Public Speaking FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month The channel is the room in which speech communication takes place False CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 70 Terms in this set 70 The channel is the room in which speech communication takes place False Because every person has a unique __________ based on his or her own knowledge experience and values the meaning of a message can never be exactly the same to a listener as to a speaker frame of reference According to your textbook rather than trying to eliminate every trace of stage fright you should aim at transforming it into positive nervousness Public speaking requires the same method of delivery as ordinary conversation False According to your textbook the __________ speaker delivers a speech with little or no immediate preparation impromptu One of the advantages of speaking from a manuscript is that it frees a speaker from the need to establish eye contact with the audience False Which of the following does your textbook mention as an advantage of extemporaneous delivery It allows greater spontaneity than does speaking from a manuscript You should try to look at the audience about 50 percent of the time while you are giving a speech False One method recommended in your textbook for creating a sense of drama and anticipation in a speech of introduction is to save the name of the main speaker until the final moment The three major traits of a good acceptance speech are brevity humility and graciousness True Which of the following is an example of a speech of presentation a speech presenting a certificate of recognition to an outstanding worker One major purpose of a speech of introduction is to build enthusiasm for the upcoming speaker True One of the most common mistakes students make on their first speech is trying to cover too much True According to your textbook the first thing a speaker needs to do in the introduction of a speech is to Get the interest and attention of the audience When it is your turn to speak you should hurry to the front of the room and start talking immediately so you dont lose the audiences attention False For his first speech Peter is organizing his ideas around three holiday customs that were passed down by his Polish grandparents According to your textbook Peters speech will most likely be organized in __________ order topical As your textbook explains the primary purpose of speechmaking is to To gain a desired response from listeners Unlike beginning speakers experienced speakers have little need for audience analysis False The process by which a speaker seeks to create a bond with listeners by emphasizing common values goals and experiences is referred to as ___________ by communication scholars identification According to your textbook what are the three primary factors to consider when assessing an audiences disposition toward a speech topic interest knowledge and attitude Its important not to _________________________ what the audience already knows Audience analysis techniques may help you with this overestimate Its best to use overly technical and specialized terms in a speech False Your book recommends you to ________________ your ideas to your audience They are more likely to stay tuned and may take more away from your speech personalize __________________________ such as Slow down and Pause are written on note cards to help with delivery Delivery cues The pattern of symbolization and indentation for speech outlines is referred to as its _________________________ visual framework The ________________ outline is often transferred on to note cards and used during the delivery of the speech speaking Using a brief set of notes during a speech allows for the speaker to communicate more directly with the audience True Which of the following is a goal of a speechs introduction All are goals of the introduction Credibility is the same as goodwill False A strong introduction and conclusion are vital to the effectiveness of ones speech because they are the first and last thing the audience hears True One of the goals of a conclusion is to reinforce the speechs _________ central idea Above all public speaking should be guided by _________________ integrity A speakers first responsibility is to assure hisher goals of the speech are ethically sound True Which of the following is the most blatant and unforgivable type of plagiarism global Similar to other areas of our moral lifestyles in public speaking nothing is more important than _______________ honesty Hearing is the same as listening False The average listener only recalls about ________ of what they hear 50 Listening to a candidates speech to decide whether or not to vote for them is an example of ____________ listening critical Effective listeners hold higher positions and are promoted more often than ineffective listeners True The ___________________ meaning of a word is its literal or dictionary meaninng denotative Which of the following is the most abstract USA Serving our children our community and our country is an example of which language use alliteration Above all language use in speeches should always be appropriate for the audience and the occasion True Which of the following is Aristotles term for credibility ethos Above all a speakers credibility is affected by competence and ________________ character Pathos is Artistotles term for emotional appeals used during a speech These are often effective especially in persuasive speaking True A ___________ is an error in reasoning and should be avoided in public speaking Y fallacy Public speaking skills are often ranked at the top of the list of skills employers look for in their employees True Jumping to conclusions based on insufficient evidence Hasty Generalization mistakenly assuming that because one event follows another The first causes the second False cause Two cases being compared are not essentially alike invalid analogy introducing irrelevant issue to divert attention from actual subject Red Herring Attacking the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute Ad Hominem forcing listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two exist Eitheror assuming that because something is popular it is good or correct Band Wagon Assuming that taking a first step will lead to later steps that can not be prevented Slippery Slope Non VerbalVerbal Language Organization Eye Contact Vocal verity Dress Tone Audience analysis credibility movements and gestures 9 key concepts to public speaking Aristotles name for logical appeals using evidence and reasoning Logos Appealing to emotions Pathos Listening for pleasure or enjoyment as when we listen to music comedy or an entertaining speech Appreciative Listening Listening to provide emotional support for the speaker as when a psychiatrist listens to a patient or when we listen to a friend in distress Empathetic Listening listening to understand the message of a speaker as when we attend a classroom lecture or listen to directions for finding a friends house Comprehensive Listening listening to evaluate a message for purpose of accepting or rejecting it as when er listen to the sales pitch of a used car dealer or the campaign speech of a political candidate Critical Listening the means by which a message is communicated a telephone Channel Whatever the speaker communicates Message he credibility of the speaker before she or he starts to speak Initial credibility the credibility of the speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech itself Derived credibility the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech Terminal credibility A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new Appeal to tradition A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old Appeal to novelty YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE 50 terms Speech Final 100 terms Speech Midterm 100 terms COMS 101 Midterm 1 170 terms Speech Midterm OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR 52 terms Managerial Accounting Final 122 terms Managerial Accounting Mid Term 27 terms Managerial Accounting 50 terms Chapter 5 6 THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH Speech 102 60 terms quizes 1514

