WIC

From

Wikipedia

the

free

encyclopedia

For

other

uses

see

WIC

disambiguation

The

Special

Supplemental

Nutrition

Program

for

Women

Infants

and

Children

WIC

is

a

federal

assistance

program

of

the

Food

and

Nutrition

Service

FNS

of

the

United

States

Department

of

Agriculture

USDA

for

healthcare

and

nutrition

of

lowincome

pregnant

women

breastfeeding

women

and

children

under

the

age

of

five

See

child

nutrition

programs

Their

mission

is

to

be

a

partner

with

other

services

that

are

key

to

childhood

and

family

wellbeing

The

basic

eligibility

requirement

is

a

family

income

below

of

the

federal

poverty

level

Most

states

allow

automatic

income

eligibility

where

a

person

or

family

participating

in

certain

benefits

programs

such

as

the

Supplemental

Nutrition

Assistance

Program

Medicaid

or

Temporary

Assistance

for

Needy

Families

may

automatically

meet

the

income

eligibility

requirements

Currently

WIC

serves

percent

of

all

infants

born

in

the

United

States

Contents

History

Eligibility

Roles

Services

General

services

Nutrition

education

and

anemia

screening

Checkvoucher

and

EBT

card

Items

provided

WIC

Certification

Visits

Responsibilities

of

recipients

Funding

Participation

and

Budget

Trend

Literature

review

Nutrition

requirements

Income

requirements

Other

programs

effect

Internal

programs

effect

Food

package

National

savings

in

healthcare

costs

Research

problems

and

limitations

Future

challenges

External

links

History

An

amendment

to

section

of

the

Child

Nutrition

Act

of

on

September

The

legislation

PL

sponsored

by

Senator

Hubert

Humphrey

D

of

Minnesota

established

the

Special

Supplemental

Food

Program

for

Women

Infants

and

Children

WIC

as

a

twoyear

pilot

program

Eligibility

was

limited

to

children

up

to

age

and

excluded

nonbreastfeeding

postpartum

women

By

the

end

of

WIC

was

operating

in

states

On

October

WIC

was

established

as

a

permanent

program

PL

Eligibility

was

extended

to

nonbreastfeeding

women

up

to

six

months

postpartum

and

children

up

to

years

of

age

However

all

participants

must

be

deemed

to

be

at

nutrition

risk

and

with

inadequate

Food

Stamp

Medicaid

and

AFDC

participation

thus

lowering

the

WIC

income

standard

and

simplifying

the

application

process

WIC

began

to

promote

and

support

breastfeeding

women

in

the

late

and

in

Congress

mandated

million

be

used

specifically

for

that

purpose

Also

in

the

WIC

program

standardized

nutrition

risk

criteria

for

program

eligibility

and

began

assigning

individual

nutrition

risk

priority

levels

In

December

the

White

House

issued

an

executive

memorandum

authorizing

the

WIC

program

to

begin

screening

clients

for

childhood

immunization

status

The

motivation

for

this

was

the

fact

that

WIC

had

the

access

to

the

greatest

number

of

lowincome

children

and

thus

had

the

greatest

potential

for

helping

immunization

rates

They

also

directed

that

immunization

screening

and

referral

become

a

standard

part

of

WIC

certification

It

mentioned

that

the

new

WIC

minimum

immunization

screening

and

referral

is

only

for

use

in

the

WIC

program

Across

WIC

programs

it

has

become

standardized

an

accurate

efficient

and

appropriate

screening

and

referral

Then

in

the

Breastfeeding

Peer

Counselor

Initiative

was

launched

in

which

women

with

breastfeeding

experience

became

counselors

for

women

learning

how

to

breastfeed

Five

years

later

in

the

USDA

introduced

a

new

food

package

with

foods

consistent

with

the

Dietary

Guidelines

for

Americans

as

well

as

establish

dietary

recommendations

for

young

children

In

addition

mothers

who

exclusively

breastfeed

receive

more

healthy

foods

Eligibility

Applicants

to

the

WIC

program

must

meet

eligibility

requirements

in

four

areas

categorical

residential

income

and

nutrition

risk

The

categorical

requirement

simply

means

that

each

participant

must

fall

into

one

of

three

major

categories

Women

Pregnant

during

their

pregnancy

and

up

to

six

weeks

after

birth

or

at

the

end

of

the

pregnancy

Postpartum

up

to

six

months

after

giving

birth

or

end

of

pregnancy

Breastfeeding

up

to

their

infants

first

birthday

Infants

up

to

their

first

birthday

Children

up

to

the

fifth

birthday

Income

To

be

eligible

on

the

basis

of

income

applicants

gross

income

ie

before

taxes

are

withheld

must

fall

at

or

below

percent

of

the

US

Poverty

Income

Guidelines

State

income

falls

between

percent

and

percent

of

federal

poverty

guidelines

though

most

states

use

the

maximum

guideline

This

is

approximately

annually

for

a

family

in

the

contiguous

since

Residential

Must

be

a

resident

of

the

state

to

which

they

are

applying

for

assistance

Nutrition

risk

Must

have

a

nutritional

risk

assessment

by

a

qualified

health

professional

physician

nurse

or

nutritionist

The

Nutritional

evaluation

is

based

on

height

weight

and

growth

assessment

hematocrit

or

hemoglobin

levels

general

health

history

and

a

diet

Roles

The

WIC

program

has

three

roles

to

find

out

about

a

childs

need

for

immunization

and

share

that

information

with

parents

to

carry

out

minimum

immunization

screening

and

referral

protocols

not

replacing

the

State

Immunization

Program

responsibilities

to

implement

other

measures

to

increase

immunization

rates

of

WIC

children

Services

General

services

Once

applicants

meet

the

eligibility

requirements

they

can

expect

to

receive

WIC

assistance

in

the

following

four

areas

Supplemental

food

Food

checks

or

an

EBT

card

are

issued

to

program

participants

that

allow

them

to

buy

nutritious

food

that

meets

their

needs

at

stores

that

have

contracted

with

the

government

to

accept

these

checks

in

exchange

for

merchandise

Formula

WIC

Laws

and

Regulations

state

infant

formula

can

only

be

changed

from

a

noncontracted

brand

by

medical

documentation

It

should

be

noted

that

the

formula

vouchers

provided

to

the

participant

are

not

selected

based

upon

nutritional

or

health

benefits

but

upon

lowest

bidder

status

Competitive

bidding

means

a

procurement

process

under

which

FNS

or

the

state

agency

selects

a

single

source

such

as

a

single

infant

formula

manufacturer

offering

the

lowest

price

as

determined

by

the

submission

of

sealed

bids

for

a

product

for

which

bids

are

sought

for

use

in

the

Program

Nutrition

education

WIC

participants

are

offered

free

health

and

nutrition

education

classes

