US Code Title 26 Subtitle A Chapter 1 Subchapter A Part VII 59A 26 US Code 59A Tax on base erosion payments of taxpayers with substantial gross receipts Notes prev next a Imposition of tax There is hereby imposed on each applicable taxpayer for any taxable year a tax equal to the base erosion minimum tax amount for the taxable year Such tax shall be in addition to any other tax imposed by this subtitle b Base erosion minimum tax amount For purposes of this section 1 In general Except as provided in paragraphs 2 and 3 the term base erosion minimum tax amount means with respect to any applicable taxpayer for any taxable year the excess if any of A an amount equal to 10 percent 5 percent in the case of taxable years beginning in calendar year 2018 of the modified taxable income of such taxpayer for the taxable year over B an amount equal to the regular tax liability as defined in section 26b of the taxpayer for the taxable year reduced but not below zero by the excess if any of i the credits allowed under this chapter against such regular tax liability over ii the sum of I the credit allowed under section 38 for the taxable year which is properly allocable to the research credit determined under section 41a plus II the portion of the applicable section 38 credits not in excess of 80 percent of the lesser of the amount of such credits or the base erosion minimum tax amount determined without regard to this subclause 2 Modifications for taxable years beginning after 2025 In the case of any taxable year beginning after December 31 2025 paragraph 1 shall be applied A by substituting 125 percent for 10 percent in subparagraph A thereof and B by reducing but not below zero the regular tax liability as defined in section 26b for purposes of subparagraph B thereof by the aggregate amount of the credits allowed under this chapter against such regular tax liability rather than the excess described in such subparagraph 3 Increased rate for certain banks and securities dealers A In general In the case of a taxpayer described in subparagraph B who is an applicable taxpayer for any taxable year the percentage otherwise in effect under paragraphs 1A and 2A shall each be increased by one percentage point B Taxpayer described A taxpayer is described in this subparagraph if such taxpayer is a member of an affiliated group as defined in section 1504a1 which includes i a bank as defined in section 581 or ii a registered securities dealer under section 15a of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 4 Applicable section 38 credits For purposes of paragraph 1BiiII the term applicable section 38 credits means the credit allowed under section 38 for the taxable year which is properly allocable to A the lowincome housing credit determined under section 42a B the renewable electricity production credit determined under section 45a and C the investment credit determined under section 46 but only to the extent properly allocable to the energy credit determined under section 48 c Modified taxable income For purposes of this section 1 In general The term modified taxable income means the taxable income of the taxpayer computed under this chapter for the taxable year determined without regard to A any base erosion tax benefit with respect to any base erosion payment or B the base erosion percentage of any net operating loss deduction allowed under section 172 for the taxable year 2 Base erosion tax benefit A In general The term base erosion tax benefit means i any deduction described in subsection d1 which is allowed under this chapter for the taxable year with respect to any base erosion payment ii in the case of a base erosion payment described in subsection d2 any deduction allowed under this chapter for the taxable year for depreciation or amortization in lieu of depreciation with respect to the property acquired with such payment iii in the case of a base erosion payment described in subsection d3 I any reduction under section 803a1B in the gross amount of premiums and other consideration on insurance and annuity contracts for premiums and other consideration arising out of indemnity insurance and II any deduction under section 832b4A from the amount of gross premiums written on insurance contracts during the taxable year for premiums paid for reinsurance and iv in the case of a base erosion payment described in subsection d4 any reduction in gross receipts with respect to such payment in computing gross income of the taxpayer for the taxable year for purposes of this chapter B Tax benefits disregarded if tax withheld on base erosion payment i In general Except as provided in clause ii any base erosion tax benefit attributable to any base erosion payment I on which tax is imposed by section 871 or 881 and II with respect to which tax has been deducted and withheld under section 1441 or 1442 shall not be taken into account in computing modified taxable income under paragraph 1A or the base erosion percentage under paragraph 4 ii Exception The amount not taken into account in computing modified taxable income by reason of clause i shall be reduced under rules similar to the rules under section 163j5B as in effect before the date of the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act 3 Special rules for determining interest for which deduction allowed For purposes of applying paragraph 1 in the case of a taxpayer to which section 163j applies for the taxable year the reduction in the amount of interest for which a deduction is allowed by reason of such subsection shall be treated as allocable first to interest paid or accrued to persons who are not related parties with respect to the taxpayer and then to such related parties 4 Base erosion percentage For purposes of paragraph 1B A In general The term base erosion percentage means for any taxable year the percentage determined by dividing i the aggregate amount of base erosion tax benefits of the taxpayer for the taxable year by ii the sum of I the aggregate amount of the deductions including deductions described in clauses i and ii of paragraph 2A allowable to the taxpayer under this chapter for the taxable year plus II the base erosion tax benefits described in clauses iii and iv of paragraph 2A allowable to the taxpayer for the taxable year B Certain items not taken into account The amount under subparagraph Aii shall be determined by not taking into account i any deduction allowed under section 172 245A or 250 for the taxable year ii any deduction for amounts paid or accrued for services to which the exception under subsection d5 applies and iii any deduction for qualified derivative payments which are not treated as a base erosion payment by reason of subsection h d Base erosion payment For purposes of this section 1 In general The term base erosion payment means any amount paid or accrued by the taxpayer to a foreign person which is a related party of the taxpayer and with respect to which a deduction is allowable under this chapter 2 Purchase of depreciable property Such term shall also include any amount paid or accrued by the taxpayer to a foreign person which is a related party of the taxpayer in connection with the acquisition by the taxpayer from such person of property of a character subject to the allowance for depreciation or amortization in lieu of depreciation 3 Reinsurance payments Such term shall also include any premium or other consideration paid or accrued by the taxpayer to a foreign person which is a related party of the taxpayer for any reinsurance payments which are taken into account under sections 803a1B or 832b4A 4 Certain payments to expatriated entities A In general Such term shall also include any amount paid or accrued by the taxpayer with respect to a person described in subparagraph B which results in a reduction of the gross receipts of the taxpayer B Person described A person is described in this subparagraph if such person is a i surrogate foreign corporation which is a related party of the taxpayer but only if such person first became a surrogate foreign corporation after November 9 2017 or ii foreign person which is a member of the same expanded affiliated group as the surrogate foreign corporation C Definitions For purposes of this paragraph i Surrogate foreign corporation The term surrogate foreign corporation has the meaning given such term by section 7874a2B but does not include a foreign corporation treated as a domestic corporation under section 7874b ii Expanded affiliated group The term expanded affiliated group has the meaning given such term by section 7874c1 5 Exception for certain amounts with respect to services Paragraph 1 shall not apply to any amount paid or accrued by a taxpayer for services if A such services are services which meet the requirements for eligibility for use of the services cost method under section 482 determined without regard to the requirement that the services not contribute significantly to fundamental risks of business success or failure and B such amount constitutes the total services cost with no markup component e Applicable taxpayer For purposes of this section 1 In general The term applicable taxpayer means with respect to any taxable year a taxpayer A which is a corporation other than a regulated investment company a real estate investment trust or an S corporation B the average annual gross receipts of which for the 3taxableyear period ending with the preceding taxable year are at least 500000000 and C the base erosion percentage as determined under subsection c4 of which for the taxable year is 3 percent 2 percent in the case of a taxpayer described in subsection b3B or higher 2 Gross receipts A Special rule for foreign persons In the case of a foreign person the gross receipts of which are taken into account for purposes of paragraph 1B only gross receipts which are taken into account in determining income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States shall be taken into account In the case of a taxpayer which is a foreign person the preceding sentence shall not apply to the gross receipts of any United States person which are aggregated with the taxpayers gross receipts by reason of paragraph 3 B Other rules made applicable Rules similar to the rules of subparagraphs B C and D of section 448c3 shall apply in determining gross receipts for purposes of this section 3 Aggregation rules All persons treated as a single employer under subsection a of section 52 shall be treated as 1 person for purposes of this subsection and subsection c4 except that in applying section 1563 for purposes of section 52 the exception for foreign corporations under section 1563b2C shall be disregarded f Foreign person For purposes of this section the term foreign person has the meaning given such term by section 6038Ac3 h Exception for certain payments made in the ordinary course of trade or business For purposes of this section 1 In general Except as provided in paragraph 3 any qualified derivative payment shall not be treated as a base erosion payment 2 Qualified derivative payment A In general The term qualified derivative payment means any payment made by a taxpayer pursuant to a derivative with respect to which the taxpayer i recognizes gain or loss as if such derivative were sold for its fair market value on the last business day of the taxable year and such additional times as required by this title or the taxpayers method of accounting ii treats any gain or loss so recognized as ordinary and iii treats the character of all items of income deduction gain or loss with respect to a payment pursuant to the derivative as ordinary B Reporting requirement No payments shall be treated as qualified derivative payments under subparagraph A for any taxable year unless the taxpayer includes in the information required to be reported under section 6038Bb2 with respect to such taxable year such information as is necessary to identify the payments to be so treated and such other information as the Secretary determines necessary to carry out the provisions of this subsection 3 Exceptions for payments otherwise treated as base erosion payments This subsection shall not apply to any qualified derivative payment if A the payment would be treated as a base erosion payment if it were not made pursuant to a derivative including any interest royalty or service payment or B in the case of a contract which has derivative and nonderivative components the payment is properly allocable to the nonderivative component 4 Derivative defined For purposes of this subsection A In general The term derivative means any contract including any option forward contract futures contract short position swap or similar contract the value of which or any payment or other transfer with respect to which is directly or indirectly determined by reference to one or more of the following i Any share of stock in a corporation ii Any evidence of indebtedness iii Any commodity which is actively traded iv Any currency v Any rate price amount index formula or algorithm Such term shall not include any item described in clauses i through v B Treatment of american depository receipts and similar instruments Except as otherwise provided by the Secretary for purposes of this part American depository receipts and similar instruments with respect to shares of stock in foreign corporations shall be treated as shares of stock in such foreign corporations C Exception for certain contracts Such term shall not include any insurance annuity or endowment contract issued by an insurance company to which subchapter L applies or issued by any foreign corporation to which such subchapter would apply if such foreign corporation were a domestic corporation i Regulations The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations or other guidance as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of this section including regulations 1 providing for such adjustments to the application of this section as are necessary to prevent the avoidance of the purposes of this section including through A the use of unrelated persons conduit transactions or other intermediaries or B transactions or arrangements designed in whole or in part i to characterize payments otherwise subject to this section as payments not subject to this section or ii to substitute payments not subject to this section for payments otherwise subject to this section and 2 for the application of subsection g including rules to prevent the avoidance of the exceptions under subsection g3 Added Pub L 11597 title I 14401a Dec 22 2017 131 Stat 2226 LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 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US Code Title 7 Chapter 6 7 US Code Chapter 6 INSECTICIDES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PESTICIDE CONTROL SUBCHAPTER I INSECTICIDES 121 SUBCHAPTER II ENVIRONMENTAL PESTICIDE CONTROL 135 to 136y LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII

