Ask the Expert Muffled Hearing Loss in One Ear Dr Thomas Tedeschi Chief Audiology Officer MiracleEar MiracleEar Chief Audiology Officer Dr Thomas Tedeschi answers some of your common hearingrelated questions What is hearing loss in one ear Hearing loss doesnt always happen equally in both ears Hearing loss in one ear called unilateral hearing loss occurs when one ear has hearing loss but the other ear can hear normally Both children and adults can experience unilateral hearing loss Sometimes its temporary and can be treated to restore normal hearing Other times the loss can be permanent While one ear can hear normally with unilateral hearing loss our bodies were designed to be binaural or to hear with both ears Our ears constantly communicate with one another as they absorb sounds from the environment People with this condition may find it difficult to Detect where a sound is coming from sound localization Hear and understand speechespecially in crowded noisy environments Hear clearly and loudly the sound may be muffled and the volume diminished Tune out background noises This type of hearing loss can range from mild to profound if the loss is severe enough it may mean the person is deaf in one ear In these cases it is sometimes called singlesided deafness SSD I recently started to experience muffled hearing in one ear Whats going on Those that experience muffled ear typically describe a full or plugged up feeling It can often feel like there is cotton or some other object clogging the ear Muffled hearing can present itself in one or both ears its onset is often sudden but it can also occur gradually over time Muffled hearing is typically a conductive hearing loss which happens when sound waves can not pass through to the inner ear from the middle and outer ear Can Ear Wax Cause Hearing Loss What causes unilateral hearing loss or muffled hearing Many possible causes exist for these conditions especially if the onset is sudden IllnessInfection Certain illnesses and infections can cause muffled hearing or hearing loss in one ear An ear infection for example causes fluid to build up in the middle ear blocking the sound from entering the inner ear You can also get swimmers ear especially if you are a frequent swimmer or spend time in a hot moist climate Swimmers ear occurs when the skin inside the ear canal gets infected due to water that contains bacteria entering the ear This water gets trapped creating a breeding ground for bacteria The result is inflammation and swelling which narrows or blocks the ear Ear blockage A common culprit for muffled hearing is excessive ear wax cerumen Ear wax can sometimes build up in the ear canal and cause a blockage This ear wax can dry up and harden over time increasing the risk of impaction Impacted ear wax can affect your ability to hear Ear wax buildup and blockage often happens when people use items like cotton swabs or bobby pins to try to clean their ears This only pushes the ear wax farther into the ears and can also cause blockage or injury to the ear Foreign objects can also enter and get stuck in the ear causing hearing loss Children are more at risk for this but even adults can get objects stuck in the ear Sometimes a small bug can fly into the ear while camping running or working outdoors A wad of cotton from a cotton swab can also get stuck in the ear Remember the old adage Never put anything in your ear that is smaller than your elbow Exposure to loud noise Extremely loud bursts of soundsuch as those from firearms explosions and live concertscan sometimes cause a temporary or permanent loss of hearing It can tear a hole in the eardrum or damage the delicate bones in the middle ear Hearing loss in one ear or both ears can result from this type of noiseinduced hearing loss NIHL along with a sensitivity to sound or ringing in the ears Exposure to certain drugs Everyone reacts differently to medication but some may be ototoxic and contribute to hearing loss in one or both ears Meds that are known to be ototoxic can damage the sensitive nerve cells in our inner ear This damage may lead to temporary or permanent hearing loss ringing in the ears or dizziness Check with your doctor if you take or are prescribed any of the following Antibiotics Loop diuretics Chemotherapy drugs Pain relievers especially aspirin and NSAIDS such as ibuprofen Traumatic brain injury or head trauma A sudden intense injury to the head or brain can sometimes result in hearing loss in one ear or both Car accidents are a common cause of traumatic brain injury TBI TBIs effects can cascade across the body including the ears and central auditory system The blunt force can damage the tympanic membrane middle ear and nerve cells in the cochlearesulting in hearing loss and in some cases tinnitus ringing in the ears dizziness or loss of balance What can I do to treat my muffled ear or unilateral hearing loss If you start to experience muffled hearing or hearing loss in one ear you should contact a physician preferably a physician specializing in diseases of the ear He or she can examine the issue and refer you to an audiologist to properly evaluate and diagnose the hearing problem Depending on the cause treatment options may include Antibiotics for ear infections Removing the impacted ear wax or foreign object stuck in ear Surgery ex to repair a perforated eardrum Hearing aids I am deaf in one ear or have permanent loss of hearing in one ear Can a hearing aid help Singlesided hearing loss can sometimes be treated with differing types of amplification If its determined that the hearing loss can be treated with a hearing aid then the use of hearing aid can be utilized to provided binaural hearing Sometimes the hearing loss in the affected ear can not be helped with a hearing aid In these cases MiracleEar offers a CROSBiCROS solution CROS means Contralateral Routing of Signal These hearing aids connect wirelessly through the CROS transmitter When sounds and speech are detected by the ear with untreatable hearing loss they can be transmitted wirelessly to the better ear to be processed This wireless transmission allows you to hear better in a variety of situations such as talking on the phone conversing in a group setting or walking side by side with someone Wireless CROSBiCROS What are some ways I can prevent or reduce my risk of getting sudden loss of hearing in one ear Here are some tips for protecting your hearing health Eat a healthy diet rich in vitamins and minerals Many of them are known to protect ears by reducing the risk of ear infection nourishing the bones in the middle ear andor improving circulation to nerve cells Protect your ears from loud noises Loud noises can damage the delicate nerve cells in the inner ear causing temporary or permanent hearing loss Protect your ears from loud noises by turning down the volume or wearing protective ear plugs or earmuffs in noisy situations Common places to protect your ears Mowing the lawn Hunting or at the shooting range Attending live concerts Operating farm equipment or other heavy machinery Avoid cleaning ears with cotton swabs Ears are selfcleaning our body naturally produces and expels ear wax on its own Cotton swabs can push wax further into the ear canal increasing the risk of impaction They can also damage the eardrum Instead use a clean washcloth to wipe away excess wax pushed out of the inner canal Lets talk hearing health If you or a loved one is experiencing hearing loss youre not alone Nearly 38 million American adults report some trouble hearing Take your first step to better hearing today by downloading our free hearing guide Download Now First Name Last Name Zip Code Email Address book an appointment online hearing test

O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Celebs ExEastenders star Anita Dobson says marriage to Queen rocker Brian May is hard work The actress has given an insight into her 16year marriage to the legendary guitarist and said Brian and I have ups and downs like every marriage does Anita Dobson says she has had to give up a little bit of independence Image PA ExEastenders star Anita Dobson has admitted that her 16 year marriage to Queen rocker Brian May is hard work and she has had to give up her independence The actress 66 who has been married to the guitarist 68 for 16 years revealed that the couple have had their ups and downs She told the Mirror Theres no secret its hard work Even though Brians the love of my life and hes absolutely adorable its not easy and we have to work at it But because we love each other and keep working at it it pays off Brian and I have ups and downs like every marriage does although hes a legend hes still inside an ordinary man and I have got to remember that once we get inside the door its just us two Anita and Brian have been married 16 years Image Daily Mirror Whatever is going on outside in the world we can deal with once we go back outside but when were indoors its just the two of us and we do have to make compromises Ive had to give up a little bit of my independence but because Brian loves me he allows me to be me and thats the trick you should allow the person to be themselves It is hard sometimes because allowing the person to be themselves can be pretty infuriating EastEnders pay homage to iconic Den and Angie scene as Phil presents Sharon with divorce papers Anita who played tempestuous Queen Vic landlady Angie Watts on the BBC1 soap in the 80s added she does not see herself returning to the soap as most of her old castmates are dead It comes as popular soap veterans Ross Kemp and Barbara Windsor make a comeback this year Video Loading Speaking at the Olivier theatre awards in London on Sunday night she said I cant really go back now I wouldnt know anyone because most of the people are dead A lot of people are going back and its creating a snowball effect of wellloved characters returning because its good for the series And in fact if thats what they want then I think good for them Its sort of blended it self in but Im worried the world is changing very fast now and dont know whether soaps like EastEnders can keep up with that Comments BBC1 Anita Dobson Brian May EastEnders Soap operas Celebs all