which

help

them

understand

their

specific

nutrition

needs

and

learn

about

health

prevention

and

improvement

strategies

Access

to

healthcare

and

other

social

services

Program

participants

receive

guidance

and

assistance

in

accessing

other

important

services

such

as

prenatal

programs

immunizations

and

child

clinics

and

drug

and

alcohol

treatment

programs

Breastfeeding

support

Program

participants

also

receive

guidance

and

support

materials

from

Certified

Lactation

Educators

about

the

benefit

of

breastfeeding

and

proper

breastfeeding

techniques

Nutrition

education

and

anemia

screening

WIC

program

services

are

offered

at

this

office

in

Hanford

California

by

the

Kings

County

Department

of

Public

Health

Nutrition

education

ranges

various

topics

including

healthy

eating

appropriate

infant

feeding

and

breastfeeding

Additionally

the

WIC

program

also

screens

for

anemia

in

participants

over

months

old

Depending

on

the

state

nutrition

education

is

provided

via

a

Registered

Dietitian

an

individual

with

a

bachelors

degree

in

nutrition

or

related

field

or

another

certified

professional

authority

WIC

agencies

are

required

to

stress

the

longterm

benefits

of

nutrition

education

although

participating

in

this

education

is

not

compulsory

for

WIC

recipients

Checkvoucher

and

EBT

card

WIC

participants

often

receive

a

monthly

check

or

voucher

or

more

recently

an

EBT

card

The

USDA

implemented

new

rules

in

that

required

foods

to

be

more

pricecompetitive

This

has

resulted

in

the

closure

of

many

WIC

Only

Stores

Formerly

these

stores

charged

the

maximum

permitted

under

the

program

charging

up

to

more

than

regular

stores

for

the

same

food

However

the

WIC

program

is

one

of

the

most

costeffective

government

programs

A

study

of

birth

outcomes

showed

benefittocost

ratios

ranging

from

to

in

Medicaid

costs

saved

for

each

spent

on

WIC

The

WIC

checkvoucher

is

a

specially

designed

check

that

is

compatible

with

retail

pointofsale

check

readers

and

printers

The

front

of

the

check

displays

the

recipients

name

and

recipient

number

a

begin

use

and

an

enduse

date

a

list

of

allowable

items

to

be

purchased

with

the

checkvoucher

including

the

quantity

andor

maximum

weight

of

the

allowed

items

listed

The

WIC

recipient

can

choose

if

they

want

only

some

or

all

of

the

items

listed

on

the

check

The

check

also

has

an

area

for

the

cashier

to

enter

the

sale

total

and

an

area

for

the

recipient

to

sign

the

checkvoucher

at

the

time

of

use

The

checks

make

use

of

MICR

for

enhanced

security

and

ease

of

processing

Alternately

many

states

notably

Texas

and

Nevada

have

moved

away

from

a

paper

system

of

checks

and

vouchers

The

conversion

of

the

WIC

program

to

EBT

cards

has

automated

a

great

deal

of

the

process

and

provides

better

care

for

the

children

and

mothers

currently

using

WIC

The

cards

are

similar

to

consumer

creditdebit

cards

but

are

exclusively

used

for

purchasing

WICapproved

items

Items

provided

The

food

items

provided

by

WIC

are

juice

single

strength

milk

breakfast

cereal

cheese

eggs

fruits

and

vegetables

whole

wheat

bread

whole

grain

items

including

brown

rice

and

tortillas

fish

cannedfor

Exclusively

Breastfed

Mothers

legumes

drycanned

and

peanut

butter

The

program

also

provides

tofu

soy

milk

and

medical

foods

for

children

and

women

with

various

metabolic

or

other

diseases

The

food

packages

provide

participant

choice

and

variety

Foods

such

as

tortillas

brown

rice

soybased

beverage

canned

salmon

and

a

wide

choice

of

fruits

and

vegetables

provide

State

agencies

flexibility

in

prescribing

culturally

appropriate

food

packages

Organic

fruits

vegetables

legumes

and

grains

are

covered

under

WIC

while

organic

milk

cheese

juice

peanut

butter

and

eggs

are

not

covered

under

the

program

Some

organic

forms

of

WICeligible

foods

eg

milk

eggs

cheese

meet

the

nutritional

requirements

set

forth

in

WIC

regulations

and

are

therefore

authorized

However

WIC

State

agencies

are

responsible

for

determining

the

brands

and

types

of

foods

to

authorize

on

their

State

WIC

food

lists

Some

State

agencies

may

allow

organic

foods

on

their

foods

lists

but

this

will

vary

by

State

The

decision

may

be

influenced

by

a

number

of

factors

such

as

cost

WIC

Certification

Visits

In

many

state

programs

for

a

WIC

certification

and

health

screening

process

the

staff

advises

parents

to

bring

their

childs

immunization

records

For

some

state

programs

the

screening

and

referral

will

occur

at

either

client

checkin

food

instrument

distribution

or

during

referral

part

of

certification

They

also

provide

the

parents

of

their

childs

immunization

status

as

well

as

provide

educational

materials

on

the

different

immunizations

For

families

in

the

community

local

WIC

agencies

should

be

able

to

identify

providers

who

offer

immunizations

in

the

community

At

the

state

level

the

WIC

agencies

can

choose

to

document

immunization

screening

and

referrals

Responsibilities

of

recipients

The

usual

responsibilities

of

a

WIC

recipient

are

Being

on

time

and

keeping

all

appointments

If

you

can

not

keep

an

appointment

notify

the

WIC

office

as

soon

as

possible

Giving

the

WIC

office

accurate

information

to

determine

your

eligibility

for

the

WIC

Program

Using

your

WIC

checks

only

at

WICauthorized

stores

or

with

WIC

authorized

farmers

Using

your

WIC

checks

to

buy

only

the

foods

and

amounts

listed

on

the

checks

Using

the

checks

within

the

Not

Good

Before

and

Not

Good

After

dates

printed

on

the

checks

Telling

the

WIC

office

if

you

are

planning

to

move

if

your

phone

number

changes

if

your

income

changes

or

if

you

want

to

change

to

another

WIC

office

Being

courteous

to

store

cashiers

WIC

staff

and

other

WIC

participants

Funding

The

WIC

program

is

primarily

funded

through

two

separate

federal

grants

the

food

grant

and

the

nutrition

services

and

administration

NSA

grant

Total

funding

increased

from

but

then

began

to

decrease

in

Fiscal

Year

Food

Grant

NSA

Grant

Total

Grant

The

majority

of

WIC

funding

for

state

and

local

agencies

comes

from

the

federal

government

however

some

states

find

the

need

to

supplement

their

funding

with

outside

resources

In

infant

formula

rebates

generated

billion

nationally

Participation

and

Budget

Trend

Since

total

participation

in

