Believe Cher album From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Believe Studio album by Cher Released October 22 1998 Recorded JuneAugust 1998 Studio Dreamhouse Studios London Soundworks Studios New York Genre Dancepop Euro disco Length 43 59 Label Wea Warner Bros Producer Mark Taylor Brian Rawling Junior Vasquez Todd Terry Rob Dickins executive producer Cher chronology Its a Mans World 1995 Believe 1998 If I Could Turn Back Time Chers Greatest Hits 1999 Singles from Believe Believe Released October 19 1998 Strong Enough Released February 19 1999 All or Nothing Released June 7 1999 Dovè lamore Released October 25 1999 Believe is the twentysecond studio album by American singeractress Cher first released on October 22 1998 by WEA and distributed in North America by Warner Bros Records Following the failure of her previous studio album Its a Mans World her record company encouraged her to return to the studio to pursue a new musical direction Recording took place over the summer at the Dreamhouse Studios in London and the Soundworks Studios in New York under the guidance of English producers Mark Taylor and Brian Rawling The album was dedicated to her exhusband Sonny Bono who died earlier that year Believe represents a complete musical departure from her previous works consisting of dancepop and Euro disco oriented styles while its lyrical topics include freedom individualism and relationships The album features some of the new technology of the time like the usage of Autotune which would eventually become known as the Cher effect Upon release the album received mixed reviews from music critics who commended Chers vocal performance while others criticized the high amount of vocoder and its overall production It won one Grammy for Best Dance Recording from a total of three nominations Commercially Believe proved to be extremely successful peaking at number four on the Billboard 200 and was certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipment of four million copies across the United States The record reached the peak position in Austria Canada Denmark Germany New Zealand and Portugal and charted within the top ten in France Spain United Kingdom United States and several other international territories Four singles were released from the album The first single Believe became one of the biggestselling singles ever by topping the charts in a total of 23 countries and has sold more than 10 million copies Strong Enough was released as the second single from the album it peaked at numbers 57 and 5 in the US and UK respectively All or Nothing and Dovè lamore were released as the third and fourth singles respectively both becoming moderately successful In order to support Believe Cher embarked on her sixth concert tour entitled the Do You Believe Tour which became one of the highest grossing tour ever for a female artist at that time Contents 1 Background 2 Critical reception 3 Commercial performance 4 Accolades 5 Track listing 6 Personnel 7 71 Weekly charts 72 Yearend charts 73 Decadeend charts 74 Alltime charts 8 Certifications and sales 9 Release history 10 See also 11 Notes 12 External links Background After the poorly received previous record Its a Mans World 1995 head of label Warner Music UK Rob Dickins suggested that Cher recorded a dance album so that could appeal to her gay audience However Cher said she was not interested in dance music anymore because she thought it was not a genre with real songs leaving Dickins with the option of convincing her otherwise At Warners London office Dickins bumped into songwriter Brian Higgins who was asked to pitch songs for a Cher album Three days later a tape with sixteen of Higginss songs arrived I lay on my bed and put the tape on and listened to every song The ninth song was Believe I thought Cher Cher began working on Believe in the summer of 1998 in London meeting with producers Mark Taylor and Brian Rawling who had previously worked with Dickins additional producers included Todd Terry Taxi Taxi and Junior Vasquez who had originally worked on Dovè LAmore but when he sent back his version from New York it was rejected by Dickens who decided instead to give the production of the track to Taylor and Rawling as well Cher worked also with longtime collaborator Diane Warren who wrote Takin Back My Heart and covered two songs The Power Amy Grant and Love Is the Groove Betsy Cook Furthermore she decided to introduce a remix form of her 1988 single We All Sleep Alone from her 1987 Cher album The Believe single was originally written only by Brian Higgins Matt Gray Stuart McLennen and Tim Powell and circulated at Warner Bros as an unwanted demo for months Mark Taylor said Everyone loved the chorus but not the rest of the song As we were already writing other songs for Cher Rob asked us if we could sort it out Two of our writers Steve Torch and Paul Barry got involved and eventually came up with a complete song that Rob and Cher were happy with Critical reception Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Entertainment Weekly B Robert Christgau The Rolling Stone Album Guide Upon release the album received mixed responses from international music critics Allmusic s Michael Gallucci called Believe Chers latest playground move and described Cher merely moves through the beat factory with one drab vocal range into one endless and personalityfree thump session and determinedly if not wholeheartedly clinging to the tail end of it In his review he gave the album two and a half out of five stars The major criticism was the strong use of AutoTune which changed Chers voice Beth Johnson of Entertainment Weekly gave it a B rating comparing it to Madonna s Ray of Light 1998 She said One minute this dance grab bag is mimicking Ray of Light the next paying homage to Donna Summer s disco days then both at once But did say Believe is erratic and sometimes cheesy as hell but you gotta love how her Cherness shines Music critic Robert Christgau ranked the album as a choice cut which means that the reviewer believes there is a good track in this case Believe on an album that is not particularly good Commercial performance The album had debuted at number thirtynine on the Australian Albums Chart and eventually peaked at number thirteen there and was certificated 2x Platinum by Australian Recording Industry Association ARIA The album also peaked at number fortyone and peaked at number one on the New Zealand Albums Chart and was certificated 2x Platinum by Recording Industry Association of New Zealand RIANZ It had peaked at number two on the Swedish Albums Chart and was certificated 3x Platinum there It is also the 73rd Best Selling of All Time in Sweden It had peaked at number five on the French Albums Chart and stayed in the charts for fortyseven weeks The album was certificated Platinum in that country It peaked at number one in Austria and stayed in there for thirtyseven weeks It was certificated 2x Platinum in that country In the United States after the release date the album debuted at 139 on the issue of November 28 1998 and then reached at number four on May 8 1999 Accolades In 2000 the album received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Album and the title track was nominated for Record of the Year as well as winning the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording Throughout 1999 and 2000 Cher was nominated for and won many other awards for the album including a Billboard Music Award for Female Vocalist of the Year Track listing Believe Standard edition No Title Writers Producers Length 1 