O O O B I O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B I O O O O O


News New theory about ancient Mediterranean Island gives fresh clues to Noahs Ark story A new YouTube video is causing a stir by offering an alternative explanation for the ancient walls on a Syrian island By Mark Morris 1351 10 OCT 2018 Evidence of an ancient civilisation on an island in The Med may my mark a breakthrough in the quest to prove the Bibles Noahs Ark story is based on fact Ruad Island off the coast of Syira in the Mediterranean was once protected on all sides by an incredible megalith wall but very little of it is still in tact Its not known if the wall was built out of fear of the sea or foreign invaders but scholars largely agree it was the product of Roman architecture Most scholars agree the walls on Ruad Island are Roman Ruad Island viewed from the air is to the East of Cyprus However an investigation by the YouTube channel Mystery History questions this narrative and suggests the walls are substantially older with the society that built them wiped out by a catastrophic flood perhaps proving the historical accuracy of Genesis Noahs Ark story The replica of Noahs Ark An ancient building on Ruad Island Image YOUTUBE Bible story of Exodus could be true as archaeologists discover ancient ruins near River Jordan People have long tried to prove the tale of Noah and his Ark is based on fact but this new alternative analysis of the Islands history has caused quite a stir online Russell Crowe starred as Noah in one of the latest movies about the biblical epic The footage was uploaded in September and has seen 100000 views on YouTube and hundreds of comments You can watch the Mystery History video above and decide for yourself whether it gives some credence to the view that Noahs Ark story could be based on a real historic event DailyMirror Enter email Comments Archaeology News all

O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


TV The best British wrestlers From Big Daddy to Mick McManus what became of our wrestling stars The mostly overweight men in leotards often facing off at The Dome in Brighton were a world away from todays slick toned stars By Nick Harding 2301 24 MAR 2017 Updated 0922 27 MAR 2017 Giant Haystacks and Big Daddy Image Redferns They represent an era in which Saturday afternoon telly was genuinely gripping Wrestlers like Big Daddy and Giant Haystacks thrilled kids with their bouts not to mention a remarkable number of their usually peaceable grandmothers But the mostly overweight men in leotards often facing off at The Dome in Brighton were a world away from todays slick toned stars So with news that World of Sport is back on ITV in June we salute the great grapplers of yesteryear Giant Haystacks Image Getty Giant Haystacks The 48st Londoner was the bearded behemoth grannies loved to hate A former tag partner of Big Daddy they became huge ring rivals A comeback bout with Hulk Hogan was axed in 1995 after Haystacks born Martin Ruane contracted cancer He died aged 52 in 1998 Read More World of Sport wrestling to return to TV on Saturdays after massive success of special Big Daddy Growing up with the name Shirley Crabtree in a mill town must have been tough No wonder the exminer and Coldstream Guard took out his anger in the ring Despite a BMI of 433 he became an icon of the sportHe retired in 1993 to run a gym in Halifax West Yorks and died in 1997 aged 67 Catweazle Catweazle Doncasterborn Gary Cooper took on the TV wizards moniker and came up with many bizarre gimmicks including licking a lucky toad between rounds He died of cancer in 1990 aged 53 Wrestler and actor Pat Roach Pat Roach Initially unpopular with the crowds he became much loved after his acting career took off He was in movie Raiders of the Lost Ark and played Bomber in TV series Auf Wiedersehen Pet He died of cancer in 2004 aged 67 Read More Wrestling legend Klondyke Kate reveals Giant Haystacks heart of gold and her own heartbreak The British Bulldog Image Daily Mirror Davey Boy Smith Wiganborn Davey Boy Smith started out on World of Sport at 15 known as Young David He went on to the glitz and glamour of the WWF in the US as The British Bulldog before a tragically early death at 39 after a heart attack Brian Glover Image Rex Features Brian Glover You play to your strengths in this game and my strength is as a bald roughlooking Yorkshireman he said But as a wrestler Glover was Leon Arras The Man From Paris He later found fame as an actor on TV and in films such as Kes and Alien 3 The voice of the Tetley tea ads the fatheroftwo died of a brain tumour in 1997 aged 63 Jackie Pallo Image Getty Jackie Pallo Jack Ernest Gutteridges alterego had an 11year grudge with McManus and developed moves such as the crossshoulder backbreaker After retiring in 1983 he wrote his autobiography You Grunt Ill Groan and did acting work getting knocked out by Honor Blackman in a fight scene on The Avengers He died in 2006 aged 80 Kendo Nagasaki Image Mirrorpix Kendo Nagasaki The iconic villain had a mysterious past Samurai skills supernatural powers and a cheap red face mask Kendo was unmasked in 1977 with 12 million viewers disappointed to learn that Peter Thornley was not Japanese after all He retired ran a care home and now aged 70 still sells Kendo merchandise online Wrestler Mick McManus Image Mirrorpix Mick McManus Former printer William Matthews nickname Rugged South London Tough Guy was hardly catchy yet he was one of the sports biggest draws One bout with Jackie Pallo was seen by 20 million fans He retired in 1982 worked in public relations bought a pub and became a porcelain expert He died in 2013 at 93 Harvey Smith Image Daily Record Harvey Smith Best known as a top showjumper who occasionally flicked a Vsign Yorkshires finest 78 also grappled in the 1970s He even found time to release the single True Love in 1975 and still has stables in Bingley Comments Wrestling Big Daddy Pat Roach Brian Glover Harvey Smith Hulk Hogan Gary Cooper Tetley ITV Halifax Inc WWE The Masters The Avengers Care homes Heart attack Nursing homes Films TV all

