Aussie teens and kids online ACMA 1 0 0 tweets 0 shares Research snapshots 05 February 2016 1153 AM Research snapshots Aussie teens and kids online By Editor For more information on online safety education for Australian children and young people visit the Office of the eSafety Commissioner The internet is an integral part of the lives of young people in Australia with most going online regularly to learn keep in touch with friends and have fun Born into an already webconnected world many teens 1 have been using the internet for the majority of their lives and fear not having access to the digital environment This research snapshot provides an update to Aussie teens online released by the ACMA in July 2014 and highlights how young people are now engaging online the devices they use and the services and activities that draw them online Understanding the levels of online engagement by young people is the first step in exploring related issues such as trust and online safety themes that will be developed in future research So what do teens do on the internet how have things changed and how does their behaviour online compare to adult Australians This updated snapshot is produced jointly by the Australian Communications and Media Authority the ACMA and the Office of the Childrens eSafety Commissioner Devices and connections used to go online At June 2015 over 935000 teens had gone online in the previous four weeks Thats 82 per cent of all teens up from 74 per cent four years earlier 2 Teenage girls are more likely to have been online than boys while those living in cities were more likely to have accessed the internet than their regional counterparts Eightysix per cent of all teens have home broadband access a rise from 69 per cent in 2011 Figure 1 Home is still the most common place for teens to go online with 98 per cent of internet users connecting from where they live Figure 1 Key indicators of Aussie teenagers online June 2015 Figure 1 csv Key indicators of Aussie teenagers online June 2015 Note Data relating to use of the internet via a computer tablet or mobile phone in the last four weeks Source Roy Morgan Single Source Devices used to go online As highlighted in Figure 1 Australias teenagers are using a range of devices to access the internet in proportions almost identical to the adult population 3 At June 2011 smartphones were used by less than a quarter of teens Figure 2 Four years later at June 2015 80 per cent of all Australian teens used a smartphone Figure 2 The rise of the smartphone among teens Figure 2 csv The rise of the smartphone among teens Base Australians aged 1417 Source Roy Morgan Single Source A newer technology tablets have increased in popularity relatively recently used by 27 per cent of online teens in June 2014 and rising to 39 per cent just 12 months later Over that time the proportion of teens accessing the internet using mobile phones or desktop computers has plateaued 4 The shift to multiple screens Rather than sticking to one technology or exchanging one device for a new one most teens go online using a suite of devices changing according to where or when they connect Half of teen internet users 52 per cent are accessing the internet with two different devices while 30 per cent are using three Fewer than one in five 18 per cent are reliant on only one internet access device most commonly a desktop computer 69 per cent of those who use one internet access device a trend which is also reflected in the broader adult population Trending international Australian teens are in step with their overseas counterparts in terms of use of internet via mobile phones and takeup of smartphones Table 1 Table 1 Teens going online globally Table 1 csv Teens going online globally Data reflects those using a mobile device not just mobile phone Data collected by internet survey methodology Base Australia people aged 1417 years US people aged 1217 years UK people aged 1215 years Note Teenage activities can be difficult to compare internationally as research of this age group is limited and international agencies use different methodologies and age bases Sources US data for mobile devices and ownhave a smartphone Amanda Lenhart Teens Social Media Technology Overview 2015 Pew Research Internet Project 9 April 2015 US data for use a computer to access the internet Amanda Lenhart Teens and TechnologyUnderstanding the Digital Landscape Pew Research Internet Project 25 February 2014 UK data Ofcom Children and Parents Media Use and Attitudes Report 2015 November 2015 Australia data Roy Morgan Single Source June 2015 Locations of internet use Most teens access the internet in their homes98 per cent in the three months to June 2015 This has remained unchanged from 2011 Outside of the home Figure 3 teens are increasingly accessing the internet from a number of places with sixtyfour per cent accessing the internet at an educational institution in the three months to June 2015 up from 59 per cent in the three months to June 2011reflecting the emphasis on digital learning fiftyseven per cent accessing the internet from a friends place at June 2015 up from 42 per cent at June 2011 Surge in use of wireless hotspots Wireless hotspot use has seen the most dramatic growth in popularity among teens more than doubling between 2011 and 2015 In the four years to June 2015 the number of teens who accessed the internet via hotspots reached 383000 or 36 per cent of all teens going online compared to 17 per cent at June 2011 Figure 3 Figure 3 Accessing the internet outside the home Figure 3 csv Accessing the internet outside the home Base Australians aged 1417 who accessed the internet in the last three months Source Roy Morgan Single Source Capability The increase in ownership and use of internetenabled consumer devices such as mobile phones and tablets along with more time being spent online could be reflective of an increasing familiarity among teens with the online world Whiling away the hours The vast majority of Australians aged 1454 are frequent internet users Figure 4 Eightythree per cent of teens are going online three or more times daily seven percentage points behind the next age cohort 1824 yearolds but equal to or higher than all older age groups The proportion of teens who are frequent internet users has increased substantially from 2011 when 64 per cent of teens went online more than once a day 5 Teens are more likely to use a tablet to frequently go online than most other age groups and are leading the use of other wireless devices such as games consoles and smart TVs However the single biggest factor in teens spending increased hours online is likely to be the growing use of mobile phones This has also been highlighted in research showing that Australians now spend a greater proportion of their online time on their mobile phone 42 per cent than any other device despite smartphone internet sessions typically being far shorter average 99 minutes than those on desktop 369 minutes or tablet 91 minutes 6 Figure 4 Australians going online three or more times a day by device and age Figure 4 csv Australians going online three or more times a day by device and age Note Other includes devices such as games machines smart TVs etc Base Online Australians aged 1417 years Source Roy Morgan Single Source Night owls Not only are teens going online more often they are increasingly accessing the internet across a broader range of times during any typical day facilitated by the easytoaccess smartphone Figure 5 At June 2015 74 per cent of online teens accessed the internet between 5 pm and 10 pm on any given day compared to 69 per cent at June 2011 28 per cent of online teens went online between 10 pm and midnight nearly doubling from the 15 per cent recorded at June 2011 the proportion of online teens accessing the internet between the hours of midnight to 659 am reached eight per cent up from four per cent at June 2011 Figure 5 Times during the day teens most frequently go online Figure 5 csv Times during the day teens most frequently go online Base Online Australians aged 1417 years averaged over the six months to June 15 Source Roy Morgan Single Source Figure 6 shows that mobile phone internet use has played a significant role in the growth of nighttime browsing Almost one in five 19 per cent teens are using their mobile phone to access the internet between the hours of 10 pm and 1159 pm After midnight and before 7 am one in twenty six per cent teens are turning to their mobile phone to go online Mobile phone internet usage during school hours is also revealed by the figures showing that between the hours of 9 am to 1159 pm and noon to 259 pm combined 27 per cent of online teens use their mobile phone to access the internet with 24 per cent going online between midday and 3 pm Figure 6 Times during the day teens most frequently go online by device Figure 6 csv Times during the day teens