O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Email mcollinslawvirginiaedu Phone 434 2432385 Room WB301A Assistant Lisa R Lambert Hires Photo Expertise Federal courts Civil procedure Conflict of laws Evidence Civil rights litigation Michael G Collins Joseph M Hartfield Professor of Law Biography Publications Courses Media Michael Collins teaches Civil Procedure Federal Courts Conflict of Laws and Evidence Before coming to UVA where he is currently the Joseph M Hartfield Professor of Law Collins taught at Tulane Law School where he was the Robert A Ainsworth Professor of Law Prior to attending law school Collins earned a graduate degree in classical languages and literature and an undergraduate degree in history and classics After law school he practiced commercial and employment law in Los Angeles practiced civil rights law in New Orleans and was a Bigelow Fellow at the University of Chicago Law School He has also been a visiting professor at Boston University George Washington Ohio State and Richmond While at Tulane he was a threetime recipient of the law schools distinguished teaching award And in 2013 he was a recipient of the University of Virginias AllUniversity Teaching Award Collins research interests lie in the areas of federal courts procedure and legal history His recently published works include the casebook Transnational Civil Litigation with Joachim Zekoll and George Rutherglen an article on the obligation of state courts to entertain sisterstate claims with Ann Woolhandler and an article titled Reconstructing Murdock v Memphis His writings have appeared in the California Columbia Emory Georgetown and Virginia law reviews He has also coauthored casebooks on federal jurisdiction and on firstyear civil procedure and he has published a handbook on constitutional tort litigation Education JD Harvard Law School 1978 MA Stanford University 1975 BA Pomona College 1972

