Archive Tags Profilo Surgical Blog Back to Blog Jaw Surgery Your Questions Answered Tweet Jaw Surgery can have a dramatic effect on many aspects of your life While the appearance of your face may be enhanced as a result of treatment the core objective with Jaw Surgery is to correct for health and medical issues The line between Jaw Surgery for aesthetic purposes and medical necessity is often blurred A small lower jaw and receding chin not only affect appearance but are likely a sign of snoring sleep apnoea and disturbed chewing function The cornerstone of Jaw Surgery is realigning the jaws and teeth in order to improve the way they work together The reasons that lead people to seek out Corrective Jaw Surgery are numerous You may be suffering from obstructed breathing and are looking for a permanent cure to your snoring sleep apnoea and breathlessness You may wish to correct issues with facial imbalance such as the appearance of a weak chin a receding jawline or a pronounced overbite It might be that you have difficulty chewing or eating are damaging your teeth by the way you bite or experience chronic jaw joint TMJ pain Regardless of your motivation when seeking the benefits of Corrective Jaw Surgery it is important to locate a clinic of professionals that are highly qualified respected and experienced Remember that the elements essential to successful Jaw Surgery are an expertly determined diagnosis a meticulous planning process and treatment that is completed with care and precision What can be fixed with Jaw Surgery There are many issues that can be treated successfully by Corrective Jaw Surgery You may be wishing to Relieve airway obstruction and improve exercise tolerance Treat sleep apnoea snoring and sleepdisordered breathing Enable proper nasal breathing and eliminate chronic mouth breathing Be able to bite and chew using all of your teeth Have a balanced bite that minimises the excessive wear of teeth Close an open bite or spacing between the top and bottom front teeth Allow your lips to close without straining Address imbalance of facial appearance or jaw proportion Correct the sense of a receding lower jaw and chin Correct the sense of a prominent lower jaw Correct the sense of middle face collapse Alleviate chronic jaw jaw joint TMJ pain and headache What Jaw Facial conditions do we commonly see Humans tend to be visual by nature so we have described these conditions mainly in terms of their physical features Generally this helps people with identifying a condition that may affect them It is important to remember that while the focus of these descriptions is on physical appearance the features described are signposts for possible health medical and functional issues A lower jaw chin that look small or set back A short lower jaw is produced by a lack of normal tongue growth The tongue plays a major role in stimulating the front of the lower jaw to grow and abnormal tongue growth prevents the lower jaw from reaching a normal size The upper jaw and the nasal airway are often very narrow and there is usually obstruction of the major airway behind the tongue Signs also include a small lower jaw and chin bucky front teeth and varying levels of teeth crowding The obstructed airways increases the risk of snoring and the development of sleep apnoea later on in life There can also be difficulties with speech as well as disturbance to normal chewing ability A midface that looks sunken in or set back A lack of upper jaw growth is usually due to obstructed nasal breathing during childhood development The upper jaw ends up being small in 3 dimensions being a combination of narrow short and set back This gives the impression of exaggerated growth of the lower jaw The short length of the upper jaw results in an underbite and places overemphasis on the size of the lower jaw and chin which are usually normal in size A lack of upper jaw growth often leads to difficulty with chewing a damaging bite and excessive wearing of the teeth A bad bite affects the way the jaws come together and can lead to asymmetrical growth of the lower jaw Front teeth that dont touch when biting An anterior open bite is characterised by a lack of contact between the front teeth This can involve purely the teeth dental open bite or both the teeth and underlying jaw structures skeletal open bite In a skeletal anterior open bite the upper jaw and palate are often very narrow and the lower jaw is usually asymmetrical The condition is most commonly due to continual open mouth breathing during childhood a product of allergyrelated nasal obstruction The resulting narrow upper jaw and nasal airway obstructs the normal flow of air when breathing Thumb or dummy sucking as well as possible tongue thrusting can lead to an anterior open bite Usually this starts of as a dental anterior open bite which will spontaneously resolve if the behaviour stops If the behaviour does not cease then the open bite will start to involve the skeletal structure of the face This skeletal anterior open bite may not resolve without surgical intervention as an adult An anterior open bite can impair the ability to bite and and chew as only the back teeth touch when eating This leads to the excessive wear and early loss of these teeth and increases the risk of damaging jaw joint conditions A lower jaw that looks too big or far forward This