Utility

systems

navigation

Authors

David

Chen

Joshua

Lee

Brett

Sleyster

and

Tom

Aunins

Stewards

David

Chen

Jian

Gong

and

Fengqi

You

Date

Presented

January

Date

Revised

January

Contents

Introduction

Electricity

Conventional

Power

Station

Advantages

Disadvantages

of

CoalFired

Energy

Production

GasTurbine

Cogeneration

Process

Process

Heating

Steam

Fired

Heat

Fuels

Hot

OilSpecialized

Heat

Transfer

Fluids

Process

Cooling

Cooling

Water

Refrigeration

Energy

Efficiency

Hot

Utility

Efficiency

Steam

Cold

Utility

Efficiency

Energy

Recovery

Process

Heat

Exchange

Utility

Regeneration

Process

water

and

boilerfeed

water

Demineralized

Water

Waste

Treatment

Wastewater

Treatment

AirPollution

Management

Introduction

Methods

Wet

Scrubbers

Dry

Scrubbers

LowNO

x

Burners

Selective

NonCatalytic

and

Catalytic

Reductions

Fabric

Filters

Electrostatic

Precipitators

Supercritical

Boilers

Outcomes

Case

Studies

United

States

Common

Pollutant

Emissions

China

Clean

Coal

Success

Through

Technologies

and

Life

Cycle

Comparison

Solid

Waste

Introduction

Many

chemical

processes

do

not

take

place

at

ambient

temperature

or

pressures

In

order

to

reach

these

nonambient

conditions

utilities

will

have

to

be

used

to

raise

or

lower

temperatures

and

compress

gases

Towler

TowlerUOP

Utilities

often

contribute

to

of

the

price

of

a

product

and

may

come

from

public

or

private

utility

companies

or

onsite

plants

For

purchased

utilities

costs

depend

on

consumption

while

for

companyowned

utilities

there

will

be

both

capital

and

operating

costs

They

include

things

such

as

steam

for

heating

electricity

cooling

water

refrigeration

fuels

such

as

natural

gas

wastewater

treatment

waste

disposal

and

Electricity

Electricity

is

used

to

power

many

different

kinds

of

equipment

It

has

many

advantages

it

is

efficient

reliable

available

in

a

wide

range

of

power

shaft

speeds

designs

lifetimes

convenience

costs

and

maintenance

It

is

generally

used

up

to

hp

and

sometimes

over

Hp

In

chemical

process

plants

the

electricity

demand

is

generally

determined

by

the

work

or

energy

required

for

compression

pumping

air

cooling

lights

and

many

other

items

This

electricity

often

times

is

purchased

from

local

electricity

providers

but

many

plants

generate

their

own

electricity

via

sophisticated

processes

Electricity

is

rarely

used

as

a

primary

heat

utility

in

largescale

chemical

plants

for

a

variety

of

reasons

The

main

disadvantages

of

using

electricity

as

a

heat

utility

are

as

follows

Towler

Heat

from

electricity

is

two

to

three

times

more

expensive

than

heat

from

fuels

This

is

attributed

to

the

lack

of

efficiency

when

creating

heat

from

electricity

Electrical

heating

units

are

expensive

require

high

maintenance

and

must

comply

with

strict

safety

regulations

Electrical

heating

units

are

unsafe

compared

to

steam

heating

units

In

steam

systems

the

physically

steam

controls

the

temperature

whereas

in

electrical

heating

units

temperature

is

controlled

by

temperature

controllers

which

can

fail

or

burn

out

The

use

of

electricity

carries

with

it

some

hazards

depending

on

the

environment

Extra

care

must

be

taken

when

using

electricallypowered

equipment

in

areas

which

may

have

combustible

fluids

vapors

or

dust

and

where

liquids

may

be

present

Seider

pg

Conventional

Power

Station

In

general

most

electricity

is

generated

from

a

conventional

coalfired

process

whether

it

be

onsite

or

purchased

from

a

provider

Coalfired

processes

have

been

used

to

create

electricity

throughout

history

and

technological

advances

have

increased

its

efficiency

and

use

worldwide

In

a

coalfired

steam

stationmuch

like

a

nuclear

stationwater

is

turned

into

steam

which

in

turn

drives

turbine

generators

to

produce

electricity

There

are

several

variations

on

how

to

create

energy

from

coal

but

here

are

the

basics

of

how

a

coalfired

process

works

General

CoalFired

Process

Diagram

Duke

Energy

Company

Heat

is

created

Before

the

coal

is

burned

it

is

pulverized

to

the

fineness

of

talcum

powder

It

is

then

mixed

with

hot

air

and

blown

into

the

firebox

of

the

boiler

Burning

in

suspension

the

coalair

mixture

provides

the

most

complete

combustion

and

maximum

heat

possible

Water

turns

to

steam

Highly

purified

water

pumped

through

pipes

inside

the

boiler

is

turned

into

steam

by

the

heat

The

steam

reaches

temperatures

of

up

to

degrees

Fahrenheit

and

pressures

up

to

pounds

per

square

inch

and

is

piped

to

the

turbine

Steam

turns

the

turbine

The

enormous

pressure

of

the

steam

pushing

against

a

series

of

giant

turbine

blades

turns

the

turbine

shaft

The

turbine

shaft

is

connected

to

the

shaft

of

the

generator

where

magnets

spin

within

wire

coils

to

produce

electricity

Steam

is

converted

back

to

water

After

doing

its

work

in

the

turbine

the

steam

is

drawn

into

a

condenser

a

large

chamber

in

the

basement

of

the

power

plant

In

this

important

step

millions

of

gallons

of

cool

water

from

a

nearby

source

such

as

a

river

or

lake

are

pumped

through

a

network

of

tubes

running

through

the

condenser

The

cool

water

in

the

tubes

converts

the

steam

back

into

water

that

can

be

used

over

and

over

again

in

the

plant

Repeat

The

cooling

water

is

returned

to

its

source

without

any

contamination

and

the

steam

water

is

returned

to

the

boiler

to

repeat

the

cycle

Advantages

Disadvantages

of

CoalFired

Energy

Production

Advantages

and

Disadvantages

of

CoalFired

Processes

Seider

GasTurbine

Cogeneration

Process

When

generating

energy

onsite

many

plants

use

a

gasturbine

cogeneration

process

The

thermal

efficiency

of

a

gasturbine

process

is

in

the

range

of

while

conventional

power

stations

such

as

coalfired

processes

have

a

efficiency

The

lower

efficiency

in

more

conventional

power

stations

is

attributed

to

wasted

heat

in

the

exhaust

steam

in

the

condenser

One

example

of

a

gasturbine

process

is

outlined

in

the

following

figure

Figure

is

a

gasturbine

cogeneration

process

with

a

heat

recovery

steam

generator

wasteheat

boiler

GasTurbine

Cogeneration

with

a

heat

recovery

steam

generator

boiler

Towler

Fig

Overall

the

process

illustrated

is

not

much

different

from

a

coalfired

process

The

main

differences

are

that

the

cogeneration

process

creates

both

electricity

and

a

heat

utility

and

cogeneration

processes

use

natural

gas

instead

of

coal

Many

of

the

advantages

and

disadvantages

are

similar

to

those

of

the

coalfired

process

but

the

cogeneration

has

a

much

higher

efficiency

creates

heat

to

be

used

in

another

process

and

uses

a

more

volatile

and

expensive

fuel

The

main

advantage

of

cogeneration

over

coalfired

energy

production

is

that

heat

is

not

wasted

In

coalfired

processes

heat

is

released

and

wasted

during

electricity

generation

Obviously

any

engineer

would

design

the

cogeneration

plant

to

meet

at

least

the

energy

requirement

necessary

for

plant

operation

but

cogeneration

plants

often

times

are

designed

to

exceed

the

plant

electricity

requirement

to

drive

another

source

of

capital

Many

describe

this

scenario

as

a

make

or

buy

scenario

Towler

This

scenario

provides

chemical

producers

leverage

when

negotiating

contracts

with

outsourced

electricity

providers

and

this

allows

plants

to

purchase

electricity

at

a

wholesale

price

This

is

a

huge

advantage

of

considering

onsite

electricity

production

because

electricity

is

needed

in

relatively

high

quantities

for

all

chemical

plants

Being

able

to

minimize

Process

Heating

The

key

objective

of

this

section

is

to

discuss

how

processes

are

heated

Heating

utilities

are

necessary

for

proper

usage

of

distillers

reactors

condensers

and

several

other

integral

types

of

equipment

More

specifically

steam

fired

heat

and

hot

oilspecialized

heat

transfer

fluids

will

be

discussed

in

the

following

subsections

Steam