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

michael g . collins
joseph m . hartfield professor of law


11th Circ Scolds WinnDixie Rivals Attys In Exclusivity Row By Shayna Posses Law360 New York January 31 2018 955 PM EST The Eleventh Circuit took counsel for Big Lots and Dollar General to task in a published opinion Wednesday blasting the attorneys for convincing a district court to shirk the appeals courts mandate in WinnDixies suit accusing rival store operators of violating grocery exclusivity clauses The threejudge Eleventh Circuit panel issued a terse opinion chastising attorneys for Big Lots and Dollar General AP The threejudge panel issued a terse opinion chastising attorneys for Big Lots Stores Inc and Dolgencorp LLC for pushing US District Judge Donald M Middlebrooks to defy the Eleventh Circuits March 2014 mandate which remanded the matter with instructions for the district court to apply a 2002 Florida appellate decision to Sunshine State stores that WinnDixie said violated lease provisions limiting what neighboring competitors can sell Needless to say or maybe not a district court can not amend alter or refuse to apply an appellate courts mandate simply because an attorney persuades the court that the decision giving rise to the mandate is wrong misguided or unjust the panel said A district court can of course wax eloquent about how wrong the appellate court is but after the waxing wanes the mandate must be followed The Eleventh Circuit had ordered the district court to apply the definitions for groceries and sales area found in the WinnDixie Stores Inc v 99 Cent StuffTrail Plaza LLC opinion to 41 stores in Florida However the panel said this case presents the rare situation wherein the attorneys got the judge to defy the appeals courts orders and only apply the definitions to 14 stores in Florida with leases executed after the 99 Cent ruling was handed down This shouldnt have happened since the Eleventh Circuit was very clear upon hearing the case previously the panel said noting We dont know what else we could have said other than perhaps and we really mean it Well we really did mean it And we still do the panel said remanding the suit again for the court to apply the definitions laid out in 99 Cent The judges called out Brian P Watt of Troutman Sanders LLP specifically for statements urging the lower court not to follow the Eleventh Circuits mandate saying they do not want an unfair inference to be drawn that any of those statements and misstatements were made by other attorneys who represented Big Lots and Dollar General in the district court Watt didnt respond to a request for comment after business hours Wednesday Dollar Tree Stores Inc was also named in the suit but the company ultimately settled with WinnDixie and is not part of the appeal the panel noted The dispute dates back to 2011 when WinnDixie went after nearly 100 dollar stores in five states for allegedly violating agreements limiting the amount of space neighboring stores can devote to selling competing grocery products The majority of the agreements allowed the other retailers to sell certain grocery products as long as the area dedicated to these goods was the lesser of 500 square feet of sales area or 10 percent of the square foot area of any storeroom within the shopping center as an incidental only to the conduct of another business according to court filings In 2012 Judge Middlebrooks denied WinnDixie relief for 43 stores for a number of reasons including the fact that some were closed and others were located in states where the exclusivity covenants werent enforceable The judge was left with determining whether 54 remaining stores in Florida Alabama and Georgia violated the provisions requiring him to interpret the terms groceries and sales area to figure out which stores were devoting too much space to impermissible products court filings said While he acknowledged the existence of 99 Cent which said groceries also includes household supplies and sales area includes fixtures and aisle space Judge Middlebrooks found the decision distinguishable Instead he construed the terms more narrowly ultimately granting WinnDixie injunctive relief on 17 Florida stores The matter then landed before the Eleventh Circuit which split with the judge in two respects For one the panel took issue with the judges application of Florida law to the stores in other states remanding that part of the suit for the application of the correct laws Additionally the appeals court said the district court should have followed 99 Cents definitions when looking at the Florida stores and sent the case back for a new trial based on that framework However the panel said Wednesday thats not what happened The district court followed directions regarding the Alabama and Georgia stores but as for the Florida locations the defense attorneys convinced Judge Middlebrooks to stray from the mandate reasoning that the competitors didnt know the scope of the exclusivity provisions until the ruling came out according to the opinion WinnDixie appealed contending that the district court violated the Eleventh Circuits mandate and the panel agreed saying its previous decision did not leave room for confusion or genuine doubt Counsel for Big Lots and Dollar General argued on appeal that applying 99 Cent to leases that predated it would violate fundamental notions of fairness and due process and that the decision was wrong anyway But the panel wasnt swayed saying the defendants didnt make those arguments the first time the case came before the appeals court In any case the panel added the belated arguments are without merit Chief US Circuit Judge Ed Carnes and Circuit Judges Barrington D Parker Jr and R Lanier Anderson sat on the panel for the Eleventh Circuit Representatives for the parties didnt immediately return requests for comment Wednesday WinnDixie is represented by Thomas E Warner and Dean A Morande of Carlton Fields Jorden Burt PA Big Lots and Dollar General are represented by William N Withrow Jr Brian P Watt and Nicholas H Howell of Troutman Sanders LLP The case is WinnDixie Stores Inc et al v Dolgencorp LLC et al case number 1512990 in the US Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit Additional reporting by Nathan Hale Carolina Bolado and Natalie Rodriguez Editing by Alyssa Miller

O O O O O O O O O O O O B B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Celebrating Over 40 Years of Legal Excellence Meet Our Devoted Team Long Island Divorce Attorneys More Than 150 Years of Collective Experience in Family Law Established in 1976 Wisselman Harounian Associates is a reputable litigation firm in Great Neck New York that concentrates exclusively on family law and divorce We are considered leaders in the field of family law because our highly experienced and compassionate attorneys work closely with our clients to achieve successful results that are both creative and costeffective Due to our remarkable record of success we have grown to become the largest matrimonial law firm on Long Island Our goal is to meet the needs of our clients and offer a level of service that very few family law firms can match When you work with a Long Island divorce lawyer at our firm you can count on us to provide the strong support and advocacy you need during this difficult time We can take your call at any hour of the day so please do not wait to find out how 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we do it is always our intention to develop longterm client relationships that foster mutual trust and respect The firm philosophy at Wisselman Harounian Associates is rooted in our genuine desire to help clients both now and in the future The core component of our success can be found in our extraordinary team of attorneys who are dedicated to making a difference in our clients lives We combine ingenuity with a solid work ethic to build customized legal solutions that exceed our clients expectations Unyielding in our commitment to hard work and client satisfaction weve created a firm thats a cut above the rest In 1976 Wisselman Harounian Associates was born Over four decades later with more than 150 years of combined experience to our name we are the firm to trust for divorce and family law help in Long Island We bring a sophisticated level of knowledge and professional insight to every case we represent and we have countless success stories to prove it We will always act in your best interests We demonstrate an unparalleled level of commitment to our clients and when you work with us your needs will always come first We will walk you through every decision When you hire us we will get to know you on a personal level inform you of your options and help you make the best decisions possible We will sort out all concerns on your mind Our mission is to put your mind at ease alleviate your worries address all concerns and answer any questions you have along the way We will go the extra mile to meet your needs Our professionals will go above and beyond to create a solution that is tailored to fit the unique needs and goals of you and your family Who We Are We Aim To Provide Compassionate Care At Wisselman Harounian Associates were passionate about the law were dedicated to helping our clients succeed and were committed to providing a handson approach that attends to every detail of a clients case In all that we do it is always our intention to develop longterm client relationships that foster mutual trust and respect Commitment That Goes Above And Beyond The firm philosophy at Wisselman Harounian Associates is rooted in our genuine desire to help clients both now and in the future We combine ingenuity with a solid work ethic to build customized legal solutions that exceed our clients expectations Unyielding in our commitment to hard work and client satisfaction weve created a firm thats a cut above the rest Over 150 Years Of Combined Experience In 1976 Wisselman Harounian Associates was born Over four decades later with more than 150 years of combined experience to our name we are the firm to trust for divorce and family law help in Long Island We bring a sophisticated level of knowledge and professional insight to every case we represent and we have countless success stories to prove it See More Reasons Why You Should Choose Us Committed to Every Client Read More Testimonials I know I have the right advocate who has a great understanding of what transpired in my family matters and truly understand the emotions behind the legal case Jerome A Wisselman Jacqueline Harounian Derrick A Rubin Lloyd C Rosen Jordan E Trager Christine M Settineri Joseph J Bracconier III Amanda Rose Green Sharyn OMara Karen Radoslovich Linda Wisselman Practice Areas Divorce Divorce Child Custody Child Custody Child Support Child Support Mediation Mediation Legal Separation Legal Separation Paternity Paternity Visitation Rights Visitation Rights Domestic Violence Domestic Violence Practices Our Approach to Your Case Wisselman Harounian Associates has handled thousands of cases and our divorce attorneys have an extensive understanding of the complex issues involved in divorce Each of our lawyers has the experience education and technical prowess to meet the personal and legal objectives of our clients This level of experience is key to protecting our clients and their families during what is usually an extremely difficult period of their lives We concentrate on all aspects of family law ranging from litigation to competent trial advocacy to focused negotiations and mediation Outofcourt settlement negotiations with a strong advocate are usually preferable to trial We encourage working toward amicable settlements but we are also prepared to litigate zealously to achieve the best possible results We believe mediation is best for couples who communicate well and want to seek an amicable divorce If you and your spouse are in agreement regarding the major elements of your divorce mediation may be a viable option for you On the other hand if you and your spouse can not come to an agreement regarding major issues of your case our Long Island divorce attorneys can help Our Upcoming Events See All Events Whats New in Family Law

