Capital market From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Courtyard of the Amsterdam Stock Exchange Beurs van Hendrick de Keyser in Dutch the foremost centre of European capital markets in the 17th century The Dutch were the first in history to use a fullyfledged capital market including the bond market and stock market to finance publicly traded companies The trading floor of the New York Stock Exchange one of the largest secondary capital markets in the world As of 2013 most of the NYSEs trades are executed electronically but its hybrid structure allows some trading to be done face to face on the floor A capital market is a financial market in which longterm debt over a year or equity backed securities are bought and sold Capital markets channel the wealth of savers to those who can put it to longterm productive use such as companies or governments making longterm investments Financial regulators like the Bank of England BoE and the US Securities and Exchange Commission SEC oversee capital markets to protect investors against fraud among other duties Modern capital markets are almost invariably hosted on computerbased electronic trading systems most can be accessed only by entities within the financial sector or the treasury departments of governments and corporations but some can be accessed directly by the public There are many thousands of such systems most serving only small parts of the overall capital markets Entities hosting the systems include stock exchanges investment banks and government departments Physically the systems are hosted all over the world though they tend to be concentrated in financial centres like London New York and Hong Kong Contents 1 Definition 11 Versus money markets 12 Versus bank loans 2 Examples 21 Government on primary markets 22 Company on primary markets 23 Secondary market trading 3 Size 31 Forecasting and analyses 4 Capital controls 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Definition A capital market can be either a primary market or a secondary market In primary market new stock or bond issues are sold to investors often via a mechanism known as underwriting The main entities seeking to raise longterm funds on the primary capital markets are governments which may be municipal local or national and business enterprises companies Governments issue only bonds whereas companies often issue both equity and bonds The main entities purchasing the bonds or stock include pension funds hedge funds sovereign wealth funds and less commonly wealthy individuals and investment banks trading on their own behalf In the secondary market existing securities are sold and bought among investors or traders usually on an exchange overthecounter or elsewhere The existence of secondary markets increases the willingness of investors in primary markets as they know they are likely to be able to swiftly cash out their investments if the need arises A second important division falls between the stock markets for equity securities also known as shares where investors acquire ownership of companies and the bond markets where investors become creditors Versus money markets Finance Markets Instruments Corporate Personal Public Banking Regulation Financial law Economic history v t e The money markets are used for the raising of shortterm finance sometimes for loans that are expected to be paid back as early as overnight In contrast the capital markets are used for the raising of longterm finance such as the purchase of sharesequities or for loans that are not expected to be fully paid back for at least a year Funds borrowed from money markets are typically used for general operating expenses to provide liquid assets for brief periods For example a company may have inbound payments from customers that have not yet cleared but need immediate cash to pay its employees When a company borrows from the primary capital markets often the purpose is to invest in additional physical capital goods which will be used to help increase its income It can take many months or years before the investment generates sufficient return to pay back its cost and hence the finance is long term Together money markets and capital markets form the financial markets as the term is narrowly understood The capital market is concerned with longterm finance In the widest sense it consists of a series of channels through which the savings of the community are made available for industrial and commercial enterprises and public authorities Versus bank loans Regular bank lending is not usually classed as a capital market transaction even when loans are extended for a period longer than a year First regular bank loans are not securitized ie they do not take the form of a resaleable security like a share or bond that can be traded on the markets Second lending from banks is more heavily regulated than capital market lending Third bank depositors tend to be more riskaverse than capital market investors These three differences all act to limit institutional lending as a source of finance Two additional differences this time favoring lending by banks are that banks are more accessible for small and mediumsized companies and that they have the ability to create money as they lend In the 20th century most company finance apart from share issues was raised by bank loans But since about 1980 there has been an ongoing trend for disintermediation where large and creditworthy companies have found they effectively have to pay out less interest if they borrow directly from capital markets rather than from banks The tendency for companies to borrow from capital markets instead of banks has been especially strong in the United States According to the Financial Times capital markets overtook bank lending as the leading source of longterm finance in 2009 which reflects the risk aversion and bank regulation in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis Compared to in the United States companies in the European Union have a greater reliance on bank lending for funding Efforts to enable companies to raise more funding through capital markets are being coordinated through the EUs Capital Markets Union initiative Examples Government on primary markets One Churchill Place Barclays headquarters in Canary Wharf London Barclays is a major player in the worlds primary and secondary bond markets When a government wants to raise longterm finance it will often sell bonds in the capital markets In the 20th and early 21st centuries many governments would use investment banks to organize the sale of their bonds The leading bank would underwrite the bonds and would often head up a syndicate of brokers some of whom might be based in other investment banks The syndicate would then sell to various investors For developing countries a multilateral development bank would sometimes provide an additional layer of underwriting resulting in risk being shared between the investment banks the multilateral organization and the end investors However since 1997 it has been increasingly common for governments of the larger nations to bypass investment banks by making their bonds directly available for purchase online Many governments now sell most of their bonds by computerized auction Typically large volumes are put up for sale in one go a government may only hold a small number of auctions each year Some governments will also sell a continuous stream of bonds through other channels The biggest single seller of debt is the US government which corresponds to the continuous updating of the US realtime debt clock Company on primary markets When a company wants to raise money for longterm investment one of its first decisions is whether to do so by issuing bonds or shares If it chooses shares it avoids increasing its debt and in some cases the new shareholders may also provide nonmonetary help such as expertise or useful contacts On the other hand a new issue of shares will dilute the ownership rights of the existing shareholders and if they gain a controlling interest the new shareholders may even replace senior managers From an investors point of view shares offer the potential for higher returns and capital When a company raises finance from the primary market the process is more likely to involve facetoface meetings than other capital market transactions Whether they choose to issue bonds or shares companies will typically enlist the services of an investment bank to mediate between themselves and the market A team from the investment bank often meets with the companys senior managers to ensure their plans are sound The bank then acts as an underwriter and will arrange for a network of brokers to sell the bonds or shares to investors This second stage is usually done mostly through computerized systems though brokers will often phone up their favored clients to advise them of the opportunity Companies can avoid paying fees to investment banks by using a direct public offering though this is not a common practice as it incurs other legal costs and can take up considerable management time Secondary market trading An electronic trading platform being used at the Deutsche Börse Most 21st century capital market transactions are executed electronically sometimes a human operator is involved and sometimes unattended computer systems execute the transactions as happens in algorithmic trading Most capital market transactions take place on the secondary market On the primary market each security can be sold only once and the process to create batches of new shares or bonds is often lengthy due to regulatory requirements On the secondary markets there is no limit to the number of times a security can be traded and the process is usually very quick With the rise of strategies such as highfrequency trading a single security could in theory be traded thousands of times within a single hour Transactions on the secondary market do not directly raise finance but they do make it easier for companies and governments to raise finance on the primary market as investors know that if they want to get their money back quickly they will usually be easily able to resell their securities Sometimes however secondary capital market transactions can have a negative effect on the primary borrowers for example if a large proportion of investors try to sell their bonds this can push up the