Believe Brian Higgins Stuart McLennen Paul Barry Steven Torch Matthew Gray Timothy Powell Mark Taylor Brian Rawling 359 2 The Power Tommy Simms Judson Spence Junior Vasquez 356 3 Runaway Taylor Barry Taylor Rawling 446 4 All or Nothing Taylor Barry Taylor Rawling 357 5 Strong Enough Taylor Barry Taylor Rawling 344 6 Dovè lamore Taylor Barry Taylor Rawling 418 7 Takin Back My Heart Diane Warren Taylor Rawling 432 8 Taxi Taxi Todd Terry Mark Jordan Terry 504 9 Love Is the Groove Betsy Cook Bruce Woolley Terry 431 10 We All Sleep Alone Todd Terry remix Desmond Child Jon Bon Jovi Richie Sambora Terry 510 Total length 4359 Believe JapaneseAustralasian bonus track edition Notes Believe features writing contribution by Cher who remains uncredited The Power was originally performed by Amy Grant Personnel Adapted from Allmusic Tracy Ackerman background vocals Chris Anderson piano Ryan Art design Kevyn Aucoin makeup Paul Barry composer background vocals Jeffrey Bernstein programming Winston Blissett bass Jon Bon Jovi composer producer Johan Brunkvist keyboards Colleen Callaghan hair stylist Cher primary artist Desmond Child composer producer Betsy Cook composer Rob Dickins executive producer Ada Dyer background vocals Humberto Gatica mixing Marc Goodman engineer Marlon Graves guitar Matthias Heilbronn editing programming Brian Higgins composer Sylvia MasonJames background vocals Mark Jordan composer Bill Klatt engineer Michael Lavine photography Eddie Martinez guitar P Dennis Mitchell mixing Adam Phillips guitar Timothy Powell composer Brian Rawling producer Antoinette Roberson background vocals Tom Salta keyboards programming Richie Sambora composer producer Tommy Sims composer Robin Smith string arrangements Judson Spence composer Hamish Stewart background vocals Jeff Taylor additional production laughs production engineer remixing Mark Taylor composer guitar keyboards mixing producer programming string arrangements Todd Terry composer producer Junior Vasquez producer Diane Warren composer Audrey Wheeler background vocals James Williams background vocals Bruce Woolley composer Charts Weekly charts Chart 199899 Peak position Australian Albums ARIA 13 Austrian Albums Ö3 Austria 1 Belgian Albums Ultratop Flanders 3 Belgian Albums Ultratop Wallonia 3 Belgium Albums Promuvi 2 Canadian Albums RPM 1 Canadian Albums Billboard 2 Czech Albums IFPI Czech Republic 3 Danish Albums Hitlisten 1 Dutch Albums MegaCharts 7 European Albums Top 100 1 Finnish Albums Suomen virallinen lista 4 French Albums SNEP 5 German Albums Offizielle Top 100 1 Greek Albums IFPI Greece 1 Hungarian Albums MAHASZ 3 Italian Albums Hit Parade Italia 6 Japanese Albums Oricon 47 New Zealand Albums RMNZ 1 Norwegian Albums VGlista 4 Portuguese Albums AFP 1 Scottish Albums OCC 6 Spanish Albums PROMUSICAE 2 Swedish Albums Sverigetopplistan 2 Swiss Albums Schweizer Hitparade 2 UK Albums OCC 7 US Billboard 200 4 Chart 2002 Peak position US Billboard Catalog Albums 49 Yearend charts Chart 1998 Peak position Austrian Albums Ö3 Austria 32 German Albums Offizielle Top 100 79 Norwegian Christmas Period Albums VGlista 18 UK Albums OCC 32 Chart 1999 Peak position Australian Albums ARIA 23 Austrian Albums Ö3 Austria 3 Belgian Albums Ultratop Flanders 10 Belgian Albums Ultratop Wallonia 11 Canadian Albums RPM 6 Danish Albums Hitlisten 2 Dutch Albums MegaCharts 20 European Albums Top 100 1 French Albums SNEP 17 German Albums Offizielle Top 100 1 Italian Albums Hit Parade 20 New Zealand Recorded Music NZ 11 Norwegian Winter Period Albums VGlista 2 Swiss Albums Schweizer Hitparade 9 UK Albums OCC 48 US Billboard 200 17 Chart 2000 Peak position Finnish Foreign Albums Suomen virallinen lista 86 Decadeend charts Chart 199099 Position Austrian Albums Ö3 Austria 43 Alltime charts Chart Position Australia ARIA 472 Certifications and sales Region Certification Certified units Sales Argentina CAPIF Platinum 60000 Australia ARIA 2 Platinum 140000 Austria IFPI Austria Platinum 50000 Belgium BEA Platinum 50000 Canada Music Canada 6 Platinum 600000 Denmark IFPI Denmark 7 Platinum 140000 Finland Musiikkituottajat Gold 32682 France SNEP Platinum 555300 Germany BVMI 2 Platinum 1000000 Japan RIAJ Gold 100000 Mexico AMPROFON 2 Gold 200000 Netherlands NVPI Platinum 100000 New Zealand RMNZ 2 Platinum 30000 Norway IFPI Norway Platinum 50000 Poland ZPAV Platinum 100000 Spain PROMUSICAE 4 Platinum 400000 Sweden GLF 3 Platinum 240000 Switzerland IFPI Switzerland 2 Platinum 100000 United Kingdom BPI 2 Platinum 700000 United States RIAA 4 Platinum 3600000 Summaries Europe IFPI 4 Platinum 4000000 Worldwide 10000000 shipments figures based on certification alone Release history Region Date Formats Edition Label France October 22 1998 CD cassette LP digital download Standard WEA United Kingdom October 26 1998 Germany November 2 1998 Canada November 4 1998 United States November 10 1998 CD cassette LP minialbum digital download Warner Bros Japan December 23 1998 CD cassette Standard limited edition WEA See also List of bestselling albums List of European numberone hits of 1999 List of numberone albums from the 1990s New Zealand Notes Cher reveals new single Womans World The Telegraph 23 November 2012 Retrieved 1 November 2018 a b c Gallucci Michael Believe Cher at AllMusic FrereJones Sasha June 9 2008 The Gerbils Revenge The New Yorker Condé Nast Retrieved May 30 2012 In the manual accompanying AutoTunes fifthrelease version the zero speed setting is described as the Cher Effect Alicia Diaz Dennis 11 December 2008 Fashion Influential 63 Cher Zimbio Livingly Media Retrieved 16 July 2015 a b Strauss Neil March 11 1999 Cher Resurrected Again by a Hit The Long Hard but Serendipitous Road to Believe The New York Times The New York Times Company Retrieved January 15 2018 a b Recording Chers Believe Sound on Sound SOS Publications Group Retrieved 10 January 2011 a b Beth Johnson 13 November 1998 Believe Review Entertainment Weekly Christgau Robert Robert Christgau CG Cher robertchristgaucom Retrieved 8 August 2011 Brackett Nathan Christian Hoard 2004 The Rolling Stone Album Guide New York City New York Simon and Schuster p 159 0743201698 Robert Christgau CG 90s Key to Icons robertchristgaucom Retrieved July 30 2018 Hung Steffen swedishchartscom Swedish Charts Portal Archived from the original on 20090917 Top 200 Albums Billboard Top 200 Albums Billboard Believe Cher Credits AllMusic Retrieved 20140105 Australianchartscom Cher Believe Hung Medien Retrieved November 6 2015 Austrianchartsat Cher Believe in German Hung Medien Retrieved November 6 2015 Ultratopbe Cher Believe in Dutch Hung Medien Retrieved November 6 2015 Ultratopbe Cher Believe in French Hung Medien Retrieved November 6 2015 Hits of the World PDF Billboard Retrieved November 6 2015 RPM Top 100 CDs RPM Retrieved November 6 2015 Cher Chart History Canadian Albums Billboard Retrieved November 6 2015 Music Media Top National Sellers page 19 PDF Music Media Retrieved May 30 2018 Hits of the World PDF Billboard Retrieved November 6 2015 Dutchchartsnl Cher Believe in Dutch Hung Medien Retrieved November 6 2015 Hits of the World PDF Billboard Retrieved November 6 2015 Cher Believe in Finnish Musiikkituottajat IFPI Finland Retrieved November 6 2015 Leschartscom Cher Believe Hung Medien Retrieved November 6 2015 Cher Offizielle Deutsche Charts in German GfK Entertainment Retrieved November 6 2015 Music Media Top National Sellers page 10 PDF Music Media Retrieved November 6 2015 Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemezlista 1999 18 hét in Hungarian MAHASZ Retrieved November 6 2015 a b Gli album più venduti