is defined by orthodontists as a class III malocclusion where the bottom teeth are positioned further forward relative to the upper teeth The primary issue is the discrepancy between upper and lower jaw growth The cause of this is likely to be chronic nasal obstruction with excessive vertical downgrowth and further asymmetry of the mandible A long face with excessive gum display Maxillary Vertical Excess is the exaggerated downward growth of the tooth containing portion of the upper jaw What appears to be a gummy smile is in reality a substantial increase to the height of the upper jawbone The facial contours are often characterised by a long tapering face due to this exaggerated vertical growth the upper palate and nasal airway are often constricted and the lips are unable to close The lower jaw often responds by also increasing in downward growth exacerbating the appearance of a long face The likely cause of this condition is chronic nasal obstruction and open mouth breathing during childhood Severe asymmetry of the jaws face Hemifacial Microsomia affects the normal development of the lower half of the face most commonly the ears the mouth and the lower jaw It likely results from a disruption to the early stages of embryological development Its severity can vary with a possible involvement of the earlobe cheekbone jaw joint and vertical part of the lower jaw and overall there is obvious asymmetry to the appearance of the face The uneven growth of the lower jaw generally leads to impaired chewing ability difficulty with speech and airway blockage that can be so severe that breathing is almost completely obstructed Upper lower jaws that are both set back BiMaxillary retrusion is characterised by a lack of development of both the upper and lower jaws There is often severe dental crowding that is commonly treated by extractionbased orthodontic treatment There is a sense of lower facial recession which may be highlighted by a large nose a small chin and prominent fat around the neck and chin Extractionbased orthodontics generally exacerbates aesthetic and functional issues A complete lack of lower jaw development uvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis JVA that targets the the jaw joints can lead to rapid jaw joint deterioration which then severely impairs the growth of the entirety of the lower jaw The lower jaw may be so small that there is a complete lack of contact between the upper and lower teeth Complications arise in the form of upper airway obstruction disturbed chewing function and bad neck posture What are the different types of Jaw Surgery Orthognathic surgery is often referred to as Jaw Surgery It involves surgery to either the upper or lower jaws and often involves both Jaw surgery is used to surgically reposition the jaws into the correct skeletal position thereby treating conditions of the jaw and face related to the skeletal structure of the face Corrective Jaw Surgery realigns the teeth and jaws to improve the way they work together Each procedure has its specific purpose and issues that it aims to correct The Jaw Surgery process usually makes use of a combination of procedures which are designed specifically to treat your key health functional and aesthetic concerns Upper Jaw Surgery Maxillary Le Fort 1 Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video The Le Fort I is used to correct abnormalities of the midface by modifying the reposition the upper jaw The upper jaw can be moved forward to correct an underbite and improve the way the teeth come together when chewing Moving the upper jaw forward increases the size of the airway as it transitions from the nose to the throat This can improve breathing obstruction and sleep apnoea that is caused by the position of the upper jaw From a cosmetic perspective the upper jaw can be pushed up at the front to eliminate excessive gum display and reduced at the back to close an open bite where the front teeth are unable to touch Lower Jaw Surgery Mandibular BSSO Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video The Bilateral Sagittal Split Surgery BSSO is used to correct the length and position of the lower jaw The lower jaw can be moved forward to correct an overbite which improves how the teeth come together when chewing A small lower jaw has to slide forward excessively to bring the teeth together which places chronic stress on the jaw joints Advancing the lower jaw brings the teeth into a normal bite improving the function of the jaw and jaw joints Advancing the lower jaw pulls the tongue forward and creates more room in the mouth for it to sit This increases the volume of the major airway behind the tongue allowing for improved breathing and exercise tolerance Upper Lower Jaw Surgery BiMax Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video BiMax surgery is used to correct the position of both the upper and lower jaws within the same procedure It is a very exacting technique that requires a high degree of surgical skill and a very precise planning process BiMax can treat an array of functional and aesthetics issues including sleep apnoea and snoring jaw joint TMJ pain facial asymmetry jaw disproportion and bite issues that cant be fixed by simple orthodontic treatment The amount of tension created by moving both jaws together at once is significant The risk of relapse from