by Jonathan Knope on July 30 2018 1 Comment How To Use Lyft App Tutorial For Drivers Passengers Not everyone is as comfortable with smartphones as theyd like so today RSG contributor Jon Knope walks through the driver and passenger side of the Lyft app Passengers Click here to download the app and ride Lyft Drivers Click here to sign up to drive for Lyft Learn How to Use Lyft On this blog we frequently get questions about how to operate the various rideshare apps and how to use Lyft is no exception To help answer those questions weve put together a couple of video tutorials to walk you through every step on how Lyft works both as a driver and as a passenger Weve also extracted the most important info into an FAQ format below each video For a walkthrough of the Uber apps click here How to Use Lyft How to Use Lyft as a Driver Riders can skip to How to use the Lyft App as a Passenger below Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video One nice thing about Lyft Theres only one app and you can use it both to give rides as a driver and to request them as a passenger You can switch back and forth by tapping your profile picture in the upper left and then tapping the switch mode button at the bottom If youre not signed up to drive yet you can click here to begin your Lyft driver application and earn a signup bonus And dont forget new Lyft passengers also get free credit when they first sign up How Does Lyfts Prime Time Compare To Ubers Surge Pricing Theyre similar in general however Lyfts Prime Time areas are smaller and less frequent A 100 Lyft Prime Time bonus is equivalent to a 20x Uber surge but for drivers the actual pricing is a lot less transparent The pink squares on the map dont update very quickly so sometimes you wont get Prime Time fares even though youre in a Prime Time area Plus the Lyft app doesnt tell you whether a request has Prime Time pricing when it comes in Long story short going out of your way to try and snag a prime time fare usually isnt What Is The Power Driver Bonus This is an incentive Lyft offers to drivers who work a lot By completing a certain number of rides per week you can net an extra 10 or even 20 on your paycheck The number of rides youll need to complete varies by location you can view your progress towards the bonus in the app by tapping Earnings at the bottom In order to be eligible for the bonus youll also need a 2011 or newer vehicle and youll need to maintain an acceptance rate over 90 How Does Express Pay Work Lyft allows you to cash out your earnings immediately once youve made at least 50 Swipe left on the Earnings screen to get to the Express Pay button Youll get to cash out the entirety of your earnings less a 050 transaction fee For most folks the money will be deposited in your bank account within an hour or so but the process can take longer depending on your bank Heres a full list of instant pay options for Uber Doordash and more How Can I CallText My Passenger When youve accepted a request youll see the riders name and picture in the lower left Tap the menu icon above their picture Then you can call them by tapping the phone icon Its worth saving this number it will be the same for every passenger because Lyft uses a thirdparty service to connect calls and mask personal info When you call it it will connect you with the passenger youre currently looking for Once you have the number saved you can also use it to text your passenger instead of calling them How Does Lyft Line Work Lyft Line is similar to UberPOOL groups of up to two passengers can request a Lyft Line Then youll be able to pick up up to two more passengers later on if the app is able to match other riders headed in the same direction This matching process happens automatically you wont need to tap anything to accept additional riders Regular Lyft passengers have five minutes to show up before its OK for you to cancel the ride by tapping No Show Lyft Line passengers have only two minutes to show up so as not to inconvenience the other riders even if the ride hasnt matched What Is The Destination Filter This allows you to input a destination where you need to be then youll only receive requests from people who are also headed in that general direction Although youll be less likely to receive ride requests the benefit is that you wont have to go out of your way to complete any rides you do receive and youll get paid for miles you would have been driving regardless You can set your destination by tapping the menu icon in the upper right How to Use Lyft App as a Passenger Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video If youve never used Lyft before youll first need to download the Lyft app to your phone Using this referral link will score you some free rides If youve already done this step you can still save some money on your first ride by entering the code HARRY757 How Do I Request A Lyft Ride To request a ride enter the address where you need to be picked up in the text box at the bottom then tap Set pickup Once youve set your pick up location you can select your preferred payment method enter your destination and see a fare estimate Once your request has been accepted youll also see your drivers name vehicle info and ETA Before you request the app will take a guess at what address you are currently located at based on your GPS location GPS isnt always totally accurate though so always enter the actual address if available This will make it easier for your driver to find you How Can I Request Different Types Of Lyft Rides Tapping the button to the left of the address bar opens a menu where you can select different types of Lyft rides A Lyft Line is a shared ride similar to UberPOOL Youll share a car with up to two other passengers headed in the same direction as you so only use this option if its just you and one other person AND youre not in a hurry When taking a Lyft Line your driver may make additional stops en route to your destination A regular Lyft can accommodate a maximum of four passengers while a Lyft Plus is a In some cities like New York and San Francisco youll also see an option to request a Lyft Premier this will get you a newer nicer ride such as an Audi or BMW though at a higher price than a regular Lyft Why Isnt My Driver Here Yet After you request a ride and its been accepted you can see your drivers name what type of vehicle theyre in their rating and their ETA Sometimes the ETA may be longer than what was indicated on the pin initially this can happen if the driver closest to you didnt accept your request in time Youll also be able to track the drivers progress towards your location In theory this takes place in real time in practice however it updates rather slowly Dont be worried if it looks like your drivers car isnt moving on the map it may just be slow to update Rest assured your driver is on the way How Can I Contact My Driver Tapping the call button in the lower left will allow you to get in touch with the driver via phone or text message Its worth saving the number it will be the same for every driver in your city Lyft uses a service to connect your call with the driver who is currently picking you up Once you have the number saved in your phone you can reuse it and it will always connect you with the right person Texting is usually more convenient as the driver wont have to answer a call while en route You can text your driver with specific instructions on where you are gate codes to get into your apartment complex and so forth How Long Will My Driver Wait For Me For a regular Lyft ride youll have a fiveminute grace period to get in the car before its OK for your driver to cancel the ride and move on For a Lyft Line its one to two minutes If you arent ready in time youll get stuck with a cancellation fee so be sure to plan accordingly Do I Have To Tip After the ride is over youll note that there is an option to enter a tip in the app Drivers greatly appreciate tips especially on cheaper Lyft Line rides Although Lyft takes a cut of each fare drivers get to keep 100 of their tips If you cant afford a tip I would at least recommend giving your driver a full five stars Many passengers dont know this but Lyft drivers and Uber drivers for that matter are deactivated if their average rating falls below 46 Think carefully before giving a driver less than five stars four stars and below is essentially saying that the driver should be fired Assuming that nothing went terribly wrong with the ride you can help your driver out immensely by giving them the full five stars Any Lyft app tips and tricks we missed Let us know below Jon RSG Find your next ride with FarePilot FarePilot shows you hotspots to help you get more rides Download it here Bio Latest Posts Jonathan Knope Jonathan Knope is a freelance writer and rideshare driver hailing from Atlanta GA Over the past two years hes worked for many of the big names in the rideshare industry including Uber Lyft DoorDash and Amazon Flex Though hes an avid tech enthusiast Jonathan also enjoys cycling and backpacking excursions Filed Under Driver Resources Lyft Passenger Resources Tagged With app how to how to use lyft Lyft walkthrough Could Uber Drivers One Day Be Called Employees Postmates Driver Review Pay How Much Money Did I Make