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


CH 12 FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month SA node CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT Which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse which spreads throughout the heart CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 50

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


ED Psych Quize Qs FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month Ramona was nervous when she had to get up in front of her english class to recite a poem and is now nervouse when she has to give a report What is this gernalization CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 78 Terms in this set 78 Ramona was nervous when she had to get up in front of her english class to recite a poem and is now nervouse when she has to give a report What is this gernalization Alan is uncormfortable and nervous running a business meeting but he is not uncomfortable when working with a small group discrimination a teacher reinforcers a child first for recognizing two letters of the alphabet then for recognizing four then six this is shaping during music class lisa ethusiastically sings alound with her class but teacher comments lisa please you sound like a cow Lisa turns bright red The next week she feels ill when it is time for music class this feeling is an example of classical conditioning Mr Lynch always uses his mean face to stop undersirabele behavior in his first period class However even though he looks at timmy with this face tommy talks out of turn Tommys talking out of turn more and more frequently To tommy this face is now a positive rein behavioral theories of learning emphasis observable actions whenever students turn in their hw a teacher rewards them with cimputer time The more often they turn in their hw the more they are allowed on the comp They have been turning in their hw increasingly So the computer time is a reinforcer when the students in the class sit without asking questions my glen stops and just stares at them until someone answers He is attempting to apply what to inc their behav negative rein what schedule of rein is most likely to be involved when teachers give a pop quiz variable interval Miss L allows nate to be the first to leave the uncomfortable bus because he has behaved so well This technique is negative rein at age 17 kelly receives her first ticket for speeding her parents take away the privilege of using the car they are using removal punishment Karl plays cards for several hours a day and spends only a few minutes studying According to premack princ playing cards could be used as a rein for studying which of the following is an example of vicarious learning A notices her friend ellen gets extra attention from teacher then she acts helpless so alice copies B knows that he will get higher grades if he turns in a research paper that is typed rather than written but he writes it anyway C sees her friend mary scolded for chewing gum in class She quickly spits out her own gum D sees how Justin gets good grades when he works hard on his math but david doesnt want to work hard C 2 boys are fighting at school this is against the rules but the teacher who saw them does not do anything about it What are the boys going to do in the future more likely to fight in future schools give bumper stickers to parents when their kid is doing well They are encouraged to put these on their cars For kids who havent actually gotten one of these this is intended to be a vicarious reinforcer which on of the following quotes is an ex of high self efficacy a i am usually luck on this type of test b i am usually good at math so i will do well c the math teacher is easy going so i should do well d the teacher hates me so i know i will flunk b according to banduras theory of self efficacy the most important influential source of SE is past mastery experiences and accomplishments A teacher prepares a chart for his students in history he assigns teams of two to gather info on one particular cell of the chart this best illustrates which of the following processes for making info meaningful organization bill is having trouble with names terms and facts Historical dates are confusing but he is doing well on essay questions what type of knowledge is bill struggling with If he wants to memorize specific historical events what strategy would prove to be most useful declarative distributed practice research indicates that teachers are more effective if they vary tone loundess and pictch Using the model of human memory as a basis the teachers strategy is most closely relates to attention if you want to help students learn something by usng mnemonic device which sentence would you use my very energentic mother just slugged uncle norton for solar system are equals length times width area od rect do unto others as would have them do unto you the golden rule washington adams jefferson madison monroa and adams are the first 6 pres the first one megan tris to remember the street address 10 anchor street by imagining a ten dollar bill attached to the anchor of a ship She is using what memory strat elaborative rehearsal to prepare for his test on tuesday morning har studied on monday night he remembered the info long enough to do well on test on teud but could not remember it for a surprize quiz later that week Where did his memory get stored long term puzzle where the doctor is really a woman this is representative heuristic because prototype of doctors being men story about the doctor or was more likely to tell a patient to have surgery if he just saw someone with cancer die is what heuristic availability hues man with coin flips 5 times and each outcome has different string of heads and tails but which one are we most likely to pick the most random looking one even though the heads and tails are the same this is representative heus because your preexisting prototype says that tossing a coin is random so we pick the most random one student I did well because of some lucky guessing What type of attribution is this external unstable uncontrollable According to humanistic views of motivation one suggestion for application of humanistic views of motivation for classrooms is for teachers to handle their problem students by First building a personal relationship with them Trying to understand their need for achievement Warning them before punishing any infractions Conveying the importance of the content first building a personal relationship with them students with performance goals opposed to learning goals are concerned primarily with looking good in front of others NOT achievement motivation which is best example of performance goal to do all the hw assignements for next week to score in the top 10 percent of class on the next test to wrtie the def of each bold faced term in the text to try to solve each of the sample problems in the book 10 percent a local high school made a math achievement test and used the results to select students for an advanced placement course with a limited number of seats What type of test is this normreference criterion referenced tests are used primarily to assess mastery of objectives not achievement of general instructional goals in a normal dist which one of the following measures of the central tendency will have the highest value median mode mean the central tendencies will be equal the central tendencies will be equal what types of standardized tests are teachers most likely to use today apt and diag achiev and apt diag and achiev interest and apt achievement and aptitude random survay of 2500 adults intended to assess the popularity of president The poll shows that he has an approval rat of 65 percent with error of 5 