del 1999 Hit Parade Italia Retrieved November 6 2015 シェールのアルバム売り上げランキング in Japanese Oricon Archived from the original on September 10 2014 Retrieved November 6 2015 Chartsorgnz Cher Believe Hung Medien Retrieved November 6 2015 Norwegianchartscom Cher Believe Hung Medien Retrieved November 6 2015 Hits of the World PDF Billboard Retrieved November 6 2015 Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 Official Charts Company Retrieved November 6 2015 Hits of the World PDF Billboard Retrieved November 6 2015 Swedishchartscom Cher Believe Hung Medien Retrieved November 6 2015 Swisschartscom Cher Believe Hung Medien Retrieved November 6 2015 Cher Artist Official Charts UK Albums Chart Retrieved November 6 2015 Cher Chart History Billboard 200 Billboard Retrieved November 6 2015 Cher Chart History Billboard Retrieved June 9 2017 Jahreshitparade Alben 1998 in German Hung Medien Retrieved November 7 2015 Top 100 AlbumJahrescharts in German GfK Entertainment Retrieved September 8 2016 Topp 40 Album Julen 1998 in Norwegian VGlista Retrieved November 7 2015 End of Year Album Chart Top 100 1998 Official Charts Company Retrieved November 7 2015 ARIA Charts End Of Year Charts Top 100 Albums 1999 ARIA Retrieved November 7 2015 Jahreshitparade Alben 1999 in German Hung Medien Archived from the original on November 28 2015 Retrieved November 7 2015 Jaaroverzichten 1999 in Dutch Ultratop Archived from the original on January 9 2016 Retrieved November 7 2015 Rapports annueles 1999 in French Ultratop Archived from the original on March 4 2016 Retrieved November 7 2015 Top AlbumsCDs Volume 70 No 8 December 13 1999 RPM 13 December 1999 Retrieved November 7 2015 Chart of the Year 1999 Mogens Nielsen Archived from the original on December 16 2014 Retrieved November 7 2015 Jaaroverzichten Album 1999 in Dutch Hung Medien Archived from the original on March 6 2016 Retrieved November 7 2015 a b The Year in Music 1999 PDF Billboard Retrieved October 31 2015 Classement Albums année 1999 in French SNEP Archived from the original on September 25 2012 Retrieved November 7 2015 Top 100 AlbumJahrescharts in German GfK Entertainment Retrieved November 7 2015 Top Selling Albums of 1999 RIANZ Retrieved November 7 2015 Topp 40 Album Vinter 1999 in Norwegian VGlista Retrieved November 7 2015 Swiss Yearend Charts 1999 Hung Medien Archived from the original on August 19 2014 Retrieved November 7 2015 End of Year Album Chart Top 100 1999 Official Charts Company Retrieved November 7 2015 Myydyimmät ulkomaiset albumit vuonna 2000 in Finnish Musiikkituottajat IFPI Finland Retrieved November 7 2015 Bestselling Albums Austrianchartsat in German Hung Medien Archived from the original on 20101228 Retrieved 20101214 Best of All Time Albums Hung Medien Archived from the original on 20131227 Retrieved August 15 2016 Discos de Oro y Platino in Spanish CAPIF Archived from the original on July 6 2011 Retrieved November 8 2015 ARIA Charts Accreditations 2000 Albums Australian Recording Industry Association Austrian album certifications Cher Believe in German IFPI Austria Enter Cher in the field Interpret Enter Believe in the field Titel Select album in the field Format Click Suchen Ultratop Goud en Platina albums 1999 Ultratop Hung Medien Canadian album certifications Cher Believe Music Canada Danish album certifications Cher Believe IFPI Denmark IFPI Denmark Cher Believe in Danish Retrieved 20180508 a b Cher in Finnish Musiikkituottajat IFPI Finland French album certifications Cher Believe in French Syndicat National de lÉdition Phonographique Les Albums Platine in French Infodiscfr Archived from the original on 4 January 2014 Retrieved 1 May 2013 GoldPlatinDatenbank Cher Believe in German Bundesverband Musikindustrie RIAJ certification database for physical sales in Japanese RIAJ Retrieved June 25 2017 Certificaciones in Spanish Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas Type Cher in the box under the ARTISTA column heading and Believe in the box under TÍTULO Dutch album certifications Cher Believe in Dutch Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld en geluidsdragers Enter Believe in the Artiest of titel box NZ_chart book_Cherpdf PDF Norwegian album certifications Cher Believe IFPI Norway Archived from the original on 5 November 2012 Retrieved 1 May 2013 Polish album certifications Cher Believe in Polish Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry Fernando Salaverri September 2005 Sólo éxitos año a año 19592002 1st ed Spain Fundación AutorSGAE 8480486392 Guld och Platinacertifikat År 2000 PDF in Swedish IFPI Sweden The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community Awards Cher Believe IFPI Switzerland Hung Medien British album certifications Cher Believe British Phonographic Industry albums in the Format field Platinum in the Certification field Type Believe in the Search BPI Awards field and then press Enter Cher Releases First New Album In 12 Years Closer To The Truth Out On October 14th 2013 23 August 2013 American album certifications Cher Believe Recording Industry Association of America If necessary click Advanced then click Format then select Album then click SEARCH Caulfield Keith August 7 2015 Cher Reflects on 50 Years on the Billboard Charts I Got You Babe Believe Beyond Billboard Retrieved August 8 2015 IFPI Platinum Europe Awards 1999 International Federation of the Phonographic Industry Cher Says Farewell With 50City Tour Billboard May 1 2002 Retrieved July 8 2016 Believe Cher Amazonfr Musique Amazonfr Retrieved 20140105 Believe Amazoncouk Music Amazoncouk Retrieved 20140105 Believe Amazonde Musik Amazonde Retrieved 20140105 Believe Cher Amazonca Music Amazonca Retrieved 20140105 Amazoncom Believe Music Amazoncom Retrieved 20140105 Amazoncojp Believe Music Amazoncojp Retrieved 20140105 External links Chercom Music Believe Cher on IMDb v t e Cher Albums Singles Filmography Tours Videography Awards Studio albums All I Really Want to Do The Sonny Side of Chér Chér With Love Chér Backstage 3614 Jackson Highway Gypsys Tramps Thieves Foxy Lady Bittersweet White Light HalfBreed Dark Lady Stars Id Rather Believe in You Cherished Take Me Home Prisoner I Paralyze Cher Heart of Stone Love Hurts Its a Mans World Believe notcommercial Living Proof Closer to the Truth Dancing Queen Compilations Golden Greats Superpack Vol 1 and 2 Greatest Hits Greatest Hits 19651992 If I Could Turn Back Time Chers Greatest Hits The Greatest Hits The Very Best of Cher Gold Soundtracks Chastity Mermaids Burlesque Mamma Mia Here We Go Again Music video releases The Video Collection The Very Best of Cher The Video Hits Collection Live releases Extravaganza Live at the Mirage Live in Concert Live The Farewell Tour The Farewell Tour Live at the Mirage Other video releases CherFitness A New Attitude CherFitness Body Confidence Tours and residencies Cher in Concert Heart of Stone Tour Love Hurts Tour Do You Believe Living Proof The Farewell Tour Cher Dressed to Kill Tour Classic Cher Here We Go Again Tour Television The Sonny Cher Comedy Hour Cher Cher Special Dear Mom Love Cher Books The Ugly Duckling audiobook Related music Sonny Bono first husband Sonny Cher discography Gregg Allman second husband Youve Lost That Lovin Feelin Be My Baby Two the Hard Way Black Rose Love Can Build a Bridge Related tours Two the Hard Way Tour The Black Rose Show Related articles Cher as a gay icon Chaz Bono son Elijah Blue Allman son Mego Sonny Cher Toys Uninhibited Book Category Portal Categories 1998 albums Cher albums Albums produced by Brian Rawling Warner Music Group albums Warner Bros Records albums

