Llanberis Slate The Full Tour Mark Reeves 30th May 2011 This has been read 41660 times T he Llanberis slate quarries are home to some of the boldest finest hardest and weirdest climbs in Wales The routes considerable reputations are well matched by the despoiled mountainsides geology history and the climbing culture of the area In this article local instructor photographer writer and allround good guy Mark Reeves explains all The all time slate classic Comes the Dervish E3 5c Mark Reeves A Brief History of the Slate The story of the Llanberis slate starts around 500 million years ago when layer upon layer of mudstone deposited over millennia in a shallow sea eventually became overlain and intruded by volcanic rock lava and ash The heat and pressure that these applied to the shale type rock transformed it over aeons into what is now considered the best slate in the world The routes considerable reputations are well matched by the despoiled mountainsides geology history and the climbing culture Slate is virtually impervious to water and is easily split into tiles making it excellent for roofing and of course in its raw form climbing upon Post formation the slate lay dormant for another age waiting for the next event in its long history the collision of what is now the UK with Nova Scotia caused the mountains to rise above sea level and the Snowdonia mountain range was born The superb long line of Ride the Wild Surf E4 6a Mark Reeves A nd there it would have ended for the slate buried under a mountain of rock but the earth had different ideas and around 100000 years ago the earth was plunged into a glacial period glaciers shaped the landscape of North Wales into the dramatic mountainscape that we see today Jump forwards to 10000 years ago and the globe started to heat up the ice retreated and the world we know today started to emerge the owners not only kept the welsh workforce in poverty but used the ships that transported the slate all over the world to engage in the slave triangle Whilst limited mining occurred in early times the most notable a Roman fort whos remains on the outskirts of Caernarfon was roofed in slate it wasnt until much later during the industrial revolution that slate mining expanded rapidly Factory building and rapid urban growth led to the need for an effective roofing material and thats where slate and the Welsh quarries associated with it came into being The retrobolted Horse Latitudes 6a gives a great and grippy route Mark Reeves I n 1890 the industry peaked with over 17000 men being employed in the mines and quarries of North Wales The subsequent decline in the industry was to have a major effect on the locals and workers alike When in an effort to employ its workers with disregard for new Health and Safety Laws the owners of the quarries essentially locked the workers out for nearly a year with no pay times became very hard and when the mine owners eventually opened the gates to the capitulating workers they only took on half the original workforce Similarly it is only just coming to light after the Penrhyn family finally released historic papers from the time after the last living relative of those times passed away that the owners not only kept the welsh workforce in poverty but used the ships that transported the slate all over the world to engage in the slave triangle It was this transportation to global destinations that gave birth to some of the names of the areas in the quarries however it has been suggested that some of these have been misnamed by climbers although the general theme is still there After the Second World War new technology in roofing which was cheaper and easier to manufacture than slate was born the ceramic tile So despite more mechanization the quarries went through a steady decline until in 1969 when the Dinorwig quarries finally closed By the end of the mining in Dinorwig 362 quarrymen had lost their lives extracting the grey gold Pull My Daisy E2 5c on the Rainbow Slab Llanberis Slate Mark Glaister Assistant Editor May 2011 The Early Forays The history of climbing in the quarries started in 1969 with Joe Brown who seemed to have been waiting for the workers to leave so he could step in Joe was of course a pioneer of steep and intimidating lines up big cliffs throughout the UK and abroad So it seems fitting that he set his sights on the biggest cliff of all the back wall of Twll Mawr Big Hole putting up the compelling and rarely ascended Opening Gambit This route has been greatly altered over the years through rockfalls that have been both small and colossal The route The technical Goose creature E3 6a Australia Mark Reeves An accessible but polished classic Holy Holy Holy E2 5c Mark Reeves A nother local Al Harris whose house on Fachwen overlooked Gideon Quarry was to make an early exploration of this slab producing Gideon This is a smart little HVS although somewhat bold as gear is both sparse and at times imaginative and generally involves exploring the limits of friction on what feels like Teflon Whilst other routes were climbed the quarries were something of a backwater that failed to spark the imagination of those that explored the myriad of levels holes and workings Mark Reeves Recommended Slate routes Best sport graded 4s 5s and 6s Emerald Dyke F3 Dalis Hole Deceptive Dyke F5 Looning the Tube 362 Never Neverland F5 Tomb Raider Never Neverland F5 Freshair Crack Nuremburg Area F5c Overtaken by Department C CigArete Level Rainbow Walls F5c Grandpiere Grandmiere Dalis Hole F5 Gwions Groove CigArete Level Rainbow Walls F6a Horse Latitudes Alive and Kicking Bella Lugosi Area F6a Toy Soldiers Skyline Buttress F6a Top quality E1s Bella Lugosi is Dead A cracking pitch up a thin crack avoid passing any gear as it does run out for a while Gnat attack Awesome runout slab two bolts Requires a steady head with a tricky but well protected crux Fools Gold A hard move to gain the ledge leads to a nice sustained crack Seams The Same A thin stepped line Monster Kitten Do you hand or foot traverse this thin crack Maybe a bit of both Last Tango in Paris The poor mans Comes the Dervish Looning the Tube Used to be total lunacy still a great slab Launching Pad A brave lead to the first bolt then a steady head will get you to the top Californian Arete A serious death from the top floor in a high rise kind of way Easy but essentially a solo The Madness A scooped slab with just enough bolts Monster Kitten is a super E1 5c and can be done as a second pitch after Mental Lentils HVS 5b Mark Reeves The Slate Boom The Birth of the Slatehead Twelve years after Joe Browns epic route it was the rising climbing legend Stevie Haston who was to take up the baton and redefine climbing on the slate with Comes the Dervish famously cleaned with a borrowed knife from Petes Eats Comes the Dervish is a route that any wannabe Slatehead needs to put at the top of their ticklist originally graded E5 the line has cleaned up considerably and is now one of the best E3s in the UK If you have not climbed this route then you are not a slate climber just a climber whos climbed on It was now climbing legend Stevie Haston who was to take the baton and redefine climbing on the medium When he famously borrowed a knife from Petes Eats to clean what is now the iconic route of the quarries For a trend to really take a hold you need more than just a route you need a context into which that trend can explode and whilst it is widely written that this route sparked the revolution there is more to it than simply the ascent of Comes the Dervish and that something had as much to do with the socioeconomic situation of the times as it did that clean fresh line on a slate blackboard Top Extreme Slate routes Massambula Rippled Slab Bus Stop Quarry E2 Another runout slab which will get the blood pumping Scarlet runner Rippled Slab Bus Stop Quarry E4 A scary proposition to reach the first bolt leads to a sustain well protected slab above Short Stories Never Never Land E4 Thin runout and bold big falls tall stories and a must for the slab junky Kubla Khan Never Never Land E3 Technically harder than its E4 neighbour Short Stories but easier overall Pull My Daisy Rainbow Slab E2 A fine and technical crack leads to an insitu pipe above which there nothing in the way of gear for 12 metres Colossus Colossus Wall E3 A long steep pump fest up a massive wall The Mau Mau Rainbow Walls Upper E4 A steep and pumpy crack German School Girl Rainbow Walls Upper E2 A excellent technical corner if you can get off the ground youre