most frequently go online by device Base Online Australians aged 1417 years averaged over the six months to June 15 Source Roy Morgan Single Source Its not all fun and games but it often is Like adult Australians teenagers undertake a wide range of online activities Figure 7 While teenagers have long been the most avid users of the internet for entertainment latest data for June 2015 reveals significant growth in the proportion of teens streaming video and audio content and a decline in downloading Six in 10 online teens streamed video content on sites such as YouTube at June 2015 up from a third at June 2011 while the proportion of teens streaming audio content including recorded music and radio more than doubled to reach 40 per cent In the meantime the proportion of online teens downloading content has fallen from 51 per cent to 40 per cent Despite the rise of social networking email remains a popular form of communication among teens with 78 per cent accessing mail a rise of 22 per cent Figure 7 Online activities undertaken by teen internet users June 2011 and June 2015 Figure 7 csv Online activities undertaken by teen internet users June 2011 and June 2015 Base Australians aged 1417 years who have undertaken at least one activity online in the last four weeks Source Roy Morgan Single Source Teens remained far less likely to transact online than adult internet users In comparison to adult Australians only a small percentage of teens undertook transactional activities online in the year to June 2015banking and finance transactions 12 per cent or buying selling and shopping transactions 20 per cent However in a trend to watch one in five teens now use online shopping services compared to just over one in 10 at June 2011 In comparison 73 per cent of adult internet users aged below 55 conducted banking and finance transactions online and 52 per cent bought or sold goods or services in the year to June 2015 Content is king Reinforcing the central role of entertainment in the digital lives of young people available data shows that websites offering videos movies games or music services collectively accounted for 56 per cent of the total web browsing time of young people below the age of 18 years in Australia and 37 per cent of total web pages viewed during the month of June 2015 Figure 8 7 Figure 8 Share of young peoples web browsing timepage views during June 2015 Figure 8 csv Share of young peoples web browsing timepage views during June 2015 Includes YouTube Includes social media services excluding YouTube Excludes mobile app data Note Data relating to teens not separately available due to low sample size Base Online Australians aged 17 years or younger Source Nielsen Online Service providers driving digital participation Digital technologies have transformed the way we interact socially and economically changing how information and content are delivered to consumers and citizens Behind these services are diverse ranges of organisations that are increasingly instrumental in facilitating the digital lives of young people in Australia Available data Table 2 shows that for some online markets such as videos and movies social media and search a small number of players account for a high proportion of the youth market In other online markets such as the games sector market share is distributed across a broader range of service providers Table 2 Key sectors facilitating the digital lives of Australian youth Table 2 csv Key sectors facilitating the digital lives of Australian youth Note Excludes mobile app data YouTube can also be classified as a social media company Excludes YouTube For the market reach figure the combined figure has been derived by removing double counting where a person accesses more than one of the sites identified Base Online Australians aged 17 years or younger Source Nielsen Online Confidence and online participation Diversity is key The growing digital life of young people in Australia is evident in the increased diversity of their online participation with teens undertaking a greater range of activities online Figure 9which may be a reflection of increasing confidence and willingness to explore the online environment At June 2015 six per cent of online teens can be described as very high diversity users of the internet undertaking 10 to 12 separate activities online up from three per cent at June 2011 A further 24 per cent can be considered high diversity users performing seven to nine separate activities online at June 2015 up from 13 per cent Figure 9 The number of different types of activities performed online by teens Figure 9 csv The number of different types of activities performed online by teens Legend Low diversity 13 activities Medium diversity 46 activities High diversity user 79 activities Very high diversity 1012 activities Base People aged 1417 who have undertaken at least one type of online activity as listed in Figure 7 in the last four weeks Source Roy Morgan Single Source The shift to wireless Teens now use a range of consumer devices to go online a reflection of the trend to multiple screen time discussed earlier in this snapshot For some activities such as social networking and uploading content wireless devices in particular mobile phones have become the preferred device to undertake these activities online Figure 10 For other activities in particular streaming use of these services via wireless devices has seen a large increase over the last four years to the point where now there is little difference across devices in terms of the levels of activity Figure 10 Teens use of wireless devices and computers for online activities Figure 10 csv Teens use of wireless devices and computers for online activities Base People aged 1417 who have undertaken at least one activity online via each type of device in the last four weeks at June Source Roy Morgan Single Source Background to this snapshot Data sources Data in this snapshot is taken from Roy Morgan Researchdata covers changes occurring June 2011 to June 2015 Unless otherwise stated data is averaged over the 12 months to June for each year Nielsen Online Ratings Estimates in this snapshot are based on sample sizes shown in Table 3 Table 3 Sample size Table 3 csv Sample size Nielsen Online sample size is over 10000 Those aged 217 years comprise around 10 per cent of the sample Australian Communications and Media Authority research program This snapshot is part of the ACMAs research program research acma which has five broad areas of interest market developments media content and culture social and economic participation citizen and consumer safeguards regulatory best practice and development Each snapshot covers a single issue and allows the ACMA to focus on communications convergence and digital economy issues of interest to stakeholders Access previous researchacma snapshots Office of the Childrens eSafety Commissioner The Office of the Childrens eSafety Commissioner is a onestop shop for online safety The Office provides Australians with a range of uptodate information and resources coupled with a comprehensive complaints system to assist children who experience serious cyberbullying The Office also investigates complaints about and takes action against prohibited offensive and illegal online content as set out in Schedules 5 and 7 of the Broadcasting Services Act 1992 Under the Enhancing Online Safety for Children Act 2015 there are key roles for the Office relating to research about online safety for children including to collect analyse interpret and disseminate information support encourage conduct and evaluate research publish reports and papers relating to online safety for children The Office research program will take a leadership role in promoting coordinating and undertaking research into childrens and young peoples digital participation and online safety issues Future reports will be available from here Endnotes 1 For this report based on available data teens refers to young people aged 1417 years 2 Roy Morgan Single Source June 2015 3 Adults in this snapshot are those aged 1854 years Older Australians will be the focus of a later snapshot 4 Roy Morgan Single Source June 2011June 2015 5 In 2015 88 per cent of teen internet users went online more than once a day Data for 3 times per day is not available for 2011 Roy Morgan Single Source June 2011 6 IAB Australia and Nielsen The Mobile Story Nielsen Mobile ratings July preview data 2015 7 Data relating to teens not separately available due to low sample size