O O O O O O O O O O O O B B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


HOME DEVELOPING THE PROPOSAL Definition of Terms An alphabetical list of important terms or acronyms that you define particularly ambiguous terms or those used in a special way Your thesis proposal will likely include terms that are not widely known outside of your discipline These terms include particular theoretical constructs formulas operational definitions that differ from colloquial definitions schools of thought and disciplinespecific acronyms This part of your proposal offers the reader a list of definitions of these terms How you define such terms could considerably affect how the reader understands your thesis Be sure you use these terms in a consistent fashion throughout your proposal and thesis Developing the Proposal Parts of the Proposal Tentative Title Research Problem Project Description Definition of Terms Background of the Problem Research Methods Research Limitations Tentative Schedule Working Bibliography Additional Sections Proposal Writing Deadlines Working with Your Research Advisor Revising Your Proposal Submitting Your Proposal for Approval

O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Next

Exposure

to

Womens

Sports

Changing

Attitudes

Toward

Female

Athletes

Authors

Travis

Scheadler

Audrey

Wagstaff

PhD

MJE

Corresponding

Authors

Travis

Scheadler

tscheadlerwilmingtonedu

Oakland

Rd

Loveland

OH

Wilmington

College

Audrey

Wagstaff

PhD

MJE

Quaker

Way

Pyle

Box

Wilmington

OH

Wilmington

College

Exposure

to

Womens

Sports

Changing

Attitudes

Toward

Female

Athletes

Many

sports

fans

argue

that

womens

sports

are

boring

compared

to

mens

sports

Simultaneously

womens

sports

compared

to

mens

sports

are

rarely

broadcasted

in

the

media

Therefore

could

the

media

be

making

sports

fans

believe

that

womens

sports

are

less

desirable

by

giving

them

less

coverage

Using

the

AgendaSetting

Theory

Framing

Theory

and

Mere

Exposure

Effect

an

intervention

was

developed

to

promote

womens

sports

to

sports

fans

Half

of

the

participants

received

watched

highlight

films

of

womens

sports

each

week

for

weeks

Results

indicate

that

the

intervention

decreased

prejudice

towards

female

athletes

after

weeks

but

had

no

effect

KEYWORDS

womens

sports

sports

media

gender

discrimination

INTRODUCTION

Women

have

been

fighting

for

equality

all

throughout

history

In

sport

specifically

women

were

once

not

even

permitted

to

watch

the

Olympic

Games

After

finally

being

permitted

to

participate

in

sports

women

had

to

undergo

gender

testing

to

make

sure

they

were

not

men

trying

to

cheat

the

system

Furthermore

the

coverage

of

womens

sports

did

not

supersede

coverage

of

dogs

and

horses

until

To

this

day

female

athletes

still

experience

significantly

less

and

different

media

coverage

than

their

male

counterparts

The

purpose

of

this

study

is

to

examine

how

increasing

exposure

to

womens

sports

impacts

Improvements

in

Gender

Equality

in

Sports

Although

women

have

faced

many

challenges

throughout

history

they

have

come

closer

and

closer

to

achieving

gender

equality

and

those

advances

can

not

be

ignored

The

US

Congress

passed

Title

IX

of

the

Omnibus

Education

Act

of

for

example

mandated

equal

federal

funding

opportunities

towards

male

and

female

students

in

higher

education

which

encouraged

more

girls

and

women

to

participate

in

sports

This

increased

accessibility

to

sports

sparked

a

change

of

less

than

intercollegiate

women

and

high

school

girls

that

participated

in

sports

prior

to

Title

IX

to

intercollegiate

women

and

three

million

girls

that

Title

IX

has

made

it

possible

for

women

and

girls

to

become

more

involved

and

thus

more

competitive

in

sports

The

London

Olympic

Games

featured

for

the

first

time

in

history

an

equal

number

of

sports

for

women

as

for

men

Upon

this

expansion

of

womens

sports

many

countries

such

as

the

US

experienced

a

large

growth

in

the

number

of

female

Olympians

so

large

that

female

US

Olympians

outnumbered

male

US

Olympians

and

went

on

to

earn

more

medals

including

more

gold

medals

for

the

US

The

Games

provided

opportunities

for

more

than

just

It

is

important

to

keep

women

and

girls

participating

in

sports

and

exercise

because

sports

have

many

benefits

for

men

and

women

regardless

of

gender

including

decreased

social

loafing

later

in

life

with

a

history

of

participating

in

team

rather

than

individual

sports

improved

respiratory

and

cardiovascular

health

enhanced

muscle

and

bone

strength

and

reduced

hip

fractures

vertebrae

fractures

and

cancer

diagnoses

reduced

risk

of

Type

II

diabetes

decreased

risk

of

depression

improved

grades

and

in

children

who

participate

in

team

sports

increased

selfconcept

and

selfesteem

Gender

Inequality

in

Sports

Still

Exists

Despite

the

improvements

towards

reaching

gender

equality

in

sports

female

athletes

still

face

numerous

obstacles

The

media

for

example

present

sports

as

if

there

are

masculine

eg

football

and

ice

hockey

and

feminine

eg

gymnastics

and

figure

skating

sports

aligning

with

traditional

expectations

of

male

and

female

athletes

which

makes

it

more

difficult

to

break

traditional

gender

barriers

and

allowing

women

to

participate

in

masculine

sports

and

men

to

participate

in

feminine

sports

In

fact

many

female

athletes

are

only

accepted

by

society

and

receive

coverage

in

the

media

if

they

participate

in

traditionally

feminine

sports

If

Not

only

does

the

media

focus

on

different

features

of

a

female

athlete

opposed

to

a

male

athlete

but

some

researchers

analyzed

media

coverage

of

female

athletes

and

reported

that

women

receive

poorer

quality

of

technical

production

less

overall

coverage

and

are

demeaned

as

girls

while

men

are

portrayed

as

strong

and

powerful

men

that

are

historically

important

Television

networks

even

choose

different

shots

and

angles

for

at

least

female

beach

volleyball

players

and

track

and

field

athletes

exploiting

their

bodies

The

emphasis

on

their

bodies

and

sexuality

could

be

putting

women

and

girls

at

risk

for

This

unequal

attention

may

seem

minimal

to

some

but

is

discrimination

nonetheless

Even

if

women

and

girls

do

not

interpret

the

inequality

as

discrimination

it

can

still

cause

negative

consequences

because

then

any

kind

of

negative

outcome

ie

lower

ticket

sales

compared

to

male

athletes

can

be

internally

attributed

ie

selfblame

which

will

result

in

reductions

in

motivation

selfesteem

and

future

expectations

for

achievement

Media

Exposure

of

Womens

Sports

Gender

inequality

as

noted

has

many

negative

consequences

for

female

athletes

In

addition

to

the

unequal

type

of

coverage

that

female

athletes

receive

they

also

receive

less

overall

coverage

Womens

sports

are

also

perceived

as

less

exciting

and

slower

than

mens

sports

In

that

same

study

participants

reported

that

they

had

minimal

experience

with

womens

sports

and

only

watched

womens

sports

if

that

is

what

was

on

television

The

media

though

does

not

give

womens

sports

much

coverage

minimizing

the

