OSH Answers Fact Sheets Easytoread questionandanswer fact sheets covering a wide range of workplace health and safety topics from hazards to diseases to ergonomics to workplace promotion Download the free OSH Answers app all fact sheets Type a word a phrase or ask a question HELP Workrelated Musculoskeletal Disorders WMSDs Risk Factors What are the risk factors for workrelated musculoskeletal disorders WMSDs Workrelated musculoskeletal disorders WMSDs are associated with these factors Work postures and movements Repetitiveness and pace of work Force of movements Vibration Temperature Lack of influence or control over ones job Increase pressure eg to produce more Lack of or poor communication Monotonous tasks Perception of low support eg manager or coworker Certain workplace conditions for example the layout of the workstation the speed of work especially in conveyordriven jobs and the weight of the objects being handled influence these factors In other situations the psychosocial factors at the workplace may contribute to WMSDs It is recommended that both physical and psychosocial factors be addressed For more information about WMSDs in general please see our OSH Answers document Workrelated Musculoskeletal Disorders WMSDs How are work postures and movements a risk for WMSDs Any body position can cause discomfort and fatigue if it is maintained for long periods of time Standing for example is a natural body posture and by itself poses no particular health hazards However working for long periods in a standing position can cause sore feet general muscular fatigue and low back pain In addition improper layout of work areas and certain tasks can make workers use unnatural standing positions Two aspects of body position can contribute to injuries The first relates to body position When parts of the body are near the extremes of their range of movements stretching and compression of tendons and nerves occur The longer a fixed or awkward body position is used the more likely we are to develop WMSDs For example working with the torso bent forward Figure 1 backward or twisted can place too much stress on the low back Other examples of stressful body positions include reaching above shoulder level Figure 2 reaching behind the body Figure 3 rotating the arms Figure The second aspect that contributes to WMSDs is holding the neck and the shoulders in a fixed position To perform any controlled movement with the arm muscles in the shoulder and the neck contract and stay contracted for as long as the task requires The contracted muscles squeeze the blood vessels which restricts the flow of blood all the way down to the working muscles of the hand However this is where the blood is needed the most because of the intense muscular effort Two things happen as a result The neckshoulder muscles become overtired even though there is little or no movement At the same time the reduced blood supply to the rest of the arm accelerates fatigue in the muscles that are moving making them more prone to injury Figure 1 Bending forward Figure 2 Reaching above shoulder level Figure 3 Reaching behind the body Figure 4 Rotating the arms Figure 5 Bending the wrist Figure 6 Reaching forward How does repetitiveness and pace of work influence WMSDs Repetitive movements are especially hazardous when they involve the same joints and muscle groups over and over and when we do the same motion too often too quickly and for too long Tasks requiring repetitive movements always involve other risk factors for WMSD such as fixed body position and force the worker in order to perform the task has to maintain the shoulder and neck in a fixed position to exert some force To analyze how repetitive a task is we need to describe it in terms of steps or cycles For example the bottle packing operation Figure 7 requires workers to pack boxes with twentyfour bottles Figure 7 Packing bottles One cycle can be described as follows Reach for bottles Grasp bottles Move bottles to box Place bottles in box If a worker grasps four bottles each time the same cycle would have to be repeated six times to fill a box Assuming that one cycle lasts two seconds it would take twelve seconds to pack a box with twentyfour bottles There are no rules to judge movements as either high or low in repetition Some researchers classify a job as high repetitive if the time to complete such a job was less than 30 seconds or low repetitive if the time to complete the job was more than 30 seconds Although no one really knows at what point WMSDs may develop workers performing repetitive tasks