moving the jaws a significant distance is an important factor when considering BiMax as your surgical option Chin Surgery Genioplasty 您的瀏覽器目前無法識別任何可用的影片格式 按一下這裡以瀏覽關於 HTML5 影片的常見問題 Genioplasty is a procedure used to correct how far forward the chin projects the symmetry of the chin point and the shape and contour of the chin It is often an performed as part of a sequence of surgical jaw procedures While generally perceived as a purely cosmetic procedure Genioplasty provides significant medical benefit One of the structures holding your airway open is a large muscle attached to the inside of your chin bone Moving your chin forward pulls this muscle forward as well which assists in opening up or tenting the major airway behind the tongue Patients generally report an improvement in breathing following a Genioplasty procedure Upper Jaw Widening Surgery SARME Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion SARME can be used to widen a narrow upper jaw in adults or teenagers that have finished growing Nonsurgical expansion of the upper jaw using a fixed orthodontic appliance is commonly used in growing teenagers However once growth ceases at about 16 18 years of age the bony structures in the upper jaw fuse together and jaw expansion then requires the assistance of surgery The upper jaw is expanded at home over a 23 week period so that it approximates the width of the lower jaw Progress is usually monitored by your orthodontic practitioner The SARME procedure is often used in preparation before surgery to reposition the jaws IMDO Lower Jaw Distraction Surgery Intermandibular Distraction Osteogenesis IMDO is a combined surgical and orthodontic technique initially developed to correct a small lower jaw in teenagers and young adults It is now used successfully in some adults of a broader age range and for a wider variety of medical conditions IMDO is more conservative than other forms of jaw advancement with faster recovery better outcomes and fewer risks IMDO allows for precise control over how far the jaw is advanced as it is grown by 1mm a day over a 23 week period The amount of advancement can be significantly greater than what can be achieved with traditional jaw surgery Is Jaw Surgery an option for me Orthodontic treatment can straighten teeth but can not correct underlying issues with the jaws If you want to treat problems arising from structural issues with your jaws this will usually require Corrective Jaw Surgery If structural issues are minor and related symptoms do not concern you then simple orthodontics may be appropriate to straighten your teeth More complex issues may require the management of a Jaw Surgery specialist Jaw Surgery has advanced enormously in recent years Despite this there are some orthodontists dont feel comfortable with Jaw Surgery and may not offer you a surgical option when seeking their opinion Some orthodontists may only offer to camouflage structural issues Teeth may be removed to relieve crowding in jaws that have inadequately grown which can create room to straighten the remaining crooked teeth Jaw repositioning splints may be used to push the lower jaw forward in attempts to make it grow This doesnt work common sense says it doesnt work and more importantly neither does the science says it works To truly correct your main concerns we need to identify and treat the underlying cause If you have crowded teeth and breathing issues because of a small lower jaw than the obvious fix is to make your lower jaw bigger This will create enough space to relieve your crowding without the need to remove teeth It will give your tongue room for it to lay forward comfortably and allow for unobstructed breathing when sleeping If you think you have disproportionate jaw or facial features you should seek a surgical opinion prior to orthodontic treatment A consultation does not commit you to surgical treatment but it does make sure you know all your options This is especially important if you have been recommended treatment that involves removing teeth Surgical treatment aims to keep all of your teeth and may become compromised if you wish to pursue Jaw Surgery in the future What is the Jaw Surgery process Jaw Surgery is a highly technical and personalised form of treatment so this first consultation is very important We will look at your oral and medical health to make sure Jaw Surgery is a good option for you This visit will usually involve xrays and photos We want you to explain your goals in detail so that we know precisely what your expectations with treatment is Planning We will need you to have a CT scan of your jaw and facial structures so that we are able to correctly diagnose your condition and plan for your treatment With this scan we can produce an intricate 3D recreation of the structures of your face so that we can precisely identify the cause of your concerns We will then be able to show you what we will be able to achieve with surgery Orthodontics The first aspect of the surgical process usually involves orthodontic alignment of your teeth The purpose of this is to create the ideal fitting surface between your upper and lower teeth after surgery Your orthodontic practitioner is responsible for this aspect of treatment There will be communication between the surgeon and your orthodontic practitioner to ensure the bite required prior to surgery