A

Summary

of

Unification

Thought

Preface

Theory

of

the

Original

Image

I

The

Divine

Image

II

The

Divine

Character

III

The

Structure

of

the

Original

Image

IV

Traditional

Ontology

and

Unification

Thought

Ontology

I

The

Universal

Image

of

the

Individual

Truth

Body

II

Subject

and

Object

III

The

Individual

Image

of

the

Individual

Truth

Body

IV

The

Connected

Body

V

The

Connected

Body

VI

The

Position

of

Existence

VII

The

Law

of

the

Universe

Theory

of

the

Original

Human

Nature

I

A

Being

With

Divine

Image

II

A

Being

with

Divine

Character

III

A

Being

with

Position

IV

Conclusion

V

A

Unification

Thought

Appraisal

of

the

Existentialist

Analysis

of

Human

Existence

Axiology

A

Theory

of

Value

I

The

Basis

for

Values

and

Various

Kinds

of

Values

II

Determination

of

Actual

Value

and

the

Unification

of

Views

of

Value

III

Weaknesses

In

Traditional

Views

of

Values

IV

Establishing

a

New

View

of

Value

V

Historical

Changes

In

the

Systems

of

Value

Theory

of

Education

I

The

Divine

Principle

Foundation

for

a

Theory

of

Education

II

The

Three

Forms

of

Education

III

The

Image

of

the

Ideal

Educated

Person

IV

Traditional

Theories

of

Education

V

An

Appraisal

of

Traditional

Theories

of

Education

from

the

Standpoint

of

Unification

Thought

Ethics

I

The

Divine

Principle

Foundation

for

Ethics

II

Ethics

and

Morality

III

Order

and

Equality

IV

Appraisal

of

Traditional

Theories

of

Ethics

from

the

Viewpoint

of

the

Unification

Theory

of

Ethics

Theory

of

Art

I

The

Divine

Principle

Foundation

for

the

New

Theory

of

Art

II

Art

and

Beauty

III

The

Dual

Purpose

of

Artistic

Activity

Creation

and

Appreciation

IV

Requisites

for

Creation

V

Requisites

for

Appreciation

VI

Unity

In

Art

VII

Art

and

Ethics

VIII

Types

of

Beauty

IX

A

Critique

of

Socialist

Realism

Theory

of

History

I

The

Basic

Positions

of

the

Unification

View

of

History

II

The

Laws

of

Creation

III

The

Laws

of

Restoration

IV

Changes

In

History

V

Traditional

Views

of

History

VI

A

Comparative

Analysis

of

Histories

Epistemology

I

Traditional

Epistemologies

II

Unification

Epistemology

Part

II

Unification

Epistemology

Part

III

Kants

and

Marxs

Epistemologies

from

the

Perspective

of

Unification

Thought

Logic

I

Traditional

Systems

of

Logic

II

Unification

Logic

III

An

Appraisal

of

Traditional

Systems

of

Logic

from

the

Perspective

of

Unification

Thought

Methodology

I

Historical

Review

II

Unification

Methodology

The

GiveandReceive

Method

III

An

Appraisal

of

Conventional

Methodologies

from

the

Perspective

of

Unification

Thought

Notes

References

IV

Axiology

A

Theory

of

Value

The

contemporary

age

is

an

age

of

great

confusion

and

great

losses

Wars

and

conflicts

never

cease

and

innumerable

vicious

phenomena

are

covering

the

world

such

as

terrorism

destruction

arson

kidnapping

murder

drug

abuse

alcoholism

declining

sexual

morals

the

breakdown

of

the

family

in

justice

corruption

oppression

conspiracy

and

slander

In

the

vortex

of

this

great

confusion

humankinds

most

valuable

assets

are

now

almost

lost

I

am

referring

to

the

loss

of

mutual

trust

among

people

the

deterioration

of

parental

authority

teachers

authority

and

governmental

authority

the

neglect

of

personal

human

dignity

the

disregard

of

traditions

and

the

loss

of

What

is

the

cause

of

such

confusion

and

losses

The

cause

is

the

collapse

of

the

traditional

views

of

value

That

is

to

say

the

traditional

points

of

view

concerning

trueness

goodness

and

beauty

have

been

lost

Among

these

the

concept

of

goodness

especially

is

being

weakened

and

existing

ethical

and

moral

views

are

rapidly

being

lost

Then

what

are

the

causes

that

have

brought

about

the

collapse

of

the

traditional

views

of

value

First

God

is

being

eliminated

from

every

field

including

economy

politics

education

and

art

At

the

same

time

religious

values

are

being

neglected

Since

almost

all

traditional

systems

of

values

are

based

on

religion

a

view

of

value

that

loses

its

religious

basis

can

not

but

decline

Second

materialism

atheism

and

especially

Communism

are

infiltrating

everywhere

Communism

has

been

working

to

divide

people

into

two

classes

and

then

to

foment

conflicts

between

those

classes

by

increasing

the

sense

of

distrust

and

spreading

hostilities

everywhere

In

so

doing

it

has

criticized

and

attempted

to

destroy

the

traditional

views

of

value

claiming

that

traditional

values

are

feudalistic

and

intended

solely

to

maintain

existing

social

systems

Third

conflicts

among

religions

and

philosophies

are

themselves

speeding

up

the

collapse

of

values

Existing

values

have

been

established

on

the

basis

of

the

various

religions

and

philosophies

therefore

if

disagreement

among

religions

and

among

philosophies

exist

people

will

be

led

to

regard

these

values

as

merely

relative

Fourth

traditional

religious

virtues

have

lost

their

power

to

persuade

modern

people

who

tend

to

think

scientifically

When

the

teachings

of

traditional

religions

either

contradict

science

or

are

unrelated

to

science

they

become

unacceptable

to

modern

people

who

tend

to

place

absolute

confidence

in

science

When

we

see

this

collapse

of

traditional

values

we

realize

that

there

is

a

need

for

a

new

view

of

value

This

new

view

of

value

first

of

all

must

be

able

to

embrace

the

fundamental

teachings

of

all

religions

and

thought

systems

It

must

also

be

able

to

overcome

materialism

and

atheism

Furthermore

it

must

be

able

to

embrace

and

even

guide

science

This

would

be

a

view

of

value

that

is

centered

on

the

absolute

God

Unification

axiology

seeks

to

present

such

a

view

of

value

This

new

view

of

value

is

presented

for

the

sake

of

establishing

our

future

society

The

future

society

is

a

society

that

will

be

built

by

people

of

original

nature

whose

intellect

emotion

and

will

are

centered

on

Heart

Accordingly

the

future

society

will

be

a

society

where

the

activities

of

peoples

intellect

emotion

and

will

are

carried

out

in

it

harmonious

way

centering

on

heart

Here

new

values

refer

to

the

values

corresponding

to

the

original

faculties

of

intellect

emotion

and

will

The

faculties

of

intellect

emotion

and

will

seek

the

values

of

trueness

goodness

and

beauty

respectively

and

through

these

a

society

of

trueness

an

artistic

society

and

an

ethical

society

will

be

actualized

In

doing

so

what

is

required

for

the

realization

of

a

society

of

trueness

is

a

theory

of

education

for

the

pursuit

of

die

value

of

trueness

what

is

required

to

pursue

a

society

of

beauty

or

an

artistic

society

is

a

theory

of

art

for

the

pursuit

of

the

value

of

beauty

what

is

required

for

the

realization

of

a

society

of

goodness

or

an

ethical

The

future

society

will

thus

be

a

society

where

the

values

of

trueness

goodness

and

beauty

will

be

realized

in

that

society

the

economy

will

attain

a

high

level

of

development

through

the

progress

of

science

solving

once

and

for

all

and

completely

all

the

economic

problems

of

society

Peoples

lives

will

be

focused

primarily

oil

realizing

values

The

society

where

the

values

of

trueness

goodness

and

beauty

centered

on

heart

are

realized

is

a

society

with

the

culture

of

heart

or

a

society

of

unified

culture

I

The

Basis

for

Values

and

Various

Kinds

of

Values

To

begin

our

study

of

this

new

view

of

value

let

us

consider

first

what

values

are

next

tile

basis

upon

which

the

various

values

come

to

exist

and

finally

the

different

kinds

of

value

A

What

Are

Values

Broadly

speaking

values

can

be

categorized

as

either

material

values

or

spiritual

values

Material

values

refer

to

the

values

of

peoples

daily

necessities

such

as

commodities

in

contrast

spiritual

values

refer

to

values

corresponding

to

the

faculties

of

intellect

emotion

and

will

or

the

values

of

trueness

goodness

and

beauty

Of

these

two

kinds

Unification

Axiology

deals

primarily

with

spiritual

values

Value

refers

to

a

quality

of

an

object

that

satisfies

a

desire

of

tile

subject

That

is

when

an

object

has

a

certain

quality

that

satisfies

a

desire

or

a

wish

of

the

subject

and

which

is

recognized

as

such

by

the

subject

then

that

special

quality

of

the

object

is

called

value

In

other

words

value

is

something

that

belongs

to

an

object

yet

unless

it

is

recognized

as

value

by

the

subject

it

does

not

become

actual

For

example

even

though

there

may

be

a

flower

here

unless

someone

the

subject

perceives

the

beauty

of

that

flower

the

B

The

Duality

of

Desire

Purpose

and

Value

In

order

to

discuss

values

we

need

to

analyze

the

desire

of

the

subject

Philosophical

attempts

to

deal

with

questions

of

value

including

material

value

have

generally

focused

on

objective

phenomena

alone

excluding

consideration

of

human

desire

They

have

therefore

tended

to

be

weak

like

a

tree

without

roots

or

a

building

without

foundation

A

tree

without

roots

can

not

but

wither

a

building

without

foundation

can

not

but

collapse

Accordingly

existing

thought

systems

are

showing

their

powerlessness

today

in

solving

various

social

problems

For

example

economic

theories

which

deal

with

material

values

have

become

not

very

useful

in

solving

Since

people

are

beings

of

united

Sungsang

and

Hyungsang

in

other

words

beings

with

a

dual

mind

spiritual

mind

and

physical

mind

human

desires

likewise

are

of

two

kinds

namely

Sungsang

desire

and

Hyungsang

desire

Sungsang

desire

is

the

desire

of

the

spirit

mind

that

is

the

desire

for

trueness

goodness

beauty

and

love

whereas

the

Hyungsang

desire

is

the

desire

of

the

physical

mind

that

is

the

desire

for

food

clothing

shelter

and

sex

Then

for

what

purpose

do

human

desires

exist

They

exist

for

realizing

the

Purpose

of

Creation

Gods

purpose

of

creation

is

to

have

joy

through

loving

His

object

Conversely

the

purpose

of

creation

especially

for

human

beings

is

to

return

beauty

to

God

and

to

give

joy

to

God

The

purpose

for

which

human

beings

were

created

can

be

fulfilled

through

the

realizations

of

the

three

Great

Blessings

namely

to

be

fruitful

to

multiply

and

to

have

dominion

over

all

things

Gen