O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I


Between you and me vs Between you and I Between you and me the phrase between you and I grates on my ears like nails on a chalkboard I hear the wrong version about 3 times as often as I hear it said the right way so lets get this straightened out once and for all Between is a preposition and in English a preposition must be followed by an indirect object pronoun Me is an indirect object pronoun while I is a subject pronoun Therefore between has to be followed by me not I Preposition Correct Incorrect with She went with me She went with I She went with Bill and me She went with Bill and I to Tom gave it to me Tom gave it to I He wants to talk to you and me He wants to talk to you and I from This is from me This is from I This is from your mom and me This is from your mom and I between This is between Tom and me This is between Tom and I Just between you and me Just between you and I The Bottom Line The confusion between whether to use me or I may be due to the fact that many people overcorrect when it comes to using the pronoun I For many of us we can still hear a parent or teacher saying Tom and I went to the store Not Tom and me went to the store In this sentence I is correct because its the subject I went to the store with Tom Tom and I went to the store This admonition continues to echo in that autocorrect spot of our brains Consequently if there is any doubt whatsoever about which pronoun to use the little sound bite gets activated and we opt for I Learn more about the difference between me and I Next Vaisselle et argenterie mettre la table Previous Present progressive 4 Responses bugrit 14 January 2015 0546 Yes fingernails scraping on a blackboard thats it exactly Helen Mirrens Elizabeth I to Jeremy Irons Earl of Essex in a Channel 4 UK TV drama What is it between you and I Hows that for some wildly anachronistic dialogue and appalling grammar On BBC Radio 4 in a play Something passed between you and I earlier today and this believe it or not was from the lips of wait for it Samuel Johnson Also on Radio 4 I heard sending you a photo of Charlie and I taken at and this was presented as a quote from a letter written by Winston Churchill to his wife When I pointed out to the BBC that Churchill of all people would never have written that they replied to the effect that they had taken the quote from a book written by one or other of Churchills descendants I forget which one It appears that someone had the temerity to correct Winnies grammar while transcribing his personal correspondence but it still does not absolve the BBC I find it astonishing that nobody involved in the production of the broadcasts ever cried out in anguish at such grammatical howlers Can it really be that all those scriptwriters editors proofreaders actors directors producers sound engineers cameramen and sundry dogsbodies are illiterate They are well known for proudly professing their innumeracy so perhaps the media lovies have started taking perverse pride in illiteracy too kathy simoes 17 March 2015 1709 Thanks you for your input My query is the latest craze of saying me and John are is this incorrect or am I getting too fussy I would have thought this should be would be John and I I know its tweeking my last nerve kind regards Kathy lkl 18 March 2015 0718 Youre right it should be John and I are Billie 21 March 2015 1302 You covered every scenario but one Between her and me or between she and me I wrote between her and me in a Word document and Microsoft had the nerve to underline me as if it was a problem I substituted I to see what it would do with thatand to my shock it took away the underlining Arghh Leave a Reply You must be logged in to post a comment

