Dierks

Bentley

From

Wikipedia

the

free

encyclopedia

Dierks

Bentley

Bentley

in

April

Background

information

Birth

name

Frederick

Dierks

Bentley

Born

November

age

Phoenix

Arizona

US

Genres

Country

bluegrass

Occupations

Musician

singer

songwriter

Instruments

Vocals

Guitar

banjo

Years

active

Labels

Dangling

Rope

Capitol

Nashville

Associated

acts

Brett

Beavers

Deric

Ruttan

The

Warren

Brothers

Lee

Kernaghan

Harley

Allen

Website

dierks

com

Frederick

Dierks

Bentley

born

November

is

an

American

country

music

singer

and

songwriter

In

he

signed

to

Capitol

Nashville

and

released

his

eponymous

debut

album

Both

it

and

its

followup

Modern

Day

Drifter

are

certified

platinum

in

the

United

States

A

third

album

Long

Trip

Alone

is

certified

gold

It

was

followed

in

by

a

greatest

hits

package

His

fourth

album

Feel

That

Fire

was

released

in

February

A

bluegrass

album

Up

on

the

Ridge

was

released

on

June

a

sixth

album

Home

followed

in

February

as

did

a

seventh

one

Riser

in

Bentleys

eighth

album

entitled

Black

was

released

in

May

His

ninth

and

most

recent

studio

album

The

Mountain

was

released

on

June

Bentleys

studio

albums

have

accounted

for

singles

on

the

Hot

Country

Songs

and

Country

Airplay

charts

of

which

have

reached

number

one

his

debut

single

What

Was

I

Thinkin

Come

a

Little

Closer

Settle

for

a

Slowdown

Every

Mile

a

Memory

Free

and

Easy

Down

the

Road

I

Go

Feel

That

Fire

Sideways

Am

I

the

Only

One

Home

I

Hold

On

Drunk

on

a

Plane

Say

You

Do

Somewhere

on

a

Beach

Different

for

Girls

and

Woman

Amen

Four

more

of

his

singles

have

reached

the

top

Contents

Early

life

Music

career

Dierks

Bentley

and

Modern

Day

Drifter

Long

Trip

Alone

and

Greatest

HitsEvery

Mile

a

Memory

Feel

That

Fire

and

Up

on

the

Ridge

Home

and

Country

Cold

Cans

EP

Riser

Black

The

Mountain

Personal

life

Tours

Headlining

Coheadlining

Supporting

Awards

and

nominations

Grammy

Awards

Country

Music

Association

Awards

Other

awards

Film

and

television

External

links

Early

life

Bentley

was

born

on

November

in

Phoenix

Arizona

as

the

son

of

Leon

Fife

Bentley

August

June

a

bank

vicepresident

and

Catherine

Childs

His

father

was

born

in

Glasgow

Missouri

to

Richard

Thomas

and

Mary

Cecile

Fife

Bentley

and

was

a

First

Lieutenant

in

World

War

II

His

middle

name

Dierks

which

he

now

uses

as

his

first

name

publicly

is

also

his

maternal

greatgrandmothers

surname

He

attended

Culver

Academies

in

Indiana

and

graduated

from

The

Lawrenceville

School

in

New

Jersey

in

Afterward

he

spent

a

year

at

the

University

of

Vermont

UVM

before

transferring

to

Vanderbilt

University

in

Nashville

Tennessee

where

he

graduated

in

Music

career

Dierks

Bentley

opening

for

Brad

Paisley

February

at

Scotiabank

Place

Ottawa

Dierks

Bentley

and

Modern

Day

Drifter

Bentley

worked

at

The

Nashville

Network

now

Paramount

Network

researching

old

footage

of

country

performances

In

Capitol

Nashville

released

Bentleys

selftitled

debut

album

The

albums

first

single

What

Was

I

Thinkin

reached

number

one

on

the

US

Billboard

Hot

Country

Songs

charts

later

that

year

The

next

two

singles

from

that

album

My

Last

Name

and

How

Am

I

Doin

reached

number

and

number

respectively

The

album

was

certified

Platinum

by

the

RIAA

Bentleys

second

album

Modern

Day

Drifter

was

released

in

It

spawned

two

number

one

singles

with

Come

a

Little

Closer

and

Settle

for

a

Slowdown

and

the

number

three

hit

Lot

of

Leavin

Left

to

Do

The

album

was

also

certified

platinum

In

Bentley

won

the

CMA

Award

for

the

Horizon

Award

now

Best

New

Artist

and

was

invited

to

be

a

member

of

the

Grand

Ole

Opry

The

induction

took

place

on

October

Bentley

stands

as

the

third

youngest

member

after

Carrie

Underwood

and

Josh

Turner

Long

Trip

Alone

and

Greatest

HitsEvery

Mile

a

Memory

Bentley

performing

in

Saginaw

Michigan

March

On

June

Bentley

released

his

third

album

Long

Trip

Alone

The

album

produced

two

number

one

hits

with

Every

Mile

a

Memory

in

and

Free

and

Easy

Down

the

Road

I

Go

in

The

title

track

reached

No

on

the

country

charts

while

the

fourth

single

Trying

to

Stop

Your

Leaving

peaked

at

number

In

Bentley

released

a

live

DVD

titled

Live

and

Loud

at

the

Fillmore

which

was

filmed

in

Denver

Colorado

In

a

March

interview

Bentley

said

he

would

let

his

fans

be

the

executive

producers

of

his

first

greatest

hits

album

Greatest

HitsEvery

Mile

a

Memory

The

album

was

released

on

May

An

album

cut

Sweet

Wild

reached

No

on

the

Hot

Country

Songs

chart

The

song

was

an

uncredited

duet

with

fellow

country

singer

Sarah

Buxton

Feel

That

Fire

and

Up

on

the

Ridge

Bentleys

fourth

studio

album

Feel

That

Fire

was

released

in

February

Its

title

track

cowritten

by

Brett

Beavers

and

The

Warren

Brothers

became

Bentleys

sixth

number

one

hit

in

February

The

albums

second

single

Sideways

became

his

seventh

number

one

hit

in

summer

The

third

and

final

single

I

Wanna

Make

You

Close

Your

Eyes

peaked

at

number

Bentley

released

his

fifth

studio

album

Up

on

the

Ridge

on

June

The

title

track

was

released

to

iTunes

on

April

The

song

peaked

at

number

on

the

US

Billboard

Hot

Country

Songs

chart

becoming

Bentleys

first

single

to

miss

the

Top

since

My

Last

Name

The

second

single

from

the

album

Draw

Me

a

Map

reached

number

Home

and

Country

Cold

Cans

EP

Bentleys

sixth

album

Home

was

released

on

February

led

by

the

single

Am

I

the

Only

One

which

reached

No

on

the

Billboard

Country

Singles

The

second

single

off

the

album

is

Home

which

was

cowritten

by

Bentley

Brett

Beavers

and

Dan

Wilson

musician

also

reached

No

on

March

A

third

single

was

released

shortly

after

Home

fell

from

number

one

on

the

country

chart

Dierks

has

been

quoted

by

American

Songwriter

explaining

I

wrote

too

many

songs

I

wrote

I

wrote

a

lot

Theres

that

are

never

going

to

see

the

light

of

day

Thats

days

that

I

cant

get

back

On

August

Bentley

released

the

Country

Cold

Cans

EP

on

iTunes

It

includes

five

songs

including

a

radio

edit

of

the

track

Tip

It

On

Back

from

his

album

Home

Bentley

paid

for

the

studio

time

to

record

the

EP

himself

On

October

Bentley

and

Miranda

Lambert

announced

the

coheadlined

Locked

and

Reloaded

Tour

that

began

on

January

Riser

Bentleys

seventh

album

Riser

was

released

on

February

The

albums

first

single

Bourbon

in

Kentucky

was

released

to

country

radio

on

June

It

peaked

at

number

on

the

Billboard

Country

Airplay

chart

becoming

Bentleys

lowest

charting

single

to

date

The

albums

second

single

I

Hold

On

was

released

on

August

It

became

his

first

number

one

on

the

Country

Airplay

chart

in

April

and

also

his

eleventh

overall

to

do

so

The

third

single

Drunk

on

a

Plane

followed

that

same

month

It

reached

number

one

on

Country

Airplay

in

August

and

was

also

a

strong

commercial

hit

reaching

number

on

the

Billboard

Hot

The

albums

fourth

single

Say

You

Do

was

released

on

October

It

reached

at

number

one

on

Country

Airplay

in

May

The

title

track

became

the

albums

fifth

single

in

June

Bentley

along

with

Eric

Paslay

are

featured

on

Charles

Kelley

s

debut

solo

single

The

Driver

which

was

released

on

September

The

song

received

a

Grammy

nomination

for

Best

Country

DuoGroup

Performance

for

the

Annual

Grammy

Awards

Black

Bentley

released

his

eighth

album

Black

on

May

The

albums

first

single

Somewhere

on

a

Beach

was

released

on

January

Bentley

cohosted

the

Academy

of

Country

Music

Awards

on

April

where

he

was

also

nominated

for

Male

Vocalist

of

the

Year

and

Video

of

the

Year

Bentley

released

a

series

of

four

short

films

for

songs

from

Black

with

episode

one

being

the

song

Ill

Be

the

Moon

featuring

Maren

Morris

The

following