frequency

of

which

sports

fans

view

womens

sports

In

fact

less

than

of

Even

though

the

Olympic

Games

are

now

offering

the

same

number

of

sports

for

women

as

they

do

men

as

previously

noted

the

Olympic

Games

also

displays

unequal

coverage

through

their

networks

For

example

the

US

womens

basketball

team

won

their

fifth

consecutive

gold

medal

in

but

received

less

than

half

of

a

minute

in

primetime

coverage

whereas

the

mens

team

who

won

their

second

consecutive

gold

medal

received

approximately

half

of

an

hour

of

primetime

coverage

Notably

though

the

Olympic

Games

for

the

first

time

ever

also

provided

more

coverage

of

womens

sports

than

mens

sports

A

study

examining

ESPNs

SportsCenter

and

three

Los

Angeles

networks

discovered

that

only

of

SportsCenters

coverage

and

of

the

local

networks

coverage

were

of

womens

sports

the

lowest

in

at

least

years

Although

this

study

was

conducted

earlier

than

it

provides

evidence

that

women

are

still

receiving

less

coverage

in

sports

outside

of

the

summer

Olympics

Such

misrepresentation

of

womens

sports

has

been

argued

to

be

responsible

for

the

lack

of

interest

in

womens

sports

from

sports

fans

and

reinforces

the

publics

general

negative

attitudes

towards

women

As

previously

argued

this

lack

of

coverage

of

womens

sports

may

be

holding

sports

fans

back

from

developing

interest

in

womens

sports

and

adapting

fan

affiliations

with

womens

sports

teams

and

athletes

The

same

study

also

noted

that

societal

expectations

also

promote

divisions

between

boys

and

girls

during

youth

arguing

that

this

issue

is

more

than

just

an

issue

with

the

media

The

media

Theoretical

Considerations

The

AgendaSetting

Function

of

Mass

Media

also

known

as

the

AgendaSetting

Theory

argues

that

the

media

tells

the

audience

what

to

think

about

by

giving

a

topic

or

issue

with

higher

importance

more

coverage

Therefore

womens

sports

in

the

eyes

of

the

sports

fans

may

be

experienced

as

less

important

than

mens

sports

because

it

consistently

receives

less

media

exposure

with

the

exception

of

the

Olympic

Games

Framing

Theory

similarly

argues

that

frames

or

mental

schemas

facilitate

information

processing

thus

shaping

what

the

audience

knows

about

a

topic

and

what

they

should

think

about

a

topic

based

on

the

inclusion

exclusion

and

prominence

of

the

frames

the

media

presents

In

other

words

the

audience

is

thought

to

adopt

the

frames

of

reference

offered

by

journalists

and

to

see

the

world

in

a

similar

way

thus

shaping

the

opinions

of

sports

fans

when

womens

sports

are

deemphasized

The

Mere

Exposure

Effect

adds

more

to

these

theories

simply

arguing

that

the

more

an

individual

is

exposed

to

a

stimulus

the

more

favorable

they

perceive

it

Therefore

when

sports

fans

are

not

exposed

to

womens

sports

they

comprehend

the

lack

of

exposure

as

if

they

should

not

care

about

womens

sports

Additionally

when

the

media

places

an

emphasis

on

womens

sports

that

are

feminine

opposed

to

masculine

sports

fans

begin

to

believe

that

women

and

girls

should

only

be

participating

in

feminine

sports

and

not

masculine

sports

If

the

media

plays

such

a

large

role

in

shaping

attitudes

and

values

in

regards

to

womens

sports

why

does

the

media

continue

For

starters

as

previously

mentioned

the

media

especially

male

members

of

the

media

may

be

unaware

of

the

vast

differences

in

portrayals

of

women

and

girls

versus

men

and

boys

in

sports

Additionally

sports

fans

are

continuing

to

watch

sports

because

it

allows

eustress

boosts

selfesteem

if

a

favorite

team

or

athlete

performs

well

offers

a

way

to

escape

entertains

them

provides

an

opportunity

to

gamble

is

aesthetically

pleasing

commits

one

to

a

larger

group

affiliation

Athletes

such

as

Danica

Patrick

and

the

German

National

Womens

soccer

team

amongst

many

others

though

often

sexualize

themselves

despite

other

feminists

claiming

the

media

is

the

culprit

The

same

article

argued

though

that

these

female

athletes

feel

obligated

to

sexualize

their

bodies

in

an

effort

to

promote

their

respective

sport

Female

athletes

and

marketing

organizations

that

sell

sex

believe

that

it

is

the

most

powerful

way

to

advertise

and

increase

sales

ratings

and

sponsorships

This

method

however

does

not

increase

interest

or

respect

for

womens

sports

and

women

and

girls

the

primary

fans

of

womens

sports

react

negatively

to

it

What

method

could

work

then

to

generate

interest

and

respect

for

womens

sports

if

selling

sex

does

not

work

The

present

study

uses

the

provided

information

and

theories

to

deduce

some

hypotheses

For

example

because

the

Mere

Exposure

Effect

argues

that

increased

exposure

to

a

stimulus

can

generate

more

favorable

attitudes

towards

the

stimulus

and

because

sports

fans

have

indicated

that

they

may

watch

more

womens

sports

if

they

were

more

accessible

the

researchers

hypothesized

Individuals

who

are

exposed

to

a

intervention

of

watching

womens

sports

will

be

more

interested

in

womens

sports

Individuals

who

are

exposed

to

a

intervention

of

watching

womens

sports

will

be

less

prejudiced

towards

women

in

sport

College

students

were

recruited

from

various

courses

related

to

psychology

sociology

and

sport

sciences

at

a

Midwestern

institution

The

participants

were

divided

in

half

for

the

control

and

experimental

condition

Although

individuals

started

the

study

females

males

completed

all

weeks

of

the

study

Mage

years

The

control

group

completed

a

survey

each

week

while

the

experimental

group

watched

various

highlight

footage

of

masculine

womens

sports

eg

soccer

hockey

etc

each

week

Highlight

footage

of

womens

sports

that

had

athletes

competing

on

behalf

of

the

US

was

purposefully

selected

in

order

to

foster

a

connection

Measures

Prejudice

The

Prejudiced

Attitudes

Survey

was

used

to

measure

prejudice

a

preconceived

negative

affect

toward

another

individual

or

group

based

on

their

identity

eg

gender

Items

consisted

of

single

words

ie

hostility

hatred

disliking

disdain

on

a

Likerttype

scale

No

hostility

at

all

Extreme

hostility

Total

prejudice

was

calculated

by

averaging

the

scores

for

each

item

Scores

were

tracked

each

week

of

the

study

along

with

the

change

of

scores

throughout

the

study

Interest

The

Interest

Questionnaire

was

adapted

the

topic

was

changed

from

biochemistry

to

womens

sports

to

assess

interest

in

womens

sports

It

consisted

of

items

ie

I

am

very

interested

in

womens

sports

I

always

look

forward

to

watching

womens

sports

because

I

enjoy

them

later

in

my

life

I

plan

on

watching

more

womens

sports

on

a

Likerttype

scale

Not

true

at

all

Very

true

for

me

Total

interest

was

calculated

by

averaging

the

scores

for

each

item

Scores

were

tracked

each

week

of

the

study

along

with

the

change

of

scores

throughout

the

study

RESULTS

Means

and

standard

deviations

for

all

variables

can

be

found

in

Table