what is this error confidence interval a test or any assessment instrument is objective to the extent that it is free of biases of the test administraotrs and scorers on stan achiev tests nickis local percentile score is 63 and her national is 75 it can be concluded that the national norming sample scored lower than the local norming sample when a test actually measure what it purports to measure the test is said to be valid if the therm measure the oven temp as 400 for five days in a row when the temp is actually 350 it is what reliable but not valid a percentile ranke score of 70 means that the student scored as well as or better than 70 percent of test takers what score reporting method decreases competition among students representing he widest range of raw scores stanines jerry scored 81 on the test the mean was 70 and the stand dev was 10 and the stand error of measure was 2 What is jerrys true score 7983 in a normal dist a tscore of 60 is equal to apprx what percentile rank 84 sam is in 7th grade she recieve a grade equiv of 92 on stand vacab test at the end of spring term this indicates that sam scored above average compared to the 7th graders in norm group in math the mean and stan dev are 80 and 10 The bio class has mean and stan of 79 and 4 kay scored 90 in math and 87 in bio the most valid conclusion is scored better relative to her class in bio than in math what is the median for the following scores 66 66 74 96 98 74 mr R gave an ind stand reading inventory to his fourth grade class to assess where they are having problems in reading comprehension What type of test should he have used diagnostic which one of the following actions is a limitations of MC can sample limited content can not measure higher order learning are difficult to grade can be difficult to prepare can be difficult to prepare what is the major problem in scoring essay tests subjectivity in assessing the learning products feedback appears to be most helpful when it tell students when they are wrong their overall test grade why they are wrong why they are right why they are wrong a test may be considered reliable if it yeilds similar results when given 2 or more times to the same students over a short period of time an advantage of using authentic assessments or performance tesing to evaluate student learning is Auth assess allows students to demonstrate their learning in reallife contects a major problem in using stan tests to make high stakes decisions about schools is the objectives measured by the test may not match the schoold objectives standard scores are superior to raw scores because stand scores are more reliable raw scores can not be adequtely descirbed statistically stan scores are more valid raw scores are not as readily interpreted raw scores are not readily interpreted content vaildity is determined by the degree of which items in test cover similar materal test content is drawn from the curriculum being tested the test predicts future performance test results remain stable test content is drawn from the cirrivulum being tested When is a test bias when it over predicts or under predicts some criterion or set for members of one group versus members of another group a student is tested n her know of scientific process by being asked to cary our a simple experiment is an example of what assessment authentic assess which of the following is a summative assess SAT final exam ACT pretest final exam which is true about port a teach should decide on which of the students work to include in students portfolio in portfolio student may include work that is not thier best to demonstrate improvement portfolios are not appropriate assess for elkids protfolios are only appropriate for artistic type courses in portfolio student may include work that is not thier best to demonstrate improvement Which of the following is not exhibition a piano recital a oral book report a exit interview with the teacher at end of year displayed science fair exhibit the interview with teacher How do you expect expert and novices to differ in step I experts activate relavant schemata analogical thinking using a past problems technique and applying it to a new problem what kind of transfer Imagine a student sitting in English class who has just learned some writing strategies for making sentences and paragraphs come alive and sing The student begins to reflect on how she could use those strategies to engage readers next year when she plans to become a writer for the school newspaper forward reaching transfer Consider a student who is at his first day on the job as editor of the school newspaper He is trying to figure out how to construct the layout of the pages He reflects for a few moments and thinks about some geography and geometry classes he has previously taken He draws on those past experiences for insights into constructing the layout of the student newspaper backeard reaching transfer What ransfer As a tenured school teacher you have fixed the copy machine thousands of times When the school brings in a new copy machine you are able to resolve a paper jam quickly low road positive transfer Benji has driven a stick shift all his life He has recently totaled his car The rental he has is an automatic On his first attempt to drive the automatic car he attempted to shift gears low road positive transfer Abstract knowledge learned in one situation is consciously applied to another problem high road transfer Jose borrows his friends car and has no problem driving it even though he owns a truck positive transfer A thirdgrade student adds the numbers on his multiplication sheet negative transfer Mr Jackson assures his class that these math equations will be useful in several different careers his students may enter forward reaching transfer The solution of an earlier problem facilitates the solution of a later problem low road transfer Sophie wishes she had paid more attention in math when faced with a difficult physics problem backward reaching transfer Give schedule Ms M directs to the children to gather around her After David has begun reading she gets up and circulates amoung the students doing seatwork making comments and offering suggestions and returning to the group just as David finishes She repeats this process periodically Variable interval Give schedule Ms S students write particularly good responses to essay items she will often write comments such as nice job near the students response variable ratio Give Schedule Mr l teaches math ansd assigns problems every night He collects them on monday and thursdays Ms A collects homwork twice a week as well Both teachers give a quiz on friday Mr fixed interval Ms variable interval Mz l often gives his students time to do their hw in class Any students who finish before the end of the period are allowed to go to the back of class and talk quietly to each other until the end of the period fixed ratio It is the first day of classes and Brian is standing at the door of his classroom patiently waiting to meet his new teacher and peers All of a sudden he is startled by a screaming voice that shouts Quiet Brian shakes takes a step back and is almost about to cry when his new teacher shows up at the door to greet him Unfortunately the teachers screaming continues as school days go by and now Brian feels scared about his teacher even when she speaks softly to him USyelling teacher URfear CSteacher CRfear The teacher puts her finger over her lips to signal shh to indicate a student needs to be quiet Presentation Pun YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE 88 terms EDCI 352 Woolfolk 50 terms EDPSYCH 3148 Final PreTest 50 terms final 74 terms Psych Quizzes 4 5 and 9 OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR 62 terms ED PYSCH Assessment ED Psych Quiz 4 ED Psych Quiz 3 Ed Psych Quiz 2

B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