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Frequently Asked Questions FAQs Please note Each MHPI project is unique and some of the answers to questions below may vary between project and Military Service for more information contact the individual Military Service privatization office or your installation housing office For ease of navigation questions are listed in the following categories click on the heading to go to that section Program Objectives Program Implementation BusinessDeveloper Tenants PROGRAM OBJECTIVES What is military family housing privatization What does DoDs community first policy mean What percentage of DoD military personnel live off post Why is DoD interested in privatizing military housing To whom is the MHPI program primarily targeted Who is permitted to live in MHPI housing What impact will privatization have on individual installations How much will privatization save the DoD What is the status of the Military Housing Privatization Initiative How much housing is DoD planning to privatize What about privatizing barracks and DoD lodging PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION How does DoD budget for Military Housing Privatization projects What does Office of Management and Budget OMB scoring of a project mean Whats involved with scoring a project How long will the DoD legislative authorities last How are small local and minority owned businesses addressed in the MHPI authorities Is DoD involving the local communities and governments What impact will privatization have on local school districts Impact Aid funding How is a site chosen as a housing privatization candidate Who makes the final decision whether to privatize Does each Military Service have their own privatization program How does that work How does a Military Service select a developer for a MHPI project What is an RFQ What is an RFP Why are there so many different approaches to housing privatization Cant DoD figure out how best to accomplish the privatization of housing Isnt DoD wasting a lot of time recreating deals Who are the Military Service points of contact POC for Military Housing Privatization How can I find out about upcoming MHPI projects BUSINESSDEVELOPER FAQS Is there a danger of Congress putting a halt to the initiative or modifying it in some significant way What types of financial tools are included in housing privatization How much investment is required in these deals by a developer How much can an investor expect to make on their investment What is the income stream for these projects based on How does DoD develop BAH How does a developer receive service members rents at a privatized project Will DoD give developers some guarantee that service members will live in privatized housing How do you factor in the possibility that a military installation being privatized is closed Does the DavisBacon Act apply to privatized developers How is renters insurance handled on these projects Are property taxes considered in these deals What building codes are followed in these projects Are new offbase units being built to be especially strong or at least stronger than the old units to resist terrorist attack for instance What is an inadequate unit After a deal is closed who handles tenant complaints How many military authorities will I need to deal with at these projectswhat will the structure look like to address tenant issues How will DoD ensure that a developer performs How can I bid on a project How can I know what Im bidding on How long does it take for a privatization deal to go from solicitation to award How many companies have been awarded MHPI deals and what did the deals look like How can I find out about upcoming MHPI projects TENANT FAQS How does the transition from military to private sector work How are privatized housing rents determined How does DoD ensure that the privatized housing is affordable for military members If these deals last for 50 years how will DoD ensure they are being managed properly Does a service member have to live in privatized housing if it is available or risk losing his or her housing allowance Both my spouse and I are active duty military If we move into privatized housing how much will our rent be What does BAH pay for in privatized housing Why am I being asked to pay rent on the first of the month when I do not receive my BAH until the end of the month Who is responsible for startstop allotments for rent I am currently living in an old privatized unit that has yet to be revitalized Why am I paying the same amount of rent as other similar grade service members who are living in newly constructed units When I get promoted and my BAH goes up does my rent also go up Why am I paying directly for my utilities while those in privatized housing on other installations are not I am moving into a newly constructed privatized house Can I expect my housse to be energy efficient We are eventually going to be asked to pay directly for our own utilities Many of the older homes are not as energy efficient as the newer units Will there be any allowances for this situation Why have I been asked to pay a pet deposit when I never before had to pay one to live in housing on the installation What kind of pets and how many pets am I allowed to keep in my unit I am currently living in privatized housing There are civilians also living in our subdivision Having nonmilitary families living on our base concerns me How can that happen I have heard that some of the additional tenants that come from the waterfall policy ie retirees government employees civilians etc are paying less than the military members Is this true When I have a problem with my privatized family housing unit who do I go to Under what terms can the military member terminate the lease and vacate the unit PCS order only What if the member chooses to purchase a home in the areawill the leases restrict these decisions What would warrant an eviction from the privatized housing unit and who has the authority to evict If the installation commander bars my children from the installation will this enable me to break my lease Who will pay for the move if the member chooses to vacate privatized housing There is a large amount of privatized housing construction occurring on our installation If I decide to move into privatized housing will I be required to move more than once If I decide not to live in privatized housing will the housing office assist me in finding offbase housing When I put my name on a waiting list for privatized housing am I on a waiting list for all privatized housing at the installation If because of other commitments I can not take a particular privatized house that is offered to me do I lose my priority position on the waiting list Will the base still inspect my unit What if I do not like the options provided to me when I am offered privatized housing I have 7 children How many bedrooms am I entitled to in a privatized house Is there a mechanism for me to voice my concerns about our privatization project PROGRAM OBJECTIVES What is military family housing privatization The Military Housing Privatization Initiative MHPI is a publicprivate program whereby private sector developers may own operate maintain improve and assume responsibility for military family housing where doing so is economically advantegeous and national security is not adversely affected The MHPI was enacted on February 10 1996 as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal year 1996 In 2004 Congress approved the removal of the statutory limit on the amount that can be invested in projects to build or renovate military family housing and made the MHPI authorities permanent Under the MHPI authorities the Department of Defense DoD MHPI Overview Return to Top What does DoDs community first policy mean It means that DoD looks to the private sector first to house its Service members DoD believes the private sector can offer secure and convenient housing to its military personnel and that the military personnels presence in the community is a positive influence Therefore DoD provides onbase privatized housing or military construction housing only when the private sector can not provide adequate affordable housing Return to Top What percentage of DoD military personnel live off post Approximately 65 to 70 percent of Service members live in housing in the private sector Return to Top Why is DoD interested in privatizing military housing The MHPI program was created to address two significant problems concerning housing for military service members and thier families The first problem was the poor condition of DoDowned housing At the beginning of the program DoD owned worldwide approximately 257000 family housing units both on and offbase Over 50 percent of the units needed to be renovated or replaced because over the past 30 years they have not been sufficiently maintained or modernized The second problem was a shortage of affordable private sector housing of adequate quality This situation led to a decline in readiness and morale among Service members DoD was unable to address the critical housing needs because of existing budgetary constraints Using the traditional approach to military construction it would cost taxpayers nearly 25 billion and it would take 20 