Theory Talks Home About Contact You Talk Keywords Theory Talk 40 Kenneth Waltz Friday June 3 2011 Kenneth Neal Waltz The Physiocrat of International Politics Sometimes a Theory Talk needs no introduction This special issue of Theory Talks with Kenneth Waltz who has been hailed recently as the King of Thought is such an occasion He describes his own work as an attempt to understand the impact of the invention of nuclear weapons on international politics but his influence reaches far beyond that specific issue A historical analogy is in line Systemic thinking in economy started with the physiocrats who conceived of a structure of economics independent of actors and constituting their behavior Before that no systematic theory of the economy existed and the economy could not be seen as a field Much in the same way and based on economic thinking Kenneth Waltz developed a structural theory of international politics Kenneth Waltz is the godfather of modern theory of international politics In this Kenneth Waltz discusses amongst others the economic origins of his thinking about international politics what good theory is the impact of nuclear weapons in the contemporary world and if the United States is behaving in accordance with what realist theory would predict Print version of this Talk pdf What is according to you the central challenge or principal debate in International Relations And what is your position regarding this challengein this debate For me the central question is how to contain and moderate the use of military force by the United States This is certainly not the only big issue but it is one of the big issues The United States has beennot unexpectedlya very warlike country ever since it became a world dominant power As Alexander Hamilton said a country disposing of dominant power can not be expected to behave with moderation and the United States certainly bears that out Historically it is hard to think of a country disposing of dominant power that did behave moderately for any large period There is only one way that a country can reliably deter a dominant power and that is by developing its own nuclear force When president Bush identified the countries that he said constituted an axis of evilnamely Iraq Iran and North Koreaand then proceeded to invade one of themnamely Iraqthat was certainly a lesson quickly learned by both Iran and North Korea That is to say that if a country wants to deter the United States it has to equip itself with nuclear force I think we all have seen that demonstrated very clearly How did you arrive at where you currently are in your thinking about IR Well I suppose Hans Morgenthau in the modern period has been more widely influential than any other single author And I was influenced by him surely as most people were Regarding important events I think the most powerful shaping event occurred in August 1945 with the dropping of two atomic bombs That was a world decisive event The impact the bombing of Japan had on my thought about international politics was pervasive Even though it was a world transforming event I am not sure if that is now fully appreciated although we act in accordance with the world transforming effectstransforming meaning that everything changes and all truths become false all beliefs become irrelevant and axioms that we used to lived by are turned on their heads All those things are Just to think of a few it has always been very difficult to fight limited wars historically speaking That is one can start and try to fight a limited war but it is hard to continue to observe the limits All this in a conventional world In a nuclear world you can only fight limited wars since it is impossible to fight allout wars When we talk about nuclear wars we are using words very loosely As Desmond Ball a considerable expert on nuclear weapons and an Australian commentator said its impossible to fight a nuclear war after nuclear warheads numbered in the tens have gone off nobody will be knowing whats happening And if no one knows whats happening then you can not fight a nuclear war The fog of war that Clausewitz referred to is nothing at all compared to the fog of war that would ensue even if only a few nuclear warheads were exploded So if you can only fight nuclear wars and if it is very difficult to keep wars limited because they tend to escalate the question becomes why fight wars at all And again countries with nuclear weapons would behave according to that thought If you do not have nuclear weapons you can fight wars just as in the old days But once a country has nuclear weapons these weapons strongly deter other states In fact one can not make neverstatements when thinking historically but one can with nuclear weapons Never in 65plus years have countries having nuclear weapons or enjoying An alternative adage to the Kantian one that Liberal states do not go to war Historically all kinds of states have gone to war Whether they were democratic or authoritarian they have all fought wars and the great powers especiallywars we all know like French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars wars like World War I and World War II wars to end all wars but that in fact never ended conventional war Now with the invention of nuclear weapons countries that possess them or enjoy their protection have never fought one another The implication would be that if you love peace you should love nuclear weapons I do not think that this fact is well appreciated because not many people seem to love nuclear weapons but they have been awfully good for the world It is rather anomalous that some peoplelike for example president Obamalook forward to the abolition of the weapons that have in fact abolished war What would a student need to become a specialist in IR or understand the world in a global way I think one obvious prerequisite is high intelligence and also a good sense of history Without knowing what has happened in the world in the past it is very hard to understand the present I think that in the study of international politics it is especially important to be aware of why wars have occurred how they have developed what has caused countries to fight bloodier wars less bloody wars One has to contemplate these things and all kinds of other things in order to understand the international politics of the past and to be able to understand the difference There are other pivotal issues as well that a student should pay close attention to like the role of technology and its importance in warfare the relevance of economic capabilities the importance of leaders of all sorts and the conditions under which deterrence willand will notwork And does the same go for theorizing or does that require a different set of skills As I put it at the beginning of Theory of International Politics theory is a picture of the world that one is concerned withbut its not the whole world For example in the world of international politics as in our case one has to develop a mental picture of that world and then identify the major variables at work and the principal connections among them That is something that is both difficult to do and rarely done There isnt much theorizing going on in international politics And the word theory is so loosely used that people begin to think that anything that is not directly empirical or factual must be theory and that is certainly a misconception To develop a theory is difficult and all the more difficult if one defines theory as it should be defined For example as Einstein said there is no inductive route that leads to theory That is simply knowing more and more having more facts at ones command does not lead one to the ability to develop theories That is something J David Singer put it wethat is the people who were working on the dimensions of war approach to understanding warfaredecided to go very far down the inductive route before we try to develop theory as though more and more induction would somehow get you closer to theory And that is exactly the opposite of what Einstein saw and understood that is there is no inductive route to theory In 1979 you published perhaps the most cited handbook of International Relations Theory Theory of International Politics How has the state of IR theory changed since the publication of Theory of International Politics Well as I said there is almost no theory written or developed It is very rare to find real theories in any field and certainly it is very difficult to find them in the study of international politics So only by a very loose use of the word theory can one say that there is any development or advance in the realm of theory And one shouldnt expect it I mean theory is a pretty rare thing and one seldom finds it in the social sciences outside perhaps of economics I would say that one of the great social science So in sum in IR as in any field one expects theory to be scarce So most of the work done is empirical work one hopes it is informed by theory but often it is not Most people dont have a real sense of what theory requires or might look like It is difficult for a lot of people to grasp theory And that accounts for a lot of the problems among theories of international politics If you were to write the book again now that bipolarity has come to an end what changesif anywould you make to it I certainly would add something about unipolarity I wrote about multipolar systems and bipolar systems that is structural changes that produce changes in behavior I identified these two different kinds of structure And it did not occur to me that we would move from bipolarity to uni polarity which of course we did with the collapse of the Soviet Union In any kind of balancing system the major players have to continue to exist as major players for the system to remain unchanged You can not have a bipolar balance without two parties being the participants in that balance So as soon as the Soviet Union disappeared as a great power the bipolar balance collapsed just as the