Therefore

the

purpose

of

creation

for

human

beings

is

other

than

the

completion

of

the

Three

If

at

the

time

of

creation

God

had

given

human

beings

purpose

but

riot

desire

then

the

most

they

would

have

been

able

to

do

was

to

come

tip

with

the

thought

There

is

a

Purpose

of

Creation

or

The

Three

Great

Blessings

exist

Yet

the

Purpose

of

Creation

of

the

Three

Great

Blessings

would

never

have

been

realized

Therefore

God

had

to

give

people

the

impulsive

willingness

to

actualize

that

purpose

the

impulse

of

the

mind

to

do

or

obtain

something

Desire

is

that

impulse

Accordingly

people

gradually

grow

to

maturity

driven

by

an

innate

impulse

to

achieve

the

Human

desires

include

Sungsang

desire

and

Hyungsang

desire

In

purpose

as

well

and

in

correspondence

to

desires

there

are

a

Sungsang

purpose

and

a

Hyungsang

purpose

The

Sungsang

purpose

refers

to

the

Sungsang

aspect

of

the

Purpose

of

Creation

and

the

Hyungsang

purpose

refers

to

the

Hyungsang

aspect

of

the

Purpose

of

Creation

A

human

being

is

also

a

connected

body

with

a

dual

purpose

namely

the

purpose

for

the

whole

and

the

purpose

for

the

individual

Accordingly

the

Sungsang

purpose

and

the

Hyungsang

purpose

aim

to

attain

the

purpose

for

the

whole

and

the

purpose

for

the

individual

respectively

Thus

the

Purpose

of

Creation

is

fulfilled

through

the

accomplishment

of

the

purpose

for

the

whole

and

the

purpose

for

the

individual

The

purpose

for

the

whole

is

to

serve

the

family

the

society

the

people

the

nation

the

world

and

ultimately

God

the

Parent

of

humankind

thus

it

is

to

give

joy

The

way

in

which

things

accomplish

the

purpose

of

creation

is

different

from

the

way

people

accomplish

their

purpose

Inorganic

substances

fulfill

their

purpose

of

creation

by

following

natural

law

plants

by

following

the

autonomy

of

the

Principle

life

I

within

them

and

animals

by

following

their

instinct

People

however

must

accomplish

their

purpose

of

creation

by

following

the

desire

given

to

them

by

God

using

their

own

free

will

and

according

to

their

own

responsibility

Desire

is

the

impulse

of

the

mind

to

attain

a

certain

purpose

The

desire

to

attain

the

purpose

for

the

whole

is

called

the

The

Sungsang

desire

and

the

Hyungsang

desire

are

called

dual

desire

the

desire

to

realize

value

and

the

desire

to

seek

value

are

referred

to

as

the

dual

desire

corresponding

to

the

whole

and

the

individual

With

regard

to

purpose

the

Sungsang

purpose

and

the

Hyungsang

purpose

are

called

dual

purpose

the

purpose

for

the

whole

and

the

purpose

for

the

individual

are

referred

to

as

the

dual

purpose

corresponding

to

the

whole

and

the

individual

With

regard

to

value

to

be

explained

in

detail

later

there

are

Sungsang

value

and

Hyungsang

value

which

are

called

dual

value

Realized

value

Fig

The

Duality

of

Desire

Purpose

and

Value

C

Kinds

of

Value

Value

is

the

quality

in

the

object

that

satisfies

the

desire

of

the

subject

Desires

can

be

divided

into

Sungsang

desire

and

Hyungsang

desire

as

a

consequence

there

are

also

Sungsang

value

and

Hyungsang

value

Fig

Sungsang

value

is

a

spiritual

value

that

satisfies

the

Sungsang

desire

it

consists

of

trueness

goodness

beauty

and

love

To

be

precise

love

is

the

basis

for

the

values

of

trueness

goodness

and

beauty

Trueness

beauty

and

goodness

are

the

values

corresponding

to

the

three

faculties

of

the

mind

namely

intellect

emotion

and

will

That

is

to

say

when

the

subject

appraises

an

element

of

the

object

as

a

value

the

subject

appraises

it

as

trueness

beauty

or

goodness

according

to

the

faculties

of

intellect

emotion

or

will

respectively

On

the

other

hand

Hyungsang

value

which

satisfies

the

Hyungsang

desire

refers

to

the

value

of

daily

necessities

such

as

food

clothing

and

shelternamely

material

value

commodity

Material

value

is

the

value

necessary

for

physical

life

or

the

value

that

satisfies

the

desire

of

the

physical

mind

Physical

life

is

the

basis

for

tile

growth

of

the

spirit

person

and

for

the

fulfillment

of

the

Three

Great

Blessings

Thus

the

Hyungsang

value

is

a

requisite

for

the

realization

of

Sungsang

value

Love

is

the

basis

of

the

values

of

trueness

goodness

and

beauty

The

more

the

subject

loves

the

object

and

the

more

the

object

loves

the

subject

the

truer

the

better

and

more

beautiful

the

object

comes

to

appear

to

the

subject

For

example

the

more

parents

love

their

children

and

the

more

children

love

their

parents

the

more

beautiful

the

children

will

look

And

when

children

look

more

beautiful

the

parents

will

feel

like

loving

them

even

more

In

that

way

love

is

the

source

and

foundation

of

value

Without

love

true

value

will

not

appear

Accordingly

if

we

In

this

way

value

includes

both

Sungsang

value

and

Hyungsang

value

Axiology

however

is

a

philosophical

field

that

deals

primarily

with

Sungsang

value

II

Determination

of

Actual

Value

and

the

Unification

of

Views

of

Value

A

The

Essence

of

Value

Value

is

actualized

through

the

giveandreceive

action

between

subject

and

object

File

essence

of

value

which

is

appraised

by

tile

subject

lies

in

the

object

As

a

result

there

are

two

aspects

in

value

as

the

aspect

of

the

essence

of

value

which

is

possessed

by

the

object

and

the

aspect

of

the

actualization

of

value

which

takes

place

between

tile

subject

and

tile

object

The

former

is

called

potential

value

and

the

latter

actual

value

The

essence

of

value

or

potential

value

consists

of

the

purpose

of

creation

of

tile

object

and

the

harmony

between

paired

elements

existing

in

the

object

First

every

created

being

has

a

purpose

for

which

it

was

created

namely

its

purpose

of

creation

For

example

a

flower

has

the

purpose

to

give

joy

to

people

through

its

beauty

Not

only

in

the

beings

created

by

God

but

also

in

things

produced

by

people

eg

art

works

commodities

there

is

always

a

purpose

for

which

they

were

created

Next

the

harmony

between

paired

elements

refers

to

the

harmony

between

the

subject

B

Determination

of

Actual

Value

in

Correlative

Relationship

Value

is

determined

or

appraised

through

giveandreceive

action

between

the

subject

and

object

The

conditions

that

the

object

must

have

or

the

object

requisites

are

its

purpose

of

creation

and

harmony

between

its

paired

elements

as

mentioned

above

On

the

other

hand

there

are

also

conditions

that

the

subject

must

meet

in

order

for

value

to

be

determined

that

is

the

subject

requisites

First

the

subject

must

have

a

desire

to

seek

value

next

the

subject

must

have

concern

for

or

interest

in

the

object

In

addition

the

subjects

philosophy

taste

individuality

education

view

of

life

outlook

on

history

world

When

the

subject

requisites

and

the

object

requisites

are

established

giveandreceive

action

can

take

place

between

subject

and

object

whereby

value

is

determined

Determining

value

means

determining

the

quantity

and

quality

of

value

The

quantity

of

value

refers

to

the

quantitative

appraisal

of

value

such

as

very

beautiful

or

not

so

beautiful

There

are

also

qualitative

differences

in

value

For

example

in

beauty

there

are

various

nuances

such

as

graceful

beauty

awesome

beauty

solemn

beauty

and

comic

beauty

see

tile

chapter

on

the

theory

of

art

These

are

qualitative

differences

of

value

When

the

moon

is

observed

by

different

people

for

instance

it

sometimes

appears

sad

to

one

person

but

happy

to

mother

Even

when

the

same

person

looks

at

the

moon

if

the

person

is

sad

the

moon

may

look

sad

but

if

that

person

is

happy

the

moon

may

look

happy

Differences

in

beauty

arise

depending

on

tile

mood

of

the

subject

This

can

be

said

not

only

about

beauty

but

also

about

goodness

and

trueness

the

same

applies

to

the

value

of

commodities

Thus

quantitative

and

qualitative

differences

in

value

arise

because

the

subjects

subjectivity

is

reflected

on

the

Suppose

the

Son

of

God

gave

you

a

handkerchief

That

handkerchief

would

be

worth

more

than

gold

more

than

life

more

than

anything

else

in

the

world

If

you

are

a

real

Son

of

God

whatever

humble

place

you

may

lay

yourself

it

is

a

palace

Then

our

clothing

is

no

problem

and

the

place

we

sleep

is

no

problem

because

we

are

already

rich

We

are

the

princes

of

God

In

Buddhism

there

is

a

saying

The

three

realms

are

only

manifestations

of

the

mind

This

means

that

all

the

phenomena

of

the

three

realms

Le

the

entire

world

are

manifestations

of

the

mind

In

that

viewpoint

the

appraisal

of

the

value

of

an

object

is

a

totally

subjective

matter

However

too

much

emphasis

is

placed

on

subjective

action

C

The

Standard

for

Determining

Value

The

Correlative

Standard

The

determination

or

appraisal

of

value

as

mentioned

earlier

differs

according

to

the

individual

subject

Yet

when

there

are

many

commonalities

in

the

subject

conditions

there

will

also

be

many

points

of

agreement

in

the

appraisal

of

value

Among

people

who

believe

in

the

same

religion

or

philosophy

the

way

they

feel

about

values

will

be

almost

the

same

For

example

among

Confucianists

filial

piety

toward

parents

is

universally

held

as

good

Accordingly

among

people

who

have

the

same

religion

or

philosophy

the

unification

of

values

is

quite

possible

For

example

during

the

period

of

the

Pax

Romana

the

Stoic

spirit

of

selfcontrol

and

cosmopolitanism

were

commonly

accepted

values

During

the

Tang

period

in

China

Buddhism

was

the

unifying

view

of

value

The

same

was

true

during

the

period

of

the

Unified

Silla

dynasty

in

Korea

In

the

United

States

Christianity

especially

Protestantism

has

been

its

unifying

view

of

value

Thus

in

those

regions

where

people

have

the

same

religion

or

philosophy

their

views

of

value

become

very

similar

Differences

in

the

views

of

value

do

arise

however

among

different

religions

different

cultures

and

different

philosophies

For

example

in

Hinduism

eating

beef

is

not

allowed

whereas

in

Islam

eating

beef

is

allowed

but

eating

pork

is

not

In

another

example

when

Communists

talk

about

peace

they

mean