Prior

to

the

primary

analyses

Pearsons

correlations

were

determined

between

all

of

the

variables

see

Table

Table

depicts

many

significant

correlations

For

example

the

initial

prejudice

measure

was

consistently

and

positively

correlated

with

future

prejudice

scores

and

was

consistently

and

negatively

correlated

with

the

change

in

prejudice

over

time

The

initial

interest

measure

on

the

other

hand

was

consistently

and

positively

correlated

with

further

interest

scores

and

was

negatively

correlated

with

the

third

and

final

prejudice

scores

and

the

change

in

the

interest

from

week

A

factorial

twoway

multivariate

analysis

of

variance

MANOVA

tested

the

effects

of

the

intervention

Control

versus

Experimental

and

Gender

Male

versus

Female

versus

Other

on

prejudice

interest

and

the

changes

of

prejudice

and

interest

over

time

as

they

relate

to

female

athletes

and

womens

sports

respectively

There

was

not

a

statistical

significant

model

for

gender

p

Wilks

Λ

partial

η2

There

was

also

not

a

significant

model

for

the

combination

of

gender

and

intervention

p

Wilks

Λ

partial

η2

There

was

however

a

significant

model

for

the

intervention

DISCUSSION

The

main

goal

of

the

present

study

was

to

explore

how

increased

coverage

towards

womens

sports

changes

attitudes

towards

womens

sports

and

female

athletes

The

passage

of

Title

IX

supported

a

dramatic

increase

in

the

number

of

women

and

girls

participating

in

sports

over

the

past

years

As

women

and

girls

are

increasing

their

sport

participation

sports

fans

are

becoming

more

interested

in

womens

sports

While

more

women

and

girls

are

participating

in

sports

than

ever

before

and

sports

fans

are

becoming

more

interested

in

womens

sports

many

sports

fans

and

critics

argue

that

womens

sports

are

Perhaps

sports

fans

are

not

interested

in

womens

sports

because

they

are

covered

significantly

less

than

mens

sports

indicating

that

they

are

less

important

and

less

interesting

than

mens

sports

and

other

topics

that

are

covered

more

frequently

in

the

media

some

researchers

hypothesized

Using

theoretical

frameworks

from

Agenda

Setting

Theory

Framing

Theory

and

the

Mere

Exposure

Effect

we

hypothesized

that

increased

awareness

and

exposure

to

coverage

of

womens

sports

will

increase

interest

in

and

decrease

prejudice

towards

womens

sports

and

female

athletes

Increased

coverage

of

womens

sports

should

arguably

create

an

impression

that

womens

sports

are

Despite

these

theoretical

conceptions

our

hypotheses

were

not

supported

with

our

intervention

Prejudice

towards

female

athletes

however

did

significantly

decrease

after

weeks

but

did

not

decrease

after

weeks

when

exposed

to

increase

coverage

of

womens

sports

Therefore

increased

coverage

of

womens

sports

does

improve

favorable

attitudes

towards

womens

sports

and

female

athletes

but

does

not

necessarily

increase

interest

towards

womens

sports

Perhaps

prejudice

was

not

decreased

after

weeks

of

the

intervention

because

of

the

lack

of

interest

and

motivation

to

continue

participating

in

the

study

considering

participants

dropped

out

of

the

study

Furthermore

interest

may

not

have

been

affected

because

participants

did

not

have

an

emotional

attachment

to

the

womens

sports

or

female

athletes

that

they

were

watching

After

all

identification

with

a

sports

team

is

highly

associated

with

intense

emotional

responses

to

the

respective

team

competing

Therefore

because

sports

fans

most

easily

develop

emotional

attachments

to

local

and

regional

teams

interest

towards

womens

sports

may

increase

if

sports

fans

can

more

easily

identify

and

access

local

teams

and

athletes

The

emotional

attachment

to

such

a

team

andor

athlete

will

increase

interest

in

watching

the

team

or

player

Interestingly

significant

correlations

indicated

that

despite

the

condition

a

participant

was

assigned

interest

consistently

decreased

over

the

period

Participation

in

the

study

then

may

have

bored

participants

because

they

were

either

watching

video

links

or

because

they

were

only

taking

a

survey

each

week

If

participants

only

took

pre

and

posttests

and

if

the

intervention

included

inperson

sports

competition

instead

of

video

links

we

may

have

fostered

increased

interest

towards

womens

sports

In

addition

prejudice

towards

female

athletes

consistently

decreased

regardless

of

whether

or

not

participants

were

exposed

to

increased

coverage

of

womens

sports

Participants

may

have

become

selfaware

of

their

negative

attitudes

towards

female

athletes

by

being

regularly

questioned

on

them

Because

selfawareness

of

negative

attitudes

decreases

prejudice

enhanced

selfawareness

from

responding

to

the

survey

likely

motivated

participants

to

try

to

understand

and

evaluate

their

own

reasons

for

having

negative

thoughts

and

feelings

leading

to

the

decrease

in

prejudice

towards

female

athletes

CONCLUSION

An

intervention

on

increased

coverage

towards

womens

sports

decreased

prejudice

towards

female

athletes

after

weeks

but

not

after

weeks

and

had

no

effect

on

interest

towards

womens

sports

While

the

intervention

did

not

affect

interest

and

only

affected

the

change

in

prejudice

after

three

weeks

selfawareness

of

negative

thoughts

and

attitudes

may

decrease

prejudice

The

intervention

is

limited

though

because

of

the

number

of

female

participants

compared

to

male

participants

and

because

of

the

use

of

video

links

opposed

to

livefootage

or

inperson

experiences

In

addition

the

study

featured

participants

who

were

college

students

and

not

specifically

sports

APPLICATIONS

TO

SPORTS

All

too

often

sports

fans

athletes

administrators

etc

discriminate

against

female

athletes

Many

sports

fans

are

not

even

interested

in

watching

womens

sports

The

present

study

provides

evidence

for

what

did

and

did

not

work

to

improve

attitudes

and

increase

the

likelihood

that

sports

fans

will

continue

to

watch

womens

sports

Researchers

should

use

this

information

to

develop

interventions

to

improve

attitudes

and

the

popularity

of

womens

sports

Researchers

should

for

example

immerse

participants

into

the

game

by

providing

them

with

live

access

to

the

competitions

rather

than

providing

them

with

highlight

footage

Such

interventions

can

help

bridge

the

gender

The

present

study

not

only

provides

groundwork

for

future

research

but

also

advises

sports

personnel

ie

coaches

sports

media

broadcasters

administrators

etc

on

how

to

promote

womens

sports

Many

sports

personnel

and

male

athletes

reinforce

negative

attitudes

towards

womens

sports

by

minimizing

and

altering

compared

to

mens

sports

their

coverage

via

airtime

on

television

among

many

other

forms

of

media

communication

The

present

study

offers

the

idea

that

these

sports

personnel

and

athletes

need

to

focus

more

equal

attention

on

womens

sports

in

order

to

improve

attitudes

towards

womens

sports

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We

would

like