multipolar system of balance collapsed with the fighting of World War II and the emergence from that war of twoand only twogreat powers The balancing takes place within a How do you respond to critics who say that if Theory of International Politics is right then IR can not undergo meaningful change and that the belief that such change is impossible is a major impediment to making a better world I certainly believe that as long as the world continues to be anarchic the theory that I developed will maintain its direct relevance One can not expect the world to change unless the structure of the world changes That is structure affects behavior directly and as long as the world remains as it isanarchicthat is going to condition the behavior of the states that exist within that world Although not directly the behavior is strongly influenced or shaped by the structural condition within which the behavior takes place So one will not expect profound changes in behavior or important changes Why do you think Theory of International Politics became such a lightningrod for criticism That is one of the things good theories do they attract a lot of criticism Its not surprising and I am not surprised by it Of course a lot of the criticisms are made by people who fail to deal with theory as theory and rather deal with some of the other things I said many of which I see as following from the theory but many people dont think that way I have never been bothered by the criticisms at all I expect theories to be criticized and they should be I wish the criticisms were even more telling One of the most original and enduring contributions of Theory of International Politics is the concept of structure conceptualized as a positional picture that abstracts from every attribute of states except their capabilities The three definitional components of structure are 1 ordering principles 2 the character of the units and 3 the distribution of capabilities Chapter 4 In your response to Robert O Keohanes critique in Neorealism and its Critics 1986 you contrast structural theory with the behavioral mode of thinking Can you please explain how these way of thinking about world politics are different And what advantages you seen in the structural approach I think one can see it very clearly very easily and very directly if one contrasts Hans Morgenthaus work with Theory of International Politics Hans Morgenthaus Politics among Nations was a great contribution it was the major book on the first half of the twentieth century in the field of international politics I have great respect for it But Hans Morgenthau in his search for what he sometimes called a rational theory was able to deal only with how the acting units affected the outcomes produced In other words his approach to international politics was in the mainstream of political science in its day in the sense that it inferred from the acting units what the outcomes would be There was nothing but the acting units to shape those Now the advantage of the structural approach is that one sees the effect of the environmentprecisely definedon the acting units and how this precisely defined environment affects the outcomes we are concerned with so that one gets away from the kind of causal thinking that Durkheim satirized when he gave such examples as the question why did the Greeks produce all of that immensely impressive philosophy And the answer typically given is that the Greeks were a very philosophic people Or why did the Germans produce all of that magnificent music Well the answer given is that the Germans were a very musical people In other Given the fact that Liberal theories are often associated with an economic view of the world in which way does your background in economics influence your perspective and the way you theorize in international politics I think it is a very direct and important influence Economists especially classical and neoclassical have a very keen sense of how the structure affects behaviors and outcomes Economists call it the market And the market is the structurein my termsin which the units are acting and behaving and producing what seems to be their outcomes But their outcomes are very much conditioned by the structurein this case the marketin which the behavior occurs So the market shapes the behavior and shapes the outcomes One can understand this very easily in economics but it is harder to understand it in politics because in politics there was no clear conception of a structure Morgenthau in his groping for what he called a rational theory of international relations was not able to come up with that notion because he could not see anything beyond the behaving units Another pivotal influence from economics on my understanding of international politics is the competition among a large number of roughly equal units which can be contrasted to the behavior of firms in oligopolistic settings Those are the direct counterparts of states in international politics for if you have a world of many great powers you will expect different kinds of behaviors and outcomes than what you would find in a world where there are only two competitors Or whether there is no competitor at all and there is just one That would be a monopoly of course So the analogy How does your theory relate to the rational actor assumption Are states rational actors or should they be I do not even know what rational actor means empirically A rational actor assumption may enter into a theory but has no direct empirical representation One can define rationality only within narrow settings as for example in game theory where one can define what a rational actor is and work out some outcomes under assumed conditions Of course economists presuppose that economic actors are rational People of course in a very loose sense prefer to do less work and get higher rewards That is a good way of putting it now but there is no reason in economics to think states could be rational It has no empirical meaning What are the principal writings in economics that influenced your dealings with the field of international relations theory I think that one of the biggest influences was the contrast between prephysiocratic and preAdam Smith economics and the kinds of economic notions concepts and theories that developed first with the physiocrats and then with Adam Smith In fact Adam Smith was very much indebted to the physiocrats who we now kind of dismiss as people with very peculiar ideas Some of their ideas were indeed peculiar but they were the first ones to grasp the idea of an economy as such That is to say an economy made up of identifiable parts and an economy experiencing repeated behavior In one of the editions of a physiocratic book maybe in the first edition there was a picture of an economy the Tableau économique by François Quesnay 1759 see image below and of course it is a picture of the unseen and the unseeable but it starts in the soilthat is the origins of wealth are conceived as being in soils and mines that produce gold metals and agricultural products The picture then traces how these natural resources are worked up from that beginning into machines and items that can be bought sold used and reused exchanged eaten and all that And then they introduce the notion of circulation in the economy Basically the idea that this process is constantly repeated causing a system That is the very beginning of the conception of the economyone has to have a notion of a domain for that activity In other words one has to be able to identify the domain mark out the borders identify the important variables within that domain the interconnection of those variables and the kinds of outcomes they produce The physiocrats were the first people within the social sciences who did that They invented the concepts they needed such theoretical literature with the physiocrats around 1760 In 1981 you argued that more nuclear weapons may be better as having nuclear weapons will deter countries from behaving aggressively Is this still reflected in the postCold War situation Some few people take that to mean the more the better and I am probably somewhat guilty of having encouraged that view by using the subtitle more may be better But the question is how many more I do not think that anybody believes that it would be great to have a hundred nuclear powers or two hundred nuclear powers I meant more may be better as not just two but maybe five or as we have now around nine nuclear states I do not see much prospect for that number to increase dramatically We had a maximum at about Anyway it is quite natural that countries that worry about deterring the United States would turn to nuclear weapons I mean when a president identifies an axis of evil names three countries and then invade one of them the other two are bound to think Hey We better have nuclear weapons because it is the only way we can deter the United States That is apparently what Iran began to do and maybe already did and that is exactly what North Korea didand we know North Korea did it So the expected effect was realized in practice at least in Could it be fair to say then that having Iran as a nuclear power might be not that bad because as its position in the structure becomes different its behavior will adapt accordingly and they might become somewhat of a more responsible power Yes It is hard for people to understand that every new nuclear state has behaved exactly the way the old nuclear states have behaved One can describe the way all nuclear states have behaved in one word responsibly When the United States contemplated the Soviet Union one day having its own nuclear weapons we were horrified by the prospect How could we live How could the world live with such a country as the Soviet Unionwhich we saw as bent on world dominationhaving nuclear weapons And when China developed its own nuclear weapons we repeated the same way of thinkingMy But in fact if you think of the Cultural Revolution China took very good care