laughing Soap on a Rope Bathtime Wall Vivian Quarry E4 Another steep route which has been Deep Water Soloed by many it does sport two bolts Off the beaten Track Railtrack Slab Australia E3 A great sustain slab with an interesting finish onto hanging railway tracks Is it a Crime Conscience Slab E3 Is It a Crime Never as Good as the First timeSweetest Taboo link Conscience Slab E3 Fine and sustain slab climbs with just enough gear Ride the Wild Surf Colossus Wall E4 Even pumpier than Colossus if you can navigate past the chipadeedodah hold Jack of Shadows Colossus Wall E4 A technical groove that will only yield to some wide bridging Psychotherapy E2 A steep slab with a mix of bolts and gear Top E5s Poetry PinkReleased from treatment Rainbow Slab This is a stella combo and possible the easiest of the E5 on this Slab Cystitis By Proxy Rainbow Slab A very bold start up a crack may well be getting harder as the crack now takes less gear the top crux move from a letterbox hold is desperate Splitstream Rainbow Slab Less cruxy but more sustained than Cystitis the initial slab is hard to read from below and you arent going to cheat by abseiling down it Are you Waves of Inspiration California Area Another good first E5 well protected and reasonably steady for the grade Central Sadness California Area The best E5 on slate One pitch for the hero and another for the married man Flashdance the Dervish slab Vivian Seriously run out above marginal gear Never Never land A long pitch with a worrying spike that you are straddling as you perform the crux Enough to make you eyes water just think of the consequences Heading the Shot Serengeti Although often seen as a sports route it is still E5 The Wonderful World of Walt Disney Twll Mawr This is reportedly another of the best routes on slate and is a four pitch monster Youll need at least 5 to 6 hours to get up it James McHafie attempts the desperate New Slatesman F8b Mark Reeves W hat acted as a springboard was the rise of unemployment in the early 1980s Maggies Millions was the name for this army of unemployed and from these battalions of jobseekers rose a new boom in the quarries although this time it wasnt from quarrymans soft explosives The rock and dole generation where spawned What this meant was that if you were a climber and you wanted to live off of benefits and climb the world was your oyster You could sign on by post and spend all your available time climbing and engaging in all manner of socially irresponsible activities The year was 1983 the BBC started their first ever breakfast show The Austin Metro was the most popular selling car in the UK two new MPs were voted into the House of Commons a Mr Tony Blair and Mr Gordon Brown the British Thrust II set a new world land speed record The year was 1983 the BBC started their first ever breakfast show The Austin Metro was the most popular selling car in the UK The first cruise missiles arrive at Greenham Common amid mass protests the Compact Disc arrived Thatcher wins a landslide victory and major boom in slate climbing starts As acres of virgin rock became known to the ballooning population of dolemen climbers started to migrated to Llanberis to get involved with this new almost punk like movement The stage was set for slate to make a big impact on UK climbing along with mullets bad moustaches and even worse lycra tights The ever popular midgrade cracks Seamtress VS and Seams The Same E1 Mark Reeves Designer Danger Myths and Legends The routes of the early years were to revolve around the exact type of ground that Stevie had stumbled upon when he climbed perhaps the most conspicuous slab in the quarries Elsewhere the slabs were devoid of such luxurious cracks and meant that the ethos turned to bolting Whether or not you believe that the likes of Redhead and his cohorts applied Joe Browns rule of two bolts a pitch to the immaculate Rainbow Slab or that the hard economic times led to the minimalistic approach to fixed gear who cares What the quarries got was some serious routes with the Slatehead was born a person whose antics off the rock were just as important as on it Similarly in the forthcoming new guidebook to the slate Martin Crooks previously unpublished Slatehead Dairys will throw even more light into the murky world of Llanberis in the 1980s In the years that followed the 1983 explosion the Rainbow Slab Never Neverland Vivian Quarry and Australia all got their major lines ascended Around 80 routes were climbed between 1983 and 1985 of which 30 are still considered starred classics Development picked up more speed and in 1986 over 100 new routes were added around 80 the following year and over seventy the year after that Then almost as quickly as A view of the classic E1 5b crack of Bella Lugosi is Dead Mark Reeves The Sport Climbing Revolution Slabs are for Softies If you can turn your brain off and just climb then the slabs of the quarries are invariably easier than routes of similar grades it does however take a long time to train you mind in the ways of the runout slab There came a point though when the climbers started to look away from the slabs and turn to steeper and blanker rock This corresponded with the development of sport climbing in the UK many climbers were enjoying the luxury of sport climbing in Europe whilst collecting their dole money via the post and upon their return many realised the full potential of the quarries Three routes stood out that ushered in this new era the first two by John Redhead in Vivian Quarry where he sculpted two utterly horrendous routes that suited his height and finger strength The first Manic Strain is still considered F7c or 8a whereas Misogynist Discharge is no push over at 8a and features more of a scrape than a chip on its crucial foothold Later that year came a four pitch masterpiece from Johnny Dawes in the form of The Quarryman Its third pitch has been made famous by his Stone Monkey video where Johnny climbs the gymnastic and powerful groove A little later Dawes went on to add the classic Bobbys Groove and the ultra technical Untouchables Arête Another of the main sport climbing activists on the scene was Nick Harms In 1986 he made the first ascent of one of the more amusingly named routes Watch Me Wallaby Wank Frank and added among others Cwms The Dogfish Tru Clip and The Dark Half all of which are fantastic high end sport climbs None of his routes have diminished in reputation over the years and just a sighting of Nick in the book The Power of Climbing will make you realise that even in those days the ability to be totally ripped despite rampant hedonism was still possible What set many of these routes apart from say European or limestone sport routes in the UK is the moves Often a scene of much frustration for the climber the technical onoff nature of the slate cruxes that have more to do with feet sticking to a hold than the ability to pull hard This gives slate sport its very own style where relentless body tension is needed to keep in contact with the tiny holds Pete Robins on the microscopically thin slab of The Very Big and The Very Small F8b Mark Reeves Mike Raine goes Off the Beaten track Mark Reeves And the Beat Goes On Slate climbing is like flairs if you live long enough then it is going to come back into fashion at some point and four years ago saw the return of the slate The resurgence started the activity of reequipping many of the slates classics a necessary act as many of the bolts were passed their sell by date Along with the reequipping was some controversial retro bolting in several hitherto forgotten areas that had routes of reasonable quality but a dearth of gear These areas were brought Kicking and Screaming as some people put it into the real world of the Naughties The ultra classic routes were rightly left as they were whilst some routes that had maybe seen a couple of ascents in a decade were seeing many ascents a week just days after they were equipped The quarries almost felt alive with climbers again At this time the author of this piece carried out an act which sparked a new revolution a monster that at times seemed out of control The act was to bolt three routes one in particular a F3 in Dalis Hole up a clean thin and beautiful dolerite band Before you could blink there were easy routes popping up all over the place Some climbers were literally excavating routes from nothing cleaning back until they reach something solid as quite literally tonnes of slate came down Whilst on the one hand low end sports routes were exactly what