yields for future issues from the same entity An extreme example occurred shortly after Bill Clinton began his first term as President of the United States Clinton was forced to abandon some of the spending increases he had promised in his election campaign due to pressure from the bond markets In the 21st century several governments have tried to lock in as much as possible of their borrowing into longdated bonds so they are less vulnerable to pressure from the markets Following the financial crisis of 200708 the introduction of quantitative easing further reduced the ability of private agents to push up the yields of government bonds at least for countries with a central bank able to engage in substantial open market operations A variety of different players are active in the secondary markets Individual investors account for a small proportion of trading though their share has slightly increased in the 20th century it was mostly only a few wealthy individuals who could afford an account with a broker but accounts are now much cheaper and accessible over the internet There are now numerous small traders who can buy and sell on the secondary markets using platforms provided by brokers which are accessible via web browsers When such an individual trades on the capital markets it will often involve a twostage transaction First they place an order with their broker then the broker executes the trade If the trade can be done on an exchange the process will often be fully automated If a dealer needs to manually intervene this will often mean a larger fee Traders in investment banks will often make deals on their banks behalf as well as executing trades for their clients Pension and sovereign wealth funds tend to have the largest holdings though they tend to buy only the highest grade safest types of bonds and shares and some of them do not trade all that frequently According to a 2012 Financial Times article hedge funds are increasingly making most of the shortterm trades in large sections of the capital market like the UK and US stock exchanges which is making it harder for them to maintain their historically high returns as they are increasingly finding themselves trading with each other rather than with less sophisticated investors There are several ways to invest in the secondary market without directly buying shares or bonds A common method is to invest in mutual funds or exchangetraded funds It is also possible to buy and sell derivatives that are based on the secondary market one of the most common type of these is contracts for difference these can provide rapid profits but can also cause buyers to lose more money than they originally invested Size All figures given are in billions of US and are sourced to the IMF There is no universally recognized standard for measuring all of these figures so other estimates may vary A GDP column is included as a comparison Year Stocks Bonds Bank assets Total of stocks bonds and bank assets World GDP 2013 6255200 9978880 12042160 28276240 7469930 2012 5249490 9913420 11695610 26858520 7221640 2011 4708923 9838810 11037824 25585557 6989922 Forecasting and analyses A great deal of work goes into analysing capital markets and predicting their future movements This includes academic study work from within the financial industry for the purposes of making money and reducing risk and work by governments and multilateral institutions for the purposes of regulation and understanding the impact of capital markets on the wider economy Methods range from the gut instincts of experienced traders to various forms of stochastic calculus and algorithms such as StratonovichKalmanBucy filtering algorithm Capital controls Main article Capital control Capital controls are measures imposed by a states government aimed at managing capital account transactions in other words capital market transactions where one of the counterparties involved is in a foreign country Whereas domestic regulatory authorities try to ensure that capital market participants trade fairly with each other and sometimes to ensure institutions like banks do not take excessive risks capital controls aim to ensure that the macroeconomic effects of the capital markets do not have a negative impact Most advanced nations like to use capital controls sparingly if at all as in theory allowing markets freedom is a winwin situation for all involved investors are free to seek maximum returns and countries can benefit from investments that will develop their industry and infrastructure However sometimes capital market transactions can have a net negative effect for example in a financial crisis there can be a mass withdrawal of capital leaving a nation without sufficient foreignexchange reserves to pay for needed imports On the other hand if too much capital is flowing into a country it can increase inflation and the value of the nations currency making its exports uncompetitive Countries like India employ capital controls to ensure that their citizens money is invested at home rather than abroad See also Center for Audit Quality CAQ Committee on Capital Markets Regulation United States Financial market Financial regulation Stock exchange Notes The idea of governments making investments may be less familiar than the case involving companies A government can make investments that are expected to develop a nations economy by improving a nations physical infrastructure such as by building roads or by improving public education As an example in the United States any American citizen with an internet connection can create an account with Treasury Direct and use it to buy bonds in the primary market though sales to individuals form only a tiny fraction of the total volume of bonds sold Various private companies provide browserbased platforms that allow individuals to buy shares and sometimes even bonds in the secondary markets Note however that the term financial markets is also often used to refer all the different sorts of markets in the financial sector including those that are not directly concerned with raising finance such as commodity markets and foreign exchange Even if there is no activity from big players US citizens might be making small investments through channels like Treasury Direct Sometimes the company will consult with the investment bank for advice before they make this decision This is far more likely to occur with shares as exchanges that allow the automated trading of bonds are not as common and bonds are generally traded less frequently A mutual fund itself will sometimes purchase securities from the primary markets as well as the secondary ie either the buyer or the seller References Brooks John The Fluctuation The Little Crash in 62 in Business Adventures Twelve Classic Tales from the World of Wall Street New York Weybright Talley 1968 Neal Larry 2005 Venture Shares of the Dutch East India Company in Goetzmann Rouwenhorst eds Oxford University Press 2005 pp 165175 Shiller Robert 2011 Economics 252 Financial Markets Lecture 4 Portfolio Diversification and Supporting Financial Institutions Open Yale Courses Transcript Macaulay Catherine R 2015 Capitalisms renaissance The potential of repositioning the financial metaeconomy Futures Volume 68 April 2015 p 518 Petram Lodewijk The Worlds First Stock Exchange How the Amsterdam Market for Dutch East India Company Shares Became a Modern Securities Market 16021700 Translated from the Dutch by Lynne Richards Columbia University Press 2014 9780231163781 a b OSullivan Arthur Sheffrin Steven M 2003 Economics Principles in Action Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Prentice Hall p 283 0130630853 a b c Privatization and Capital Market Development Strategies to Promote Economic Growth Michael McLindon 1996 Lena Komileva 20090916 Market Insight Can the rally end the crisis The Financial Times Retrieved 20120906 Registration required help EUs capital markets union 20 explained POLITICO 20170608 Retrieved 20180307 What is the capital markets union European Commission European Commission Retrieved 20180307 EU Capital Markets Union Financial Times Retrieved 20180307 White Lucy 20180424 EUs Dombrovskis ignites fresh row over Citys market access postBrexit Retrieved 20180425 Regarding Capital Markets Union the European Commissions plan to improve access to nonbank financing across the EU he said the departure of the UK makes this project even more important and even more urgent It will have to compensate for the EUs largest financial centre not being in the EU and not being in the single market any more a b c d e An Introduction to International Capital Markets Products Strategies Participants Andrew M Chisholm 2009 Wiley see esp Chapters 1 4 8 US National Debt Clock Real Time usdebtclockorg a b c William C Spaulding 2011 The Primary Bond Market thisMattercom Retrieved 20120906 a b c William C Spaulding 2011 Investment BankingIssuing and Selling New Securities thisMattercom Retrieved 20120906 Gillian Tett September 28 2014 After a life of trend spotting Bill Gross missed the big shift The Financial Times Retrieved October 14 2014 Registration required help Jonathan Ford 20120824 The hedge funds are playing a losers game The Financial Times Retrieved 20120906 Registration required help Refer to the references used for each year to find a breakdown of capital market size for individual countries and regions Bank assets are mainly regular bank loans The IMF reports used to source these figures do recognize the distinction between capital markets and regular bank lending but bank assets are traditionally included in their tables on overall capital market size The table may slightly overstate the total size of the capital markets as in some cases the IMF data used to source the reports may doublecount stocks and bonds as bank assets IMF Global Financial Stability Report Oct 2014 IMF Global Financial Stability Report Oct 2013 IMF Global Financial Stability Report Oct 2012 Clive Cookson 20160919 Man v machine Gut feelings key to financial trading success Financial Times Retrieved 20160919 Registration required help Paul Wilmott 2007 Paul Wilmott Introduces Quantitative Finance Wiley 0470319585 Carmen Reinhart Kenneth Rogoff 2010 This Time Is Different Eight Centuries of Financial Folly Princeton University Press pp passim esp 66 9294 205 403 0199265844 Categories Financial markets