O O O B I O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

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Human

Subjects

Research

MWSU

Home

Human

Subjects

Research

History

of

IRBs

and

the

MWSU

IRB

History

of

IRBs

and

the

MWSU

IRB

Important

Cases

Nazi

Medical

War

Crimes

Although

not

the

first

example

of

harmful

research

on

unwilling

human

participants

the

experiments

conducted

by

Nazi

physicians

during

World

War

II

were

unprecedented

in

their

scope

and

the

degree

of

harm

and

suffering

to

which

human

beings

were

subjected

Medical

experiments

were

performed

on

thousands

of

concentration

camp

prisoners

and

included

deadly

studies

and

tortures

such

as

injecting

people

with

gasoline

and

live

viruses

immersing

people

in

ice

water

and

forcing

people

to

ingest

poisons

In

December

physicians

and

administrators

many

of

them

leading

members

of

the

German

medical

hierarchy

were

indicted

before

the

War

Crimes

Tribunal

The

Tuskegee

Syphilis

Study

The

most

notorious

example

in

the

United

States

of

prolonged

and

knowing

violations

of

the

rights

of

a

vulnerable

group

of

research

participants

was

the

longterm

study

of

black

males

conducted

at

Tuskegee

by

the

United

States

Public

Health

Service

This

study

was

initiated

in

the

as

an

examination

of

the

natural

history

of

untreated

syphilis

it

continued

until

More

than

black

men

with

syphilis

participated

and

about

men

without

syphilis

served

as

controls

The

men

were

recruited

without

informed

consent

and

in

fact

were

misinformed

that

some

of

the

procedures

done

in

the

interest

of

research

eg

spinal

taps

were

actually

special

free

treatment

By

it

was

apparent

that

many

more

infected

men

than

controls

had

developed

complications

and

years

later

a

report

of

the

study

indicated

that

the

death

rate

among

those

with

syphilis

was

about

twice

as

high

as

it

was

among

the

controls

In

the

penicillin

was

found

to

be

effective

in

the

treatment

of

syphilis

The

study

continued

however

and

the

men

were

neither

informed

nor

treated

with

the

antibiotic

The

first

accounts

of

this

study

appeared

in

the

national

press

in

The

resulting

public

outrage

led

to

the

appointment

of

an

ad

hoc

advisory

panel

In

acknowledgement

of

its

responsibility

the

Government

continues

to

compensate

surviving

participants

and

the

families

of

deceased

participants

The

Jewish

Chronic

Disease

Hospital

Study

In

studies

were

undertaken

at

New

Yorks

Jewish

Chronic

Disease

Hospital

to

understand

whether

the

bodys

inability

to

reject

cancer

cells

was

due

to

cancer

or

debilitation

Previous

studies

had

indicated

that

healthy

persons

reject

cancer

cells

promptly

and

the

researchers

allegedly

believed

that

the

debilitated

patients

would

also

reject

the

cancers

but

at

a

substantially

slower

rate

when

compared

to

healthy

participants

These

studies

involved

the

injection

of

foreign

live

cancer

cells

into

patients

who

were

hospitalized

with

various

chronic

debilitating

diseases

Consent

had

been

given

orally

but

did

not

include

a

discussion

on

the

injection

of

cancer

cells

and

consent

was

not

documented

The

researchers

felt

that

documentation

was

unnecessary

because

it

was

customary

to

undertake

much

more

dangerous

medical

procedures

without

the

use

of

consent

forms

Further

patients

were

not

told

that

they

would

receive

cancer

cells

because

the

researchers

felt

it

would

unnecessarily

frighten

them

Researchers

defended

this

view

with

the

assertion

that

they

had

good

cause

to

predict

that

the

cancer

cells

were

going

to

be

rejected

In

subsequent

review

proceedings

conducted

by

the

Board

of

Regents

of

the

State

University

of

New

York

it

was

found

that

the

study

had

not

been

presented

to

the

hospitals

research

committee

and

that

the

physicians

responsible

for

the

patients

care

had

not

been

consulted

The

researchers

were

found

guilty

of

fraud

deceit

and

unprofessional

conduct

The

Willowbrook

Study

The

vulnerability

of

children

especially

institutionalized

children

as

participants

in

research

is

demonstrated

in

a

series

of

studies

conducted

from

through

at

the

Willowbrook

State

School

a

New

York

institution

for

mentally

defective

children

In

order

to

gain

an

understanding

of

the

natural

history

of

infectious

hepatitis

under

controlled

circumstances

newly

admitted

children

were

deliberately

infected

with

the

hepatitis

virus

Researchers

defended

the

deliberate

injection

of

these

children

by

pointing

out

that

the

vast

majority

of

them

would

acquire

the

infection

anyway

while

at

Willowbrook

given

the

crowded

and

unsanitary

conditions

and

because

only

children

whose

parents

had

During

the

course

of

these

studies

Willowbrook

closed

its

doors

to

new

patients

claiming

overcrowded

conditions

However

the

hepatitis

program

because

it

occupied

its

own

space

at

the

institution

was

able

to

continue

to

admit

new

patients

Thus

in

some

cases

parents

found

they

were

unable

to

admit

their

children

to

Willowbrook

unless

they

agreed

to

their

participation

in

the

studies

This

controversial

case

raised

important

questions

about

the

adequacy

and

freedom

of

consent

inadequate

disclosure

of

the

childs

risk

of

later

developing

chronic

liver

disease

and

the

lack

of

information

given

to

parents

about

access

to

doses

of

gamma

globulin

for

their

children

Timeline

Tuskegee

Syphilis

Study

This

research

used

disadvantaged

rural

black

men

to

study

the

course

of

an

untreated

disease

The

men

were

offered

free

examinations

and

medical

care

but

were

not

informed

of

their

disease

that

they

were

participating

in

research

or

that

the

research

would

not

benefit

them

Further

in

order

not

to

interrupt

the

project

participants

were

deprived

of

demonstrably

effective

treatment

long

after

such

treatment

was

discovered

and

had

become

generally

available

Racism

and

Research

The

Case

of

Tuskegee

Syphilis

Study

Hastings

Center

Report

December

p

Nazi

Experiments

During

World

War

II

Prisoners

in

Nazi

concentration

camps

were

forced

to

undergo

experiments

that

included

exposing

them

to

extreme

temperatures

mutilating

surgery

and

lethal

pathogens

The

gruesome

experiments

that

maimed

and

killed

helpless

prisoners

outraged

the

world

and

resulted

in

criminal

indictments

against

senior

Nazi

doctors

as

well

as

calls

for

international

regulation

of

medical

experiments

Human

Radiation

Experiments

The

US

Government

sponsored

several

thousand

human

radiation

experiments

In

the

majority

of

cases

the

experiments

were

conducted

to

advance

biomedical

science

Some

experiments

were

conducted

to

advance

national

interests

in

defense

or

space

exploration

and

some

served

both

biomedical

and

defense

or

space

exploration

purposes

Most

of

these

studies

involved

radioactive

tracers

administered

in

amounts

not

likely

to

cause

physical

harm

However

during

this

period

little

attention

was

given

to

issues

of

fairness

in

the

selection

of

participants

Further

research

was

conducted

on

participants

without

their

awareness

or

consent

and

on

participants

not

likely

to

Nuremberg

Doctors

Trial

The

individuals

who

conducted

Nazi

experiments

during

WWII

were

tried

separately

from

other

war

criminals

because

of

their

professional

status

as

physicians

and

the

horrendous

and

unique

nature

of

their

crimes

They

were

found

guilty

of

murder

torture

and

other

atrocities

Nuremberg

Code

During

the

trial

at

Nuremberg

the

judges

codified

fundamental

ethical

principles

for

the

conduct

of

research

The

Nuremberg

Code

set

forth

ten

conditions

to

be

met

before

research

could

be

deemed

ethically

permissible

The

Nuremberg

Code

became

the

first

international

standard

for

the

conduct

of

research

and

introduced

the

modern

era

of

protection

for

human

research

participants

The

Universal