the quarries needed for their popularity The flip side of this was that some venues now look grid bolted and the latest boom in the quarries almost did more damage to us climbers than anything the quarrymen managed With not unusually over 40 people climbing in Dalis Hole the owners of the land the electricity generating company First Hydro or their Japanese multinational owners started to get nervous Conflict and confrontation flared and it resulted in First Hydro threatening to ban access to the quarry for climbers I say threaten as a site this big with so many access points means that policing such a ban would be near impossible However to reduce the risk to members of the public being encouraged off the path at Dalis Hole they erected a high barbed wire fence which was subsequently In recent months the BMC has been negotiating an access agreement with First Hydro Alongside this everyman revolution a small number of climbers took advantage of easy access to a drill bolt and develop a new set of modern test pieces None captures the cutting edge of slate climbing more than The Serpent Vein which was actually a project from the 1990s that was left uncompleted by that generation of locals it was James McHaffie who eventually climbed this at F8b Steep intimidating and exposed the route has yet to have a second ascent and after Johnny Dawes Meltdown project in Twll Mawr is possibly the hardest route on slate Slates best sport testpieces The Quarryman Groove F7c8a Relive the Stone Monkey video well worth the abseil in and jumar out for a top rope Gin Palace F7c Like a light version of The Quarryman groove with a extremely tricky crack at the top Spong F7c A great route that in the main part is very reasonable climbing on well spaced positive holds The crux is either a desperate rock over or a very long dyno Tru Clip F7b A thin and desperate wall The Dark Half F8a Possibly the most popular F8a in the quarries Manic Strain F7c8a Chipped for someone of a 6ft plus stature it is possible but much harder for the short Wish You Were Here F7b An amazing layback flake high up in the quarries Serpent Vein F8b Given F8b by the first ascensionist it is probably harder and is no doubt the hardest route in the quarries Geordie Warcry F7a A great stamina test for early season Forsinain Motspur F7c A very technical wall with and excruciatingly thin finish Bungles Arete F8b A stunning route up the obvious tower that emerges from Rainbow Slab Dynamic and photogenic The Very Big and The Very Small F8b A hideously thin and desperate series of 6c and 7a moves will allow only the best climbers to ascend this slab yes an 8b slab Youll be lucky if you get more than two attempts a session before you finger split Most people will need to pour chalk down the slab to try and find the holds Bold and Difficult Slabs Whilst may of these routes have been onsighted they often have only seen one ascent in this style by some of the best climbers of our generation In particular Leo Houldings onsight of My Halo and Patch Hammonds Beta Onsight of Raped By Affection stand as two of the most impressive onsight ascents the quarries have seen Rainbow of Recalcitrance E6 An incredible line that takes the obvious challenge Raped By Affection E7 A serious lead with the first gear that will hold you a bolt that is invariably out of reach at 22m Sweetest Taboo E4 A long lonely slab leads up to the first gear at around 10m where after it gets easier until the final crux slab past a bolt at the top My Halo E6 or it is 7 This debate will rage it is more E6 to headpoint but probably E7 to onsight The crux at 67m is protected by a poor skyhook a even worse RP and a prayer Dawes of Perception E7 Another of Johnnys hard slabs this time a hard and bold E56 leads up to a hideous 7a sequence past a bolt Windows of Perception E6 Possibly the hardest rock over in the world flexibility is a must For Whom the Bell Tolls E6 A lonely lead with only joke protection to reach the overlap on the Dervish Slab Any of the other numerous E6s on the Rainbow Slab all thin bold and difficult Logistics When do I go Climbing on the slate is possible throughout the year and sun and shade are easily tracked down Many of the routes dry rapidly after rainfall and climbing is often possible when the mountain routes are out of condition Getting to the slate From the south follow the A5 from Birmingham to Capel Curig and turn left Drive for 45 miles until at a pub on the right Pen y Gwryd Turn right to Llanberis Alternatively from the north take the A55 coast road to Bangor and take signs to Llanberis The quarries are very easily viewed from Llanberis itself and accessed from a large carpark fee at the mine centre next to Vivian Quarry Where do I stay There is an excellent but basic campsite opposite the Vaynol Arms Nant Peris just up the pass from Llanberis an OK pub and a favourite with many locals It costs around 450 a night per person and has hot and cold showers according to their sign and toilets It is also possible to walk to the upper quarries from here There are several climbing club huts in the valley the Climbers Club Ceunant and Vagabonds all have great huts As you leave Nant Peris towards Llanberis Bens Bunkhouse is situated above the large layby on the left This is only Where to get food and beer There are two shops in Llanberis a Spar and Costcutter both stock a reasonable but slightly overpriced selection of food If you need some specialist food then supermarkets are available in Bangor and Caernarfon The Vaynol Arms in Nant Peris is the nearest good pub with food to The Pass Llanberis has several pubs I have recently been drinking in all of them and each has its unique charm although I am not sure what that is in a few of them The Gwynedd has nice food and beer The Dolbadarn is fairly basic the Padarn Lake is often vibrant What gear and which guidebook do I need A standard rack for trad or sport climbing and boots with a good edge on them There are two gear shops in Llanberis Joe Browns and V12 Outdoor Both stock camping and climbing equipment and the staff are very knowledgeable about the local climbing There is no current definitive guidebook available at the present time but the Groundup North Wales Rock gives good coverage of the slate and the online pages of wwwslatewetpaintcom gives uptodate info on new lines and equipping What else is there apart from the climbing What else do you need the climbing should be enough if it isnt then walking and scrambling abounds in the Snowdonia National Park as does some amazing mountain biking Other attractions are the Electric Mountain Underground Tour The Slate Museum free entry and The Ropes and Ladders High Ropes Course Other than that try a pub crawl see drinking section Photo Gallery Teetering along the Rainbow mark reeves Stepping onto the rainbow Simon Cardy pull my daisy a different angle jethro kiernan Steve Mclure on the Dark Half Llanberis Slate quarries Alex Messenger Adam Knightly on My Halo E7 6b Stephen Knightly Ben on German Schoolgirl Caradog eyeballing the finish on tired arms jethro kiernan Mordor and The Lost World in the depths of winter Samuel Wainwright Alex Mason on Manic Strain jethro kiernan Seconding along the Rainbow Ed Booth A severe case of belay midge depression on Patellaectomy Andrew Stelmach James Pearson on True Clip Llanberis Alex Messenger Summit of the Old Man of Hoy Mark Reeves is a photographer climbing instructor writer and film maker You can read more about Mark Reeves on his blog Life in the Vertical Mark is also a professional Mountaineering Instructor You can find out more on his other site Snowdonia Mountain Guides UKC Articles and Gear Reviews by Mark Reeves ARTICLE Sea Cliff Climbing Safety 10 May 2017 Avalanche Basics Part 2 Staying Safe 9 Jan 2013 Avalanche Basics Part 1 Anatomy of an Avalanche 30 Dec 2012 New North Wales Rock Climbing iPhone Guide 30 Nov 2011 Llanberis Mountain Film Festival 22 Mar 2011 DESTINATION GUIDE Tremadog North Wales 26 Oct 2010 DESTINATION GUIDE Llanberis Pass 4 Mar 2010 Bardsey Ripple Sundae 7 Dec 2009 Memories on Cyrn Las Llanberis Pass 22 Apr 2009 Mountain Rescue The Truth 12 Jan 2009 Combat Rock Another classic Slate E1 Sat high above the hole of Twll Mawr Mark Reeves Looning the Tube Australia A unique route involving a big metal pipe Mark Reeves Pruning the Tube E2 Australia Mark Reeves Two Tone E2 6a Vivian Quarry Mark Reeves Share Forums 30 comments This has been read 41660 times Return to Articles from 2017 or list other Destinations articles