are at risk for WMSDs Work involving movement repeated over and over is very tiring because the worker can not fully recover in the short periods of time between movements Eventually it takes more effort to perform the same repetitive movements When the work activity continues in spite of the fatigue injuries can occur Pace of work determines the amount of time available for rest and recovery of the body between cycles of a particular task The faster the pace the less time is available and the higher the risk for WMSD When the worker has no control over timing and speed of work because of external factors like assembly line speed or quota systems then stress level increases With higher stress level comes muscle tension causing fatigue and again increased risk for WMSD Controlling the pace of work externally denies the worker the flexibility to determine their own work speed It is a human characteristic to work at varying rates at different times of the day What should I know about force of movements Force is the amount of effort our bodies must do to lift objects to use tools or to move More force equals more muscular effort and consequently a longer time is needed to recover between tasks Since in repetitive work as a rule there is not sufficient time for recovery the more forceful movements develop fatigue much faster Exerting force in certain hand positions is particularly hazardous Figures 8A8F Figures 8A and 8B Exerting force in various hand positions Figure 8A Pulp pinch Figure 8B Lateral pinch Figures 8C and 8D Exerting force in various hand positions Figure 8C Palm Pinch Figure 8D Finger Press Figures 8E and 8F Exerting force in various hand positions Figure 8E Pulp grasp Figure 8F Finger press The amount of force we use to do a job depends on many factors such as the weight of the objects and their placement in relation to the body It requires more force to lift and carry a box with arms outstretched and held away from the body Figure 9A or to lift the same objects in a pinch position Figure 9B than in a hook position Figures 10A 10B Figure 9A Lifting in a pinch Figure 9B Pinch position Figure 10A Lifting in a hook Figure 10B Hook position The shape of the tool plays an important role also Tools that do not allow the best position of the wrist elbow and shoulder substantially increase the force required Worn and poorly maintained tools are very important as well yet often overlooked For example a worn screwdriver pliers with worn jaws or dull scissors can increase the operating force as much as tenfold Although no one really knows when WMSDs will develop workers performing forceful movements are at risk Work involving forceful movements is very tiring again because there is not time for a full recovery between movements Eventually it takes effort to perform the same task When the work activity continues in spite of the developing fatigue injuries occur How does vibration encourage WMSDs Vibration affects tendons muscles joints and nerves Workers can be exposed to either whole body vibration or localized vibration Whole body vibration is experienced by truck and bus drivers for example Localized vibration exposure can be caused by power tools Common symptoms are numbness of the fingers loss of touch and grip and pain In addition the worker may use more force and awkward body positions because vibration hand tools are harder to control Exposure to too much vibration can also cause us to lose the feeling in our hands and arms As a result we may misjudge the amount of force we need to control the tools and use too much which increases fatigue How does temperature affect WMSDs In general when it is too cold or when we touch cold materials our hands can become numb With numbed hands we are more likely to misjudge the amount of force we need to do our work and use too much A cold environment also makes our bodies less flexible Every movement we make and every position we hold takes a lot more work and then WMSDs are more likely to develop When it is too hot and too humid workers tire more quickly and thereby may become more susceptible to injury Document last updated on January 8 2014 Add a badge to your website or intranet so your workers can quickly find answers to their health and safety questions GET THE BADGE Whats New Check out our Whats New listing to see what has been added or revised Need more help Contact our Safety InfoLine Tell us what you think How can we make our services more useful for you to let us know Disclaimer Copyright 19972018 Canadian Centre for Occupational Health Safety