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Carl Richard Jacobi From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Carl Richard Jacobi Born Carl Richard Jacobi July 10 1908 Minneapolis Minnesota US Died August 25 1997 aged 89 St Louis Park Minnesota US Nationality American Other names Philip Spayne King Marling James K Vermont Richard Carle Matthew South Stephen Benedict Jackson Cole house name at Thrilling magazine groupStandard Publications Occupation writer Known for Mive Revelations in Black Carnabys Fish The Unpleasantness at Carver House The Coach on the Ring Carl Richard Jacobi July 10 1908 August 25 1997 was an American journalist and author He wrote short stories in the horror and fantasy genres for the pulp magazine market appearing in such pulps of the bizarre and uncanny as Thrilling Ghost Stories Startling Stories Thrilling Wonder Stories and Strange Stories He also wrote stories crime and adventure which appeared in such pulps as Thrilling Adventures Complete Stories TopNotch Short Stories The Skipper Doc Savage and Dime Adventures Magazine He also produced some science fiction mainly space opera published in such magazines as Planet Stories He was one of the last surviving pulpfictioneers to have contributed to the legendary American horror magazine Weird Tales during its glory days the 1920s and 1930s His stories have been translated into French Swedish Danish and Dutch Contents 1 Biography 11 Early life and education 12 1930s 13 1940s and 1950s 14 1960s 15 1970s and 1980s 16 Later life and death 2 Bibliography 3 4 Sources 5 External links Biography Early life and education Jacobi was born in Minneapolis Minnesota in 1904 and lived there throughout his life He was a lifelong bachelor He was a voracious reader gulping down at an early age quantities of Jules Verne Edgar Allan Poe HG Wells as well as the Frank Merriwell and Tom Swift boys adventure yarns He was always a writer at his junior high school he earned good pocketmoney concocting his own dime novels short story booklets and selling them to fellow students as 10 centsapiece He attended the University of Minnesota from 1927 to 1930 majoring in English Literature where he began his writing career in campus magazines and was an undergraduate classmate of Donald Wandrei He wrote of this period on Thrilling Wonder Stories June 1939 that I tried to divide my time between rhetoric courses and the geology lab As an underclassman I was somewhat undecided whether future life would find me studying rocks and fossils or simply pounding a typewriter The typewriter won His first stories were published while he was at the University Long before graduation he made his first professional sale a short detective tale Rumbling Cannon to Secret Service Stories This ought to have paid around fifty dollars but Jacobi received nothing since the pulp folded soon after the story was published The last of the stories he published while at university Moss Island was a graduates contribution to The Quest of Central High School and Mive which won a collegewide contest judged by Margaret Culkin Banning published in the University of Minnesotas The Minnesota Quarterly Both stories were later sold to Amazing Stories Winter 1932 and Weird Tales respectively and marked his debut in professional magazines Mive Weird Tales 1932 brought him payment of 25 dollars Mive was praised by H P Lovecraft in his letter to Jacobi of 27 Feb 1932 Mive please me immensely and I told Wright that I was glad to see at least one story whose weirdness of incident was made convincing by adequate emotional preparation and suitably developed atmosphere Lovecraft commended Jacobis work to Derleth and thereby helped set up the longterm relationship Arkham House would have with Jacobi Beginning in 1928 Jacobi corresponded with adventurepulp veteran Arthur O Friel His early story The Monument 1932 was submitted only onceto Farnsworth Wright of Weird Tales It was not submitted subsequently but was discovered in a filing cabinet when R Dixon Smith was researching his biography Lost in the Rentharpian Hills Spanning the Decades with Carl Jacobi 1985 and finally saw print when included by Smith in Smoke of the Snake 1994 1930s He joined the editorial staff of The Minnesota Quarterly and after graduation in 1931 he became a news reporter reviewer and subeditor for the Minneapolis Star as well as a frequent reviewer of books and plays He also served on the staff of the Minnesota SkiUMah a campus humor magazine described on the jackets of Jacobis books as a scholastic publication After a while regular hours palled and he left the Star renting an office in uptown Minneapolis in which were typewriter paper a few reference books and a list of editorial addresses in New York Jacobi met August Derleth in January 1931 when Derleth was visiting Minneapolis to see Donald Wandrei Jacobi had read Derleths stories in Weird Tales and his Solar Pons stories in Dragnet and asked to be introduced they met together and with Donald Wandrei for a literary roundtable at Minneapolis Rainbow Cafe Though Derleth and Jacobi corresponded for 40 years thereafter Jacobi saw him but a few times in St Paul and never visited Derleths home of Sauk City Wisconsin Over the following summer when Derleth worked briefly as an editor for Fawcett Publications outside Minneapolis the three men frequently got together for brainstorming sessions He owned his own private retreat a cabin at Minnewashta in the Carver country outlands of Minneapolis His intimate familiarity with the terrain and environment there provided the setting for many of his most distinguished stories From 1932 until Jacobis death in 1997 pulp writer Hugh B Cave corresponded with Jacobi Scores of their letters are quoted in Caves memoir Magazines I Remember Chicago Tattered Pages Press 1994 though many of Jacobis early letters to Cave were lost in a fire in the early 1970s along with copies of all Caves early stories Jacobi and Cave often criticised and improved each others stories Jack Adrian writes In the depression years of the early 1930s the pulpwriter needed as formidable a creative armoury as possible along with a certain amount of luck and cunning to crack even the lowest paying markets Jacobi had a useful knack for dreaming up memorable milieu against which to set his tales and bizarre situations that stayed in the mind long after the magazine the story itself was in had been finished and tossed away He may have been the only writer ever to have a story firmly rejected by the redoubtable Weird Tales editor Farnsworth Wright only to have Wright weeks later begging for the story back because an incident in it had stuck in his mind This was Revelations in Black a chilling and muchreprinted vampire tale set in an old stone farmhouse outside of Minneapolis Jacobi had driven past one night the houses eerie statuelined garden as seen by brilliant moonlight had caught his eye and his imagination He wrote scores of tales for all the bestknown magazines of fantasy and science fiction and was represented in numerous anthologies of imaginative fiction published in the United States England and New Zealand His stories were translated into French Swedish Danish and Dutch Many of his tales were published in anthologies edited by Derleth and Arkham House published his first three short story collections Stories also appeared in such magazines as Short Stories Railroad Magazine The Toronto Star Wonder Stories MacLeans magazine Ghost Stories Strange Stories Thrilling Mystery Startling Stories Complete Stories TopNotch and others Though best known for his macabre fiction Jacobi also wrote science fiction weirdmenace yarns and adventure stories Already by 1935 Jacobi was seeing a greater percentage of rejected stories Pressed by financial problems and the need to help his parents survive the Depression he took a 50 a week job as a continuity