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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


The

Human

Development

Index

Reference

this

Disclaimer

This

work

has

been

submitted

by

a

student

This

is

not

an

example

of

the

work

written

by

our

professional

academic

writers

You

can

view

samples

of

our

professional

work

here

Any

opinions

findings

conclusions

or

recommendations

expressed

in

this

material

are

those

of

the

authors

and

do

not

necessarily

reflect

the

views

of

UK

Essays

Published

Thu

Apr

The

most

foundational

target

of

economic

and

social

development

is

becoming

more

contentious

issue

recently

For

a

long

time

per

capital

income

levels

were

considered

a

central

indicator

of

development

However

this

conception

has

significant

faults

due

to

it

only

account

for

economic

activities

in

the

market

without

consider

the

equitable

income

distribution

as

well

as

sustainable

environment

and

society

Fuchs

UNDP

established

the

Human

Development

Index

to

in

which

is

a

widely

accepted

framework

to

measure

the

human

development

Anand

and

Sen

However

this

method

has

been

criticized

for

it

still

having

a

marketliberal

bias

An

As

a

result

the

question

of

whether

the

UNDP

replace

the

HDI

with

the

HPI

to

rank

countries

by

level

of

human

development

is

becoming

an

interesting

one

This

paper

will

discuss

a

core

approach

for

measure

development

compares

with

other

frameworks

for

progress

Then

it

will

examine

the

HDI

and

HPI

by

this

measure

respectively

arguing

that

although

HPI

is

imperfect

it

is

more

suitable

than

HDI

to

measure

the

development

of

social

recently

Factors

to

measure

human

development

Although

the

meaning

or

conceptualizations

of

human

development

is

various

we

can

see

that

the

trends

of

development

are

from

growth

to

sustainable

development

to

happiness

and

wellbeing

As

regard

as

the

traditional

conceptualizations

of

development

main

indicator

to

measure

whether

a

country

was

developing

was

always

using

of

the

rate

of

growth

of

per

capita

national

income

such

as

Gross

Domestic

Product

GDP

Gross

National

product

GNP

or

Gross

National

Income

GNI

Kingsbury

late

Dudley

Seers

cited

in

Kingsbury

rejected

this

view

and

pointed

that

development

is

to

realize

the

potential

personality

Development

should

fulfill

the

human

potential

capability

include

adequate

education

levels

freedom

of

speech

and

national

political

and

economic

power

Seers

Moreover

ILO

cited

in

Kingsbury

led

to

a

As

the

increasing

level

of

economic

activities

have

obviously

negative

impacts

on

the

natural

resources

and

environment

the

natural

capital

needs

to

be

taken

into

consideration

in

the

measurement

of

development

Dieren

cited

in

Kingsbury

The

Brundtland

Commission

asserted

that

when

pursuit

of

economic

both

environmental

and

social

objectives

are

necessary

for

sustainable

development

Sen

also

notes

that

we

should

leave

the

future

generations

able

to

enjoy

the

common

stock

of

natural

assets

and

resources

without

contaminate

and

use

up

Improvements

in

sustainability

require

consuming

less

natural

resources

and

changing

towards

to

the

ecofriendly

of

development

Alkire

cited

in

Kingsbury

provides

an

excellent

and

comprehensive

assessment

of

human

development

dimensions

including

Sens

contributions

which

is

now

widely

described

as

the

human

wellbeing

Recently

by

assuming

that

the

most

basic

objective

of

national

development

is

to

improve

the

wellbeing

of

countries

citizens

these

approaches

combine

knowledge

of

sociology

psychology

economics

and

political

theory

and

consider

the

level

of

human

beings

subjective

life

satisfaction

as

the

fundament

aspect

McGregor

cited

in

Kingsbury

That

means

they

focus

on

what

people

need

and

the

individual

development

In

addition

as

some

authors

highlight

the

psychological

factors

and

From

these

discuss

above

we

can

conclude

that

the

measure

of

development

could

focus

on

two

aspects

which

are

human

system

and

ecosystem

As

Giovannini

mentions

a

framework

of

the

progress

of

societies

Source

OECD

framework

for

the

progress

of

societies

Combining

with

all

the

discussion

above

we

could

measure

the

ecosystem

by

four

factors

â

Air

atmosphere

â

Water

hydrosphere

â

Land

geosphere

â

Biodiversity

biosphere

On

the

other

hand

we

could

measure

the

human

system

by

six

factors

â

Physical

and

psychological

health

â

Knowledge

and

education

â

Work

and

employment

â

Material

wellbeing

and

income

â

Freedom

and

selfdetermination

â

Social

relationships

So

the

paper

will

examine

the

efficiency

of

HDI

and

HPI

by

this

framework

respectively

Human

Development

Index

Components

of

HDI

According

to

the

Human

Development

Report

the

Human

Development

Index

HDI

is

a

summary

measure

of

human

development

It

is

a

frame

to

measure

for

development

both

on

social

and

economic

aspects

The

HDI

sets

a

minimum

and

a

maximum

for

each

dimension

called

goalposts

and

then

shows

where

each

country

stands

in

relation

to

these

goalposts

expressed

as

a

value

between

and

composes

with

three

factors

Education

and

knowledge

It

consists

with

the

mean

of

years

of

schooling

for

adults

and

expected

years

of

schooling

for

children

Calculating

the

mean

years

of

schooling

is

based

on

the

different

length

of

schooling

at

each

level

Expected

years

of

schooling

are

based

on

the

enrolment

and

the

population

of

official

school

age

at

various

degree

of

education

Heath

and

long

life

Life

expectancy

is

the

expected

in

the

statistical

sense

number

of

years

of

life

remaining

at

a

given

age

In

HDI

it

calculated

the

life

expectancy

at

birth

by

using

a

minimum

value

of

years

and

maximum

value

of

years

These

indicators

are

the

observed

maximum

value

from

global

countries

from

to

Thus

if

a

country

where

life

expectancy

birth

is

years

the

life

expectancy

index

would

be

The

standard

of

living

It

measured

by

GNI

per

capita

PPP

US

instead

of

GDP

per

capita

PPP

US

in

Comparing

with

Gross

Domestic

Product

GDP

which

is

the

whole

monetary

value

of

goods

and

services

produced

in

a

country

Gross

National

Income

GNI

illuminates

the

income

accrued

only

to

the

residents

of

a