O B I I O O B I O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Forum Equipment Forums Equipment by Brand Honda Forum Honda mower only runs in full choke mode 1 2 Results 1 to 10 of 11 Thread Honda mower only runs in full choke mode Thread Tools 05182012 1130 AM 1 JDH12 Join Date May 2012 Posts 4 Location Ohio Mower Honda Honda mower only runs in full choke mode My Honda is roughly 10 yrs old model HRB216TDA The specs online say its engine is a Honda OHVOHC Premium Residential engine It just recently started running only in full choke mode Used to be when I forgot to throttle back from full choke it would sound funny and run slower but now on full choke it sounds and acts normal When I throttle it back to the normal setting it dies immediately Doesnt even sputter just flat dies Does someone have any idea whats wrong If its a dirty carburetor is there an additive I can run through it or does it call for a rebuild I checked to see if the throttle cable might have slipped out of position but the way its made its pretty well locked in place and cant move Advertisement LawnWorld 05182012 1136 AM 2 JDH12 Join Date May 2012 Posts 4 Location Ohio Mower Honda Re Honda mower only runs in full choke mode Forgot one other thing at the end of each season I drain the gas then run the mower with the little bit left in it until it quits My gas always has Stabil in it And the mower always starts on the first pull So far its been an amazing mower 05182012 0106 PM 3 DaveTN Join Date Jun 2011 Posts 570 Location Knoxville TN Mower Cub Cadet Zero Turn Re Honda mower only runs in full choke mode Youve got a fuelstarvation problem Wouldnt hurt to go through the fuel system from tank to line to carburetor including fuel bowl under the carb Could be some dirt or water in the float bowl Would be a good idea to drain it anyway let all that old gas out Sediments will settle out and interfere with the fuel pickup causing fuel starvation issues Knowing that I had clean fuel from tank to carb to pickup tube Id then look to richen up the carburetor with the mixture screw to give it a bit more gas so it wouldnt be 05182012 0554 PM 4 Mini Motors Join Date May 2011 Posts 225 Location Inside the Beltway in Virginia Mower Old Honda HRS21 Re Honda mower only runs in full choke mode Ill second that All it takes is a drop of gas to sit in there all winter and harden to varnish and viola Clogged carb 05182012 0838 PM 5 JDH12 Join Date May 2012 Posts 4 Location Ohio Mower Honda Re Honda mower only runs in full choke mode OK thanks I thought I had a pretty good winterizing protocol but I guess after 10 yrs its probably time to rebuild the carb anyway 05192012 0436 PM 6 tyjoja Join Date Mar 2012 Posts 48 Location Oregon Mower Honda Re Honda mower only runs in full choke mode I had a honda comm mower with carb issues and took it to a shop and cost me 80 bucks If you can clean yourself go for it if you have to take it in look on line and by a replacementnew carb I got one for less than 50 bucks bolted it on and it was all set good to go 05192012 0800 PM 7 JDH12 Join Date May 2012 Posts 4 Location Ohio Mower Honda Re Honda mower only runs in full choke mode Im real handy building and fixing anythingexcept engines The more I thought about it and the more I looked at the mower I guess I chickened out and called our local mower place and wound up taking it in The price was pretty good though40 parts Didnt think about looking online for a replacement I maybe could have installed one of those 05262012 0320 AM 8 PJ Join Date Mar 2012 Posts 176 Location South Africa Mower John Deere Originally Posted by JDH12 My Honda is roughly 10 yrs old model HRB216TDA The specs online say its engine is a Honda OHVOHC Premium Residential engine It just recently started running only in full choke mode Used to be when I forgot to throttle back from full choke it would sound funny and run slower but now on full choke it sounds and acts normal When I throttle it back to the normal setting it dies immediately Doesnt even sputter just flat dies Does someone have any idea whats wrong If its a dirty carburetor is there an additive I can run through it or does it call for a rebuild I checked to see if the throttle cable might have slipped out of position but the way its made its pretty well locked in place and cant move Sounds like fuel starvation dirty or defects in th carb only one way remove clean and check the carburator things like yet block diafram broken or water in the fuel Regards PJ 05292012 1014 AM 9 roberthonda 1000 Post Club Join Date Nov 2011 Posts 1790 Location Georgia Mower Honda Re Honda mower only runs in full choke mode Only runs smooth on choke usually means theres blockage somewhere in the carb often in the main jet or nozzle area Depending on the specific mower it can be cheaperfasterless drama to simply replace the carb Many Honda carbs are less than 25 and save you a lot of time and frustration trying to perfectly disassemble clean and reassemble one To RR the carb its a simple procedure usually just two 10mm bolts that hold the air cleaner and carb onto the engine Disconnect the throttle choke and governor linkage and off it comes Be sure to use new gaskets when installing a new or rebuilt carb Modern fuels dont last like they used to anymore I try never to use any fuel thats more than 3 months old and always treat it with Seafoam or StaBil anyway Of course always run the mower dry and drain the bowl on the carb when you put the mower away for the season RobertHonda Social Media Consigliere Caveat I work for Honda but the preceding is my opinion alone 05292012 1206 PM 10 tyjoja Join Date Mar 2012 Posts 48 Location Oregon Mower Honda Re Honda mower only runs in full choke mode Nice reply Robert you have helped me a lot in the past I always use premiumnonethanol fuel in my small engines I too shut my fuel supply off and run dry but I never thought about draining the float bowl That would be easy to do and should help Ill definitely start doing that also thanks bob 1 2 Quick Navigation Honda Forum 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RSS feed for LawnSite Forums Equipment Mechanic and Repair Echo hc 1500 hedge trimmers blades wont move Discussion in Mechanic and Repair started by gosselin142258 Mar 4 2008 1 2 gosselin142258 LawnSite Member from Mass Messages 74 Ok so mine start perfect problem is blades wont move anyone of you guys ever had this problem gosselin142258 Mar 4 2008 1 hansons glc LawnSite Member from mn Messages 135 i have the same problem i took the bottom off were the allens are and found no key brooken i did no more with it hope some one knows 2 exmark hp 48 with ultra vac 1 peco bagger exmark phazer 34 accelerator 2 truck craft insert aluminum 98 SHEVY 2500 rg cab long box with plow and pro wings 2004 chevy 60 2500 ext cab 9 boss plow 18X85 ENCLOSED 12X6 ENCLOSED 20 car trailer with a 4 mesh gate 16 hp little wonder leaf loader ECHO STIHL NEW PLUGER oldRAYAN 28 AERATOR LESCO SPACE SAVER sprayer 2003 honda rincon 60 plow FOR FUN I SPEND TIME AND MONEY ON MY 95 IMPALA SS ran a 128 in the 14 mile hansons glc Mar 4 2008 2 ed2hess LawnSite Fanatic Male from Austin Texas 78727 Messages 15337 I would guess the blade bolts are too tight5 of them or so Kinda complicated to describe how to adjust them Back off the locking nut a little and then open up the clearance then tightened the nut back ed2hess Mar 5 2008 3 hansons glc LawnSite Member from mn Messages 135 ed2hess said I would guess the blade bolts are too tight5 of them or so Kinda complicated to describe how to adjust them Back off the locking nut a little and then open up the clearance then tightened the nut back the blade stoped moving when i was trimming thanks for the imput it has been over a year that i looked at it but i will dig it out and see if i kan move the blade 2 exmark hp 48 with ultra vac 1 peco bagger exmark phazer 34 accelerator 2 truck craft insert aluminum 98 SHEVY 2500 rg cab long box with plow and pro wings 2004 chevy 60 2500 ext cab 9 boss plow 18X85 ENCLOSED 12X6 ENCLOSED 20 car trailer with a 4 mesh gate 16 hp little wonder leaf loader ECHO STIHL NEW PLUGER oldRAYAN 28 AERATOR LESCO SPACE SAVER sprayer 2003 honda rincon 60 plow FOR FUN I SPEND TIME AND MONEY ON MY 95 IMPALA SS ran a 128 in the 14 mile hansons glc Mar 5 2008 4 topsites LawnSite Fanatic from Richmond Virginia Messages 21647 You probably have dirt all wedged up inside the guard keeping your blade from moving a big screwdriver helps pry that crap out topsites Mar 5 2008 5 Breezmeister LawnSite Silver Member Male from South Jersey Messages 2152 gosselin142258 said Ok so mine start perfect problem is blades wont move anyone of you guys ever had this problem With out alittle more info my best guess would be that they need to be oiled Soak them in WD40 or some PB Blaster If that fails there should be some washers on the blade bolts on the underside of the blades you should be able to rotate the washers If you can not move the washers then I would loosen the blade bolts just a hair so that the washers can rotate If that fails then the problem is likely in the gear case Hedge trimmer blades should be oiled at lease every hour of use Masters Degree in Thinking Out Side Of The BoxGraduate of the MacGyver Institute of Ingenuity The primary function of an Engineer is to make it difficult for the Fabricator and impossible for the Mechanic RTFM What a concept Breezmeister Mar 5 2008 6 ericg likes this gosselin142258 LawnSite Member from Mass Messages 74 what type of oil do you prefer gosselin142258 Mar 6 2008 7 General Landscaping LawnSite Senior Member from Treasure Coast FL Messages 800 ed2hess said I would guess the blade bolts are too tight5 of them or so Kinda complicated to describe how to adjust them Back off the locking nut a little and then open up the clearance then tightened the nut back That is going to be your route to getting them going again The lock nut is only a locking device the bolt threads into the bar Loosen the lock nuts loosen the bolts until you can move the washers with your finger tighten the lock nuts while holding the bolts from rotating even a 14 turn can mess you up Once you figure it all out you can have some tension on the washer it helps make clean cuts on fine shrubs More than likely just one of the bolts has tightened itself As for the oil PB for penetrating Fluid Film for regular clipper maintenance General Landscaping Mar 6 2008 8 grassman177 LawnSite Fanatic from leavenworth kansas Messages 9795 yeah have had echo hedge trimmers do that i took off the gear box cover and loosened the blade bolts then i checked movement in the gears and all took the gears out cleaned and put back i then but the cover back on and greased the gear box well stared them up and they moved again so i dont know wah i did but then i tightened the blade bolts a little at at time till jsut the right tension i started them up in between each tightening to make sure the blades still rotated been working great since all is fair in love and grass Man it smells like sheet do you smell that grassman177 Mar 7 2008 9 hansons glc LawnSite Member from mn Messages 135 well i have had the whole thing apart gear box and the clutch no thing broken or wearn i have not started it yet i will post when i do that 2 exmark hp 48 with ultra vac 1 peco bagger exmark phazer 34 accelerator 2 truck craft insert aluminum 98 SHEVY 2500 rg cab long box with plow and pro wings 2004 chevy 60 2500 ext cab 9 boss plow 18X85 ENCLOSED 12X6 ENCLOSED 20 car trailer with a 4 mesh gate 16 hp little wonder leaf loader ECHO STIHL NEW PLUGER oldRAYAN 28 AERATOR LESCO SPACE SAVER sprayer 2003 honda rincon 60 plow FOR FUN I SPEND TIME AND MONEY ON MY 95 IMPALA SS ran a 128 in the 14 mile hansons glc Mar 9 2008 10 You must log in or sign up to reply here 1 2 Share This Page