writer for the local radio station where he stayed until 1940 Jacobi was fascinated by adventure tales with a Southeast Asia setting particularly in regard to Dutch central Borneo and the Maritime Southeast Asia Jacobi wrote to officials working in Southeast Asia to obtain details for his stories and he had considerable knowledge of that background in his fiction According to Jack Adrian He would write to those in charge of farflung outposts deep in the heart of the Borneo jungle say demanding geographical detail obscure ethnic lore atmospheric and forestall conditions anything in short you couldnt get out of a book This way he became an acknowledged expert in a field he had created himself at the same time inventing whole new fiction subgenres such as Borneo terror tale New Guinea adventure and so on Later he turned the same trick with Baluchistan In 1939 Jacobi met writer Clifford D Simak when Simak moved to Minneapolis to take a job with the Minneapolis Star they became friends At this time Jacobi listed his hobbies as studying the night sky with a 60 power glass continuing contacts with friends now located in jumping off spots of the South Seas and Malaysia and collecting old tobacco tins Fritz Leiber wrote that his best tales surely include Mive Carnabys Fish Revelations in Black Moss Island Portrait in Moonlight The Lo Prello Paper The Aquarium The Singleton Barrierand The Unpleasantness at Carver House 1940s and 1950s In 194041 Jacobi served as editor of Midwest Media an advertising and radio trade journal He then spent some years as a reporter and reviewer of books and plays for the Minneapolis Star He worked for them for many years writing fiction on the side Following this he travelled a spell fooled about with telegraphy both wireless and Morse for another spell then turned to writing fiction fulltime At the time of the compilation of Revelations in Black 1947 Jacobis first collection Jacobi was at work on a novel but it is unknown whether this was completed Jacobi continued to sell stories to Weird Tales up through the 1950s with that market taking eighteen of his stories in all When the pulp markets collapsed he took regular employment with one of the Honeywell defense plants as an electronics inspector a job he had through WWII and beyond while writing parttime He worked the night shift at Honeywell seven days a week which had a severe effect on both his writing schedule and his health leading to heart problems 1960s 1964 saw the publication of Jacobis second collection of weird fiction Portraits in Moonlight and several short stories published in magazines 1970s and 1980s In 1972 Arkham House published Jacobis third collection of weird fiction Disclosures in Scarlet Don Herron writing in Jack Sullivans Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural calls Jacobis 1972 story The Unpleasantness at Carver House his masterpiece a ghoulish tale of horror and madness that may rank with the best work of Robert Aickman and Walter de la Mare in its brilliant use of suggestion A feeling of unease pervades the story and its many macabre implications prey on the imagination long after the last sentence is read In 1973 Jacobi attended the sciencefiction convention Torcon II 31st World Science Fiction Convention held in Canada having been persuaded to attend by literary agent Kirby McCauley There he met such figures as J Vernon Shea and Robert Bloch In the same year Etchings and Odysseys magazine was launched in Minneapolis by Kirby McCauley John Koblas Eric Carlson Joe West and others Jacobi attended the launch along with Mary Elizabeth Counselman who had frequently appeared in the pages of the same magazines as Jacobi Jacobi also met E Hoffman Price visiting from the West at both Donald Wandrei s home and at Etchings and Odysseys headquarters Koblas had come to know Jacobi much earlier and received encouraging criticism from Jacobi on his manuscripts 1980 saw a collection of Jacobis stories published in French under the title Les ecarlates In 1989 appeared a collection of allreprint adventure stories from the pulps East of Samarinda In the late 1980s Robert M Prices Cryptic Publications published a number of obscure Jacobi stories in such magazines as AstroAdventures Pulp Stories PulsePounding Adventure Stories and Shudder Stories Jacobi continued to write macabre stories in the 1970s and 1980s Many are collected in his final volume The Smoke of the Snake 1994 His last published story A Quire of Foolscap Whispers Oct 1987 contains an injoke an unfaithful wife and her lover check into a motel out on Carcosa an obvious reference to both Ambrose Bierces An Inhabitant of Carcosa and Robert W Chambers The King in Yellow as well as affectionate praise for Karl Edward Wagner s newly established publishing firm see Carcosa Later life and death Debilitating illness crippled him during the final halfdecade of his life although his literary agent and biographer R Dixon Smith did much to alleviate his various afflictions Jacobi died at St Louis Park Minnesota on August 25 1997 Bibliography All of the following are short story collections Revelations in Black 1947 Portraits in Moonlight 1964 Disclosures in Scarlet 1972 East of Samarinda 1989 edited by Carl Jacobi and R Dixon Smith Smoke of the Snake 1994 edited by Carl Jacobi and R Dixon Smith Note This volume of short stories was originally titled Levitations in Lavender and later Wayfarers in Darkness The death of August Derleth scuttled its publication and it circulated in manuscript for some twenty years until being issued by Fedogan and Bremer 1994 It contains 15 tales some early some late all previously uncollected The tale The Street That Wasnt There is a collaboration with Clifford D Simak The volume is dedicated by the editor to Basil Copper and his wife Annie and illustrated by Jon Arfstrom and Rodger Geberding The editors introduction is titled Waking Up Dead Masters of the Weird Tale Carl Jacobi Edited by S T Joshi Introduction by John Pelan A mammoth collection of Jacobis best weird fiction References a b c d Jack Adrian Obituary Carl Jacobi The Independent Fri 23 Jan 2015 1 W H Pugmire ed Carl Jacobi An Appreciation Pensacola FL Stellar Z Publications 1977 p 7 a b Jacobi Carl in Encyclopedia of pulp fiction writers by Lee Server Facts on File 2002 9780816045785 pp 1556 Jack Adrian Obituary Carl Jacobi The Independent Fri 23 Jan 2015 Fiction Family Carl Jacobi in Thrilling Wonder Stories June 1939 W H Pugmire ed Carl Jacobi An Appreciation Pensacola FL Stellar Z Publications 1977 p 16 Sources Don Herron Carl Jacobi in Jack Sullivan ed The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural New York Viking Penguin 1986 p 229 W H Pugmire ed Carl Jacobi An Appreciation Pensacola FL Stellar Z Productions 1977 Ruber Peter ed Arkhams Masters of Horror Sauk City WI Arkham House 2000 Smith R Dixon Lost in the Rentharpian Hills Spanning the Decades with Carl Jacobi Bowling Green Ohio Bowling Green State University Press 1985 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carl Richard Jacobi Works by Carl Richard Jacobi at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Carl Richard Jacobi at Internet Archive Works by Carl Richard Jacobi at LibriVox public domain audiobooks Carl Jacobi at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Authority control BNF cb11908388v data ISNI 0000 0001 0654 8040 LCCN n85135767 NDL 00444417 NKC xx0128080 SNAC w6nw0bb9 SUDOC 117672742 VIAF 68930592 WorldCat Identities via VIAF 68930592 Categories 1908 births 1997 deaths 20thcentury American novelists American crime fiction writers American fantasy writers American horror writers American male novelists American science fiction writers American male short story writers Pulp fiction writers University of Minnesota alumni Novelists from Minnesota 20thcentury American short story writers 20thcentury American male writers