Steam

is

the

most

commonly

used

heat

utility

used

in

chemical

plants

and

as

a

result

understanding

how

it

is

used

is

essential

in

the

study

of

Utility

systems

Steam

is

used

both

as

a

process

fluid

feedstock

diluent

to

absorb

heat

of

reaction

heating

agent

and

stripping

agent

in

absorbers

and

adsorbers

and

utility

It

can

be

used

to

drive

pumps

and

compressors

ejectors

for

producing

a

vacuum

and

heat

exchangers

As

one

can

clearly

see

steam

is

a

versatile

and

useful

utility

Here

are

a

few

advantages

of

using

steam

as

opposed

to

other

methods

of

process

heating

Towler

By

controlling

the

pressure

of

the

steam

one

can

control

the

temperature

at

which

the

heat

is

released

Having

a

strong

control

over

the

temperature

is

essential

in

several

processes

Steam

is

an

efficient

heat

source

because

the

heat

of

condensation

of

steam

is

very

high

Meaning

that

there

is

is

high

output

per

mass

of

utility

at

a

constant

temperature

Heat

exchangers

that

use

steam

are

relatively

cheap

because

condensing

steam

has

a

high

heat

transfer

coefficient

Steam

is

nonflammable

nontoxic

and

inert

to

several

process

fluids

Chemical

plants

generally

have

a

network

of

pipelines

exclusively

for

providing

steam

These

networks

generally

have

steam

at

a

low

pressure

a

medium

pressure

and

a

high

pressure

The

image

below

illustrates

a

basic

steam

system

Towler

Fig

In

the

diagram

above

boiler

feed

water

at

a

high

pressure

is

preheated

and

fed

to

other

boilers

These

other

boilers

superheat

the

steam

to

create

a

high

pressure

and

high

temperature

steam

stream

The

steam

is

superheated

past

the

dew

point

to

account

for

heat

loss

in

the

pipelines

A

portion

of

the

high

pressure

steam

is

used

for

process

heating

in

areas

of

the

plant

that

require

high

temperatures

The

rest

of

the

high

pressure

steam

is

turned

into

medium

pressure

steam

by

valves

and

steam

turbines

The

medium

pressure

steam

is

then

used

to

heat

medium

temperature

Fired

Heat

In

many

cases

processes

in

a

plant

require

a

heat

source

stronger

than

high

pressure

and

temperature

steam

That

is

when

fired

heat

is

used

which

is

generally

at

temperatures

above

Streams

can

be

heated

directly

in

the

furnace

tubes

or

via

a

hot

oil

circuit

or

heat

transfer

fluid

which

will

be

discussed

in

detail

in

the

next

section

Most

fired

heaters

use

natural

gas

as

fuel

because

it

burns

cleaner

than

fuel

oil

A

cleaner

burning

fuel

is

always

advantageous

due

to

environmental

and

safety

concerns

Furthermore

natural

gases

usually

result

in

less

wear

and

tear

in

Depending

on

the

application

of

the

firedheater

different

design

specifications

can

be

implemented

to

make

the

firedheater

as

efficient

as

possible

The

basic

construction

of

a

fired

heater

starts

with

a

cylindrical

chamber

that

is

lined

with

with

refractory

bricks

The

stream

that

is

to

be

heated

flows

through

tubes

inside

of

the

furnace

These

tubes

can

be

arranged

in

several

different

arrangements

such

as

around

the

walls

of

the

furnace

or

in

horizontal

or

vertical

banks

Towler

The

figure

below

illustrates

the

basic

construction

of

the

firedheater

and

varying

tube

arrangements

Basic

FiredHeater

Diagrams

Towler

Figure

Fuel

is

burned

to

heat

the

entire

furnace

and

the

heat

transfer

occurs

from

the

combustion

gases

inside

of

the

furnace

across

the

tubes

that

are

filled

with

our

desired

stream

The

heat

transfer

between

the

tubes

and

the

furnace

is

accomplished

primarily

via

radiation

Modern

designs

take

advantage

of

convective

heat

transfer

by

adding

a

smaller

section

on

top

of

the

firedheater

where

the

combustion

gases

flow

over

banks

of

tubes

as

seen

in

c

in

the

figure

above

Heat

transfer

can

be

further

improved

via

convection

by

adding

fins

or

pins

in

the

combustion

section

The

cost

of

fired

heat

can

be

calculated

by

the

cost

of

fuel

fired

Natural

gas

and

heating

oil

are

traded

as

commodities

and

prices

can

be

found

at

many

online

trading

sites

or

business

news

sites

ie

wwwcnnmoneycom

Past

historic

prices

for

forecasting

can

be

found

in

the

Oil

and

Gas

Journal

or

from

the

US

Energy

Information

Adminstration

wwweiagov

Fuels

Fuel

is

burned

in

utility

facilities

such

as

boilers

electricity

generation

and

cogeneration

and

can

be

in

solid

liquid

or

gas

form

It

can

also

be

burned

to

provide

heating

for

a

process

or

stream

or

to

drive

pumps

and

compressors

The

fuel

is

usually

burned

with

excess

air

to

ensure

complete

combustion

A

way

of

quantifying

the

amount

of

heat

generated

is

by

using

the

heating

values

Higher

heating

value

HHV

and

the

lower

heating

value

LHV

are

used

The

heating

is

the

total

heat

evolved

by

complete

combustion

of

a

fuel

with

dry

air

with

both

at

F

and

the

flue

gas

after

combustion

brought

back

down

to

F

If

the

water

vapor

in

the

flue

gas

is

not

condensed

we

obtain

the

LHV

If

the

water

vapor

is

condensed

the

value

of

heat

evolved

is

a

bit

higher

and

this

is

the

HHV

Heating

values

for

solids

and

liquids

Hot

OilSpecialized

Heat

Transfer

Fluids

Specialized

heat

transfer

fluids

and

hot

oil

circuits

are

used

as

heat

sources

when

steam

and

fired

heat

is

not

appropriate

Specialized

heat

transfer

fluids

and

hot

oil

circuits

are

extremely

versatile

in

that

they

can

be

used

in

the

temperature

range

of

to

This

range

however

is

quite

variable

For

hot

oils

the

upper

temperature

limit

is

gauged

based

off

of

the

thermal

decomposition

of

the

oil

and

cokingfouling

of

heat

exchanger

tubes

Hot

oil

circuit

systems

are

most

commonly

used

when

the

plant

has

several

small

temperature

heating

requirements

because

it

is

more

economically

sound

Rather

than

having

several

fired

heaters

heat

each

small

temperature

requirement

it

is

much

more

economical

to

have

one

fired

heater

heat

the

hot

oil

and

circulate

that

oil

through

each

of

the

process

to

meet

all

of

the

heat

needs

Hot

oil

systems

are

also

generally

favored

over

high

pressure

steam

in

processes

that

involve

high

pressure

differentials

between

the

process

stream

and

high

pressure

steam

Hot

oil

systems

are

favored

in

this

scenario

because

of

Mineral

oils

are

the

most

commonly

used

heat

transfer

fluids

and

one

prominent

example

is

Dowtherm

A

Dowtherm

A

is

a

combination

of

wt

diphenyl

in

diphenyl

oxide

Towler

and

is

extremely

thermally

stable

These

mineral

oil

systems

generally

require

high

flow

rates

Process

Cooling

Cooling

Water

Cooling

water

is

used

to

cool

andor

condense

streams

Cooling

water

is

usually

circulated

between

process

heat

exchangers

and

a

cooling

tower

Water

is

cooled

during

downward

motion

by

contact

with

air

blown

upwards

which

can

bring

the

water

temperature

to

come

within

F

of

airs

wetbulb

temperatureApproximately

of

the

temperature

reduction

is

due

to

evaporation

of

the

cooling

water

and

heat

transfer

to

the

surrounding

air

Water

can

also

be

cooled

in

spray

ponds

and

cooling

ponds

Both

work

by

providing

high

area

for

water

to

exchange

heat

with

air

Water

in

cooling

towers

is

lost

through

Refrigeration

Cooling

water

can

usually

be

used

to

cool

a

stream

to

F

Air

can

only

cool

to

F

Air

may

be

used

in

places

where

water

is

scarce

or

more

costly

to

transport

To

cool

or

condense

streams

below

F

a

refrigerant

is

typically

used

Chilled

brine

can

also

be

used

but

is

less

common

Until

CFC

Freon

dichlorodifuloromethane

and

HCFC

Freon

chlorodifuloromethane

were

commonly

used

refrigerants

However

the

chlorine

atom

in

the

molecules

caused

the

depletion

of

the

ozone

layer

The

US

Clean

Air

Act

Amendments

of

went

into

effect

in

and

the

production

of

these

refrigerants

has

since

stopped

or

been

greatly

reduced

Cost

estimates

are

based

on

tonday

of

refrigeration