O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Reference

this

This

essay

has

been

submitted

by

a

law

student

This

is

not

an

example

of

the

work

written

by

our

professional

essay

writers

Published

Fri

Feb

Criminal

liability

case

Rape

bodily

harm

and

theft

There

are

several

offences

that

may

or

may

not

have

been

committed

by

Caroline

and

or

Tony

in

this

account

The

possible

offences

are

Illegal

immigration

Loitering

or

Soliciting

for

prostitution

contrary

to

of

the

Street

Offences

Act

Rape

contrary

to

of

the

Sexual

Offences

Act

Actual

Bodily

Harm

contrary

to

Offences

Against

the

Person

Act

or

Common

Assault

contrary

to

Criminal

Justice

Act

Theft

contrary

to

of

the

Theft

Act

Grievous

Bodily

Harm

contrary

to

Offences

Against

the

Person

Act

As

Caroline

is

an

asylum

seeker

and

there

is

no

other

evidence

to

suggest

that

she

has

either

arrived

or

remained

in

the

United

Kingdom

illegally

it

is

not

worth

discussing

possible

immigration

offences

Also

as

there

is

no

sufficient

evidence

to

support

a

charge

of

loitering

or

soliciting

to

prostitution

and

as

prostitution

itself

is

not

an

offence

there

is

no

point

in

discussing

the

liability

of

either

character

in

relation

to

the

loitering

or

soliciting

because

it

is

not

known

if

Carolines

encounter

with

Tony

followed

an

act

of

loitering

or

solicitation

although

or

practical

purposes

it

probably

It

is

also

worth

mentioning

that

if

liability

is

established

for

any

offending

there

are

several

factors

can

shield

an

otherwise

guilty

person

from

the

attachment

of

criminal

liability

These

include

youth

insanity

duress

and

necessity

amongst

others

that

are

more

offence

specific

From

the

facts

of

the

account

it

would

appear

that

of

the

general

defences

would

apply

and

so

if

an

offence

is

made

out

it

would

probably

be

charged

Rape

Section

of

the

Sexual

Offences

Act

replaced

the

previous

versions

of

rape

that

the

law

had

recognised

and

did

so

with

a

new

offence

that

placed

greater

emphasis

on

the

actor

to

obtain

consent

than

the

old

law

had

done

when

it

looked

to

establish

that

the

sexual

act

was

procured

by

force

fear

or

fraud

gradually

replaced

but

not

fully

abolished

until

the

Act

of

The

common

law

had

long

understood

that

consent

obtained

by

fraud

would

be

invalid

consent

as

shown

in

the

old

cases

of

Flattery

and

Williams

but

the

law

gradually

developed

limitation

to

the

type

of

fraud

that

would

be

permitted

to

invalidate

otherwise

genuine

consent

In

Papadimitropoulos

even

deception

as

to

the

lawfulness

of

a

marriage

ceremony

was

insufficient

to

invalidate

the

victims

consent

to

the

intercourse

that

followed

The

most

relevant

example

to

these

facts

is

of

course

Larter

where

intention

to

not

pay

a

prostitute

for

her

services

followed

by

actually

not

paying

her

was

still

insufficient

to

render

her

initial

consent

invalid

and

leave

the

defendant

guilty

of

rape

The

court

of

appeal

in

Larter

held

that

the

reason

for

why

the

prostitute

agreed

to

have

sex

with

the

appellant

Larter

was

not

relevant

to

whether

her

consent

was

valid

or

not

She

had

been

deceived

not

to

the

nature

of

the

sexual

act

as

in

Flattery

and

in

Williams

and

nor

to

the

quality

of

the

act

as

in

Tabassum

or

the

identity

of

the

actor

as

in

Elbekkay

but

she

had

merely

been

deceived

as

to

the

circumstances

for

her

incentive

to

agree

to

it

The

position

under

the

new

law

post

is

no

different

to

that

of

the

common

law

on

this

point

The

new

law

provides

that

in

relation

to

this

type

of

situation

a

presumption

of

no

consent

will

only

apply

if

exist

then

it

is

conclusively

presumed

that

the

complainant

did

not

consent

and

that

D

did

not

reasonably

believe

in

her

consent

The

circumstances

are

that

a

the

defendant

intentionally

deceived

the

complainant

as

to

the

nature

or

purpose

of

the

relevant

act

or

b

not

relevant

Caroline

has

similarly

been

deceived

by

Tony

on

the

same

issues

as

in

Larter

and

so

following

Larter

Tony

will

not

be

guilty

of

the

rape

of

Caroline

Actual

Bodily

Harm

or

Common

Assault

The

non

fatal

offences

are

found

in

the

Offences

Against

the

Person

Act

Section

is

the

offence

of

Actual

Bodily

Harm

which

the

Crown

Prosecution

Service

treat

as

including

a

displaced

broken

nose

No

information

is

given

as

to

the

extent

of

Tonys

injury

following

the

punch

in

his

face

by

Caroline

but

if

she

has

broken

his

nose

and

it

has

displaced

then

it

would

appear

that

she

has

committed

the

section

offence

Viscount

Kilmoir

LC

in

Smith

described

a

grievous

bodily

harm

as

needing

to

be

an

injury

that

was

really

serious

which

is

unlikely

to

be

satisfied

by

her

sole

punch

to

his

face

although

not

impossible

Reed

and

Fitzpatrick

go

on

to

point

out

that

actual

bodily

harm

means

something

that

is

not

so

trivial

as

to

be

described

as

wholly

insignificant

and

a

bruise

a

graze

and

cut

would

all

be

capable

as

being

described

as

an

actual

bodily

harm

If

Tony

does

not

have

an

injury

such

as

a

broken

nose

or

minor

fracture

or

cuts

requiring

stitching

as

detailed

by

the

CPS

or

injury

that

could

properly

be

described

as

actual

then

Caroline

may

not

have

committed

the

offence

of

actual

bodily

harm

but

she

will

in

that

case

have

certainly

committed

the

offence

of

common

assault

section

of

the

Criminal

Justice

Act

Common

Assault

is

an

offence

based

merely

on

the

putting

another

person

in

fear

of

the

immediate

application

unlawful

personal

violence

Common

assault

requires

no

physical

contact

to

be

made

with

the

victim

as

shown

long

ago

in

Tuberville

v

Savage

The

victim

need

only

apprehend

that

unlawful

force

is

likely

to

be

applied

to

them

immediately

although

the

immediacy

of

the

threat

has

been

more

loosely

defined

in

recent

decisions

In

Constanza

the

Court

of

Appeal

held

that

a

prolonged

apprehension

of

violence

may

still

complete

the

offence

providing

that

there

could

be

violence

in

the

immediate

future

There

is

no

such

difficulty

in

this

account

because

Caroline

has

actually

punched

Tony

She

will

only

have

committed

the

assault

offence

however

if

he

was

aware

that

she

was

going

to

punch

him

before

she

made

contact

with

his

person

If

Tony

did

not

see

he

about

to

punch

him

then

there

would

have

been

no

assault

Caroline

would

merely

have

battered

Tony

although

the

outcome

of

this

would

still

be

liability

upon

Caroline

for

the

level

of

offence

that

befits

Tonys

injuries

The

distinctions

between

the

non

fatal

offences

against

the

person

are

determined

mainly

by

the

seriousness

of

the

result

The

legal

outcome

will

depend

on

the

harm

caused

under

the

general

principle

of

you

take

your

victim

as

you

find

him

otherwise

known

as

the

eggshellskull

rule

Consent

can

not

be

pleaded

by

Caroline

to

whatever

offence

she

is

charged

with

simply

because

it

is

not

possible

to

say

that

Tony

consented

to

this

affront

Theft

Theft

requires

less

than

just

the

taking

of

property

but

is