B I I O O O O O B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O 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Help Category1950s American science fiction television series From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia See also the categories 1940s American science fiction television series and 1960s American science fiction television series Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory T The Twilight Zone 4 C 30 P Pages in category 1950s American science fiction television series The following 16 pages are in this category out of 16 total This list may not reflect recent changes A Atom Squad B Buck Rogers Buck Rogers TV series C Captain Video and His Video Rangers Captain ZRo Commando Cody Sky Marshal of the Universe F Flash Gordon 1954 TV series M Men into Space R Rocky Jones Space Ranger Rod Brown of the Rocket Rangers S Science Fiction Theatre Space Patrol 1950 TV series T Tales of Tomorrow Tom Corbett Space Cadet The Twilight Zone The Twilight Zone 1959 TV series Categories 1950s American television series by genre 1950s science fiction television series American science fiction television series by decade

O O B I I B I O O O O O O O O O O B I I B I O O B I I B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I B I I B I O O

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Help CategoryHarlem Globetrotters players From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Pages in category Harlem Globetrotters players The following 139 pages are in this category out of 139 total This list may not reflect recent changes A Bacari Alexander Shagari Alleyne Peter Aluma Cadillac Anderson Cliff Anderson Orlando Antigua Jesse Arnelle Hubert Ausbie B Milton L Banks Kenny Battle George Bell basketball Tavorris Bell Joseph Blair Sonny Boswell Donnie Boyce Nate Branch Sherwood Brewer Ernest Brown basketball Gerald Brown basketball Mike Brown basketball born 1963 Ricky Brown basketball born 1955 Rookie Brown Kris Bruton Mark Bryant basketball Tarise Bryson Joe Buckhalter C Cedric Ceballos Wilt Chamberlain John Chaney basketball born 1932 Ousmane Cisse Zack Clayton Nathaniel Clifton Keith Closs Lorenzo Coleman Chuck Cooper basketball Duane Cooper Schea Cotton Duke Cumberland William Cunningham basketball D Kevin Daley Ben Davis basketball Todd Day Blaine Denning Kaniel Dickens Cameron Dollar Walter Dukes William Dumpson Louis Dunbar E Eugene Edgerson F Anwar Ferguson Sherell Ford Tremaine Fowlkes G David Gaines basketball Bill Garrett basketball Pop Gates Reggie Geary Bob Gibson Ed Gray Lynn Greer H Robert Hall basketball Too Tall Hall Marc Hannibal Rico Harris Connie Hawkins Marques Haynes Cory Hightower Roosie Hudson I McCoy Ingram J Jumpin Jackie Jackson Mannie Jackson Jerome James Shawn Jamison Ferguson Jenkins Andy Johnson basketball Curley Boo Johnson Bill Jones basketball born 1914 Reggie Jordan K Bob Karstens Junius Kellogg Willie King basketball John Kline basketball Bob Knight basketball born 1929 Ron Knight basketball L Herbert Flight Time Lang Dave Lattin Jolette Law Jason Lawson Meadowlark Lemon Melvin Levett John Linehan basketball Nathaniel Big Easy Lofton M Gordon Malone Darrick Martin Bobby Joe Mason Paul McPherson Orlando Meléndez Jermaine Middleton Anthony Miller basketball Oliver Miller Jamario Moon Trey Moore basketball Chris Morris basketball N David Nash basketball Curly Neal O Kingsley Ogwudire P Hal Perry basketball Brent Petway Tony Peyton Kendal Pinder Kevinn Pinkney Olden Polynice Babe Pressley R Kareem Reid Chris Richardson basketball Pablo Robertson Ermer Robinson S Twiggy Sanders Mark Sanford basketball Woody Sauldsberry Tom Sealy Maurice Shaw Fred Smith Arkansas politician George Smith Negro League player Ted Strong Paul Sturgess basketball T Goose Tatum Dallas Thornton Joah Tucker Herschell Turner Wayne Turner basketball W Joyce Walker Frank Washington Sam Boom Boom Wheeler Saul White Jr Bob Williams basketball born 1931 Bob Wilson basketball Jumping Johnny Wilson Michael Wilson basketball Lynette Woodard Categories Basketball players in the United States Harlem Globetrotters

O O O O O O O O O O O B B I I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Choloma From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Choloma Tholomat Nicknames Choal Choloma Coordinates 15380N 8800W Coordinates 15380N 8800W Country Honduras Departament Cortés Area Total 448 km 2 173 sq mi Population 2015 Total 242974 Density 540km 2 1400sq mi Climate Am Choloma is a municipality in the Honduran department of Cortés It is now the thirdlargest city in Honduras Many factories are stationed in Choloma due to its cheap labour which has boosted the municipalitys economy Choloma is just south of Puerto Cortes and north of San Pedro Sula with transportation to other municipalities provided by private bus companies Many transnational companies such as Oskoch are stationed here for production as well as in various taxfree zones around the country Contents 1 Mayors 2 Sports 3 4 External links Mayors 1894 José María Cobas B 1895 Jesús Urbina 1896 Ángel Vaquero 1902 José D Portocarrero 1903 Pedro Hernández 1916 Alonso G Urbina 1917 Pedro Alemán 1918 Justiniano Aguiluz 1919 Dionisio Ortega 1920 Pablo Reyes 1927 Ildefonso Martínez 1928 Pablo Reyes 1929 Guillermo Mayes 1931 Pablo Reyes 1932 José Cándido Mejía 1933 Pablo Reyes 1934 José María Galdamez 1935 Máximo Zúniga 1936 Carmen Bardales 1937 Eduardo Ramos 1938 Roque Moreira 1943 Raimundo Tejada 1944 Juan Martínez 1945 Ernesto Tejada 1946 Rafael García Caballero 1947 Roque Matta 1948 Luciano Hernández Henríquez 1950 Roque Matta 1954 Jacinto Medina R 1955 Jesús Alcacer 1959 Selvin Peña 1961Rómulo Castellón Casco 1962Rómulo Castellón Casco 1962 Manuel Pagan Lozano 1964 Leopoldo Aguilar Cantarero 1965 Arnold Alcacer 1966 Luciano Hernández Henríquez 1969 Juan Pagan Lozano 1971 Manuel Pagan Lozano 1973 Fausto Deras Velásquez 1976 Circuncisión Hernández Cruz 1980 Miguel Ángel Alvarado 1982 Blanca Aída Reyes Contreras 1984 Rómulo Castellón Casco 1986 Julio César Yánez Cerna 1987 Blanca Alicia Milla Vda de Yánez 1990 Gustavo Adolfo Torres 1994 José Armando Gale 1998 José Armando Gale 2002 Sandra Derás Rivera 2006 Leopoldo Crivelli Sports Atlético Choloma is the professional football club from Choloma who have played in the Honduran national football league from 2011 through 2013 They play their home games at the Estadio Rubén Deras References Honduras largest cities and towns and statistics of their population World Gazeteer Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 Retrieved 24 February 2010 External links Muni owes more than 1 million to private sand extraction company In Spanish Choloma crece al paso de la maquila v t e Cortés Department Capital San Pedro Sula Municipalities Choloma La Lima Omoa Pimienta Potrerillos Puerto Cortés San Antonio de Cortés San Francisco de Yojoa San Manuel San Pedro Sula Santa Cruz de Yojoa Villanueva This Honduras location article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it Categories Populated places in Honduras Municipalities of the Cortés Department Honduras geography stubs