WIC

steadily

increased

from

to

a

peak

of

almost

million

in

After

participation

began

to

drop

as

funding

decreased

and

employment

began

to

increase

nationwide

Fiscal

Year

Total

Participation

In

Thousands

Food

Millions

NSA

Millions

Total

Millions

Average

Monthly

Food

Costs

per

Person

Dollars

Since

WIC

has

seen

a

rise

and

fall

in

the

amount

of

spending

From

to

the

total

amount

spent

on

programs

went

from

close

to

billion

to

nearly

billion

In

the

amount

spent

began

to

fall

to

about

billion

possibly

due

to

the

decreasing

number

of

participants

Literature

review

Nutrition

requirements

A

woman

infant

or

child

must

meet

two

standards

to

be

eligible

to

receive

WIC

benefits

nutritional

risk

and

income

disparity

Yet

according

to

Peter

Germanis

and

conservative

AEI

scholar

Douglas

J

Besharov

in

the

SAGE

Evaluations

Review

Journal

these

two

requirements

often

fall

short

in

determining

the

real

eligibility

for

WIC

participants

They

assert

that

the

idea

of

nutritional

risk

is

too

broad

of

a

concept

WICs

current

definition

of

nutritional

risk

includes

different

medical

conditions

such

as

anemia

and

low

or

overweightness

The

definition

also

includes

the

mothers

history

age

past

pregnancy

complications

and

inadequate

diet

While

some

of

the

nutritional

risk

standards

are

clear

Besharov

and

Germanis

further

point

out

that

the

majority

of

people

on

WIC

do

not

clearly

exhibit

these

symptoms

or

history

They

still

might

have

nutritional

risk

but

they

do

not

meet

the

definition

outlined

in

the

policy

Despite

the

definition

of

nutrition

risk

the

Institute

of

Medicines

Committee

on

Scientific

Evaluation

of

WIC

Nutrition

Risk

Criteria

pointed

out

that

many

states

have

used

generous

cutoff

points

and

loosely

defined

risk

criteria

Their

research

concluded

that

because

the

judgment

of

nutritional

risk

is

left

up

to

the

discretion

of

the

doctor

In

Feeding

the

Poor

Assessing

Federal

Food

Aid

PH

Rossi

states

that

these

gaps

are

often

a

result

of

unreliable

tools

or

methods

to

measure

nutrition

risk

along

with

a

lack

of

clarity

in

the

definition

of

risk

In

the

study

Rossi

took

what

are

called

streetlevel

bureaucrats

and

applied

them

for

WIC

These

people

were

either

at

marginal

or

no

nutrition

risk

yet

they

were

accepted

easily

into

the

WIC

program

This

practice

essentially

turns

eligibility

into

solely

a

matter

of

income

Income

requirements

The

second

eligibility

standard

for

participation

in

the

WIC

programincome

levelalso

allows

for

much

subjectivity

In

theory

to

qualify

for

WIC

services

a

family

must

have

an

income

of

no

more

than

of

the

current

federal

poverty

level

While

this

definition

seems

straight

forward

Besharov

and

Germanis

describe

many

instances

in

which

WIC

participants

with

incomes

above

this

level

still

received

services

This

could

be

due

to

the

rapid

growth

of

WIC

in

the

past

years

Many

WIC

staff

members

have

reported

that

because

of

the

rise

in

funding

local

income

testing

procedures

have

become

less

thorough

Besharov

and

Germanis

arent

the

only

ones

who

have

noticed

discrepancies

in

the

WIC

income

eligibility

requirement

A

USDA

study

demonstrated

that

of

WIC

participants

were

not

eligible

because

their

income

was

too

high

see

US

General

Accounting

Office

Because

of

this

evidence

the

USDA

believes

that

WIC

can

reduce

funding

and

still

meet

the

needs

of

those

who

truly

are

in

need

of

assistance

Conversely

the

same

report

explained

that

some

members

of

the

USDA

have

concluded

that

the

current

method

for

estimating

eligibility

is

flawed

and

reports

a

much

lower

number

of

eligible

citizens

than

actually

exists

The

method

is

flawed

because

it

measures

income

on

an

annual

basis

instead

of

a

monthly

basis

When

the

researchers

compared

monthly

income

to

annual

income

they

found

that

the

number

of

incomeeligible

people

increased

dramatically

a

monthly

evaluation

level

increase

for

infants

and

increase

for

older

children

No

mention

of

the

effect

on

mothers

was

mentioned

They

concluded

that

if

income

were

measured

Other

research

suggests

that

instead

of

redefining

WIC

eligibility

requirements

policymakers

should

better

advertise

how

lenient

the

requirements

are

In

a

study

published

in

Craig

Gundersen

a

professor

in

the

Department

of

Nutritional

Science

at

the

University

of

Illinois

at

UrbanaChampaign

found

that

many

parents

stop

using

WIC

funds

to

care

for

their

children

after

their

children

reach

the

age

of

one

year

However

over

of

these

children

are

in

families

that

are

below

the

poverty

line

Only

one

in

nine

nonparticipating

children

nationwide

are

ineligible

for

WIC

aid

The

research

suggests

that

parents

are

unaware

that

children

up

to

five

years

of

age

are

still

eligible

for

WIC

services

consequently

their

children

are

not

getting

necessary

nutrition

To

combat

this

phenomenon

Gundersen

suggests

that

if

policymakers

want

to

reach

those

most

in

need

they

need

to

target

this

group

of

people

who

were

once

on

WIC

and

left

not

new

recipients

His

research

shows

that

families

that

have

never

received

WIC

assistance

have

monthly

family

incomes

higher

than

those

who

have

left

the

program

and

higher

than

those

currently

on

the

program

Clearly

the

people

who

were

once

on

WIC

and

left

have

greater

need

than

most

of

those

who

have

never

sought

WIC

aid

Other

programs

effect

Eligibility

for

participation

in

the

WIC

program

has

been

affected

by

a

number

of

federal

programs

and

policy

changes

since

the

The

federal

government

has

gradually

increased

its

control

over

WIC

program

policies

which

has

resulted

in

a

move

away

from

state

program

control

For

instance

the

nutritional

risk

criteria

that

had

previously

been

instituted

by

the

state

cutoffs

were

standardized

by

the

federal

government

in

In

the

Child

Nutrition

and

WIC

Reauthorization

Act

increased

the

amount

of

eligible

program

participants

by

allowing

groups

such

as

Medicaid

Aid

to

Families

with

Dependent

Children

AFDC

Temporary

Assistance

for

Needy

Families

TANF

and

those

qualified

for

food

stamps

automatically

became

eligible

for

WIC

assistance

Allowing

these

groups

to

be

eligible

in

effect

raised

the

income

eligibility

threshold

for

WIC

services

Participants

in

the

WIC

program

are

now

viewed