country

which

includes

international

flows

which

invested

in

and

excludes

the

income

which

repatriated

abroad

The

goalpost

for

minimum

income

and

the

maximum

are

PPP

PPP

respectively

HDR

Critique

of

HDI

According

to

the

framework

of

the

progress

of

societies

it

is

clear

that

HDI

has

some

limitations

As

Sen

argued

that

the

wellbeing

and

freedom

are

diversity

which

influenced

by

variety

of

factors

such

as

political

economic

social

and

law

The

HDI

is

based

on

a

heroic

selection

and

put

the

focus

only

on

few

of

these

factors

while

totally

neglecting

others

Neither

contentment

nor

psychological

state

of

individuals

is

captured

it

also

ignore

some

measure

of

subjective

wellbeing

or

happiness

Blanchflower

cited

in

Fuchs

Moreover

without

measuring

political

freedom

guaranteed

human

rights

equal

distributional

aspects

and

Furthermore

UNDPs

HDI

is

estimated

with

adjusted

GNI

per

capita

figure

It

means

high

incomes

contribute

insignificantly

to

human

development

In

many

instances

countries

with

higher

human

development

index

always

have

higher

average

incomesŒwhich

contribute

to

higher

average

life

expectancies

lower

mortality

and

higher

literacy

rates

Mazumdar

argues

that

the

application

of

the

adjusted

GNI

figure

could

artificially

widen

the

gap

between

the

rich

and

poor

countries

GNI

only

counts

monetary

transactions

it

miss

many

activities

that

people

value

like

caring

for

children

The

value

of

leisure

time

spent

relaxing

or

with

family

and

friends

are

also

ignored

Excluded

Happy

Planet

Index

Components

of

HPI

The

UKs

new

economics

foundation

publishes

a

Happy

Planet

Index

HPI

which

looks

for

countries

where

people

live

longer

and

happier

lives

without

damaging

the

planet

in

According

to

the

HPI

there

are

two

main

separate

indicators

Happy

Life

Years

Life

satisfaction

and

life

expectancy

In

respect

to

the

concept

of

happiness

the

intangible

concept

of

life

satisfaction

is

measured

through

by

variety

kinds

of

surveys

Individuals

responses

relative

with

the

conditions

of

their

social

networks

relationship

status

educational

level

and

presence

of

disability

In

addition

their

material

conditions

are

also

included

such

as

income

and

employment

situation

Higher

levels

of

social

capital

and

living

standard

comfortable

climate

and

abundant

natural

resources

higher

life

expectancy

and

more

democracy

all

can

leads

one

countries

to

get

higher

life

satisfaction

Furthermore

wellbeing

is

correlated

with

these

responses

In

these

surveys

people

satisfied

with

their

life

by

using

Life

expectancy

is

an

average

number

of

years

that

a

newborn

has

the

probability

to

live

based

on

social

environmental

and

economic

conditions

calculated

with

the

mortality

rates

for

different

age

groups

The

Ecological

Footprint

EF

It

is

a

resource

accounting

tool

which

measures

the

extent

to

which

the

ecological

demand

of

human

economies

stays

within

or

exceeds

the

capacity

of

the

biosphere

to

supply

goods

and

services

HPI

The

EF

also

estimates

the

quantity

of

land

area

required

to

keep

a

given

population

at

a

certain

level

of

consumption

with

technological

development

and

resource

efficiency

Kitzes

cited

in

Campus

This

measure

is

informative

as

human

resource

consumption

exceeds

Earth

biocapacity

The

Global

Footprint

Network

is

the

main

source

for

EF

From

the

report

it

shows

that

higher

income

countries

usually

have

a

Critique

of

HPI

The

most

controversial

issue

is

that

Happiness

or

life

satisfaction

are

very

subjective

and

personal

because

cultural

and

complex

impact

of

personality

can

influence

on

happiness

Triandis

Reported

happiness

is

a

very

tricky

concept

which

is

easily

to

make

datacollection

errors

when

used

to

measure

whole

societies

Steffen

We

can

see

some

major

measurements

of

societal

wellbeing

are

completely

neglected

with

this

method

such

as

the

protection

human

rights

governmental

transparency

and

relative

economic

justice

For

instant

Vietnam

and

Columbia

are

high

on

the

list

However

they

are

not

suitable

for

other

countries

to

aspire

In

Columbia

corruption

Furthermore

The

Ecological

Footprint

is

a

controversial

concept

with

many

criticisms

It

fails

to

address

the

sustainability

of

consumption

that

it

was

originally

conceived

to

do

Fiala

p

To

illustrate

most

of

Afghanistan

is

deforested

due

to

centuries

of

poor

farming

and

overgrazing

According

to

the

reassurance

of

HPI

their

ecological

footprint

is

very

low

by

global

standards

but

they

are

not

sustainable

development

at

all

In

addition

HPI

has

is

difficult

to

calculate

for

many

countries

due

the

missing

data

which

used

to

build

up

in

the

procedure

The

main

source

for

the

Life

Satisfaction

only

including

for

countries

it

has

been

necessary

to

estimate

for

about

other

countries

Campus

Conclusion

Admittedly

HDI

contains

some

key

factors

to

measure

the

development

especially

estimating

the

economic

living

standard

However

according

to

the

framework

for

the

progress

of

societies

discussed

above

we

can

see

HDI

neglects

all

the

factors

of

Ecosystem

Condition

In

contrast

HPI

is

an

effective

measure

which

does

not

reflect

the

same

reality

the

HDI

illustrates

Instead

it

provides

majority

important

factors

that

shouldnt

be

ignored

when

analyzing

wellbeing

in

both

human

system

and

ecosystem

such

as

social

networks

relationship

status

and

psychological

state

The

more

important

factors

HPI

contains

are

measuring

the

ecological

demands

of

human

activities

From

the

In

all

although

HPI

is

imperfect

it

is

more

suitable

than

HDI

to

measure

the

development

of

social

recently

The

UNDP

should

replace

the

Human

Development

Index

with

the

Happy

Planet

Index

which

is

more

suitable

for

promoting

sustainable

development

and

raising

human

wellbeing

Cite

This

Work

To

export

a

reference

to

this

article

please

select

a

referencing

stye

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APA

MLA

Harvard

Vancouver

Wikipedia

OSCOLA

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UK

November

The

Human

Development

Index

Retrieved

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B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O