episode

serves

as

the

video

for

What

the

Hell

Did

I

Say

The

albums

second

single

Different

for

Girls

featuring

Elle

King

was

released

to

country

radio

on

June

It

reached

at

number

one

on

Country

Airplay

in

October

The

albums

title

track

was

released

to

country

radio

as

the

third

single

on

November

He

was

also

selected

as

one

of

artists

to

perform

on

Forever

Country

a

mashup

track

of

Take

Me

Home

Country

Roads

On

the

Road

Again

and

I

Will

Always

Love

You

which

celebrates

years

of

the

CMA

Awards

The

Mountain

The

Mountain

is

the

ninth

studio

album

recorded

by

Bentley

It

was

released

on

June

via

Capitol

Records

Nashville

Bentley

released

the

lead

single

Woman

Amen

on

January

Rolling

Stone

Country

The

album

features

collaborations

with

Brothers

Osborne

and

Brandi

Carlile

Musicians

featured

on

the

record

include

Sam

Bush

Jerry

Douglas

and

Tim

OBrien

Personal

life

Bentley

married

Cassidy

Black

on

December

in

Mexico

They

live

in

Nashville

with

their

dogs

Jake

who

has

appeared

in

a

few

of

Dierks

album

covers

and

videos

died

July

and

George

The

couple

has

two

daughters

and

one

son

Evalyn

Evie

Day

Bentley

born

on

October

Jordan

Catherine

Bentley

born

on

December

and

Knox

Bentley

born

on

October

Evie

makes

a

vocal

appearance

on

the

song

Thinking

of

You

from

Bentleys

album

Home

Tours

Headlining

High

Times

and

Hangovers

Tour

Locked

and

Loaded

Tour

Free

and

Easy

Summer

Tour

Throttle

Wide

Open

Tour

Up

On

The

Ridge

Tour

Jägermeister

Tour

Country

and

Cold

Cans

Country

and

Cold

Cans

Festivals

Riser

Tour

Sounds

of

Summer

Tour

Somewhere

on

a

Beach

Tour

What

The

Hell

World

Tour

Mountain

High

Tour

Burning

Man

Tour

Coheadlining

Locked

and

ReLoaded

Tour

w

Miranda

Lambert

Supporting

Guitars

Tiki

Bars

and

a

Whole

Lotta

Love

Tour

Kenny

Chesney

The

Road

and

The

Radio

Tour

Kenny

Chesney

Paisley

Party

Tour

Brad

Paisley

American

Saturday

Night

Tour

Brad

Paisley

Discography

Main

article

Dierks

Bentley

discography

Studio

albums

Dierks

Bentley

Modern

Day

Drifter

Long

Trip

Alone

Feel

That

Fire

Up

on

the

Ridge

Home

Riser

Black

The

Mountain

Awards

and

nominations

Grammy

Awards

Year

RecipientNominee

Award

Result

Every

Mile

a

Memory

Best

Male

Country

Vocal

Performance

Nominated

Best

Country

Song

Nominated

Long

Trip

Alone

Best

Male

Country

Vocal

Performance

Nominated

Best

Country

Song

Nominated

Long

Trip

Alone

Best

Country

Album

Nominated

Live

Loud

At

The

Fillmore

Best

Long

Form

Music

Video

Nominated

Beautiful

World

featuring

Patty

Griffin

Best

Country

Collaboration

with

Vocals

Nominated

Up

on

the

Ridge

Best

Country

Album

Nominated

Bad

Angel

with

Miranda

Lambert

and

Jamey

Johnson

Best

Country

Collaboration

with

Vocals

Nominated

Pride

In

the

Name

of

Love

with

Punch

Brothers

Del

McCoury

Nominated

Home

Best

Country

Solo

Performance

Nominated

Riser

Best

Country

Album

Nominated

The

Driver

with

Charles

Kelley

and

Eric

Paslay

Best

Country

DuoGroup

Performance

Nominated

Different

for

Girls

with

Elle

King

Best

Country

DuoGroup

Performance

Nominated

Country

Music

Association

Awards

Year

RecipientNominee

Award

Result

Dierks

Bentley

Horizon

Award

Won

Dierks

Bentley

Male

Vocalist

Nominated

Up

on

the

Ridge

Album

of

the

Year

Nominated

Bad

Angel

with

Miranda

Lambert

and

Jamey

Johnson

Musical

Event

Nominated

Home

Song

of

the

Year

Nominated

Single

of

the

Year

Nominated

Home

Album

of

the

Year

Nominated

Dierks

Bentley

Male

Vocalist

of

the

Year

Nominated

Riser

Album

of

the

Year

Nominated

I

Hold

On

Song

of

the

Year

Nominated

Drunk

on

a

Plane

Single

of

the

Year

Nominated

Video

of

the

Year

Won

Dierks

Bentley

Male

Vocalist

of

the

Year

Nominated

Dierks

Bentley

Male

Vocalist

of

the

Year

Nominated

Black

Album

of

the

Year

Nominated

Different

for

Girls

with

Elle

King

Vocal

Event

of

the

Year

Won

Dierks

Bentley

Male

Vocalist

of

the

Year

Nominated

Other

awards

Year

Organization

Award

Result

CMT

Music

Awards

Breakthrough

Video

of

the

Year

What

Was

I

Thinkin

Won

ACM

Awards

Top

New

Artist

Won

CMT

Music

Awards

CMT

Performance

of

the

Year

Country

Boy

with

Alan

Jackson

George

Strait

and

Brad

Paisley

Won

American

Country

Awards

Album

of

the

Year

Home

Nominated

Peoples

Choice

Awards

Favorite

Male

Country

Artist

Nominated

iHeartRadio

Music

Awards

Country

Song

of

the

Year

Somewhere

on

a

Beach

Won

Billboard

Music

Awards

Top

Country

Collaboration

Different

For

Girls

with

Elle

King

Nominated

Academy

of

Country

Music

Awards

Male

Vocalist

of

the

Year

Nominated

Album

of

the

Year

Black

Nominated

Vocal

event

of

the

Year

Different

For

Girls

with

Elle

King

Nominated

CMT

Music

Awards

Video

of

the

Year

Different

For

Girls

with

Elle

King

Nominated

Collaborative

Video

of

the

Year

Different

For

Girls

with

Elle

King

Nominated

Academy

of

Country

Music

Awards

Merle

Haggard

Spirit

Award

Won

Film

and

television

Year

Series

Role

Notes

The

Rise

of

Kahne

Himself

A

biography

of

NASCAR

driver

Kasey

Kahne

Bentley

is

featured

in

the

DVD

during

an

event

benefiting

the

Kasey

Kahne

Foundation

Weeds

Himself

Sang

the

theme

song

for

Season

Episode

of

Showtime

TV

network

CMT

Crossroads

Himself

OneRepublic

aired

on

March

Academy

of

Country

Music

Awards

HimselfCoHost

Alongside

with

Luke

Bryan

replacing

Blake

Shelton

References

a

b

c

Jeffries

David

Dierks

Bentley

AllMusic

Retrieved

July

Magazine

Glamour

Dierks

Bentley

Reveals

the

Real

Story

Behind

His

Name

and

How

He

Knew

His

Wife

Was

The

One

Glamour

Retrieved

May

Dierks

Bentley

Reveals

Details

for

Upcoming

Black

Album

Tasteofcountrycom

Retrieved

May

NOTABLE

ALUMNI

The

Lawrenceville

School

Retrieved

October

Dierks

Bentley

Opens

Up

About

His

Childhood

and

Finds

a

Fan

in

Bruce

Springsteen

Tasteofcountrycom

March

Retrieved

February

Country

music

star

Dierks

Bentley

jumps

into

hockey

with

both

boots

ESPN

Sportsespngocom

May

Retrieved

February

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

l

m

n

o

p

q

r

s

t

Dierks

Bentley

Album

Song

Chart

History

Country

Songs

Billboard

Prometheus

Global

Media

Retrieved

April

Opry

Member

List

PDF

April

Archived

from

the

original

on

June

Retrieved

June

Dierks

Bentley

In

Studio

Performance

at

SessionsAOL

SessionsAOL

Retrieved

February

Dierks

Bentley

Goes

No

With

Am

I

the

Only

One

Tasteofcountrycom

August

Retrieved

February

McDonnell

Brandy

September

Dierks

Bentley

Joe

Walsh

Jerrod

Niemann

and

Eli

Young

Band

to

play

OKC

Zoo

Amphitheatres

Family

Jam

Oct

News

OK

Blognewsokcom

Retrieved

February

Evan

Schlansky

February

Great

Quotations

Dierks

Bentley

American

Songwriter

Archived

from

the

original

on

June

Retrieved

June

Dierks

Bentleys

Country

Cold

Cans

EP

Hear

Back

Porch

here

EXCLUSIVE

Entertainment

Weekly

August

Retrieved

December

Miranda

Lambert

Dierks

Bentley

Announce

Locked

and

Reloaded

Tour

Taste

of

Country

October

Retrieved

December

Whitaker

Sterling

January

Dierks

Bentley

Sets

Release

Date

for

Riser

The

Boot

Retrieved

January

a

b

Dierks

Bentley

Album

Song

Chart

History

Country

Airplay

Billboard

Prometheus

Global

Media

Retrieved

November

a

b

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Dina

Lohan

From

Wikipedia

the

free

encyclopedia

Dina

Lohan

Lohan

at

the

Annual

Hamptons

International

Film

Festival

October

Born

Donata

Melina

Nicolette

Sullivan

September

age

New

York

City

New

York

US

Occupation

Entrepreneur

manager

television

personality

Years

active

Known

for

Living

Lohan

Spouses

Michael

Lohan

m

div

Children

including

Lindsay

Lohan

Michael

Lohan

Jr

Ali

Lohan

Donata

Melina

Nicolette

Dina

Lohan

ˈ

l

oʊ

ən

née

Sullivan

born

September

is

an

American

television

personality

who

rose

to

fame

as

the

mother

and

manager

of

actress

Lindsay

Lohan

She

also

is

mother

of

Michael

Jr

Aliana

and

Dakota

Lohan

Contents

Early