Declaration

of

Human

Rights

was

adopted

by

the

United

Nations

The

Universal

Declaration

asserted

the

principle

that

each

human

being

was

entitled

to

certain

rights

and

freedoms

The

Declaration

was

inspired

by

atrocities

committed

during

World

War

II

and

the

conviction

that

human

rights

needed

to

be

preserved

at

the

international

level

The

Clinical

Center

of

the

NIH

produced

the

first

US

Federal

policy

for

the

protection

of

human

participants

This

policy

provided

a

mechanism

for

prospective

review

of

research

by

individuals

who

had

no

direct

involvement

or

intellectual

investment

in

the

research

This

system

served

as

the

precedent

for

the

IRB

system

Jewish

Chronic

Disease

Hospital

Study

Studies

were

undertaken

at

the

Jewish

Chronic

Disease

Hospital

to

develop

information

about

the

human

transplant

rejection

process

Live

cancer

cells

were

injected

into

chronically

ill

and

debilitated

patients

who

had

been

told

they

were

receiving

a

skin

test

The

patients

were

given

information

about

the

test

but

consent

was

not

documented

or

signed

The

researchers

were

eventually

prosecuted

and

found

guilty

of

fraud

deceit

and

unprofessional

conduct

The

Willowbrook

Study

From

to

studies

were

carried

out

at

Willowbrook

State

School

a

New

York

institution

for

mentally

defective

persons

These

studies

were

designed

to

gain

an

understanding

of

the

natural

history

of

infectious

hepatitis

and

subsequently

to

test

the

effects

of

gamma

globulin

in

preventing

or

ameliorating

the

disease

The

participants

all

children

were

deliberately

infected

with

the

hepatitis

virus

Early

participants

were

fed

the

stools

of

infected

persons

Later

subjects

received

injections

of

morepurified

virus

preparations

Researchers

defended

the

deliberate

injection

of

these

children

by

noting

that

the

majority

would

acquire

the

disease

anyway

Declaration

of

Helsinki

A

landmark

international

agreement

adopted

by

the

World

Medical

Association

recommending

ethical

standards

in

medical

research

A

fifth

revision

of

the

document

approved

in

October

addresses

issues

raised

as

a

result

of

rapid

expansion

of

biomedical

research

and

international

research

activities

The

revised

Declaration

of

Helsinki

can

be

found

on

the

WMA

Web

site

httpwwwwmanet

Exposé

of

Tuskegee

Study

The

discovery

of

the

involvement

of

the

US

Public

Health

Service

in

violating

the

rights

of

research

subjects

in

the

Tuskegee

Study

caused

outrage

among

the

public

and

the

study

participants

Despite

the

Governments

attempts

to

make

amends

to

study

victims

and

their

families

reverberations

from

the

study

and

public

mistrust

in

research

continue

Federal

legal

protection

for

human

research

participants

begins

After

the

Tuskegee

Syphilis

Study

was

exposed

the

Senate

Committee

on

Labor

and

Human

Resources

held

hearings

on

this

study

and

other

alleged

health

care

abuses

The

outcomes

of

these

hearings

were

the

enactment

of

the

National

Research

Act

of

requiring

the

Department

of

Health

Education

and

Welfare

to

codify

its

policy

for

the

protection

of

human

subjects

into

Federal

regulations

and

the

formation

of

the

National

Commission

for

the

Protections

of

Human

Subjects

of

Biomedical

and

Behavioral

Research

which

would

draft

the

Belmont

Report

Belmont

Report

The

National

Commission

for

the

Protection

of

Human

Subjects

of

Biomedical

and

Behavioral

Research

wrote

the

report

entitled

Ethical

Principles

and

Guidelines

for

the

Protection

of

Human

Subjects

of

Research

This

is

the

cornerstone

document

of

ethical

principles

and

Federal

regulations

for

the

protection

of

research

participants

based

on

respect

for

persons

beneficence

and

justice

The

Food

and

Drug

Administration

establishes

regulations

for

clinical

research

These

can

be

found

in

the

Code

of

Federal

Regulations

Title

Part

CIOMS

Guidelines

The

Council

for

the

International

Organization

of

Medical

Sciences

CIOMS

published

the

International

Ethics

Guidelines

for

Biomedical

Research

Involving

Human

Subjects

CIOMS

Guidelines

These

are

designed

to

guide

researchers

from

more

technologically

advanced

countries

in

conducting

research

in

developing

countries

The

Common

Rule

The

Federal

Policy

for

the

Protection

of

Human

Subjects

was

adopted

in

covering

research

supported

by

the

Departments

of

Agriculture

Energy

Commerce

HUD

Justice

Defense

Education

Veterans

Affairs

Transportation

and

HHS

as

well

as

the

NSF

NASA

EPA

AID

Social

Security

Administration

CIA

and

the

Consumer

Product

Safety

Commission

The

provisions

are

identical

to

DHHS

Regulations

CFR

Subpart

A

Human

radiation

experiments

are

revealed

President

Clinton

creates

the

Advisory

Committee

on

Human

Radiation

Experiments

to

investigate

human

radiation

experiments

during

the

period

to

examine

cases

in

which

radiation

was

intentionally

released

into

the

environment

for

research

purposes

identify

ethical

and

scientific

standards

for

evaluating

these

events

and

make

recommendations

to

ensure

that

past

wrongdoings

will

not

be

repeated

The

National

Bioethics

Advisory

Commission

NBAC

is

established

to

promote

the

protection

of

the

rights

and

welfare

of

human

participants

in

research

identify

bioethical

issues

arising

from

research

on

human

biology

and

behavior

and

make

recommendations

to

governmental

entities

regarding

their

application

The

NBAC

ended

its

term

in

Increased

Focus

on

Protection

of

Human

Research

Participation

The

Office

of

Human

Research

Protections

OHRP

was

established

within

the

US

Department

of

Health

and

Human

Services

This

both

elevated

and

replaced

the

NIH

Office

for

Protection

From

Research

Risks

OPRR

The

OHRP

provides

leadership

for

all

Federal

agencies

that

carry

out

research

involving

humans

under

the

Common

Rule

regulations

The

Office

focuses

entirely

on

protection

of

human

participants

in

research

and

supervision

of

Institutional

Review

Boards

Codes

of

Research

Ethics

The

Nuremberg

Code

The

Nuremberg

Code

served

as

the

first

set

of

principles

outlining

professional

ethics

for

medical

researchers

The

ten

points

included

the

statement

that

voluntary

consent

of

the

human

subject

is

absolutely

essential

The

Code

also

established

that

animal

experimentation

should

precede

human

experimentation

all

unnecessary

physical

and

mental

suffering

and

injury

should

be

avoided

the

degree

of

risk

to

participants

should

never

exceed

the

humanitarian

importance

of

the

problem

and

should

be

minimized

through

proper

preparations

and

that

participants

should

always

be

at

liberty

to

withdraw

from

experiments

This

set

of

points

established

the

basic

principles

that

must

be

observed

Declaration

of

Helsinki

The

Declaration

of

Helsinki

was

developed

by

the

World

Medical

Association

for

use

by

the

medical

community

following

dissemination

of

the

Nuremberg

Code

The

Declaration

considers

the

conduct

of

clinical

research

and

makes

an

important

distinction

between

therapeutic

and

nontherapeutic

research

However

this

distinction

was

eliminated

in

later

versions

of

the

Declaration

Like

the

Nuremberg

Code

the

Declaration

made

informed

consent

a

central

requirement

for

ethical

research

while

allowing

for

surrogate

consent

when

the

research

participant

is

incompetent

physically

or

mentally

incapable

of

giving

consent

or

a

minor

The

Declaration

also

states

that

research

with

these

groups

should

be

conducted

The

Declaration

has

been

revised

five

times

most

recently

in

October

and

includes

in

its

principles

the

statement

that

the

benefits

risks

burdens

and

effectiveness

of

a

new

method

should

be

tested

against

those

of

the

best

current

prophylactic

diagnostic

and

therapeutic

methods

Although

it

says

that

this

does

not

exclude

the

use

of

placebo

or

no

treatment

in

studies

where

no

proven