of its nuclear weapons They ensured that they would not fall under the hands of the revolutionaries and came through that horrible tenyear period The fact is that people worry that a new nuclear country once it gets a nuclear shield would then begin to behave immoderately or irresponsibly under the cover of its own nuclear weapons Well that has never happened Every country that has had nuclear weapons has behaved moderately If you think of the Soviet Union and China both behaved much more before they had nuclear weapons Stalins bravado in the face of American nuclear weapons was extremely impressive or depressingdepending on how you want to look at itbut once they got the nuclear weapons the Soviets calmed down And the same thing was true for China So what people fear is the opposite of what in fact has happened That is rather typical in the nuclear business we do not look at the past and say Well gee every nuclear country has behaved like every other nuclear country What do we worry about In fact the effect of nuclear weapons is that it moderates the behavior of their possessors and that is very easy to understand But of course that level of moderate behavior applies to great power interactions Countries in possession of nuclear weapons can start behaving quiet nastily and brutishly to nonnuclear powers Oh but that is repeating the old worries which have never been realized I do not understand why we repeat those expectations I would expect an Iran with nuclear weapons to behave more moderately not less moderately and to take fewer risks not more risks By possessing nuclear weapons you make yourself a target and nuclear countries are very much aware of that They have to be because once you get into the nuclear business you begin to realize it is a real serious business and if something goes wrong In contrast with conventional weapons countries worry about winning or peace on the subcontinent We know that now but there are some people now who say no that is not right because the Indians and Pakistanis continue to fight over Kashmir Nevertheless as both some Indians and some Pakistanis have said the effect of nuclear weapons was to abolish war from the heartland not to abolish skirmishes in peripheral areas Now whether or not they understood in advance or began to understand it after both got nuclear weapons they learnt they could no longer fight major wars I mean of course the Pakistanis have continued fighting over things like Kashmir after States should accommodate to their position in the international system which is determined in big part by the shifts in relative capabilities between states Has the United States in your view adapted well to the position it is currently in And if not what system does it seem to respond to It responds to the situation all giant countries have responded to And it responds in the very same way it abuses its power singling out poor weak countriesthats what we specialize inand beating them up That is what we do Six wars in the twenty years since the 1980s they were all cases in which we singled out small and weak countries like Granada or Panama and we proceeded to beat them up It is sad but this is a typical behavior of powers that are dominant or used to be dominant in their regions and now are globally dominant Does it mean that by bullying smaller countries the US has in fact adapted well to its position in the system That is what you would expect dominant powers to do One does not like it I do not like it and I am sure the countries that experience the bullying do not like it but it is expected behavior That is the way countries behave when they have dominant powerglobally or within their region In 2002 you wrote about globalization The fact is a contradiction in terms I would say because globalization does not really matter much for Realism So why do you still feel the need to write about its good or bad attributes I was really writing about interdependence which is now called globalization There was a very marked tendency and it was very common for peoplepolitical scientists and economiststo refer to the world as increasingly interdependent and to draw inferences from that supposed condition I first developed this idea when I was the only political scientist in a faculty seminar while all the other members were economists That seminar was led by a person named Raymond Vernon who was a big name in interdependence I made some comments about how little interdependent the world was and the conception that high inequality is low interdependence And I still believe that I think it is a simple truth that in a world of inequality and bear in mind that inequalities across states are much greater than the inequalities within states interdependence is low In other words some states are highly independent and other states are highly dependent on those states that dispose of greater economic or military power than the others do I think that is still extremely important How does your theory apply to the dynamics one can witness on the African continent You know I did not set out to be an international politics person I started out to be a political philosopher but there were not any jobs available and they were in the field of international politics so that is how I ended up in international politics When I did my wife and I realized you can not pay attention to everything so I said to myself one continent that I am going to leave aside is Africa I preferred to concentrate on Europe and China I did a pretty good deal of work on China because I saw it Even though I would say that the whole notion of anarchy applies very well to Africa In fact a criticism people used to make to me was that Africa was clearly an anarchic arena and yet African states did not fight much among themselves How then would a Realist like myself explain that Well I did by invoking TurneyHigh s book in anthropology which was publishedI believein the 1920s There he made the very valid point that countries have to obtain a certain level of selfconsciousness as being a political entity and a certain level of competence before they are able to fight one another TurneyHighs illustration was very clear with his study of the peoples he referred to as the Californians who were such a primitive people that they did not have the ability to form groups or fight as a group A consciousness and competence at a certain level is needed before a group is able to Kenneth Neal Waltz born 1924 is a member of the faculty at Columbia University and one of the most prominent scholars of international relations IR alive today He is one of the founders of neorealism or structural realism in international relations theory Among his publications are Man the State and War 1959 and Theory of International Politics 1979 Related links Read Waltzs The Spread of Nuclear Weapons More May Be Better Adelphi Papers 171 1981 here html Read Waltzs Realist Thought and Neorealist Theory Journal of International Affairs 44 1990 here pdf Read Waltzs The Emerging Structure of International Politics International Security 18 2 1993 here pdf Read Waltzs Evaluating Theories American Political Science Review 91 4 1997 here pdf Read Waltzs Globalization and Governance PS Political Science Politics 1999 here pdf Read Waltzs Structural Realism after the Cold War International Security 25 1 2000 here pdf Scott Sagan Richard K Betts and Waltzs discussion A Nuclear Iran Promoting Stability or Courting Disaster Journal of International Affairs 60 2 2007 here pdf Homepage of the Conversation with History with Kenneth Waltz by Harry Kreisler in 2003 here On the physiocrats read Henry Higgs The Physiocrats Six lectures on the French économistes of the 18th century 2001 here pdf Theory Talks would like to thank former interviewees who have contributed to this special Talk by formulating excellent questions for Kenneth Waltz A special thanks also to Nicol á s Terradas for editing and transcription Print version of this Talk pdf Labels Africa Cold War Global Governance Iran Nuclear Arms Rational Choice Realism War Newer Post Older Post Theory Talk 1 Michael Doyle Markets Institutions Theory Talk 3 Alexander Wendt Social Constructivism UFOs Theory Talk 5 Timothy Sinclair Social Forces Transnational Corporations Theory Talk 7 Joseph Nye Soft Power The US Theory Talk 9 Robert Keohane Institutions Innovation Theory Talk 11 Peter Haas Environment Governance Theory Talk 13 Immanuel Wallerstein WorldSystem Capitalism Theory Talk 15 Peter Katzenstein AntiAmericanism Analytical Eclecticism Theory Talk 17 Jerry Cohen Currency Wars Systemic Change Theory Talk 20 David Harvey Marxism Urbanization Theory Talk 22 Kevin Dunn Identity Africa Theory Talk 24 Robert Bates Coffee SmallN Theory Talk 26 Jennifer Mitzen Ontological Security Addictive Wars Theory Talk 28 Marysia Zalewski Gender War Theory Talk 30 Mary Kaldor Old New Wars Theory Talk 33 Stephen Walt Israel Lobby Obama Theory Talk 35 Barry Buzan Security International Society Theory Talk 37 Robert Cox World Order Historical Change Theory Talk 39 Abrahamsen Williams Private Security Global Assemblages Theory Talk 41 Mark Duffield Liberal aid Fortified Compounds Theory Talk 43 Saskia Sassen Sociology Global Cities Theory Talk 45 Qin Yaqing Chinese IR International Balance Theory Talk 47 JeanFrançois Bayart Historicity State Formation Theory Talk 49 John Mearsheimer Structural Realism Disciplining the US Theory Talk 51 Yan Xuetong China Harmony Theory Talk 54 Ann Tickner Feminism Critical Theory Theory Talk 57 Siba Grovogui Theory Theology Theory Talk 60 Daniel Deudney Mixed Ontology Republican Greenpeace Theory Talk 61 Pinar Bilgin Civilization Monsters Theory Talk 63 Siddarth Mallavarapu Multiple Voices India Theory Talk 66 Alexander Dugin Eurasianism Multipolarity Theory Talk 68 Loet Leydesdorff Triple Helix Innovation Theory Talk 70 Nicholas Onuf Social Constructivism Turns Theory Talk 72 Robert Wade World Bank Zombie Ideas Theory Talk 74 Bertrand Badie Power Suffering