where

a

ton

is

the

heat

that

needs

to

be

removed

to

freeze

ton

per

day

of

water

at

F

Substitutes

have

since

been

developed

is

often

used

in

place

of

According

to

the

EPA

is

not

combustible

at

ambient

conditions

and

is

essentially

nontoxic

under

ppm

and

is

not

ozonedepleting

Seider

pg

Energy

Efficiency

One

of

the

chief

concerns

in

selecting

and

designing

process

utility

systems

for

heating

and

cooling

is

how

to

achieve

the

most

energy

efficient

design

There

are

countless

means

by

which

plants

lose

energy

two

of

the

foremost

being

through

the

mixing

of

different

temperature

or

pressure

streams

and

through

the

disposal

of

warmed

cooling

water

Seider

Proper

utilities

design

can

help

mitigate

each

of

these

losses

as

well

as

many

others

The

energy

efficiency

of

a

plant

will

depend

primarily

on

the

heating

and

cooling

methods

that

are

being

used

and

the

overall

system

design

itself

These

two

Hot

Utility

Efficiency

As

mentioned

above

the

most

commonly

used

utilities

for

process

heating

in

large

scale

processes

are

steam

fired

heat

and

hot

oil

heaters

Of

these

steam

is

the

most

commonly

used

Electricity

while

efficient

at

creating

power

is

not

a

viable

source

of

heat

in

large

industrial

processes

Common

ranges

of

heating

efficiency

for

these

three

methods

are

displayed

in

Table

Towler

and

Sinnott

Broughton

Table

Process

Heating

Efficiencies

Process

Heating

Method

Typical

Efficiency

Steam

via

coal

boiler

Steam

via

gas

boiler

Steam

via

oil

boiler

Fired

Heat

w

Convective

Section

Fired

Heat

wo

Convective

Section

Hot

Oil

HeatersVaporizers

Steam

As

steam

is

so

popular

for

heating

purposes

it

is

useful

to

analyze

the

numerous

ways

in

which

losses

can

occur

in

steam

systems

There

are

five

primary

sources

of

inefficiency

and

heat

loss

in

the

generation

and

distribution

of

steam

throughout

a

process

plant

The

heat

content

of

boiler

exhaust

gas

Incomplete

combustion

of

boiler

fuel

Radiant

losses

from

the

boiler

exterior

Blowdown

losses

Distribution

losses

pipe

transport

steam

traps

etc

The

first

four

of

these

losses

take

place

at

the

boiler

and

contribute

to

the

heating

efficiencies

seen

in

Table

for

steam

created

with

coal

gas

and

oil

Several

methods

can

be

used

to

minimize

these

losses

one

of

the

foremost

being

the

control

of

airtofuel

ratio

in

the

boiler

This

ratio

must

be

managed

by

weighing

losses

due

to

uncombusted

fuel

against

losses

due

to

the

heat

content

of

excess

exhaust

gas

Broughton

Airtofuel

ratio

relationship

with

heat

losses

Broughton

Fig

The

airtofuel

ratio

can

be

optimized

using

a

feedback

process

controller

The

control

system

will

analyze

the

oxygen

content

of

exhaust

air

and

adjust

the

incoming

air

flow

rate

to

achieve

a

set

percentage

of

excess

air

While

desired

excess

oxygen

will

vary

depending

on

the

type

of

fuel

it

is

consistently

seen

that

in

the

minimum

lossrange

a

increase

in

excess

air

will

result

in

a

decrease

in

efficiency

Oxygen

Control

In

addition

to

airtofuel

ratio

management

steam

heat

losses

at

the

boiler

can

be

mitigated

via

energy

recovery

which

is

discussed

in

further

detail

below

Outside

the

boiler

losses

in

distribution

of

steam

throughout

facilities

can

decrease

energy

efficiency

by

a

significant

amount

This

can

cause

up

to

a

increase

in

losses

but

typically

results

in

an

overall

steam

efficiency

of

down

from

approximately

at

the

boiler

Broughton

There

are

several

ways

that

this

issue

can

be

addressed

First

and

foremost

are

steam

metering

systems

which

can

be

used

to

monitor

heat

supply

to

separate

sections

of

the

process

facility

check

efficiency

of

fuel

use

and

determine

which

processes

in

a

given

plant

have

the

highest

steam

requirements

Another

method

of

Cold

Utility

Efficiency

Efficiency

in

cooling

processes

depends

more

on

the

method

used

and

by

extension

the

amount

of

coolant

needed

Water

and

air

utility

efficiencies

depend

primarily

on

the

fluid

flow

required

to

maintain

the

system

at

a

desired

temperature

while

powered

refrigeration

utilities

for

colder

processes

have

efficiencies

at

approximately

ranging

up

to

Carnot

cycle

efficiency

a

metric

of

ideal

refrigeration

efficiency

Towler

and

Sinnott

Cooling

systems

represent

by

definition

a

loss

of

energy

from

the

main

process

to

the

utility

stream

and

as

such

it

is

often

useful

to

find

other

uses

for

the

heated

media

before

Energy

Recovery

Recovery

and

recycle

of

energy

is

perhaps

the

most

important

aspect

of

creating

an

energy

efficient

plant

design

and

it

is

important

for

process

engineers

to

fully

consider

possibilities

for

heat

recovery

in

order

to

aid

in

economic

viability

Process

Heat

Exchange

Heat

exchanger

networks

are

a

very

common

energy

recovery

method

in

industrial

processes

These

networks

most

frequently

allow

energy

from

heated

product

streams

to

be

transferred

to

feed

streams

that

must

be

brought

up

to

process

temperature

Biegler

More

information

on

the

function

and

design

of

heat

exchanger

networks

can

be

found

on

the

heat

exchanger

wiki

page

The

following

are

several

examples

of

energy

recovery

via

heat

exchange

that

are

used

in

industrial

processes

In

distillation

columns

the

bottoms

and

distillate

effluents

have

the

potential

for

energy

exchange

Though

the

condenser

at

the

top

of

the

column

can

not

supply

its

waste

heat

to

the

reboiler

due

to

their

respective

temperatures

the

effluent

streams

can

supply

heat

to

the

feed

via

a

feedeffluent

exchanger

This

reduces

the

utility

requirements

to

raise

the

feed

to

column

temperature

Biegler

Feed

sterilization

schematic

Towler

and

Sinnott

Fig

Feed

sterilization

commonly

used

in

the

food

industry

is

a

common

application

for

heat

recovery

through

process

stream

heat

exchange

In

this

application

the

feed

must

be

heated

for

a

certain

amount

of

time

to

kill

any

biological

contaminants

after

which

it

can

be

used

to

heat

the

new

raw

feed

for

sterilization

This

reduces

energy

demands

on

the

steam

heater

and

thus

reduces

cost

Towler

and

Sinnott

In

multivessel

batch

processes

it

can

be

advantageous

to

exchange

heat

as

the

process

fluid

is

being

transferred

between

vessels

Like

the

previous

examples

this

reduces

the

utility

needed

to

bring

the

colder

feed

up

to

process

temperature

thus

reducing

costs

Towler

and

Sinnott

Multivessel

batch

heat

exchange

schematic

Towler

and

Sinnott

Fig

Utility

Regeneration

Industrial

modular

HRSG

When

recovery

of

waste

heat

via

transfer

to

other

process

streams

is

inconvenient

or

impossible

energy

efficiency

can

still

be

improved

through

the

regeneration

of

utilities

This

is

commonly

done

through

the

regeneration

of

steam

by

removing

heat

from

exiting

streams

or

from

highly

exothermic

reactions

Waste

heat

in

exiting

streams

can

be

removed

via

heat

recovery

steam

generators

HRSGs

and

is

most

often

used

on

exiting

gas

streams

Heat

recovery

from

reactions

is

a

viable

option

when

the

reactor

temperature

will

be

at

C

or

above

as

this

will

create

steam

at

high

enough

pressure

to

be

used

In

the

case

of

steam

waste

heat

and

water

treatment

losses

can

be

recovered

from

the

utility

generation

process

itself

One

of

the

most

common

ways

to

do

this

is

with

an

economizer

As

seen

in

the

schematic

below

economizers

have

heat

exchangers

fit

to

the

exhaust

gas

flow

in

order

to

transfer

waste

heat

from

these

gases

to

the

incoming

boiler

feed

water

This

can

result

in

fuel

energy

savings

of

approximately

for

typical

excess

air

percentages

in

steam

boilers

Broughton

Economizers

Economizer

schematic

Economizers

and

economizer

energy

recovery

correlations

Broughton

Fig

Condensate

return

fuel

savings

Broughton

Fig

Additionally

there

are

still

more

opportunities