is attained This allows us to realign your jaws in a very precise fashion and makes your surgery a predictable and stable process Jaw Surgery When your teeth are in the correct surgical alignment you are ready for surgery At this stage your bite will probably look weird but this is because your jaws will be moved into a position where your teeth fit together and look normal after surgery We will acquire new 3D scanning of your jaws and face to plan your surgery We will take optical scans of your teeth to create precise digital models We integrate these for the final surgical planning process and for the manufacture of your of surgical splints A further conslutation with your surgeon will involve virtual movement of your jaws in 3D to predict the ideal surgical outcome This will be used to produce surgical guides that position your jaws precisely during your Jaw Surgery procedure What is the recovery from Jaw Surgery like The length of stay in hospital is determined by the type of procedure performed and by you the patient After surgery you will be connected to a drip which administers pain relief on demand with the push of a button When this is no longer required you are usually ready to go home You will have been given a script prior to surgery get it filled and ready before your surgerythat will contain all the medications required during your post op recovery at home You will feel uncomfortable your jaws will be in a position you are not used to but you should not be in pain Jaw surgery is not usually painful This may be hard to believe but since your nerves are generally bruised following surgery you should feel little in the way of pain By the time feeling returns to your face most of the pain is gone You may experience a bit of pain when you yawn sneeze and cough It may also hurt if your jaw spasms which can happen in the first month but generally you should experience little in the way of pain at all Swelling will mostly settle within about 2 weeks however it can take several months for it to fully resolve It will take 3 months for your jawbones to fully heal What can I eat after Jaw Surgery Youll be on a strict dairy free liquid diet immediately following jaw surgery Buy lots of Resource supplement shakes and learn to make smoothies because these will be your staple foods for at least the first 2 weeks It is important that your diet is dairy free Dairy tends to stick to the sutures and is a great source of food for bacteria Therefore restricting dairy foods while the sutures are in place reduces the chance of developing an infection Youll probably have to administer your food through a syringe for the first week We will supply you with syringes and wide straws to help with this Once your surgeon gives you permission to start chewing again you can begin to eat soft foods such as pasta and mashed potatoes During the weeks following your reentry into the realm of chewing youll be able to eat what is comfortable Dont expect to tear into a steak as soon as youre allowed to chew again though Eating during your recovery will be made easier if you have the following A blender Smoothie materials anything that is dairy free and will blend to a smooth consistancy Smooth soups Protein and supplement shakes such as Resource which is dairy free Prune juice An excellent source of fibre Water Staying adequately hydrated is the most important thing to remember during your recovery as well as consuming enough fibre to keep your digestive system working properly We recommend having the ingredients at home ready for your post op recovery Storing ingredients to be blended in the freezer is a great way to prevent the drink from overheating when blending Are there any risks with Jaw Surgery This is not an exhaustive list and not all of these are relevant to every type of surgery Your surgeon will discuss the specific risks associated with your proposed procedure Pain and discomfort are well controlled with IV pain relief in hospital and then by prescription pain relief and antiinflammatories on discharge Bleeding may occur in the first 2448 hours after surgery To minimise this we advise no spitting or vigorous rinsing blowing your nose or touching incisions with your fingers or tongue Sucking on ice will help control bleeding Bleeding after 2448 hours may indicate infection Swelling is normal and will usually peak within 48 hours after surgery and gradually resolve over a couple of weeks IV antiinflammatories will be given during your procedure and also during your hospital stay Oral antiinflammatories are then prescribed for you once you get home How much you will swell depends on the procedure as well as how your body reacts Bruising may become evident on the face neck and sometimes the chest as your swelling begins to settle down Numbness is completely normal after surgery and may affect areas of your lips gums and lower face after jaw surgery and in the upper teethhard palate following an upper jaw surgery procedure While the nerve fibres are healing you may encounter itching or tingling sensaions In most patients sensation returns to normal within three to six months Nasal congestion is common after surgical procedures involving the upper jaw This will be controlled in hospital with a small suction tube and a nasal spray the latter of which you will continue to use when you leave