at workplace very seriously Fox Star India shared a statement on Twitter on Friday As a responsible organization Star India takes any allegation of sexual harassment of women at workplace very seriously hence Fox Star Studios has suspended the services of Mukesh Chhabra director of our film Kizzie Aur Manny which is under production till the Internal Complaints Committee ICC of Ms Mukesh Chhabra Casting Company concludes its inquiry into the allegations against him it read pictwittercomR8yO04qsCG Fox Star Hindi foxstarhindi October 19 2018 Mukesh has been accused of sexual harassment by two women A MidDay report has accounts of unnamed women who claim they were harassed during auditions He asked me to enact a scene which had the hero and the heroine hugging each other Under the pretext of showing me how the scene should be performed he grabbed me hard and felt me up I could feel his hand on my butt I was shellshocked and immediately withdrew He realised my trepidation and started vehemently apologising At one point he said I thought you were fine with it because other girls are the report quotes a budding actor as saying who left the film industry The report said that in another phone conversation whose recording is with the newspaper Chhabra can be heard telling another artiste that you will have to compromise get physical with people in power Chhabra had dismissed the allegations and tweeted a letter that read It is very unfortunate that years of hard work and building is been muzzled with a series of unsubstantiated wild anonymous allegations To put it into perspective we have a ICC committee put into the place for years and we could have appreciated if the complaint received could have been forwarded to the said committee for probe and investigation Going on to say that the report aims to sensationalise the letter said This is a clearly motivated piece and we deny any incident as alleged took place 0000 0000 Sorry Please update your browser or try a different one On Friday the Kizie Aur Mannys lead acter Sushant Singh Rajput also clarified rumours that he had misbehaved with his costar Sanjana Sanghi He shared screenshots of their text conversation and wrote I feel sad to reveal personal information but it seems that there is no other way to state what was in the midst of this curated and well timed smear campaign From the first till the last day of the shoot this is what happened on the Set with Sanjana Mukesh also supported Sushant on Twitter I totally stand by itsSSR no such incident happened on the sets and lets not have a Twitter trial and make an innocent person suffer for somebody elses ulterior motives I had clarified this on twitter long back and I still maintain it he wrote in his tweet The film is a remake of 2014 Hollywood hit The Fault In Our Stars The MeToo movement in India started after actor Tanushree Dutta in September recalled an unsavoury episode with veteran actor Nana Patekar from the sets of Horn OK Pleassss in 2008 After that a slew of controversies surrounding Vikas Bahl Sajid Khan Subhash Ghai Chetan Bhagat Kailash Kher Rajat Kapoor and Alok Nath have emerged Follow htshowbiz for more First Published Oct 19 2018 1155 IST tags Mukesh Chhabra Kizzie Aur Manny Fox Star Studios Sanjana Sanghi Kizie Aur Manny

O O O O B I O B I I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I I