B O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Cody given name From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Cody is a surname and unisex given name It may also be spelled Coddy Codee Codi Codie Codey Kodi Kodie Kody Coty or Koty According to A Dictionary of First Names Cody is a transferred use of the Irish surname an Anglicized form of Gaelic OCuidighthigh descendant of Cuidightheach originally a byname for a or of Mac Oda son of Oda a personal name of uncertain origin Its use in the United States is partially due to it being the surname of Buffalo Bill aka William Frederick Cody People with the given name Cody include Contents 1 Real people 2 Fictional characters 3 See also 4 Real people Kody Afusia born 1992 American football player Cody Allen born 1988 American baseball player Cody Almond born 1989 Canadianborn Swiss ice hockey player Cody Anderson disambiguation several people Cody Arnoux born 1988 American association footballer Cody Asche born 1990 American baseball player Cody Bellinger born 1995 American baseball player Kody Bliss born 1985 American football pundit Cody Brocious born 1988 American software engineer Cody Brown born 1986 American football player Cody Cameron born 1970 American voice actor Cody Carson American singer in rock band Set It Off Kody Chamberlain born 1972 American comic book artist Cody Chesnutt born 1970 American musician Cody Christian born 1995 American actor Cody Collier born 1985 American radio personality Cody Decker born 1987 American major league baseball player Cody Frost The Voice UK 2016 contestant Cody Hay born 1983 Canadian figure skater Cody Horn born 1988 American actress and model Cody Kasch born 1987 American actor Cody Klop born 1993 American actor Kodi Kaatha Kumaran 19041932 Indian political activist Cody Legebokoff born ca 1990 Canadian serial killer Cody Linley born 1989 American actor Cody Longo born 1988 American actor Cody Lundin American survival trainer Cody McDonald born 1986 English football player Cody McLeod born 1984 Canadian ice hockey player Cody Nelson born 1988 Australian rugby league player Codie Prevost born 1984 Canadian musician Kodi Ramakrishna Indian director Kodi Ramamurthy Naidu 18821942 Indian bodybuilder Cody Ransom born 1976 American baseball player Cody Rhodes born 1985 American professional wrestler Cody Simpson born 1997 Australian popRB singer Kodi SmitMcPhee born 1996 Australian actor Codie Taylor born 1991 New Zealand rugby union Cody Votolato born 1982 American musician Cody Walker born 1967 American poet Cody Willard born 1972 American journalist Cody Wise American singer Fictional characters Cody Final Fight fictional character in the video games Final Fight and Street Fighter Cody animated film character from The Rescuers Down Under Cody a character from the Lifetime movie Reviving Ophelia played by Joe Dinicol Cody Anderson animated television series character from Total Drama Agent Cody Banks film character Cody Bennett television series character from Dexter see list of Dexter characters Commander Cody a clone trooper commander in Star Wars Commando Cody titular character of the eponymous 1950s sciencefiction serial Cody Hida Iori Hida in Japanese version television series character Digimon Adventure 02 Cody Jackson television series character from Flight 29 Down Cody Jarrett film character from White Heat Cody Lambert television series character from Step by Step Cody Madison television series character from Baywatch Cody Martin television series character of The Suite Life of Zack and Cody and The Suite Life on Deck Cody Maverick film character from Surfs Up Cody Mcgoo television series character from Scrubs played by Bruce Willis Cody Morgan main character in the horror movie Before I Wake Cody Pomeray character based on Neal Cassady in several novels by Jack Kerouac including Visions of Cody See also Cody disambiguation Cody surname References a b Hanks Patrick Hardcastle Kate Hodges Flavia 27 July 2006 A Dictionary of First Names 2nd edition Oxford University Press 9780198610601 Retrieved 10 November 2014 This page or section lists people that share the same given name If an internal link led you here you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article Categories Given names English unisex given names

B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Coffee County Alabama From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia This article includes a list of references but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations March 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message Coffee County Alabama Coffee County Courthouse Location in the US state of Alabama Alabamas location in the US Founded December 29 1841 Named for John Coffee Largest city Enterprise Area Total 680 sq mi 1761 km 2 Land 679 sq mi 1759 km 2 Water 15 sq mi 4 km 2 02 Population est 2017 51874 Density 74sq mi 29km 2 Congressional district 2nd Time zone Central UTC6 5 Website www coffeecounty us Footnotes County Number 19 on Alabama Licence Plates Coffee County is a county of the US state of Alabama As of the 2010 census the population was 49948 Its county seat is Elba Its name is in honor of General John Coffee Coffee County comprises the Enterprise AL Micropolitan Statistical Area which is also included in the Dothan Enterprise Ozark AL Combined Statistical Area The Coffee County Courthouse is located in Elba Enterprise Contents 1 History 2 Geography 21 Major highways 22 Adjacent counties 3 4 Government 5 Communities 51 Cities 52 53 Unincorporated communities 6 Notable people 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 10 External links History The land in Coffee County was originally part of Dale County which was incorporated in 1824 Coffee County was formed from the western part of Dale County on December 29 1841 It was named after John R Coffee a soldier in the Creek War of 181314 The first county seat was in Wellborn After the courthouse was destroyed by fire in 1851 the county seat was moved to Elba On March 10 2009 in Kinston Michael McLendon began a shooting rampage that continued onward into the Geneva County towns of Samson and Geneva Ten people were killed and six more were wounded before McLendon committed suicide Geography According to the US Census Bureau the county has a total area of 680 square miles 1800 km 2 of which 679 square miles 1760 km 2 is land and 15 square miles 39 km 2 02 is water Major highways US Highway 84 US Highway 231 State Route 27 State Route 51 State Route 87 State Route 88 State Route 92 State Route 134 State Route 189 State Route 192 Adjacent counties Pike County north Dale County east Geneva County south Covington County west Crenshaw County northwest Demographics Historical population Census Pop 1850 5940 1860 9623 620 1870 6171 359 1880 8119 316 1890 12170 499 1900 20972 723 1910 26119 245 1920 30070 151 1930 32556 83 1940 31987 17 1950 30720 40 1960 30583 04 1970 34872 140 1980 38533 105 1990 40240 44 2000 43615 84 2010 49948 145 Est 2017 51874 39 US Decennial Census 17901960 19001990 19902000 20102017 As of the census of 2010 there were 49948 people 19849 households and 13837 families residing in the county The population density was 74 people per square mile 29km 2 There were 22330 housing units at an average density of 33 per square mile 127km 2 The racial makeup of the county was 747 White 167 Black or African American 13 Native American 13 Asian 02 Pacific Islander 32 from other races and 25 from two or more races 64 of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race The largest selfreported ancestry groups in Coffee County were English 599 German 44 Irish 33 American 31 18 Scottish 12 and Portuguese 10 There were 19849 households out of which 301 had children under the age of 18 living with them 526 were married couples living together 129 had a female householder with no husband present and 303 were nonfamilies 254 of all households were made up of individuals and 98 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older The average household size was 249 and the average family size was 298 In the county the population was spread out with 242 under the age of 18 86 from 18 to 24 271 from 25 to 44 257 from 45 to 64 and 144 who were 65 years of age or older The median age was 376 years For every 100 females there were 977 males For every 100 females age 18 and over there were 1013 males The median income for a household in the county was 42253 and the median income for a family was 54929 Males had a median income of 41635 versus 29082 for females The per capita income for the county was 22797 About 141 of families and 172 of the population were below the poverty line including 264 of those under age 18 and 134 of those age 65 or over Government Presidential elections results Communities Cities Elba county seat Enterprise partly in Dale County Towns Kinston New Brockton Unincorporated communities Alberton Basin Battens Crossroads Brooklyn Central City Clintonville Curtis Damascus Danleys Crossroads Frisco Goodman Ino Jack Java Keyton Pine Level Richburg Roeton Tabernacle Victoria Notable people Jim Folsom governor of Alabama from 1947 to 1951 and 1955 to 1959 was born in Coffee County Coffee County is home to The Dancing Ghost of Grancer Harrison featured in the book 13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey Alex Ríos Major League Baseball player born in Coffee County Zig Ziglar Christian motivational speaker was born in Coffee County in 1926 In popular culture The county is referred to in Joe David Brown s 1971 novel Addie Pray which inspired the movie Paper Moon See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Coffee County Alabama Properties on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in Coffee County Alabama References a b State County QuickFacts United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on May 17 2014 Retrieved May 15 2014 Find a County National Association of Counties Archived from the original on 20110531 Retrieved 20110607 Alabama Counties Coffee County Alabama Department of Archives and History Montgomery AL Alabama Department of Archives and History 20100409 Retrieved 20120430 Gannett Henry 1905 The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States Govt Print Off p 86 Donna Francavilla March 11 2009 Alabama gunman kills 10 in rampage Agence FrancePresse 2010 Census Gazetteer Files United States Census Bureau August 22 2012 Retrieved August 22 2015 Population and Housing Unit Estimates Retrieved June 9 2017 US Decennial Census United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on May 12 2015 Retrieved August 22 2015 Historical Census Browser University of Virginia Library Retrieved August 22 2015 Forstall Richard L ed March 24 1995 Population of Counties by Decennial Census 1900 to 1990 United States Census Bureau Retrieved August 22 2015 Census 2000 PHCT4 Ranking Tables for Counties 1990 and 2000 United States Census Bureau April 2 2001 Retrieved August 22 2015 American FactFinder United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on 20130911 Retrieved 20150718 Dave Leips Atlas of US Presidential Elections Retrieved November 16 2016 External links Official Website of Coffee County Government Coordinates 312412N 855912W Places adjacent to Coffee County Alabama Crenshaw County Pike County Covington County Coffee County Alabama Dale County Geneva County v t e Municipalities and communities of Coffee County Alabama United States County seat Elba Cities Elba Enterprise Towns Kinston New Brockton Unincorporated communities Alberton Basin Battens Crossroads Brooklyn Central City Clintonville Curtis Damascus Danleys Crossroads Frisco Goodman Ino Jack Java Keyton Pine Level Richburg Roeton Tabernacle Victoria Footnotes This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties v t e State of Alabama Montgomery capital Topics Index Aviation Climate Delegations Geography Geology Government Governors History National Register of Historic Places Media Newspapers Radio TV People Sports Symbols Transportation Seal of Alabama Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Elections Politics Regions North Alabama Central Alabama South Alabama Birmingham District Black Belt Canebrake Cumberland Plateau Eastern Shore Gulf Coastal Plain Piedmont RidgeandValley Appalachians Tennessee Valley Wiregrass Flora and fauna Amphibians Gardens Mammals Reptiles Trees Largest cities Birmingham Montgomery Mobile Huntsville Tuscaloosa Hoover Dothan Auburn Decatur Madison Metros BirminghamHoover Huntsville Mobile Montgomery Tuscaloosa DaphneFairhopeFoley Decatur AuburnOpelika Dothan FlorenceMuscle Shoals AnnistonOxfordJacksonville Gadsden Counties Autauga Baldwin Barbour Bibb Blount Bullock Butler Calhoun Chambers Cherokee Chilton Choctaw Clarke Clay Cleburne Coffee Colbert Conecuh Coosa Covington Crenshaw Cullman Dale Dallas DeKalb Elmore Escambia Etowah Fayette Franklin Geneva Greene Hale Henry Houston Jackson Jefferson Lamar Lauderdale Lawrence Lee Limestone Lowndes Macon Madison Marengo Marion Marshall Mobile Monroe Montgomery Morgan Perry Pickens Pike Randolph Russell Shelby St Clair Sumter Talladega Tallapoosa Tuscaloosa Walker Washington Wilcox Winston Categories Alabama counties Coffee County Alabama EnterpriseOzark micropolitan area 1841 establishments in Alabama Populated places established in 1841