as

those

that

are

inherently

eligible

because

of

an

income

at

below

the

poverty

line

or

adjunctively

eligible

through

eligibility

and

participation

in

the

aforementioned

programs

Research

has

amendments

to

the

Child

Nutrition

and

WIC

Reauthorization

Act

were

made

as

well

as

amendments

to

the

National

School

Lunch

Act

with

respect

to

direct

expenditures

of

agricultural

commodities

A

state

was

allowed

to

match

federal

funds

for

meals

in

private

schools

Requirements

to

use

certain

WIC

funds

for

the

costs

of

nutrition

services

and

administration

were

extended

WIC

program

participation

can

be

affected

by

an

introduction

of

new

programs

or

changes

to

existing

policy

of

programs

that

affect

women

infants

and

children

The

WIC

program

assists

percent

of

eligible

infants

percent

of

eligible

children

and

percent

of

eligible

pregnant

and

postpartum

women

Bitler

Scholz

If

services

increase

under

the

TANF

program

a

specific

segment

of

participants

in

the

WIC

program

such

as

infants

showed

a

decrease

in

participation

Implementation

of

the

TANF

program

accounts

for

a

percent

reduction

in

WIC

program

participation

In

addition

to

current

programs

that

affect

eligibility

and

participation

in

the

WIC

program

many

states

distribute

waivers

that

extend

program

rules

change

work

requirements

and

extend

program

timelines

that

affect

eligibility

and

participation

in

WIC

Internal

programs

effect

WICs

impact

is

affected

by

internal

programs

Some

scholars

assert

that

the

spending

structure

needs

to

be

adjusted

so

a

greater

number

of

eligible

individuals

can

receive

WIC

services

Transferring

some

spending

to

other

parts

of

the

program

is

under

consideration

Besharov

and

Germanis

argue

that

a

sustained

effort

to

make

the

program

more

effective

should

begin

with

a

policy

debate

about

WICs

role

and

impacts

WICs

rigid

spending

rules

for

example

prevent

local

programs

from

spending

more

than

about

minutes

for

nutritional

education

every

months

with

clients

In

the

article

WIC

Reauthorization

Opportunities

for

improving

the

Nutritional

Status

of

Women

Infants

and

Children

authors

Fox

McManus

and

Schmidt

from

the

George

Washington

University

say

local

WIC

agencies

are

required

to

make

nutrition

education

available

to

participants

at

least

twice

in

each

sixmonth

certification

period

The

initial

nutritional

Based

on

the

data

mentioned

by

Alison

Jacknowitz

from

American

University

and

Laura

Tiehen

from

the

US

Department

of

Agriculture

in

their

article

Transitions

into

and

out

of

the

WIC

Program

A

Cause

for

Concern

in

the

average

retail

value

of

the

WIC

food

benefit

for

infants

ages

months

was

per

month

the

average

retail

value

of

the

child

food

benefit

was

per

month

Institute

of

Medicine

The

higher

retail

value

of

the

WIC

food

benefit

for

infants

is

due

to

the

inclusion

of

infant

formula

Since

the

WIC

program

encourages

breast

feeding

it

raises

a

question

similar

to

the

foregoing

Would

it

be

more

effective

and

efficient

if

some

of

the

spending

on

infant

formula

is

transferred

to

drawing

more

participation

of

WIC

making

more

people

eligible

for

this

Food

package

Participants

of

WIC

receive

checks

vouchers

or

electronic

cards

to

purchase

food

at

participating

retail

markets

each

month

to

supplement

their

diets

The

program

food

package

is

designed

to

address

the

specific

needs

of

lowincome

pregnant

breastfeeding

and

postpartum

nonbreastfeeding

women

infants

and

children

up

to

five

years

of

age

who

are

nutritionally

at

risk

The

food

purchased

with

WIC

vouchers

must

be

on

the

approved

list

of

approved

foods

Up

until

the

list

of

approved

foods

was

meant

to

help

supplement

participants

diets

to

contain

the

following

priority

nutrients

protein

calcium

iron

and

vitamins

A

and

C

The

literature

stated

that

from

the

initiation

of

WIC

in

until

the

monthly

food

packages

provided

by

WIC

remained

largely

unchanged

despite

advances

in

nutrition

knowledge

changes

in

dietary

patterns

increased

cultural

diversity

among

WIC

participants

and

a

nationwide

epidemic

of

obesity

Nationwide

data

showed

that

WIC

participants

had

inadequate

intake

of

vitamin

E

magnesium

calcium

potassium

and

fiber

while

using

the

original

food

packages

Participants

also

had

an

excessive

intake

of

saturated

fats

sodium

zinc

and

preformed

vitamin

A

Despite

the

huge

expenditures

each

month

to

supplement

millions

of

diets

in

the

country

the

program

was

not

delivering

the

necessary

nutrients

to

this

important

population

made

up

of

women

infants

and

children

during

the

most

critical

time

in

their

lives

drastically

affecting

future

health

In

response

to

the

lack

of

intended

program

outcomes

the

US

Department

of

Agricultures

Food

and

Nutrition

Service

assigned

the

Institute

of

Medicines

Committee

to

assess

the

effectiveness

of

the

food

package

content

As

part

of

the

evaluation

they

were

to

determine

the

special

dietary

needs

of

each

subgroup

of

the

WIC

participants

This

included

prioritizing

the

targeted

nutrient

intake

and

offering

recommendations

for

specific

changes

to

the

WIC

food

packages

To

do

this

the

committee

was

charged

with

making

recommendations

that

were

culturally

suitable

nonburdensome

to

administration

efficient

for

nationwide

distribution

and

vendor

checkout

and

costneutral

These

recommendations

were

implemented

in

the

form

of

supplemental

foods

that

would

counteract

the

deficiencies

and

excesses

of

the

WIC

food

package

within

the

bounds

of

cost

and

cultural

requirements

This

change

to

the

food

package

was

done

again

in

which

put

the

food

package

in

compliance

with

the

Dietary

Guideline

for

Americans

This

change

introduced

an

inclusion

of

cashvalue

vouchers

for

fruits

vegetables

wholewheat

bread

corn

or

wholewheat

tortillas

brown

rice

oats

bulgur

and

barley

Milk

purchase

options

were

also

altered

to

only

include

lowerfat

milk

for

all

women

and

all

children

over

years

of

age

The

literature

suggested

that

there

has

been

a

significant

increase

in

the

overall

nutrition

of

WIC

participants

as

a

result

of

these

food

package

changes

Participants

were

surveyed

before

and

after

the

new

food

package

implementations

The

data

showed

that

there

was

a

percentage

point

increase

in

whole

wheat

consumption

and

a

percentage

point