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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

the physiocrat of international politics


1930s Food and Groceries prices The People History Other Thirties Sections Home 1930s House Prices Electrical Prices Thirties Toys Car Prices Clothes Prices Furniture Prices Food Prices These are some of the things you may have seen advertised Below and how much food and groceries cost in the 30s Shoulder of Ohio Spring lamb 17 cents per pound Ohio 1932 Sliced Baked Ham 39 cents per pound Ohio 1932 Dozen Eggs 18 Cents Ohio 1932 Coconut Macaroons 27 cents per pound Ohio 1932 Bananas 19 cents for 4 Pounds Ohio 1932 Peanut Butter 23 cents QT Ohio 1932 Bran Flakes 10 cents Maryland 1939 Jumbo Sliced Loaf of Bread 5 cents Maryland 1939 Spinach 5 cents a pound Maryland 1939 Clifton Toilet Tissue 9 cents for 2 rolls Ohio 1932 Camay Soap 6 cents bar Ohio 1932 Cod Liver Oil 44 cents pint Wisconsin 1933 Tooth paste 27 cents Wisconsin 1933 Lux Laundry Soap 22 cents Indiana 1935 Suntan Oil 25 cents Pennsylvania 1938 Talcum Powder 13 cents Maryland 1939 Noxzema Medicated Cream for Pimples 49 cents Texas 1935 Applesauce 20 cents for 3 cans New Jersey Bacon 38 cents per pound New Jersey Bread white 8 cents per loaf New Jersey Ham 27 cents can New Jersey Ketchup 9 cents New Jersey Lettuce iceberg 7 cents head New Jersey Potatoes 18 cents for 10 pounds New Jersey Sugar 49 cents for 10 pounds New Jersey Soap Lifebuoy 17 cents for 3 bars New Jersey Sugar 125 per 25LB Sack Ohio 1932 Pork and Beans 5 cents can Ohio 1932 Oranges 14 for 25 cents Ohio 1932 Chuck Roast 15 cents per pound Ohio 1932 White Potatoes 19 cents for 10LBs Ohio 1932 Heinz Beans 13 cents for 25oz can Ohio 1932 Spring Chickens 20 cents per pound Ohio 1932 Wieners 8 cents per pound Ohio 1932 Best Steak 22 cents per pound Ohio 1935 Pure lard 15 cents per pound Wisconsin 1935 Hot Cross Buns 16 Cents per dozen Texas 1939 Campbells Tomato Soup 4 cans for 25 cents Indiana 1937 Oranges 2 dozen 25 cents Indiana 1937 Kellogs Corn Flakes 3 Pkgs 25 cents Indiana 1937 Mixed Nuts 19 Cents per pound Indiana 1937 Pork Loin Roast 15 cents per pound Indiana 1937 Channel Cat Fish 28 cents per pound Missouri 1938 Fresh Peas 4 cents per pound Maryland 1939 Cabbage 3 cents per pound Maryland 1939 Sharp Wisconsin Cheese 23 cents per pound Maryland 1939 Support The People History Food and Groceries By Decade 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s