years to solve this housing problem MHPI provides a creative and effective solution to addressing the quality housing shortage For DoD MHPI results in the construction of more housing built to market standards for less money than through the military construction process Commercial construction is not only faster and less costly than military construction Return to Top To whom is the MHPI program primarily targeted Although it is DoD policy to rely on the private market for its housing in many instances the junior enlisted personnel can not afford quality private housing within a reasonable commuting distance Therefore the MHPI program is targeted to these Service members Return to Top Who is permitted to live in MHPI housing Priority to occupy homes is given to Service members assigned to the installation However if there is not enough demand for housing from military personnel and as a result occupancy rates drop below a certain level for a defined period of time the developer can rent to other personnel The developer must follow a priority list of other possible tenants as defined by the tenant waterfall For example the waterfall could be 1 other military members not assigned to the installation or unaccompanied service members 2 federal civil service employees 3 retired military 4 guard and reserve military 5 retired Return to Top What impact will privatization have on individual installations Ideally privatization will bring about a dramatic improvement of the installations housing conditions for service members and their families and consequently an increase in their quality of life readiness morale and retention Major improvements include the quality of housing and responsiveness of maintenance on the housing units However some inconveniences will be experienced throughout the transition period during which houses will neeed to be either renovated or constructed service members may have to relocate from older to improvednew homes and property management will be handed over to the developer Nevertheless this period will hopefully be short the transition will be Return to Top How much will privatization save the DoD Given that the money saved by the government avoiding the longterm operation and maintenance costs is offset by paying service members their housing allowance government dollar savings over the longterm are estimated to be about 10 percent of total costs over the 50 year life of the project However another measure used to estimate the potential benefit privatization offers over budgeting and project execution with traditional Military Construction funding is leverage DoD policy requires a minimum leverage of 3 to 1 for a privatization project to be considered This means that a privatized project must generate at least 3 of housing development for every 1 appropriated by Congress to support the project The leverage ratio is calculated by dividing the estimated cost of a project under Military Construction by the projects total budget score appropriated dollars needed to support a project at the time of obligation For the It is important to note however that the biggest advantage of privatization is not monetary but rather the speed at which these homes can be renovated and constructed by the private sector and the quality of the housing and housing maintenance that the residents receive almost immediately Return to Top What is the status of the Military Housing Privatization Initiative As of December 2008 the Department has entered into transactions for 93 privatization projects totaling over 183000 family housing units Return to Top How much housing is DoD planning to privatize At the beginning of the program DoD had an inventory of approximately 257000 family housing units Current plans are to privatize roughly 190000 to 195000 or about 75 percent of existing family housing units worldwide However there is no ceiling set on the number of units expected to be built or reconditioned under the MHPI Return to Top What about privatizing barracks and DoD lodging Under the FY 2003 Defense Authorization Act the Navy was provided unaccompanied personnel housing UPH authority to execute three pilot projects The Navy has contracted to build two of the UPH projects and is currently studying locations for a third project The Army is also moving forward with UPH privatization projects but only for senior enlisted and officers already receiving BAH As an extension of the family housing program the Army is working with several of their development partners to provide these units at installations that are located in remote locations or have existing unmet requirements Several of these projects The Army is also providing the initial pilot for DoD lodging They have contracted with a developer for a group of thier lodging locations and are working with the developer to create a blueprint for the improvement of the initial group and future lodging facility projects Return to Top PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION How does DoD budget for Military Housing Privatization projects The amount of money that must be allocated for the MHPI depends on the scored cost of the projects that have been approved for a given fiscal year See question below for more details Return to Top What does Office of Management and Budget OMB scoring of a project mean Whats involved with scoring a project Budget scoring is the percentage of dollar value from 0 to 100 of a projects cost that must be allocated to an agencys budget in a given fiscal year For example if a project cost of 1 million is scored at 10 then 100000 of the agencys budget authority for that year must be used to cover the assessment According to OMB scoring guidelines a project must be fully funded with sufficient budget authority in its first year to cover the governments longterm financial commitment to the project Each of the authorities created for the MHPI has an associated budget score Due to variations in applying the authorities 10 USC Sections 28732879 OMB scores privatization projects on a casebycase basis The scoring impact is assessed based on a realistic risk of potential longterm liability For example For partnership transactions the credit subsidy represents 100 of the cash equity provided by the government For government limited guaranteed private sector loans the credit subsidy represents the net present value of the cost of estimated defaults net of recoveries For government direct loans the credit subsidy represents the net present value of 1 the difference between the interest rate on the loan and the interest rates included in the basketofzeros discounting method which utilizes a yield curve of zero coupon Treasury securities that have the same maturity as each cash flow plus 2 the estimated cost of defaults net of recoveries The scoring used for the MHPI was drafted to comply with the Credit Reform Act of 1990 and the Budget Enforcement Act of 1990 both laws were included within the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 PL 101508 as interpreted by Office of Management and Budget OMB Circular A11 and specific MHPI Guidelines issued by the OMB on June 25 1997 Return to Top How long will the DoD legislative authorities last In 2004 Congress made the MHPI legislative authorities permanent Return to Top How are small local and minority owned businesses addressed in the MHPI authorities Although the Defense Authorization Act does not include any language addressing small local and minority owned business requirements developers are using them on their projects To search for a synopsis of ongoing housing privatization projects go to the FedBizOps website enter housing privatization in keyword search select an Agency and click search Select the project you want to review After viewing the synopsis of the project you may register to be put on email distribution list for that project Return to Top Is DoD involving the local communities and governments Leaders from surrounding communities are contacted about the projects during the site visits that take place early in the privatization process Moreover most military installations already have wellestablished direct lines of communication with all key stakeholders eg chambers of commerce boards of realtors elected and appointed officials city and county planners and school boards Each Service strives to keep these lines of communication open and work closely with local communities and governments to keep them informed and ensure they have their support Developers are likewise expected to work very closely with the communities to conduct a community impact assessment and Return to Top What impact will privatization have on local school districts Impact Aid funding Because each state and locality funds public education differently any reduction in Impact Aid will have a different impact depending on the location However most of DoDs onbase