for

recovery

in

steam

generation

processes

One

typical

case

is

the

use

of

waste

heat

to

preheat

air

entering

the

boiler

Optimistically

this

can

result

in

a

improvement

in

heat

recovery

for

the

system

Another

method

is

the

recycle

of

steam

condensate

back

to

the

boiler

This

has

two

main

benefits

it

retains

the

heat

still

present

in

the

condensed

steam

and

it

retains

the

pretreatment

chemicals

added

to

the

steam

Broughton

Furthermore

there

is

opportunity

for

energy

recovery

in

the

expansion

of

compressed

gas

through

a

turbine

to

create

electricity

a

process

that

can

be

economically

viable

given

sufficiently

high

flows

or

pressure

One

of

the

primary

application

of

this

type

of

energy

recovery

is

in

the

creation

of

medium

pressure

and

low

pressure

steam

In

most

processes

all

steam

is

generated

as

high

pressure

steam

and

can

be

expanded

through

a

turbine

to

decrease

its

pressure

Such

technology

has

also

been

used

in

processes

to

synthesize

ammonia

perform

air

separations

and

synthesize

nitric

acid

Towler

and

Sinnott

Recently

however

Process

water

and

boilerfeed

water

Process

water

is

water

that

will

be

directly

used

in

the

process

Boilerfeed

water

BFW

is

used

to

produce

steam

Both

may

need

to

be

purified

to

prevent

impurities

from

contaminating

a

process

or

from

foul

equipment

It

can

be

used

as

a

cooling

stream

when

the

temperature

of

the

stream

to

be

cooled

is

greater

than

F

Cost

of

BFW

can

be

partially

offset

by

the

steam

credit

Process

water

that

undergoes

moderate

pretreatment

can

cost

gal

Extensive

treatment

gal

Sterilized

for

pharmaceutical

processes

gal

Seider

pg

Demineralized

Water

In

demineralized

water

minerals

have

been

removed

by

ion

exchange

In

boiler

feed

water

this

is

to

prevent

salt

deposition

corrosion

formation

of

foam

and

sluicing

In

process

water

the

ions

may

contaminate

the

process

Waste

Treatment

Most

chemical

processes

will

produce

some

sort

of

waste

Disposal

occurs

to

the

atmosphere

in

the

case

of

some

gases

sewers

body

of

water

or

a

landfill

Waste

may

require

some

treatment

before

disposal

to

meet

regulations

Depending

on

process

economics

byproducts

may

be

recovered

and

processed

Seider

pg

Wastewater

Treatment

The

United

States

EPA

regulates

industrial

wastewater

disposal

through

the

Clean

Water

Act

introduced

in

as

the

Federal

Water

Pollution

Control

Act

and

amended

to

its

current

form

in

The

sweeping

amendments

allowed

the

EPA

to

prevent

industries

and

persons

from

discharging

contaminated

water

into

fresh

water

sources

and

set

water

quality

standards

Summary

of

the

Clean

Water

Act

In

accordance

with

this

law

process

plants

in

the

United

States

treat

wastewater

at

onsite

or

nearsite

treatment

centers

before

releasing

it

into

the

surrounding

environment

Wastewater

effluent

streams

along

with

water

runoff

from

around

the

plant

are

treated

to

control

for

pH

toxicity

suspended

solids

and

biological

oxygen

demand

for

aquatic

life

protection

prior

to

discharge

Each

of

these

controls

is

typically

addressed

with

a

separate

method

Acidity

and

basicity

is

balanced

through

the

addition

of

an

acid

or

alkaline

solution

Toxic

wastewater

may

be

treated

with

chemical

processes

or

simply

diluted

to

safe

concentrations

Suspended

solids

can

be

removed

via

filtration

andor

with

clarifiers

Oxygen

demand

of

wastewater

can

be

mitigated

using

activated

sludge

treatment

processes

Once

the

water

quality

complies

with

the

EPA

httpwwwepagovegindustrialeffluentguidelines

AirPollution

Management

Introduction

In

the

United

States

air

pollution

is

regulated

in

the

Clean

Air

Act

and

almost

all

pollutant

emitting

plants

are

regulated

under

this

law

The

types

of

plants

that

can

release

significant

emissions

include

petroleum

refineries

sulfur

recovery

plants

carbonblack

plants

fuel

conversion

plants

chemical

process

plants

fossil

fuel

plants

and

petroleum

storage

and

transfer

facilities

To

receive

permission

to

construct

a

plant

must

undergo

a

review

to

show

that

it

will

not

cause

a

violation

of

the

Ambient

Air

Quality

StandardsPeters

Methods

There

are

two

major

types

of

pollutants

that

are

released

into

the

air

particulates

and

and

gaseous

pollutants

Particulates

can

be

removed

with

mechanical

forces

while

gaseous

pollutants

typically

need

to

removed

by

chemical

or

physical

means

Peters

Particulates

and

volatile

pollutants

that

need

to

be

removed

before

disposal

may

be

present

Particle

removal

equipment

includes

cyclones

wet

scrubbers

electrostatic

precipitators

and

fabricfilter

systems

Seider

such

as

bag

filters

The

two

charts

below

are

from

Plant

Design

and

Economics

for

Chemical

Engineers

and

show

the

types

of

equipment

separation

methods

and

particle

sizes

in

different

pollutant

separation

technologies

Peters

Different

Methods

of

Particle

Separation

the

Particle

Sizes

they

Can

Remove

and

the

Technologies

Used

This

Chart

Shows

the

Specifications

and

Limitations

of

Different

Separations

Technologies

Including

Particle

Size

Efficiencies

and

TemperaturesPeters

Methods

for

removing

inorganic

and

organic

gaseous

pollutants

include

absorption

adsorption

condensation

and

combustion

Seider

pg

A

list

of

typical

of

gases

pollutants

and

their

sources

from

Plant

Design

and

Economics

for

Chemical

Engineers

is

shown

below

Peters

Common

Gaseous

Pollutants

and

their

Sources

Typically

Gasliquid

absorption

processes

are

done

completed

in

a

vertical

countercurrent

flow

through

packed

plate

or

spray

towers

These

systems

require

good

liquidgas

contact

and

proper

equipment

These

systems

also

often

have

significant

energy

consumption

because

of

large

pressure

drops

Peters

For

high

volume

systems

absorption

by

scrubbing

with

water

or

another

solvent

is

the

most

widely

used

method

Towler

Dry

adsorbents

can

be

used

to

remove

the

last

races

of

gaseous

pollutants

Adsorption

typically

requires

blowers

condensers

separators

and

controls

You

also

typically

need

two

packed

beds

so

that

one

can

be

used

while

the

other

is

Wet

Scrubbers

Wet

scrubber

use

lime

or

limestone

and

water

to

remove

SO

and

acid

gases

The

mixture

can

be

injected

into

a

scrubber

or

the

gases

can

be

bubbled

through

this

mixture

This

results

in

removal

of

of

SO

and

and

acid

gases

Clean

Coal

Technologies

Dry

Scrubbers

Dry

scrubber

blow

powdered

adsorbents

into

a

vessel

with

gases

and

then

after

it

has

captured

the

SO

and

acid

gases

it

is

separated

from

gas

using

a

fabric

filter

These

systems

remove

of

the

contaminants

Clean

Coal

Technologies

LowNO

x

Burners

The

purpose

of

low

NO

x

burners

is

to

decrease

the

amount

of

NO

x

created

when

the

coal

is

burned

This

is

done

by

injecting

coal

and

air

in

boilers

This

can

result

in

NO

x

reduction

If

air

is

injected

into

the

area

above

the

burner

this

can

actually

cause

almost

NO

x

reduction

Clean

Coal

Technologies

Selective

NonCatalytic

and

Catalytic

Reductions

These

systems

inject

ammonia

into

gases

to

remove

NO

x

The

Catalytic

reductions

add

a

catalyst

to

the

ammonia

being

injected

to

aid

in

the

removal

Concatalytic

reductions

result

in

about

removal

but

adding

a

catalyst

can

increase

that

amount

to

about

The

catalyticreduction

can

remove

up

to

of

mercury

as

well

Clean

Coal

Technologies

Fabric

Filters

Also

known

as

baghousesthese

filters

remove

particulates

by

passing

air

through

filters

These

can

separate

as

much

as

of

particulate

matter

Clean

Coal

Technologies

Electrostatic

Precipitators

Electrostatic

Precicpitators

remove

particulate

matter

as

gas

passes

through

a

device

that

has

charged

metal

plates

The

particles

are

then

removed

because

of

static

electricity

These

systems

can

remove

between

of

particulate

matter

Clean

Coal

Technologies

Supercritical

Boilers

SuperCritical