hospital It is important NOT to blow your nose at this stage Limited facial movement is a result of postoperative swelling and jaw stiffness limited mouth opening is normal after major jaw surgery BiMax Jaw function will gradually improve and mouth opening will return to normal within 46 weeks after surgery Wound separation is rare In the event that it does occur poor oral hygiene is usually the cause Impaired healing of bone is rare in healthy individuals Medical conditions that affect the bodys ability to heal increase the risk of this happening Impaired healing will usually require an additional surgery Relapse The muscular forces that caused the original growth problem and the jaw relationship are still present after surgery As a result there is a small chance that the jaws and teeth will move back towards their original position This is termed relapse Many things are done throughout treatment to counteract relapse but some degree of relapse is not uncommon Relapse is more likely to occur in the lower jaw when it is moved forward more than 10mm using conventional bilateral sagittal split osteotomy Using IMDO Intermandibular distraction osteogenesis we are able to achieve growth of 15mm in the mandible Relapse Loss of teeth is a risk but a very small one A tooth may die and require extraction if the bone surrounding it is cut during surgery This is usually only a possibility if you have severe dental crowding in the site of a planned surgical cut Your surgeon will identify if this is a specific risk for you Depressed mood is not unusual immediately following your surgery You will be in hospital for a couple of days in an environment you are not used to and without friends or family constantly at your side You may be frustrated at difficulty in communicating Pad and pen are recommended You will be recovering from the effects of the anaesthetic which will often make you feel lethargic as well as the physical symptoms of the surgery Going through any surgical procedure is not going to be a holiday To achieve your desired outcome there are steps to follow and several weeks of recovery Please be patient prepared and have realistic expectations The final results are worth it To learn more about jaw surgery download our free ebook Any surgical or invasive procedure carries risks Before proceeding you should seek a second opinion from an appropriately qualified health practitioner Back to Blog

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Blog Home Detection and Analysis Phase of Incident Response Life Cycle of NIST SP 80061 Rapid7 Blog Detection and Analysis Phase of Incident Response Life Cycle of NIST SP 80061 Rapid7 Feb 13 2017 5 min read POST STATS 0 Synopsis In the series of articles titled Incident Response Life Cycle in NIST and ISO standards we review incident response life cycle as defined and described in NIST and ISO standards related to incident management We introduced these standards in the first article in this series In previous article in this series we discussed the Preparation phase of the incident response life cycle as described in NIST Special Publication SP 80061 In this article we are discussing the second phase of this cycle Detection and analysis phase Purposes of Detection and analysis phase The main purposes of this phase are to determine whether the incident is really occurring and analyze its nature These might not be easy tasks NIST SP 80061 lists several steps of Detection and analysis phase These are noticing signs of an incident called precursors and indicators analyzing these signs documenting the incident prioritizing incidents incident notification At this stage of incident response life cycle incident response team should not yet try to eradicate the incident It is very important not to start eradication activities without proper incident analysis If this rule is not observed the incident response team might waste time and resources on activities that are directed against events that turn out not to be an incident For example incident handling team should not react emotionally to user reports of problems with email service and jump into action assuming that this service is attacked Each such report should be carefully listened to and noted preferably in incident reporting and handling management system but actions should be taken only if analysis results indicate that an incident is occurring Precursors and indicators signs of an incident NIST recommendation document divides signs of an incident into two groups precursors and indicators Precursors indicate that incident may occur in future Indicators give information that incident might have occurred or is happening now A simple example of a precursor might be contents of the web server log showing usage of vulnerability scanner A simple example of an indicator might be antivirus software alert Precursors can be used to prevent incident from occurring by eg blocking the source of vulnerability scanning However it is rare that precursors for actual incidents are available for incident response team The most common situation is that what users andor incident response team sees first are indicators signs that the incident is occurring now NIST SP 80061 lists several different possible sources of precursors and indicators This list can be used by your incident response team to check