The Brain Chapter 2 FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month Pituitary gland CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT The master gland of the endocrine system is the CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 35 Terms in this set 35 Pituitary gland The master gland of the endocrine system is the Epileptic seizures Neurosurgeons have severed the corpus callosum in human patients in order to reduce Axon The part of a neuron that transmits neural messages to other neurons or to muscles or glands is called the Myelin sheath The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a Cerebellum The little brain attached to the rear of the brainstorm is called the Reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron Reuptake refers to the Parietal Which lobes of the brain receive the input that enables you to feel someone scratching your back Hypothalamus Olds and Milner located reward centers in the brain structure known as the Visual perception The surgical removal of a large tumor from Danes occipital lobe results in an extensive loss of brain tissue Dane is most likely to suffer some loss of MRI The best way to detect enlarged fluid filled brain regions in some patients who have schizophrenia is to use an Receive incoming signals from other neurons The function of dendrites is to Peripheral The somatic nervous system is a component of the ____ nervous system Motor cortex An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements is called the Plasticity The capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area is known as brain Neurons Dendrites are branching extensions of Endocrine system Hormones are the chemical messengers of the Endorphins Opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sites as Initiation of neural impulses And allornone response pattern is characteristic of the Depression And undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to Neurotransmitters The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called Motor neurons In order for you to be able to run ___ must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles Sympathetic When mr Valdez thought his oneyearold daughter had fallen down the stairs his heartbeat accelerated his blood pressure rose and he began to perspire heavily Mr Valdezs state of arousal was activated by his ____ nervous system Interneurons Information travels from the spinal cord to the brain via Medulla Your life would be most immediately threatened if you suffer destruction of the Action potential A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the Thalamus Which brain structure receives information from all the senses except smell Corpus callosum Information is most quickly transmitted from one cerebral hemisphere to the other by the Speak fluently Damage to the left cerebral hemisphere is most likely to reduce peoples ability to Hippocampus Which of the following is the component of the limbic system that plays an essential role in the processing of new memories Epinephrine If a professor accused you of cheating on a test your adrenal glands would probably release ____ into your bloodstream Brainstem limbic system cerebral cortex The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionary oldest to newest is Adrenal glands Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the Threshold The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the Junction between sending neuron and receiving neuron A synapse is an The extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body An axon is

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Bio Chap 2 FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life Which four of these 25 elements make up approximately 96 of living matter CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 68 Terms in this set 68 carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life Which four of these 25 elements make up approximately 96 of living matter iodine Trace elements are those required by an organism in only minute quantities Which of the following is a trace element that is required by humans and other vertebrates but not by other organisms such as bacteria or plants All organisms require the same elements in the same quantities Which of the following statements is false Each element has a unique number of protons Why is each element unique and different from other elements with respect to its chemical properties the number of protons plus neutrons in the element Knowing just the atomic mass of an element allows inferences about which of the following The nitrogen atom has a mass number of approximately 14 and an atomic number of 7 The nucleus of a nitrogen atom contains 7 neutrons and 7 protons Which of the following is a correct statement concerning nitrogen They have the same number of electrons in their valence shell In what way are elements in the same column of the periodic table the same Molybdenum atoms can have between 50 and 58 neutrons Molybdenum has an atomic number of 42 Several common isotopes exist with mass numbers of 92 94 95 96 97 98 and 100 Therefore which of the following can be true Some carbon atoms in nature have more neutrons Carbon12 is the most common isotope of carbon and has a mass number of 12 However the atomic mass of carbon is slightly more than 12 daltons Why They are isotopes Which of the following best describes the relationship between the atoms described below Atom 1 11H Atom 2 31H two more neutrons than carbon12 One difference between carbon12 126C is that carbon14 146C has 2 An atom has 6 electrons in its outer shell How many unpaired electrons does it have 8 The atomic number of nitrogen is 7 Nitrogen15 is heavier than nitrogen14 because the atomic nucleus of nitrogen15 contains how many neutrons an electron may move to an electron shell farther away from the nucleus Electrons exist only at fixed levels of potential energy However if an atom absorbs sufficient energy a possible result is that It has 8 electrons in its outer electron shell and it is inert The atomic number of neon is 10 Therefore which of the following is most correct about an atom of neon 15 protons and 15 electrons From its atomic number of 15 it is possible to predict that the phosphorus atom has 14Si silicon The atomic number of each atom is given to the left of each of the elements below Which of the atoms has the same valence as carbon 126 C must have the same number of protons neutrons Two atoms appear to have the same mass number These atoms 1 Fluorine has an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19 How many electrons are needed to complete the valence shell of a fluorine atom 2 What is the maximum number of electrons in a single 2 p orbital of an atom silicon Refer to the periodic table If life arose on a planet where carbon is absent which element might fill the role of carbon C Which drawing in the figure above depicts an atom with a valence of 2 5 In the figure above how many electrons does nitrogen have in its valence shell 3 In the figure above how many unpaired electrons does phosphorus have in its valence shell 17 How many neutrons are present in the nucleus of a phosphorus32 32P atom see the figure above 6 How many electrons does an atom of sulfur have in its valence shell see the figure above sulfur Based on electron configuration which of these elements in the figure above would exhibit a chemical behavior most like that of oxygen sulfur32 atomic number 16 Phosphorus32 a radioactive isotope of phosphorus31 atomic number 15 undergoes a form of radioactive decay whereby a neutron turns into a proton which is retained in the nucleus and emits radiation in the form of an electron What is the product of such radioactive decay of phosphorus32 approximately 16 daltons Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16 Thus what is the atomic mass of an oxygen atom It would form ions with a 2 charge An atom with atomic number 12 would have what type of chemical behavior in bonding with other elements a surface made with carbon and hydrogen atoms covalently bonded together If a