B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O B O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I B O O O O O O B O O O O O


Collision

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Collision

Course

The

DVD

artwork

for

Collision

Course

Directed

by

Lewis

Teague

Produced

by

Ted

Field

Robert

W

Cort

Written

by

Frank

Darius

Namei

Robert

Resnikoff

Starring

Jay

Leno

Pat

Morita

Chris

Sarandon

Music

by

Ira

Newborn

Cinematography

Donald

E

Thorin

Production

company

Interscope

Communications

Distributed

by

De

Laurentiis

Entertainment

Group

Release

date

April

Germany

Running

time

min

Country

United

States

Language

English

Budget

million

Collision

Course

is

a

action

comedy

film

starring

Jay

Leno

as

a

Detroit

police

officer

and

Pat

Morita

as

a

Japanese

officer

forced

to

work

together

to

recover

a

Japanese

turbocharger

stolen

by

a

thief

played

by

Chris

Sarandon

It

was

directed

by

Lewis

Teague

and

unreleased

in

the

US

until

when

it

debuted

on

home

video

When

Morita

gueststarred

on

The

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in

with

Leno

serving

as

guest

host

they

recalled

that

the

movie

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run

out

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money

on

the

last

day

of

filming

with

key

scenes

yet

to

be

shot

and

no

budget

left

for

editing

and

postproduction

The

story

plays

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the

culture

clash

between

Detroit

whose

economy

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built

on

automobile

manufacturing

and

Japan

whose

trade

policies

and

export

of

cars

were

blamed

for

Detroit

job

losses

in

the

Contents

Production

Cast

External

links

Production

Much

of

the

principal

photography

for

the

film

was

shot

on

location

in

Detroit

Michigan

Numerous

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the

citys

Greektown

Historic

District

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oldest

continuously

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movie

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filmed

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Wilmington

North

Carolina

Cast

Pat

Morita

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Fujitsuka

Natsuo

Jay

Leno

as

Tony

Costas

Chris

Sarandon

as

Madras

Tom

Noonan

as

Scully

Dennis

Holahan

as

Derrick

Jarryd

Ernie

Hudson

as

Shortcut

John

Hancock

as

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Ryerson

Al

Waxman

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Randall

Tex

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Los

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Times

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External

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on

IMDb

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Films

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by

Lewis

Teague

Dirty

ONeil

The

Lady

in

Red

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Fighting

Back

Cujo

Cats

Eye

The

Jewel

of

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Nile

Collision

Course

Navy

SEALs

Wedlock

Tom

Clancys

Op

Center

Saved

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The

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Triangle

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B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

lewis teague and unreleased in the u.s. until 1992

when it debuted on home video . ( when morita guest - starred on the tonight show in 1989

they recalled that the movie had run out of money on the last day of filming

with key scenes yet to be shot and no budget left for editing and post - production . ) the story plays upon the culture clash between detroit - whose economy is largely built on automobile manufacturing - and japan - whose trade policies and export of cars were blamed for detroit job losses in the 1980s . contents 1 production 2 cast 3 references 4 external links production much of the principal photography for the film was shot on location in detroit

michigan . numerous local landmarks are shown in various scenes

including the now - defunct trapper 's alley in the city 's greektown historic district neighborhood and the garden bowl within the majestic theatre centre — the united states ' oldest continuously operating bowling alley . other parts of the movie were filmed in wilmington