projects envision longterm leases of government land which does not affect the level of Impact Aid Return to Top How is a site chosen as a housing privatization candidate Who makes the final decision whether to privatize In October 1998 DoDs Office of the Secretary of Defense OSD devolved execution of housing privatization projects to the individual Military Services while maintaining basic oversight responsibility in OSD Under this management structure each Military Service is responsible for assessing current and future housing requirements and for determining the best course of action necessary for revitalizing inadequate housing units and for keeping its housing inventory in good condition Each Military Service assesses the viability of a privatization project on an installationbyinstallation basis taking into consideration housing needs and available resources and makes the final decision whether to privatize Return to Top Does each Military Service have their own privatization program How does that work Yes although they do have to follow certain general DoD policy guidelines each Military Service has its own privatization program The Navys program is referred to as Public Private Ventures the Air Force program is called Housing Privatization and the Armys program is the Residential Community Initiative Each Service is responsible for evaluating the housing needs of their servicemen determining which of their installations should be privatized establishing their programs policies and procedures carrying out the private developer solicitation process and monitoring their projects Return to Top How does a Military Service select a developer for a MHPI project What is an RFQ What is an RFP The Request for Qualifications RFQ and the Request for Proposals RFP are the documents through which the Military Services communicate to the development community regarding the privatization projects existing conditions arrangements requirements and management if applicable the instructions to offeors the basis for selection and other general information Each document is associated with a different solicitation approach applied by the Services The Air Force and the Navy follow a similar approach After conducting an industry forum to introduce the project to the development community an RFP is issued which they post on a designated website Developers then go through a twostep selection process based on first the developers qualifications and second their project development and management plan The process terminates with the selection of one developer for the project The Air Force has modified its process into a onestep solicitation after which they will negotiate exclusively with the highest ranked offeror to finalize the privatization transaction The Army on the other hand first issues an RFQ and then selects one developer based only on its qualifications After the selection the Army gives a stipend to the developer and works together with the latter to develop a Community Development and Management Plan CDMP tailored to the specific installation selected If the Army is satisfied with the CDMP and the working relationship with the developer the Army may choose to issue a notice to proceed to execute the CDMP Return to Top Why are there so many different approaches to housing privatization Cant DoD figure out how best to accomplish the privatization of housing Isnt DoD wasting a lot of time recreating deals DoDs privatization deals are different because they are each designed to address the Military Servicespecific housing needs of a particular installation While using a cookiecutter approach to privatization may be easier it would not allow DoD to maximize the use of its limited resources in meeting housing needs In fact DoD has found the inherent flexibility in the legislative authorities provided to it by Congress ie it can pick and choose which authorities to use at each site to be ideal for solving its housing problems Return to Top Who are the Military Service points of contact POC for Military Housing Privatization Please contact us for a list of Military Service POCs Return to Top How can I find out about upcoming MHPI projects Specific information about upcoming industry forums and privatization projects including requests for proposals or requests for qualifications can be obtained from the housing privatization websites maintained by each of the military services Army RCI Navy PPV Air Force HP Another way to search for business opportunities within the MHPI is through the Federal Governments FedBizOps website Through this website commercial vendors seeking Federal markets for their products and services can search monitor and retrieve opportunities solicited by the entire Federal contracting community To search for a synopsis of ongoing housing privatization projects go to the FedBizOps website enter housing privatization in keyword search select an Agency and click search Select the project you want to review After viewing the synopsis of the project you may register to be put on email distribution list for that project Return to Top BUSINESSDEVELOPER FAQS Is there a danger of Congress putting a halt to the initiative or modifying it in some significant way The MHPI legislative authorities have been made permanent so DoD does not foresee any major Congressional modifications or setbacks Return to Top What types of financial tools are included in housing privatization Under the MHPI authorities DoD can work with the private sector to revitalize military family housing by employing a variety of financial toolsincluding direct loans loan guarantees equity investments and conveyance or leasing of property or facilities For more information on these authorities Return to Top How much investment is required in these deals by a developer Each of the Military Services approaches equity in a different manner For example the Air Force has determined that project owners must contribute a minimum of 5 cash equity Return to Top How much can an investor expect to make on their investment Return on investment will vary by project Housing privatization projects are competitively bid so the competition of the marketplace will ultimately determine an investors rate of return DoDs goal is to obtain the best value for its subsidy contribution Return to Top What is the income stream for these projects based on A projects income stream is based on the Basic Allowance for Housing BAH For more information on BAH click here Return to Top How does DoD develop BAH The purpose of the Basic Allowance for Housing BAH program is to provide fair housing allowances to service members There are several types of BAH to satisfy various housing situations that occur among military members In general the amount of BAH a service member receives depends on location pay grade and whether heshe has dependents BAH allowances are based on the market price of rental housing within a reasonable commuting distance Under most circumstances a service member will receive BAH for the location where they are assigned Return to Top How does a developer receive service members rents at a privatized project For most projects service memberhe pay rent directly to the developer in accordance with a tenant lease agreement Return to Top Will DoD give developers some guarantee that service members will live in privatized housing No Developers will buildrenovate housing communities where the Service members will chose to live Return to Top How do you factor in the possibility that a military installation being privatized is closed Section 2873 10 USC Direct loans and loan guarantees allows DoD to provide a limited guarantee against base realignment and closure BRAC If a base closes developers will still lease the land and own the improvements and can therefore rent to the private market Return to Top Does the DavisBacon Act apply to privatized developers Yes It is the developers responsibility to work out the application of the DavisBacon Act to the specific MHPI project Return to Top How is renters insurance handled on these projects Based on each Military Services requirement the developer has the option of providing a standard renters insurance package reasonable deductible and policy limit to its tenants the service members Return to Top Are property taxes considered in these deals Although DoD will not negotiate with the local jurisdiction on any tax abatements the developer is free to negotiate to achieve any tax abatements Return to Top What building codes are followed in these projects Are new offbase units being built to be especially strong or at least stronger than the old units to resist terrorist attack for instance No Both onbase and offbase units are being built to private sector residential standards and follow State and local building codes Just as private sector housing should be safe affordable and qualitybuilt DoD