committed

when

property

is

dishonestly

handled

which

is

appropriated

Some

of

the

most

widely

referred

to

authorities

from

the

House

of

Lords

that

turn

on

the

issue

of

appropriation

include

Lawrence

Morris

Gomez

and

Hinks

House

of

Lords

Caroline

has

certainly

appropriated

the

money

that

she

took

from

Tony

because

from

Morris

it

is

understood

that

all

handling

of

property

is

an

appropriation

The

Theft

Act

states

that

property

includes

money

and

it

can

not

be

convincingly

argued

from

the

facts

given

that

Caroline

did

not

intend

to

permanently

deprive

Tony

to

whom

the

property

belonged

of

the

property

at

the

time

that

she

appropriated

it

The

only

remaining

issues

is

that

of

whether

or

not

Caroline

was

dishonest

when

she

did

do

and

if

she

was

she

thus

fulfils

the

definition

of

Theft

and

her

offence

is

complete

The

Act

cites

three

examples

of

when

conduct

will

not

be

dishonest

They

are

A

persons

appropriation

of

property

belonging

to

another

is

not

to

be

regarded

as

dishonest

a

if

he

appropriates

the

property

in

the

belief

that

he

has

in

law

the

right

to

deprive

the

other

of

it

on

behalf

of

himself

or

of

a

third

person

or

b

if

he

appropriates

the

property

in

the

belief

that

he

would

have

the

others

consent

if

the

other

knew

of

the

appropriation

and

the

circumstances

of

it

or

c

if

he

appropriates

the

property

in

the

belief

that

the

person

to

whom

the

property

belongs

can

not

be

discovered

by

taking

reasonable

steps

Caroline

may

be

able

to

rely

on

the

provision

at

subsection

a

of

section

of

the

Act

that

she

believed

that

she

had

a

right

in

law

to

the

property

To

do

so

she

would

not

have

to

show

that

she

had

an

actual

right

in

law

to

the

property

which

she

may

or

may

not

have

given

that

the

law

is

not

usually

inclined

to

uphold

contracts

of

an

immoral

or

illegal

nature

She

would

only

have

to

show

that

she

had

a

genuine

whether

reasonable

or

not

belief

that

she

has

a

legal

right

to

the

property

which

it

is

likely

that

Caroline

could

satisfy

She

is

unlikely

to

therefore

convicted

of

theft

Grievous

Bodily

Harm

The

position

as

regard

people

who

spread

disease

was

that

for

the

whole

of

the

th

century

the

authority

of

Clarence

held

out

an

as

impossible

the

prosecution

of

such

people

where

the

disease

was

spread

thorough

consensual

sexual

activity

Clarence

was

a

case

where

a

man

gave

his

wife

gonorrhoea

an

incurable

and

fatal

disease

of

the

day

and

was

acquitted

of

inflicting

a

GBH

OAPA

upon

her

essentially

because

it

was

transmitted

through

consensual

sexual

intercourse

The

court

held

that

he

had

not

inflicted

it

upon

her

as

was

required

by

the

Act

and

Warburton

notes

that

the

fact

that

she

was

his

wife

and

he

could

not

be

convicted

at

that

time

of

raping

his

own

wife

probably

influenced

the

court

a

great

deal

in

not

attaching

criminal

liability

to

the

transmission

In

other

types

of

cases

involving

the

consensual

infliction

of

serious

injury

it

has

been

decided

that

it

is

not

in

the

public

interest

to

allow

citizens

to

commit

grievous

bodily

harms

upon

each

other

without

impunity

Recently

however

the

law

has

responded

with

conviction

for

section

offences

where

the

defence

had

failed

to

tell

the

victim

of

his

HIV

infection

and

where

the

infection

subsequently

passed

on

It

is

therefore

possible

that

if

Tony

is

the

source

of

Carolines

infection

and

he

had

failed

to

tell

her

of

his

status

he

may

be

convicted

of

GBH

upon

her

Bibliography

Ormerod

D

Smith

Hogan

Criminal

Law

th

Ed

OUP

Reed

and

Fitzpatrick

Criminal

Law

rd

Edition

Sweet

Maxwell

Warburton

D

A

Critical

Review

of

English

Law

in

respect

of

Criminalising

Blameworthy

Behaviour

by

HIV

Individuals

Journal

of

Criminal

Law

Vathek

Publishing

Vol

Word

count

Footnotes

Howard

All

ER

Olugboja

QB

QBD

KB

CLR

eg

Larter

Crim

LR

App

Rep

Crim

LR

DPP

v

Smith

AC

Reed

and

Fitzpatrick

Criminal

Law

rd

Edition

Sweet

Maxwell

Mod

Rep

All

ER

Crim

LR

AC

AC

AC

All

ER

Section

Ormerod

D

Smith

Hogan

Criminal

Law

th

Ed

OUP

QBD

Warburton

D

A

Critical

Review

of

English

Law

in

respect

of

Criminalising

Blameworthy

Behaviour

by

HIV

Individuals

Journal

of

Criminal

Law

Vathek

Publishing

Vol

Ibid

AC

upheld

by

the

ECtHR

in

Laskey

v

United

Kingdom

EHRR

approved

by

KA

and

AD

v

Belgium

February

Cite

This

Essay

To

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a

reference

to

this

article

please

select

a

referencing

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OSCOLA

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Wikipedia

All

Answers

ltd

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liability

case

Rape

bodily

harm

and

theft

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UAE

and

USA

laws

A

comparative

analysis

on

UAE

and

USA

laws

Introduction

Laws

and

its

issue

The

significance

of

laws

in

the

modern

society

today

is

very

paramount

Understanding

the

meaning

of

laws

also

becomes

apparent

In

general

terms

of

the

meaning

law

can

be

understood

as

the

system

of

rules

that

governs

the

society

by

certain

degrees

as

a

measure

to

regulate

the

behavioral

aspect

of

individuals

in

the

society

Hence

it

is

important

to

understand

the

many

fabrics

of

laws

And

in

this

essay

USA

and

UAE

laws

are

elaborated

in

degrees

of

their

difference

and

more

precisely

the

example

of

media

laws

in

both

countries

especially

law

of

equality

and

all

in

between

However

before

we

go

into

the

intricate

details

on

the

discussion

it

is

crucial

to

trace

the

sources

of

laws

in

USA

and

UAE

for

comparative

analysis

which

is

as

follows

Sources

of

laws

in

USA

The

United

States

of

America

and

its

laws

composed

one

of

the

complex

laws

What

is

specific

to

US

laws

is

the

facts

in

which

it

exists

in

different

forms

at

every

level

of

the

government

To

start

with

laws

in

US

exist

not

only

in

the

statutory

form

but

also

the

common

laws

that

are

formed

through

the

judiciary

Jennings

p

Hence

what

defines

the

sources

of

laws

in

USA

in

simple

terms

can

be

looked

within

the

following

Statues

Constitution

Executive

action

Common

laws

Administrative

regulation

Law

of

equity

Thus

these

six

sources

of

US

laws

define

the

fabric

of

its

governance

in

the

society

Constitution

and

statues

A

constitutional

law

in

USA

constitutes

unique

forms

of

various

states

Constitution

as

it

can

be

understood

are

the

laws

of

the

people

which

is

different

from

statues

constitution

can

not

be

changed

or

amended

however

changes

to

statues

can

be

amended

in

accordance

to

change

in

the

society

Moreover

statutory

is

held

responsible

by

the

US

congress

at

the

federal

level

Jennings

p

but

when

it

comes

to

constitution

its

altogether

different

Administrative

and

Executive

laws

Administrative

and

executive

laws

in

US

are

also

of

two

different

sources

Administrative

laws

are

referred

to

as

Code

of

Federal

Regulation

CFR

however

executive

orders

are

laws

of

the

executive

branch

of

the

federal

US

government

Jennings

p