life

Career

Controversy

Personal

life

Filmography

External

links

Early

life

Lohan

was

born

and

raised

in

New

York

City

to

John

L

and

Ann

Sullivan

She

has

two

brothers

Matt

and

Paul

She

is

of

Italian

from

her

mother

and

Irish

descent

and

was

raised

Roman

Catholic

Lohan

is

a

former

singer

and

dancer

Career

Lohan

and

her

younger

daughter

Ali

starred

in

the

reality

show

Living

Lohan

which

debuted

on

May

on

the

cable

television

network

E

Lohan

is

also

one

of

the

executive

producers

of

the

series

Controversy

This

section

may

need

to

be

rewritten

entirely

to

comply

with

Wikipedias

quality

standards

as

it

mostly

consists

of

vague

hesaidshesaid

personal

opinion

rather

than

substantive

controversy

It

also

needs

moreRS

citing

You

can

help

The

discussion

page

may

contain

suggestions

June

Lohan

has

been

the

subject

of

media

scrutiny

and

criticism

that

claim

she

is

exploiting

her

daughters

Ali

and

Lindsay

Lohan

for

personal

fame

Lohans

claimed

career

as

a

Radio

City

Rockette

has

also

been

questioned

with

a

spokesperson

for

Radio

City

stating

there

was

no

record

of

this

and

that

executives

at

Cablevision

which

owns

Radio

City

were

indignant

at

the

claim

On

August

Anderson

Cooper

appeared

as

a

guest

cohost

on

the

ABC

talk

show

Live

with

Regis

and

Kelly

during

which

he

stated

in

reference

to

Living

Lohan

I

cant

believe

Im

wasting

a

minute

of

my

life

watching

these

horrific

people

In

an

interview

with

OK

magazine

Dina

Lohan

responded

people

are

just

cruelThis

is

bad

karma

for

him

Cooper

did

not

respond

directly

to

Lohans

comments

but

clarified

that

while

he

felt

bad

for

Ali

Lohan

he

opined

that

she

should

be

living

the

conventional

life

of

a

teenager

and

not

be

made

to

star

in

a

reality

television

show

Michael

Lohan

also

responded

to

Coopers

comments

telling

Access

Hollywood

I

think

Anderson

Cooper

is

an

opinionated

hypocritical

idiot

who

should

be

an

adult

and

keep

his

opinion

to

himselfHe

is

the

last

person

to

judge

anyone

when

he

and

his

own

family

have

their

own

issues

Personal

life

In

she

married

Michael

Lohan

The

couple

briefly

separated

in

and

later

reunited

Dina

filed

for

divorce

in

and

the

couple

reached

a

divorce

settlement

in

August

with

the

divorce

scheduled

to

be

finalized

three

months

later

He

had

worked

as

a

Wall

Street

trader

and

businessman

who

inherited

his

fathers

pasta

business

and

has

been

in

trouble

with

the

law

on

several

occasions

The

Lohans

have

four

children

Lindsay

b

Michael

Jr

b

Aliana

b

and

Dakota

Lohan

b

Lohan

was

arrested

for

speeding

and

driving

under

the

influence

in

Nassau

County

Long

Island

on

September

and

agreed

to

a

plea

deal

which

included

admitting

guilt

She

was

sentenced

to

hours

community

service

had

her

drivers

license

revoked

for

one

year

and

was

fined

Filmography

Title

Year

Role

Notes

The

Parent

Trap

Woman

at

airport

Uncredited

cameo

Living

Lohan

Herself

Reality

television

Lindsay

Herself

Reality

television

Family

Therapy

with

Dr

Jenn

Herself

Reality

television

References

Fischler

Marcelle

S

October

For

Lohan

Matriarch

Like

Daughter

Like

Mother

The

New

York

Times

Archived

from

the

original

on

June

a

b

Dina

Lohan

LivingLohantv

Archived

from

the

original

on

July

Carter

Kelly

May

Dina

Lohan

explains

it

all

with

a

capital

E

USA

Today

Lynda

Obst

June

Lindsay

Lohan

One

of

the

movies

biggest

rising

stars

goes

on

the

record

Interview

magazine

Interview

Inc

Archived

from

on

April

Retrieved

August

Did

you

even

get

to

go

to

high

school

Yes

Up

until

the

grade

when

I

started

homeschooling

Johnson

Richard

May

Lindsays

Mom

Hogs

Spotlight

New

York

Post

Archived

from

on

January

Johnson

Richard

June

Mom

Dinas

Missing

Career

New

York

Post

Archived

from

on

May

Anderson

Cooper

Rips

Dina

Lohan

Mediabistrocom

TVNewser

August

a

b

Lohan

parents

divorce

heats

up

on

Long

Island

Todaycom

Associated

Press

August

Archived

from

the

original

on

February

Retrieved

November

Peretz

Dina

and

Michael

separated

when

Lindsay

was

just

three

But

like

many

young

people

in

love

Dina

took

her

husband

back

for

a

period

Lindsay

Lohans

Mother

Files

for

Divorce

Fox

News

Associated

Press

January

Archived

from

the

original

on

August

Lohans

parents

end

divorce

row

BBC

News

August

Archived

from

the

original

on

February

Retrieved

August

Lohans

Parents

Reach

Divorce

Settlement

People

December

Archived

from

the

original

on

February

John

DiMascio

Jr

Michaels

attorney

says

he

expects

the

divorce

to

be

final

in

about

days

depending

upon

how

quickly

the

divorce

documents

are

filed

and

then

processed

by

the

court

Lindsay

Lohans

Dad

Gets

Prison

Sentence

Fox

News

Fox

Broadcasting

Company

May

Archived

from

on

Retrieved

July

Chinese

Vera

Dillon

Nancy

Cunningham

Jennifer

H

September

Dina

Lohan

arrested

for

DWI

speeding

on

Long

Island

Daily

News

New

York

City

Archived

from

the

original

on

June

Retrieved

September

Michael

Rothman

and

Aaron

Katersky

June

Dina

Lohan

Sentenced

for

DWI

Has

Drivers

License

Suspended

abcnewsgocom

Retrieved

October

External

links

Dina

Lohan

at

Internet

Movie

Database

Dina

Lohan

at

TVcom

Dina

Lohan

at

Living

Lohan

TV

v

t

e

Lindsay

Lohan

Filmography

Discography

Awards

and

nominations

Studio

albums

Speak

A

Little

More

Personal

Raw

Soundtrack

albums

Freaky

Friday

Confessions

of

a

Teenage

Drama

Queen

Singles

Rumors

Over

First

Confessions

of

a

Broken

Heart

Daughter

to

Father

Bossy

Related

topics

Collection

Lindsay

TV

series

Lindsay

Lohans

Indian

Journey

Family

Michael

Lohan

father

Dina

Lohan

mother

Michael

Lohan

Jr

brother

Aliana

Lohan

sister

v

t

e

Aliana

Lohan

Studio

albums

Lohan

Holiday

Singles

Christmas

Magic

Rockin

Around

the

Christmas

Tree

All

the

Way

Around

Family

Michael

Lohan

father

Dina

Lohan

mother

Lindsay

Lohan

sister

Michael

Lohan

Jr

brother

Categories

births

Living

people

American

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people

of

Irish

descent

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people

of

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descent

Television

personalities

from

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York

City

Lindsay

Lohan

Lohan

family

American

female

dancers

Dancers

from

New

York

state

American

film

actresses

American

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People

from

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Document

type

definition

From

Wikipedia

the

free

encyclopedia

Redirected

from

Document

Type

Definition

A

document

type

definition

DTD

is

a

set

of

markup

declarations

that

define

a

document

type

for

an

SGML

family

markup

language

SGML

XML

HTML

A

DTD

defines

the

valid

building

blocks

of

an

XML

document

It

defines

the

document

structure

with

a

list

of

validated

elements

and

attributes

A

DTD

can

be

declared

inline

inside

an

XML

document

or

as

an

external

reference

XML

uses

a

subset

of

SGML

DTD

As

of

newer

XML

namespace

aware

schema

languages

such

as

XML

Schema

and

ISO

RELAX

NG

have

largely

superseded

DTDs

A

namespaceaware

version

of

DTDs

is

being

developed

as

Part

of

ISO

DSDL

DTDs

persist

in

applications

that

need

special

publishing

characters

such

as

the

XML

and

HTML

Character

Entity

References

which

derive

from

larger

sets

defined

as

part

of

the

ISO

SGML

standard

effort

Contents

Associating

DTDs

with

documents

Markup

declarations

Element

type

declarations

Attribute

list

declarations

Entity

declarations

Notation

declarations

XML

DTDs

and

schema

validation

XML

DTD

schema

example

Security

See

also

External

links

Associating

DTDs

with

documents

A

DTD

is

associated

with

an

XML

or

SGML

document

by

means

of

a

document

type

declaration

DOCTYPE

The

DOCTYPE

appears

in

the

syntactic

fragment

doctypedecl

near

the

start