expects the same of the housing built as part of the housing privatization initiative Return to Top What is an inadequate unit In 2005 the Office of the Secretary of Defense OSD defined an inadequate family housing unit as Any unit requiring wholehouse repair improvement or replacement as identified by the Services condition assessments exceeding a per unit cost of 50000 adjusted by the area cost factor Services condition assessments shall utilize private sector housing industry construction codes and sizing standards as a basis for assessing inventory adequacy Return to Top After a deal is closed who handles tenant complaints Once a deal is closed property management becomes the responsibility of the developer Therefore tenant complaints should be addressed to the developers or its subcontractors property management office onsite Return to Top How many military authorities will I need to deal with at these projectswhat will the structure look like to address tenant issues The structure to address tenant issues differs from Service to Service The primary point of contact to address an issue is the property manager Most projects have a structured group consisting of representatives from both the government and the developer that will meet periodically to address project issues Return to Top How will DoD ensure that a developer performs DoD wants market forces to drive contractor performance This means that the primary enforcement mechanism is the ability of the service members to choose whether to live in privatized housing or offbase private housing In addition the structure of each deal provides mechanisms to oversee developer performance Management plans and ground leases provide for performance measurement over time Depending on the financial structure of the deal DoD may also have loan documents loan guarantees and intercreditor agreements Each deal will specifically design these mechanisms to work together to provide adequate DoD controls DoD will also require the developer to include Return to Top How can I bid on a project The solicitation process differs slightly between the Navy Air Force and Army After the Military Services make the decision to privatize they hold an Industry Forum to introduce the project to private developers The Navy and the Air Force then draft and issue a detailed Request for Proposals to the construction community Developers who satisfy the Services that they can successfully complete the project respond with equally detailed project proposals and selection is made from among them The Army uses a Request for Qualifications process by which it screens and selects a development partner to undertake privatization work for an Return to Top How can I know what Im bidding on When the project concept is approved by OSD and Congress has been notified of the solicitation proposal the Services may hold an industry forum to introduce the project to the development community or provide information via their website Once the solicitation is issued the Services also hold local preproposal conferences so officials may travel to the communities and meet with developers and financiers who may have questions and want to learn more about the process and project specifics These two events in addition to the solicitation documents provide developers all the necessary information on the projects they are bidding on Return to Top How long does it take for a privatization deal to go from solicitation to award The time from issuing the solicitation to award usually is between 8 to 14 months Return to Top How many companies have been awarded MHPI deals and what did the deals look like As of December 2008 25 development entities have been awarded deals individually or in a partnership Given that project requirements differ depending on the Military Service privatization program stipulations and the installations conditions each project deal has been different For a list of awarded projects website Return to Top How can I find out about upcoming MHPI projects Specific information about upcoming industry forums and privatization projects including requests for proposals or requests for qualifications can be obtained from the housing privatization websites maintained by each of the military services Return to Top TENANT FAQS How does the transition from military to private sector work Its a threestep process At each installation the Military Services perform a preliminary feasibility assessment to determine the requirements and screen potential candidates for privatization During the next phase draft real estate documents and solicitations are developed During the final phase the Military Service issues the solicitation either a Request for Proposal RFP or Request for Quotation RFQ evaluate proposals and plan and execute the transfer of ownership and management to the private sector Return to Top How are privatized housing rents determined How does DoD ensure that the privatized housing is affordable for military members DoDs policy on housing privatization allows rents to be based on the Basic Allowance for Housing BAH with the estimated cost of utilities included Return to Top If these deals last for 50 years how will DoD ensure they are being managed properly DoD has designed a portfolio management and monitoring tool for this purpose called the Program Evaluation Plan PEP The PEP is a semiannual reporting system that includes detailed information submitted by each of the Military Services to OSD regarding their portfolios of MHPI projects including information about deal structures government costs use of government authorities and ongoing program performance OSD uses this information to monitor the programs progress to perform financial and performance oversight and to implement program improvements Additionally each Military Service and installation military personnel are responsible for ensuring that developers are complying with the conditions stipulated in Return to Top Does a service member have to live in privatized housing if it is available or risk losing his or her housing allowance No Like all military family housing Service members are not required to live in privatized housing DoDs goal is to create privatized housing developments that are places where military members will want to live Return to Top Both my spouse and I are active duty military If we move into privatized housing how much will our rent be For military members married to military members the rental fee is based on the BAH at the withdependent rate for the senior ranking member Return to Top What does BAH pay for in privatized housing Rent includes refuse collection water and sewer common area grounds and facility care Depending on the specific provisions of the project documents electric gas and other heating costs may be paid from the members utility allowance Also depending on the specific provisions of the project documents renters insurance may be paid by the developer however the member is responsible for the payment of any deductible Rent does not pay for telephone or cable service Return to Top Why am I being asked to pay rent on the first of the month when I do not receive my BAH until the end of the month To be more consistent with private sector practices and to conform to what the great majority of military families living in town must do housing privatization tenants may now be required to pay rent on the first of each month This practice however currently does not apply to all Military Services Return to Top Who is responsible for startstop allotments for rent The military member or his her spouse pursuant to a Power of Attorney is responsible for starting stopping or making any change to the rent allotment Return to Top I am currently living in an old privatized unit that has yet to be revitalized Why am I paying the same amount of rent as other similar grade service members who are living in newly constructed units Currently the rent for privatized units is solely based on a military members grade or rank It is not based on the construction or revitalization status of any particular unit This was necessary as the program was being developed to better estimate for the developer and therefore his private sector lender a monthly cash flow from which to pay the projects mortgage It is anticipated that after completion of the privatized projects initial development period and within an acceptable financial range rents for privatized housing on a single installation may vary depending on the age location and condition of a Return to Top When I get promoted and my BAH goes up does my rent also go up Yes At the current time lease payments for privatized housing are based on a members BAH or BAH minus a set amount if the member is paying for his own utilities Return to Top Why am I paying directly for my utilities while those in privatized housing on other installations are not Eventually