north carolina . [ 1 ] cast pat morita as fujitsuka natsuo jay leno as tony costas chris sarandon as madras tom noonan as scully dennis holahan as derrick jarryd ernie hudson as shortcut john hancock as lt . ryerson al waxman as dingman soon - tek oh as kitao randall " tex " cobb as kosnic references http : / / www.tvguide.com / movies / collision - course / review / 129067 / external links collision course on imdb vte films directed by lewis teague dirty o' neil ( 1974 ) the lady in red ( 1979 ) alligator ( 1980 ) fighting back ( 1982 ) cujo ( 1983 ) cat 's eye ( 1985 ) the jewel of the nile ( 1985 ) collision course ( 1989 ) navy seals ( 1990 ) wedlock ( 1991 ) tom clancy 's op center ( 1995 ) saved by the light ( 1995 ) the dukes of hazzard : reunion ! ( 1997 ) the triangle ( 2001 ) stub icon this article about a 1980s action film is a stub . you can help wikipedia by expanding it . stub icon this film article about a 1980s comedy is a stub . you can help wikipedia by expanding it . categories : 1989 filmsenglish - language films1980s action films1980s buddy films1980s comedy films1980s criminal comedy filmsamerican action comedy filmsamerican buddy filmsamerican buddy cop filmsamerican criminal comedy filmsinterscope communications filmsfictional portrayals of the detroit police departmentfilms directed by lewis teaguebuddy comedy filmsbuddy cop films1980s action film stubs1980s comedy film stubs navigation menu not logged intalkcontributionscreate accountlog inarticletalkreadeditview historysearch search wikipedia main page contents featured content current events random article donate to wikipedia wikipedia store interaction help about wikipedia community portal recent changes contact page tools what links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link page information wikidata item cite this page print / export create a book download as pdf printable version languages deutsch edit links this page was last edited on 18 october 2018

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Common law copyright From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Common law copyright is the legal doctrine which grants copyright protection based on common law of various jurisdictions rather than through protection of statutory law In part it is based on the contention that copyright is a natural right and creators are therefore entitled to the same protections anyone would be in regard to tangible and real property The proponents of this doctrine contended that creators had a perpetual right to control the publication of their work also see perpetual copyright The natural right aspect of the doctrine was addressed by the courts in the United Kingdom Donaldson v Beckett 1774 and the United States Wheaton v Peters 1834 In both countries the courts found that copyright is a limited right under statutes and subject to the conditions and terms the legislature sees fit to impose The decision in the UK did not however directly rule on whether copyright was a commonlaw right In the United States common law copyright also refers to statelevel copyrights These are ordinarily preempted by federal copyright law but for some categories of works common law state copyright may be available For instance in the New York State 2005 case Capitol Records v Naxos of America the court held that pre1972 sound recordings which do not receive federal copyrights may nevertheless receive state common law copyrights a ruling that was clarified and limited with 2016s Flo Eddie v Sirius XM Radio Battle of the booksellers UK Until the enactment of the Statute of Anne publishers could pass on their royal grants of copyright to their heirs in perpetuity When the statutory copyright term provided for by the Statute of Anne began to expire in 1731 London booksellers thought to defend their dominant position by seeking injunctions from the Court of Chancery for works by authors that fell outside the statutes protection At the same time the London booksellers lobbied parliament to extend the copyright term provided by the Statute of Anne Eventually in a case known as Midwinter v Hamilton 17431748 the London booksellers turned to common law and starting a 30year period known as the battle of the booksellers The battle of the booksellers saw London booksellers locking horns with the newly emerging Scottish book trade over the right to reprint works falling outside the protection of the Statute of Anne The Scottish booksellers argued that no common law copyright existed in an authors work The London booksellers argued that the Statute of Anne only supplemented and supported a preexisting common law copyright The dispute was argued out in a number of notable cases including Millar v Kincaid 17491751 and Tonson v Collins 1761 When Donaldson v Beckett reached the House of Lords in 1774 only one Lord Thomas Lyttelton spoke in favour of common law copyright But a majority of the judges spoke in favour of common law copyright Lord Camden was most strident in his rejection of the common law copyright warning the Lords that should they vote in favour of common law copyright effectively a perpetual copyright all our learning will be locked up in the hands of the Tonsons and the Lintots of the age Moreover he warned that booksellers would then set upon books whatever price they pleased till the public became as much their slaves as their own hackney compilers are He declared that this perpetuity now contended for is as odious and as selfish as any other it deserves as much reprobation and will become The House of Lords ultimately ruled that copyright in published works was subject to the durational limits of the statute The reasoning behind the decision is disputed though most scholars agree that the House did not rule against commonlaw copyright The Lords agreed that an author had a preexisting right to dispose of his manuscript until he parts with it Lord Chief Justice De Grey but that prior to the Statute of Anne the right to copy was founded on patents privileges Star Chamber Decrees and the bylaws of the Stationers Company Lord Camden In any event they determined the Statute of Anne superseded any common law rights of the author which may have existed prior to the statute The previous entry here maintained that the Lords found that parliament had limited these natural rights in order to strike a more appropriate balance between the interests of the author and the wider social good quoting Ronan However the use of the phrase natural rights is not justified by the historical record Lord Chief Baron Smythe stated that the Statute of Anne was a compromise between authors and printers contending for a perpetuity and those who denied them any statute right but the Lords in no way accepted that such a common law or natural right of the author in perpetuity ever existed or developed Lord Chief Justice De Grey saw no evidence of any such right in the courts in the 300 years since the invention of the printing press and charged that the idea of According to Patterson and Livingston there remains confusion about the nature of copyright ever since the Donaldson case Copyright has come to be viewed as a natural law right of the author as well as the statutory grant of a limited monopoly One theory holds that copyrights origin occurs at the creation of a work the other that it origin exists only through the copyright statute Wheaton v Peters US Main article Wheaton v Peters In 1834 the Supreme Court ruled in Wheaton v Peters a case similar to the British Donaldson v Beckett of 1774 that although the author of an unpublished work had a common law right to control the first publication of that work the author did not have a common law right to control reproduction following the first publication of the work State law copyright claims Common law copyright is also the term used in the United States to refer to most state law copyright claims In 1978 Section 301 took effect preempting all state common law copyright claims that fall under subject matter in Section 102 Subject matter of copyright In general or Section 103 Subject matter of copyright Compilations and derivative works except for sound recordings fixed before February 15 1972 This leaves a sizable amount of work that still falls under a mixture of state statutes and common law copyright Most statelaw copyright claims are preempted by federal copyright law but for some categories of works common law state copyright may be available For instance in the New York State 2005 case Capitol Records v Naxos of America the court held that pre1972 sound recordings which do not receive federal copyrights may nevertheless receive state common law copyrights This precedent was partially overruled in 2016 in Flo Eddie Inc v Sirius XM Radio which determined that the extent of common law copyright in New York did not cover the performance of a sound recording See also Copyright Act of 1909 Gyles v Wilcox References a b Capitol Records v Naxos of America 2005 NY Slip Of 02570 NY Ct App April 5 2005 McGreal Rory 2004 Stealing the Goose Copyright and learning The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning Ronan Deazley 2006 Rethinking copyright history theory language Edward Elgar Publishing p 14 9781845422820 Ronan Deazley 2006 Rethinking copyright history theory language Edward Elgar Publishing p 19 9781845422820 Ronan Deazley 2006 Rethinking copyright history theory language Edward Elgar Publishing p 24 9781845422820 The History of Copyright Donaldson v Beckett Copyrighthistorycom Retrieved 20120718 Jonathan Rosenoer 1997 Cyberlaw the law of the internet Springer pp 3435 9780387948324 Peter K Yu 2007 Intellectual Property and Information Wealth Copyright and related rights Greenwood Publishing Group p 143 9780275988838 17 USC 301 c Protection for Pre1972 Sound Recordings Retrieved 20100625 Klepper David December 20 2016 OWNERS OF 1967 HIT SONG HAPPY TOGETHER LOSE COPYRIGHT CASE Associated Press Retrieved December 20 2016 Categories Copyright law Common law

B I I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O