salamander relied on hydrogen bonds to cling to surfaces what type of surface would cause the most problems for this animal outershell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both atoms A covalent chemical bond is one in which HSH If an atom of sulfur atomic number 16 were allowed to react with atoms of hydrogen atomic number 1 which of the molecules below would be formed 2 What is the maximum number of covalent bonds an element with atomic number 8 can make with hydrogen Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge Nitrogen N is much more electronegative than hydrogen H Which of the following statements is correct about the atoms in ammonia NH3 nonpolar covalent bonds When two atoms are equally electronegative they will interact to form a polar covalent bond What results from an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms H20 Which of the following molecules contains the most polar covalent bond Covalent bonds and ionic bonds occupy opposite ends of a continuous spectrum from nearly equal to completely unequal sharing of electrons In comparing covalent bonds and ionic bonds which of the following would you expect Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between atoms What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds NH4 with a charge of 1 In ammonium chloride salt NH4Cl the anion is a single chloride ion Cl What is the cation of MgCl2 The atomic number of chlorine is 17 The atomic number of magnesium is 12 What is the formula for magnesium chloride 2 How many electron pairs are shared between carbon atoms in a molecule that has the formula covalent bond Which bond or interaction would be difficult to disrupt when compounds are put into water electrons are not symmetrically distributed in a molecule Van der Waals interactions result when hydrogen bond Which of the following explains most specifically the attraction of water molecules to one another van der Waals interactions What bonding or interaction is most likely to occur among a broad array of molecules of various types polar nonpolar hydrophilic hydrophobic a covalent bond Which of the following is not considered to be a weak molecular interaction H20 and CH4 but not 02 Which of the following would be regarded as compounds 6 What is the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can be covalently bonded in a molecule containing two carbon atoms a cation with a net charge of 1 and an anion with a net charge of 1 What results from the chemical reaction illustratedionic bond between11Na and 17Cl above the configuration of the sp hybrid orbitals of the electrons shared between the carbon and hydrogen atoms What causes the shape of the molecule shown 3D triangle of H4C above hybrid orbitals In the methane molecule shown in the figure above bonds have formed that include both the s orbital valence electrons of the hydrogen atoms and the p orbital valence electrons of the carbon The electron orbitals in these bonds are said to be any element in Group 1A Which one of the atoms shown would be most likely to form a cation with a charge of 1 any element in Group in 7A Which one of the atoms shown would be most likely to form an anion with a charge of 1 atom with 6 protons and an atom with 8 protons Which of the following pairs of atoms would be most likely to form a polar covalent bond an atom with 9 protons and an atom with 3 protons Which one of the following pairs of atoms would be most likely to form ions and thus an ionic bond Ammonia is being formed and decomposed Which of the following is true for this reaction 3 H2 N2 2 NH3 Forward and reverse reactions continue with no effect on the concentrations of the reactants and products Which of the following correctly describes chemical equilibrium The rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction Which of the following correctly describes any reaction that has reached chemical equilibrium a compound with the same threedimensional shape as part of the hormone A group of molecular biologists is trying to synthesize a new artificial compound to mimic the effects of a known hormone that influences sexual behavior They have turned to you for advice Which of the following compounds is most likely to mimic the effects of the hormone the element is required in very small amounts In the term trace element the adjective trace means that one more neutron Compared with 31P the radioactive isotope 32P has the existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell The reactivity of an atom arises from The atom has more electrons than protons Which statement is true of all atoms that are anions The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal Which of the following statements correctly describes any chemical reaction that has reached equilibrium 8p 10n0 8e We can represent atoms by listing the number of protons neutrons and electronsfor example 2p 2n0 2e for helium Which of the following represents the 18Oisotope of oxygen H2S The atomic number of sulfur is 16 Sulfur combines with hydrogen by covalent bonding to form a compound hydrogen sulfide Based on the number of valence electrons in a sulfur atom predict the molecular formula of the compound YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE Bio Exam 1 Ch 2 80 terms Bioscience Chapter 2 40 terms Chapter 2 Biology Campbells Biology 9e Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life Test Bank OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR 70 terms HFT 2500 Midterm Study Guide 157 terms HFT 2220 Final Study Guide 176 terms Biology Test 1216 106 terms Microbiology CH7 8 9 THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH 53 terms PRACTICE QUIZ CHAP 3 50 terms Bio FINAL Ch 2 204 terms Unit 2 52 terms BIOL 1406 Chapter 3

B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Anatomy CH18 Endocrine System FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin False CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 69 Terms in this set 69 The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin False Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as ________ Select one a diabetes mellitus b cellular inhibition c metabolism of protein kinases d downregulation d downregulation Most type 2 diabetics do not produce insulin False In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ This is known as ________ Select one a cellular affinity b the cells sensitivity reaction c a reaction to a stressor d upregulation d upregulation ADH ________ Select one a increases urine production b is inhibited by alcohol c is produced in the adenohypophysis d promotes dehydration b is inhibited by alcohol Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________ Select one a epinephrine b estrogen c cortisol d testosterone c cortisol The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________ Select one a it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release b it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release c it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location d embryonically it was an endocrine tissue but in the adult human it is no longer functional a it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine True When it becomes necessary to enlist the fightorflight response a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________ Select one a epinephrine b angiotensinogen c renin d estrogen a epinephrine Direct gene activation involves a secondmessenger system False With age chronic stress increases blood levels of cortisol and appears to contribute to memory deterioration True Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus Select one a All of these are signs b polydipsia c polyuria d polyphagia a All of these are signs Oxytocin ________ Select one a is an adenohypophyseal secretion b release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism c exerts its most important effects during menstruation d controls milk production b release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP Select one a the skin b the spleen c the heart d the kidney c the heart Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________ Select one a adrenal medulla b pancreas c thymus gland d thyroid gland c thymus gland Which of the following is not a steroidbased hormone Select one a estrogen b cortisone c epinephrine d aldosterone c epinephrine Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________ Select one a feedback loop b hepatic portal system c hypophyseal portal system d general circulatory system c hypophyseal portal system Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________ Select one a antibodies b proteins c hormones d enzymes c hormones The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium This is accomplished through ________ Select one a slowing the activity of tissues that require calcium for activity b blocking the action of growth hormone c targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released d antagonizing the synthesis of calcitonin c targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released Follicle cells of the thyroid gland produce thyroglobulin while follicle cells of the parathyroid produce calcitonin False When a hormone is present in excessive levels the number of targetcell receptors may decrease This is called a receptor recognition b sensory adaptation c paracrine regulation d upregulation e downregulation e downregulation Which of the following are a group of lipidsoluble hormones derived from cholesterol a Steroids b Thyroid hormones c Nitric oxide d Amine hormones e Peptide hormones a Steroids Which of the following is an eicosanoid 1 Prostaglandin 2 Leukotriene 3 Glycoprotein a 1 only b 2 only c 3 only d Both 1and 2 e All of these choices d Both 1 and 2 prostaglandin and leukotriene Which of the following statements correctly compares watersoluble hormones with lipidsoluble hormones a Both types of hormone are carried in the blood attached to a carrier protein b Both types of hormone almost always stimulate increases in mRNA transcription c Only watersoluble hormones use second messengers d Only watersoluble hormones require a receptor e Lipidsoluble hormones are not found in the bloodstream c Only watersoluble hormones use second messengers Which of the following is NOT a common method of stimulating hormone secretion from an endocrine cell a Signals from the nervous system b Chemical changes in the blood c Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell d Releasing hormones e Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood c Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell What controls hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland a Muscle contraction b The peripheral nervous system c Hormones released from the hypothalamus d Action potentials from the thalamus e Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid CSF c Hormones released from the hypothalamus Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the gonads to secrete progesterone andor testosterone a Luteinizing hormone b TSH c Corticotropin d Melanocytestimulating hormone e Growth hormone a Luteinizing hormone The pars distalis and pars tuberalis comprise the anterior pituitary gland True Which type of anterior pituitary cell secretes human growth hormone a Thyrotrophs b Gonadotrophs c Somatotrophs d Lactotrophs e Corticotrophs c Somatotrophs Which of the following pairs of hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland a Prolactin and growth hormone b Melatoninstimulating hormone and oxytocin c Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone d Folliclestimulating hormone and thyroidstimulating hormone e Prolactin and ACTH c Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone The amount of ADH that is secreted by the posterior pituitary glands varies with a blood osmotic pressure b blood calcium levels c blood oxygen levels d blood glucose levels e All of these choices a blood osmotic pressure Which of the following hormones opposes the action of parathyroid hormone a Thyroidstimulating hormone b Testosterone c Insulin d Calcitonin e Calcitriol d Calcitonin Which of the following statements does NOT describe a step in the synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4 a Iodide trapping b Oxidation of iodide c Coupling of T1 and T2 d Synthesis of calcitonin e Iodination of tyrosine d Synthesis of calcitonin Which of the following conditions would result from hyposecretion of aldosterone a Decreased heart rate b Decreased airway dilation c Dehydration d Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain e Metabolic acidosis c Dehydration Which of the following is NOT a common effect of glucocorticoid stimulation a Protein and fat breakdown b Glucose formation c Depression of immune responses d Reduction of inflammation e Increased production of all types of blood cells e Increased production of all types of blood cells Which of the following hormones promotes increases in the basal metabolic rate BMR a Insulin b Adrenocorticotropic hormone c Glucagon d Thyroid hormone e Calcitonin d Thyroid hormone Which of the following hormones play key regulatory roles in the bodys longterm response to stress a Insulin Glucagon Thyroid hormone b hGH Insulin Aldosterone c Cortisol hGH Thyroid hormone d Parathyroid hormone Cortisol hGH e Calcitonin Thyroid hormone Insulin c Cortisol hGH Thyroid hormone Which of the following is NOT a common response of the body to longterm stress a Increased lipolysis b Increased glycogenesis c Increased gluconeogenesis d Increased digestive activities e Increased breakdown of proteins d Increased digestive activities What endocrine gland secretes hGH TSH FSH and other hormones Anterior Pituitary gland What endocrine gland secretes hormones that regulate your basal metabolic rate Thyroid gland What endocrine gland secretes hormones that regulate blood calcium levels Parathyroid glands What endocrine gland secretes steroid hormones in response to longterm stress Adrenal glands Which zone of the adrenal glad secretes aldosterone a Zona glomerulosa b Zona fasiculata c Zona reticularis d Adrenal medulla e none of the above a Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids Which zone of the adrenal glad secretes androgens a Zona glomerulosa b Zona fasiculata c Zona reticularis d Adrenal medulla e none of the above c Zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex Which zone of the adrenal glad secretes glucocorticoids a Zona glomerulosa b Zona fasiculata c Zona reticularis d Adrenal medulla e none of the above b Zona fasiculata of the adrenal cortex secretes mainly cortisol Which zone of the adrenal glad secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine a Zona glomerulosa b Zona fasiculata c Zona reticularis d Adrenal medulla e none of the above d Adrenal medulla composed of chromaffin cells What cell type in pancreatic iselts secrete glucagon a Alpha cells b Beta cells c Delta cells d F cells e T cells a Alpha cells A cells What cell type in pancreatic iselts secretes a hormone that stimulates events that lower blood glucose concentration a Alpha cells b Beta cells c Delta cells d F cells e T cells b Beta cells B cells What cell type in pancreatic iselts secretes somatostatin a Alpha cells b Beta cells c Delta cells d F cells e T cells c Delta cells D cells Which of the following describes a function of a hormone produced in the adrenal gland Zona fasiculata a enables body to resist stressors and also increases blood glucose b intensifies sympathetic responses in other parts of the body c accelerates formation of glucose from glycogen glycogenolysis d stimulates growth of axillary and pubic hair e stimulates breast development and milk secretion a enables body to resist stressors and also increases blood glucose Which of the following conditions could potentially result from hyposecretion of a hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland a tetany b acromegaly c diabetes insipidus d goiter