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


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Fact

Sheets

Alcohol

and

Caffeine

Alcohol

and

Caffeine

Public

Health

Impact

of

Excessive

Alcohol

Use

Excessive

alcohol

use

is

responsible

for

about

deaths

in

the

United

States

each

year

and

billion

in

economic

costs

in

Binge

drinking

consuming

or

more

drinks

per

occasion

for

women

or

or

more

drinks

per

occasion

for

men

is

responsible

for

more

than

half

of

these

deaths

and

three

quarters

of

economic

costs

Binge

drinking

is

also

associated

with

many

health

and

social

problems

including

alcoholimpaired

driving

interpersonal

violence

risky

sexual

activity

and

unintended

pregnancy

Most

people

younger

than

age

who

drink

report

binge

drinking

usually

on

multiple

occasions

Dangers

of

Mixing

Alcohol

and

Caffeine

The

Dietary

Guidelines

for

Americans

cautions

against

mixing

alcohol

with

caffeine

When

alcohol

is

mixed

with

caffeine

the

caffeine

can

mask

the

depressant

effects

of

alcohol

making

drinkers

feel

more

alert

than

they

would

otherwise

As

a

result

they

may

drink

more

alcohol

and

become

more

impaired

than

they

realize

increasing

the

risk

of

alcoholattributable

harms

Caffeine

has

no

effect

on

the

metabolism

of

alcohol

by

the

liver

and

thus

does

not

reduce

breath

or

blood

alcohol

concentrations

it

does

not

sober

you

up

or

reduce

impairment

due

to

alcohol

consumption

Dangers

of

Mixing

Alcohol

and

Energy

Drinks

Energy

drinks

typically

contain

caffeine

plantbased

stimulants

simple

sugars

and

other

additives

Mixing

alcohol

with

energy

drinks

is

a

popular

practice

especially

among

young

people

in

the

United

States

In

of

students

in

grades

and

and

of

young

adults

aged

to

reported

consuming

alcohol

mixed

with

energy

drinks

at

least

once

in

the

past

year

In

a

study

among

Michigan

high

school

students

those

who

binge

drank

were

more

than

twice

as

likely

to

mix

alcohol

with

energy

drinks

as

nonbinge

drinkers

vs

Liquor

was

the

usual

type

of

alcohol

consumed

by

students

who

reported

mixing

alcohol

and

energy

drinks

Drinkers

aged

to

who

mix

alcohol

with

energy

drinks

are

times

more

likely

to

binge

drink

at

high

intensity

ie

consume

or

more

drinks

per

binge

episode

than

drinkers

who

do

not

mix

alcohol

with

energy

drinks

Drinkers

who

mix

alcohol

with

energy

drinks

are

more

likely

than

drinkers

who

do

not

mix

alcohol

with

energy

drinks

to

report

unwanted

or

unprotected

sex

driving

drunk

or

riding

with

a

driver

who

was

intoxicated

or

sustaining

alcoholrelated

injuries

Caffeinated

Alcoholic

Beverages

Caffeinated

Alcoholic

Beverages

CABs

were

premixed

beverages

popular

in

the

that

combined

alcohol

caffeine

and

other

stimulants

They

were

malt

or

distilled

spiritsbased

beverages

and

they

usually

had

a

higher

alcohol

content

than

beer

eg

alcohol

by

volume

compared

to

to

for

beer

CABs

were

heavily

marketed

in

youthfriendly

media

eg

social

media

and

with

youthoriented

graphics

and

messaging

that

connected

the

consumption

of

these

beverages

with

extreme

sports

or

other

risktaking

behaviors

In

November

the

US

Food

and

Drug

Administration

FDA

told

the

manufacturers

of

seven

CABs

that

their

drinks

could

no

longer

stay

on

the

market

in

their

current

form

stating

that

FDA

does

not

find

support

for

the

claim

that

the

addition

of

caffeine

to

these

alcoholic

beverages

is

generally

recognized

as

safe

which

is

the

legal

standard

Producers

of

CABs

responded

by

removing