O B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I B I I O O O O O O O O O O


Its anything but ordinary its Vibrant My son researched assisted living in this area high and low and when he found The Pointe at Lifespring he stopped looking Ms Marilyn Navigation Home Floor Plans Life at The Pointe Our Team Photos Events Resources Blog Employment Contact Connect Contact Us 8656875353 The Pointe at Lifespring 4371 Lifespring Lane Knoxville TN 37918 ThePointeSeniorLivingcom ThePointeSeniorLiving

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O B O O O O


capable see definition of capable adj able to perform Relevance ranks synonyms and suggests the best matches based on how closely a synonyms sense matches the sense you selected Relevance AZ Length Synonyms for capable adj able to perform able accomplished adept adequate competent efficient experienced gifted good intelligent proficient qualified skillful suited talented adapted apt au fait clever dynamite fireball fitted green thumb has what it takes having knowhow having the goods having the right stuff knowing the ropes knowing the score like a oneman band like a pistol masterly old hand oldtimer on the ball proper there up up to it up to snuff up to speed veteran Antonyms for capable clumsy green ignorant inadequate incapable incompetent ineffective inefficient inept inexperienced powerless stupid unable unintelligent unqualified unskilled unsuitable untalented useless weak impotent unskillful Rogets 21st Century Thesaurus Third Edition Copyright 2013 by the Philip Lief Group Rogets 21st Century Thesaurus Third Edition Copyright 2013 by the Philip Lief Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Word Origin History 1560s from Middle French capable or directly from Late Latin capabilis receptive able to grasp or hold used by theologians from Latin capax able to hold much broad wide roomy also receptive fit for adjectival form of capere to grasp lay hold take catch undertake take in hold be large enough for comprehend from PIE kap to grasp cf Sanskrit kapati two handfuls Greek kaptein to swallow gulp down Lettish kampiu seize Old Irish cacht servantgirl literally captive Welsh caeth captive slave Gothic haban have hold Old English hæft handle habban to have hold Modern English have Related Capably Example Sentences for capable But you shall see how Ill help you with your work I was capable of it all the time It passed and the next moment she was on her feet again capable of action If I am capable of judging our tempers and inclinations are vastly different She is so capable and the girls not only like her but respect her as well The Duke wanted a capable candidate to help him regain his ascendency A modern example of the effects it is capable of is recorded by Tartini And today we have three novelists of the third class good capable craftsmen The one was capable of genuine sympathy the other not yet of any I should never have thought you capable of showing such a lack of principle Yet it was capable of meaning much concerning the nature of the lad

B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O


Wedding Packages Brunch LunchDinner Buffet Plated Meals Business Meetings Off Premise Catering Welcome to The Venue Banquets Tallmadge Circles premier Party Center We offer a full service catering experience for all of your banquet needs Choose from our extensive menu or a specialized meal prepared exclusively for your event Featuring a private conference room that can seat up to 35 comfortably along with Banquet rooms that can be customized to facilitate parties up to 350 guests Each function at The Venue Banquets is customized to the design aesthetic of the client with several decor options available for each budget Make an appointment today to meet with our Special Events Director Beth Genovese to discuss all of the details for your next event here at The Venue Banquets Weddings Perfectly Catered Events A Beautiful Setting

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O

the venue banquets
full service catering


Think forward Ultimately winning commercial units with 10 down payment where it matters Located in AlRahab City The biggest AClass community in Egypt One of a Kind Mall in Egypt Hug the Sky Its a Fully open air mall The Right Environment The Yard where classy brands reside Wonder of Architecture One of its type architectural concept by Ai Designs Classified to Impress Four categories covering all your needs exceeds Destination perfect Speaking of 300 Vehicle capacity garage with Valet parking Flow with comfort Eight escalators distributed for maximum attainable smoothness Lifted Expectations Seven elevators travelling from magic to another BreathTaking attractions Facilities with the scent of imagination Introduction Here is the new front of Egypt NEW Cairo The city thats been contributing heavily in the recent facelift of Egypt with much organization advanced facilities and luxurious attractions all with the scent of the magical Egyptian culture A closer look to New Cairo let anyone easily recognize the special piece of land AlRehab City Privately Held a city that achieved incredible rates of success in meeting the demand of classy societies in luxurious and healthy residence The Yards gone global with a new award nomin Officially The Yard Mall is announced among four of the most important future retail projects globally a Fashion Accessories Foods Beverages Services Household Furniture Decoration Fashion Accessories One big umbrella for fashion accessories beauty and valuable belongings with six different subcategories those position The Yard as an integral shopping destination From Gallery Explore the Yard closely soon we all will be there