of

an

XML

document

The

declaration

establishes

that

the

document

is

an

instance

of

the

type

defined

by

the

referenced

DTD

DOCTYPEs

make

two

sorts

of

declaration

an

optional

external

subset

an

optional

internal

subset

The

declarations

in

the

internal

subset

form

part

of

the

DOCTYPE

in

the

document

itself

The

declarations

in

the

external

subset

are

located

in

a

separate

text

file

The

external

subset

may

be

referenced

via

a

public

identifier

andor

a

system

identifier

Programs

for

reading

documents

may

not

be

required

to

read

the

external

subset

Note

that

any

valid

SGML

or

XML

document

that

references

an

external

subset

in

its

DTD

or

whose

body

contains

references

to

parsed

external

entities

declared

in

its

DTD

including

those

declared

within

its

internal

subset

may

only

be

partially

parsed

but

can

not

be

fully

validated

by

validating

SGML

or

XML

parsers

in

their

standalone

mode

this

means

that

these

validating

parsers

dont

attempt

to

retrieve

these

external

entities

and

their

replacement

text

is

not

accessible

However

such

documents

are

still

fully

parsable

in

the

non

standalone

mode

of

validating

parsers

which

signals

an

error

if

it

cant

locate

these

external

entities

with

their

specified

public

identifier

FPI

or

system

identifier

a

URI

or

are

inaccessible

Notations

declared

in

the

DTD

are

also

referencing

external

entities

but

these

unparsed

entities

are

not

needed

for

the

validation

of

documents

in

the

standalone

mode

of

these

parsers

the

validation

of

all

external

entities

referenced

by

notations

is

left

to

the

application

using

the

SGML

or

XML

parser

Nonvalidating

parsers

may

eventually

attempt

to

locate

these

external

entities

in

the

non

standalone

mode

by

partially

interpreting

the

DTD

only

to

resolve

their

declared

parsable

entities

but

do

not

validate

the

content

model

of

these

documents

The

following

example

of

a

DOCTYPE

contains

both

public

and

system

identifiers

DOCTYPE

html

PUBLIC

XHTML

TransitionalEN

All

HTML

documents

conform

to

one

of

three

SGML

DTDs

The

public

identifiers

of

these

DTDs

are

constant

and

are

as

follows

HTML

HTML

TransitionalEN

HTML

FramesetEN

The

system

identifiers

of

these

DTDs

if

present

in

the

DOCTYPE

are

URI

references

A

system

identifier

usually

points

to

a

specific

set

of

declarations

in

a

resolvable

location

SGML

allows

mapping

public

identifiers

to

system

identifiers

in

catalogs

that

are

optionally

available

to

the

URI

resolvers

used

by

document

parsing

software

Note

that

this

DOCTYPE

can

only

appear

after

the

optional

XML

declaration

and

before

the

document

body

if

the

document

syntax

conforms

to

XML

This

includes

XHTML

documents

xml

DOCTYPE

html

PUBLIC

XHTML

TransitionalEN

the

XHTML

document

body

starts

here

html

xmlns

html

An

additional

internal

subset

can

also

be

provided

after

the

external

subset

xml

DOCTYPE

html

PUBLIC

XHTML

TransitionalEN

an

internal

subset

can

be

embedded

here

the

XHTML

document

body

starts

here

html

xmlns

html

Alternatively

only

the

internal

subset

may

be

provided

xml

DOCTYPE

html

an

internal

subset

can

be

embedded

here

the

XHTML

document

body

starts

here

html

xmlns

html

Finally

the

document

type

definition

may

include

no

subset

at

all

in

that

case

it

just

specifies

that

the

document

has

a

single

toplevel

element

this

is

an

implicit

requirement

for

all

valid

XML

and

HTML

documents

but

not

for

document

fragments

or

for

all

SGML

documents

whose

toplevel

elements

may

be

different

from

the

implied

root

element

and

it

indicates

the

type

name

of

the

root

element

xml

DOCTYPE

html

the

XHTML

document

body

starts

here

html

xmlns

html

Markup

declarations

DTDs

describe

the

structure

of

a

class

of

documents

via

element

and

attributelist

declarations

Element

declarations

name

the

allowable

set

of

elements

within

the

document

and

specify

whether

and

how

declared

elements

and

runs

of

character

data

may

be

contained

within

each

element

Attributelist

declarations

name

the

allowable

set

of

attributes

for

each

declared

element

including

the

type

of

each

attribute

value

if

not

an

explicit

set

of

valid

values

DTD

markup

declarations

declare

which

element

types

attribute

lists

entities

and

notations

are

allowed

in

the

structure

of

the

corresponding

class

of

XML

documents

Element

type

declarations

An

element

type

declaration

defines

an

element

and

its

possible

content

A

valid

XML

document

contains

only

elements

that

are

defined

in

the

DTD

Various

keywords

and

characters

specify

an

elements

content

EMPTY

for

specifying

that

the

defined

element

allows

no

content

ie

it

cant

have

any

children

elements

not

even

text

elements

if

there

are

whitespaces

they

are

ignored

ANY

for

specifying

that

the

defined

element

allows

any

content

without

restriction

ie

that

it

may

have

any

number

including

and

type

of

children

elements

including

text

elements

or

an

expression

specifying

the

only

elements

allowed

as

direct

children

in

the

content

of

the

defined

element

this

content

can

be

either

a

mixed

content

which

means

that

the

content

may

include

at

least

one

text

element

and

zero

or

more

named

elements

but

their

order

and

number

of

occurrences

cant

be

restricted

this

can

be

PCDATA

historically

meaning

parsed

character

data

this

means

that

only

one

text

element

is

allowed

in

the

content

no

quantifier

is

allowed

PCDATA

element

name

a

limited

choice

in

an

exclusive

list

between

parentheses

and

separated

by

pipe

characters

and

terminated

by

the

required

quantifier

of

two

or

more

child

elements

including

only

text

elements

or

the

specified

named

elements

may

be

used

in

any

order

and

number

of

occurrences

in

the

content

an

element

content

which

means

that

there

must

be

no

text

elements

in

the

children

elements

of

the

content

all

whitespaces

encoded

between

child

elements

are

then

ignored

just

like

comments

Such

element

content

is

specified

as

content

particle

in

a

variant

of

BackusNaur

form

without

terminal

symbols

and

element

names

as

nonterminal

symbols

Element

content

consists

of

a

content

particle

can

be

either

the

name

of

an

element

declared

in

the

DTD

or

a

sequence

list

or

It

may

be

followed

by

an

optional

quantifier

a

sequence

list

means

an

ordered

list

specified

between

parentheses

and

separated

by

a

comma

character

of

one

or

more

content

particles

all

the

content

particles

must

appear

successively

as

direct

children

in

the

content

of

the

defined

element

at

the

specified

position

and

relative

order

a

means

a

mutually

exclusive

list

specified

between

parentheses

and

separated

by

a

pipe

character

of

two

or

more

content

particles

only

one

of

these

content

particles

may

appear

in

the

content

of

the

defined

element

at

the

same

position

A

quantifier

is

a

single

character

that

immediately

follows

the

specified

item

it

applies

to

to

restrict

the

number

of

successive

occurrences

of

these

items

at

the

specified

position

in

the

content

of

the

element

it

may

be

either

for

specifying

that

there

must

be

one

or

more

occurrences

of

the

item

the

effective

content

of

each

occurrence

may

be

different

for

specifying

that

any

number

zero

or

more

of

occurrences

is

allowed

the

item

is

optional

and

the

effective

content

of

each

occurrence

may

be

different

for

specifying

that

there

must

not

be

more

than

one

occurrence

the

item

is

optional

If

there

is

no

quantifier

the

specified

item

must

occur

exactly

one

time

at

the

specified

position

in

the

content

of

the

element

For

example

ELEMENT

html

head

body

ELEMENT

p

PCDATA

p

ul

dl

table

Note

that

element

type

declarations

are

ignored

by

nonvalidating

SGML

and

XML

parsers

in

which

cases

any

elements

are

accepted