all service members living in privatized housing will be responsible for paying directly for their utility consumption Until the units are individually metered this is not possible Under the direct billing program conservation of utilities can be a finacial benefit to the individual member as they may save money Overuse of utilities on the other hand could result in the member having to pay some utility costs out of pocket Return to Top I am moving into a newly constructed privatized house Can I expect my housse to be energy efficient Houses in privatization projects are built in accordance with local codes and building standards The Military Services while not requiring LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design certification are requiring the use of efficient design and construction and energy efficient in most cases Energy Star qualified appliances Some developers particularly on larger privatization projects have of their own volition even used such ideas as landscape retention solar hot water or photo voltaic energy systems to increase the sustainability of their projects It is anticipated that new or renovated privatized homes will be as energy efficient or better than private sector Return to Top We are eventually going to be asked to pay directly for our own utilities Many of the older homes are not as energy efficient as the newer units Will there be any allowances for this situation One of the reasons the utility allowance is caluclated as 110 percent of expected utilities cost is to allow for differences in energy efficiency from unit to unit Housing occupants should also realize that they may need to become more active in operating their heating and cooling system to further increase efficiency and minimize costs Return to Top Why have I been asked to pay a pet deposit when I never before had to pay one to live in housing on the installation An analysis revealed that damage caused by pets is having a significant financial impact at some projects For this reason some of the Military Services have modified their pet policy to allow a project owner to implement pet deposits at projects where pet damages have been substantial and where such deposits would not put the project at a competitive disadvantage Whether a project owner has the ability to implement pet deposits is Military Service specific Return to Top What kind of pets and how many pets am I allowed to keep in my unit The answer is both Military Service and project specific Check with your housing office and read your tenant lease Specific pet requirements and limitations as well as potential pet deposits are detailed in the tenant lease agreement so reading and understanding the lease is essential Return to Top I am currently living in privatized housing There are civilians also living in our subdivision Having nonmilitary families living on our base concerns me How can that happen A tenant waterfall policy enacted by all Military Services for each privatization project allows a project owner to rent to nonmilitary families under specific circumstances ie the project is below a certain occupancy level for a defined period of time The policy sequentially defines to whom the owner can rent Each potential nonmilitary tenant is required to have a background check This waterfall policy is needed to help ensure the financial viability of the project Those members living in privatized housing who have nonmilitary tenants living next to them are only joining the 65 to 70 percent of the members Return to Top I have heard that some of the additional tenants that come from the waterfall policy ie retirees government employees civilians etc are paying less than the military members Is this true Tenants that rent units through the waterfall policy are required to pay market rent which normally is higher than what the military member would pay for the same unit Return to Top When I have a problem with my privatized family housing unit who do I go to You need to bring problems to the attention of the project owners property manager If the issue can not be resolved with the prperty manager each Military Service has their own unique mediation process Check with your installation housing office to identify your Military Services specific policies and process Return to Top Under what terms can the military member terminate the lease and vacate the unit PCS orders only What if the member chooses to purchase a home in the area Will the leases restrict these decisions Upon moving into privatized housing a member will be required to sign a specific term normally one year tenant lease Generally members may not voluntarily terminate the lease and must reside in the unit until the lease has expired However early termination is permitted under the Military Clause of the tenant lease agreement A lease agreement may permit early termination for other reasons specific conditions and procedures will be detailed in the tenant lease agreement so reading and understanding the lease is essential Return to Top What would warrant an eviction from the privatized housing unit and who has the authority to evict In general the property manager may initiate eviction proceedings for failure to comply with provisions of the tenant lease agreement Return to Top If the installation commander bars my children from the installation will this enable me to break my lease Generally no However the tenant lease agreement will explain specific procedures for terminating a lease so reading and understanding the lease is essential Return to Top Who will pay for the move if the member chooses to vacate privatized housing Generally if a member chooses to vacate privatized housing it is at the members sole expense Return to Top There is a large amount of privatized housing construction occurring on our installation If I decide to move into privatized housing will I be required to move more than once Although there is a possibility the governments goal is not to move anyone more than once Additionally the project owner is responsible for paying for any relocation beyond the initial move so the project owner has a financial incentive to develop a renovationconstruction plan that minimizes multiple moves Return to Top If I decide not to live in privatized housing will the housing office assist me in finding offbase housing Yes the housing office is always available to assist in any housing matter Return to Top When I put my name on a waiting list for privatized housing am I on a waiting list for all privatized housing at the installation Check with your local housing office since procedures may vary from one installation to another for example the installation may have waiting lists for each subdivision or for each type of housing etc The housing office an give you the correct information to maximize your chance of obtaining your desired housing Return to Top If because of other commitments I can not take a particular privatized house that is offered to me do I lose my priority position on the waiting list Generally yes However check with your local housing office since each installation or situation is unique Return to Top Will the base still inspect my privatized housing unit The Government will not inspect moveins or moveouts because the Government no longer owns the unit The project owners property manager is now responsible for this function Return to Top What if I do not like the options provided to me when I am offered privatized housing Except for key or mission essential personnel if a military member does not like what is being provided to them by the developer then they may choose to live offbase in other available private sector housing Return to Top I have 7 children How many bedrooms am I entitled to in a privatized house The project owners of privatized housing try to follow as existing inventory permits family size and childrens age bedroom guidelines However in general project owners have not been authorized to build new units with more than five bedrooms Return to Top Is there a mechanism for me to voice my concerns about our privatization project Residents will be given the opportunity at least annually to complete resident satisfaction surveys The results of these surveys are monitored through the life of the project by the base staff the Military Service and the Office of the Secretary of Defense