Boilers

and

UltraSupercritical

Boilers

operate

at

temperature

and

pressure

higher

than

regular

boilers

By

operating

at

higher

temperature

these

systems

become

more

efficient

Super

Critical

Boilers

typically

have

CO

emissions

than

other

similar

subcritical

technologies

UltraSupercritical

boilers

can

be

as

much

as

more

efficent

than

subcritical

technologies

Clean

Coal

Technologies

More

Information

For

more

information

regarding

some

of

these

separations

equipment

see

Solidsinvolved

equipment

For

more

information

Regarding

Cyclones

see

Cyclones

and

for

modeling

cyclones

see

their

HYSYS

Simulation

You

can

find

more

information

on

Absorption

and

Adsorption

in

Separation

processes

Outcomes

Case

Studies

United

States

Common

Pollutant

Emissions

The

United

States

implemented

the

Clean

Air

Act

in

and

since

then

emissions

in

the

US

have

been

drastically

reduced

As

a

matter

of

fact

despite

increases

in

the

population

in

the

last

years

the

amount

of

pollutants

emitted

have

decreased

by

almost

EPA

More

importantly

this

demonstrates

that

reasonable

efforts

can

be

put

towards

environmental

protection

without

causing

too

much

harm

to

industry

GDP

and

Other

Growth

Factors

Vs

Common

Pollutants

Released

China

Clean

Coal

Success

Through

Coal

is

a

very

inexpensive

and

abundant

source

of

energy

and

is

abundant

in

China

Xu

In

China

Coal

the

cause

of

of

SO

emissions

of

dust

emissions

and

of

NO

x

emissions

and

of

CO

emissions

These

numbers

are

staggering

considering

that

Coal

has

never

been

more

than

percent

of

Chinas

Energy

Supply

Xu

Coal

Consumption

for

Power

and

the

Percentage

of

Coal

Used

Xu

Despite

the

increasing

coal

consumption

high

efficiency

electric

dust

removal

systems

with

efficiencies

that

are

as

high

as

have

greatly

decreased

soot

emissions

to

below

levels

as

of

SO

and

Soot

Emissions

from

to

Xu

Technologies

and

Life

Cycle

Comparison

As

of

China

was

consuming

of

coal

globally

Four

potential

technologies

integrated

gasification

combined

cycle

IGCC

subcritical

coal

power

generation

SubC

supercritical

coal

power

generation

SuperC

ultrasupercritical

coal

power

generation

USC

These

technologies

are

compared

mostly

on

the

basis

of

net

generating

efficiency

and

efficiency

Net

generating

efficiency

is

the

output

of

the

plant

divided

by

the

total

available

energy

in

the

fuel

used

Liang

where

efficiency

is

define

as

ηEE

total

and

E

total

E

mining

E

transportation

E

generation

A

comparison

of

many

of

the

parameters

important

to

lfecycle

analysis

Liang

This

demonstrates

that

USC

has

the

best

net

generation

efficiency

while

also

having

the

largest

capacity

for

a

single

system

Efficiency

Calculation

Liang

This

breaks

down

the

energy

efficiency

of

each

system

and

demonstrates

that

USC

is

the

most

efficient

Various

pollutant

outputs

Liang

IGCC

and

USC

are

lowest

on

different

element

but

since

these

all

have

different

global

warming

potential

it

is

difficult

to

tell

which

is

the

most

efficient

Quantitative

environemntal

measures

Liang

This

table

breaks

down

the

different

measures

of

which

systems

are

better

Environmental

measures

and

their

explanations

Liang

And

the

table

above

defines

all

the

relevant

terms

Capital

cost

in

kW

of

clean

coal

powergeneration

technologies

Liang

This

demonstrates

that

the

capital

cost

per

unit

of

energy

production

is

very

high

for

IGCC

but

shows

that

SuperC

and

USC

are

very

competitive

All

of

the

data

suggests

that

USC

is

the

highest

in

both

energy

efficiency

and

net

generating

efficiency

while

competitive

in

price

The

IGCC

while

potentially

the

best

on

emissions

is

too

much

more

expensive

to

use

on

a

wide

scale

Liang

Solid

Waste

US

federal

regulations

require

that

solid

waste

be

classified

as

hazardous

or

nonhazardous

Conditions

for

a

classification

of

hazardous

include

ignitability

corrosivity

reactivity

toxicity

or

posing

a

substantial

threat

to

the

surrounding

environment

and

its

inhabitants

Hazardous

waste

must

be

treated

on

or

nearsite

before

being

removed

in

containers

Nonhazardous

waste

may

be

landfilled

or

incinerated

in

some

cases

A

typical

estimate

of

costs

for

waste

disposal

is

for

nonhazardous

solids

and

for

hazardous

solids

Seider

pg

References

Biegler

LT

Grossmann

IE

Westerberg

AW

Systematic

Methods

of

Chemical

Process

Design

PrenticeHall

Upper

Saddle

River

Broughton

J

Process

Utility

Systems

Introduction

to

Design

Operation

and

Maintenance

Institution

of

Chemical

Engineers

Rugby

Warwickshire

UK

Clean

Coal

Technologies

Americas

Coalition

for

Clean

Coal

Electricity

httpwwwamericaspowerorgcleancoaltechnologies1663

Duke

Energy

Company

How

Do

Coal

Fired

Plants

Work

Charlotte

Duke

Energy

Economizers

Energy

Solutions

Center

Inc

Boiler

Consortium

httpwwwcleanboilerorgEff_ImproveEfficiencyEconomizersasp

Accessed

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Lehman

B

Worrell

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Electricity

Production

from

Natural

Gas

Pressure

Recovery

Using

Expansion

Turbines

Lawrence

Berkeley

National

Laboratory

Overview

of

the

Clean

Air

Act

and

Air

Pollution

Environmental

Protection

Agency

November

httpwwwepagovcleanairactoverview

Accessed

February

Oxygen

Control

Energy

Solutions

Center

Inc

Boiler

Consortium

httpwwwcleanboilerorgEff_ImproveEfficiencyOxygen_Controlasp

Accessed

February

Peters

Max

S

Timmerhaus

Klaus

D

West

Ronald

E

Plant

Design

and

Economics

for

Chemical

Engineers

McGraw

Hill

Higher

Education

Ruina

Xu

Energy

Clean

coal

technology

development

in

China

Elsevier

Seider

Seader

Lewin

Widagdo

Plant

Design

and

Economics

for

Chemical

Engineers

Edition

Hoboken

Wiley

Seider

Seader

Lewin

Product

and

Process

Design

Principles

Edition

Hoboken

Wiley

Summary

of

the

Clean

Water

Act

United

States

EPA

website

httpwwwepagovlawsregulationssummarycleanwateract

Towler

GP

and

Sinnot

R

Chemical

Engineering

Design

Principles

Practice

and

Economics

of

Plant

and

Process

Design

Elsevier

Turton

R

Bailie

RC

Whiting

WB

Shaeiwitz

JA

Bhattacharyya

D

Analysis

Synthesis

and

Design

of

Chemical

Processes

Upper

Saddle

River

Prentice

Hall

GD

Ulrich

A

Guide

to

Chemical

Engineering

Process

Design

and

Economics

Wiley

New

York

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Microsoft Project Learn more about the next generation of Microsoft Project READ THE BLOG Streamline project resource and portfolio management with Microsoft Project to help you keep track of projects successfully Project Management Microsoft Project helps you execute projects with ease Builtin templates and familiar scheduling tools help project managers and teams stay productive LEARN MORE Portfolio Management Evaluate and optimize your project portfolio to prioritize initiatives with business objectives and get the results you want Close integration with Power BI provides advanced analytics to support better decisionmaking LEARN MORE Resource Management Gain insight into how resources are used and collaborate using integrated tools With simplified task and time management teams can enter updates from anywhere which offers greater executive oversight LEARN MORE Get started using Project SEE PRODUCTS AND PRICING CONTACT US Read more about project management The 6 notsoobvious reasons a project plan fails READ MORE The future of planningonline project planning in the cloud READ MORE The project managers guide to planning a perfect project READ MORE 5 project management software features your team isnt using READ MORE See more from Office 365 Supercharge your project management GET THE FREE EBOOK Project news Microsoft Project gets agile With agile in Microsoft Project you can manage agile projects by using simple visual task boards that support Scrum Kanban or custom workflows Choose whatever methodology makes sense for your project agile waterfall or hybrid READ FULL STORY Microsoft Project 2019 is the latest version of Project Previous versions include Project 2016 Project 2013 Project 2010 and Project 2007 Project 2019 is compatible with Windows 10