whether you maintain comprehensive list of precursors and indicators sources On the other hand you should keep them in relation to what your incident response team can really handle Indicator sources that can not be analyzed are worthless Analyzing precursors and indicators Indicator sources can produce thousands or more alerts a day Many of them can be false positives Users can also report large numbers of indicators All these signs need to be analyzed to determine whether a real incident is occurring And as NIST document states incident handlers face information that is often ambiguous contradictory and incomplete Detecting a real incident can be achieved by using a combination of technical tools standard operating procedures SOPs with a dose of flexibility knowledgeable and experienced team Technical tools are used to generate indicators and possibly perform initial analysis of an indicator Example of such tools could be IDSIPS systems packet sniffers log analyzers cryptographic hash checksum verification software Security automation software can be also a useful tool here see below SOPs are used to standardize approach to diverse classes of incidents Some of them could be automated Technical tools and SOPs must be maintained and controlled by a knowledgeable and experienced team that undertakes final decision on whether what is indicated as an incident is indeed one Automating analysis of technical precursors and indicators It is worth noting that precursors and indicators can be of technical or human type The simple examples given above are a technical precursor and a technical indicator Such technical signs of an incident can be an input to a security automation software that undertakes initial analysis leaving incident response team time and resources to be used for analyzing human type indicators that is reports from users within an organization or reports from other organizations ie saying that your organizations IP addresses are sources of attack Different sources of incident indicators can be fed into one single security automation software that performs initial analysis based on previously defined criteria and informs humans only if human action or decision is needed Attack vectors NIST SP 80061 lists several so called attack vectors that is methods of attack These help categorize incidents Since incident handling team should work based on SOPs these attack vectors might be good starting point to create the first list of SOPs if creating a new incident handling team or to categorize existing SOPs and align actions with methods of attack These attack vectors are for example removable media web email theft see NIST document for full list Prioritizing incidents As NIST recommendation states prioritizing incidents is critical for proper incident handling Using incident response team resources for incidents that should be low priority can create a serious risk that important incidents are not handled properly or at all Each event that after initial analysis is categorized as incident should be assigned a priority Incidents should be served based on priority NIST recommends prioritizing incidents based on functional impact impact of the incident on internal business processes information impact impact of the incident on confidentiality integrity and availability of information recoverability resources and time needed to recover from the incident An example of an incident that should get high priority for handling is an incident with high functional impact and high that is simple recoverability It is important to note that process of prioritizing incidents will be hard to automate because it requires much human input and human decisions It might also require input from people outside the incident response team So we do not recommend automating this process as automating it might have adverse effects on effectiveness of incident handling process Documenting incidents Each incident should be fully documented internally Which part of these data is to be reported outside the organization is the matter of separate decision Documenting an incident consists of detailed documenting of each step taken to handle the incident saving data files system states messages media network traffic flows and any other electronic data in any form that is related to the incident Documenting incidents serves two purposes improving incident handling processes SOPs saving evidence that might be needed to improve security of organizations systemsdata or to be used as evidence in court of law if legal actions takes place later Incident documentation and data might contain sensitive information and should be protected accordingly Reporting incidents Incident handling SOPs should contain incident notification and reporting section Each incident should be appropriately reported internally and some incidents should be reported externally NIST SP 80061 lists most important persons departments and entities that should be notified It is worth remembering that security incidents are not only technical events they touch HR public relations legal department etc Also as we noted already there are legal obligations related to incident notification your incident response team and your organization should familiarize themselves with these obligations and act accordingly In next articles in these series we will be discussing further phases of NIST SP 80061 incident response life cycle References and further reading NIST SP 80061 Computer Security Incident Handling Guide How to Create Security Processes That Solve Practical Problems Recommendations for Incident Response Team of NIST SP 80061 Introduction to Incident Response Life Cycle of NIST SP 80061 Preparation Phase of Incident Response Life Cycle of NIST SP 80061 Want more Dont miss these posts POST STATS 0 POST TAGS Automation and Orchestration Komand SHARING IS CARING AUTHOR Rapid7