in

any

order

and

in

any

number

of

occurrences

in

the

parsed

document

but

these

declarations

are

still

checked

for

form

and

validity

Attribute

list

declarations

An

attribute

list

specifies

for

a

given

element

type

the

list

of

all

possible

attribute

associated

with

that

type

For

each

possible

attribute

it

contains

the

declared

name

of

the

attribute

its

data

type

or

an

enumeration

of

its

possible

values

and

its

default

value

For

example

ATTLIST

img

src

CDATA

REQUIRED

id

ID

IMPLIED

sort

CDATA

FIXED

true

print

yes

no

yes

Here

are

some

attribute

types

supported

by

both

SGML

and

XML

CDATA

this

type

means

characters

data

and

indicates

that

the

effective

value

of

the

attribute

can

be

any

textual

value

unless

the

attribute

is

specified

as

fixed

the

comments

in

the

DTD

may

further

document

values

that

are

effectively

accepted

but

the

DTD

syntax

does

not

allow

such

precise

specification

ID

the

effective

value

of

the

attribute

must

be

a

valid

identifier

and

it

is

used

to

define

and

anchor

to

the

current

element

the

target

of

references

using

this

defined

identifier

including

as

document

fragment

identifiers

that

may

be

specified

at

end

of

an

URI

after

a

sign

it

is

an

error

if

distinct

elements

in

the

same

document

are

defining

the

same

identifier

the

uniqueness

constraint

also

implies

that

the

identifier

itself

carries

no

other

semantics

and

that

identifiers

must

be

treated

as

opaque

in

applications

note

that

XML

also

predefines

the

standard

pseudoattribute

xmlid

with

this

type

without

needing

any

declaration

in

the

DTD

so

the

uniqueness

constraint

also

applies

to

these

defined

identifiers

when

they

are

specified

anywhere

in

a

XML

document

IDREF

or

IDREFS

the

effective

value

of

the

attribute

can

only

be

a

valid

identifier

or

a

spaceseparated

list

of

such

identifiers

and

must

be

referencing

the

unique

element

defined

in

the

document

with

an

attribute

declared

with

the

type

ID

in

the

DTD

or

the

unique

element

defined

in

an

XML

document

with

a

pseudoattribute

xmlid

and

whose

effective

value

is

the

same

identifier

NMTOKEN

or

NMTOKENS

the

effective

value

of

the

attribute

can

only

be

a

valid

name

token

or

a

spacedseparated

list

of

such

name

tokens

but

it

is

not

restricted

to

a

unique

identifier

within

the

document

this

name

may

carry

supplementary

and

applicationdependent

semantics

and

may

require

additional

naming

constraints

but

this

is

out

of

scope

of

the

DTD

ENTITY

or

ENTITIES

the

effective

value

of

the

attribute

can

only

be

the

name

of

an

unparsed

external

entity

or

a

spaceseparated

list

of

such

names

which

must

also

be

declared

in

the

document

type

declaration

this

type

is

not

supported

in

HTML

parsers

but

is

valid

in

SGML

and

XML

or

including

XHTML

and

SVG

the

effective

value

of

the

attribute

can

only

be

one

of

the

enumerated

list

specified

between

parentheses

and

separated

by

a

pipe

character

of

textual

values

where

each

value

in

the

enumeration

is

possibly

specified

between

single

or

double

quotation

marks

if

its

not

a

simple

name

token

NOTATION

the

effective

value

of

the

attribute

can

only

be

any

one

of

the

enumerated

list

specified

between

parentheses

and

separated

by

a

pipe

character

of

notation

names

where

each

notation

name

in

the

enumeration

must

also

be

declared

in

the

document

type

declaration

this

type

is

not

supported

in

HTML

parsers

but

is

valid

in

SGML

and

XML

or

including

XHTML

and

SVG

A

default

value

can

define

whether

an

attribute

must

occur

REQUIRED

or

not

IMPLIED

or

whether

it

has

a

fixed

value

FIXED

or

which

value

should

be

used

as

a

default

value

in

case

the

given

attribute

is

left

out

in

an

XML

tag

Note

that

attribute

list

declarations

are

ignored

by

nonvalidating

SGML

and

XML

parsers

in

which

cases

any

attribute

is

accepted

within

all

elements

of

the

parsed

document

but

these

declarations

are

still

checked

for

wellformedness

and

validity

Entity

declarations

An

entity

is

similar

to

a

macro

The

entity

declaration

assigns

it

a

value

that

is

retained

throughout

the

document

A

common

use

is

to

have

a

name

more

recognizable

than

a

numeric

character

reference

for

an

unfamiliar

character

Entities

help

to

improve

legibility

of

an

XML

text

In

general

there

are

two

types

internal

and

external

Internal

parsed

entities

are

associating

a

name

with

any

arbitrary

textual

content

defined

in

their

declaration

which

may

be

in

the

internal

subset

or

in

the

external

subset

of

the

DTD

declared

in

the

document

When

a

named

entity

reference

is

then

encountered

in

the

rest

of

the

document

including

in

the

rest

of

the

DTD

and

if

this

entity

name

has

effectively

been

defined

as

a

parsed

entity

the

reference

itself

is

replaced

immediately

by

the

textual

content

defined

in

the

parsed

entity

and

the

parsing

continues

within

this

replacement

text

Predefined

named

character

entities

are

similar

to

internal

entities

of

them

however

are

treated

specially

in

all

SGML

HTML

and

XML

parsers

These

entities

are

a

bit

different

from

normal

parsed

entities

because

when

a

named

character

entity

reference

is

encountered

in

the

document

the

reference

is

also

replaced

immediately

by

the

character

content

defined

in

the

entity

but

the

parsing

continues

after

the

replacement

text

which

is

immediately

inserted

literally

in

the

currently

parsed

token

if

such

character

is

permitted

in

the

textual

value

of

that

token

This

allows

some

characters

that

are

needed

for

the

core

syntax

of

HTML

or

XML

themselves

to

be

escaped

from

their

special

syntactic

role

notably

which

is

reserved

for

beginning

entity

references

or

which

delimit

the

markup

tags

and

double

or

single

quotation

marks

which

delimit

the

values

of

attributes

and

entity

definitions

Predefined

character

entities

also

include

numeric

character

references

that

are

handled

the

same

way

and

can

also

be

used

to

escape

the

In

basic

profiles

for

SGML

or

in

HTML

documents

the

declaration

of

internal

entities

is

not

possible

because

external

DTD

subsets

are

not

retrieved

and

internal

DTD

subsets

are

not

supported

in

these

basic

profiles

Instead

HTML

standards

predefine

a

large

set

of

several

hundred

named

character

entities

which

can

still

be

handled

as

standard

parsed

entities

defined

in

the

DTD

used

by

the

parser

External

entities

refer

to

external

storage

objects

They

are

just

declared

by

a

unique

name

in

the

document

and

defined

with

a

public

identifier

an

FPI

andor

a

system

identifier

interpreted

as

an

URI

specifying

where

the

source

of

their

content

They

exist

in

fact

in

two

variants

parsed

external

entities

most

often

defined

with

a

SYSTEM

identifier

indicating

the

URI

of

their

content

that

are

not

associated

in

their

definition

to

a

named

annotation

in

which

case

validating

XML

or

SGML

parsers

retrieve

their

contents

and

parse

them

as

if

they

were

declared

as

internal

entities

the

external

entity

containing

their

effective

replacement

text

unparsed

external

entities

that

are

defined

and

associated

with

an

annotation

name

in

which

case

they

are

treated

as

opaque

references

and

signaled

as

such

to

the

application

using

the

SGML

or

XML

parser

their

interpretation

retrieval

and

parsing

is

left

to

the

application

according

to

the

types

of

annotations

it

supports

see

the

next

section

about

annotations

and

for

examples

of

unparsed

external

entities

External

entities

are

not

supported

in

basic

profiles

for

SGML

or

in

HTML

documents

but

are

valid

in

full

implementations

of

SGML

and

in

XML

or

including

XHTML

and

SVG

even

if

they

are

not

strictly

needed

in

those

document

types

An

example

of

internal

entity

declarations