caffeine

and

other

stimulants

from

their

products

Prevention

Strategies

The

Community

Preventive

Services

Task

Force

recommends

effective

populationbased

strategies

for

preventing

excessive

alcohol

consumption

and

related

harms

including

increasing

alcohol

excise

taxes

limiting

alcohol

outlet

density

and

commercial

host

dram

shop

liability

for

service

to

underage

or

intoxicated

customers

States

and

communities

have

also

developed

educational

strategies

to

alert

consumers

to

the

risks

of

mixing

alcohol

with

energy

drinks

At

least

one

community

enacted

an

ordinance

requiring

retailers

to

post

warning

signs

informing

consumers

of

the

risks

of

mixing

alcohol

and

energy

drinks

Monitoring

and

reducing

youth

exposure

to

alcohol

advertising

throughnobuy

lists

could

also

help

reduce

underage

drinking

Nobuy

lists

identify

television

programming

that

advertisers

can

avoid

to

improve

compliance

with

the

alcohol

industrys

selfregulated

alcohol

marketing

guidelines

References

Centers

for

Disease

Control

and

Prevention

Alcohol

and

Public

Health

AlcoholRelated

Disease

Impact

ARDI

website

httpswwwcdcgovARDI

Accessed

May

Sacks

JJ

Gonzales

KR

Bouchery

EE

Tomedi

LE

Brewer

RD

national

and

state

costs

of

excessive

alcohol

consumption

Am

J

Prev

Med

Stahre

M

Roeber

J

Kanny

D

Brewer

RD

Zhang

X

Contribution

of

excessive

alcohol

consumption

to

deaths

and

years

of

potential

life

lost

in

the

United

States

Prev

Chronic

Dis

doi

World

Health

Organization

Global

Status

Report

on

Alcohol

and

Geneva

Switzerland

World

Health

Organization

Esser

MB

Clayton

H

Demissie

Z

Kanny

D

Brewer

RD

Current

and

binge

drinking

among

high

school

students

United

States

MMWR

US

Department

of

Health

and

Human

Services

and

US

Department

of

Agriculture

Dietary

Guidelines

for

Americans

ed

Washington

DC

US

Department

of

Health

and

Human

Services

and

US

Department

of

Agriculture

Federal

Trade

Commission

FTC

sends

warning

letters

to

marketers

of

caffeinated

alcohol

drinks

website

Accessed

October

Marczinski

CA

Fillmore

MT

Energy

drinks

mixed

with

alcohol

what

are

the

risks

Nutr

Rev

McKetin

R

Coen

A

Kaye

S

A

comprehensive

review

of

the

effects

of

mixing

caffeinated

energy

drinks

with

alcohol

Drug

Alcohol

Depend

Seifert

SM

Schaechter

JL

Hershorin

ER

Lipshultz

SE

Health

effects

of

energy

drinks

on

children

adolescents

and

young

adults

Pediatrics

Kponee

KZ

Siegel

M

Jernigan

DH

The

use

of

caffeinated

alcoholic

beverages

among

underage

drinkers

results

of

a

national

survey

Addict

Behav

Johnson

LD

Miech

RA

OMalley

PM

Bachman

JG

Schulenberg

JE

Patrick

ME

Monitoring

the

Future

National

Survey

Results

on

Drug

Use

Overview

Key

Findings

on

Adolescent

Drug

Use

Ann

Arbor

MI

Institute

for

Social

Research

The

University

of

Michigan

Schulenberg

JE

Johnson

LD

OMalley

PM

Bachman

JG

Miech

RA

Patrick

ME

Monitoring

the

Future

National

Survey

Results

on

Drug

Use

Volume

College

Students

and

Adults

Ages

Ann

Arbor

MI

Institute

for

Social

Research

The

University

of

Michigan

Gonzales

KR

Largo

TW

Miller

C

Kanny

D

Brewer

RD

Consumption

of

alcoholic

beverages

and

liquor

consumption

by

Michigan

high

school

students

Prev

Chronic

Dis

doi

Emond

JA

GilbertDiamond

D

Tanski

SE

Sargent

JD

Energy

drink

consumption

and

the

risk

of

alcohol

use

disorder

among

a

national

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O O B O B B O B O B I O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O B O B O O B O O O B O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