prophylactic

diagnostic

or

therapeutic

method

exists

this

stipulation

is

very

controversial

since

some

interpret

it

to

mean

that

a

placebo

should

never

be

used

when

effective

therapy

is

available

regardless

of

the

seriousness

of

the

The

Declaration

is

important

in

the

history

of

research

ethics

as

the

first

significant

effort

of

the

medical

community

to

regulate

itself

CIOMS

Guidelines

The

Council

for

International

Organizations

of

Medical

Sciences

CIOMS

is

an

international

nongovernmental

notforprofit

organization

established

jointly

by

WHO

and

UNESCO

in

CIOMS

serves

the

scientific

interests

of

the

international

biomedical

community

in

general

and

has

been

active

in

promulgating

guidelines

for

the

ethical

conduct

of

research

among

other

activities

CIOMS

promulgated

guidelines

in

entitled

International

Ethical

Guidelines

for

Biomedical

Research

Involving

Human

Subjects

These

guidelines

address

issues

including

informed

consent

standards

for

external

review

recruitment

of

participants

and

more

The

Guidelines

are

general

instructions

and

principles

of

ethical

biomedical

research

CIOMS

is

in

the

process

of

revising

the

Guidelines

to

address

emerging

issues

in

genetic

research

commercial

research

and

research

in

developing

countries

For

further

information

about

CIOMS

and

Belmont

Report

In

the

and

Federal

funding

for

biomedical

research

increased

dramatically

Along

with

increased

interest

and

funding

there

was

heightened

public

concern

about

research

abuses

such

as

the

Tuskegee

Study

and

other

reported

biomedical

abuses

In

response

to

this

public

outcry

in

Congress

established

the

National

Commission

for

the

Protection

of

Human

Subjects

of

Biomedical

and

Behavioral

Research

to

make

recommendations

for

the

conduct

of

research

involving

humans

The

primary

task

of

the

National

Commission

was

to

identify

the

ethical

principles

that

would

guide

all

research

involving

humans

In

the

National

Commission

wrote

the

Belmont

Report

Ethical

Guiding

Principles

In

the

National

Commission

for

the

Protection

of

Human

Subjects

of

Biomedical

and

Behavioral

Research

wrote

the

report

entitled

Ethical

Principles

and

Guidelines

for

the

Protection

of

Human

Subjects

of

Research

commonly

called

the

Belmont

Report

In

this

report

the

Commission

identified

and

described

the

basic

ethical

principles

that

underlie

research

The

Commission

considered

the

boundaries

between

biomedical

and

behavioral

research

and

the

accepted

and

routine

practice

of

medicine

in

order

to

know

what

activities

ought

to

undergo

review

for

the

protection

of

human

subjects

of

research

The

report

also

describes

the

assessment

of

riskbenefit

criteria

in

the

determination

Individuals

should

be

treated

as

autonomous

agents

An

autonomous

person

is

an

individual

capable

of

deliberation

about

personal

goals

and

of

acting

under

such

deliberation

To

respect

autonomy

is

to

give

weight

to

the

autonomous

persons

considered

opinions

and

choices

while

refraining

from

obstructing

his

or

her

actions

Belmont

Report

Prospective

research

participants

must

be

given

the

information

they

need

to

determine

whether

or

not

to

participate

in

a

study

There

should

be

no

pressure

to

participate

and

ample

time

to

decide

Respect

for

persons

demands

that

participants

enter

into

the

research

voluntarily

and

with

adequate

information

This

is

Persons

with

diminished

autonomy

may

need

additional

protections

Special

provision

may

need

to

be

made

when

comprehension

is

severely

limited

or

when

a

class

of

participants

is

considered

incapable

of

informed

decision

making

such

as

with

children

or

people

with

severe

developmental

disorders

or

dementias

Even

for

these

persons

however

respect

requires

giving

them

the

opportunity

to

choose

to

the

extent

they

are

able

whether

or

not

to

participate

in

research

activities

In

some

cases

respect

for

persons

may

require

seeking

the

permission

of

other

parties

such

as

a

parent

or

legal

guardian

The

judgment

that

someone

lacks

autonomy

Beneficence

Human

participants

are

treated

in

an

ethical

manner

not

only

by

respecting

their

decision

and

protecting

them

from

harm

but

also

by

making

efforts

to

secure

their

wellbeing

The

principle

of

beneficence

obligates

the

researcher

to

maximize

possible

benefits

and

minimize

possible

harm

The

problem

posed

by

these

imperatives

is

to

decide

when

it

is

justifiable

to

seek

certain

benefits

despite

inherent

harms

or

risks

Balancing

risks

and

benefits

is

an

important

consideration

The

goal

of

much

research

is

societal

benefit

however

in

the

interest

of

securing

societal

benefits

no

individual

shall

be

intentionally

injured

Justice

The

ethical

considerations

of

risks

versus

benefits

leads

to

the

question

of

justice

This

principle

requires

that

participants

be

treated

fairly

and

involves

questions

such

as

Who

should

bear

the

risks

of

research

and

who

should

receive

its

benefits

Justice

is

a

difficult

and

complex

ethical

issue

Attempts

must

be

made

at

all

times

in

a

study

to

distribute

the

risks

and

benefits

fairly

and

without

bias

Also

unless

there

is

clear

justification

research

should

not

involve

persons

from

groups

that

are

unlikely

to

benefit

from

subsequent

applications

of

the

research

The

concept

of

justice

may

be

questioned

when

deciding

who

will

be

given

an

opportunity

to

participate

who

will

be

excluded

and

the

reasons

for

exclusion

When

making

such

decisions

the

researcher

must

ask

Are

some

classes

of

persons

being

selected

simply

because

of

their

availability

their

compromised

The

Statutory

Framework

In

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considerations

the

Federal

Government

mandates

certain

legal

standards

for

protection

of

humans

in

research

These

standards

are

set

forth

in

the

Code

of

Federal

Regulations

Title

CFR

Part

see

Subpart

A

the

basic

policy

for

protection

of

human

research

subjects

is

referred

to

as

the

Common

Rule

The

regulations

were

enacted

in

and

apply

to

all

federally

funded

human

research

Once

a

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activity

is

deemed

human

subject

research

the

Department

of

Health

and

Human

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requires

review

by

Institutional

Review

Boards

and

imposition

of

certain

standards

for

informed

consent

Other

standards

apply

for

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submitted

to

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Food

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for

review

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approval

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for

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regarding

good

clinical

practice

for

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studies

involving

human

participants

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Federal

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and

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Common

Rule

By

the

Department

of

Health

and

Human

Services

and

the

Food

and

Drug

Administration

published

regulations

based

on

the

Belmont

principles

establishing

rules

for

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involving

human

subjects

In

Federal

departments

and

agencies

agreed

to

harmonize

their

policies

on

protection

of

human

participants

in

research

and

adopt

a

single

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This

standard

policy

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federally

funded

research

is

set

forth

in

Title

Code

of

Federal

Regulations

Part

This

policy

covers

research

funded

by

the

Departments

of

Agriculture

Energy

Commerce

HUD

Justice

Defense

Education

Veterans

Affairs

Transportation

and

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and

Human