here

in

an

internal

DTD

subset

of

an

SGML

document

is

DOCTYPE

sgml

ELEMENT

sgml

ANY

ENTITY

std

standard

SGML

ENTITY

signature

author

ENTITY

question

Why

I

publish

my

books

directly

in

std

ENTITY

author

William

Shakespeare

sgml

questionsignature

sgml

Note

that

internal

entities

may

be

defined

in

any

order

as

long

as

they

are

not

referenced

and

parsed

in

the

DTD

or

in

the

body

of

the

document

in

their

order

of

parsing

it

is

valid

to

include

a

reference

to

a

still

undefined

entity

within

the

content

of

a

parsed

entity

but

it

is

invalid

to

include

anywhere

else

any

named

entity

reference

before

this

entity

has

been

fully

defined

including

all

other

internal

entities

referenced

in

its

defined

content

this

also

prevents

circular

or

recursive

definitions

of

internal

entities

This

document

is

parsed

as

if

it

was

DOCTYPE

sgml

ELEMENT

sgml

ANY

ENTITY

std

standard

SGML

ENTITY

signature

author

ENTITY

question

Why

couldnt

I

publish

my

books

directly

in

standard

SGML

ENTITY

author

William

Shakespeare

sgml

Why

couldnt

I

publish

my

books

directly

in

standard

SGML

William

Shakespeare

sgml

Note

that

reference

to

the

author

internal

entity

is

not

substituted

in

the

replacement

text

of

the

signature

internal

entity

Instead

it

is

replaced

only

when

the

signature

entity

reference

is

parsed

within

the

content

of

the

sgml

element

but

only

by

validating

parsers

nonvalidating

parsers

do

not

substitute

entity

references

occurring

within

contents

of

element

or

within

attribute

values

in

the

body

of

the

document

This

is

possible

because

the

replacement

text

specified

in

the

internal

entity

definitions

permits

a

distinction

between

parameter

entity

references

that

are

introduced

by

the

character

and

whose

replacement

applies

to

the

parsed

DTD

contents

and

general

entity

references

that

are

introduced

by

the

character

and

whose

replacement

is

delayed

until

they

are

effectively

parsed

and

validated

The

character

for

introducing

parameter

entity

references

in

the

DTD

loses

its

special

role

outside

the

DTD

and

it

becomes

a

literal

character

However

the

references

to

predefined

numeric

character

entities

are

substituted

wherever

they

occur

without

needing

a

validating

parser

they

are

only

introduced

by

the

character

Notation

declarations

Notations

are

used

in

SGML

or

XML

They

provide

a

complete

reference

to

unparsed

external

entities

whose

interpretation

is

left

to

the

application

which

interprets

them

directly

or

retrieves

the

external

entity

themselves

by

assigning

them

a

simple

name

which

is

usable

in

the

body

of

the

document

For

example

notations

may

be

used

to

reference

nonXML

data

in

an

XML

document

For

example

to

annotate

SVG

images

to

associate

them

with

a

specific

renderer

NOTATION

typeimagesvg

SYSTEM

imagesvg

This

declares

the

MIME

type

of

external

images

with

this

type

and

associates

it

with

a

notation

name

typeimagesvg

However

notation

names

usually

follow

a

naming

convention

that

is

specific

to

the

application

generating

or

using

the

notation

notations

are

interpreted

as

additional

metadata

whose

effective

content

is

an

external

entity

and

either

a

PUBLIC

FPI

registered

in

the

catalogs

used

by

XML

or

SGML

parsers

or

a

SYSTEM

URI

whose

interpretation

is

application

dependent

here

a

MIME

type

interpreted

as

a

relative

URI

but

it

could

be

an

absolute

URI

to

a

specific

renderer

or

a

URN

indicating

an

OSspecific

object

identifier

such

as

The

declared

notation

name

must

be

unique

within

all

the

document

type

declaration

ie

in

the

external

subset

as

well

as

the

internal

subset

at

least

for

conformance

with

XML

Notations

can

be

associated

to

unparsed

external

entities

included

in

the

body

of

the

SGML

or

XML

document

The

PUBLIC

or

SYSTEM

parameter

of

these

external

entities

specifies

the

FPI

andor

the

URI

where

the

unparsed

data

of

the

external

entity

is

located

and

the

additional

NDATA

parameter

of

these

defined

entities

specifies

the

additional

notation

ie

effectively

the

MIME

type

here

For

example

DOCTYPE

sgml

ELEMENT

sgml

img

ELEMENT

img

EMPTY

ATTLIST

img

data

ENTITY

IMPLIED

ENTITY

SYSTEM

NDATA

NOTATION

SYSTEM

sgml

img

data

sgml

Within

the

body

of

the

SGML

document

these

referenced

external

entities

whose

name

is

specified

between

and

are

not

replaced

like

usual

named

entities

defined

with

a

CDATA

value

but

are

left

as

distinct

unparsed

tokens

that

may

be

used

either

as

the

value

of

an

element

attribute

like

above

or

within

the

element

contents

provided

that

either

the

DTD

allows

such

external

entities

in

the

declared

content

type

of

elements

or

in

the

declared

type

of

attributes

here

the

ENTITY

type

for

the

data

attribute

or

the

SGML

parser

is

not

validating

the

content

Notations

may

also

be

associated

directly

to

elements

as

additional

metadata

without

associating

them

to

another

external

entity

by

giving

their

names

as

possible

values

of

some

additional

attributes

also

declared

in

the

DTD

within

the

ATTLIST

declaration

of

the

element

For

example

DOCTYPE

sgml

ELEMENT

sgml

img

the

optional

type

attribute

value

can

only

be

set

to

this

notation

ATTLIST

sgml

type

NOTATION

typevendorspecific

IMPLIED

ELEMENT

img

ANY

optional

content

can

be

only

parsable

SGML

or

XML

data

The

optional

title

attribute

value

must

be

parsable

as

text

The

optional

data

attribute

value

is

set

to

an

unparsed

external

entity

The

optional

type

attribute

value

can

only

be

one

of

the

two

notations

ATTLIST

img

title

CDATA

IMPLIED

data

ENTITY

IMPLIED

type

NOTATION

typeimagesvg

typeimagegif

IMPLIED

Notations

are

referencing

external

entities

and

may

be

set

in

the

type

attributes

above

or

must

be

referenced

by

any

defined

external

entities

that

can

not

be

parsed

NOTATION

typeimagesvg

PUBLIC

SVG

NOTATION

typeimagegif

PUBLIC

imagegif

NOTATION

typevendorspecific

PUBLIC

applicationVNDspecificsgml

ENTITY

Title

of

parsed

internal

entity

ENTITY

SYSTEM

parsed

external

entity

ENTITY

Title

of

parsed

internal

entity

ENTITY

SYSTEM

NDATA

typeimagegif

unparsed

external

entity

sgml

type

typevendorspecific

an

SVG

image

is

parsable

as

valid

SGML

or

XML

text

img

title

type

typeimagesvg

img

it

can

also

be

referenced

as

an

unparsed

external

entity

img

title

data

a

GIF

image

is

not

parsable

and

can

only

be

referenced

as

an

external

entity

img

title

data

sgml

The

example

above

shows

a

notation

named

typeimagesvg

that

references

the

standard

public

FPI

and

the

system

identifier

the

standard

URI

of

an

SVG

document

instead

of

specifying

just

a

system

identifier

as

in

the

first

example

which

was

a

relative

URI

interpreted

locally

as

a

MIME

type

This

annotation

is

referenced

directly

within

the

unparsed

type

attribute

of

the

img

element

but

its

content

is

not

retrieved

It

also

declares

another

notation

for

a

vendorspecific

application

to

annotate

the

sgml

root

element

in

the

document

In

both

cases

the

declared

notation

named

is

used

directly

in

a

declared

However

the

title

attribute

of

the

img

element

specifies

the

internal

entity

whose

declaration

that

does

not

define

an

annotation

so

it

is

parsed

by

validating

parsers

and

the

entity

replacement

text

is

Title

of

The

content

of

the

img

element

references

another

external

entity

whose

declaration

also

does

not

define

an

notation

so

it

is

also

parsed

by

validating

parsers

and

the

entity

replacement

text

is

located

by

its

defined

SYSTEM

identifier

also

interpreted

as

a

relative

URI

The

effective

content

for

the

img

element

be

the

content

of

this

second

external

resource

The

difference

with

the

GIF

image

is

that

the

SVG

image

is

parsed

within

the

SGML

document

according

to

the

declarations

in

the

DTD