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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Billboard YearEnd Hot 100 singles of 1994 From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Ace of Base s album The Sign had three songs in the top ten The Sign All That She Wants and Dont Turn Around The last time an album had such a strong showing was in 1978 when Bee Gees recordings from the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack were in positions 2 4 and 6 This is a list of Billboard magazines Top Hot 100 songs of 1994 Title Artists 1 The Sign Ace of Base 2 I Swear All4One 3 Ill Make Love to You Boyz II Men 4 The Power of Love Céline Dion 5 Hero Mariah Carey 6 Stay I Missed You Lisa Loeb and Nine Stories 7 Breathe Again Toni Braxton 8 All for Love Bryan Adams Rod Stewart and Sting 9 All That She Wants Ace of Base 10 Dont Turn Around Ace of Base 11 Bump n Grind R Kelly 12 Again Janet Jackson 13 Ill Remember Madonna 14 Whatta Man SaltnPepa and En Vogue 15 Wild Night John Mellencamp featuring Meshell Ndegeocello 16 Without You Never Forget You Mariah Carey 17 You Mean the World to Me Toni Braxton 18 Can You Feel the Love Tonight Elton John 19 The Most Beautiful Girl in the World Prince 20 Fantastic Voyage Coolio 21 Baby I Love Your Way Big Mountain 22 Regulate Warren G featuring Nate Dogg 23 If You Go Jon Secada 24 Back Forth Aaliyah 25 Now and Forever Richard Marx 26 When Can I See You Babyface 27 Please Forgive Me Bryan Adams 28 So Much in Love All4One 29 Shoop SaltnPepa 30 Any Time Any Place Janet Jackson 31 Shine Collective Soul 32 Said I Loved YouBut I Lied Michael Bolton 33 Return to Innocence Enigma 34 All I Wanna Do Sheryl Crow 35 Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm Crash Test Dummies 36 Can We Talk Tevin Campbell 37 Funkdafied Da Brat 38 Id Do Anything for Love But I Wont Do That Meat Loaf 39 Gangsta Lean DRS 40 Because the Night 10000 Maniacs 41 Cantaloop Flip Fantasia Us3 42 Whoomp There It Is Tag Team 43 Come to My Window Melissa Etheridge 44 Stroke You Up Changing Faces 45 Im Ready Tevin Campbell 46 100 Pure Love Crystal Waters 47 Anytime You Need a Friend Mariah Carey 48 Because of Love Janet Jackson 49 Linger The Cranberries 50 Loser Beck 51 Found Out About You Gin Blossoms 52 Gin and Juice Snoop Doggy Dogg 53 Never Lie Immature 54 Streets of Philadelphia Bruce Springsteen 55 Getto Jam Domino 56 Endless Love Luther Vandross and Mariah Carey 57 I Miss You Aaron Hall 58 Understanding Xscape 59 This DJ Warren G 60 Cry for You Jodeci 61 Keep Ya Head Up 2Pac 62 Whats My Name Snoop Doggy Dogg 63 Another Night Real McCoy 64 Your Bodys Callin R Kelly 65 Tootsee Roll 69 Boyz 66 I Can See Clearly Now Jimmy Cliff 67 Never Keeping Secrets Babyface 68 Crazy Aerosmith 69 Just Kickin It Xscape 70 At Your Best You Are Love Aaliyah 71 Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through Meat Loaf 72 Amazing Aerosmith 73 Always Erasure 74 Groove Thang Zhané 75 Dreams Gabrielle 76 Mr Vain Culture Beat 77 Mary Janes Last Dance Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers 78 Anything SWV 79 Beautiful in My Eyes Joshua Kadison 80 Stay Eternal 81 Flava in Ya Ear Craig Mack 82 UNITY Queen Latifah 83 Prayer for the Dying Seal 84 Secret Madonna 85 Here Comes the Hotstepper Ini Kamoze 86 Everyday Phil Collins 87 Dont Take the Girl Tim McGraw 88 Got Me Waiting Heavy D the Boyz 89 December 1963 Oh What a Night The Four Seasons 90 Indian Outlaw Tim McGraw 91 Always Bon Jovi 92 Im the Only One Melissa Etheridge 93 Back in the Day Ahmad 94 Love Sneakin Up On You Bonnie Raitt 95 Ill Take You There General Public 96 Always in My Heart Tevin Campbell 97 What Is Love Haddaway 98 And Our Feelings Babyface 99 Bop Gun One Nation Ice Cube featuring George Clinton 100 I Wanna Be Down Brandy See also 1994 in music List of Hot 100 numberone singles of 1994 US References 1994 YearEnd USA Charts Singles Billboardcom Retrieved 20090612 archived by Top40Chartscom v t e Billboard YearEnd Hot 100 singles 19501969 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 19701989 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 19902009 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010present 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Categories 1994 record charts Billboard charts