the human development index
economic
social development


The

Essence

Of

Human

Nature

Philosophy

Essay

Reference

this

Disclaimer

This

work

has

been

submitted

by

a

student

This

is

not

an

example

of

the

work

written

by

our

professional

academic

writers

You

can

view

samples

of

our

professional

work

here

Any

opinions

findings

conclusions

or

recommendations

expressed

in

this

material

are

those

of

the

authors

and

do

not

necessarily

reflect

the

views

of

UK

Essays

Published

Mon

Dec

The

main

purpose

of

the

paper

is

to

prove

that

the

essence

of

human

nature

lays

primarily

in

persons

ability

to

reason

capacity

that

is

uniquely

human

and

allows

people

to

make

decisions

that

would

shape

their

norms

of

conduct

as

shown

in

the

works

of

ancient

and

modern

philosophers

The

complexity

of

finding

the

essence

of

the

human

nature

comes

from

the

fact

that

numerous

academic

disciplines

have

worked

on

the

subject

from

their

own

point

of

view

There

are

so

many

existing

theories

that

claim

to

have

discovered

the

quintessence

of

human

nature

that

a

researcher

may

feel

According

to

the

Traditional

theory

of

human

nature

the

humans

are

viewed

as

intellectual

beings

with

a

great

capacity

for

reasoning

The

concept

is

well

presented

in

the

dialogs

of

the

ancient

Greek

philosopher

Plato

who

believed

that

human

soul

consisted

of

three

parts

reason

spirit

and

appetite

that

were

supposed

to

function

in

synchrony

The

rational

portion

of

soul

was

located

in

the

human

brain

and

controlled

the

entire

body

The

spirit

responsible

for

the

feelings

and

temper

occupied

the

chest

of

the

human

body

The

third

part

of

the

soul

called

appetite

was

in

charge

of

the

basic

human

instincts

such

as

thirst

hunger

or

lust

and

was

located

in

the

stomach

Plato

considered

the

reason

to

be

the

most

important

part

because

it

was

capable

to

control

the

primal

urges

and

instincts

and

to

guide

the

person

in

his

actions

He

claimed

that

the

reasoning

part

should

rule

since

it

was

really

wise

and

exercises

foresight

on

behalf

of

the

whole

soul

The

best

way

to

understand

Platos

concept

is

to

imagine

a

patient

at

the

hospital

who

is

instructed

to

stay

without

food

and

water

for

twenty

four

hours

prior

to

a

major

surgery

He

is

thirsty

and

hungry

but

he

consciously

controls

his

temptations

because

he

knows

that

such

actions

would

jeopardize

his

health

As

a

result

he

makes

the

rational

choice

to

obey

the

doctors

orders

By

taking

a

closer

look

at

Platos

philosophy

of

the

human

nature

it

is

fair

to

conclude

that

by

reason

he

meant

the

unique

human

capacity

to

think

in

complexity

and

to

be

Some

people

may

argue

with

Plato

that

the

reason

does

not

always

determine

human

actions

Often

the

basic

instincts

and

emotions

may

take

over

and

as

a

result

a

person

can

harm

himself

or

hurt

other

people

We

all

have

heard

stories

about

the

crimes

of

passion

when

in

a

moment

of

rage

and

jealousy

a

person

may

kill

his

cheating

partner

In

his

dialogs

Plato

addresses

the

possibility

that

the

spirited

and

appetitive

parts

could

dominate

the

human

actions

when

the

three

portions

of

the

human

soul

are

not

in

harmony

A

properly

functioning

soul

allows

the

reason

to

rule

along

with

the

spirit

as

an

ally

and

the

appetite

kept

under

control

In

analyzing

Platos

view

on

reason

it

is

obvious

that

human

nature

will

thrive

then

the

person

is

able

to

take

control

over

the

physical

temptations

which

leads

to

his

rational

decisions

and

choices

I

strongly

agree

that

ability

to

reason

is

what

makes

a

person

unique

gives

him

the

right

tools

to

choose

how

to

behave

in

certain

situations

and

overall

determines

his

norms

of

conduct

in

society

Another

big

contributor

to

the

philosophy

of

human

nature

and

understanding

the

reason

as

the

essence

of

human

nature

is

the

French

thinker

and

mathematician

Rene

Descartes

who

became

one

of

the

leading

thinkers

of

the

seventeenth

century

Initially

Descartes

discarded

all

of

his

existing

theories

and

beliefs

in

order

to

separate

only

the

facts

that

he

was

certain

of

In

the

process

he

discovered

that

he

could

doubt

whether

he

had

a

body

but

he

was

absolutely

certain

that

he

had

a

mind

Descartes

believed

that

the

mind

and

body

were

two

different

things

The

mind

according

to

Descartes

So

Descartes

argues

the

mind

a

thinking

thing

can

exist

apart

from

the

body

thus

the

mind

is

a

substance

distinct

from

the

body

whose

essence

is

the

thought

To

many

people

Descartes

dualism

may

be

obvious

when

we

try

to

explain

that

physical

characteristic

of

the

human

body

which

the

mind

does

not

have

In

addition

if

person

becomes

physically

ill

could

his

mind

remind

strong

In

his

fundamental

philosophical

work

Meditations

on

First

Philosophy

Descartes

argued

that

the

strict

application

of

reason

to

all

problems

is

the

only

way

to

achieve

certainty

in

science

and

the

explanation

of

human

nature

His

most

famous

quote

Cogito

ergo

sum

which

translated

from

Latin

means

I

think

therefore

I

exist

is

not

about

Descartes

infatuation

with

the

process

of

thinking

rather

it

is

about

finding

something

that

people

would

never

doubt

Knowing

that

human

senses

could

be

deceiving

the

only

thing

Descartes

says

what

we

know

with

certainty

is

that

we

are

thinking

Even

if

we

are

dreaming

or

even

trapped

in

a

reality

similar

to

the

movie

Matrix

we

would

never

stop

thinking

and

such

knowledge

confirms

that

we

exist

Descartes

successfully

argues

his

point

that

the

rational

act

of

the

human

thinking

is

the

actual

proof

of

the

human

existence

In

the

arguments

deriving

from

this

statement

Descartes

points

out

that

prove

the

existence

of

his

hair

face

or

even

body

but

he

is

certain

that

he

has

thoughts

and

ability

to

use

reason

Descartes

claims

that

these

facts

come

to

him

as

clear

and

distinct

perceptions

He

argues

that

anything

that

can

be

observed

through

clear

and

distinct

perceptions

is

does

exist

He

concludes

that

thought

and

reason

must

be

the

essence

of

humanity

because

they

are

clearly

perceived

In

his

works

he

argued

that

true

knowledge

about

anything

in

this

world

including

the

human

nature

comes

only

through

the

application

of

pure

reason

He

strongly

believed

that

while

the

external

world

operated

by

mechanistic

principles

this

was

not

the

case

with

humans

who

were

guided

by

reason

The

ability

to

reason

is

what

separates

the

human

being

abruptly

from

the

rest

of

nature

and

suggests

that

what

is

specifically

human

can

not

be

investigated

by

the

same

principles

that

were

utilized

by

the

existing

natural

sciences

Kants

view

on

reason

In

order

to

further

understand

human

nature

it

is

imperative

to

see

the

connection

between

reason

and

morality

which

is

eloquently

argued

in

the

works

of

Immanuel

Kant

According

to

Immanuel

Kant

morality

applies

to

all

rational

beings

and

a

moral

action

is

primarily

defined

and

determined

by

reason

and

not

by

human

senses

In

his

major

work

Kant

also

believed

Free

Will

Another

aspect

of

understanding

the

human

nature

is

to

explore

the

persons

ability

to

exercise

his

own

free

will

In

philosophy

the

doctrine

that

an

individual

regardless

of

forces

external

to

him

can

and

does

choose

at

least

some

of

his

actions

In

his

dialogs

Plato

introduces

the

idea

the

idea

of

mans

free

will

and

power

of

choice

as

factor

which

determines

a

mans

parentage

his

hereditary

tendencies

his

physical

constitution

and

his

early

education

since

all

of

these

things