B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Wildlife Management College of Science Get the Program Guide Wildlife Management Program Guide Degree Options BS in Wildlife Management Conservation Management concentration BS in Wildlife Management Game Management concentration Who Would be Interested in Wildlife Management Students who Want to conserve nature for future generations Are seeking a career with a state federal or nongovernment wildlife management agency Want to take part in the scientific management of game or nongame fish and wildlife Want to improve habitat for rare or threatened species or help maintain habitat for valued common wild animals Want to help resolve conflicts between man and overabundant or nonnative species of wildlife Are seeking to obtain an advanced degree to conduct research on wild animals and how they fit into natural ecosystems Are good at and enjoy science enjoy wild animals and the ecosystems that support them and like the idea of working hands on in the great outdoors to pursue those interests Why Wildlife Management Our BS in Wildlife Management is designed so that graduates meet certification requirements for Associate Wildlife Biologist status as established by The Wildlife Society TWS the long established national organization of wildlife professionals Since the early 1970s Wildlife Management has had an active student chapter of The Wildlife Society TWS where both undergraduate and graduate students interested in wildlife conservation come together for seminars led by working wildlife professionals for volunteer projects to assist local state federal or nonprofit agencies in gathering field data or in habitat improvement programs or for social activities such as hiking canoeing or camping The student TWS chapter participates annually in the Southeastern Section of TWS Student Conclave which includes academic competitions as well as some nonacademic outdoorskill and art contests attended by 1530 state university programs from throughout the southeastern United States Learn from the Best Our PhD faculty are in the classroom laboratory and in the field with their students every day and advising them throughout their four years with respect to career goals and their progress in meeting those goals These same faculty members are working directly with state and federal agencies in scientific research to solve realworld conservation problems and gain new knowledge in the realm of wildlife ecology Faculty not only bring their firsthand experiences into the classroom but also offer students opportunities to participate directly in various research projects to gain practical experience while they are in school Internship and Career Opportunities Many of our students have taken summer internships with government and nonprofit conservation agencies or have worked through EKUs Cooperative Education Program to take a semesterlong internship gaining important professional experience even before obtaining the BS degree Many graduates go on to graduate school to pursue the MS and PhD degrees to qualify for program coordinator positions with these employers or to conduct research or obtain positions with major universities Some BS graduates continue on for MS and PhD degrees at major universities throughout the country while some remain at EKU in our Biology MS Applied Ecology option for an advanced degree Wildlife Management graduates work with state federal and nongovernmental agencies such as the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources and other state management agencies the US Forest Service and Fish and Wildlife Service Ducks Unlimited and The Nature Conservancy as well as with private consulting firms that collect and analyze data related to conducting Environmental Impact Assessments Employers of Wildlife Biologists in Kentucky and elsewhere know our graduates to have the academic knowledge practical field skills and problemsolving capabilities to meet their agencys needs Indeed many employers are graduates of the program at EKU and are confident in not only the education our graduates have received but also in the work ethic EKU graduates take with them into the professional world Our BS graduates often outcompete MS graduates from other schools because of the knowledge they have and thinking ability they display in the job interview What Are the Requirements to be Admitted to the Program Students can select Wildlife Management upon applying to the university However those best prepared to do well in this program will Have a good preparation in science and math or be dedicated to overcoming any lack of preparation they may have when they enter the program Enjoy science critical thinking problemsolving and field work Be able to work as part of a team to accomplish goals Appreciate that developing good communication skills is an important part of becoming a successful wildlife biologist Understand that the annual income of wildlife biologists is NOT among the highest but that the level of job satisfaction IS among the highest of any profession Where Are Recent Graduates Employed Biologist then Assistant Director of a state wildlife management agency Conservation Officer then Chief of Law Enforcement for a National Forest Field Biologist then Senior Biologist with a private consulting firm How Do I Get More Information Visit the Department of Biological Sciences in Science Building 3238 Call 8596221531 Email us at biologyekuedu Are There Scholarship Opportunities The Department of Biological Sciences has a few scholarships for continuing sophomores juniors and seniors based on academic performance within the department and need Applications are accepted each spring semester following the posting of application information on our department web page New students may find opportunities through the EKU Financial Aid Office or the College of Sciences The Kentuckiana Youth Chapter of Quail Forever annually funds a 1000 scholarship to two Wildlife Management majors for their junior or senior year based on academic record need and an essay submitted at the time of application Procedures for application are announced before March each spring Share this Academic Program

B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Indiana 7th 99 in 100 Chance the Democrat wins 999 1 in 100 Chance the Republican wins 01 Candidate Forecasted vote share Chance of winning André Carson D Incumbent 693 99 in 100 999 Wayne Gunny Harmon R 307 1 in 100 01 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Forecasted turnout Our model expects 185000 out of an estimated 519000 eligible voters to cast a ballot thats 356 356 0 Median 90 of districts fall in this range 100 Partisan lean IN7 is 225 points more Democratic than the nation overall and is the 114thmostDemocratic district How the forecast has changed Well be updating our forecasts every time new data is available every day through Nov 6 Chance of winning 01 Wayne Gunny Harmon 01 Wayne Gunny Harmon 999 André Carson 999 André Carson Popular vote share 307 Wayne Gunny Harmon 307 Wayne Gunny Harmon 693 André Carson 693 André Carson KEY AVERAGE 80 CHANCE Latest polls We havent been able to find any polls for this district Know of one Send us an email Our latest coverage Dec 24 2018 Politics Podcast Our 2018 Politics Awards By FiveThirtyEight Dec 24 2018 What I Got Wrong In 2018 By Nathaniel Rakich Similar districts and CANTOR Our district similarity scores are based on demographic geographic and political characteristics if two districts have a score of 100 it means they are perfectly identical These scores inform a system we use CANTOR or Congressional Algorithm using Neighboring Typologies to Optimize Regression to infer what polling would say in unpolled or lightly polled districts given what it says in similar districts Districts most similar to the Indiana 7th Sim score Polling avg 1 OH3 72 2 OH9 65 3 IN1 56 4 VA3 51 5 MI12 50 6 FL5 49 7 FL10 49 8 MD2 49 9 TN5 49 10 KY3 49 The fundamentals The Classic and Deluxe versions of our model use several nonpolling factors to forecast the vote share margin in each district Factor Impact Explanation Incumbency 31 André Carson has been elected to 6 terms Congress has only a 201 approval rating reducing the incumbency advantage District partisanship 79 IN7 is 225 percentage points more Democraticleaning than the country overall based on how it has voted in recent presidential and state legislative elections It voted for Clinton in 2016 and Obama in 2012 Incumbents margin in last election 103 Carson won by 243 percentage points in 2016 Generic ballot 68 Democrats lead by an average of 86 percentage points in polls of the generic congressional ballot Fundraising 123 As of Oct 17 Carson had raised 424000 in individual contributions 100 of all such contributions to the majorparty candidates Wayne Harmon had raised 0 0 Incumbents voting record in Congress 33 Carson has voted with Democrats 92 of the time in rollcall votes in recent sessions of Congress Candidates who vote with their party very frequently tend to underperform at the ballot booth other factors held equal Challenger experience 07 Harmon has never held elected office Scandals 00 Neither candidate is involved in a scandal Total D378 Expert ratings The Deluxe version of our model calculates an implied margin for each race based on expert race ratings from The Cook Political Report Inside Elections and Sabatos Crystal Ball it then adjusts that margin toward its estimate of the national political environment Equivalent Margin Expert Rating Raw Adjusted Cook Political Report Solid D D386 D392 Inside Elections Solid D D386 D395 Sabatos Crystal Ball Safe D D386 D382 Average D386 D389 How this forecast works Nate Silver explains the methodology behind our 2018 midterms forecast