e Cushings syndrome c diabetes insipidus caused by antidiuretic hormone deficiency ADH The hypothalamus and Pituitary gland are found in a depression in the sphenoid bone called the a maxilla b infundibulum c primary plexus d cribiform plate e hypophyseal fossa e hypophyseal fossa What is the major function of the hormone produced by parafollicular cells or C cells a Involved in regulation of calcium homeostasis b Enhances contraction of smooth muscle cells in the uterus during delivery c In females initiates development of oocytes In males stimulates sperm production d Decreases urine volume e Increases blood levels of Na and water a Involved in regulation of calcium homeostasis Parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin within thyroid follicle of the thyroid gland If Beta cells of pancreatic iselts were destroyed by the immune system diabetes type 1 would develop True Giganticism is a disorder caused by hypersecretion of hormones by which endocrine gland a Thyroid gland b Pineal gland c Parathyroid gland d Pituitary gland e Pancreas d Pituitary gland A patient is suffering from a disease called ____________ caused by a pituitary hypersecretion of hGH during adulthood a Goiter b Graves Disease c Acromegaly d Cushings syndrome e Giantism c Acromegaly the bones of the hands feet cheeks and jaws thicken and other tissues enlarge In addition the eyelids lips tongue and nose enlarge and the skin thickens and develops furrows especially on the forehead and soles A goiter is simply an enlarged thyroid gland that may be associated with hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism or euthyroidism True Hypothyroidism during adulthood can produce which of the following disorders a Acromegaly b Graves Disease c Hypoglycemia d Cushings syndrome e Myxedema e Myxedema edema accumulation of interstitial fluid causes facial tissues to swell look puffy 5x more common in women Symptoms slow heart rate low body temperature sensitivity to cold dry hair and skin muscular weakness general lethargy and a tendency to gain weight easily The following is a possible progression of which of the following disorders Inadequate dietary iodine intake low level of thyroid hormone in blood increased TSH secretion thyroid gland enlargement a Acromegaly b Tetany c Goiter d Cushings syndrome e Addisons disease c Goiter All prostaglandins are derived from a 20carbon precursor molecule called arachidonic acid True Human chorionic gonadotropin hCG is produced by the ovaries False placenta Leptin is a hormone produced by the adipose tissue True Which of the following germ layers does the adrenal medulla develop from during embryonic development a Mesoderm b Endoderm c Ectoderm d A combination of two of the layers e None of the answer selections are correct c Ectoderm so does the anterior pituitary gland Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of an exocrine gland a Initially secretes its products into a duct b Secretes materials onto outer surface of the body c Secretes materials into the lumen of hollow organs d Its secretory products are carried in body fluids to distant target cells e All the answer selections describe characteristics of exocrine glands d Its secretory products are carried in body fluids to distant target cells Which of the following is an example of hormone that is secreted from an endocrine gland in response to a chemical change in the blood a Parathyroid hormone release from the parathyroid gland b Insulin release from the pancreas c Glucagon release from the pancreas d ADH release from the posterior pituitary gland e All the answer selections are correct e All the answer selections are correct All the following hormones are produced and secreted by the ovaries EXCEPT a estradiol b estrone c progesterone d inhibin e folliclestimulating hormone e folliclestimulating hormone testosterone is a protein hormone produced by the testes that inhibits secretion of folliclestimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary gland False Inhibin inhibits FSH Which of the following hormones commonly increases in the plasma of older individuals due to an inadequate dietary intake of calcium a estrogen b progesterone c parathyroid hormone d calcitonin e insulin cparathyroid hormone Epinephrine helps increase blood flow to exercising muscle hormonal influence on the muscular system True YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE 41 terms Chapter 18 Multiple Choice Questions 48 terms Bisc 207 Chp 18 Chapter 18 The Endocrine System Chapter 18 The Endocrine System OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR Pathogenesis of Viral Infections 6 terms Virology Virus Replication Cycle week 4 5 50 terms Virology RNA Viruses TranscriptionReplication week 4 46 terms Virology Initiation of Infection week 2 3 THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH 48 terms AP2 Immunity Test bank 22 terms T3 and T4 110 terms Lecture Exam 2 336 terms AP2 Final Exam All Exam 1 2 Terms No Exam 3 Material

O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 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Chapter 15 FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month name two people that fought for better conditions for those with mental disorders Philippe Pinel and Dorothea Dix CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 78 Terms in this set 78 name two people that fought for better conditions for those with mental disorders Philippe Pinel and Dorothea Dix Todays mental health therapies can be divided into two main categories psychotherapy biomedial therapy Eclectic approach an approach to psychotherapy that depending on the clients problems uses techniques from various forms of therapy Half of all psychotherapists use it Psychotherapy integration attempts to combine a selection of assorted techniques into a single coherent system Psychotherapy treatment involving psychological techniques consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or to achieve personal growth Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freuds therapeutic technique Freud believed that patients free associations resistances dreams and transferences and the therapists interpretation of them released previously repressed feelings allowing the patient to gain selfinsight Psychoanalytic theory presumes that healthier less anxious living becomes possible when people release the energy they had previously devoted to idegosuperego conflicts Resistance in psychoanalysis the blocking from consciousness of anxietyladen material Interpretation in psychoanalysis the analysts noting supposed dream meanings resistances and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight Transference in psychoanalysis the patients transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships such as love and hatred for a parent Psychodynamic theory therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences and that seeks to enhance selfinsight Interpersonal therapys goal is symptom relief in the here and now not overall personality change The humanistic perspective has emphasized peoples inherent potential for selffulfillment Humanistic therapies differ from psychoanalysts in focusing on 4 The present and the future more than the past Conscious rather than unconscious thought Taking immediate responsibility for ones feelings and actions rather than uncovering hidden determinants Promoting growth instead of curing illness Those in therapy are thus clients rather than patients Clientcentered therapy a humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine accepting empathetic environment to facilitate clients growth also called personcentered therapy Active listening empathetic listening in which the listener echoes restates and clarifies A features of Rogers clientcentered therapy clientcentered therapy is directivenondirective nondirective Unconditional positive regard a caring accepting nonjudgmental attitude which Carl Rogers believed to be conducive