something

quite

different

from

what

that

term

means

in

the

free

world

In

this

way

when

standards

for

value

judgment

apply

only

to

a

limited

sphere

we

call

them

relative

standards

The

Absolute

Standard

Humankinds

values

can

not

be

unified

through

such

relative

standards

nor

will

the

conflicts

and

struggles

resulting

in

differences

in

values

come

to

an

end

if

we

base

ourselves

on

relative

standards

alone

In

order

to

unify

the

values

of

humankind

a

standard

for

value

judgment

must

be

established

that

will

be

common

to

all

people

transcending

differences

in

culture

thought

nationality

and

so

on

That

is

the

absolute

standard

But

is

it

possible

to

establish

an

absolute

standard

In

order

to

show

that

it

is

possible

we

must

prove

that

the

causal

being

of

the

universe

who

gave

rise

to

all

religions

cultures

thought

systems

and

all

human

beings

is

one

and

absolute

being

Further

we

must

discover

the

commonalities

originating

from

the

causal

being

Indeed

as

explained

in

greater

detail

in

Ontology

common

attributes

can

be

found

in

all

things

The

things

in

the

universe

exist

in

innumerable

ways

but

they

move

in

a

specific

order

and

there

are

commonalities

among

them

The

reason

is

that

all

things

in

the

universe

were

created

in

resemblance

of

the

causal

being

or

God

Likewise

though

there

are

many

religions

cultures

philosophies

and

peoplesall

of

them

different

from

one

anotherif

there

is

one

causal

being

that

gave

rise

to

all

of

them

then

there

must

be

commonalities

among

them

originating

from

that

causal

being

or

fundamental

being

Numerous

religions

have

emerged

throughout

history

but

they

were

not

arbitrarily

established

by

their

founders

In

order

to

save

all

of

humankind

God

established

specific

founders

in

specific

regions

and

in

specific

periods

of

time

seeking

to

save

the

people

of

each

region

and

in

each

period

The

reason

is

that

God

has

been

carrying

on

the

dispensation

of

salvation

for

peoples

of

different

languages

different

customs

and

different

environments

and

He

has

been

doing

that

in

a

way

that

is

most

suitable

For

each

case

Thus

in

order

to

discover

the

commonalities

of

different

religions

it

is

necessary

to

prove

that

the

causal

being

who

established

all

religions

is

one

and

the

same

being

The

causal

being

of

all

things

in

the

universe

is

called

God

in

Christianity

Jehovah

in

Judaism

Allah

in

Islam

Brahman

in

Hinduism

Tathata

in

Buddhism

and

Heaven

in

Confucianism

Yet

die

attributes

of

the

causal

being

or

fundamental

being

have

not

been

clearly

stated

in

any

of

these

religions

For

example

in

Confucianism

the

concrete

nature

of

Heaven

is

not

sufficiently

explained

and

no

sufficient

explanation

is

given

about

Tathala

In

order

to

prove

that

the

causal

being

of

these

different

religions

after

all

is

one

and

the

same

being

we

need

to

understand

correctly

the

attributes

of

God

the

purpose

of

creation

the

laws

or

Logos

of

the

creation

of

the

universe

and

so

on

If

we

acquire

such

an

understanding

we

will

come

to

realize

that

all

religions

are

brothers

and

sisters

originating

from

one

and

the

same

God

We

will

also

put

an

end

to

the

longlasting

conflicts

and

struggles

among

religions

and

will

come

to

reconcile

with

one

another

and

love

one

another

Thus

we

find

Then

what

are

the

commonalities

that

can

become

the

absolute

standard

in

the

appraisal

of

values

They

are

Gods

love

absolute

love

and

Gods

truth

absolute

God

created

humankind

in

order

to

obtain

joy

through

love

and

Gods

love

is

common

to

agape

in

Christianity

mercy

in

Buddhism

jen

in

Confucianism

compassion

in

Islam

and

so

on

Gods

love

is

manifested

among

human

beings

in

the

form

of

the

tripleobject

love

namely

parental

love

conjugal

love

and

childrens

love

The

practice

of

love

for

ones

neighbor

in

Christianity

the

practice

of

mercy

in

Buddhism

the

practice

of

jen

benevolence

in

Confucianism

the

practice

of

compassion

in

Islam

and

so

on

all

have

in

common

the

actualization

of

this

tripleobject

love

The

truth

law

through

which

God

created

the

universe

and

which

governs

the

movement

of

the

universe

is

also

eternal

and

universal

The

fundamental

law

of

the

universe

is

that

beings

exist

not

for

their

own

sake

but

for

the

sake

of

others

and

for

the

sake

of

God

That

is

to

say

they

are

forothers

beings

Accordingly

the

universal

standard

of

good

and

evil

is

whether

one

lives

for

other

people

humankind

or

lives

for

oneself

in

a

selfcentered

way

In

this

way

the

absolute

standard

for

the

appraisal

of

values

comes

to

be

established

But

what

about

a

persons

individuality

The

existence

of

commonality

in

determining

value

does

not

exclude

individuality

which

should

be

preserved

as

it

is

People

are

beings

with

dual

purpose

the

purpose

for

the

whole

and

the

purpose

for

the

individual

Also

they

are

individual

truth

bodies

with

a

universal

image

and

an

individual

image

Therefore

they

pursue

the

purpose

for

the

individual

while

giving

priority

to

the

purpose

for

the

whole

and

express

individuality

while

maintaining

the

universal

image

Therefore

the

appraisal

of

value

though

based

on

the

absolute

standard

can

not

be

immune

from

ones

individuality

that

is

from

subjective

action

Nevertheless

individual

differences

must

still

be

base

on

commonality

As

long

as

there

is

a

common

base

there

can

be

no

confusion

in

tile

view

of

values

Yet

in

fallen

society

there

is

little

commonality

whereas

the

differences

are

quite

apparent

Because

of

the

absence

of

a

common

ground

confusion

of

values

has

risen

Here

the

establishment

of

a

new

view

of

value

and

the

unification

of

existing

systems

of

value

become

possible

This

new

view

of

value

is

based

on

Gods

absolute

love

and

absolute

truth

which

is

the

absolute

value

With

this

absolute

value

all

value

systems

can

be

harmonized

This

is

other

than

the

unification

of

system

of

value

III

Weaknesses

In

Traditional

Views

of

Values

One

of

the

causes

of

the

collapse

of

values

today

is

that

traditional

systems

of

valueprimarily

religious

systems

of

valuehave

lost

their

persuasive

power

or

ability

to

persuade

people

In

this

section

I

will

explain

how

the

traditional

views

of

value

of

the

four

major

religions

and

of

humanitarianism

have

lost

their

persuasive

power

This

will

be

done

through

an

analysis

of

the

weaknesses

in

those

views

A

Weaknesses

in

the

Christian

View

of

Value

Christianity

contains

excellent

virtues

as

expressed

in

the

following

biblical

passages

You

shall

love

your

neighbor

as

yourself

Malt

Love

your

enemies

and

pray

for

those

who

persecute

you

Matt

Whatever

you

wish

that

men

would

do

to

you

do

so

to

them

The

Golden

Rule

Matt

Blessed

are

the

poor

in

spirit

for

theirs

is

the

kingdom

of

heaven

Blessed

are

those

who

mourn

for

they

shall

be

comforted

Blessed

are

the

meek

for

they

shall

inherit

the

earth

Blessed

are

those

who

hunger

and

thirst

for

righteousness

for

they

shall

be

satisfied

Blessed

are

the

merciful

for

they

shall

obtain

mercy

Blessed

are

the

pure

in

heart

for

they

shall

see

God

Blessed

are

the

peacemakers

for

they

shall

be

called

sons

of

God

Blessed

are

those

who

are

persecuted

for

righteousness

sake

for

theirs

is

the

kingdom

of

heaven

Matt

ch

So

faith

hope

love

abide

these

three

but

the

greatest

of

these

is

love

I

Cor

The

fruit

of

the

Spirit

is

love

joy

peace

patience

kindness

goodness

faithfulness

gentleness

selfcontrol

against

such

there

is

no

law

Gal

Although

in

Christianity

there

are

many

other

virtues

yet

it

is

stated

that

love

builds

up

I

Cor

which

means

that

the

basis

for

all

those

virtues

is

love

It

is

also

stated

that

Love

is

of

God

God

is

love

I

John

which

means

that

the

basis

of

love

is

God

Yet

in

the

modern

period

the

existence

of

God

came

to

be

denied

by

Nietzsche

Feuerbach

Marx

Russell

Sartre

and

many

others

Against

such

Goddenying

thoughts

Christianity

has

been

unable

to

counterattack

effectively

That

is

to

say

in

the

confrontation

between

theism

and

atheism

Christianity

Furthermore

a

challenge

has

been

issued

by

Communism

against

the

Christian

view

of

value

Communists

deny

the

concepts

of

absolute

love

and

love

for

humankind

as

asserted

in

Christianity

and

insist

that

real

love

is

classcentered

love

or

love

for

ones

comrades

In

a

society

where

there

are

conflicts

of

interest

there

can

be

no

love

beyond

ones

social

class

One

simply

has

to

choose

to

stand

either

on

the

side

of

the

proletariat

or

on

the

side

of

the

bourgeoisie

Ultimately

love

for

humankind

is

an

empty

word

that

can

not

be

put

into

actual

practice

they

say

If

Also

today

Liberation

Theology

and

Dependency

Theory

have

emerged

in

the

Third

World

According

to

Liberation

Theology

Jesus

was

a

revolutionary

who

came

to

save

the

oppressed

and

the

poor

of

his

age

Therefore

Liberation

Theology

preaches

that

those

who

are

true

Christians

must

fight

for

social

revolution

Thus

sympathy

for

the

cause

of

the

poor

agrees

well

with

the

Communist

classcentered

love

and

eventually

this

kind

of

sympathy

becomes

aligned

with

Communism

in

working

to

solve

actual

problems

According

to

Dependency

Theory

poverty

in

the

Third

World

comes

from

structural

contradictions

between

advanced

countries

and

the

Third

World

and

is

unavoidable

In

order

for

the

Third

World

to

be

liberated

from

poverty

the

Third

World

must

confront

the

advanced

nations

this

theory

asserts

Dependency

Theory

aligns

itself

with

Communism

in

much

the

same

way

as

Liberation

Theology

does

Neither

Liberation

Theology

nor

Dependency

Theory

possesses

a

firm

philosophy

a

firm

theory

of

history

or

a

firm

economic

theory

when

compared

with

Communism

Therefore

eventually

they

can

not

but

be

absorbed

by

Communism

Yet

Christianity

seems

unable

to

take

an

effective

course

of

action

to

resolve

that

situation

B

Weaknesses

in

the

Confucian

View

of

Value

Stated

in

summary

form

Confucianism

consists

of

the

five

moral

rules

governing

the

five

human

relationships

the