O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Log Analysis for System Troubleshooting Systems of all kinds create log data constantly and voluminously In searching out the most compelling reasons to dig into and analyze such data we compiled a list of seven reasons that usually drive such activity In this blog post we tackle the first of those 7 which include System troubleshooting Security incident response Security troubleshooting Performance troubleshooting Understanding user behavior or activities Compliance with security policies Compliance with audit or regulation Thus todays topic is for System Troubleshooting just as it says in the title What Is System Troubleshooting In general troubleshooting a system means trying to get from one or more symptoms of misbehavior to a root cause and from there to usable a fix or a workaround System troubleshooting is most often invoked in response to observations or reports of something not working correctly or at all or in response to outright error or alert messages often in concert with sounds to grab users attention Theres a standard general approach to troubleshooting thats always worth recalling and following whenever trouble rears its vexing head Even when working with log analysis during the process its wise to heed CompTIAs standard troubleshooting sequence in six steps comes from its A Computer Technician certification training and materials but is worth noting and applying whenever appropriate Here goes Identify the problem Question the user or make observations and identify user or other changes to the system Perform backups before making any changes Formulate a theory of probable cause Find a likely reason for the problem and remember to question obvious reasons Avoid jumping to conclusions Test the theory to determine cause Take whatever steps are necessary to confirm or deny the probable cause If the theory is confirmed determine next steps to problem resolution If theory is denied return to Step 2 Multiple returns to Step 2 may mean a return to Step 1 is needed instead the problem may have been misidentified Plan then act Create a plan of action to resolve the problem document the plan then implement the planned solution Test and prevent Check and verify full or normal system functionality and document results obtained If verified proceed to step 6 If applicable implement preventive measures to prevent a recurrence If the solution is not verified or correct return to Step 2 Report Document findings actions and outcomes If multiple passes through steps 16 prove necessary keep track of those activities to make sure you dont get stuck in a loop where you repeat the same mistakes over and over again The most effective troubleshooting proceeds from a clear understanding of normal or expected system behavior and careful observation of whats not working missing or otherwise abnormal or unexpected Often the find a likely reason element in Step 2 will come from a careful examination of system log data to see what kinds of errors warning and alerts they might contain What Kinds of Log Data Helps with System Troubleshooting The most obvious or helpful log data often comes from error messages or alerts often from system or application logs Thus for example troubleshooting a USB problem on a Windows computer might turn to the Event Viewer with a look into the System log On the other hand issues related to logging in or failing to create a remote login session will be better sought in the Application log For most issues a quick trip to the Reliability Monitor can also be helpful because it flags issues with both hardware and software aspects of systems This proved helpful when chasing In most cases you will have to formulate at least some idea of likely causes to know where to start looking for related or illuminating information If your guesses turn out to be off the mark your initial theory is probably off the mark too Putting the Troubleshooting Puzzle Pieces Together When it comes to formulating and checking theories about problem causation there are plenty of ways to go looking for clues If you have a rough idea what time the error occurred you can use time information in event logs to zero in on the occurrences of interest Its seldom necessary to go back more than a minute or two before the recorded or associated time to get a strong sense of root causes and this really helps to zero in on how much log data needs inspection for subsequent analysis The same thing goes for error codes or messages In more or less the same ways you can scope filters down by timestamps you can also look for specific codes or message text Even in the absence of those incredibly informative details you can filter events by their severity Thus for Windows Events that means you often need to check only the Error and Warning event levels to see the important stuff youre probably after By performing various kinds of event correlation based on time error level systems or applications involved and so forth you can limit your searches and focus on the things that are most likely to shed light on the problem at hand Because you will usually also find sufficient detail to help you identify causes and usually also to determine fixes replace the failing USB hub in our case or workarounds remove the failing USB hub if a replacement isnt handy to keep things working properly Want more Dont miss these posts POST STATS POST TAGS IT Ops Logentries SHARING IS CARING AUTHOR Rapid7