B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

indiana 7th
democrat wins
republican wins


Propane Tank Fill Valve 3824 Standard size filler valve To be installed by qualified personnel only SKU 6001 Categories Cylinder Connections Cylinder Valves Fill Valves Fittings Forklift Valves Valves Tag Fill Valve Description Additional information Description Propane Tank Fill Valve Equipped with 134 Acme filling connection and 34 NPT container thread It has a high filling capacity and a one piece body This valve is used primarily for filling ASME engine fuel containers or portable DOT cylinders Filling rate is approximately 20 GPM with a 10 pound differential Valve comes with a cap with a plastic retaining strap This is the most common fill valve 1855SD Shop By Category Accessories Cylinder Accessories Propane Burners Regulator Accessories Camping Camping Cylinders Camping Fittings Camping Hoses RV Fittings Cylinders Camping Cylinders Forklift Cylinders Mower Cylinders Portable Cylinders Fire Pits Fire Pit Rings Fire Pit Valves Fittings Acme Fittings Brass Fittings Camping Fittings Cylinder Connections Mower Parts POL Fittings Propane ACME Fittings QCC OPD Fittings RV Fittings Steel Fittings High Pressure Schedule 80 Steel Fittings Low Pressure Schedule 40 Type 2 Quick Connect Hoses Camping Hose High Pressure Hoses Low Pressure Hoses Propane Flex Lines Regulators Accessories for Regulators Adjustable Regulators Automatic Regulators BBQ Regulators First Stage Regulators Integral Regulators Regulators wHoses Second Stage Regulators Single Stage Regulators Uncategorized Valves Ball Valves Cylinder Valves Fill Valves Fire Pit Valves Forklift Valves Multi Valves OPD Valves Relief Valves

B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


New Search Dennis Bandyk MD Vascular Surgeon Professor of Surgery Vascular Surgery Primary Specialty Surgery Minimally Invasive Surgery Please call the New Patient Registration line to confirm that the provider you wish to see is accepting new patients We strongly encourage you to call your insurance company directly to verify this provider is innetwork for your specific insurance plan Appointment Information Download vCard Print This Profile Dennis Bandyk MD Locations Contact Numbers About Education Practice Locations MapTiler OpenStreetMap contributors Jacobs Medical Center UC San Diego Health La Jolla 9300 Campus Point Drive La Jolla CA 92037 Driving Directions Contact Numbers New Patient Registration 800 9268273 Direct Clinic Line 858 6578530 About Dennis Bandyk MD Bio Dennis Bandyk MD is a boardcertified vascular surgeon who diagnoses and treats people with disorders affecting the arteries veins and lymphatic systems He provides comprehensive medical treatment and reconstructive vascular surgical and endovascular less invasive techniques for individuals with all types of vascular conditions His interests include vascular graft infection cartoid artery stenosis and thoracic outlet syndrome As a professor in the Department of Surgery Dr Bandyk instructs medical students residents and fellows at UC San Diego School of Medicine He has published over 200 peerreviewed articles as well as numerous book chapters Dr Bandyk completed a general surgery residency at University of Washington School of Medicine in Seattle He earned his medical degree from University of Michigan Medical School He is board certified in vascular surgery Dr Bandyk is a member of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the American College of Surgeons UC San Diego Health Links For more information see Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Gender Male Date Joined Staff 1032011 Education Medical Degree University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MI Residency University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle WA Board Certifications American Board of Surgery Vascular Surgery Dennis Bandyk MD click here to submit changes to your profile

O O B I O B I B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O

dennis bandyk
vascular surgeon
professor of surgery


Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale 11Item The 11item version of the KADS presented here is optimized for monitoring outcomes in adolescents 1217 years who are receiving treatment for major depressive disorder Its items are worded using standard and colloquial terminology and responses are scored on a simple 4 choice scale Over the last week how have you been on average or usually regarding the following items Sources S J Brooks SP Krulewicz S Kutcher The Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale Assessment of its Evaluative Properties over the Course of an 8Week Pediatric Pharmacotherapy Trial 13 3 J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 337349 2003 Sarah Brooks MD The Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale 11Item 9 5 Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology News 46 2004 S J Brooks S Kutcher Diagnosis and Measurement of Adolescent Depression A Review of Commonly Utilized Instruments 13 3 J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 341376 2003 J C LeBlanc A Almudevar S J Brooks S Kutcher Screening for Adolescent Depression Comparison of the Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale with the Beck Depression Inventory 12 2 J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 113126 2002

O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


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monofluoride

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rubidium

fluoride

from

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Synonyms

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Synonyms

Rubidium

fluoride

Rubidium

fluoride

RbF

Rubidium

monofluoride

fluoride

EINECS

RubidiumI

Fluoride

Rubidium

fluoride

anhydrous

ion

fluoride

Rubidium

fluoride

anhydrous

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RUBIDIUM

FLUORIDE

Rubidium

fluoride

trace

metals

basis

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and

Physical

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Properties

Property

Name

Property

Value

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Bond

Donor

Count

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Acceptor

Count

Rotatable

Bond

Count

Complexity

CACTVS

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Key

Fingerprint

AAADcQAAAQAAAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

Topological

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Surface

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Mass

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Exact

Mass

gmol

Compound

Is

Canonicalized

true

Formal

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Count

Defined

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Stereocenter

Count

Undefined

Atom

Stereocenter

Count

Defined

Bond

Stereocenter

Count

Undefined

Bond

Stereocenter

Count

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Atom

Count

CovalentlyBonded

Unit

Count

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records

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information

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notifications

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the

ECHA

CL

Inventory

Each

notification

may

be

associated

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multiple

companies

Toxic

if

swallowed

Danger

Acute

toxicity

oral

Harmful

if

swallowed

Warning

Acute

toxicity

oral

Toxic

in

contact

with

skin

Danger

Acute

toxicity

dermal

Harmful

in

contact

with

skin

Warning

Acute

toxicity

dermal

Causes

skin

irritation

Warning

Skin

corrosionirritation

Causes

serious

eye

irritation

Warning

Serious

eye

damageeye

irritation

Toxic

if

inhaled

Danger

Acute

toxicity

inhalation

Harmful

if

inhaled

Warning

Acute

toxicity

inhalation

May

cause

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irritation

Warning

Specific

target

organ

toxicity

single

exposure

Respiratory

tract

irritation

Suspected

of

causing

cancer

Warning

Carcinogenicity

Information

may

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notifications

depending

on

impurities

additives

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other

factors

The

percentage

value

in

parenthesis

indicates

the

notified

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ratio

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Precautionary

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Information

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ChemIDplus

Rubidium

fluoride

ChemIDplus

Chemical

Information

Classification

httpschemsisnlmnihgovchemidpluschemidheavyjsp

EPA

DSStox

Rubidium

fluoride

RbF

European

Chemicals

Agency

ECHA

rubidium

fluoride

Rubidium

fluoride

FDASPL

Indexing

Data

httpswwwfdagovForIndustryDataStandardsSubstanceRegistrationSystemUniqueIngredientIdentifierUNII

Springer

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references

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to

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contents

from

Springer

Nature

journals

and

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httpslinkspringercom

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rubidium

fluoride

httpsenwikipediaorgwikiRubidium_fluoride

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httpwwwwipointclassificationsipc

O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Global Health Epidemiology and Disease Control MPH Overview Curriculum Practicum CE Careers Faculty Overview The mission of the Master of Public Health MPH Global Health Epidemiology and Disease Control program is to prepare the next generation of global health professionals to develop and rigorously appraise infectious and chronic disease controlrelated programs using analytical and creative assessment skills The ability to do so will provide students with requisite skills to effectively contribute to improving the performance of global health programs In turn Global Health Epidemiology and Disease Control degree graduates impact underserved communities around the world In addition the MPH in Global Health Epidemiology and Disease Control degree coursework helps enhance students capacity to think critically and innovatively At the George Washington University we are proud to educate students who are committed to improving public health on a global scale and engaging in and promoting public service We emphasize these qualities in the MPH Global Health Epidemiology and Disease Control program because they are essential for future health professionals and public health practitioners In addition were certain that Global Health Epidemiology and Disease Control graduates can Utilize common epidemiological tools to help generate evidence on interventions targeted to infectious and chronic disease control Work in realworld settings to strengthen methodological rigor Generate and use data for assessing burden of disease and determining efficacy and effectiveness of interventions for infectious and chronic diseases Translate evidence to support program and health systems improvements and to make policy recommendations Communicate the results of research to a broad set of stakeholders Flexible Programming To help students fit graduate school into their daily life Milken Institute SPH provides flexible course offerings which allows Global Health Epidemiology and Disease Control students to take up to 15 credits online Program Prerequisites There are no specific prerequisites for entering the Global Health Epidemiology and Disease Control masters program other than a bachelors degree or higher degree This program is a good fit for anyone with an interest in improving human health Students who are especially interested in working with diverse populations and those who wish to study broad categories of health concerns are great candidates for this MPH in Global Health Epidemiology and Disease Control Students should remember to follow the curriculum associated with the Academic Year in which they matriculated All Program Guides are linked in the following Curriculum Tab Program Director James Tielsch Practicum Director Shaneka Thurman Advisor Advising Info