O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Bituin

Escalante

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August

Bituin

Escalante

Birth

name

Bituin

Escalante

Aguilos

Born

April

age

Manila

Philippines

Genres

Pop

Occupations

Singer

Years

active

Labels

Viva

Records

Bituin

Escalante

born

April

better

known

as

Bituin

is

a

Filipina

singer

and

host

She

first

gained

popularity

during

the

Metropop

Song

Festival

with

her

interpretation

of

the

song

Paano

written

by

Arnold

Reyes

making

the

song

the

festivals

second

prize

winner

With

a

wowed

audience

on

her

first

singing

appearance

Bituin

made

rose

to

diva

stardom

and

secured

her

spot

as

one

of

Philippines

best

female

vocals

during

the

Himig

Handog

Music

Love

Song

Festival

with

her

interpretation

of

Kung

Ako

Lang

Sana

the

grand

prize

winner

Contents

Career

Discovery

Theater

Awards

External

links

Career

Discovery

Bituin

rose

to

popularity

after

her

first

appearance

in

the

Metropop

Song

Festival

with

her

interpretation

of

Paano

written

by

Arnold

Reyes

where

she

received

the

festivals

second

prize

In

the

following

year

Bituin

won

awards

as

a

new

artist

in

the

Philippine

music

industry

Her

song

Kung

Ako

Lang

Sana

written

by

Soc

Villanueva

is

the

ABSCBN

Himig

Handog

Music

Love

Song

Festival

grand

prize

winner

She

was

also

awarded

Best

Interpreter

for

this

song

and

was

later

on

given

a

platinum

award

for

said

album

She

is

one

of

the

singers

in

ASAP

Discography

Theater

Year

Title

Role

Producer

Dreamgirls

Effie

White

Once

on

this

Island

Asaka

Death

and

the

Maiden

Paulina

Escobar

Alice

in

Wonderland

Queen

Hearts

Awards

ALIW

Awards

Most

Promising

Female

Artist

Whos

Who

in

the

Philippines

Best

Female

Performer

ABSCBN

Himig

Handog

Love

Song

Competition

Best

Interpreter

song

Kung

Ako

Lang

Sana

Awit

Awards

Song

of

the

Year

Kung

Ako

Lang

Sana

Awit

Awards

Best

Performance

by

a

Female

Artist

Awit

Awards

Best

Performance

by

a

Duo

or

Group

with

Mon

David

External

links

Categories

Living

people

births

Filipino

female

pop

singers

Viva

Records

Philippines

artists

Filipino

singers

women

singers

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Bogd Khan From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia For the mountain see Bogd Khan Mountain Bogd Khan de facto leader of Outer Mongolia In office 19111924 Preceded by Sando as Amban of Outer Mongolia Succeeded by Peljidiin Genden as head of state of Mongolian Peoples Republic Personal details Born 1869 Litang Sichuan Qing Dynasty Died 20 May 1924 aged 5455 Niyslel Hüree Outer Mongolia Republic of China Spouses Tsendiin Dondogdulam The Bogd Khan Mongolian Богд хаан 18691924 became de facto leader of Outer Mongolia in 1911 when Outer Mongolia declared independence from Qing dynasty of China after the Xinhai Revolution He was born in Tibet As the 8th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu he was the third most important person in the Tibetan Buddhist hierarchy below only the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama and therefore also known as the Bogdo Lama He was the spiritual leader of Outer Mongolias Tibetan Buddhism His wife Tsendiin Dondogdulam the Ekh Dagina Dakini Mother was believed to be a manifestation of White Tara Contents 1 Life 2 After death 3 See also 4 41 Citations 42 Sources Life Young Bogd Khan Imperial Seal of Bogd Khan The future Bogd Khan was born in 1869 in Lithang Kham in a family of a Tibetan official His father Gonchigtseren was an accountant at the 12th Dalai Lama s court The boy was officially recognized as the new incarnation of the Bogd Gegen in Potala in the presence of the 13th Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama The new Bogd Gegen arrived in Urga the capital of Outer Mongolia in 1874 After this he lived only in Mongolia According to one eyewitness he did not become a puppet in the hands of the lamas but on the contrary took them in hand Since his young years he wanted to restore the great Mongolian kingdom of Genghis Khan or at least to liberate Mongolia from the Chinese and make it selfdependent Local princes feared him but the masses liked him An independent and clever first hierarch and ruler was unacceptable neither for Tibet nor for the Chinese As a result from his young years the 8th Bogd Gegen was the subject of intrigues of Qing officials in Urga Later he became the subject of propaganda campaigns organised by Mongolian Communists which attacked him by alleging that he was a prolific poisoner a paedophile and a libertine which was later repeated in belleslettres and other nonscientific literature eg James Palmer However analysis of documents stored in Mongolian and Russian archives does not confirm these statements As a monk the Bogd had limited access to physical means of imposing power though some enemies were executed for blasphemy The Polish traveller Ferdinand Ossendowski recorded that he knew every thought every movement of the Princes and Khans the slightest conspiracy against him and the offender is usually kindly invited to Urga from where he does not return alive Ossendovskys claims for his acquaintance with the Bogd Gegen were not confirmed by comparative analysis of his book and manuscripts The Bogd Gegen lost his power when Chinese troops occupied the country in 1919 The Tusiyetu Khan Aimaks Prince Darchin Chin Wang was a supporter of Chinese rule while his younger brother Tsewang was a supporter of UngernSternberg When Baron Ungerns forces failed to seize Urga in late 1920 the Bogd was placed under house arrest then he was freed and reinstated by Ungern shortly before he took Urga in 1921 After the revolution in 1921 led by Damdin Sükhbaatar the Bogd Khan was allowed to stay on the throne in a limited monarchy until his death in 1924 a year after that of his wife After death The government took control of the Bogda Khans seal after his death according to the 26 November 1924 Constitution of the Mongolian Peoples Republic It was proposed that Zhang Zuolin s domain the Chinese Three Eastern Provinces take Outer Mongolia under its administration by the Bogda Khan and Bodo in 1922 after proSoviet Mongolian Communists seized control of Outer Mongolia After his death the Mongolian Revolutionary government led by followers of the Soviet Communists declared that no more reincarnations were to be found and established the Mongolian Peoples Republic However rumors about a reincarnation of the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu appeared in northern Mongolia in that same year No traditional determination of the supposed incarnation was conducted Another rumor appeared in 1925 In November 1926 the 3rd Great Khural of Mongolian Peoples Republic approved a special resolution that searches for reincarnations of the Bogd Gegen should not be allowed A final prohibition was approved by the 7th Congress of the Mongolian Peoples Revolutionary Party and the 5th Peoples Great Khural in 1928 Nevertheless the next reincarnation of Bogd Gegen was found in Tibet as a boy born in 1932 in Lhasa This was not announced until the collapse of the USSR and democratic revolution in Mongolia The 9th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu was formally enthroned in Dharamsala by Tenzin Gyatso the 14th Dalai Lama in 1991 and in Ulaanbaatar in 1999 The Winter Palace of the Bogd Khan has been preserved and is a tourist attraction in Ulaanbaatar See also Mongolia portal Tibetan Buddhism portal Biography portal Winter Palace of the Bogd Khan Mongolian Revolution of 1911 Bogd Khaganate Mongolian Revolution of 1921 References Citations Alan JK Sanders Historical Dictionary of Mongolia Second Edition 2003 Scarecrow Press Inc p413 0810866013 Full name Богд Живзундамба Агваанлувсанчойжинямданзанванчүг Bogd Jivzundamba Agvaanluvsanchoijinyamdanzanvanchüg Soninbayar Sh and Punsaldulam B 2009 Mongolyn Tusgaar Togtnol Oyuun Sanaany Ikh Unirdagch VIII Bogd Jevzundamba Khutagt Ulaanbaatar Sanders Alan J K Historical Dictionary of Mongolia p 364 9780810861916 Knyazev NN The Legendary Baron In Legendarnyi Baron Neizvestnye Stranitsy Grazhdanskoi Voiny Moscow KMK Sci Press 2004 5873171750 p 67 Tornovsky MG Events in MongoliaKhalkha in 19201921 In Legendarnyi Baron Neizvestnye Stranitsy Grazhdanskoi Voiny Moscow KMK Sci Press 2004 5873171750 p 181 Batsaikhan O Bogdo Jebtsundamba Khutuktu the last King of Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Admon Publ 2008 9789992904640 Kuzmin SL and Oyuunchimeg J The Great Khan of Mongolia the 8th Bogd Gegeen Aziya i Afrika Segodnya Moscow Russian Acad Sci Publ 2009 no 1 pp 5964 Ferdinand Ossedowski Beasts Men and Gods New York EP Dutton Co 1922 293 Kuzmin SL Rejt LJ Notes by FA Ossendowski as a source on the history of Mongolia Oriens Moscow Russian Acad Sci Publ 2008 no 5 pp 97110 a b Owen Lattimore Sh Nachukdorji Nationalism and Revolution in Mongolia Brill Archive pp 171 GGKEY4D2GY636WK5 Kuzmin SL The History of Baron Ungern An Experience of Reconstruction Moscow KMK Sci Press 9785873176922 p 325357 Mark Juergensmeyer 16 May 2008 Global Rebellion Religious Challenges to the Secular State from Christian Militias to al Qaeda University of California Press pp 139 9780520934764 Mark Juergensmeyer 10 May 1993 The New Cold War Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State University of California Press pp 118 9780520915015 A P Samest Blaustein Jay Adrian Sigler Benjamin R Beede 1977 Independence documents of the world 2 Brill Archive pp 482 0379007959 Bawden CR The Modern History of Mongolia 1968 Praeger publishers New York pp 261263 Kuzmin SL and Oyuunchimeg J The Great Khan of Mongolia the 8th Bogd Gegeen Aziya i Afrika Segodnya Moscow Russian Acad Sci Publ 2009 no 1 pp 5964 Purevjav S and Dashjamts D BNMAUd Sum Khiid Lam Naryn Asuudlyg Shiidverlesen Ni Ulaanbaatar Ulsyn Khevleliin Khereg Erkhlekh Khoroo Publ Sources Palmer James 2009 The Bloody White Baron Basic Books 9780465014484 Bogd Khan Born c 1869 Died 20 May 1924 Regnal titles Preceded by Khevt Yos Khan Khagan of Mongolia 29 December 1911 1919 1921 20 May 1924 Vacant Republic declared Religious titles Preceded by Ngawang Chökyi Wongchuk Trinley Gyatsho 8th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu 1870 20 May 1924 Vacant Title next held by Jampal Namdröl Chökyi Gyaltsen v t e Heads of state of Mongolia List Authority control LCCN no00089954 VIAF 68481588 WorldCat Identities via VIAF 68481588 Categories 1869 births 1924 deaths Tibetan Buddhists from Mongolia Buddhist monks Mongolian Buddhists Jebtsundamba Khutuktus Heads of state of Mongolia Mongolian anticommunists Independence activists