where

the

GIF

image

is

just

referenced

as

an

opaque

external

object

which

is

not

Only

one

notation

name

may

be

specified

in

the

value

of

ENTITY

attributes

theres

no

support

in

SGML

XML

or

XML

for

multiple

notation

names

in

the

same

declared

external

ENTITY

so

separate

attributes

are

needed

However

multiple

external

entities

may

be

referenced

in

a

spaceseparated

list

of

names

in

attributes

declared

with

type

ENTITIES

and

where

each

named

external

entity

is

also

declared

with

its

own

notation

Notations

are

also

completely

opaque

for

XML

and

SGML

parsers

so

they

are

not

differentiated

by

the

type

of

the

external

entity

that

they

may

reference

for

these

parsers

they

just

have

a

unique

name

associated

to

a

public

identifier

an

FPI

andor

a

system

identifier

a

URI

Some

applications

but

not

XML

or

SGML

parsers

themselves

also

allow

referencing

notations

indirectly

by

naming

them

in

the

URN

name

value

of

a

standard

CDATA

attribute

everywhere

a

URI

can

be

specified

However

this

behaviour

is

applicationspecific

and

requires

that

the

application

maintains

a

catalog

of

known

URNs

to

resolve

them

into

the

notations

that

have

been

parsed

in

a

standard

SGML

or

XML

parser

This

use

allows

notations

to

be

defined

only

in

a

DTD

stored

as

an

external

entity

and

referenced

only

as

the

external

subset

of

documents

and

allows

these

documents

to

remain

compatible

with

validating

XML

or

SGML

parsers

that

have

no

direct

support

for

notations

Notations

are

not

used

in

HTML

or

in

basic

profiles

for

XHTML

and

SVG

because

All

external

entities

used

by

these

standard

document

types

are

referenced

by

simple

attributes

declared

with

the

CDATA

type

in

their

standard

DTD

such

as

the

href

attribute

of

an

anchor

a

element

or

the

src

attribute

of

an

image

img

element

whose

values

are

interpreted

as

a

URI

without

needing

any

catalog

of

public

identifiers

ie

known

FPI

All

external

entities

for

additional

metadata

are

referenced

by

either

Additional

attributes

such

as

type

which

indicates

the

MIME

type

of

the

external

entity

or

the

charset

attribute

which

indicates

its

encoding

Additional

elements

such

as

link

or

meta

in

HTML

and

XHTML

within

their

own

attributes

Standard

pseudoattributes

in

XML

and

XHTML

such

as

xmllang

or

xmlns

and

xmlns

for

namespace

declarations

Note

also

that

even

in

validating

SGML

or

XML

or

XML

parsers

the

external

entities

referenced

by

an

FPI

andor

URI

in

declared

notations

are

not

retrieved

automatically

by

the

parsers

themselves

Instead

these

parsers

just

provide

to

the

application

the

parsed

FPI

andor

URI

associated

to

the

notations

found

in

the

parsed

SGML

or

XML

document

and

with

a

facility

for

a

dictionary

containing

all

notation

names

declared

in

the

DTD

these

validating

parsers

also

check

the

uniqueness

of

notation

name

declarations

and

report

a

validation

error

if

some

notation

names

are

used

anywhere

in

the

DTD

If

the

application

cant

use

any

notation

or

if

their

FPI

andor

URI

are

unknown

or

not

supported

in

their

local

catalog

these

notations

may

be

either

ignored

silently

by

the

application

or

the

application

could

signal

an

error

Otherwise

the

applications

decide

themselves

how

to

interpret

them

then

if

the

external

entities

must

be

retrieved

and

then

parsed

separately

Applications

may

then

signal

an

error

if

such

interpretation

retrieval

or

separate

parsing

fails

Unrecognized

notations

that

may

cause

an

application

to

signal

an

error

should

not

block

interpretation

of

the

validated

document

using

them

XML

DTDs

and

schema

validation

The

XML

DTD

syntax

is

one

of

several

XML

schema

languages

However

many

of

the

schema

languages

do

not

fully

replace

the

XML

DTD

Notably

the

XML

DTD

allows

defining

entities

and

notations

that

have

no

direct

equivalents

in

DTDless

XML

because

internal

entities

and

parsable

external

entities

are

not

part

of

XML

schema

languages

and

because

other

unparsed

external

entities

and

notations

have

no

simple

equivalent

mappings

in

most

XML

schema

languages

Most

XML

schema

languages

are

only

replacements

for

element

declarations

and

attribute

list

declarations

in

such

a

way

that

it

becomes

possible

to

parse

XML

documents

with

nonvalidating

XML

parsers

if

the

only

purpose

of

the

external

DTD

subset

was

to

define

the

schema

In

addition

documents

for

these

XML

schema

languages

must

be

parsed

separately

so

validating

the

schema

of

XML

documents

in

pure

standalone

mode

is

not

really

possible

with

these

languages

the

document

type

declaration

remains

necessary

for

at

least

identifying

with

a

XML

Catalog

the

schema

used

in

the

parsed

XML

document

and

that

is

validated

in

another

language

A

common

misconception

holds

that

a

nonvalidating

XML

parser

does

not

have

to

read

document

type

declarations

when

in

fact

the

document

type

declarations

must

still

be

scanned

for

correct

syntax

as

well

as

validity

of

declarations

and

the

parser

must

still

parse

all

entity

declarations

in

the

internal

subset

and

substitute

the

replacement

texts

of

internal

entities

occurring

anywhere

in

the

document

type

declaration

or

in

the

document

body

A

nonvalidating

parser

may

however

elect

not

to

read

parsable

external

entities

including

the

external

subset

and

does

not

have

to

honor

the

content

model

restrictions

defined

in

element

declarations

and

in

attribute

list

declarations

If

the

XML

document

depends

on

parsable

external

entities

including

the

specified

external

subset

or

parsable

external

entities

declared

in

the

internal

subset

it

should

assert

standaloneno

in

its

XML

declaration

The

validating

DTD

may

be

identified

by

using

XML

Catalogs

to

retrieve

its

specified

external

subset

In

the

example

below

the

XML

document

is

declared

with

standaloneno

because

it

has

an

external

subset

in

its

document

type

declaration

xml

standaloneno

DOCTYPE

SYSTEM

exampledtd

If

the

XML

document

type

declaration

includes

any

SYSTEM

identifier

for

the

external

subset

it

cant

be

safely

processed

as

standalone

the

URI

should

be

retrieved

otherwise

there

may

be

unknown

named

character

entities

whose

definition

may

be

needed

to

correctly

parse

the

effective

XML

syntax

in

the

internal

subset

or

in

the

document

body

the

XML

syntax

parsing

is

normally

performed

after

the

substitution

of

all

named

entities

excluding

the

five

entities

that

are

predefined

in

XML

and

that

are

implicitly

substituted

after

parsing

the

XML

document

into

lexical

tokens

If

it

just

includes

any

PUBLIC

identifier

it

may

be

processed

as

standalone

if

the

XML

processor

knows

this

PUBLIC

identifier

in

its

local

catalog

from

where

it

can

retrieve

an

associated

DTD

entity

XML

DTD

schema

example

An

example

of

a

very

simple

external

XML

DTD

to

describe

the

schema

of

a

list

of

persons

might

consist

of

ELEMENT

person

ELEMENT

person

name

birthdate

gender

socialsecuritynumber

ELEMENT

name

PCDATA

ELEMENT

birthdate

PCDATA

ELEMENT

gender

PCDATA

ELEMENT

socialsecuritynumber

PCDATA

Taking

this

line

by

line

is

a

valid

element

name

and

an

instance

of

such

an

element

contains

any

number

of

person

elements

The

denotes

there

can

be

or

more

person

elements

within

the

element

person

is

a

valid

element

name

and

an

instance

of

such

an

element

contains

one

element

named

name

followed

by

one

named

birthdate

optional

then

gender

also

optional

and

socialsecuritynumber

also

optional

The

indicates

that

an

element

is

optional

The

reference

to

the

name

element

name

has

no

so

a

person

element

must

contain

a

name

element

name

is

a

valid

element

name

and

an

instance

of

such

an

element

contains

parsed

character

data

PCDATA

birthdate

is

a

valid

element

name