increase

in

the

amount

of

vegetables

consumed

Currently

WIC

food

packages

include

infant

cereal

ironfortified

adult

cereal

fruit

rich

in

vitamin

C

vegetable

juice

eggs

milk

cheese

peanut

butter

beans

and

fish

WIC

has

recently

expanded

this

list

to

also

include

soybased

beverages

tofu

baby

foods

wholewheat

bread

and

a

variety

of

fruits

and

vegetables

The

literature

painted

a

clear

picture

of

the

improvements

that

have

been

made

and

the

effect

the

food

package

change

has

made

in

increasing

the

nutrition

of

WIC

participants

The

literature

was

also

helpful

in

giving

a

clear

blueprint

for

future

changes

in

the

WIC

program

including

specialty

committees

data

collection

on

health

effects

food

selection

implementation

surveying

for

effectiveness

Future

changes

to

the

food

package

will

be

evaluated

in

the

same

ways

and

data

will

be

compared

National

savings

in

healthcare

costs

WIC

has

dramatically

reduced

healthcare

costs

by

a

providing

prenatal

services

and

b

promoting

breastfeeding

Several

controlled

evaluations

have

shown

that

women

who

receive

prenatal

WIC

services

have

lower

hospital

costs

for

both

them

and

their

infants

than

women

who

did

not

receive

WIC

services

In

prenatal

WIC

enrollment

was

estimated

to

have

reduced

first

year

medical

costs

for

US

infants

by

billion

more

than

offsetting

the

governments

cost

of

WIC

Prenatal

use

of

WIC

services

also

decreases

the

odds

of

having

a

low

birthweight

newborn

by

percent

and

reduces

very

low

birthweight

births

by

percent

Having

a

higher

birthweight

newborn

has

the

potential

to

decrease

costs

for

hospitalization

in

the

first

year

since

infants

with

lower

birthweight

have

higher

costs

for

initial

hospitalization

and

higher

rehospitalization

costs

Every

dollar

spent

on

prenatal

WIC

benefits

resulted

in

a

savings

of

for

the

Federal

Government

for

State

governments

and

an

additional

for

private

payers

hospitals

and

insurers

total

costs

Because

of

these

savings

WIC

is

often

cited

as

being

one

of

the

most

costeffective

food

assistance

programs

in

the

nation

One

reason

that

WIC

is

known

as

being

costeffective

is

explained

in

a

study

done

in

by

Debbie

Montgomery

and

Patricia

Splett

where

they

showed

that

promotion

of

breastfeeding

in

the

WIC

program

is

an

effective

costcontainment

action

The

study

revealed

that

WIC

users

who

exclusively

breastfed

their

children

during

the

first

six

months

of

the

childs

life

incurred

a

savings

of

in

Medicaid

costs

per

infant

The

average

pharmacy

payments

were

lower

for

males

and

lower

for

females

who

were

breastfed

Research

problems

and

limitations

Historically

WIC

has

been

portrayed

as

an

efficient

and

effective

use

of

taxpayer

dollars

Finding

or

conducting

research

that

conclusively

proves

that

portrayal

is

somewhat

difficult

Two

challenges

exist

finding

research

that

encompasses

all

areas

of

WIC

and

conducting

scientific

research

Research

on

WIC

tends

to

focus

on

the

help

provided

to

pregnant

women

and

newborns

The

research

on

this

part

of

WIC

shows

that

the

help

provided

is

effective

and

the

system

is

efficient

These

results

are

then

used

to

determine

that

all

of

the

WIC

programs

are

effective

The

problematic

part

is

that

the

services

provided

to

pregnant

women

and

newborns

only

account

for

of

the

program

There

are

precious

few

studies

that

examine

the

effectiveness

and

efficiency

of

the

other

of

WIC

Besharov

and

Germanis

Conducting

scientific

research

on

an

aid

program

like

WIC

is

also

problematic

First

it

is

difficult

if

not

impossible

to

establish

a

control

group

To

do

so

would

require

a

researcher

to

take

people

asking

for

aid

and

then

split

them

into

two

groups

Aid

would

then

need

to

be

denied

to

one

of

the

groups

This

would

be

unethical

Second

it

is

difficult

to

account

for

other

variables

that

could

affect

infant

and

children

health

in

addition

to

the

help

provided

by

WIC

An

example

would

be

parental

motivation

How

do

you

determine

if

the

results

of

WIC

were

Future

challenges

According

to

Food

Nutrition

Services

FNS

WIC

is

one

of

the

nations

most

successful

and

costeffective

nutrition

intervention

programs

In

spite

of

its

success

the

WIC

program

as

with

any

program

that

involves

coordination

and

communication

between

many

people

faces

challenges

in

delivering

nutrition

services

such

as

the

coordination

of

its

nutrition

services

with

changing

health

and

welfare

programs

Welfare

reform

increases

demands

on

WIC

management

in

performing

outreach

and

coordination

New

health

challenges

include

the

obesity

epidemic

The

demography

of

the

lowincome

population

that

the

WIC

program

serves

is

constantly

changing

Retention

of

staff

employment

of

paraprofessionals

and

the

In

the

light

of

the

above

challenges

the

United

States

General

Accounting

Office

GAO

did

research

and

made

recommendations

to

USDA

that

would

help

it

to

identify

strategies

that

will

address

WICs

challenges

in

recruiting

and

retaining

a

skilled

staff

and

assessing

the

effects

of

nutrition

services

It

was

recommended

that

USDA

should

work

with

Economic

Research

Service

and

the

National

Association

of

WIC

Directors

to

conduct

an

assessment

of

the

staffing

needs

of

state

and

local

WIC

agencies

This

assessment

should

examine

factors

such

as

staffing

patterns

vacancies

salaries

benefits

duties

turnover

and

retention

USDA

should

work

with

the

Economic

Research

Service

the

National

Association

of

WIC

Directors

and

other

stakeholders

including

the

CDC

to

develop

a

strategic

plan

to

evaluate

the

impacts

of

specific

WIC

nutrition

services

This

plan

should

include

information

on

the

types

of

research

that

could

be

done

to

evaluate

the

impacts

of

specific

nutrition

services

as

well

as

the

data

and

the

financial

resources

that

are

needed

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stores

The

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B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I I O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I I I O O O O O B B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O B I I I O O B O O O O O O O O B I I I O O B O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B I I I O O O O O B B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O B O O B O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