are

merely

the

effects

of

choices

made

in

former

lives

These

choices

also

determine

the

mans

stage

of

evolution

What

free

will

tries

to

account

for

is

our

introspective

conviction

that

we

are

in

control

of

many

of

our

choices

and

thus

our

destiny

that

we

are

free

to

think

and

decide

We

contrast

this

flexible

conscious

control

that

we

enjoy

with

the

involuntary

action

of

say

our

heartbeat

or

digestion

and

with

the

instinctual

imperative

of

a

birds

nestbuilding

or

a

dogs

conditioned

response

Our

decisions

are

far

more

independent

of

nature

than

any

animals

we

are

aware

of

our

ability

to

think

and

of

the

consequences

of

our

choices

we

can

claim

responsibility

for

our

actions

These

Clearly

not

all

philosophers

agree

on

the

definition

of

human

nature

or

on

the

laws

that

depend

on

it

but

the

pattern

of

reasoning

is

the

same

for

all

naturalistic

systems

of

ethics

In

his

theories

that

all

human

beings

have

instincts

and

emotions

but

above

all

they

possess

the

ability

to

think

and

control

their

feelings

and

primal

urges

Cite

This

Work

To

export

a

reference

to

this

article

please

select

a

referencing

stye

below

APA

MLA

Harvard

Vancouver

Wikipedia

OSCOLA

Essays

UK

November

The

Essence

Of

Human

Nature

Philosophy

Essay

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Skin Care Treatment Serums Face Serums Lift Luminate Triple Action Serum No7 Lift Luminate Triple Action Serum 320 REVIEWS Item 2501874 3399 Size 101 oz Options 101 oz 169 oz Details No7s groundbreaking Lift and Luminate TRIPLE ACTION Serum delivers 3 clinically proven results 89 showed a visible reduction in wrinkles 92 had improved firmness 77 had a more even skin tone No7s serum is powered by Matrixyl 3000 Plus their most effective antiwrinkle peptide technology Hyaluronic Acid Hibiscus an advanced firming complex and a unique pigmentation complex with Vitamin C After using Lift and Luminate TRIPLE ACTION Serum women agreed Instantly skin felt smoother and looked more radiant After 2 weeks skin looked younger wrinkles appeared reduced skin felt firmer and skin tone appeared more even After 8 weeks more than 80 agreed that their skin had not looked or felt so good in a long time Hypoallergenic Because all skin can have sensitive moments all of No7s products are hypoallergenic so they are kind to even the most sensitive skin How to Use Ingredients Product Reviews Product QA

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1 11182007 0436 AM sandst0rm14 Novice Join Date Oct 2007 Posts 13 Upgrading a clutch So as far i am aware of upgrading a clutch basically upgrades the holding power of your factory transmission so if youre going to upgrade horsepower or haul heavy loads you need to upgrade your clutch However Ive heard things like your clutch can reduce the power lost on turns and make your car accelerate faster I also have heard that because of this it can increase your MPGs thats one of my least concerns but ive heard about it anyway Is there something that i am missing and are any of these things actually true 2 11182007 0451 AM charged Enthusiast Join Date Sep 2004 Posts 2496 Adelaide Australia A good aftermarket clutch will increase the clamping pressure of the friction plates on the flywheel can be single mutliplate set up puck style etc never heard about increasing MPG you get better acceleration because the clutch doesnt slip The pedal pressure may be higher though Link for info Xtreme Clutch Australia SA IPRA cars 15 25 51 77 Sharperto Racing IP Corollas httpwwwsharpertocomau 3 11182007 0500 AM Matra et Alpine Super Moderator Supporting Member Join Date Dec 2003 Posts 27781 nr Edinburgh Whiskysoaked Scotland Quote Originally Posted by sandst0rm14 So as far i am aware of upgrading a clutch basically upgrades the holding power of your factory transmission so if youre going to upgrade horsepower or haul heavy loads you need to upgrade your clutch Definately for many massproduiced cars They clutch is designed to a price and the limits of the engine family Quote However Ive heard things like your clutch can reduce the power lost on turns Nope Clutch has no role in cornering Quote and make your car accelerate faster Only in the minutest possible way and ZERO if youre a decent driver If the engoine is significantly more powerful you will get clutch slip which SLOWS your acceleration down Quote I also have heard that because of this it can increase your MPGs Youd have to be a really crap driver for the tiny amounts of clutch slip in a standard clutch were losing lots of energy Quote Is there something that i am missing and are any of these things actually true They are a bitch in slow moving traffic Upping the clutch makes it possible to handle much higher torque levels but also makes it much harder to slip in lower speeds ie around town So expect to stall it often The most common upgrade is to increase the clutch dipragm strength This simply means the plates squeeze the clutch plate tighter The drawback is that if everything else is left unchanged you will develop a left thighcalf muscle like popeyes it will be tiringsore to operate and it can develop knee problems long term A woman without curves is like a road without bends you might get to your destination quicker but the ride is boring as hell 4 11182007 0844 AM culver Enthusiast Join Date Mar 2005 Posts 1508 Matra I would clarify that there are two basic upgades to a clutch One is to increase the toque it can handle The other is to reduce its weight I think we have hit on the increased clamping force already You kind of hit the weight part but not explicitly To the OP changing the clutch doesnt give you extra power but it can let you do a better job of taking advantage of the power you have Basically a lighter clutch will reduce the rotational intertial of the drive line When you accelerate you have that old FMA thing That applies to both linear acceleration as well as rotational After all it takes power to spin up those wheels Well reducing the weight of the clutch reduces the rotational inertia of the drive line and thus allows the engine to spin up and down faster Thus more of the However lets not overstate things here Compared to the weight of the flywheel and other drive line parts that need to be spun up the clutch is rather light If you were just to use a lighter clutch you likely would never notice the difference A lighter clutch combined with a lighter flywheel can make a difference in how quickly the motor revs up and down but that weight reduction usually comes with a drivability as well as NHV penalty Think of removing about 40lbs or 20kg from a car You might notice it in handling and acceleration but the difference is going to be small It might make a difference in a race but not really in day to day driving Same with a lighter clutch 5 03082016 1029 PM hnoor0044 Guest Posts na Basically a lighter clutch will reduce the rotational intertial of the drive line When you accelerate you have that old FMA thing That applies to both linear acceleration as well as rotational After all it takes power to spin up those wheels Well reducing the weight of the clutch reduces the rotational inertia of the drive line and thus allows the engine to spin up and down faster NOOR 6 03092016 0459 PM jimclark Novice Join Date Sep 2009 Posts 9 Quote Originally Posted by culver Matra Basically a lighter clutch will reduce the rotational intertial of the drive line When you accelerate you have that old FMA thing That applies to both linear acceleration as well as rotational After all it takes power to spin up those wheels Well reducing the weight of the clutch reduces the rotational inertia of the drive line and thus allows the engine to spin up and down faster Quote Originally Posted by hnoor0044 Basically a lighter clutch will reduce the rotational intertial of the drive line When you accelerate you have that old FMA thing That applies to both linear acceleration as well as rotational After all it takes power to spin up those wheels Well reducing the weight of the clutch reduces the rotational inertia of the drive line and thus allows the engine to spin up and down fasterNOOR Do I hear an ECHOEchoecho or is it quite the coincidenceyeah thats it Those were the days my friends We thought theyd never end jimclark Last edited by jimclark 03092016 at 0502 PM