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as

well

as

the

National

Science

Foundation

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NASA

Environmental

Protection

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EPA

Agency

for

International

Development

AID

Social

Security

Administration

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Intelligence

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Commission

Subpart

A

of

the

Regulation

is

the

DHHS

Policy

for

the

Protection

of

Human

Research

Subjects

This

DHHS

policy

is

referred

to

as

the

Common

Rule

Subpart

B

of

the

Regulations

addresses

additional

protections

extended

to

research

involving

fetuses

pregnant

women

and

human

in

vitro

fertilization

Subpart

C

pertains

to

protection

of

prisoners

who

are

participants

in

human

subject

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Subpart

D

addressed

protections

for

children

who

participate

in

research

Food

and

Drug

Administration

Guidelines

The

FDA

regulates

research

involving

products

regulated

by

the

FDA

including

research

and

marketing

permits

for

drugs

biological

products

and

medical

devices

for

human

use

etc

whether

or

not

Federal

funds

are

used

The

FDA

guidelines

for

informed

consent

and

protection

of

human

subjects

are

found

at

httpwwwaccessgpogovnaracfrwaisidx_0021cfr50_00html

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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 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HOME Innovation Technology Library 4Wheel Drive 4Wheel Drive Mitsubishi Motors brings the same strong focus on quality to all of its 4WD vehicles We are realizing the same level of startability and handling as in fullblown 4WDs like the jeep the first Mitsubishi 4WD Mitsubishi takes into consideration the size and use of each vehicle in order to implement the most appropriate 4WD system Electronically Controlled 4WD The electronically controlled 4WD system comes in three modes which can be chosen according to the drivers preferences and the driving conditions Drivers can switch the drive mode instantly and while driving the vehicle All that is required is a single touch of the drive mode selector on the console The front and rear torque distribution mechanism uses electronically controlled coupling to distribute the torque between the front and rear wheels appropriately at all times based on vehicle driving conditions and the operation by the driver etc Furthermore it ensures outstanding traction performance while at the same time eliminating the Electronically Controlled 4WD Mechanism Structure Diagram of Electronically Controlled Couplingthe Rear Differential Feature of Drive Mode Case of Outlander201210 4WD ECO The bias in this mode is on fuel economy Under normal conditions the drivetrain feeds all the torque to the front wheels As soon as encounters slippery conditions the system immediately splits the torque between front and rear wheels for better traction and stability Drive Mode Selector 4WD AUTO In this mode the drivetrain provides 4WD performance appropriate to the road and driving conditions encountered whether dry tarmac wet or snowcovered surfaces The system not only gives increased traction under slippery conditions but also provides smoother cornering performance 4WD LOCK In this mode the drivetrain feeds more torque to the rear wheels to boost allterrain capabilities This mode comes into its own over bad roads or when gets stuck in mud or snow and also offers powerful 4WD performance over the whole speed range on normal roads Twin Motor 4WD The Outlander PHEV uses the new Twin Motor 4WD system which comprises 60kW of independent front and rear motors to drive Propeller shafts and other mechanical linkages are eliminated which means the Twin Motor 4WD delivers better response and finer control than conventional 4WD mechanical systems as well as reduced friction loss As an inherent characteristic of electric motors they generate high torque instantly giving acceleration comparable to that of a vehicle powered by a large displacement highoutput ICE and allowing the Outlander PHEV to deliver superior levels of environmental and motive performance Super Select 4WD II The Super Select 4WD II used in Pajero is a system that offers four shift onthefly driving modes Drivers can choose between Fulltime 4WD 4H composed of a Viscous Coupling Unit VCU and center differential MitsubishiJeep fullfledged 4WD 4LLc and rearwheel 2WD 2H which improves fuel economy and reduces noise A smooth ride and reliable lever operation have been realized through an electrically operated shifting mechanism 4WD Transfer Lever Rear wheel driving Rearwheel 2WD disconnects drive from the front wheel axle and brings fuel consumption and noise under control Front and rear unequal distribution3367full time 4WD with center differential VCUCenter Differentialtype Fulltime 4WD handles a wide variety of roads from normal to icy By controlling the driving force to the front and rear wheels based on road surface conditions neutral cornering performance is achieved during highspeed cornering and slippery road conditions Direct drive 4WD center differential lock Direct drive highrange 4WD locks the center differential to go the distance on sandy areas deeply snowed streets and rough roads Low gear direct drive 4WDcenter differential lock Direct drive lowrange 4WD covers rocky stretches and muddy areas and is effective in getting out of tight spots Environmental Responsibility Driving Pleasure Toughness Safety

O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Orioles get in on intl market sign 4 players The Orioles announced four international signings Thursday including Venezuelan outfielder Angel Gomez Cuban outfielder Kevin Infante Dominican righthander Kelvin LaRoche and Venezuelan shortstop Gilbert Machado Infante is a righthandedhitting corner outfielder who also possesses the skill set to play second base Orioles director of player development Brian Graham said in an official team release Hes a plus runner with a good offensive approach and we believe that he will develop to be a productive hitter Gomez is a wellrounded righthandedhitting outfielder who can run throw and play all three outfield positions LaRoche is a durable righthanded pitcher Graham continued whose consistent delivery allows him to throw strikes Machado no relation to former Orioles star Manny Machado is a natural shortstop with plus defensive skills and athleticism We look forward to having our player development staff work with all four players to further enhance their skills Top 30 International Prospects list The haul represents one of the Orioles first forays in the international market in recent years Baltimore missed out on top international prospects Sandy Gaston and the Mesa brothers despite owning 65 million in international bonus pool money which was among the highest totals of any of the 30 Major League clubs Terms for each of the Orioles four signings were not known as of Thursday morning Matt Kelly is a reporter for MLBcom based in New York Follow him on Twitter at mattkellyMLB Baltimore Orioles What does megadeal mean for LA Reds Dodgers may pursue Harper Cincinnati could add more pieces Continue Reading Reds get Puig Kemp Wood Farmer from LA Continue Reading Grandal might be biggest upgrade for these teams Catcher hit 24 home runs led MLB in framing value Continue Reading Machado will wait until 2019 to make decision Superstar free agent met with White Sox Yankees Phillies this week Continue Reading Fiers As reportedly closing on 2year deal Continue Reading LA gains flexibility to add Harper JT Kluber 7player deal with Reds lands Bailey who is released Continue Reading Rumors Castellanos Belt Bradley Kluber Kimbrel The latest MLB free agent and trade rumors for Hot Stove season Continue Reading Mariners net OF Santana for Gamel prospect Continue Reading Benintendis catch named AP Play of the Year Continue Reading Every teams best player not in Hall of Fame Continue Reading As get Profar in 3team trade sign Soria Infielder acquired from Rangers to fill void at second base Continue Reading Murphy signing has widespread ripples for Rox Colorados defense will shift accordingly key free agents are unlikely to return Continue Reading How to dominate your holiday baseball debates Continue Reading Miller agrees to twoyear deal with Cardinals Lefty changes the look of pen adds flexibility to closer options Continue Reading CC in great spirits following angioplasty Yankees lefthander expected to report to Spring Training on time