four

virtues

the

four

beginnings

the

eight

articles

and

loyalty

and

filial

piety

Each

of

these

will

be

discussed

briefly

The

Five

Moral

Rules

Governing

the

Five

Human

Relationships

The

five

moral

rules

since

ancient

times

have

been

described

as

follows

Affection

should

mark

the

relations

between

father

and

son

justice

and

righteousness

should

mark

the

relations

between

sovereign

and

subject

distinction

should

mark

the

relations

between

husband

and

wife

order

should

mark

the

relations

between

elder

and

younger

brothers

trust

should

mark

the

relations

among

friends

These

have

been

regarded

as

the

basis

for

human

relationships

and

were

especially

emphasized

by

Mencius

The

Four

Virtues

Mencius

preached

four

virtues

namely

benevolence

righteousness

propriety

and

knowledge

Later

Tung

Chungshu

of

the

Han

dynasty

added

faith

establishing

the

Way

of

the

Five

Cardinal

Virtues

Jen

righteousness

propriety

knowledge

and

faith

The

Four

Beginnings

According

to

Mencius

the

feeling

of

commiseration

the

feeling

of

shame

and

dislike

the

feeling

of

modesty

and

complaisance

and

the

feeling

of

approving

and

disapproving

are

the

Four

Beginnings

Each

of

these

was

taught

to

be

the

beginning

of

one

of

the

Four

Virtuesjen

righteousness

propriety

and

knowledge

respectively

The

Eight

Articles

In

order

to

govern

the

world

peacefully

an

official

must

do

the

following

a

investigate

many

things

b

extend

his

knowledge

c

be

guided

by

sincere

thoughts

d

rectify

his

heart

e

cultivate

his

personality

f

regulate

his

own

family

g

govern

the

state

well

and

h

bring

peace

to

the

world

Loyalty

and

Filial

Piety

Loyalty

and

filial

piety

are

the

virtues

with

which

one

serves

ones

superiors

and

ones

parents

Although

in

Confucianism

there

are

many

other

virtues

the

basis

for

all

those

virtues

is

jen

benevolence

and

the

basis

for

jen

is

Heaven

However

Confucianism

does

not

clearly

explain

what

Heaven

is

Communists

have

criticized

Confucianism

by

applying

the

Communist

theory

of

basis

and

superstructure

saying

that

the

Confucian

teaching

is

nothing

but

a

means

of

rationalizing

the

existing

rule

They

argue

that

Confucian

values

were

coined

by

the

ruling

class

during

the

feudal

period

in

order

to

make

the

people

follow

obediently

and

that

therefore

Confucian

teachings

are

not

appropriate

for

a

modern

democratic

society

which

follows

the

principles

of

equal

rights

and

majority

rule

Consequently

Confucian

virtues

are

all

but

neglected

today

Thus

the

Confucian

view

of

value

is

collapsing

and

as

a

result

disorder

and

confusion

have

invaded

families

C

Weaknesses

in

the

Buddhist

View

of

Value

The

fundamental

virtue

of

Buddhism

is

mercy

and

in

order

to

practice

mercy

ntaitri

a

life

of

training

is

required

Through

a

life

of

training

one

reaches

Sfavaka

one

who

is

awakened

by

hearing

the

teachings

Natyekabuddha

one

who

awakens

by

oneself

through

some

event

Bodhisattva

the

one

striving

for

enlightenment

and

finally

Buddhahood

the

enlightened

one

or

the

one

with

perfect

personality

Mercy

becomes

possible

in

the

levels

of

Bodhisattva

and

Buddhahood

On

the

levels

of

Siavaka

and

Iralyekalruddha

one

is

not

yet

ready

to

practice

mercy

People

are

not

aware

of

the

fact

that

all

things

in

the

world

change

or

are

transitory

accordingly

people

are

attached

to

their

present

life

and

that

is

the

cause

of

their

suffering

In

order

to

end

suffering

one

must

get

rid

of

such

attachments

through

a

life

of

training

Deliverance

from

attachments

and

liberation

from

suffering

are

what

is

understood

by

salvation

vbitukli

in

Buddhism

Through

salvation

one

enters

the

state

of

selflessness

and

comes

to

practice

true

mercy

according

to

Buddhism

The

fundamental

thought

of

Buddha

has

been

systematized

in

the

teachings

of

the

Four

Noble

Truths

and

the

Noble

Eightfold

Path

The

Four

Noble

Truths

consist

of

a

the

Truth

of

Suffering

b

the

Truth

of

the

Cause

of

Suffering

c

the

Truth

of

the

Cessation

of

Suffering

d

and

the

Truth

of

the

Noble

Path

to

the

Cessation

of

the

Cause

of

Suffering

Each

of

these

is

explained

briefly

a

The

Truth

of

Suffering

shows

that

human

life

is

suffering

b

The

Truth

of

the

Cause

of

Suffering

teaches

that

the

cause

of

suffering

is

attachment

c

The

Truth

of

the

Cessation

of

Suffering

is

that

in

order

to

get

rid

of

suffering

one

must

give

up

attachment

d

The

Truth

of

the

Noble

Path

to

the

Cessation

of

the

Cause

of

Suffering

is

that

in

order

to

make

ones

suffering

disappear

one

must

be

trained

according

to

the

Noble

Eightfold

Path

The

Noble

Eightfold

Path

is

as

follows

Right

View

Right

Thought

Right

Speech

Right

Behavior

Right

livelihood

Right

Effort

Right

Mindfulness

Right

Concentration

The

system

of

twelve

items

has

been

established

through

inquiry

into

the

cause

of

die

emergence

of

human

pain

That

is

the

teaching

of

the

twelve

causations

According

to

this

teaching

the

root

cause

of

human

suffering

is

desire

or

greed

and

more

deeply

than

that

there

is

ignorance

of

Tathafa

the

source

of

die

universe

or

the

state

of

not

realizing

that

pain

and

suffering

are

not

essential

From

this

ignorance

all

kinds

of

suffering

arise

In

Mahayana

Buddhism

the

perfection

of

the

following

six

practices

farandla

is

necessary

for

one

to

become

a

Bodhisattva

Offering

Keeping

precepts

Endurance

Endeavor

Concentration

of

mind

Wisdom

The

root

of

the

above

virtues

of

Buddhism

is

mercy

and

the

basis

for

mercy

is

Tathaia

which

is

the

source

of

the

But

today

the

Buddhist

view

of

values

has

lost

its

ability

to

persuade

people

This

is

because

the

Buddhist

doctrine

has

the

following

problems

a

The

exact

nature

of

Talhafa

the

source

of

the

universe

is

not

explained

b

The

way

the

dharinas

all

phenomena

have

come

into

being

is

unclear

c

A

fundamental

explanation

of

how

ignorance

came

about

is

not

given

d

The

fundamental

solution

of

actual

problems

of

human

life

society

and

history

is

impossible

merely

through

training

Moreover

Communism

has

posed

a

challenge

to

Buddhism

The

Communist

attack

can

be

summarized

as

follows

Actual

society

is

filled

with

exploitation

oppression

gaps

between

the

rich

and

the

poor

and

other

social

ills

The

cause

of

these

vices

lies

not

as

much

in

ignorance

as

in

the

contradictions

within

the

system

of

capitalist

society

itself

Buddhist

training

is

for

the

salvation

of

the

individual

but

isnt

that

just

a

way

of

escaping

from

reality

a

way

of

avoiding

the

real

solution

to

the

problems

Engaging

in

training

without

solving

actual

problems

is

nothing

but

hypocrisy

Thus

attacked

Buddhists

have

D

Weaknesses

in

the

Islamic

View

of

Value

Islam

regards

Muhammad

as

the

greatest

of

all

prophets

and

the

Quran

as

the

most

complete

of

all

scriptures

but

it

also

believes

in

Abraham

Moses

Jesus

and

the

prophets

and

regards

the

five

books

of

Moses

Davids

Psalms

and

the

Gospels

of

Jesus

as

its

scriptures

Therefore

Islamic

virtues

have

many

points

in

common

with

JudeoChristian

virtues

The

Islamic

teachings

of

faith

and

practice

are

summarized

in

the

Six

Articles

of

Faith

and

the

Five

Obligatory

Practices

The

Six

Articles

of

Faith

are

that

one

must

believe

in

God

in

angels

in

the

scriptures

in

the

prophets

in

the

coming

Day

of

judgment

and

must

believe

that

human

destiny

is

in

the

hands

of

Allah

The

Five

Obligatory

Practices

are

pronouncing

the

Word

of

Witness

praying

fasting

almsgiving

and

going

on

pilgrimage

The

object

of

faith

is

Allah

who

is

absolute

the

only

one

the

Creator

and

the

Ruler

On

the

question

of

who

Allah

is

Islamic

theologians

mention

attributes

among

which

compassionate

and

merciful

are

the

most

fundamental

Therefore

we

can

say

that

the

most

fundamental

virtue

of

all

Islamic

virtues

is

compassion

or

mercy

In

this

way

the

Islamic

view

of

values

originally

had

many

points

in

common

with

the

systems

of

values

of

other

religions

and

was

in

harmony

with

them

In

reality

however

there

have

been

many

cases

of

serious

conflicts

including

wars

among

Islamic

sects

and

between

Islam

and

other

religions

By

taking

advantage

of

such

conflicts

Communism

has

been

challenging

Islam

The

Communist

attack

could

be

summarized

as

Follows

There

can

be

no

love

for

humankind

as

Islam

advocates

The

struggles

among

Islamic

sects

prove

our

assertion

In

a

class

society

there

can

be

only

class

centered

love

Thus

by

Above

all

the

conflict

between

Islam

and

JudeoChristianity

is

particularly

serious

This

is

a

problem

to

be

solved

by

going

back

to

the

origin

of

the

hostile

feelings

between

the

two

sides

Since

Allah

is

a

merciful

God

why

doesnt

He

just

do

away

with

that

conflict

In

order

to

resolve

this

issue

answers

must

be

found

to

some

fundamental

questions

such

as

What

was

Gods

purpose

in

creating

humankind

and

the

universe

What

is

the

essence

of

all

the

struggles

among

people

in

human

history

And

how

has

God

been

working

to

save

fallen

people

throughout

history

E

Weaknesses

in

the

Humanitarian

View

of

Value

The

term

humanitarianism

is

often

used

in

the

same

meaning

as

humanism

Yet

in

a

strict

sense

it

is

clearly

different

from

humanism

Humanism

is

a

thought

that

aims

to

achieve

the

liberation

of

humankind

by

fostering

the

independence

of

the

human

personality

On

the

other

hand

humanitarianism

has

strong

ethical

overtones

advocating

respect

for

people

philanthropy

universal

brotherhood

and

so

on

Unlike

animals

human

beings

have

humanness

therefore

all

people

should

be

respected

This

kind

of

vague

idea

is

humanitarianism

Yet

it

does

not

clearly

explain

what

a

human

being

is

Humanitarianism

is

naturally

vulnerable

to

attacks

from

Communism

Let

us

suppose

there

is

a

humanitarian

business

leader

A

Communist

might

approach

that

person

with

the

following

reasoning

You

are

exploiting

your

workers

without

knowing

it

Why

dont

we

build

a

society

where

all

people

live

in

affluence

Also

suppose

there

is

a

humanitarian

young

person

who

believes

that

acquiring

knowledge

is

the

most

important

thing

in