B I O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Bone resorption From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Bone Reabsorption Light micrograph of an osteoclast displaying typical distinguishing characteristics a large cell with multiple nuclei and a foamy cytosol Classification and external resources Specialty rheumatology ICD 10 M80 ICD 9CM 73399 eMedicine ent646 MeSH D001862 edit on Wikidata Bone resorption is resorption of bone tissue that is the process by which osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones and release the minerals resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood The osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that contain numerous mitochondria and lysosomes These are the cells responsible for the resorption of bone Osteoclasts are generally present on the outer layer of bone just beneath the periosteum Attachment of the osteoclast to the osteon begins the process The osteoclast then induces an infolding of its cell membrane and secretes collagenase and other enzymes important in the resorption process High levels of calcium magnesium phosphate and products of collagen will be released into the extracellular fluid as the osteoclasts tunnel into the mineralized bone Osteoclasts are prominent in the tissue destruction found in psoriatic arthritis and rheumatological disorders The human body is in a constant state of bone remodeling Bone remodelling is a process which maintains bone strength and ion homeostasis by replacing discrete parts of old bone with newly synthesized packets of proteinaceous matrix Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts and is deposited by osteoblasts in a process called ossification Osteocyte activity plays a key role in this process Conditions that result in a decrease in bone mass can either be caused by an increase in resorption or by a decrease in ossification During childhood bone formation exceeds resorption As the aging process occurs resorption exceeds formation Bone resorption rates are much higher in postmenopausal older women due to estrogen deficiency related with menopause Common treatments include drugs that increase bone mineral density Bisphosphonates RANKL inhibitors SERMs selective oestrogen receptor modulators hormone replacement therapy and calcitonin are some of the common treatments Light weight bearing exercise tends to eliminate the negative effects of bone resorption Contents 1 Regulation 2 Alcoholism 3 See also 4 Regulation Bone resorption is highly stimulated or inhibited by signals from other parts of the body depending on the demand for calcium Calciumsensing membrane receptors in the parathyroid gland monitor calcium levels in the extracellular fluid Low levels of calcium stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone PTH from chief cells of the parathyroid gland In addition to its effects on kidney and intestine PTH increases the number and activity of osteoclasts The increase in activity of already existing osteoclasts is the initial effect of PTH and begins in minutes and increases over a few hours Continued elevation of PTH levels increases the abundance of osteoclasts This leads to a greater resorption of calcium and phosphate ions High levels of calcium in the blood on the other hand leads to decreased PTH release from the parathyroid gland decreasing the number and activity of osteoclasts resulting in less bone resorption Vitamin D increases absorption of calcium and phosphate in the intestinal tract leading to elevated levels of plasma calcium and thus lower bone resorption Calcitriol 125dihydroxycholecalciferol is the active form of vitamin D 3 It has numerous functions involved in blood calcium levels Recent research indicates that calcitriol leads to a reduction in osteoclast formation and bone resorption It follows that an increase in vitamin D 3 intake should lead to a decrease in bone resorption it has been shown that oral administration of vitamin D does not linearly correlate to increased serum levels of calcifediol the precursor to calcitriol Calcitonin is a hormone secreted by the thyroid in humans Calcitonin decreases osteoclast activity and decreases the formation of new osteoclasts resulting in decreased resorption Calcitonin has a greater effect in young children than in adults and plays a smaller role in bone remodeling than PTH In some cases where bone resorption outpaces ossification the bone is broken down much faster than it can be renewed The bone becomes more porous and fragile exposing people to the risk of fractures Depending on where in the body bone resorption occurs additional problems like tooth loss can arise This can be caused by conditions such as hypoparathyroidism and hypovitaminosis D or even decreased hormonal production in the elderly Some diseases with symptoms of decreased bone density are osteoporosis and rickets Some people who experience increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation are astronauts Due to the condition of being in a zerogravity environment astronauts do not need to work their musculoskeletal system as hard as when on earth Ossification decreases due to a lack of stress while resorption increases leading to a net decrease in bone density Alcoholism The effects of alcohol on bone mineral density BMD are wellknown and wellstudied in animal and human populations Through direct and indirect pathways prolonged ethanol exposure increases fracture risk by decreasing bone mineral density and promoting osteoporosis Indirect effects of alcohol abuse occur via growth hormone sex steroids and oxidative stress Growth hormone is an important regulator of bone growth and remodeling in adults and it acts via insulinlike growth factor I IGF1 to stimulate osteoblastic differentiation Chronic alcoholism decreases the levels of IGF1 which suppresses the ability of GH to increase bone mineral density Increasing alcohol consumption is linked with decreasing testosterone and serum estradiol levels which in turn lead to the activation of RANK a TNF receptor protein that promote osteoclast formation Oxidative stress results when ethanol induces NOX expression resulting in ROS production in osteoblasts which can ultimately result in cell senescence Direct effects of chronic alcoholism are apparent in osteoblasts osteoclasts and osteocytes Ethanol suppresses the activity and differentiation of osteoblasts At the same time it has a direct effect on osteoclast activity This results in an increased bone resorption rate and a decreased bone mineral density due to increased pit numbers and pit areas in the bone Research has shown that viable osteocytes another type of bone cell may prevent osteoclastogenesis whereas apoptotic osteocytes tend to induce osteoclast stimulation Stimulation of osteocyte apoptosis by alcohol exposure may explain decreased bone mineral density in chronic drinkers See also Bone remodeling Nuclear factorkappa B References BoneResorption at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings MeSH Teitelbaum SL 2000 Bone resorption by osteoclasts Science 289 5484 15048 doi 101126science28954841504 PMID 10968780 Mensah Kofi A Schwarz Edward M Ritchlin Christopher T 20080801 Altered Bone Remodeling in Psoriatic Arthritis Current Rheumatology Reports 10 4 311317 doi 101007s1192600800505 ISSN 15233774 PMC 2656567 PMID 18662512 a b c d e f g Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 12th Edition 1416045740 a b Clarke Bart 20081101 Normal Bone Anatomy and Physiology Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 3 Suppl 3 S131S139 doi 102215CJN04151206 ISSN 15559041 PMC 3152283 PMID 18988698 Maurel D B Jaffre C Rochefort G Y Aveline P C Boisseau N Uzbekov R Gosset D Pichon C Fazzalari N L 20110901 Low bone accrual is associated with osteocyte apoptosis in alcoholinduced osteopenia Bone 49 3 543552 doi 101016jbone201106001 ISSN 18732763 PMID 21689804 Feng Xu McDonald Jay M 20110101 Disorders of Bone Remodeling Annual Review of Pathology 6 121145 doi 101146annurevpathol011110130203 ISSN 15534006 PMC 3571087 PMID 20936937 Russell G Mueller G Shipman C Croucher P 20010101 Clinical disorders of bone resorption Novartis Foundation Symposium 232 251267 discussion 267271 ISSN 15282511 PMID 11277085 Shanb Alsayed A Youssef Enas F 20140101 The impact of adding weightbearing exercise versus nonweight bearing programs to the medical treatment of elderly patients with osteoporosis Journal of Family and Community Medicine 21 3 176181 doi 10410322308229142972 ISSN 13191683 PMC 4214007 PMID 25374469 Institute of Medicine US Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium Ross AC Taylor CL Yaktine AL et al editors Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D Washington DC National Academies Press US 2011 3 Overview of Vitamin D Available from httpswwwncbinlmnihgovbooksNBK56061 Kikuta J Kawamura S Okiji F Shirazaki M Sakai S Saito H Ishii M Apr 2013 Sphingosine1phosphatemediated osteoclast precursor monocyte migration is a critical point of control in antiboneresorptive action of active vitamin D Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110 17 700913 doi 101073pnas1218799110 PMC 3637769 PMID 23569273 Yamamoto Y Yoshizawa T Fukuda T ShirodeFukuda Y Yu T Sekine K Sato T Kawano H Aihara K Nakamichi Y Watanabe T Shindo M Inoue K Inoue E Tsuji N Hoshino M Karsenty G Metzger D Chambon P Kato S Imai Y Mar 2013 Vitamin D receptor in osteoblasts is a negative regulator of bone mass control Endocrinology 154 3 100820 doi 101210en20121542 PMID 23389957 Stamp TC Haddad JG Twigg CA Jun 1977 Comparison of oral 25hydroxycholecalciferol vitamin D and ultraviolet light as determinants of circulating 25hydroxyvitamin D The Lancet 1 8026 13413 doi 101016s0140673677925533 PMID 69059 Iwamoto J Takeda T Sato Y Jun 2005 Interventions to prevent bone loss in astronauts during space flight The Keio Journal of Medicine 54 2 559 doi 102302kjm5455 PMID 16077253 a b Maddalozzo G F Turner R T Edwards C H T Howe K S Widrick J J Rosen C J Iwaniec U T 20090901 Alcohol alters whole body composition inhibits bone formation and increases bone marrow adiposity in rats Osteoporosis International 20 9 15291538 doi 101007s001980090836y ISSN 14332965 PMID 19238309 Ronis Martin J J Wands Jack R Badger Thomas M de la Monte Suzanne M Lang Charles H Calissendorff Jan 20070801 Alcoholinduced disruption of endocrine signaling Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research 31 8 12691285 doi 101111j15300277200700436x ISSN 01456008 PMID 17559547 Chen JinRan Shankar Kartik Nagarajan Shanmugam Badger Thomas M Ronis Martin J J 20080101 Protective effects of estradiol on ethanolinduced bone loss involve inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation in osteoblasts and downstream activation of the extracellular signalregulated kinasesignal transducer and activator of transcription 3receptor activator of nuclear factorkappaB ligand signaling cascade The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 324 1 5059 doi 101124jpet107130351 ISSN 15210103 PMID 17916759 Bonewald Lynda F 20110201 The amazing osteocyte Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 26 2 229238 doi 101002jbmr320 ISSN 15234681 PMC 3179345 PMID 21254230 a b Verborgt Olivier Tatton Nadine A Majeska Robert J Schaffler Mitchell B 20020501 Spatial distribution of Bax and Bcl2 in osteocytes after bone fatigue complementary roles in bone remodeling regulation Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 17 5 907914 doi 101359jbmr2002175907 ISSN 08840431 PMID 12009022 Maurel DB Jaffre C Rochefort GY Aveline PC Boisseau N Uzbekov R Gosset D Pichon C Fazzalari NL Pallu S Benhamou CL September 2011 Low bone accrual is associated with osteocyte apoptosis in alcoholinduced osteopenia Bone 49 3 54352 doi 101016jbone201106001 PMID 21689804 v t e Physiology of bone and cartilage Bone Bone density Bone remodeling Bone healing Bone resorption Osseointegration Ossification Osteolysis Bone age Periosteal reaction Cartilage Chondrogenesis Joint Range of motion Teeth Chewing Cementogenesis Categories Physiology Animal developmental biology