to

thank

the

anonymous

reviewers

for

their

great

suggestions

and

continuing

support

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editorial

photos

Mass

Communication

Society

Jones

D

The

representation

of

female

athletes

in

online

images

of

successive

Olympic

Games

Pacific

Journalism

Review

Jordet

G

Why

do

English

players

fail

in

soccer

penalty

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A

study

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team

status

selfregulation

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choking

under

pressure

Journal

of

Sports

Sciences

Kane

M

J

Maxwell

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D

Expanding

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boundaries

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sport

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Using

critical

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explore

consumer

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womens

sports

Journal

of

Sport

Management

Kennedy

C

L

A

new

frontier

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sports

beyond

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IX

Gender

Issues

Kim

K

Sagas

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Walker

N

A

Replacing

athleticism

with

sexuality

Athlete

models

in

Sports

Illustrated

swimsuit

issue

International

Journal

of

Sport

Communication

Koivula

N

Ratings

of

gender

appropriateness

of

sports

participation

Effects

of

genderbased

schematic

processing

Sex

Roles

Koivula

N

Gender

stereotyping

in

televised

media

sport

coverage

Sex

Roles

Koller

D

L

Not

just

one

of

the

boys

A

postfeminist

critique

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vision

for

gender

equity

in

sports

Connecticut

Law

Review

Krogh

J

Nordentoft

M

Sterne

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A

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Lawlor

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The

effect

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exercise

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depressed

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Systematic

review

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controlled

trials

The

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Lebel

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perceptions

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LenRíos

M

Rodgers

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Thorson

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Yoon

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Representation

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Comparing

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Lopiano

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A

Modern

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Twentyfive

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IX

Clinics

in

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Medicine

Madrigal

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Investigating

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evolving

leisure

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Antecedents

and

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affect

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live

sporting

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Journal

of

Leisure

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S

The

effects

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genderschematic

processing

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decisions

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sexinappropriate

sport

behavior

Sex

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McCombs

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E

Shaw

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L

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agendasetting

function

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Public

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Quarterly

McQuail

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McQuails

mass

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Oaks

CA

Sage

Messner

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Cooky

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Center

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Feminist

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Nieuwenhuys

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Pijpers

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Berse

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Stroux

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Ewert

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Konrad

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Gerlach

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Internal

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Praetorius

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June

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soccer

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I

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Sports

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Health

Economics

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Rotgans

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I

Validation

study

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Individual

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IIQ

Health

Professions

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Scanlan

T

K

Babkes

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Scanlan

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A

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developmental

glimpse

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In

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Lawson

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Eccles

Eds

Organized

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Extracurricular

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Mawah

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Lawrence

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B

Barsky

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F

The

home

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Social

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Slutzky

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B

Simpkins

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The

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mediating

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selfconcept

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Smith

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A

kick

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right

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The

Walkley

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Smith

R

E

Small

F

L

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intervention

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sports

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Sofi

F

Capalbo

A

Cesari

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Abbate

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Gensini

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F

Physical

activity

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primary