the

world

A

Communist

might

say

to

that

person

What

are

you

studying

for

You

should

not

be

always

thinking

of

your

own

success

That

will

after

all

serve

only

the

bourgeoisie

Dont

you

Through

the

examples

above

it

is

clear

that

traditional

systems

of

values

have

lost

their

ability

to

persuade

people

Thus

the

establishment

of

a

new

view

of

values

is

urgently

needed

IV

Establishing

a

New

View

of

Value

A

Establishing

the

Absolute

View

of

Value

Today

as

values

collapse

it

is

most

important

to

establish

a

new

view

of

value

It

would

be

impossible

however

to

prevent

the

phenomenon

of

the

collapse

of

values

by

means

of

relative

views

of

value

Therefore

an

absolute

view

of

value

must

be

established

This

absolute

view

of

value

must

be

established

oil

the

basis

of

tile

clarification

of

what

kind

of

attributes

the

absolute

God

possesses

and

for

what

purpose

Purpose

of

Creation

and

with

which

laws

Logos

God

created

human

beings

and

the

universe

God

created

human

beings

as

objects

of

His

love

seeking

to

obtain

joy

through

loving

them

In

order

to

please

human

beings

God

created

all

things

as

objects

of

their

love

Absolute

values

refer

to

the

values

of

trueness

goodness

and

beauty

based

on

Gods

love

absolute

love

that

is

absolute

trueness

absolute

goodness

and

absolute

beauty

The

essential

point

of

the

new

view

of

value

is

that

true

values

come

into

being

on

the

basis

of

absolute

love

The

unification

of

systems

of

value

is

the

unification

of

the

standards

for

the

judgment

of

value

especially

the

value

of

goodness

making

it

clear

that

all

virtues

are

diverse

expressions

of

the

absolute

values

and

that

ultimately

all

virtues

exist

in

order

to

actualize

absolute

love

Clearly

then

it

would

be

wrong

to

think

of

the

new

view

of

value

as

an

entirely

new

system

to

be

established

at

the

cost

of

denying

the

traditional

views

of

value

from

Christianity

Confucianism

Buddhism

Islam

and

so

on

Rather

the

new

view

of

value

is

established

on

the

basis

of

traditional

values

Since

the

bases

upon

which

traditional

values

stand

have

collapsed

we

need

to

rebuild

those

bases

and

to

revive

and

strengthen

traditional

values

Next

in

order

to

ensure

the

absoluteness

of

the

new

view

of

value

I

will

present

a

theological

ground

a

philosophical

ground

and

B

The

Theological

Ground

for

Absolute

Value

The

theological

ground

refers

to

the

question

of

whether

or

not

the

Absolute

Being

in

the

universe

referred

to

as

God

in

Christianity

Heaven

in

Confucianism

Tathala

in

Buddhism

Allah

in

Islam

and

so

on

truly

exists

In

order

to

present

this

theological

ground

the

unsolved

questions

in

traditional

religions

such

as

why

the

absolute

being

or

God

created

humankind

and

the

universe

have

to

be

clarified

As

already

explained

in

the

Theory

of

the

Original

Image

the

reason

why

God

created

humankind

and

the

universe

is

that

God

is

a

being

of

Heart

Heart

is

the

emotional

impulse

to

seek

joy

through

love

Because

of

this

impulse

God

created

human

beings

as

His

objects

of

love

and

the

universe

as

the

environment

in

which

humans

could

live

Thus

with

God

as

the

God

of

Heart

the

Gods

desire

was

for

us

to

grow

as

the

image

of

God

This

is

because

when

that

happened

then

Gods

joy

could

be

realized

to

the

highest

degree

For

this

reason

God

gave

us

the

Three

Great

Blessingswhich

meant

that

God

directed

man

and

woman

to

perfect

their

character

to

perfect

their

family

and

to

perfect

their

qualifications

for

dominion

over

all

things

Thus

Gods

Purpose

of

Creation

would

be

attained

through

our

realizing

the

Three

Great

Blessings

Seen

from

this

point

of

view

we

come

to

understand

that

the

virtues

of

different

religions

can

agree

with

one

another

in

C

The

Philosophical

Ground

for

Absolute

Value

The

value

systems

of

Christianity

Confucianism

Buddhism

and

Islam

emerged

in

the

period

from

the

Sixth

Century

B

C

to

the

Seventh

Century

A

D

In

that

period

of

history

people

had

to

accept

the

rule

of

authority

unconditionally

Accordingly

in

the

societies

of

those

days

people

would

unconditionally

accept

the

teachings

of

Confucius

Buddha

Jesus

or

Muhammad

In

modern

times

however

it

is

difficult

to

convey

such

values

to

people

because

people

now

have

a

more

rational

analytical

and

logical

way

of

thinking

Hence

it

is

necessary

to

modernize

those

value

systems

by

providing

them

with

rational

explanations

It

was

customary

in

ancient

Greece

and

in

the

Orient

to

study

nature

and

thereby

to

determine

a

view

of

value

or

a

view

of

life

In

China

Chu

Lsi

especially

asserted

the

correspondence

between

natural

law

and

ethical

law

and

said

that

laws

of

nature

apply

to

tile

ethical

laws

of

human

society

In

modern

times

Marxism

takes

such

a

position

although

it

has

a

mistaken

concept

of

natural

law

Marxism

claims

that

society

develops

according

to

natural

law

ie

the

dialectic

Therefore

in

establishing

a

new

view

of

value

it

is

necessary

for

us

also

to

observe

nature

and

the

universe

discuss

the

fundamental

laws

at

work

there

and

thereby

derive

a

view

of

value

That

is

we

will

clarify

that

the

law

penetrating

tile

universe

namely

tile

Way

of

Heaven

is

the

standard

for

ethics

and

morality

This

is

what

is

meant

by

the

philosophical

ground

for

absolute

values

Here

arise

such

questions

as

whether

or

not

natural

law

and

ethical

law

correspond

to

each

other

and

whether

or

not

natural

law

can

be

applied

directly

to

ethical

law

From

the

viewpoint

of

Unification

Thought

all

beings

are

equipped

with

the

dual

aspects

of

Sungsang

and

Hyungsang

Therefore

we

come

to

the

conclusion

that

ethical

law

which

is

a

Sungsang

law

and

natural

law

which

is

a

Hyungsang

law

are

in

a

relationship

of

correspondence

The

important

point

here

is

to

obtain

a

correct

understanding

of

nature

As

mentioned

in

Ontology

Marxism

started

out

from

an

incorrect

understanding

of

nature

and

then

concluded

incorrectly

that

nature

develops

through

the

struggle

between

opposites

As

a

result

the

way

of

life

derived

from

that

interpretation

of

nature

became

an

incorrect

way

of

life

as

well

Seen

from

the

viewpoint

of

Unification

Thought

the

fundamental

law

at

work

in

the

universe

is

not

the

dialectic

but

rather

tile

law

of

giveandreceive

action

which

as

stated

in

Ontology

has

the

following

characteristics

correlativity

purposiveness

and

centrality

order

and

position

harmony

individuality

and

connectedness

identitymaintaining

nature

and

developmental

nature

and

circular

motion

Thus

I

will

discuss

views

of

value

on

the

basis

of

these

characteristics

of

the

law

of

the

universe

The

universe

has

both

a

vertical

order

and

a

horizontal

order

The

Moon

revolves

around

the

Earth

the

Earth

revolves

around

the

Sun

the

solar

system

revolves

around

the

nucleus

of

the

galaxy

and

the

galaxy

revolves

around

the

center

of

the

universe

This

is

the

vertical

order

of

the

universe

On

the

other

hand

centering

on

the

Sun

the

planets

Mercury

Venus

Earth

Mars

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

and

Pluto

all

revolve

in

specified

orbits

This

is

the

horizontal

order

of

the

universe

The

planets

are

harmoniously

ordered

and

there

is

no

contradiction

or

conflict

among

them

From

the

Corresponding

to

the

vertical

order

of

the

universe

a

system

of

vertical

value

comes

to

be

established

in

the

family

The

parents

show

benevolence

to

the

children

and

the

children

practice

filial

piety

toward

the

parents

This

is

the

system

of

vertical

value

on

the

family

level

When

this

system

is

applied

to

society

and

the

nation

various

kinds

of

values

can

be

derived

Clemency

and

good

governance

by

the

ruler

toward

the

people

and

loyalty

of

the

people

toward

the

ruler

the

teachers

duty

to

their

students

and

the

respect

and

obedience

of

the

students

toward

their

teachers

protection

Corresponding

to

the

horizontal

order

of

the

universe

a

system

of

horizontal

value

comes

to

be

established

in

the

family

There

is

harmonious

love

between

husband

and

wife

and

brotherly

love

among

brothers

arid

sisters

These

in

turn

will

develop

as

views

of

value

toward

colleagues

neighbors

compatriots

society

humankind

and

so

on

These

bring

forth

the

values

of

reconciliation

tolerance

justice

fidelity

courtesy

modesty

mercy

cooperation

service

sympathy

and

so

on

If

such

vertical

and

horizontal

values

are

maintained

in

society

then

society

remains

peaceful

and

develops

in

a

wholesome

way

If

not

society

falls

into

disorder

These

values

are

not

relics

from

feudal

society

rather

they

are

values

that

humankind

should

observe

eternally

for

the

law

of

the

universe

is

eternal

and

the

law

of

human

society

corresponds

to

the

law

of

the

universe

Furthermore

the

law

of

tire

universe

has

individuality

corresponding

to

which

there

are

individual

values

as

well

All

individual

beings

in

the

universe

participate

in

the

universal

order

while

maintaining

their

own

unique

characteristics

In

human

society

as

well

each

person

engages

in

mutual

relationships

with

other

people

while

building

up

his

or

her

own

character

Individual

values

include

purity

honesty

righteousness

abstinence

courage

wisdom

selfcontrol

endurance

independence

selfhelp

autonomy

fairness

diligence

innocence

and

so

on

All

of

these

are

values

for

selfcultivation

as

an

individual

Such

vertical

horizontal

and

individual

values

are

not

especially

new

as

virtues

They

have

been

taught

by

Confucius

Buddha

Jesus

Muhammad

and

others

Without

a

philosophical

ground

to

clarify

them

however

these

values

are

ambiguous

That

is

why

today

such

values

no

longer

have

any

power

to

persuade

people

For

that

reason

we

seek

to

revive

traditional

values

by

providing

them

with

a

firm

philosophical

ground

D

The

Historical

Ground

for

Absolute

Value

Whether

or

not

the

values

explained

above

can

be

demonstrated

historically

becomes

an

issue

as

well

Communism

asserts

not

only

that

natural

phenomena

develop

through

struggle

but

also

that

human

history

has

been

developing