Common

Law

and

equity

laws

Common

law

is

looked

upon

as

a

great

compromiser

and

it

comes

as

a

means

to

reach

on

a

compromise

within

the

common

platforms

of

views

that

should

leave

all

parties

satisfied

when

a

dispute

arises

Take

for

instance

businesses

situation

and

its

legalities

media

norms

its

regulation

etc

and

how

the

society

should

be

run

Thus

when

it

matter

to

equity

laws

it

is

one

form

of

common

laws

where

a

legal

term

is

attached

as

a

means

to

facilitate

common

laws

Jennings

p

Sources

of

laws

in

UAE

The

major

parts

of

the

constitution

in

general

terms

applicable

to

UAE

laws

and

it

sources

can

be

derived

from

the

following

classification

Sharia

laws

Constitutional

laws

Statutory

laws

Executive

laws

Administrative

laws

Scholars

have

held

that

the

UAE

and

its

seven

Emirati

federations

which

include

Abu

Dhabi

Dubai

Sharjah

Ajman

Fujairah

Ulmm

Al

Quwain

and

Ras

Al

Khaimah

on

December

enacted

the

constitution

which

is

the

main

source

of

laws

Price

p

Sharia

law

The

Islamic

Sharia

is

declared

as

the

principal

source

of

laws

in

UAE

when

it

matter

to

its

judicial

and

legal

system

in

the

society

Price

p

Islamic

Sharia

also

extends

its

arms

to

family

laws

accorded

as

supreme

embodiments

above

all

other

aspects

Price

p

which

is

why

is

almost

all

forms

of

laws

that

are

enacted

in

UAE

Sharia

trace

its

belonging

Constitution

Administrative

statutory

and

executive

laws

As

we

can

comprehend

the

UAE

constitution

it

come

to

terms

that

the

Federal

supreme

council

FSC

is

the

highest

constitutional

authority

in

UAE

which

means

that

most

of

the

executive

and

legislative

functioning

are

vested

in

FSC

wherein

federal

laws

and

decrees

general

policy

etc

are

administered

by

it

Linden

p

Add

to

it

UAE

legislative

branch

is

unicameral

which

means

it

is

composed

of

one

legislative

body

headed

by

the

president

through

the

Federal

National

Council

FNC

that

constitutes

the

seven

member

states

which

also

proposes

amendments

to

new

laws

Moreover

administration

in

UAE

is

also

separated

among

the

seven

emirates

each

with

its

own

local

government

judicial

and

legal

system

Linden

p

Comparative

analysis

of

UAE

and

US

laws

in

general

From

comprehending

on

UAE

and

USA

laws

we

can

comment

that

it

is

largely

different

from

one

another

Laws

that

are

applicable

in

UAE

may

not

be

so

in

US

we

assume

Take

for

instance

administrative

laws

in

both

nations

When

it

comes

to

USA

its

administrative

laws

is

referred

to

as

code

of

federal

regulation

however

in

UAE

civil

code

defines

it

separated

forms

within

each

states

Nonetheless

the

Islamic

Sharia

has

it

relevance

when

it

matter

to

UAE

administrative

laws

or

what

we

can

refer

to

here

as

the

civil

code

Thus

we

see

large

difference

in

both

Secondly

the

constitution

and

the

statues

in

US

is

held

responsible

by

the

US

congress

at

the

federal

level

and

when

it

concern

to

UAE

in

that

regard

the

FSC

is

supreme

But

what

is

more

interesting

can

be

laid

emphasis

to

UAE

and

USA

common

laws

which

are

in

parts

and

forms

similar

to

one

another

Take

for

instance

legislation

of

UAE

common

law

where

the

influence

of

English

common

laws

can

not

just

be

brushed

aside

Price

p

Concerning

USA

common

laws

the

definition

of

liberty

is

also

paramount

Thus

in

both

cases

and

the

laws

Hence

to

have

a

close

insight

on

any

of

the

laws

in

both

nations

laws

governing

media

and

women

comes

as

the

best

example

which

is

elaborated

below

The

difference

and

similarity

between

media

law

in

USA

and

UAE

Relating

to

examples

of

common

laws

equity

laws

etc

as

detailed

in

the

constitution

applicable

to

UAE

and

USA

media

we

come

to

the

conclusion

that

media

laws

in

UAE

is

rather

harsh

however

that

does

not

mean

it

discourage

the

notion

of

free

press

in

the

society

Moreover

in

recent

times

the

Emirate

Media

Incorporated

EMI

also

have

come

up

which

means

that

EMI

and

its

objective

defines

the

constitution

related

to

UAE

media

laws

which

is

endorsed

by

the

Federal

Supreme

Council

in

UAE

UAEGovernment

In

comparison

to

USA

media

laws

the

same

norm

also

draws

its

similarity

Thus

it

can

be

commented

from

the

above

that

in

USA

freedom

of

expression

is

above

all

means

and

US

media

is

mostly

at

par

with

any

other

federal

branches

of

the

government

that

defines

the

law

That

is

to

say

US

media

shares

an

equal

stature

in

the

society

created

under

the

federal

laws

and

principles

of

its

constitution

Anomymous

However

when

compared

in

that

sense

with

UAE

media

laws

there

are

reports

detailing

UAE

media

laws

at

the

federal

level

undermines

the

notion

of

freedom

of

expression

limiting

the

role

media

plays

in

the

society

and

its

Comparison

on

common

laws

applicable

to

Women

in

UAE

and

USA

Secondly

it

is

being

observed

that

women

in

UAE

are

held

under

many

restrictions

and

also

enjoy

only

half

of

the

rights

in

almost

all

aspects

of

life

in

comparison

to

their

male

counterpart

Again

racial

discrimination

is

one

major

women

issue

in

UAE

and

common

laws

in

that

front

are

very

weak

In

addition

civil

laws

in

UAE

also

compromise

on

share

of

inheritance

which

is

half

of

what

males

are

entitled

Monshipouri

p

And

both

civil

and

common

laws

applicable

to

women

can

be

looked

within

the

principle

of

Sharia

which

is

rather

hard

to

comment

Conclusion

As

we

can

understand

and

conclude

upon

USA

is

most

liberal

nation

and

most

of

its

laws

also

define

the

same

fabric

In

the

societal

sphere

and

cultural

domain

between

USA

and

UAE

there

is

large

disparity

and

most

of

the

laws

applicable

in

USA

may

not

be

applicable

in

UAE

But

one

fact

is

clear

that

in

UAE

Islamic

Sharia

and

its

influence

is

paramount

in

all

aspect

of

common

laws

However

when

it

matter

to

USA

common

laws

it

is

universal

in

character

but

that

dont

underpins

UAE

laws

in

general

which

we

feel

when

it

matter

to

References

Anomymous

March

The

Media

in

the

United

States

Retrieved

March

from

httpusausembassyde

httpusausembassydemediahtm

FCC

nd

About

the

FCC

Retrieved

March

from

httpwwwfccgov

httpwwwfccgovaboutushtml

HumanRightWatch

April

UAE

Media

Law

Undermines

Free

Expression

Retrieved

March

from

httpwwwhrworg

Jennings

M

M

Business

its

legal

ethical

and

global

environment

Ohio

US

Cengage

Learning

Retrieved

Linden

E

V

Focus

on

terrorism

New

York

Nova

Publishers

Retrieved

Monshipouri

M

Muslims

in

Global

Politics

Identities

Interests

and

Human

Rights

Philadelphia

University

of

Pennsylvania

Press

Retrieved

Price

R

United

Arab

Emirates

In

Mallat

C

Cotran

E

Yearbook

of

Islamic

and

Middle

Eastern

Law

Volume

pp

London

BRILL

Retrieved

UAEGovernment

nd

Medial

and

Information

Retrieved

March

from

httpwwwuaegovae

httpwwwuaegovaeGovernmentmediahtm

Weisberg

D

K

Family

Law

New

York

Aspen

Publishers

Online

Retrieved

Cite

This

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To

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December

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