B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


600MHz Wireless Microphone Rebate The FCC has auctioned off a portion of the 600MHz band 614698MHz that many wireless microphone manufacturers including Samson have used in their products The 600MHz spectrum will be repurposed in the future for new wireless broadband services and that repurposed spectrum will not continue to be available for use with wireless microphones that operate in that frequency range However this repurposed spectrum will continue to be available for use between now and July 12 2020 What does this mean to you On July 13 2020 after the transition is complete all wireless systems that operate in the 600MHz band including Samson N Channel or C Band will be illegal to use Between now and then you should transition your 600MHz wireless systems to other wireless systems that are not in this spectrum Samson Technologies currently manufactures a variety of wireless systems that operate outside of the 600MHz spectrum If you purchased a Samson wireless system that operates in the 600MHz spectrum after June 1 2017 please contact Samson Technologies directly via phone at 8003 SAMSON 8003726766 or by email at samson 600mhz samson techcom to have your system replaced at no charge If you have a wireless system that operates in the above stated Channels or Bands 614698MHz Frequency that was purchased before June 1 2017 or any wireless system from any manufacturer operating in the 614698MHz frequency range Samson has a plan in place to offer rebates to customers that purchase new Samson systems to replace wireless systems they own in the 600MHz band REMEMBER YOU MUST SUBMIT YOUR REBATE CLAIM BEFORE APRIL 30 2019 Visit the FCC to learn more about the 600MHz transition What to do Please follow these steps to redeem your rebate Step 1 Determine if you have a 600MHz wireless system Step 2 Purchase a new qualifying Samson wireless system Step 3 Download complete and sign the Rebate Request Form Step 4 Send to Samson the Rebate Request Form along with the original dated sales receipt for the newlypurchased qualifying Samson Wireless System the original actual model numberUPC label from end of cartons and the tradein 600MHz frequency band wireless system Step 5 Upon approval you will receive a rebate check Please a llow 68 weeks for processing of your rebate Samson Rebate Offer If you purchase a new Samson wireless system refer to system list below between June 1 2017 and March 31 2019 to replace your 600MHz wireless system you are eligible to receive a rebate from Samson according to the list below Samson Wireless System Rebate AH1 Transmitter only 45 Rebate K Frequency Systems Only AirLine 77 Fitness System 75 Rebate K Frequency Systems Only AirLine 77 Wind Instrument System 75 Rebate K Frequency Systems Only AirLine Micro System Camera Earset 75 Rebate K Frequency Systems Only AirLine 88 Guitar System 60 Rebate K Frequency Systems Only AirLine 88 Headset System 120 Rebate K Frequency Systems Only AirLine ATX Series AWX Wind InstALX LavAHX Headset 75 Rebate K Frequency Systems Only Concert 88 System Handheld Presentation Guitar Headset Earset 55 Rebate Concert 88 Camera System Handheld Lavalier Combo 75 Rebate Concert 288 System Handheld Presentation AllInOne 100 Rebate Concert 99 System Handheld Presentation Guitar Earset 85 Rebate Synth 7 System Handheld Presentation Guitar Headset Earset 75 Rebate How do I determine if I have a 600MHz System Samson 600MHz Systems If your Samson fixed single frequency wireless system operates on Channels N1 through N6 then it qualifies for a rebate Look at your transmitter or receiver for the channel numbers N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 or N6 Samson N Channel Systems Any of following Systems that operate on channels N1N6 AirLine 77 AirLine Guitar and Bass Pedals AirLine Micro AirLine Synth Concert 77 Concert 277 UM177 If you own a Samson AirLine Synth system it operates in 600Mhz and qualifies for the rebate If your Samson multifrequency wireless system operates on in the C Band or has a sticker on the receiver rear panel that reads FREQ638662 MHz then it qualifies for a rebate Samson C Band Systems Any of following Systems that operate in Samson s C Band FREQ638662 MHz Concert 88 Synth 7 Other Manufacturers Systems Please consult your wireless systems manufacturers website or product documentation to determine its operating frequency To learn about recommended replacement wireless products from Samson call 8003SAMSON or email at samson600mhzsamsontechcom Download complete and sign the Rebate Request Form

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

600mhz spectrum
wireless broadband services