wic
federal assistance program
food and nutrition service


Washington

Place

From

Wikipedia

the

free

encyclopedia

Washington

Place

US

National

Register

of

Historic

Places

US

National

Historic

Landmark

The

house

in

Location

Beretania

Street

Honolulu

Hawaii

Coordinates

Coordinates

Area

acres

ha

Built

Built

by

Isaac

Hart

Architectural

style

Greek

Revival

Part

of

Hawaii

Capital

Historic

District

NRHP

reference

Significant

dates

Added

to

NRHP

June

Designated

NHL

March

Washington

Place

is

a

Greek

Revival

palace

in

the

Hawaii

Capital

Historic

District

in

Honolulu

Hawai

ʻ

i

It

was

where

Queen

Lili

ʻ

uokalani

was

arrested

during

the

overthrow

of

the

Hawaiian

Kingdom

Later

it

became

the

official

residence

of

the

Governor

of

Hawai

ʻ

i

It

is

a

National

Historic

Landmark

designated

in

The

current

governors

residence

was

built

in

behind

the

historic

residence

and

is

located

on

the

same

grounds

as

Washington

Place

Construction

Captain

John

Dominis

An

American

merchant

sea

captain

John

Dominis

came

to

America

in

from

Trieste

probably

from

a

Croatian

family

After

making

a

number

of

voyages

across

the

Pacific

he

relocated

to

the

islands

in

with

his

Bostonian

wife

Mary

Jones

Dominis

and

son

John

Owen

Dominis

from

New

York

The

captain

was

awarded

some

land

in

as

settlement

of

a

lawsuit

with

the

British

Consul

Richard

Charlton

The

captain

continued

to

take

voyages

to

raise

money

for

the

construction

of

a

house

In

he

sailed

for

China

on

the

Brig

William

Neilson

intending

to

purchase

Chinesemade

furniture

for

the

house

which

was

nearing

completion

The

ship

was

lost

at

sea

along

with

the

American

Agent

George

Brown

and

Mary

Dominis

became

a

widow

She

rented

out

a

suite

of

rooms

to

support

herself

and

young

John

Owen

One

of

the

first

boarders

was

Anthony

Ten

Eyck

an

American

Commissioner

to

the

islands

appointed

by

President

James

K

Polk

who

established

the

American

Legation

in

the

house

Ten

Eyck

named

the

house

Washington

Place

in

a

February

letter

after

George

Washington

in

celebration

of

the

first

US

presidents

birthday

King

Kamehameha

III

officially

approved

the

name

The

American

flag

was

raised

at

the

residence

until

Mary

Dominiss

death

in

when

Liliuokalani

had

it

removed

In

Liliuokalani

raised

the

American

flag

at

Washington

Place

in

honor

of

five

Hawaiian

sailors

who

had

perished

in

the

sinking

of

the

SS

Aztec

by

German

submarines

Her

act

was

interpreted

by

many

as

her

symbolic

support

of

the

United

States

The

building

was

designed

by

the

master

carpenter

Isaac

Hart

who

had

built

the

first

ʻ

Iolani

Palace

The

building

was

also

constructed

by

Daniel

Jenner

an

Italian

master

mason

The

interior

was

originally

finished

by

the

master

painter

Israel

Wright

Native

Hawaiians

were

also

involved

with

the

construction

of

the

building

but

are

not

named

individually

by

the

archival

records

Washington

Place

in

Honolulu

was

constructed

with

open

lānais

on

all

sides

The

foundation

of

the

building

the

lower

level

walls

and

the

lower

columns

are

constructed

of

coral

stone

The

upper

floor

is

of

wood

frame

construction

Washington

Place

conforms

to

period

French

Creole

Greek

Revival

houses

that

were

built

along

the

lower

GulfCoastal

region

of

the

southeastern

United

States

The

home

was

constructed

with

an

almost

square

core

surrounded

by

a

peristyle

a

two

tiered

verandah

Tuscan

columns

on

its

upper

floor

and

a

hipped

roof

The

interior

of

the

home

is

arranged

in

a

traditional

Georgian

floor

plan

with

four

distinct

parlors

on

the

first

floor

and

four

bedchambers

on

the

second

floor

History

The

house

circa

William

Little

Lee

made

Washington

Place

his

home

from

Lee

was

instrumental

in

integrating

a

Western

legal

system

in

the

Hawaiian

Islands

based

upon

the

Massachusetts

model

Lee

also

authored

the

Great

Mahele

which

introduced

private

land

ownership

into

Hawaiian

culture

Lydia

Kamakaeha

Pākī

the

future

Queen

Lili

ʻ

uokalani

and

the

Heir

Apparent

to

the

throne

of

the

Kingdom

of

Hawai

ʻ

i

married

John

Owen

Dominis

in

making

Washington

Place

the

private

residence

of

the

princess

and

future

queen

Another

Massachusetts

lawyer

Alfred

S

Hartwell

rented

a

guest

room

from

until

He

describes

Mary

as

still

expecting

her

husband

to

return

any

day

Mary

Dominis

died

on

April

and

John

Owen

Dominis

died

on

August

leaving

the

property

to

Lili

ʻ

uokalani

who

had

just

become

Queen

after

the

death

of

her

brother

King

Kalākaua

Arrest

of

the

Queen

During

Washington

Place

was

the

site

of

the

dramatic

events

of

the

overthrow

of

the

Hawaiian

Kingdom

It

was

there

that

the

queen

was

arrested

by

the

new

governmental

forces

that

were

aided

by

a

detachment

of

United

States

Marines

The

queen

was

tried

before

a

military

tribunal

where

she

was

charged

with

concealment

of

treason

against

the

new

government