to developing a selfawareness and selfacceptance Rogers believed that a therapists most important contribution is to accept and understand the client Behavior therapy therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors Behavior therapists view maladaptive symptoms such as phobias or sexual disorders as learned behaviors that can be replaced by constructive behaviors Counterconditioning a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are trigger unwanted behaviors includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning Exposure therapies behavior techniques such as systematic desensitization that treat anxieties by exposing people in imagination or actuality to the things they fear and avoid Systematic desensitization a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxietytriggering stimuli Commonly used to treat phobias Wolpe Progressive relaxation the therapist trains you to relax one muscle group after the other and after you are totally relaxed asks you to imagine a mildly anxietyarousing situation Raise finger when anxious Virtual reality exposure therapy an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears such as airplane flying spiders or public speaking In systematic desensitization the goal is substituting a ___ for a ____ to a harmless stimulus positive relaxed response negative fearful response In aversive conditioning the goal is substituting a negative aversive response for a positive response to a harmful stimulus such as alcohol Aversive conditioning a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state such as nausea with an unwanted behavior such as drinking alcohol Behavior modification reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors or punishing them Token economy an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats Cognitive therapy therapy that teaches people new more adaptive ways of thinking and acting based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions Aaron Becks therapy seeks to do what reverse clients catastrophizing beliefs about themselves Gentle questioning seeks to reveal irrational thinking Stress inoculation training teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations Cognitivebehavior therapy a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy changing selfdefeating thinking with behavior therapy changing behavior Except for traditional psychoanalysis most therapies may also occur in _____ ______ small groups Family therapy therapy the treats the family as a system Views an individuals unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members Clients and therapists perceptions of therapys effectiveness are vulnerable to inflation from two phenomena 1 Placebo effect 2 Regression toward the mean Regression toward the mean the tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back regress toward their average Decline effect the tendency for people to lose their psychic powers when tested a second time who first challenged the effectiveness of psychotherapy Hans Eysenck Metaanalysis a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies The average therapy client ends up better off than ___ of the untreated individuals on waiting lists 80 There is little if any connection between clinicians experience training supervision and licensing and ____ their clients outcomes ______ therapies is best for behavior problems Behavioral conditioning ______ therapy is best for depression and reducing suicide risk cognitive Those with lessfocused problems are helped in short term but often relapse later Energy therapies manipulate peoples invisible energy fields Recoveredmemory therapies unearth repressed memories of early childhood abuse Rebirthing therapies reenact supposed trauma of birth Facilitated communication has an assistant touch the typing hand of a child with autism Crisis debriefing forces people to rehearse and process their traumatic experiences Evidencebased principle clinical decisionmaking that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing EMDR who developed it what fact is it based on Developed by Francine Shapiro Triggered eye movements decrease anxiety who developed animal magnetism hypnosis Franz Anton Mesmer Seasonal affective disorder SAD depression in winter Three benefits offered by therapy Hope for demoralized people A new perspective on oneself and the world An empathetic trusting caring relationship The therapeutic alliance the emotional bond between therapist and client Biomedical therapy prescribed medications or medical produces that act directly on the patients nervous system The most widely used biomedical treatments today are the _____ drug therapies Psychopharmacology the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior Psychoses disorders in which hallucination or delusions indicate some loss of contact with reality Antipsychotic drugs drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder chlorpromazine The molecules of most antipsychotic drugs occupy _______receptor sites or block its activity dopamines Tardive dyskinesia involuntary movements of the facial muscles tongue and limbs a possible neurotoxic side effect of longterm use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors Atypical antipsychotics target both dopamine and serotonin receptors This helps alleviate negative symptoms and positive symptoms when patients have not responded to other drugs clozapine Antianxiety drugs use and what do they depress drugs used to control anxiety or agitation Xanax or Ativan Depress CNS activity like alcohol The antibiotic Dcycloserine acts upon a receptor that facilitates the extinction of learned fears Antidepressants drugs used to treat depression also increasingly prescribed for anxiety Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters They work by increasing the availability of norepinephrine or serotonin which elevate arousal and mood and are scarce in depression Fluoxetine Prozac Partially blocks the reabsorption and removal of serotonin from synapse Selectiveserotoninreuptakeinhibitors SSRI 3 Prozac Zoloft and Paxil The full psychological effect of antidepressants often take______ four weeks Placebos account for ___ of the active drugs effect 75 what can be an effective mood stabilizer for those suffering the emotional highs and lows of bipolar disorder The simple salt lithium Electroconvulsive therapy ECT a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation rTMS definition and a possible theory for why it works the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain used to stimulate or suppress brain activity One explanation is that the stimulation energizes depressed patients relatively inactive left frontal lobe When repeatedly stimulated nerve cells can form functioning circuits through longterm potentiation LTP DeepBrain Stimulation Focuses on a cortex area that bridges the thinking frontal lobes to the limbic system This area is overactive depressed people It uses deepbrain stimulation technologies that excite neurons that inhibit the negative emotionfeeding activity Psychosurgery surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior The most drastic and leastused biomedical intervention Lobotomy a nowrare psychological procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients The procedure cuts the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotioncontrolling centers of the inner brain Moniz YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE Psychology Chapter 13Treatment 40 terms AP Psychology Chapter 17 Therapy 117 terms Unit 7 52 Chapter 15 Therapies OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR 113 terms PSYC 362 Chapter 10 102 terms PSYC 362 Chapter 9 102 terms PSYC 362 Chapter 9 125 terms PSYC 362 Chapter 8 THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH 44 terms Psych Chapter 7 59 terms psych 3 Chapter 10 90 terms ch 5 anxiety disorder

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

philippe pinel
dorothea dix
psychotherapy