B O O O O O B I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


MRO Best Practices Are you ready for Predictive Maintenance A new generation of maintenance programs tracks realtime data about specific pieces of equipment to reduce downtime and costs while optimizing equipment efficiency Its all a matter of knowing the true condition of the equipment Maintenance in the News Endoflife management Have a plan MRO vending machines gain in popularity MRO Best Practices Are you ready for Predictive Maintenance Preserving Your Forklift Fleet with Comprehensive Aftermarket Services Distributor brings maintenance costs and operator behavior under control More Maintenance News Warehouse Resource 4 Proven Options for Relabeling Warehouse Racks Whether you work in a warehouse distribution center manufacturing site or thirdparty logistics 3PL facility its not uncommon for warehouse racks to require relabeling from time to time All Resources By Gary Forger Contributing Editor August 21 2018 In the beginning there was reactive maintenance It broke You fixed it Simple enough but often so untimely Then came preventative maintenance Rather than waiting for it to break you maintained or even replaced it on a schedule hopefully before it broke So on May 23 you lubricate that conveyor chain as scheduled by the manufacturer Its better than waiting for a failure causing unintended downtime even if you have the part in stock But who really knows if the maintenance was as timely as hoped Now comes predictive maintenance Instead of waiting for equipment to break or maintaining it on schedule predictive maintenance occurs only when its necessary Suddenly realtime maintenance has arrived With the help of sensors data is constantly collected about the operation of the equipment and its wellbeing Then with the help of the Internet of Things IoT to connect all the data sources combined with data analytics to make sense of the data maintenance is performed when and where it is needed It puts the emphasis on minimizing downtime and maximizing equipment efficiency With predictive maintenance that highutilization conveyor chain is lubricated based on its specific condition And the lowerutilization conveyor chain is lubricated based on its specific condition not because the highutilization chain is being lubricated on May 23 Its a shift from reasonable expectations to reliable expectations explains Lorne Weeter Dematics senior vice president of customer service And thats the case whether its a motor drive lift truck or large integrated system Instead of waiting for equipment to break or maintaining it on schedule predictive maintenance occurs only when necessary based on hard data As endearing as the predictive maintenance concept is it is best not to overstate where we are in its development In reality we are on the cusp Yes some companies have been actively building predictive maintenance programs for two years or longer Predictive maintenance is big complex and integrated It doesnt get built in a day It is however time to pay attention And there were several launches of predictive maintenance products at Modex 2018 Others will come along later this year Regardless of the timeline all of these developments will put maintenance into a different orbit in the plant and warehouse By its very nature predictive maintenance uses nextgeneration supply chain technologies And it pulls maintenance out of its silo and fully integrates it with operations Furthermore it stands to introduce a whole new era in relations between equipment suppliers and customers says Kevin Reader director business development and marketing at Knapp The benefits of predictive Predictive maintenance is not new It has been used for years in jet engines and elsewhere but not so much in materials handling Lets face it there is a significant difference between a jet engine failure at 40000 feet and a conveyor failure even at the peak of the holiday season explains Pacal Waldvogel Kardex Remstars leader of strategic projects Nevertheless there is steadily increasing pressure to reduce maintenance costs and downtime The idea behind predictive maintenance is to keep equipment operating and safe for the least amount of dollars says John Rosenberger Raymonds director of iWarehouse Gateway and Global Telematics Rosenberger continues to explain that predictive maintenance allows not just realtime repairs but repairs to specific pieces of equipment Thats in stark contrast to preventative maintenance that may require an entire section of a facility to be down for a period of time Equipment suppliers are focusing increasingly on up time says Dave Trice Honeywell Intelligrateds senior manager of business development for life cycle services Knapps Reader is focused on the potential to reduce operating costs with predictive maintenance The system supplier has been working with a German grocer for almost three years Today Knapps redPilot program is managing seven DCs for the grocer Reader says the goal was to reduce overall operating costs by 3 But we have far exceeded that he says Knapp announced redPilot at Modex Getting started The question is Why is all of this is coming together now The answer starts with the proliferation of sensing technologies in materials handling equipment Rosenberger says that in 2010 Raymond remotely monitored 10 critical operating conditions on a lift truck Today that number is 72 The same proliferation of sensors is occurring from motors to large integrated handling systems Sensors however are just the start They collect the data about a companys specific equipment and usage patterns Without that data about that specific equipment its back to the days of reasonable expectations and preventative maintenance Some call it big data others dont But that label matters less than the developing importance and availability of advanced data analytics to make sense of the data Get to that point and you are ready to actually do predictive maintenance First you have to collect the data and build a database then you have to analyze it before you can become predictive says Dematics Weeter Crown follows a fourstep process to get started on predictive maintenance It starts with connecting assets says Craig Bruns vice president of customer support The next step is to monitor and analyze operations The third step is to automate and integrate data And it wraps up when the system can predict maintenance and lead to innovation The push toward predictive maintenance at Crown started almost four years ago It now has all of its vehicle rental fleet collecting data with its InfoLink operator and fleet management system explains Bruns He adds that additional assets at Crown facilities and some large customers are part of the program too The collected data is then sent to a connected maintenance program that is monitored remotely by Crown to optimize fleet efficiency Raymond has also been working in the predictive maintenance arena for the past four years Its iWarehouse Gateway explains Rosenberger is a telematics system that collects lift truck data for predictive maintenance programs It isnt practical to manually record collate and analyze all of the parameters from each vehicle to support predictive maintenance says Rosenberger Telematics systems such as iWarehouse monitor these parameters in near real time as the vehicle is operating and wirelessly transmits them to a server for collation analytics and reporting At Swisslog predictive maintenance known as Condition Monitoring is an extension of its SynQ software platform The plugin which was featured at Modex is a Cloudbased solution says Tom Rentschler director of marketing at Swisslog It will not only collect information that will occur he adds but about when and how it can be fixed proactively Some other suppliers are still early in development of predictive maintenance solutions Waldvogel says Kardex Remstar is in that camp He calls their program proactive maintenance It is a stage between preventative and predictive We dont have enough data yet to feed the algorithms says Waldvogel However we do have enough information to measure wear and proactively maintain as a result The company is also piloting in Europe a new remote monitoring platform for its storage modules and talked about it at Modex Dematics Weeter also describes his company as being at the proactive stage From talks about its path to predictive maintenance at Modex Weeter foresees remote monitoring as a major component With this approach sensors on site will collect the data which will be fed to a Dematic data center There maintenance issues will be flagged and communicated back to the facility says Weeter Beyond maintenance today While the primary focus of predictive maintenance is in the here and now it can also be used in places not immediately obvious For instance it can be used to project lift truck fleet optimization into the future Scott Pettinger manager of fleet optimization at Associated says the data also indicates when it is best to replace trucks to a plan keeping new truck expenses manageable Its a matter of predicting equipment purchase timing and can be used for types of equipment other than trucks Pettinger adds He expects Associated to introduce a full predictive program later in 2018 Theres also the matter of CMMS computerized maintenance management systems CMMS also relatively new to materials handling manages the history of equipment and other assets as well as spare parts and repair and operations supplies In addition CMMS tracks maintenance costs and executes work orders That said predictive maintenance data can feed into CMMS As we get smarter with data and continue to refine maintenance prescriptions with predictive data CMMS will only become a more valuable tool says Honeywell Intelligrated s Trice The two can also team up to drive work orders and optimize spare parts inventory he adds Along those lines Knapps Reader expects predictive maintenances specificity to optimize the maintenance workforce If you know what needs repair and specifically what that is beforehand its much easier to assign the right technician to the job he says That not only ensures that the right person with the right skills is on the job but that maintenance labor cost is optimized too Quite simply predictive maintenance stands to open a new door These are the first few steps to simplify maintenance complexity and reduce operational costs Companies mentioned in this article Associated Crown Equipment Dematic Honeywell Intelligrated Kardex Remstar Knapp The Raymond Corp Swisslog View Maintenance Operations Repair Products and Accessories Lista and Vidmar Tall Cabinet line of customizable storage units Cabinets ideal for manufacturing production facilities ABB Ability electrical distribution control system Cloudbased energy distribution control system Remote Support Platform Kardex Remstar introduces new remote support platform FD100NFD160AN series of pneumatic tire trucks Diesel pneumatic tire trucks handle up to 36000 pounds TrackIt TurnKey Service Track monitor truck fleet with subscription service Sysmac Delta robot series Increase pickandplace throughput with robot Subscribe to Modern Materials Handling Magazine Subscribe today Its FREE Find out what the worlds most innovative companies are doing to improve productivity in their plants and distribution centers Start your FREE subscription today Article Topics Maintenance MRO Preventative Maintenance All Topics Latest Whitepaper 4 Proven Options for Relabeling Warehouse Racks Whether you work in a warehouse distribution center manufacturing site or thirdparty logistics 3PL facility its not uncommon for warehouse racks to require relabeling from time to time From the December 2018 Modern Materials Handling Issue Order fulfillment at Educational Development Corp EDC brought in a WMS lights powered conveyor and sortation to write a new chapter in the book distributors distribution story Educational Development Corp writes a new chapter in distribution 2018 Top 20 warehouses View More From this Issue Subscribe to Our Email Newsletter Latest Webcast Your 2019 Mobility Strategy Creating a Plan for Device Security Automation OS Migration and More If you havent already started creating a mobile strategy for 2019 join us to get started If you have a mobile strategy in place well be sharing our recommendations to make sure youve covered every aspect of devices deployment security OS migration and more