the

Republic

of

Hawai

ʻ

i

She

was

convicted

and

was

confined

for

several

months

at

Washington

Place

after

her

release

from

imprisonment

at

ʻ

Iolani

Palace

Queen

Lili

ʻ

uokalani

resided

at

Washington

Place

for

the

remainder

of

her

life

She

died

in

the

downstairs

bedroom

of

the

house

on

November

The

home

offers

the

citizens

of

Hawai

ʻ

i

a

strong

sense

of

place

and

belonging

in

association

with

the

kingdom

and

of

Queen

Lili

ʻ

uokalanis

memory

Executive

Mansion

In

her

book

Hawai

ʻ

is

Story

by

Hawai

ʻ

is

Queen

Lili

ʻ

uokalani

described

the

building

as

a

palatial

dwelling

and

a

choice

tropical

retreat

in

the

midst

of

the

chief

city

of

the

Hawaiian

islands

On

May

the

territorial

legislature

of

Hawai

ʻ

i

purchased

Washington

Place

for

from

the

estate

of

Queen

Lili

ʻ

uokalani

to

serve

as

the

Executive

Mansion

of

the

Territorial

Governor

of

Hawaii

It

was

remodeled

in

by

Governor

Wallace

Rider

Farrington

In

all

it

was

the

residence

of

twelve

territorial

and

state

governors

of

Hawai

ʻ

i

Technically

it

was

the

residence

of

thirteen

governors

because

John

Owen

Dominis

Lili

ʻ

uokalanis

consort

had

been

Governor

of

the

island

of

O

ʻ

ahu

from

to

The

house

served

in

this

role

until

when

it

was

converted

into

a

historic

house

museum

It

was

listed

on

the

National

Register

of

Historic

Places

on

June

and

was

designated

a

National

Historic

Landmark

on

March

In

a

new

Governors

residence

was

built

behind

the

historic

Washington

Place

within

its

grounds

and

continues

to

serve

the

same

purpose

See

also

List

of

Governors

of

Hawai

ʻ

i

References

Ariyoshi

Jean

Hayashi

Washington

Place

A

First

Ladys

Story

Honolulu

Japanese

Cultural

Center

of

Hawaii

References

a

b

National

Park

Service

National

Register

Information

System

National

Register

of

Historic

Places

National

Park

Service

a

b

c

d

Robert

M

Fox

and

Dorothy

Riconda

September

National

Register

of

Historic

Places

InventoryNomination

Washington

Place

National

Register

of

Historic

Places

National

Park

Service

Missing

or

empty

url

help

document

was

at

but

later

NHL

nomination

appears

there

now

instead

a

b

Washington

Place

National

Historic

Landmark

summary

listing

National

Park

Service

Retrieved

Ante

Kovacevic

On

the

Descent

of

John

Owen

Dominis

Prince

Consort

of

Queen

Liliuokalani

Hawaiian

Journal

of

History

Hawaiian

Historical

Society

Honolulu

hdl

The

rights

of

my

people

Liliuokalanis

enduring

battle

with

the

United

States

By

Neil

Thomas

Proto

page

The

Outlook

Volume

Part

By

Ernest

Hamlin

Abbott

Lyman

Abbott

Francis

Rufus

Bellamy

Hamilton

Wright

Mabie

page

Five

Hawaiian

Boys

Died

translated

from

Ke

Aloha

Aina

Buke

XXII

Helu

Aoao

April

Patty

Henry

and

Paul

Lusignan

April

National

Historic

Landmark

Nomination

Washington

Place

National

Park

Service

Retrieved

September

pages

including

maps

and

photos

Note

A

similarlooking

version

at

has

just

the

first

pages

Alfred

Stedman

Hartwell

Forty

Years

of

Hawaii

Nei

Fiftyfourth

Annual

Report

Hawaii

Historical

Society

pp

hdl

Burl

Burlingame

November

A

Sense

of

Washington

Place

Honolulu

StarBulletin

Retrieved

Washington

Place

named

national

historic

landmark

Honolulu

Advertiser

April

Retrieved

Further

reading

Price

Virginia

Washington

Place

Harboring

American

Claims

Housing

Hawaiian

Culture

Buildings

Landscapes

Journal

of

the

Vernacular

Architecture

Forum

Minneapolis

MN

University

of

Minnesota

Press

JSTOR

External

links

Historic

American

Buildings

Survey

HABS

No

Washington

Place

South

Beretania

Street

Honolulu

Honolulu

County

HI

photos

color

transparencies

measured

drawings

data

pages

photo

caption

pages

HABS

No

Washington

Place

Garage

South

Beretania

Street

Honolulu

Honolulu

County

HI

photo

photo

caption

page

HABS

No

Washington

Place

Laundry

South

Beretania

Street

Honolulu

Honolulu

County

HI

photo

photo

caption

page

v

t

e

United

States

governors

residences

v

t

e

US

National

Register

of

Historic

Places

v

t

e

Royal

sites

of

Hawaiʻi

Categories

Royal

residences

in

Hawaii

Houses

completed

in

Historic

house

museums

in

Hawaii

Governors

mansions

in

the

United

States

Houses

in

Honolulu

County

Hawaii

National

Historic

Landmarks

in

Hawaii

Greek

Revival

houses

in

Hawaii

Museums

in

Honolulu

Government

buildings

in

Hawaii

Historic

American

Buildings

Survey

in

Hawaii

establishments

in

Hawaii

National

Register

of

Historic

Places

in

Honolulu

B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B