through

struggle

ie

class

struggle

As

explained

in

the

chapter

Theory

of

History

however

it

is

not

true

that

history

has

been

developing

through

struggle

for

development

can

be

attained

only

through

harmonious

giveandreceive

action

between

subject

and

object

ie

leaders

and

people

in

society

Struggles

have

indeed

occurred

in

history

but

they

can

not

be

classified

as

class

struggles

To

be

precise

they

were

struggles

Struggles

between

good

and

evil

were

not

for

the

purpose

of

developing

history

but

rather

for

the

purpose

of

turning

history

toward

a

better

direction

see

ch

Theory

of

History

This

can

be

substantiated

by

an

analysis

of

history

Secular

powers

have

risen

and

fallen

but

religions

which

strive

to

follow

Heaven

have

managed

to

survive

Also

the

teachings

and

achievements

of

saints

and

righteous

men

and

women

have

served

as

models

for

people

in

later

periods

even

though

many

of

those

saints

and

righteous

people

fell

victim

to

evil

forces

in

their

own

time

This

shows

that

the

Another

law

of

history

is

that

there

was

a

goal

already

at

the

starting

point

of

history

The

universe

was

created

according

to

an

ideal

Logos

centering

on

purpose

the

Purpose

of

Creation

In

living

beings

there

is

an

idea

already

inherent

within

a

seed

or

an

egg

imprinted

in

the

genetic

structure

and

the

seed

or

egg

grows

according

to

that

idea

Likewise

in

human

history

there

was

an

ideal

at

the

outset

and

history

has

been

developing

toward

that

ideal

That

is

to

say

at

the

starting

point

of

history

there

was

a

goal

to

which

history

was

Human

history

became

sinful

as

a

result

of

the

fall

of

the

first

ancestors

Nevertheless

God

by

making

use

of

symbols

and

figures

in

mythology

and

in

scriptures

has

presented

the

image

of

the

ideal

world

as

envisioned

in

the

original

ideal

of

creation

the

ideal

world

that

was

lost

and

should

be

restored

in

human

history

The

ideal

pursued

by

humankind

is

the

world

of

goodness

peace

and

happiness

It

is

the

world

that

exists

according

with

the

Way

of

Heaven

Therefore

the

future

world

that

history

aims

to

attain

can

be

expressed

as

the

world

according

with

the

V

Historical

Changes

In

the

Systems

of

Value

In

this

section

let

us

consider

the

changes

in

Western

systems

of

value

from

a

historical

perspective

Through

this

we

can

grasp

the

historical

process

through

which

the

views

of

value

of

Greek

philosophy

and

Christianity

both

of

which

sought

absolute

values

came

to

be

overwhelmed

by

relative

views

of

value

and

eventually

became

ineffective

That

brings

us

back

to

the

point

that

tile

confusion

in

todays

world

can

not

be

solved

without

a

new

view

of

value

that

is

the

absolute

view

of

value

A

Views

of

Value

in

the

Growth

Period

The

Materialistic

View

of

Value

A

materialistic

natural

philosophy

arose

in

Ionia

an

ancient

Greek

colony

in

the

sixth

century

B

C

Before

that

time

Greece

had

been

a

tribal

society

in

the

age

of

mythology

but

Ionian

philosophers

were

not

satisfied

with

mythological

explanations

and

tried

to

explain

the

world

and

human

life

from

a

viewpoint

based

on

nature

In

the

Ionian

city

of

Miletus

foreign

trade

thrived

and

merchants

were

engaged

in

trade

activities

throughout

the

Mediterranean

Sea

They

were

realistic

and

active

In

such

an

atmosphere

people

gradually

discarded

the

mythical

ways

of

thinking

Concerning

the

rootcause

arrhi

of

all

things

Thalev

ca

B

C

advocated

that

it

was

water

Anaximander

ca

B

C

that

it

was

the

boundless

apeiron

Anaximenes

ca

B

C

that

it

was

air

and

Heraclitus

ca

B

C

that

it

was

fire

Together

with

such

natural

philosophies

objective

and

rational

ways

of

thinking

came

to

be

fostered

The

Arbitrary

Sophistic

View

of

Value

During

the

fifth

century

B

C

democracy

developed

in

Greece

centering

on

Athens

and

young

people

sought

to

acquire

knowledge

for

the

purpose

of

success

in

life

To

be

successful

the

art

of

persuasive

speech

rhetoric

was

especially

important

Scholars

were

paid

to

instruct

young

people

in

the

art

of

persuasion

those

scholars

came

to

be

called

sophists

Until

their

Greek

philosophy

had

dealt

primarily

with

nature

but

philosophers

became

aware

that

human

problems

could

not

be

solved

through

natural

philosophy

alone

and

gradually

turned

their

eyes

to

the

problems

of

human

society

They

soon

realized

that

whereas

natural

laws

are

objective

the

laws

and

morality

of

human

society

differ

from

country

to

country

and

from

age

to

age

with

no

apparent

objectivity

or

universality

For

that

reason

the

sophists

came

to

take

a

relativistic

skeptical

position

on

values

giving

up

any

effort

to

find

solutions

to

social

problems

Protagoras

ca

B

C

said

man

is

the

The

sophists

at

first

had

an

enlightening

effect

on

the

public

but

gradually

became

skeptical

about

the

existence

of

truth

They

attached

importance

only

to

the

art

of

persuasion

and

attempted

to

win

arguments

at

any

cost

even

by

resorting

to

false

reasoning

or

sophistry

Soon

they

began

to

use

fallacies

in

their

arguments

That

is

why

the

word

sophist

came

to

mean

a

person

who

uses

clever

but

misleading

reasoning

The

Pursuit

of

Absolute

Value

a

Socrates

Socrates

B

C

appeared

when

sophism

was

rampant

in

Greek

Society

and

lie

deplored

it

For

him

the

Sophists

pretended

to

know

but

in

reality

they

knew

nothing

Of

himself

he

said

One

thing

only

I

know

for

sure

and

that

is

that

I

know

nothing

Such

was

the

starting

point

of

his

plan

to

reach

true

knowledge

He

sought

the

basis

of

morality

in

the

God

daimon

inherent

within

the

human

being

and

asserted

that

morality

is

absolute

and

universal

Virtue

as

taught

by

him

was

a

loving

attitude

of

seeking

knowledge

and

knowledge

is

virtue

was

his

How

can

someone

obtain

true

knowledge

True

knowledge

is

not

to

be

poured

into

a

person

by

others

nor

can

it

be

known

by

an

individual

alone

Only

through

dialogue

questions

and

answers

with

others

can

someone

reach

true

knowledge

the

universal

truth

which

satisfies

all

people

Socrates

thought

He

then

sought

to

save

Athens

from

its

social

disorder

by

establishing

absolute

universal

virtues

b

Plato

Plato

B

C

thought

that

there

is

an

unchangeable

world

of

essence

behind

the

changing

world

of

phenomena

and

called

it

the

world

of

Ideas

Yet

since

peoples

souls

are

trapped

in

their

bodies

people

are

usually

convinced

that

the

phenomenal

world

is

true

reality

The

human

soul

previously

existed

in

a

world

of

Ideas

but

when

it

came

to

dwell

in

the

body

the

soul

was

separated

from

the

world

of

Ideas

Accordingly

the

soul

constantly

longs

for

the

world

of

Ideas

which

is

the

true

reality

For

Plato

knowledge

of

Ideas

is

nothing

but

a

recollection

of

Plato

enumerated

the

four

virtues

of

wisdom

courage

temperance

and

justice

as

the

virtues

that

everyone

must

have

He

field

that

those

who

rule

the

state

especially

must

be

philosophers

with

the

virtue

of

wisdom

and

an

understanding

of

the

Idea

of

the

Good

For

Plato

the

Idea

of

the

Good

was

the

source

of

all

values

Inheriting

Socrates

spirit

Plato

sought

to

find

absolute

value

B

Views

of

Value

in

the

HellenisticRoman

Period

The

HellenisticRoman

period

covers

a

time

span

of

approximately

three

centuries

from

the

time

Alexander

the

Great

defeated

Persia

until

the

time

the

Roman

forces

conquered

Egypt

and

unified

the

Mediterranean

world

An

individualistic

trend

seeking

ones

own

safety

and

peace

of

mind

was

predominant

in

this

era

The

fall

of

the

citystate

polis

rendered

useless

the

theories

of

value

centered

on

the

state

and

the

Greeks

began

to

emphasize

individual

ways

of

living

under

increasingly

unstable

social

conditions

At

the

same

time

cosmopolitanism

transcending

the

bounds

of

nationality

was

enhanced

The

representative

schools

of

thought

of

this

era

were

Under

this

individualistic

tendency

people

came

to

feel

a

sense

of

powerlessness

so

in

the

Roman

period

people

sought

a

way

to

be

elevated

to

a

position

beyond

that

of

the

human

condition

and

gradually

developed

religious

aspirations

Neoplatonism

was

the

fruit

of

this

trend

The

Stoic

School

Logos

law

reason

dwells

in

all

things

in

the

universe

and

the

universe

moves

in

an

orderly

fashion

according

to

laws

Likewise

Logos

dwells

in

people

as

well

Therefore

we

can

know

the

law

of

the

universe

through

our

reason

and

should

live

according

to

nature

That

was

the

basic

position

of

the

Stoic

school

The

Stoics

held

that

people

feel

pain

because

they

have

passions

To

solve

this

people

should

rid

themselves

of

passions

and

reach

the

state

of

apathy

the

absence

of

passionor

the

perfectly

peaceful

state

of

a

mind

that

will

not

be

tempted

in

any

way

Thus

tile

Stoic

school

advocated

an

asceticism

in

which

the

supreme

virtue

was

apathy

Whether

they

be

Greeks

or

Orientals

all

people

have

to

obey

the

law

of

the

universe

For

the

Stoics

Logos

was

God

and

all

people

were

brothers

and

sisters

as

Gods

children

Thus

they

established

cosmopolitanism

The

founder

of

the

Stoic

school

was

Zeno

of

Citium

ca

B

C

The

Epicurean

School

In

contradistinction

to

the

Stoic

school

which

advocated

ascetism

the

Epicurean

school

which

started

with

Epicurus

B

C

advocated

pleasure

as

the

supreme

good

Epicurus

considered

pleasure

to

be

directly

in

accord

with

virtue

By

pleasure

lie

did

not

mean

physical

pleasure

but

rather

having

no

pain

in

ones

body

and

giving

calm

and

repose

to

ones

soul

Epicurus

called

this

peaceful

state

of

mind

ataraxia

or

the

state

of

separation

from

pain

and

regarded

it

as

the

supreme

state

of

being

The

Skeptic

School

People

come

into

the

experience

of

pain

because

they

pass

judgment

on

things

one

way

or

another

Pyrrho

ca

B

C

urged

people

to

seek

calmness

of

mind

by

suspending

all

judgment

This

is

called

epoch

or

suspension

of

judgment

The

Skeptic

school

asserted

that

since

knowledge

of

the

truth

can

not

be

attained

by

human

beings

it

is

best

to

abstain

from

any

form

of

judgment

whatsoever

Absence

of