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disease

An

updated

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studies

European

Journal

of

Cardiovascular

Prevention

Rehabilitation

Stephan

W

G

Stephan

C

Cognition

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affect

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Parallel

interactive

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In

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M

Mackie

D

L

Hamilton

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Affect

cognition

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stereotyping

Interactive

processes

in

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perception

pp

Orlando

FL

Academic

Press

Trolan

E

J

The

impact

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media

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inequality

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Procedia

Social

and

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Sciences

Tuggle

C

Huffman

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Rosengard

D

A

descriptive

analysis

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NBCs

coverage

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Summer

Olympics

The

Journal

of

Sports

Medicine

Tucker

R

Collins

M

The

science

of

sex

verification

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athletic

performance

International

Journal

of

sports

Physiology

and

Performance

Vine

S

J

Moore

L

J

Wilson

M

R

Quiet

eye

training

facilitates

competitive

putting

performance

in

elite

golfers

Frontiers

in

Movement

Science

and

Sport

Psychology

Wann

D

Preliminary

validation

of

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sport

fan

motivation

scale

Journal

of

Sport

Social

Issues

Wann

D

L

Dolan

T

J

McGeorge

K

K

Allison

J

A

Relationships

between

spectator

identification

and

spectators

perceptions

of

influence

spectators

emotions

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competition

outcome

Journal

of

Sport

Exercise

Psychology

Warburton

D

E

R

Katzmarzyk

P

T

Rhodes

R

E

Shephard

R

J

Evidenceinformed

physical

activity

guidelines

for

Canadian

adults

Applied

Physiology

Nutrition

and

Metabolism

Weiner

B

Intrapersonal

and

interpersonal

theories

of

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from

an

attributional

perspective

Educational

Psychology

Review

Woodman

T

Hardy

L

Stress

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anxiety

In

RN

Singer

HA

Hausenblas

CM

Janelle

Eds

Handbook

of

sport

psychology

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New

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Wiley

Zajonc

R

B

Attitudinal

effects

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Journal

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Personality

Social

Psychology

Zárate

M

A

Garza

A

A

Ingroup

distinctiveness

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selfaffirmation

as

dual

components

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prejudice

reduction

Self

Identity

June

Women

and

Sports

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Off

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O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

changing attitudes toward female athletes

sports academy
exposure to women ’s sports


ESPN Releases Prediction For Tonights BucksCeltics Game BOSTON MA MAY 17 Isaiah Thomas 4 of the Boston Celtics walks on the court during Game One of the 2017 NBA Eastern Conference Finals against the Cleveland Cavaliers at TD Garden on May 17 2017 in Boston MassachusettsPhoto by Adam GlanzmanGetty Images Were lucky enough to have a huge earlyseason NBA showdown on the schedule tonight The Milwaukee Bucks travel to Boston to take on the Celtics Boston entered the season as the favorites in the Eastern Conference and theyve played well thus far going 52 to start the year However the Bucks have been the talk of the East early on Milwaukee is 70 and that includes a 15point win against Toronto on Monday without star Giannis Antetokounmpo The Greek Freak will be back in action tonight which is welcome news for the Bucks ESPN has released its prediction for the game The computer likes the Celtics at home According to the BPI Boston has a 56 percent chance of winning BucksCeltics will tip off at 8 pm ET on TNT in the first game of a doubleheader The nightcap will feature the New Orleans Pelicans against the Portland Trail Blazers Filed Under News Top Stories About Matt Hladik Matt is an Editor at The Spun Media

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Chocolate Chip Shortbread Cookies Pin Share 23K Chocolate Chip Shortbread Cookies are all the goodness of meltinyourmouth shortbread combined with a little bit of chocolate Your family will love these easy tasty cookies These cookies look so fancy and impressive but guess what They only require a handful of ingredients and are super easy to make Youve got to love that On top of all that they are also super tasty These are great for a tea party baby shower brunch or just for a regular old treat MY OTHER RECIPES MY OTHER RECIPES Ive dipped these cookies in melted chocolate Specially I used Ghirardellis melting wafers You can use chocolate chips too but wafers are just so easy to work with You also dont have to dip them in chocolate at all It adds a fun and fancy finishing touch and a higher chocolate content but you can also have these cookies plain as well These cookies hold their shape which means you can cut them in squares or rectangles as shown or you can use cookie cutters to come up with your own shape Smaller cookie cutters may require a slightly shorter cooking time so be sure to watch them closely Watch the video below for a demonstration of this recipe I have my own cooking show on YouTube where I walk you through all of my recipes Theres hundreds of them already on my channel so feel free to binge watch Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video Chocolate Chip Shortbread Cookies Chocolate Chip Shortbread Cookies Chocolate Chip Shortbread Cookies are all the goodness of meltinyourmouth shortbread combined with a little bit of chocolate Your family will love these easy tasty cookies Prep Time 1 hr 5 mins Cook Time 20 mins Total Time 1 hr 25 mins Pin Rate Servings 20 Ingredients 1 cup butter softened 23 cup powdered sugar 12 teaspoon vanilla extract 2 cups allpurpose flour 34 cup mini chocolate chips 8 oz melting chocolate wafers US Customary Metric Instructions In a large mixing bowl use a hand mixer to beat together butter and powdered sugar until light and fluffy Add in vanilla extract and beat until combined Add in flour and mix just until flour disappears Fold in mini chocolate chips Transfer dough to a gallonsized resealable plastic bag or place between two layers of plastic wrap Roll until 14 inch thick Refrigerate on a flat surface until firm about 1 to 2 hours Remove dough from plastic and use a butter knife to cut into equalsized squares or rectangles Transfer cut pieces to a parchment lined baking sheet Bake at 325 degrees for 1820 minutes until edges are just lightly kissed with brown Melt dipping chocolate in a small microwave safe bowl by microwaving on high for 30 seconds at a time stirring between Dip cookies in chocolate covering 13 or 12 of the cookie and transfer to parchment paper to harden Nutrition Calories 234 kcal Carbohydrates 25 g Protein 2 g Fat 14 g Saturated Fat 9 g Cholesterol 25 mg Sodium 87 mg Potassium 48 mg Fiber 1 g Sugar 14 g Vitamin A 6 Calcium 15 Iron 54