Weatherbys From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Weatherbys Weatherbys company logo Industry Horse racing Founded London England 1770 Founder James Weatherby Headquarters Wellingborough Northamptonshire England Products General Stud Book Racing Calendar Number of employees c 400 Divisions Weatherbys Ltd Weatherbys Bank www weatherbys co uk Weatherbys is a privately owned English company established 1770 and currently based in Wellingborough Northamptonshire The company provides British horse racing with its central administration under contract to the British Horseracing Authority acts as its bank and maintains the Thoroughbred breed register Contents 1 History 2 Current operations 3 See also 4 External links History The first Mr Weatherby James Weatherby was appointed to serve the Jockey Club as its Secretary in 1770 He was an able and entrepreneurial man and over the next 25 years laid strong foundations for the business Under his aegis the first racing calendar was published in 1773 followed in 1791 by the publication of The General Stud Book a definitive record of the pedigrees of approximately 400 horses which were seen as the foundation for all thoroughbred stock worldwide He was assisted in this by his nephew whose work on racehorse pedigrees dovetailed neatly with Jamess racing work For 200 years Weatherbys was based in London but in the late 1960s migration to Wellingborough in Northamptonshire was undertaken where they have been ever since For the majority of its history Weatherbys have been a family partnership but in 1994 became a limited company Weatherbys has its headquarters at Wellingborough with approximately 300 employees The seventh generation of the family runs the company today an unbroken history of family ownership for 245 years Current operations Weatherbys Ltd The founding company which today is primarily responsible for providing racing services to the BHA along with racecard production pedigree research printing publishing marketing and ticketing services to a range of clients Also responsible for IT operations underpinning the whole Weatherbys organisation 230 employees all based at Wellingborough HQ Weatherbys GSB Ltd Incorporated in 2002 with responsibility for General Stud Book registrations administration and publishing in Great Britain 100 subsidiary of Weatherbys Ltd 10 employees all based at Wellingborough HQ The PointtoPoint Racing Company Ltd Incorporated in 1989 and originally acquired by Weatherbys Ltd in 2003 In 2010 half of the business was bought by the PointtoPoint Authority and this shared ownership WeatherbysPPA remains in place Provides publishing administrative and editorial services to the sport of Pointtopoint steeplechase horse racing in Great Britain 3 employees based at Wellingborough HQ Weatherbys Bank Ltd Incorporated in 1994 when Weatherbys secured its first banking licence from the Bank of England Provides banking services both to those engaged in horse racing and increasingly to a wider audience Authorised and regulated by the PRA and FCA 100 employees divided between Wellingborough HQ and Private Banking offices in central London and Edinburgh Arkle Finance Ltd Incorporated in 1997 to provide commercial asset finance services 100 subsidiary of Weatherbys Bank Ltd 30 employees based at Wellingborough HQ Weatherbys Hamilton LLP Constituted as a partnership in 2012 drawing together 50 involvement from Weatherbys Bank Ltd and 50 from individual partners headed by Charles Hamilton Providing brokerage services for bloodstock property and liability insurance Offices at Wellingborough Dullingham Swindon and London 15 employees Weatherbys Ireland Ltd Incorporated in 1983 to provide laboratory and other commercial services largely to the Irish equine industry Recently diversified to provide extensive DNA and genomic testing services to agricultural stock from its Rank 1 ISAG laboratory in Ireland 23 employees all based at Johnstown Co Kildare Ireland Weatherbys Ireland GSB Ltd Incorporated in 2002 with responsibility for General Stud Book registrations administration and publishing in Ireland 100 subsidiary of Weatherbys Ltd 12 employees all based at Naas office in Ireland See also Racing Calendar External links Official website v t e Horse racing in Great Britain Venues National Hunt Aintree BangoronDee Cartmel Cheltenham Exeter Fakenham Fontwell Park Hereford Hexham Huntingdon Kelso Ludlow Market Rasen Newton Abbot Perth Plumpton Sedgefield StratfordonAvon Taunton Towcester Uttoxeter Warwick Wincanton Worcester Flat Bath Beverley Brighton Chelmsford City Chester Epsom Downs Goodwood Great Yarmouth Hamilton Park Newmarket Nottingham Pontefract Redcar Ripon Salisbury Thirsk Windsor Wolverhampton York Mixed Ascot Ayr Carlisle Catterick Chepstow Doncaster Ffos Las Haydock Park Kempton Park Leicester Lingfield Park Musselburgh Newbury Newcastle Sandown Park Southwell Wetherby Closed since 1945 Newport 1948 Colwall Park 1949 Buckfastleigh 1960 Hurst Park 1962 Manchester 1963 Woore 1963 Lewes 1964 Lincoln 1964 Bogside 1965 Birmingham 1965 Rothbury 1965 Alexandra Park 1970 Wye 1974 Lanark 1977 Stockton 1981 Folkestone 2012 Named races List of British flat horse races British Classic Races List of British National Hunt races Regulation British Horseracing Authority Other bodies British Racing School Horserace Betting Levy Board National Association of Racing Staff Racehorse Owners Association Tattersalls The National Stud Weatherbys Course owners Arena Racing Company 16 Merger of Arena Leisure and Northern Racing by Reuben Brothers Jockey Club Racecourses 14 Barrett Norman ed 1995 The Daily Telegraph Chronicle of Horse Racing Enfield Middlesex Guinness Publishing Categories Horse racing organisations in Great Britain Service companies of England Companies based in Northamptonshire 1770 establishments in England Companies established in 1770 Privately held companies of England

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