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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Home Why Study Microbiology Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms These include single cell organisms unicellular cell colonies multicellular and lacking cells acellular Microbiology also includes subdisciplines such as mycology parasitology bacteriology and virology So why study microbiology The obvious answer is that it is fascinating subject But more specifically although not immediately obvious microbiology has a huge impact on our lives Microorganisms are everywhere They are in our environment on our body everywhere we go They help turning over soil and aquatic habitats They may live with a host to the benefit of both organisms These are called symbionts A symbiont is an organism that is closely associated with a host a larger organism The symbiont will live on in or near the host Symbiotic relations are usually positive but can be negative Ectosymbionts live outside the cells of the host For example bacteria that is on your skin and in your digestive tract Endosymbionts live inside the hosts cells For example in some plants the endosymbiontic bacteria lives in the root cells and helps the plant to grow Microorganisms also include pathogens which are organisms that cause diseases in plants and animals Not all microorganisms are bad but microbiology has helped to treat and prevent diseases that are caused by viruses bacteria protozoa and fungi For example antibiotics and vaccines were discovered due to microbiology Microbiology is not only relevant in medicine Microorganisms are also used in a wide range of industries such as Foods Beverages Pharmaceuticals Genetics Mining So microbiology is important in many different professions such as medicine pharmaceuticals nursing laboratory work wine making and brewing and environmental engineering If you would like to learn more about microbiology for interest or to improve your job and career prospects we can help We offer a 100 hour course in Microbiology that you can study by distance learning Why Delay Enrol today Find out more here Or if you have any questions at all please contact us 18092018 041629

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Adderall and Moodiness Welcome to the ADDitude Forums For Spouses Loved Ones Adderall and Moodiness This topic contains 6 replies has 5 voices and was last updated by gentlygenli 1 year 3 months ago Author Posts July 20 2017 at 241 pm 54470 saratops Participant My fiancé 29yearold male was diagnosed with ADD as a teenager and has been taking Adderall XR for years Weve been together for about 4 years and because I had never been close to someone with ADDADHD there was a lot for me to learn For instance one thing Ive learned is that I have to be very specific when asking him to help me with chores We just recently decided that he might respond well to a joint todo list that we both contribute to and both work on together And I put labels on the flatware tray to A few weeks ago he had a week off work and just hung around the house with the dogs and did whatever else he wanted to do with his time off He actually did a lot of chores on his own Even though I still had to work it was a great week for our relationship Everything felt so much more calm than usual I assumed it was because he wasnt working and certainly that was part of the reason but he also doesnt take his Adderall or full doses of it on the weekends or when hes off work My question to this forum is whether anyone has had this experience with Adderall I have read that it may cause mood swings but its actually pretty disturbing how different he is off of it I obviously want him to get the medication he needs and although he seems much less angry off Adderall hes also much MORE scattered and unable to focus when he doesnt take it Are there alternatives to Adderall with which people have had similar success Thank you for any guidance stories advice prayers mantras spells etc July 21 2017 at 236 pm 54552 missrvernon Participant July 21 2017 at 251 pm 54555 alanjohnmc Participant Hi Saratops I too am a 29yearoldmale who has dealt with ADDADHD most of my life I was only diagnosed and prescribed medication about a year and a half ago though so my experiences may differ from those of your SO I know that my girlfriend has told me she can see a substantial change in my mood and socialphysicalemotional capabilities when off my meds but the changes appear to be just the opposite of your SO If I forego taking my medication first thing in the AM I feel lethargic anxious overwhelmed temperamental obstinate and a range of other What other projects he has going on at work at home or elsewhere Andor what else he might have on his mind We often shift our focus from priorities to notsopriorities and back and beyond at intervals that can sometimes even drive ourselves nuts If he doesnt already have a penpencil and a notepad in his daily carry inventory along with wallet keys phone etc ask him if hed be up for trying it out Many people prefer using their phone to record important dates chores and other bits of info but for me at least writing them down in His diet Many ADDADHD medications including adderall and vyvanse are also used to suppress appetite in people who are overweight This symptom lack of appetite affects us just the same I have forgotten to eat on several occasions because my mind is always running like a combustion engine and the meds I take to cope with that make seeking victuals less important Whether were hungry or not our bodies are still required to be nourished and when that doesnt happen we can become hangry I have to force myself to eat on most days because I know my mind and His sleep schedule Again the prescription drugs we take can obscure our circadian rhythm and prevent us from getting a restful nights sleep As with most folks lack of rest can make us fussy All this considered it could be that during his vacation time he was able to rest his mind and his body to the extent that meds were not needed to maintain daily obligations outside the workplace Additionally the lack of pressure from daily workplace toils helped to allow focus on requisite household chores Hope this helps July 23 2017 at 1256 pm 54616 ADHDmomma Keymaster Individuals with ADHD tend to do well on one type of stimulant or the other but not both Adderall is amphetamine type and theres also methylphenidate type such as Ritalin Concerta etc It may be that hed get the benefits of a stimulant on ADHD symptoms without so many mood side effects on a methylphenidate The only way to know of course is to try it but its something to consider A Patients Primer on the Stimulant Medications Used to Treat ADHD Are stimulants like Ritalin and Concerta really safe How do they work What is a good starting dose What if they dont work or carry burdensome side effects Here we explain ADHD medications in terms that patients can understand Become an educated patient and then discuss your options and optimization strategy with your doctor ADDitude 6 WordPress Embed Copy and paste this URL into your WordPress site to embed Penny ADDitude Community Moderator Author Mentor on Parenting ADHD Mom to teen w ADHD LDs and autism July 24 2017 at 208 pm 54736 saratops Participant Thank you all so much for your replies and for sharing your personal stories with me This information is VERY helpful Thank you all again September 6 2017 at 1059 pm 59935 gentlygenli Participant His dose might be way too high You can use Adderall to quiet your bouncing brain or to get a high that provides its own motivation It seems that the people on the first dose tend to get a sleepy phase as it begins to decreasethis is connected to dopaminergic circadian entrainment And thats their main symptom because theyre just not up on it People overmedicated to get chemical motivation often have high levels of emotional swings and lability as they come down off the high People who are medicated from childhood often end up overmedicated because from a teachers perspective the high kid is more often diligentseeming than the kid whose brain is now just clear and calm You develop more resistance to a high which tends to lead to even MORE overmedication which leads in turn to a worse comedown at the end Im more patient on Adderall because Im not fighting for focus When it wears off Im a bit extra irritable for about an hour as I ramp up my coping mechanisms again Then back to baseline September 6 2017 at 1102 pm 59936 gentlygenli Participant I am more edgy and keyed up on a decongestant than on my dose of Adderall Just for reference I can nap with it even Decongestant keeps me up for 12 hours minimum If youre keyed up something is wrong Author Posts You must be logged in to reply to this topic Free Download Free Guide What to Eat and Avoid for Improved ADHD Symptoms Get this free download Recent Discussions I really dont know what to do My 12 year old girl has been so mean lately She is very disrespectful to my husband and me and mean to her Paper or Electronic Planner Starting the new year and trying to organize my time for the first time ever The idea of having a planner or Starting treatment in 6 yo son restlessness at night cant sleep My 5 year old almost 6 son is in the beginning stages of treatment with medication for ADHD He was first More New Discussions

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