B I I O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

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How to get 20000 video views with this YouTube Hack March 5 2015 Owen Video 3 Comments Video views on Youtube is all about great content that people watch its not about gaming the system However revisting good content is a hack you probably already know The sad part its also highly likely that youre not doing it Quick story there was once a small prince who held the keys to a powerful kingdom but he spent most of his life reading blogs on the couch The end Moral of the story nothing will happen if you dont take action So check out the video below and read the bullet points because I think if you do this ONCE PER WEEK youll see a giant increase in your traffic and a better quality of lead coming to the table How I was able to get video views on YouTube of over 20000 Scroll down to read the bullet points You cant always plan what content will get video views on YouTube Thats a hard truth Fact is the less you worry about going viral and the more you focus on making great content the more likely it is youll achieve a certain level of virality So for starters take a look at your existing content and determine your best pieces of content Maybe youve got a video with 2000 views or 50000 views or maybe youve got a blog that is taking off my wife has a blog on Spirulina that is way viral The trick is in finding a piece of content that is performing well without you doing anything to it Once youve found one or two or five pieces of content move on to the hack part of the hack Once youve identified the video that is already gets views on YouTube youre now going to optimize the title tags description and outbound links of that content to connect your viewers with more content see you already knew that didnt you If your video is over 25000 views you may want to just leave the title alone but that doesnt stop you from taking some additional steps Ill outline them below for everyone Title Optimize your title by using Google suggested search and YouTube suggested search Type in a few words that someone might type if they were looking for your particular piece of content Then cross reference a few of those terms in the Google adwords Keyword planner to check for search volume Simply take the top performing term and add it to the title IE Keyword Phrase Original Title of the video Description Use the keyword phrase a total of 1 saturation IE 3 times if your body copy is 300 words in your description and try to use it as naturally as possible Include a couple outbound links to authoritative sites as well to show Google that youre not just in it for yourself Tags This is the tough part Youre going to want to search for similar videos in YouTube using YouTube search Find a few videos with a ton of traffic and look at their keyword tags you may need a free 3rd party tool like VidIQ Copy the tags creatively You dont want to copy the same tags in the same order but if youve selected two or three vids to hack then rotate through the tags using the top tag from video 1 the top tag from video 2 and so on Essentially youre telling YouTube that your video is related to these other videos Annotations Simple and easy Add an annotation that links to similar content For me I made 2 more videos JUST LIKE THE VIRAL VIDEO and added annotations links to those videos from the main video This potentially increases a viewers watch time which gives your channel more SEO value Not only did my main video get more traffic but my other two videos went viral as well which gave me a ton of subscribers and a whole slew of new leads including the one I mentioned in the video So let me sum up 1 Find a video that is performing well organically with little to no work from you if youre a blogger the same can be true of a blog 2 Reoptimize that video for modernday search trends Use Google and YouTube suggested search to find 5 or 10 keywords and then check traffic in Google Adwords 3 Measure Give it time Forget about the video for a while and move on to the next piece Remember you should do this with 5 videos at first even if those videos have only a couple hundred views Distribution Now that your video has been edited and optimized its a good idea to take steps to make sure your existing audience has seen it and drive up views shares right away First if its been a while since youve shared the video with your email list now is a good time to send it out again You have doubtless gained new subscribers since the last time you emailed it and content we send via email is always about timing anyways Folks who saw emailed about videos from you months ago may not have been interested in that topic then but are now In fact if its the kind of video and topic you think every single one of your subscribers can and should watch make it a part of an email sequence that gets sent to every new subscriber Second share the updated video to all of your social networks and get your existing social audience to engage with the video some more Ask them questions or spark discussions around the videos topic Some quick tips On Facebook share an image preferably a nice thumbnail without obvious video controls and include a link to your YouTube video Sharing YouTube videos directly to Facebook counts as a link post and will get less reach On Twitter and Instagram consider sharing a 1560 second teaser video and linking to the full YouTube video While you can pin videos from YouTube to Pinterest Boards creating a tall image that links to the video will more effective at driving longterm traffic The tool that I use and recommend for social media publishing is Agorapulse Not only can you schedule and queue up shares to Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Instagram and even Google you can monitor the comments and engagement on those shares plus the original video itself Hey if you enjoyed this article please click on the comments in Google and let me know And if you really REALLY liked this article consider subscribing to my YouTube channel and joining me every Tuesday and Thursday So What Do You Think Posted in News Video Marketing Vlog YouTube Owen Video Owen Video is the CEO of Owen Video where we teach servicebased business owners how to get more customers FASTER with online video marketing Owen is a pioneer in the industry and a regular contributor to Tubebuddy Agorapulse GetResponse Email Marketing and BeLiveTV and hes also the host of The Business of Video Podcast Facebook video views vs YouTube video views How to design a toplevel webpage layout