B I I I I I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

global health epidemiology and disease control


Rapides Parish Louisiana Free Public Records Directory Advertising Search LA Public Records LA Marriage Records LA Divorce Records LA Criminal Records LA Death Records LA Birth Records LA Background Search Search Records By Name First Name Last Name State Find Public Records in Rapides Parish Louisiana This page lists public record sources in Rapides Parish Louisiana Additional resources can be found on our Louisiana State Public Records page on city pages and on topic pages using the navigation above Rapides Parish Louisiana General Parish Info Rapides Parish Louisiana Home Page General information about Rapides Parish Population 128013 Area 1323 sq miles County Seat Alexandria Area Codes 318 Time Zone Central View detailed county map Rapides Parish Louisiana Public Records Directory Links Free Directory Louisiana Court Records and other Resources Links to state and local court records general Louisiana court information directory of courts and online resources for courts in Louisiana Free Directory Rapides Parish Court Directory Directory of court locations in Rapides Parish Louisiana Includes local links to searching court records dockets legal research self help and more Paid Search Recorded Document Search Search Rapides Parish recorded documents including property civil and criminal records with paid subscription Clerk Recorder Marriage Licenses Birth Death and Marriage Records and Voter Information Rapides Parish Clerk of Court 701 Murray Street Alexandria LA 71301 Phone 318 4738153 Fax 318 4734667 Free Search Property Search Search Rapides Parish property tax and assessment records by name or parcel number Assessor Rapides Parish Assessor 701 Murray Street Alexandria LA 71309 Phone 318 4488511 Fax 318 4437354 Contact Info Sheriff Jail and Sheriff Sales Rapides Parish Sheriffs Office and Jail 701 Murray St Alexandria LA 71309 Phone 318 4736700 Jail Phone 318 4736750 Free Search Rapides Parish Census Information Summary Rapides Parish statistics for population ethnicity housing geography and businesses From the US Census Bureau Free Search Death Records Search Search Louisiana death records and order certified copies of death certificates for deaths that occurred in Louisiana over 50 years ago Search by deceaseds name parish or month of death Contact Info Marriage Licenses View information about obtaining a Rapides Parish marriage license including fee and waiting period Free Search Sheriffs Sales View information about Rapides Parish Sheriffs sales including sheriff sale listings Contact Info Delinquent Taxes and Tax Sales View information about Rapides Parish delinquent taxes and tax sales Free Search Code of Ordinances Search or view Rapides Parish code of ordinances with online content updated on September 23 2014 Free Search Department Directory View Rapides Parish department phone directory Free Search Offender Watch Search for registered sex offenders living in Rapides Parish or register for email alerts Free Search Meeting Minutes View Rapides Parish Police Jury meeting minutes by date including current and prior years Contact Info Election Information View Rapides Parish election information Free Search Voter and Election Information View Rapides Parish voter and election information including online registration inactive voter search polling place locator and election results Free Search Inmate Search Search Rapides Parish inmate records through Vinelink by offender ID or name Free Search Building Permit Search Search Rapides Parish building permit records by project number or address Free Search Subdivision Development Projects Search or view Rapides Parish subdivision development projects under review and planning results Free Search GIS Mapping Search and view interactive GIS maps of Rapides Parish Layers include roads boundaries flood zones and aerials Free Search Genealogy Records View Rapides Parish genealogy records such as obituaries cemetery photo markers and family histories Free Search Meeting Agendas View Rapides Parish Police Jury current meeting agendas by date from 2013 to present Free Search Genealogy Records Search Search Rapides Parish genealogy records such as cemeteries marriage records obituaries and more Return to Top Rapides Parish Louisiana Local Jurisdictions Alexandria Ball Pineville Woodworth Return to Top Search Louisiana public records by town A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T V W Y Z Advertising

B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O B I B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


YouTube Boosts the ISNI Identifier Creators Standing Out From the Crowd In News by Porter Anderson January 22 2018 YouTubes newly announced partnership with the ISNI can greatly strengthen the identifiers role in metadata naming intellectual propertys creators Image iStockphoto Wild Pixel By Porter Anderson EditorinChief Porter_Anderson ISNI This Person Is Not That Person I n an interesting development GoogleAlphabets YouTube has become a registration agency for the ISNI the International Standard Name Identifier that provides disambiguation of artistry for musical artists composers performers writers and others The ISNI frequently pronounced to rhyme with Disney is a cousin of the ISBN Created by the International Organization for Standardization ISO just as the ISBN was has been implemented for years by organizations including Harvard Library Macmillans Digital Science and national libraries and collective organizations in many parts of the world Where an ISBN designates a book the ISNI designates a creator When Publishing Perspectives spoke in 2016 with Laura Dawson currently consulting with Numerical Gurus and then setting up the USA agency for ISNIshe explained that unlike the ISBN ISNI registration agencies are not determined by territory They tend to form around types of intellectual property Bibliotheque National de France for example registers Frenchrelated names Ringgold registers the names of research institutions When Bowker parent ProQuest decided not to become a registration agency for the ISNI Dawson arranged to create that agency If youre interested in getting an ISNI her registration form is here Heres how Dawson describes the purpose of the ISNI on her consultancy site using the company line as it were from the international oversight agency The mission of the ISNI International Authority ISNIIA is to assign to the public names of a researcher inventor writer artist performer publisher etc a persistent unique identifying number in order to resolve the problem of name ambiguity in search and discovery and diffuse each assigned ISNI across all repertoires in the global supply chain so that every published work can be unambiguously attributed to its creator wherever that work is described An announcement from that oversight agency for the ISO today January 22 from London has made it clear that YouTube is becoming a registration agency for the ISNI primarily in the music space And to that end the media alert says YouTube will request an ISNI a unique identifier to be assigned to all creators whose works are used on the platformincluding performers and songwritershelping to reconcile data and ensure attribution YouTube will share ISNIs with its label and publishing partners in order to promote the adoption of this standard by the industry as a whole And from YouTubes staff comes a good example of what this means James Stewart you say Which one there are at least 14 on YouTube says FX Nuttall technical program manager at YouTube By adopting ISNI artists songwriters and other creators will be unambiguously identified enabling better visibility and tracking on YouTube Bringing the ISNI open standard to music opens the door to more accurate credit for creators discovery for fans and transparency for the industry The international site for the ISNI is here and yes authors can indeed get an ISNI for themselves US25 as can other authors More Than 10 Million ISNIs Assigned There currently are 39 ISNI member organizations according to the media material from London 16 of them registration agencies Indeed More than 10 million ISNIs have been assigned to date according to Mondays release Some 650000 are assigned to organizations and more than 94 million to persons ISNI partners with OCLC the global library cooperative both as a founding member of ISNIs board and as host and lead technology supplier for the ISNI system and database The ISNI database is a crossdomain resource with direct contributions from 40 sources including the Virtual International Authority File VIAF an aggregation of data from major national and research libraries around the world Needless to say the partnership with YouTube is a major step forward for the ISNI and its place in the world An awful lot of people are now saying Is what for the first time and starting to learn about the identifier and its purpose in a contentpacked world In a prepared statement the ISNI international agencys chief Tim Devenport is quoted saying We view this as a transformative opportunity to offer the music industry a valuable identifier scheme and in so doing to deepen ISNIs knowledge of this domain and improve its technical facilities and approaches A stronger ISNI even in a musicspace expansion is good for publishing and its writers because identifiers of this kind go handinhand with copyright protections The ISNI can connect clarify the creative talent behind a given work And that can only be better for everyone in the intellectual property industries Again from our earlier conversation with Dawson ISNI identifies you as a public entity It says This person is not this other person or This person is also that other person So an author who also writes under a pseudonym would get two ISNIs one for each name An author from Eastern Europe or Asia whose name is not consistently spelled in our alphabet Dostoyevsky vs Dostoevski for example would collect all the versions of his or her name under a single ISNI indicating that these are indeed the same person About the Author Porter Anderson Porter Anderson is EditorinChief of Publishing Perspectives He is also coowner and editor with Jane Friedman of The Hot Sheet the newsletter for trade and indie authors He formerly was Associate Editor for The FutureBook at Londons The Bookseller Anderson has also worked with CNN International CNNcom CNN USA the Village Voice the Dallas Times Herald and other media Tags Bowker copyright IDPF intellectual property International Digital Publishing Forum ISBN ISNI Laura Dawson metadata ProQuest USA YouTube

B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B