High Blood Pressure Frequently Asked Questions FAQs What is high blood pressure What are the symptoms of high blood pressure What can you do to reduce your risk How many Americans have high blood pressure How much does high blood pressure cost the United States What does the CDC do to address high blood pressure What is high blood pressure Blood pressure is the force of blood against your artery walls as it circulates through your body Blood pressure normally rises and falls throughout the day but it can cause health problems if it stays high for a long time Find out more about high blood pressure What are the symptoms of high blood pressure High blood pressure is sometimes called the silent killer because it usually has no warning signs or symptoms Many people do not know that they have high blood pressure Thats why its important to get your blood pressure checked regularly What can you do to reduce your risk There are several things that you can do to keep your blood pressure in a healthy range Get your blood pressure checked regularly Eat a healthy diet Maintain a healthy weight Be physically active Limit alcohol use Dont smoke Prevent or treat diabetes Find out more about preventing high blood pressure How many Americans have high blood pressure About 75 million American adults 29 have high blood pressurethats 1 in every 3 American adults 1 Anyone including children can develop high blood pressure It greatly increases the risk for heart disease and stroke the first and third leading causes of death in the United States How much does high blood pressure cost the United States Total costs associated with high blood pressure in 2011 in the US were 46 billion in health care services medications and missed days of work 2 What does CDC do to address high blood pressure CDC runs several heart disease and stroke prevention programs that help people learn to prevent and control high blood pressure CDC funds state efforts as well as a detailed national plan to reduce heart disease For more information on these programs see how CDC addresses high blood pressure References Merai R Siegel C Rakotz M Basch P Wright J Wong B DHSc Thorpe P CDC Grand Rounds A Public Health Approach to Detect and Control Hypertension MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016 Nov 18654512611264 Mozzafarian D Benjamin EJ Go AS et al Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics2015 Update a report from the American Heart Association Circulation 2015e29322 Page last reviewed November 30 2016 Content source National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention

B I I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


DPDx Home Parasites AZ Index Monthly Case Studies Diagnostic Procedures Diagnostic Assistance Training Contact Us Get Email Updates To receive email updates about this page enter your email address Whats this CDC Myiasis Cochliomyia hominovorax Dermatobia hominis Cuterebra spp Oestrus ovis Cordylobia anthropophaga Lucilia spp Phormia regina Parasite Biology Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment Information Causal Agent Myiasis is infection with the larval stage maggots of various flies Flies in several genera may cause myiasis in humans Dermatobia hominis is the primary human bot fly Cochliomyia hominovorax is the primary screwworm fly in the New World and Chrysomya bezziana is the Old World screwworm Cordylobia anthropophaga is known as the tumbu fly Flies in the genera Cuterebra Oestrus and Wohlfahrtia are animal parasites that also occasionally infect humans Adults of Dermatobia hominis are freeliving flies Adults capture bloodsucking arthropods such as mosquitoes and lay eggs on their bodies using a gluelike substance for adherence Bot fly larvae develop within the eggs but remain on the vector until it takes a blood meal from a mammalian or avian host Newlyemerged bot fly larvae then penetrate the hosts tissue The larvae feed in a subdermal cavity for 510 weeks breathing through a hole in the hosts skin Mature larvae drop to the ground and pupate in the environment Larvae tend to leave their host during the night and early morning probably to avoid desiccation After approximately one month the adults emerge to mate and repeat the cycle Other genera of myiasiscausing flies including Cochliomyia Cuterebra and Wohlfahrtia have a more direct life cycle where the adult flies lay their eggs directly in or in the vicinity of wounds on the host In Cochliomyia and Wohlfahrtia infestations larvae feed in the host for about a week and may migrate from the subdermis to other tissues in the body often causing extreme damage in the process Geographic Distribution Dermatobia hominis and C hominovorax are Neotropical species ranging from Mexico into South America The Congo floor maggot Auchmeromyia luteola and Cordylobia anthropophaga are distributed in Africa south of the Sahara Wohlfahrtia magnifica occurs in the Mediterranean basin Near East and Central and Eastern Europe W vigil occurs in northern United States and Canada Cuterebra species are found in the New World Oestrus ovis is found throughout the world in areas where sheep are tended Clinical Presentation Infestations with D hominis are often characterized by cutaneous swellings on the body or scalp that may produce discharges and be painful Death is rare but there have been instances of cerebral myiasis in children where larvae enter the brain Infestations with C hominovorax which causes wound myiasis can be more serious as this species may travel through living tissue in the body and not stay subdermal like most of the other species of flies that cause myiasis Death has occurred with severe infestations of C hominovorax Secondary bacterial infections may also occur Oestrus ovis has been known to cause a condition called ophthalmomyiasis which is infection of the eye with fly larvae Flies in the genera Phormia and Phaenicia cause facultative myiasis where adult flies lay their eggs in preexisting festering wounds and do not invade healthy living tissue DPDx is an education resource designed for health professionals and laboratory scientists For an overview including prevention and control visit wwwcdcgovparasites Page last reviewed December 14 2017 Page last updated December 14 2017 Content source Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria Notice Linking to a nonfederal site does not constitute an endorsement by HHS CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the site Maintained By