and

an

instance

of

such

an

element

contains

parsed

character

data

gender

is

a

valid

element

name

and

an

instance

of

such

an

element

contains

parsed

character

data

socialsecuritynumber

is

a

valid

element

name

and

an

instance

of

such

an

element

contains

parsed

character

data

An

example

of

an

XML

file

that

uses

and

conforms

to

this

DTD

follows

The

DTD

is

referenced

here

as

an

external

subset

via

the

SYSTEM

specifier

and

a

URI

It

assumes

that

we

can

identify

the

DTD

with

the

relative

URI

reference

exampledtd

the

after

DOCTYPE

tells

us

that

the

root

tags

or

the

first

element

defined

in

the

DTD

is

called

xml

standaloneno

DOCTYPE

SYSTEM

exampledtd

person

name

Fred

Bloggs

name

birthdate

birthdate

gender

Male

gender

person

One

can

render

this

in

an

XMLenabled

browser

such

as

Internet

Explorer

or

Mozilla

Firefox

by

pasting

and

saving

the

DTD

component

above

to

a

text

file

named

exampledtd

and

the

XML

file

to

a

differentlynamed

text

file

and

opening

the

XML

file

with

the

browser

The

files

should

both

be

saved

in

the

same

directory

However

many

browsers

do

not

check

that

an

XML

document

conforms

to

the

rules

in

the

DTD

they

are

only

required

to

check

that

the

DTD

is

syntactically

correct

For

security

reasons

they

may

also

choose

not

to

read

the

external

DTD

The

same

DTD

can

also

be

embedded

directly

in

the

XML

document

itself

as

an

internal

subset

by

encasing

it

within

square

brackets

in

the

document

type

declaration

in

which

case

the

document

no

longer

depends

on

external

entities

and

can

be

processed

in

standalone

mode

xml

standaloneyes

DOCTYPE

ELEMENT

person

ELEMENT

person

name

birthdate

gender

socialsecuritynumber

ELEMENT

name

PCDATA

ELEMENT

birthdate

PCDATA

ELEMENT

gender

PCDATA

ELEMENT

socialsecuritynumber

PCDATA

person

name

Fred

Bloggs

name

birthdate

birthdate

gender

Male

gender

person

Alternatives

to

DTDs

for

specifying

schemas

are

available

XML

Schema

also

referred

to

as

XML

Schema

Definition

XSD

has

achieved

Recommendation

status

within

the

and

is

popular

for

data

oriented

that

is

transactional

nonpublishing

XML

use

because

of

its

stronger

typing

and

easier

roundtripping

to

Java

declarations

Most

of

the

publishing

world

has

found

that

the

added

complexity

of

XSD

would

not

bring

them

any

particular

benefits

so

DTDs

are

still

far

more

popular

there

An

XML

Schema

Definition

is

itself

an

XML

document

while

a

DTD

is

not

RELAX

NG

which

is

also

a

part

of

DSDL

is

an

ISO

international

standard

It

is

more

expressive

than

XSD

while

providing

a

simpler

syntax

but

commercial

software

support

has

been

slow

in

coming

Security

An

XML

DTD

can

be

used

to

create

a

denial

of

service

DoS

attack

by

defining

nested

entities

that

expand

exponentially

or

by

sending

the

XML

parser

to

an

external

resource

that

never

returns

For

this

reason

NET

Framework

provides

a

property

that

allows

prohibiting

or

skipping

DTD

parsing

and

recent

versions

of

Microsoft

Office

applications

Microsoft

Office

and

higher

refuse

to

open

XML

files

that

contain

DTD

declarations

See

also

Semantic

Web

XML

Schema

Language

Comparison

Comparison

to

other

XML

Schema

languages

XML

Schema

References

Introduction

to

DTD

doctypedecl

Extensible

Markup

Language

XML

Watt

Andrew

H

Sams

teach

yourself

XML

in

minutes

Sams

Publishing

Attributelist

Declaration

Specifications

of

Extensible

Markup

Language

XML

DTD

Entities

DTD

Tutorial

Notation

Declarations

Specifications

of

Extensible

Markup

Language

XML

Notation

Declarations

Specifications

of

Extensible

Markup

Language

XML

XML

Schema

Part

Structures

Second

Edition

Retrieved

ISOIEC

Information

technology

Document

Schema

Definition

Language

DSDL

Part

Regulargrammarbased

validation

RELAX

NG

ISO

Retrieved

a

b

Bryan

Sullivan

November

XML

Denial

of

Service

Attacks

and

Defenses

MSDN

Magazine

Retrieved

External

links

Definition

of

the

XML

document

type

declaration

from

Extensible

Markup

Language

XML

Fourth

Edition

on

Categories

XMLbased

standards

B I O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 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Elisabeth Troy From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Elisabeth Troy Antwi is a British singer and songwriter She appeared on several Top 40 hit singles in the UK including MJ Cole s Crazy Love and Hold On to Me in 2000 and BTraits Fever in 2012 She also cowrote and performed the 1996 song Headstrong which was featured on the soundtrack of the film Mars Attacks She also cowrote and sang the duet Incomplete as Elisabeth Antwi with Fish from his 1999 solo album Raingods with Zippos She provided backing vocals on his 2013 album A Feast of Consequences She toured with Clean Bandit from 2013 until 2016 Singles As main artist 1995 Let Me Be 1996 Headstrong 1996 2 Nd Time Around 2001 Minus 10 Degrees 2002 4 Vini Forever Young UK No 75 2007 Past Love 2008 Higher Ground As featured artist 1995 Greater Love with Soundman Don Lloydie UK No 49 1999 Enough Is Enough with YTribe UK No 49 2000 Crazy Love with MJ Cole UK No 10 2000 Hold On to Me with MJ Cole UK No 35 2005 I Need Your Lovin with Martin Ikin Timmi Magic 2006 So Damn into You with MJ Cole 2008 Properties of Love with Nick Cohen 2012 Fever with BTraits UK No 36 2014 Want My Love with Metrik 2015 In My Head with Girls Love DJs References David Jhonson Roberts British Hit Singles and Albums Guinness World Records Limited Astarita Glenn 1 May 1999 Fish Raingods With Zippos All About Jazz Retrieved 22 June 2015 Forever Young Official Chart History Official Charts Company Greater Love Official Chart History Official Charts Company a b ELISABETH TROY full Official Chart History Official Charts Company Authority control MusicBrainz 856f13b5649742b9b46a83bca782d8a6 This biographical article about a British singer is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it Categories Living people English female singers Black British singers UK garage singers British singer stubs

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Employer student loan contributions From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Redirected from Employer Student Loan Contributions Employer student loan contributions are a type of employee benefit in the United States With this benefit employers pay back student loans on behalf of employees at certain amount per month as decided by the employer Companies are using this benefit as a way to attract and retain employees especially millennial workers This benefit has grown as education debt has increased According to the Washington Post student debt has nearly tripled since the early 1990s and averaged 35000 in 2015 Only about 3 of companies currently offer employer student loan contributions according to a survey by the Society for Human Resources Management from June 2015 Prominent companies that have announced this benefit include Fidelity Investments PricewaterhouseCoopers Natixis Global Asset Management Kronos NVIDIA and law firm Orrick Herrington Sutcliffe Companies typically work with a vendor to administer these payments The main vendors are Leaf Education Benefits CommonBond Peanut Butter Tuitionio SoFi Gradifi and EdAssist Unlike tuition reimbursement benefits which are currently taxfree up to 5250 annually employer student loan contributions are taxed as regular income Several proposals have been introduced in Congress to make employer student loan contributions taxfree References Fidelitys student loan debt repayment benefit draws 5000 workers The Boston Globe BostonGlobecom Retrieved 20160421 a b McGregor Jena 20160315 The popular new perk companies are using to attract millennials The Washington Post ISSN 01908286 Retrieved 20160421 a b c Bernard Tara Siegel 20160325 Medical Dental 401k Now Add School Loan Aid to Job Benefits The New York Times ISSN 03624331 Retrieved 20160421 White Gillian B When Employers Pay Student Loans Those Who Most Need Help Are Left Out The Atlantic Retrieved 20161011 Olson Elizabeth 20160715 Firms Offer Cash to Help New Lawyers Pay Student Debt The New York Times ISSN 03624331 Retrieved 20161011 Categories Employee benefits Employers

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