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O


Navigation

Elektronik

AVR

ARM

ARM

Classic

ARMCortex

Cortex

Boards

LPCXpresso

AOAAKit

Setup

Use

the

Beagle

Bone

CANBus

controller

with

Python

Send

PushMessages

via

the

Beagle

Bone

Nistkastenkamera

PIC

Fujitsu

CAN

BUS

Fledermausdetektor

Logic

Probe

Modulrechner

Update

Roboter

Über

mich

Kontakt

Impressum

The

BeagleBoneBlack

has

two

internal

CANBus

controller

which

are

called

and

In

this

HowTo

the

will

be

used

because

the

interface

shares

the

IOPins

with

the

for

the

capeidentification

The

pins

of

the

are

multiplexed

to

the

connector

pin

Electrical

Interfacing

to

the

CANBus

In

the

BeagleBone

processor

is

only

the

CANBuscontrol

logic

integrated

So

a

driver

circuit

is

needed

for

the

physical

connection

to

the

bus

A

simple

driver

circuit

can

be

build

around

the

from

TI

This

driver

is

working

with

supply

voltage

and

can

be

directly

connected

to

the

beagle

bone

pins

This

simple

can

driver

circuit

is

NOT

isolated

That

means

that

short

circuit

and

overvoltage

can

destroy

the

driver

circuit

and

the

connected

beagle

bone

Below

you

can

see

a

test

setup

with

a

CANdriver

and

a

AOAABoard

as

a

CANNode

When

you

want

to

protect

your

beagle

bone

when

your

are

doing

experiments

with

the

CANBus

you

can

use

an

isolated

CANBusdriver

for

example

the

from

Analog

Devices

This

driver

needs

two

supply

voltages

for

the

beagle

bone

side

and

a

to

supply

for

the

CANBusside

The

ground

is

not

connected

between

the

both

supplies

so

the

beagle

bone

is

isolated

from

the

bus

Enable

the

CAN

Bus

on

the

BeagleBone

This

description

is

based

on

the

Debian

Jessie

Release

At

others

releases

there

may

be

differences

because

the

DeviceTreeOverlay

stuff

is

constantly

changing

By

default

the

debian

image

doesnt

include

canbusdtbo

overlays

to

enable

the

CAN

Bus

But

ready

to

use

overlays

can

be

downloaded

and

installed

To

add

the

bborgoverlays

install

the

build

tools

with

sudo

aptget

update

sudo

aptget

install

buildessential

gitcore

devicetreecompiler

Clone

the

bborgoverlays

repository

git

clone

httpsgithubcombeagleboardbborgoverlays

cd

bborgoverlays

installsh

After

the

system

is

restartet

you

can

now

find

in

the

directory

libfirmware

the

DeviceTreeOverlay

for

the

To

load

the

DeviceTreeOverlay

at

boot

time

I

added

the

following

line

in

the

bootuEnvtxt

file

cape_enablebone_capemgrenable_partnoBBCAN1

After

a

reboot

you

can

check

if

the

overlay

is

loaded

with

cat

and

get

this

output

PF

PF

PF

PF

POL

Override

Board

Then

you

can

load

the

kernel

drivers

for

the

CANBus

sudo

modprobe

can

sudo

modprobe

candev

sudo

modprobe

canraw

To

bring

up

the

interface

and

configure

the

bus

speed

to

enter

the

following

lines

sudo

ip

link

set

up

type

can

bitrate

sudo

ifconfig

up

To

check

that

the

can

interface

is

up

you

can

use

ifconfig

and

should

get

this

output

rootbeaglebone

ifconfig

Link

encapUNSPEC

HWaddr

UP

RUNNING

NOARP

RX

TX

RX

B

TX

B

To

start

the

CAN

interface

at

system

startup

the

etcnetworkinterfaces

configuration

file

can

be

used

by

adding

the

following

lines

allowhotplug

iface

can

static

bitrate

First

communication

tests

with

the

CAN

Bus

To

test

the

communication

over

the

CAN

Bus

you

need

to

connect

a

second

can

device

to

your

beagle

bone

and

terminate

the

bus

properly

with

Ohm

on

both

sides

For

the

first

tests

the

CANSend

and

CanDump

from

the

canutils

collection

can

be

used

The

building

and

installation

of

the

canutils

is

done

by

the

following

lines

git

clone

httpsgithubcomlinuxcancanutilsgit

cd

canutils

autogensh

configure

make

Sending

a

CANmessage

to

the

adress

with

the

cansend

To

log

the

messages

on

the

CAN

Bus

you

can

use

the

CAN

Dump

program

candump

Communicate

with

Python

over

the

CAN

Bus

From

Python

the

CAN

Bus

can

be

directly

used

via

socketcan

For

Python

the

pythoncanlib

is

used

to

communicate

to

the

socketcan

via

the

ctypes

interface

The

respository

of

the

library

can

be

found

at

httpsbitbucketorghardbytepythoncan

The

installation

of

the

pythoncan

lib

version

from

the

can

be

done

with

the

following

lines

mkdir

pythoncan

cd

pythoncan

wget

unzip

cd

python

setuppy

install

In

order

to

use

this

library

a

CAN

interface

needs

to

be

specified

by

a

configuration

file

or

in

the

python

program

For

Python

the

interface

must

be

used

Here

is

an

example

how

to

send

a

messages

with

an

extended

id

to

the

CAN

bus

sendcanpy

usrbinpython

import

can

can

rc

interface

from

can

interfaces

interface

import

Bus

from

can

import

Message

def

main

bus

Bus

print

Send

a

message

Message

True

Message

False

Message

Message

False

Message

Message

dlc

Message

data

try

bus

send

Message

except

print

Ups

something

went

wrong

if

main

Here

is

another

simple

example

how

to

receive

messages

from

the

CAN

Bus

receivecanpy

usrbinpython

import

datetime

import

time

import

can

can

rc

interface

from

can

interfaces

interface

import

Bus

from

can

import

Message

def

id

data

now

datetime

datetime

now

timeString

now

strftime

dmY

HMS

print

timeString

ID

id

Data

data

def

main

bus

Bus

try

while

True

Message

bus

recv

if

Message

Message

Message

data

except

KeyboardInterrupt

bus

shutdown

if

main

Top