O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Windows Security Log Event ID 4725 Operating Systems Windows 2008 R2 and 7 Windows 2012 R2 and 81 Windows 2016 and 10 Category Subcategory Account Management User Account Management Type Success Corresponding events in Windows 2003 and before 629 Discussions on Event ID 4725 Local Account is getting disbaled 4725 A user account was disabled On this page Description of this event Field level details Examples Discuss this event Miniseminars on this event The user identified by Subject disabled the user identified by Target Account This event is logged both for local SAM accounts and domain accounts You will also see event ID4738 informing you of the same information Free Security Log Resources by Randy Free Security Log Quick Reference Chart Windows Event Collection Supercharger Free Edtion Free Active Directory Change Auditing Solution Free Course Security Log Secrets Description Fields in 4725 Subject The user and logon session that performed the action Security ID The SID of the account Account Name The account logon name Account Domain The domain or in the case of local accounts computer name Logon ID is a semiunique unique between reboots number that identifies the logon session Logon ID allows you to correlate backwards to the logon event 4624 as well as with other events logged during the same logon session Target Account Security ID SID of the account Account Name name of the account Account Domain domain of the account Supercharger Enterprise Examples of 4725 A user account was disabled Subject Security ID WINR9H529RIO4YAdministrator Account Name Administrator Account Domain WINR9H529RIO4Y Logon ID 0x1fd23 Target Account Security ID WINR9H529RIO4Ybob Account Name bob Account Domain WINR9H529RIO4Y Keep me uptodate on the Windows Security Log Email We will NOT share this Top 10 Windows Security Events to Monitor Free Tool for Windows Event Collection MiniSeminars Covering Event ID 4725 Monitoring Active Directory for Security and Compliance How Far Does the Native Audit Log Take You Building a Security Dashboard for Your Senior Executives Auditing User Accounts in Active Directory with the Windows Server 2012 Security Log Monitoring Active Directory Changes for Compliance Top 32 Security Events IDs to Watch and What They Mean Top 12 Events to Monitor in the Windows Server Security Log Discussions on Event ID 4725 Local Account is getting disbaled Upcoming Webinars Additional Resources

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Speaking of Vitiligo Did Michael Jackson have vitiligo Posted On Sunday January 17 2016 Posted By John E Harris Tags Vitiligo Vitiligo Treatment Believe it or not among the most commonly searched terms with vitiligo on Google Search is Michael Jackson Thats probably because he is the most famous person to have claimed to suffer from vitiligo and the disease is rumored to be responsible for a number of his wellknown quirks like wearing a single white glove But possibly the most controversial discussion about Michael Jackson is the fact that his skin seemed to get lighter over time and he was accused of using a bleaching treatment on his skin That combined with multiple plastic surgeries that changed a number of his Michael Jackson was undoubtedly an incredibly talented performer maybe one of the best in history I remember seeing his music video Thriller and being utterly amazed at just how innovative he was not to mention a great singer songwriter and dancer His fame began as a young child 6 years old when he sang with his brothers in the Jackson Five and so he spent almost his entire life in the public eye That is not easy for anyone but imagine him as a young person maybe the most famous person on earth when white spots started to appear on his skin including his hands and face He was likely embarrassed and ashamed like many people with vitiligo who ARENT constantly on First we know that Michael Jackson stated that he had vitiligo although this was not until many years after rumors were flying about his turning white and his many surgeries The bestknown occasion on which he addressed his vitiligo was during an interview with Oprah on her show in 1993 He said that his skin started to change sometime after Thriller which was released in 1982 so he was about 24 years old when it started and he had progressed for about 10 years at the point of the interview He was a 24year old one of the most famous people on earth for his music dancing and music videos and he acquired a disease that started to change his appearance and was very difficult to hide I have met and treated many patients with vitiligo and I can tell you that for The single white glove made its appearance in 1983 along with his signature moonwalk dance move which was right after Thriller was released and when he said his vitiligo started His new onset vitiligo may have been the reason for starting to wear the glove while the disease typically affects both sides of the body it can begin in a small area on one side like the hand But the single glove was switched between hands over time and his costumer said that it was used so the audience could track his quick hand moves He wore makeup to help Yes vitiligo can remove most if not all of the pigment in someones skin such that they have no skin color However that is very rare and it usually takes many years to do this with spots appearing during the process So its not likely that vitiligo alone was responsible for his significant transformation in skin color There is a treatment though that can remove the remaining pigment in someones skin if they have vitiligo The treatment is a skin cream called monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone monobenzone or Benoquin and it is in fact the only FDAapproved treatment for vitiligo interview after Michael Jacksons death that he had no pigment in the skin of his hands that they were essentially translucent Benoquin would do that and could do it relatively quickly after about 12 months of use From available pictures of Michael Jackson his skin color seemed to change significantly sometime in the late 1980s which would make sense if he was diagnosed in the early 80s tried to treat it for a while and then decided to go the other way and use Benoquin Did Michael Jackson have vitiligo After his death his autopsy report stated that there were patches of light and dark pigmented areas on examination of his skin and vitiligo was listed as a diagnosis in his medical history In addition a tube of Benoquin 20 cream was noted among his medications revealing that he did use this FDAapproved treatment for vitiligo He also had a tube of BQKARA Benoquin 8 Kojic acid 1 and retinoic acid 0025 another effective formulation for Benoquin as well as hydroquinone 8 lotion which would help to lighten any remaining pigment and UVA Anthelios XL sunscreen a good idea for anyone with vitiligo especially if they So there is no question that Michael Jackson had vitiligo by his own admission and according to his autopsy after his death He did appear to use Benoquin to help depigment his skin but not because he wanted to be white but as an FDAapproved treatment for his vitiligo He was a remarkable person who was a selfproclaimed perfectionist who was undoubtedly stressed by his vitiligo and visibility and this may have been an important factor in his avoidance of the public later in life his use of drugs which was ultimately the cause of his death and his frustration COMMENTS

O O B O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


HOME UM3 SIGHT MOUNTS UM3 Sight Mount Loading UM3 Sight Mount 9999 UM Tactical has created a universal sight mount that will fit most pistols with a 1913 picatinny rail that does not have the center of the rail machined out Use the UM3X instead Although there are many sight mounts that exist the UM3 is unique It can be mounted or removed from your firearm in under 30 seconds without the use of tools or gunsmithing Once your optic has been sighted in the mount can be taken on and off and will still hold zero This mount allows you to not only mount any optic on any pistol but to utilize our This high quality mount is constructed from CNC machined aluminum and is finished in MilSpec Type III anodizing All Mounts come with our logo laser engraved UM3 FEATURES HOLDS ZERO when taken off and reinstalled Easy installation no tools required Universal fit 1913 Rail only Mount any optic Cowitness factory sights Allows the use of our UMH3 universal holster Multiple colors Will not work on the following firearms use the UM3X mount instead KIMBER FNH with Serial Number plate cut under rail HK with Serial Number plate cut under rail COLT RAIL WILSON COMBAT WALTHER PPX DOUBLE STAR BERETTA 92 96 May not work with suppressor height sights We are certain that you will be 100 satisfied with the products made by UM Tactical Proudly made in the USA

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