passion

apathy

of

the

Stoic

school

pleasurable

peace

of

mind

ataraxia

of

the

Epicurean

school

nonjudgment

edoche

of

the

Skeptic

schoolall

those

methods

were

attempts

to

find

calmness

of

mind

for

the

individual

Thus

they

regarded

as

questionable

the

absoluteness

of

value

which

had

been

pursued

by

Socrates

and

Plato

Neoplatonism

Greek

philosophy

continued

into

the

Roman

period

which

followed

the

Hellenistic

period

The

culmination

of

the

philosophy

of

the

HellenisticRoman

period

was

Neoplatonism

a

philosophical

viewpoint

whose

most

eminent

proponent

was

Plotinus

A

D

Plotinus

advocated

emanation

theory

according

to

which

everything

flows

out

of

God

Specifically

he

asserted

that

nous

reason

which

is

the

closest

reality

to

the

perfection

of

God

and

then

the

soul

and

finally

imperfect

matter

emanated

from

God

stage

by

stage

Formerly

Greek

philosophy

had

propounded

a

dualism

that

regarded

God

and

matter

as

conflicting

with

each

other

In

contrast

Plotinus

advocated

monism

claiming

that

God

is

everything

The

human

soul

flows

out

into

the

sensual

material

world

and

at

the

same

time

seeks

to

return

to

nous

and

to

God

Therefore

people

should

not

be

captured

by

physical

things

and

their

souls

should

ascend

to

the

level

of

perceiving

God

thereby

becoming

united

with

Him

Such

an

achievement

was

regarded

as

the

supreme

virtue

Plotinus

said

that

the

human

being

becomes

completely

united

with

God

in

ecstasy

which

he

regarded

as

the

highest

state

of

mind

Hellenistic

philosophy

culminated

with

Plotinus

and

Neoplatonism

had

a

great

impact

on

Christian

philosophy

which

was

to

emerge

next

C

The

Views

of

Value

in

the

Medieval

Period

Augustine

Augustine

provided

a

philosophical

basis

for

faith

in

Western

Christianity

God

was

regarded

as

eternal

unchangeable

omniscient

omnipotent

a

being

of

supreme

goodness

supreme

love

and

supreme

beauty

and

the

Creator

of

the

universe

In

contrast

with

Plato

who

regarded

the

world

of

Ideas

as

independent

in

itself

Augustine

held

that

Ideas

exist

within

the

mind

of

God

and

asserted

that

everything

was

created

with

Ideas

as

the

prototypes

In

opposition

to

Neoplatonism

which

held

that

the

world

necessarily

emanated

from

God

Augustine

advocated

creation

theory

saying

that

God

freely

created

the

world

from

nothing

not

utilizing

any

material

Thomas

Aquinas

Thomas

Aquinas

who

firmly

established

Christian

theology

divided

virtues

into

religious

and

natural

Religions

virtues

were

the

three

primary

virtues

of

Christianity

namely

faith

hope

and

love

and

natural

virtues

were

the

four

primary

virtues

of

Greek

philosophy

namely

wisdom

courage

temperance

and

justice

Religious

virtues

among

which

love

was

the

supreme

one

would

lead

to

bliss

and

people

would

become

qualified

to

receive

bliss

through

loving

God

and

their

neighbors

Natural

virtues

were

in

accordance

with

obedience

to

the

directives

of

reason

Natural

virtues

were

regarded

as

a

means

to

gain

religious

virtues

D

Modern

Views

of

Value

In

the

modern

period

nothing

significant

emerged

with

regard

to

views

of

value

Modern

views

of

value

can

be

seen

as

extensions

or

transformations

of

Greek

philosophy

and

Christian

views

of

value

Rene

Descartes

began

by

doubting

all

established

values

He

was

not

a

skeptic

however

rather

he

attempted

to

find

something

steadfast

through

doubt

As

a

result

he

reached

tile

fundamental

principle

of

I

think

therefore

I

am

He

put

reason

as

the

basis

for

judgment

and

that

gave

rise

to

Descartes

view

of

value

namely

that

people

should

act

with

a

resolute

will

while

controlling

their

passions

through

reason

Blaise

Pascal

regarded

the

human

being

as

it

contradictory

being

having

greatness

as

well

as

wretchedness

This

lie

expressed

by

saying

that

Man

is

a

thinking

reed

By

nature

human

beings

are

the

weakest

of

all

beings

but

they

are

the

greatest

by

virtue

of

their

ability

to

think

Still

peoples

true

happiness

consists

not

in

using

reason

but

rather

in

reaching

God

through

faith

or

through

heart

Immanuel

Kant

discussed

how

truth

goodness

and

beauty

come

into

being

expounding

on

them

in

Critique

of

Pure

Reason

Critique

of

Practical

Reason

and

Critique

of

judgment

respectively

He

stated

that

people

should

actualize

these

values

Especially

with

regard

to

morality

lie

asserted

that

people

should

act

according

to

the

unconditional

moral

imperative

to

do

some

thing

that

is

the

categorical

imperative

which

comes

from

practical

reason

Jeremy

Bentham

advocated

the

concept

of

the

greatest

happiness

of

the

greatest

number

adding

that

the

state

of

absence

of

pain

is

happiness

He

reasoned

that

the

value

of

human

behavior

can

be

determined

by

calculating

pleasure

and

pain

quantitatively

Benthams

utilitarianism

was

a

theory

of

value

that

came

into

being

in

the

context

of

the

Industrial

Revolution

and

was

a

Hyungsang

view

of

value

Soren

Kierkegaard

advocated

three

stages

of

existence

saying

that

people

should

pass

through

the

aesthetic

stage

and

the

ethical

stage

in

order

to

reach

the

religious

stage

of

existence

lie

preached

that

people

should

not

live

for

pleasure

in

his

view

it

is

not

sufficient

to

live

conscientiously

by

observing

ethics

rather

people

should

live

as

though

standing

before

God

in

faith

Kierkegaard

tried

to

revive

the

true

Christian

view

of

value

Friedrich

W

Nietzsche

regarded

Europe

at

the

end

of

the

century

as

being

in

the

era

of

nihilism

in

which

all

systems

of

value

were

collapsing

He

described

Christianity

as

slave

morality

that

is

morality

that

oppresses

people

and

equalizes

them

He

regarded

Christianity

as

the

greatest

cause

of

the

rise

of

nihilism

So

he

presented

a

new

theory

of

value

with

will

to

power

as

its

standard

Live

strongly

in

this

godless

world

was

Nietzsches

assertion

Wilhelm

Windelband

of

the

NeoKantian

school

dealt

with

values

as

the

central

issue

of

philosophy

taking

up

the

values

of

truth

goodness

and

beauty

in

a

united

way

Following

Kant

who

had

distinguished

matters

of

fact

from

matters

of

right

Windelband

distinguished

judgments

of

fact

from

judgments

of

value

and

said

that

the

task

of

philosophy

was

to

deal

with

judgments

of

value

A

judgment

of

fact

is

an

objective

proposition

about

a

fact

whereas

a

judgment

of

value

is

a

proposition

in

which

a

subjective

appraisal

of

a

fact

is

made

For

example

the

propositions

this

flower

is

red

and

the

man

built

the

house

are

fact

judgments

whereas

the

propositions

this

flower

is

beautiful

and

that

mails

conduct

is

good

are

value

judgments

Since

then

fact

and

value

have

been

dealt

with

as

separate

issues

in

the

sense

that

factual

judgment

are

dealt

with

in

natural

science

and

value

judgments

are

dealt

with

in

philosophy

This

century

has

seen

the

rise

of

analytical

philosophy

which

employs

the

logical

analysis

of

language

as

the

most

appropriate

method

of

philosophy

Analytical

philosophy

took

the

following

positions

with

regard

to

axiology

One

can

not

know

values

except

through

intuition

a

judgment

of

value

is

nothing

but

an

expression

of

the

speakers

feelings

about

moral

approval

or

disapproval

axiology

is

significant

only

for

the

analysis

of

value

language

Analytical

philosophy

generally

sought

to

exclude

axiology

from

philosophy

Pragmatism

represented

by

John

Dewey

based

value

judgment

on

usefulness

for

life

Such

value

concepts

as

truth

goodness

and

beauty

were

regarded

as

nothing

but

means

or

tools

for

processing

things

effectively

From

this

standpoint

what

is

perceived

as

valuable

will

differ

from

person

to

person

Even

the

same

person

may

differ

in

the

way

he

or

she

perceives

value

Deweys

standpoint

is

one

of

relativism

and

pluralism

Lastly

I

will

mention

the

Communist

view

of

value

The

following

definition

of

the

Communist

view

of

value

is

given

by

B

P

Tugarinov

Value

is

a

phenomenon

of

nature

or

society

that

is

useful

and

necessary

for

those

people

who

belong

to

a

particular

society

or

class

in

history

as

something

actual

its

a

purpose

or

as

an

ideal

For

Communism

usefulness

for

the

proletariat

class

is

the

standard

of

value

A

postulate

of

the

Communist

view

of

value

was

that

all

the

established

religious

systems

of

value

which

were

regarded

as

bourgeois

systems

of

values

had

to

be

denied

and

destroyed

For

Communism

a

moral

act

is

an

act

that

is

useful

in

promoting

collective

life

for

constructing

Communist

society

It

includes

such

virtues

as

dedication

obedience

sincerity

love

for

comrades

and

mutual

help

E

The

Necessity

for

a

New

View

of

Value

As

seen

above

many

systems

of

value

have

appeared

throughout

history

in

fact

history

can

be

seen

as

a

succession

of

failed

attempts

to

establish

absolute

values

In

ancient

Greece

Socrates

and

Plato

tried

to

establish

absolute

values

by

pursuing

true

knowledge

With

the

collapse

of

the

Greek

citystate

society

however

the

views

of

value

of

Greek

philosophy

also

collapsed

Next

Christianity

tried

to

establish

absolute

values

centered

on

Gods

love

agape

The

Christian

view

of

value

ruled

medieval

society

but

with

the

collapse

of

medieval

society

it

gradually

lost

its

power

In

the

modern

period

Descartes

and

Kant

established

views

of

value

centered

on

reason

as

in

Greek

philosophy

yet

their

understanding

of

God

which

was

the

basis

for

their

views

of

value

was

ambiguous

As

a

result

their

views

of

value

fell

short

of

being

absolute

Pascal

and

Kierkegaard

tried

to

revive

true

Christian

values

but

they

fell

short

of

establishing

a

firm

system

of

value

The

NeoKantian

school

dealt

with

value

as

one

of

the

main

issues

in

philosophy

but

they

completely

separated

philosophy

which

deals

with

values

from

natural

science

which

deals

with

facts

As

a

result

many

problems

came

into

being

As

scientists

have

continued

to

analyze

facts

in

disregard

of

values

the

results

have

been

weapons

of

mass

destruction

the

abuse

of

the

natural

environment

pollution

and

so

forth

Utilitarianism

and

pragmatism

are

materialistic

systems

of

value

which

makes