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

bone resorption
osteoclasts
mitochondria


Boohoocom From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia boohoocom UK Limited Type Retail Industry Fashion Founded 2006 Headquarters Dale Street Manchester UK Area served UK Key people Mahmud Kamani and Carol Kane joint Chief Executives Products Clothing Revenue 580m Number of employees 2175 Apr 2018 httpswwwboohoocom Footnotes references Twentyfour Seven Fashion Boohoocom is a UKbased online fashion retailer aimed at 1630 year olds The business was founded in 2006 and had sales in FY2018 of almost 580m It specialises in own brand fashion clothing with over 36000 products Contents 1 History 2 Business operations 3 Corporate affairs 31 Financial performance 4 Awards 5 History Boohoo was founded in 2006 by Mahmud Kamani and Carol Kane who are joint chief executives and previously supplied high street chains such as Primark and New Look Business operations Chief executive Carol Kane claims Boohoo can differentiate itself from its closest rivals as all their clothing ranges are ownbranded with average prices of 17 as of March 2014 comprising 9000 clothing lines With a primary focus on the 1624 year old age group it sells clothing to over 100 countries and as of June 2014 had seven major markets including the UK the US and France Stock is purchased in small quantities of between 300500 items at a time with repeat orders typically of 25 on those that sell well Customers can order items up to midnight for nextday delivery including on Sunday Customer numbers increased by 29 throughout 201617 up to 58 million As an online retailer boohoo utilise social media as an integral part of their marketing strategy A social media manager was appointed in 2012 with all employees encouraged to assist the social media team by contributing messages and imagery As of September 2017 boohoo had 44m Instagram followers 05m Twitter followers and 31m likes on Corporate affairs Boohoo also runs boohooMANcom PrettyLittleThingcom and NastyGalcom all of the brands are targeted at 1624 year olds PrettyLittleThing was acquired in December 2016 with the retailer purchasing a 66 stake in the business at a cost of 33m with the existing management team retaining the remaining shares During the year up to April 2017 customer browsing from mobile devices accounted for 70 of total sessions an increase of 4 from the previous year with downloads of its mobile app across the United Kingdom United States and Australia totalling around 22 million Financial performance In the 10 months to December 2013 boohoo celebrated sales totalling 92m with a profit before charges of 10m By February 2014 total sales had reached 110m with total profits of 11m Turnover in the year to February 2015 was 1399m an increase of 27 from the previous year with an increase of gross profit by 31 to 85m In April 2017 Boohoo announced that its profits had almost doubled to 31 million on sales up by 51 to almost 300 million When the company was floated on the stock market in 2014 it was valued at 560m and is worth about 2 billion as of April 2017 Internationally the retailer suggests its 140 growth to revenue of almost 40m has exceeded expectation whilst growth in Europe was 44 and 42 for the rest of their international operations Strong performance was reported in April 2018 when Boohoo announced almost double revenue from the previous year up to 580 million a pretax profit of 433 million and a 22 percent increase in customers Awards The fashion retailer won the Pureplay Etalier of the Year Award at the 2014 Drapers Awards ceremony in November 2014 In November 2017 Boohoocom was awarded City AM s Business of the Year Award References board of directors boohoocom plc Boohooplccom 24 February 2014 Retrieved 15 May 2017 a b c Family behind Boohoocom pocket 240m from sale of company shares The Guardian 7 March 2014 Retrieved 24 December 2017 a b Boohoo determined not to be another fashion sob story The Guardian 22 June 2014 Retrieved 24 December 2017 a b c Five strategies that helped boohoocom grow annual sales by 51 Internet Retailing 28 April 2017 Retrieved 24 December 2017 a b Boohoo sales rise following investment in technology and the customer experience Internet Retailing 29 September 2017 Retrieved 25 December 2017 a b c The Drapers Interview Carol Kane and Mahmud Kamani cofounders Boohoo Drapers 6 May 2015 Retrieved 24 December 2017 company overview boohoocom plc Boohooplccom Retrieved 15 May 2017 boohoocom expands with acquisition of PrettyLittleThing Internet Retailing 14 December 2016 Retrieved 24 December 2017 a b Boohoo online fashion retailer sees its profits double BBC News Bbccouk 26 April 2017 Retrieved 15 May 2017 Fastfashion chain Boohoo almost doubles sales in 2018 Financial Times 25 April 2018 Retrieved 25 April 2018 City AM Awards 2017 cityamcom Retrieved 10 November 2017 n Categories Companies established in 2006 Online retailers of the United Kingdom Companies listed on the Alternative Investment Market