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Pricing Pricing We are one of the best priced kids activities in Raleigh Our pricing is for unlimited play on all of our activities including free paddle boats rides Admission Adults 8 Children 15 Children 2 and under are free Toddler Thursday 12 children ages 35yrs with one parent free with paying child Senior Citizen 5 Military Family Discount active disabled retired Children of military come play for 12 per child and one parent in free If you parent is out on duty come visit the Paws Cafe for a free popsicle Annual Pass Three Bears Acres will offer an annual pass for ongoing fun all year long This pass will allow you to visit the facility during regular business hours 65 per child 30 per adult 2 and under are free NEW THIS YEAR Summer Annual Pass Memorial Day to Labor Day Price 35 per child 16 per adult 2 and under are free Notes Three Bears Acres may have to change the calendar or close due to weather All annual pass patrons will be notified Annual pass is valid during regular business hours You will also be notified of special events during regular business hours If you purchase an annual pass for your child and adult you receive 2 guest passes to use during your year membership Looking to purchase a gift certificate for Three Bears Acres Call for details Group DiscountsTrackout ProgramsChurch or Corporate Events Please call for pricing 9194417224 We accept visamastercard

O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

three bears acres
kids activities
raleigh


Grooming Full Service Professional Grooming Dedicated to the health of your dog Professionally trained stylists High quality products Exclusive ThunderSpa Packages Sanitary Environment High quality tools Individual Appointments we do not require your dog to be on site from open to close Our groomers offer guidance to ensure that you can best maintain that salon style look between grooms with athome maintenance All Thunderpaws grooming adheres to the standards set by the National Dog Groomers Association of America NDGAA Grooming Manager Joy Williams Professionally Trained Pet Stylist member NDGAA Full range of services Nail Care T rimming Filing Painting SoftClaws Available Bathing Brushing Bark 2 Basics a ll natural products Isle of Dogs Products Available Ultracoat Hot Oil Treatment Flea Tick Treatments Ear Care Dental Care Simple trims to full Styling Shedreduction treatment Color StateOfTheArt Equipment automated grooming tables noheat dryers stainless steel kennels tools appropriate to your dogs individual needs ThunderSpa Your best friend can experience the luxury Of a holistic healing This spa treatment begins with a refreshing shampoo that contains Rosemary for promoting hair growth and Eucalyptus for deodorizing and pest repelling Next a soothing allover body massage with a moisturizing conditioner containing Lavender to help with itching and stress reduction and Chamomile to calm the senses Also included in your dogs day spa is a poultry flavored tooth brushing a skimsaving nail filing and a fabulous paw pad treatment to help moisturize dry cracked feet Grooming is far more than an attractive hairstyle It is a matter of health and hygiene Ipha Enjoying the fabulous pampering of the ThunderSpa Experience Our Grooming Manager Joy Williams she really does love the dogs Specialty grooms Color available Thunderpaws Canine Solutions was named Guadalupe Countys Groomer of the Year for 2009 2010 and 2012 by readers of the Seguin GazetteEnterprise

B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


What are the types of parking studies and what value does each provide 4 years ago by admin in Planning Parking Studies There are many types of parking studies that can be valuable to improving the parking situation in community It is often easy to overlook the preliminary steps needed to make a neighborhood campus or development a success Countless details must be considered before design and development and parking is a critical component that provides infrastructure to support it Understanding these issues as a whole is an essential part of developing a successful project The following are some of the most important and common types of parking studies Supply Demand Analyze current parking conditions and determine if they are sufficient to support growth and development Examine parking supply and anticipate future shortages Assess the ability of an existing supply to meet existing peak demand Project future demand Identify future deficit or surplus Develop parking demand ratios to calculate current and future parking demand Financial Feasibility Determine the cost to add and operate new parking Predict types of parking revenue Assess proposed rates and market value Determine whether the parking facility will be selfsupporting Establish fee structures annual growth rates and revenues Identify user types and rates turnover and hours of operation Identify actual parking demand and user characteristics to mitigate cumulative parking demand Analyze land uses including total square footages by land use tenant mix number of units etc Identify reductions in parking per unit of land use as a result of individuals patronizing more than one destination on a single trip Estimate potential vehicular occupancy of residential restaurant retail and commercial uses Conduct a shared parking analysis and make recommendations for opportunities to reduce the parking development Assist in the presentation of the shared parking analysis and data to obtain land use approvals Site Feasibility Review current local codes and ordinances Develop parking structure layouts Recommend the most costeffective options to increase parking supply Investigate ways to reallocate parking supply to better accommodate user needs Incorporate needs of individual users into analysis of the sites and design concepts Operational Analysis Assess current operations procedures and recommend improvements Assess new parking operational and management initiatives Evaluate alternative options ie shuttle valet and longterm parking Analyze pedestrian and vehicular circulation for improvement and potential conflicts Evaluate and recommend alternative parking management practices Analyze parking rate structures for onstreet offstreet and residential parking