their

views

of

values

completely

relative

Analytical

philosophy

is

a

philosophy

without

value

Nietzsches

philosophy

and

Communism

can

be

described

as

antivalue

philosophies

opposing

traditional

views

of

value

Traditional

views

of

value

based

on

Greek

philosophy

and

Christianity

are

no

longer

regarded

as

important

today

Traditional

views

of

value

have

become

weak

and

separated

from

natural

science

Now

they

have

been

almost

completely

eliminated

even

from

the

field

of

philosophy

As

a

result

society

today

is

in

extreme

confusion

The

appearance

of

a

new

view

of

value

that

can

establish

absolute

values

while

revitalizing

the

traditional

systems

of

value

is

deeply

hoped

for

This

new

view

of

value

should

be

able

to

overcome

materialism

and

to

guide

science

with

its

correct

view

of

value

This

is

so

because


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The V8 configuration was chosen because it met all the requirements for compact size and light weight It gave increased displacement over the six cylinder range without loss of smoothness and the potential for future displacement and output increase Following design studies which showed that GMH could satisfactorily combine the best features from world practice suitable for Holden in Australia in a package smaller and lighter than then equivalent displacement engines already in production six experimental engines were built for evaluation in 1966 A full production program was then undertaken aiming at the provision of a smooth powerful durable and economic engineThe result was the first Australian V8 for volume passenger car use The engine had a displacement of 253 cu in 4146 litres a compression ratio of 91 a maximum horsepower 185 and a maximum torque of 262 lb ft Dry weight of the complete engine assembly from fan to flywheel and with all accessories including the alternator and starter was 460 lb only 80 lb heavier than the light weight six cylinder engine The overall width was only 22 inches The V8 was tested and proved in extensive dynamometer and road durability testing at the GMH technical centre and proving ground Its development was aided by its inclusion as the power unit for the GMH research car the Holden Hurricane The cylinder heads incorporated cross flow porting and large valves in a shallow wedge shaped combustion chamber for good breathing conducive to a high specific output The cylinder block of 3625 cylinder bore was a compact iron casting and together with the cylinder heads was cast in GMH foundries The nodular iron crankshaft of 306 stroke was extremely rigid due to the short stroke and large diameter main and connecting rod journals Optimum engine balance was obtained by close weight control of pistons connecting rods etc and by individual balance of crankshaft flywheel and clutch followed by a dynamic balance determined on the completed engine assembly when running under its own power Piston and piston ring specifications were developed to provide quietness long life and low oil consumption The valve train represented the first use in Australian manufacture of a design incorporating stable cylindrical aluminium rocker arm pivots in conjunction with pressed sheet metal rocker arms As in 6 cylinder engines GMH manufactured hydraulic lifters were used incorporating a long plunger travel to allow the use of the nonadjustable rocker supports Camshaft drive was by roller chain with neoprene damper on drive side From 1971 the 253 was fitted to the Statesman and in 1974 the engines were added to the new larger LH Torana range and was offered as well on the LX model range but not the final UC range which appeared in 1978 Both engine capacities were offered on the first Commodores which appeared in 1978 The 253 ci version was dropped in 1984 and was not offered in the VK model range At the same time the special editions modified by Holdens official aftermarket tuner Holden Dealer Team began introducing the 304ci 49 litre version of the engine created to slip underneath the 5000 cc engine capacity cutoff in Group A touring car regulations allowing Commodore competitors to run at a lower competition weight Fuel injection replaced the carburettors initially on the VL Commodore SS Group A SV again with Group A touring car racing in mind this car produced by replacement aftermarket tuner Holden Special Vehicles HSV While Group A disappeared after the VN Commodore the fuel injected 304 engine was offered in Commodores right up until the VS III Commodore utility Holden Six Cylinder Engine Holden Six Introduction Holden Six Cylinder Identification Holden Six Cylinder Engine Numbers Holden Six Cylinder Timeline 48215 to EJ Holden Holden Six Cylinder Timeline EH Holden to HZ Holden Holden Six Cylinder Timeline VB Commodore to VX Commodore Holden Technical Specifications Holden EH Specifications Holden HD Specifications Holden HR Specifications Holden HK Specifications Holden HT Specifications Holden HG Specifications Holden HQ Specifications Holden HJ Specifications Holden HX Specifications Holden HZ Specifications Holden WB Specifications Torana Technical Specifications Holden Torana LC Specifications Holden Torana LJ Specifications Holden Torana LH Specifications Holden Torana LX Specifications Holden Torana UC Specifications Commodore Technical Specifications Holden Commodore VB Specifications Holden Commodore VC Specifications Holden Commodore VH Specifications Holden Commodore VK Specifications Also see Holden 6 Cylinder Timeline Holden Red Motor Engine Codes Holden History Holden Heritage Holden Car Commercials Nasco Holden Accessories Commercials The First All Aussie V8 The Holden V6 The Holden V8 Classic Cars Toyota Cressida GLXi Toyota Lexus MX73R 1987 RHD 6 cyl Good Build date November 1987 Model MX73R and in good condition 197400 km on the clock and only 1 own 1900 AUD Classic Cars NSW Classic Cars Genuine Ford 1982 XD Sundowner V8 Panelvan Ford XD SUNDOWNER PANELVAN 1982 RHD V8 Fair Are you looking for a restoration project that is extremely rare and collectableApparently there w 11500 AUD Classic Cars SA Car Parts Phil Irving alloy head Holden NA NA NA NA NA Extremely rare PI headOne of only two ever built This Heron head is complete including forged inlet 15000 AUD Car Parts QLD Car Parts LX Torana ideal project or A9X replica Holden NA NA NA NA NA LX Torana body complete with exterior panels no interior or side glass A9X body kit unfitted alum 25000 AUD Car Parts WA Classic Cars Triumph TR4 CT10127L Triumph TR4 1963 LHD 4 cyl Good Very cool original 1963 TR4 convertible Still the first original paint No rust or damage ever Ru POA Dealer Classic Cars NA You may also like

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Library Library services From personal librarians for postgraduate students to free training on the proper use of library resources the Unisa Library strives to provide all its users with a variety of services that meet their information needs Lending services Any registered Unisa student with the exception of certain certificate and programme students may borrow library material Training The Unisa Libraries offer training in the use of library resources to enable clients to find information easily and speedily Training is offered free of charge to registered Unisa students and staff Literature Search Service A literature search is a reading list on a research topic We consult South African and international information resources to find material that is relevant to your research topic Research support Postgraduate degree students have access to all Library resources and their own personal librarian Library research space is also reserved for postgraduate students Technology support The Library assists registered students with access to Library electronic resources via wifi oncampus on their electronic devices Students can also access Library electronic resources when they are offcampus Archival and special collections The collections in the Unisa Library now total approximately 2 million There is also a growing collection of electronic information resources Membership Membership of the Library begins with registration for the current academic year and it automatically expires after completion of the final examination of the same year Tariffs Tariffs to pay for various Library services

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Iron On RFID Labels Radio Frequency Identification We think youll identify with these labelsvery quickly With RFID speed is the name of the game Lets say you affixed 10 Iron On RFID Labels to 10 different clothing items and hung the clothing on hangers In a moment your RFID scanner could read every single label by simply waving the scanner around the clothing Watch this video to see how fast the RFID Labels scan Unitherms Iron On RFID Labels can help your laundry department sort and scan clothing linens or other various textile products The scanner sends out a radio frequency signal and the labels immediately respond The labels are quickly applied at 400 degrees F for 12 seconds and they are designed to be laundered Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video QUOTE AND SAMPLES How much are Iron On RFID Labels Please email call or use the contact us form to request pricing Our email address is salesUnithermInccom Our phone number is 9372781900 Were really good at answering your pricing request in a timely manner You can expect to receive a detailed quote and a sample packet So whats RFID again RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification RFID Labels are constructed of a chip surrounded by a metal antenna Together the chip and antenna can send and receive radio frequency signals When the RFID Label receives a radio frequency signal from a scanner the label will respond by telling the scanner its identifying information Can I change the Identifying Information on each RFID Label Yes and no Each RFID Label has a permanent unique factory programmed identity number Since no other RFID Label on earth has that number you can easily use that for your own purposes RFID Labels can also be programmed with the identifying information of your choice You can add up to 64 characters of your own data to each RFID Label How Can Iron On RFID Labels Help me In the laundry Industry its about speed and efficiency RFID technology simply requires the RFID Label to be in proximity to the scanner This is in stark contrast to barcode scanning which requires the scanner to see the barcode How Do The Labels Withstand Laundering Unitherms Iron On Labels are coated on the back with Heat Seal Film The Heat Seal Film melts then bonds to the clothing After about 60 seconds the label cools and essentially makes a permanent bond Can I print Iron On RFID Labels We specifically designed the labels to be Thermal Transfer Printable and wound up on a roll Its all one seamless producta perfect combination of RFID technology and Iron On capability Does Unitherm Supply RFID Software and Equipment It depends on the situation Please call us and we can talk about your project Related Product Iron On Clothing Label System

B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O


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