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Borage From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia This article is about common species Borago officinalis For related plants sometimes called borage see Borago Borage Borage flower Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Asterids Order Boraginales Family Boraginaceae Genus Borago Species B officinalis Binomial name Borago officinalis L Synonyms Synonymy Borago officinalis Borage ˈ b ʌr ɪ dʒ listen Borago officinalis also known as a starflower is an annual herb in the flowering plant family Boraginaceae It is native to the Mediterranean region and has naturalized in many other locales It grows satisfactorily in gardens in the UK climate remaining in the garden from year to year by selfseeding The leaves are edible and the plant is grown in gardens for that purpose in some parts of Europe The plant is also commercially cultivated for borage seed oil extracted from its seeds The plant contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids some of which are hepatotoxic mutagenic and carcinogenic see below under Phytochemistry Description Borago officinalis grows to a height of 60100 cm 2033 ft and is bristly or hairy all over the stems and leaves the leaves are alternate simple and 515 cm 2059 in long The flowers are complete perfect with five narrow triangularpointed petals Flowers are most often blue although pink flowers are sometimes observed White flowered types are also cultivated The blue flower is genetically dominant over the white flower The flowers arise along scorpioid cymes to form large floral displays with multiple flowers blooming simultaneously suggesting that borage has a high degree of geitonogamy intraplant pollination It has an indeterminate growth habit which may lead to prolific spreading In temperate climate such as in the UK its flowering season is relatively long from June to September In milder climates borage will bloom continuously for most of the year Characteristics and uses A white flower cultivar Two blossoms the younger one is pink the older blue Traditionally borage was cultivated for culinary and medicinal uses although today commercial cultivation is mainly as an oilseed Borage is used as either a fresh vegetable or a dried herb As a fresh vegetable borage with a cucumber like taste is often used in salads or as a garnish The flower has a sweet honeylike taste and is often used to decorate desserts and cocktails Food Vegetable use of borage is common in Germany in the Spanish regions of Aragon and Navarre in the Greek island of Crete and in the northern Italian region of Liguria Although often used in soups one of the better known German borage recipes is the Green Sauce Grüne Soße made in Frankfurt In Italian Liguria borage is commonly used as a filling of the traditional pasta ravioli and pansoti It is used to flavour pickled gherkins in Poland Beverage Borage is traditionally used as a garnish in the Pimms Cup cocktail but is nowadays often replaced by a long sliver of cucumber peel or by mint It is also one of the key Botanical flavourings in Gilpins Westmorland Extra Dry Gin Phytochemistry The seeds contain 2638 of borage seed oil of which 1728 is gammalinolenic acid GLA the richest known source The oil also contains the fatty acids palmitic acid 1011 stearic acid 3545 oleic acid 1620 linoleic acid 3538 eicosenoic acid 3555 erucic acid 1535 and nervonic acid 15 The oil is often marketed as starflower oil or borage oil for use as a GLA supplement although healthy adults will typically produce ample GLA from dietary linoleic acid The leaves contain small amounts 210 ppm of dried herb of the livertoxic Pyrrolizidine alkaloids PA intermedine lycopsamine amabiline and supinine and the nontoxic saturated PA thesinine PAs are also present in borage seed oil but may be removed by processing The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment has advised that honey from borage contains PAs transferred to the honey through pollen collected at borage plants and advise that commercial honey production could select for raw honey with limited PA content to prevent contamination Herbal medicine Aragonese cuisine Borage boiled and sautéed with garlic served with potatoes Traditionally Borago officinalis has been used in hyperactive gastrointestinal respiratory and cardiovascular disorders such as gastrointestinal colic cramps diarrhea airways asthma bronchitis cardiovascular cardiotonic antihypertensive and blood purifier urinary diuretic and kidneybladder disorders One case of status epilepticus has been reported that was associated with borage oil ingestion A methanol extract of borage has shown strong amoebicidal activity in vitro The 50 inhibitory concentration LD 50 of the extract against Entamoeba histolytica was 33 µgmL In history Pliny the Elder and Dioscorides say that borage was the Nepenthe mentioned in Homer which caused forgetfulness when mixed with wine Francis Bacon thought that borage had an excellent spirit to repress the fuliginous vapour of dusky melancholie John Gerard s Herball mentions an old verse concerning the plant Ego Borago Gaudia semper ago I Borage bring always joys He states that Those of our time do use the flowers in salads to exhilerate and make the mind glad There be also many things made of these used everywhere for the comfort of the heart for the driving away of sorrow and increasing the joy of the mind The leaves and flowers of Borage put into wine make men and women glad and merry and drive away all sadness dullness and melancholy as Dioscorides and Pliny affirm Syrup made of the flowers Companion planting Borage is used in companion planting It is said to protect or nurse legumes spinach brassicas and even strawberries It is also said to be a good companion plant to tomatoes because it confuses the mother moths of tomato hornworms or manduca looking for a place to lay their eggs Claims that it improves tomato growth and makes them taste better remain unsubstantiated See also List of companion plants References borage Oxford English Dictionary 3rd ed Oxford University Press September 2005 Subscription or UK public library membership required Altervista Flora Italiana Borragine comune gurkört Borago officinalis L includes photos drawings and European distribution map a b Geitonogamy a mechanism responsible for high selfing rates in borage Borago officinalis L TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics 102 375378 doi 101007s001220051656 Retrieved 20130913 a b c Borage Encyclopedia of spices The Epicentre 2009 Retrieved 20101201 National NonFood Crops Centre NNFCC Crop Factsheet Borage Retrieved on 16 Feb 2011 Borage Wildflower Finder Wildflowerfinderorguk Retrieved 20130913 Borage at SloanKettering website Dodson Craig D Stermitz Frank R 1986 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from borage Borago officinalis seeds and flowers Journal of Natural Products 49 4 727728 doi 101021np50046a045 Parvais O Vander Stricht B VanhaelenFastre R Vanhaelen M 1994 TLC detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in oil extracted from the seeds of Borago officinalis Journal of Planar ChromatographyModern TLC 7 1 8082 Wretensjoe Inger Karlberg Bo 2003 Pyrrolizidine alkaloid content in crude and processed borage oil from different processing stages Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 80 10 963970 doi 101007s117460030804z Awang V C 1999 Eskinazi D ed The Information Base for safety assessment of Botanicals Botanical Medicine Langer T Franz Ch 1997 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in commercial samples of borage seed oil products by GCMS Scientia Pharmaceutica 65 4 321328 Fragen und Antworten zu Pyrrolizidinalkaloiden in Lebensmitteln PDF in German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment 4 August 2014 Retrieved 12 November 2015 Gilani AH Bashir S Khan Au Pharmacological basis for the use of Borago officinalis in gastrointestinal respiratory and cardiovascular disorders Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114 3 pp 393399 2007 Gilani AH Focused Conference Group P16 Natural products Past and future Pharmacological use of borago officinalis Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Conference 16th World Congress of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology WorldPharma 2010 Copenhagen Denmark Publication var pagings 107 pp 301 2010 Date of Publication July 2010 AlKhamees WA Schwartz MD Alrashdi S Algren AD Morgan BW 2011 Status Epilepticus Associated with Borage Oil Ingestion Journal of Medical Toxicology 7 2 154157 doi 101007s1318101101359 PMC 3724443 PMID 21387119 After taking 15 to 3g of borage oil daily for a week level of GLA in blood was high LeosRivas C VerdeStar MJ Torres LO OrandayCardenas A RivasMorales C BarronGonzalez MP MoralesVallarta MR CruzVega DE 2011 In vitro amoebicidal activity of borage Borago officinalis extract on entamoeba histolytica Journal of Medicinal Food 14 78 866869 doi 101089jmf20100164 PMID 21476887 a b c Grieve Maud 1971 A Modern Herbal The Medicinal Culinary Cosmetic and Economic Properties Cultivation and Folklore of Herbs Grasses Fungi Shrubs Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses Volume 1 p 120 Gardening Borage a Companion Plant Back2thelandcom 20090523 Archived from the original on 20130302 Retrieved 20130913 Long Island Adventures LLC Borage Herbal Companion N8ture Retrieved 20130913 Use Borage Gardenguidescom Retrieved 20130913 GH Organics GH Organics Archived from the original on 20130924 Retrieved 20130913 Borage Garden Guide Gardenguidescom Retrieved 20130913 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Borago officinalis Borage The American Cyclopædia 1879 Borage MissouriBotanicalGardenorg v t e Culinary herbs and spices Taxon identifiers Wikidata Q147075 Wikispecies Borago officinalis APDB 77124 APNI 58975 BioLib 40704 Calflora 1110 Ecocrop 3761 EoL 580765 EPPO BOROF EUNIS 162546 FloraBase 6674 GBIF 2926110 GRIN 7422 iNaturalist 52287 IPA 17377 IPNI 1136181 10598553 ITIS 31727 MichiganFlora 565 MoBotPF 242362 NBN NBNSYS0000003994 NCBI 13363 NZOR c76b571293504bb88a3911460ea58d5c PalDat Borago_officinalis Plant List kew2679695 PLANTS BOOF POWO urnlsidipniorgnames1136181 Tropicos 4000793 uBio 458736 VASCAN 3747 VicFlora 8b54b63d13d24ae6a5bcd27495df506e Categories Boraginoideae Herbs Leaf vegetables Medicinal plants of Asia Flora of Europe Flora of the Mediterranean Edible plants

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