B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Mobiltrans HD Series Product Description Mobiltrans HD 10W 30 50 and 60 are extra high performance heavy duty transmission and drivetrain lubricants engineered to meet or exceed the requirements of the rigorous Caterpillar TO4 specification This product line is uniquely designed to optimise the performance of powershift transmissions gearboxes and final drives In hydraulic applications they provide maximum protection even in high pressure systems This technology combines selected base oils and an advanced additive system to deliver the precise performance parameters needed to maximise the productivity of construction quarrying and mining equipment operating in severe conditions These products offer a clear performance advantage over the use of mixed fleet engine oils and previously used lubricants meeting Caterpillar TO2 Features and Benefits Todays technology has vastly improved the performance capabilities of heavy duty earth moving equipment in terms of load speed control precision and reliability through innovative power train designs These designs have increased the requirements of powertrain fluids to deliver higher level of performance productivity and efficiency Friction control wear protection thermal stability shear stability rust and corrosion protection and pumpability are features that must be optimally balanced to provide extended clutch life slippage control maximum drawbar loading and high load operation even on an inclined slope at extreme temperatures Mobiltrans HD 10W 30 50 60 deliver exceptional performance in todays Features Advantages and Potential Benefits Balanced static and dynamic friction coefficients Optimised clutchfriction retention and slippage control Significantly improved clutch life compared to the best API CDTO2 engine oils Compatible with modern clutch materials and elastomers Longer clutch life and higher performance Increased levels of antiwear and load carrying capability Reduced gear wear and extended life in transmissions gearboxes and final drives Greater productivity from reduced downtime Excellent foam control protection Top performance in wet brakes excellent control of brake chatter Excellent thermal and oxidation stability Outstanding hydraulic oil stability and protection against highpressure pump wear Lower viscosities offer very good low temperature pumpability Reduced time from startup to production Applications Recommended by ExxonMobil for use in Heavy duty transmissions gear boxes final drives and hydraulic systems used in offhighway applications Offhighway industries including mining construction quarrying and agriculture Manual powershift and automatic transmissions where Allison C4 fluids SAE 10W and 30 grades are called for including Twin Disc and transmissions calling for Type F fluids Most mobile equipment hydraulic applications Specifications and Approvals Mobiltrans HD meets or exceeds the requirements of the following industry and builder specifications 10W 30 50 60 Caterpillar TO4 X X X X Mobiltrans HD Series have the following builder approvals 10W 30 50 60 ZF TEML03C X X ZFTEML 07F X Mobiltrans HD is recommended by ExxonMobil for use in applications requiring 10W 30 50 60 Allison C4 X X Typical Properties Mobiltrans HD SAE Grade 10W 30 50 60 Viscosity ASTM D 445 cSt 40ºC 42 100 195 340 cSt 100ºC 63 112 180 252 Viscosity Index ASTM D 2270 96 97 100 96 Pour Point ºC ASTM D 97 33 18 15 12 Flash Point ºC ASTM D 92 202 224 240 244 Density 15ºC kgl ASTM D 4052 0888 0893 0906 0911 Health and Safety Based on available information this product is not expected to produce adverse effects on health when used for the intended application and the recommendations provided in the Material Safety Data Sheet MSDS are followed MSDSs are available upon request through your sales contract office or via the Internet This product should not be used for purposes other than its intended use If disposing of used product take care to protect the environment

B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


New Items New Reduced Items Store Categories All Items Accessories Body Bolts Nuts Screws Rivets Books And More Brackets Brakes Carburetor Coil Box Switch Coil Unit Data Plates Drive Shaft Engine Manifold Floorboards Fordson Tractor Parts Frame Front Axle Gas Tank Fuel Line Gaskets Generator Alternator Gift Ideas Horn Whistles Lights Mirrors Muffler Exhaust N R S parts Pickup Bed Radiator Fan Water Pump Rear Axle Ruckstell Axle Specials and Used Items Speed Equipment Speedometer Springs Shackles Starter Starting Crank Steering Timer Distributor Tire Wheels Bearings Caps Ton Truck Ton Truck Body Tools Top Roof Transmission Pedal Universal Joint Upholstery Windshields Wiring The Model T Parts Specialists Welcome to Langs Old Car Parts Langs Old Car Parts is a family owned company with a true passion for the Model T Ford We have the most complete catalog available on the market including new and used Model T parts We also carry a large selection of accessories books and instructional movies Ever since our founding over 35 years ago we have worked hard to provide the best Model T parts with the great customer service and free technical support Three quarters of our staff own a Model T We have a passion and dedication to the hobby If you need any technical assistance with your car just give us a call and we will try our best to find the answer Please explore our Model T Parts catalog online and if you would like a catalog mailed to you please go to the Request A Catalog If you are unable to find the Model T part you need or would like to check our used part stock please feel free to give us a call at 8008727871 Improved NOS and Used Model T Parts Selection Check out our new online selection of used NOS and clearance Model T Parts Our stock is constantly changing These items are limited quantity and are sold as is You can add them to your shopping cart like a regular item and ship them with your order If you have any questions or can not find the part for your Model T that you want you can always contact us here at Langs NOS USED and Clearance Model T Parts Model T Parts Quiz Test your Model T part knowledge here with our quiz We will randomly give you a picture of a Model T part and you will have to select the correct description from the multiple choices below There is no limit to how many times you can take our quiz and every time you take it will be different The best of the best will earn a place here on our High Score Board So test your skill now and see how well you can do Free Catalog and we will send it to you in the mail for free

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


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Home Garden Home Garden Home Garden Natural Affordable Homes 13 Stunning Earthbag Structures by Steph Earthbag building is the process of constructing a sustainable lowcost shelter by stacking bags filled with dirt resulting in extremely durable structures that are quick to build even with no prior knowledge The walls can be curved or straight and are often formed into domes for dramatic artistic shapes Here are 13 beautiful examples of earthbag buildings that can be constructed for as little as 300 Gorgeous Green Earthbag Dome by Owen Geiger This gorgeous shed by Owen Geiger is an example of earthsheltered earthbag building which involves packing dirt around an earthbag structure and growing grass on top for a hobbitlike effect Geiger explains how to build your own at Mother Earth News Beautiful Earthbag Homes by Kaki Hunter Renowned earthbag builder Kaki Hunter who wrote the book Earthbag Buliding The Tools Tricks and Techniques along with Doni Kiffmeyer creates structures that look like they came straight from a fairy tale This example is from the duos property in Moab Utah Shinto Shrine by Kikuma Watanabe How beautiful is thi s incredible earthbag dome complete with oculus in Niigata City Japan Built by Kikuma Watanabe the Shinto Shrine is an air pocket in the city on a vacant lot between two highways to offer a small space for reflection and meditation East African Eco Village The same Japanese architect has envisioned an eco village for an East African community on the shores of Lake Victoria It consists of clusters of four earthbag buildings with water towers at the center Each cluster contains four living units each with their own living spaces meditation rooms and wind power generators Helical Earthbag Shelter by Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture Student Maya WardKaret built this striking earthbag structure as a student at the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture at Taliesin West Helixa Shelter was constructed for just 812 and features a curved construction that protects the interior from the sand sun and wind while still enabling open interaction with the desert environment Earthbag Domes by Milkwood This earthbag dome structure is at the Permaforest Trust Farm in Northern New South Wales Australia The Mud Home The mud home took six weeks to build and cost just 5000 with no power or running water on the land The builders had no prior knowledge learning the skills that they needed to create the structure as they went Somos Childrens Village Project Somos is creating a village that provides a secure home loving family and hopeful future to Guatemalan children in need A beautiful sustainable and affordable earthbag childrens village provides shelter for children and families living in poverty The creators hope that this will be the first of a series of villages around the world Moon Cocoon by Cal Earth The 400squrefoot eco dome known as the Moon Cocoon by Cal Earth can function as a tiny shelter small guest house studio apartment or the first step in a clustered design Cal Earth provides kits to build this house including a stepbystep DVD blueprints and unfilled earth bags Divine Nectar Retreat Cabin This stunning earthbag cabin was built as part of a retreat center in the desert of Arizona See photos of the whole building process at EarthBagBuildingcom Alison Kennedys EarthquakeProof Earth Bag House The first permitted earthbag building in Utah Alison Kennedys earthquakeproof selfbuilt home features a colorful roof laid in a design inspired by traditional Navajo weavers Konbit Shelter Earthbag Buildings for Haiti The Konbit Shelter is a sustainable building project that began in the aftermath of the devastating Haiti earthquake of 2010 with the aim of providing creative affordable and ecologically responsible shelter The project started by a small group of artists has resulted in a community center and two singlefamily houses in Cormiers Haiti 300 Stone Dome The 257squarefoot Stone Dome is an earthbag shelter that costs just 300 to build An outline of the project including blueprints budgets and required materials is available at Jovoto topics 7 Wonders Series Animals Habitats Art Design Energy Fuel Featured Articles Food Health Geography Travel History Trivia Home Garden Nature Ecosystems News Politics Science Research Technology Gadgets Transit Auto Tricks Hacks

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