O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O


The most common job for women is the same as it was in 1950 Secretaries in the office of Topps Chewing Gum Factory in Brooklyn New York 1960 Russell KnightBIPsGetty Images February 6 2013 Would you say a lots changed since the 1950s The Cold War Civil Rights Elvis Presley And yet despite how different America may seem on so many levels from the 1950s one thing remains perhaps surprisingly the same The most common job for American women is drum roll please secretary In fact according to the US Census the top five jobs for women in 2010 changed very little from 1950 Back in the 50s women most commonly held positions as secretaries bank tellers or clerical workers sales clerks private household workers and teachers And in 2010 The top five jobs include secretary holding out at No 1 then cashier elementary and middle school teacher nurse and nursing aide While it might surprise you that about four million workers in the US still fell under the category of secretaries and administrative assistants between 2006 and 2010 it makes sense if you really stop to think about it Every time a major new technology showed up there were always predictions that this would spell the end of secretaries Ray Weikal spokesman for the International Association of Administrative Professionals told CNN Money You saw that with the development of electric typewriters the personal computer and the internet but every time technology gets more efficient the amount of business increases You continue to need people who can use those tools In fact dont count administrative assistants out any time in the near future either According to Labor Department projections the category will grow 12 percent between 2010 and 2020 adding approximately 493000 jobs during the decade More from LearnVest The 4 hottest job industries in 2013 Workers choose family time over raises FlexJobs exist thanks to this woman Try 8 issues of The Week magazine for only 100

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Free Ebook Download Scam November 13 2017 Books Online Life I Get Google Alerts for my name One recurring one had me baffled for a bit and another more recent one made me laugh First I was baffled that several times per week I get alerts saying you can get FREE a bootleg ebook copy of my True Stella Awards book If the listings are to be believed hundreds of sites are offering that book to anyone who wanted to download it Put simply I just didnt believe it especially since the details shown often have no relation to my book are rife with typos andor have other scammy characteristics like using a brand name that clearly doesnt actually match the URL If included Ive smeared the brand name and URL of these scammer sites Note the highlighted misspelling If they cant even spell download they probably arent actually offering them Expert Opinion I pondered it and then asked a friend whos an expert in scams if I was right about what their angle was Yep he was familiar with the gag and said I had it pretty much correct first you have to register to get the free download but hey Then you can download all sorts of books Now youve given scammers your email address and proven youre gullible Note the description not only has mixed languages but doesnt even relate to the book being advertised And you can Pre Order a book released in 2005 Audiobook copies too Stella was never released as an audio book And again not consistent is this for an audiobook for Kindle or a PDF Step 2 is to put your credit card on file for books that are available at steep discounts and such In for an inch in for a mile you want that free book so now youre giving criminals your credit card info You starting to get suspicious YET Well plenty let their greed of free aka stealing blind them to the obvious dangers You Probably not but thousands do And if thats not their scheme my friend went on to say its probably simply that they have you load a toolbar to enable the supposed downloads malware of course Congratulations the criminals can now see not only every site you go to but might also have the capability to intercept your keystrokes You know when you type in your user name and password at your bank or retirement account Yep its that easy to fall for their semiclever Is this for a book about crazy lawsuits or The Achievements Campaigns Events Triumphs and Legacies of Every President Neither its a scam And yes I do find it amazing that some of these sites are actually hosted by Google So there you go thinking before you fall for stuff like this could save you from a world of hurt Same Kool Aid Different Flavor Glaring inconsistencies Hardcover or paperback The cover shown is the paperback version Click to see larger And the Other One The one that made me laugh A newer comeon again with the True Stella Awards book sites offering Hardcover BRAND NEW copies of the title and Ive seen this exact same thing on multiple sites now too making me think this is a scam also It might be legit its possible they have some real copies But looking at the listings give me pause First once you click through and all the sites are the exact same layout the illustration shows the cover of the paperback version not the hardcover Then it shows that their price is 56 off 56 percent off a supposed retail price of 9949 so theyll sell you a maybe brand new copy of the paperback for only 4399 Hey my terrific book on crazy lawsuits might even be worth that to you I dont know But you should still know that the paperback cover price was 13 not a hundred and the hardcover was 1895 but both are now out of print and you can only get them preowned aka used Pristine Maybe and maybe not Want it in ebook format I cant sell it to you since Im not the publisher But Amazon can and its only 599 there If youre not a Kindle user its very likely you can get it for your iPad Android tablet Nook or other reading device for a similar price from a legitimate seller like Google Play iBooks or Barnes and Noble Or maybe even your local library you did know most can loan ebooks right Still thats a very small price to pay if you want to read the ebook without getting malware or scammed Still Available in Print The actual hardcover dust jacket looks like this Click to see larger And if you really do want it in hardcover you have choices You can get them from thirdparty sellers on Amazon at that same link or from me I do still have some The new copies I got from the publisher are long gone so now I have to buy like new copies on the open market and thus have to charge more than even the 1895 cover price though you get free shipping in the USA Ive confirmed theyre first edition copies and Im happy to autograph them for you Those are available in True s shopping cart Now and then though I myself am taken when I buy them in the open market theyre supposedly like new or very good condition but sometimes they arent If theyre really bad I complain and get my money back other times I figure I took the chance and lost and put them in the distressed pile So if you just want a reading copy thats definitely not in like new condition that is the dust jacket is probably torn marked or even missing pages might be dirty or scuffed but its definitely still readable you can get those distressed copies significant discount from the cleaner ones thats how I dispose of those copies that I got taken on Better for them to be read than tossed I think and yes Ill still autograph those copies The lesson if its not the publisher or a clearly legitimate retailer offering a product but rather a site clearly doing something underhanded think about who is doing it Pretty much by definition stealing is done by criminals and they have a motive and that motive isnt to give you something for nothing Youre not an accomplice youre the mark Or the shorter general advice Think Related If any of this sounds new to you you really REALLY need to read my mini site The Internet Spam Primer or amusingly enough the lowcost not free Kindle ebook Also How to create Google Alerts This page is an example of This is True s style of ThoughtProvoking Entertainment True is a newsletter that uses weird news as a vehicle to explore the human condition and bring up questions about society in an entertaining way If you enjoyed this page consider scrolling up to the top of the page for a free email subscription To really support True sign up for a paid subscription to the muchexpanded Premium edition One Year Upgrade More upgrade options here Q Why would I want to pay more than the regular rate A To support the publication to help it thrive and stay online and this kind of support means less future need for price increases and smaller increases when they do happen which enables more people to upgrade This option was requested by existing Premium subscribers Previous Post Sorry Maam Next Post LinkMoses Goodbye Eric Ward

O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O