O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Set As My Store Get Directions 6078 Harrison Ave Cincinnati OH 45247 Across the street from UDF Call Us 5136188741 Hours Monday Friday 800AM 700PM Saturday 800AM 400PM Sunday Closed View All Holiday Hours for all staff to be with their families New Years Day Closed Photo Gallery Photo Gallery See Inside Dent Call Us Now 5136188741 Chat With an Expert Request Appointment Matt Albert General Manager At this Location WiFi Free Coffee TV Open Today 800AM 700PM Thank you Cincinnati for voting Tire Discounters Best Tire Store and Best Auto Service in CityBeat Best of Cincinnati 2018 It is the 10 th consecutive year you have voted us Best Tire Store and 3 rd consecutive year you have voted us Best Auto Service We are truly honored and look forward to another outstanding year serving Greater Cincinnati and beyond Did you know that original name of our fair community was Challangeville So heres a challenge find another tire that offers a free alignment with any standard 4tire installation Those other guys deals dont even make a Dent Automotive Services We Offer Alignment Included with any 4tire purchase and TD Standard Installation Or if you simply need an alignment we are alignment experts Brakes We offer a free multipoint comprehensive brake diagnosis Brake deals start at 12999 Custom Wheels Customize your ride we carry all major brands Fluid Services We offer Brake Fluid Exchange Transmission Fluid Exchange Power Steering Fluid Exchange Fuel System Service and Coolant Fluid Exchange All of which are vital to keeping your vehicle running at optimal performance Oil Change Valvoline Conventional Diesel Full Synthetic or Full Synthetic with MaxLife options available Plus we check all fluid levels top off washer solvents check wiper blades check tire inflation check air filters check lights and perform preventive maintenance analysis Performance Upgrades Take your vehicle to the next level We offer full service for domestic and foreign models From lift kits racing tires lowering kits performance tuners and much much more Shocks Struts Shocks Struts make sure your tires stay on the road They are crucial to both your safety and your engine life Tires Over 100 brands available if we dont have it in stock we can get it next day All the major brands like Bridgestone Cooper Goodyear Kelly Michelin Nexen Pirelli General Tire and so many more Things to do nearby Gymbos Personal Training Fitness El Rancho Grande Lowes Reviews Average Rating 46 Total Number of Reviews 234 December 22 2018 Gavin Busy the day I went in without an appointment but they were honest with the time it would take to get to me and they performed good service Tire Discounters Awesome Glad we were able to take care of ya Take care and we will see ya again when you need us December 18 2018 John B Great job except I had an appointment and they still didnt take the car back for almost 25 minutes Very friendly staff and left my car neatDefinitely a 5 star if it was faster Tire Discounters Thanks for the stars Wed love to know what we couldve done to earn that last one If you ever have any ideas or feedback let us know at tirediscounterscomcontact December 16 2018 oconnell D As usual Great service Tire Discounters For our great customers We will see you again when you need us December 14 2018 Amanda L Always great customer service Tire Discounters For our great customers We will see you again when you need us Amanda December 12 2018 Richard H Good communication Tire selection was fineproblems were solved Happy Customer Tire Discounters We rock so that you can roll Thanks for the stars Richard Take care and we will see ya again when you need us 1 2 3 4 5

O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Divya Darshan The pilgrims who trek Alipiri and Srivari Mettu footpath routes to reach Tirumala come under this category Facilities to Foot path Pilgrims TTD has provided many facilities to the pilgrims who are visiting the temple of Lord Venkateswara by trekking Alipiri or Srivari Mettu foot path routes Free bus facility from Railway Station to Alipiri or Srivari Mettu to transport the pilgrims who desire to trek the respective foot path routes as per their choice A free luggage counter has been arranged at Alipiri where in pilgrims can deposit their luggage and get the receipt After reaching Tirumala they can collect their baggage In Tirumala free accommodation is available for them in PACs Pilgrim Amenities Complex free tonsuring free Darshan and free meals are also available at Matrusri Tarigonda Vengamamba Annaprasada Bhavan or at PAC II

O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Competitive weightlifting in which contestants attempt three types of lift in sequence Coaching available on request Perform feats of great physical strength as a form of entertainment or in competition The physical and physiological development of athletes for elite sport performance Prices start from 4 for members and 5 for non members Mon Weds only A strength and conditioning coach is a fitness and physical performance professional who uses exercise prescription specifically to improve performance in athletic competition Strength coaches also help athletes with injury prevention and proper mechanics within their sports performances Highintensity interval training HIIT also called highintensity intermittent exercise HIIE or sprint interval training SIT is a form of interval training an exercise strategy alternating short periods of intense anaerobic exercise with lessintense recovery periods Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video The Strength Capital of the North and the best Strongman Gym in Sheffield Yorkshire Titanium Strength Gym is now open and is run by Englands 2nd Strongest Man Phil Roberts The gym specialises in Strongman Powerlifting and Strength Conditioning The gym is also ideal for those into Bodybuilding Weightlifting or Olympic Lifting For those who want to get into Strongman or Powerlifting there is coaching available ask for details 10am4pm every Saturday 11am 2pm on a Sunday The gym is open to those purely with this in mind Coaching provided by national and international champions in their sports If you are looking to get in shape but dont want to spend hours doing cardio with nothing to show for it TSG Bootcamp will burn fat build muscle and get you fit All abilities are catered for in a fun none competitive environment Never done anything like this before Dont worry Everything will be fully explained and demonstrated beforehand There is a huge emphasis on maintaining a great atmosphere in the gym and keeping it a female friendly gym has been top of the list since opening The gym sells itself it is like no other in Sheffield and every single person who has stepped through the doors has left impressed Phil was recently crowned Englands second strongest man 2018 Phil has already been crowned Englands Sheffields strongest man a title he has also won in Scunthorpe Rotherham and in the top three of the Yorkshire contest Chris Baker aged 40 represents Great Britain in the World Masters Powerlifting Championships He holds various records including setting the Masters Benchpress Record for Britain and the Commonwealth Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 0600 2100 0600 2100 0600 2100 0600 2100 0600 2100 1000 1600 1100 1400 20 26 For 25 per month when you set up a standing order 28 a month without a standing order you get unlimited access to the gym with Strongman coaching included Membership is ideal for those looking to move into competitive Strongman Members also get exclusive invites to various Gym Events Session Type Price Member Price Personal Session 1 Hour 2500 2000 Paired Session 15 Hours 2000 Per Person 1500 Per Person Triple Session 15 Hours 1500 Per Person 1500 Per Person Website By Curv Creative Ltd

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

physiological development
sprint interval training