B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

division of parasitic diseases and malaria


Salmonella Infection Overview Prevention Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment More Information Salmonella is a group of bacteria that can live in the intestinal tract of many different animals Salmonellosis salmohnelOHsis is a bacterial disease caused by Salmonella Although Salmonella is most often spread when a person eats contaminated food the bacteria also can be passed between people and animals Many different animals and pets can carry these germs Animals known to commonly spread Salmonella to humans include Reptiles turtles lizards and snakes Amphibians frogs and toads Poultry chicks chickens ducklings ducks geese and turkeys Other birds parakeets parrots and wild birds Rodents mice rats hamsters and guinea pigs Other small mammals hedgehogs Farm animals goats calves cows sheep and pigs Dogs Cats Horses How do animals and people become infected Animals become infected with Salmonella through their environment by eating contaminated food or from their mothers before they are even born or hatched Salmonella is naturally in the intestines of many different animals Animals with Salmonella shed the bacteria in their stool which can easily contaminate their body parts fur feathers or scales and anything in areas where these animals live and roam terrarium or aquarium chicken coop pen or fencing countertops sinks etc It is important to know that many animals can carry Salmonella and still appear healthy and clean People can get a Salmonella infection if they do not wash their hands after contact with animals carrying Salmonella or their environment such as their bedding food or tank water For example some pet products like pet foods and treats can be contaminated with Salmonella and other germs Pet food and treats that may be contaminated include dry dog or cat food dog biscuits pig ears beef hooves and rodents used to feed reptiles including frozen feeder rodents Additionally reptiles and amphibians that live in tanks or aquariums can contaminate the water with Salmonella which can make people sick even if they dont touch the animal Who is most at risk for serious illness Anyone can get sick from Salmonella but some people are more likely than others to get salmonellosis People who are more likely to get salmonellosis include infants children 5 years of age and younger adults aged 65 and older people with weakened immune systems such as people with HIVAIDS organ transplant patients and people receiving chemotherapy Special advice is available for people who are at greater risk Page last reviewed September 24 2015 1200 AM Content source Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases NCEZID

B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories BMBL 5th Edition Print the Full Version of Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories BMBL 5th Edition PDF 4 MB BMBL Forward Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories BMBL quickly became the cornerstone of biosafety practice and policy in the United States upon first publication in 1984 Historically the information in this publication has been advisory is nature even though legislation and regulation in some circumstances have overtaken it and made compliance with the guidance provided mandatory We wish to emphasize that the 5th edition of the BMBL remains an advisory document recommending best practices for the safe conduct of work in biomedical and clinical laboratories from a biosafety perspective and is not intended as a regulatory document though we recognize that it will be used that way This edition of the BMBL includes additional sections expanded sections on the principles and practices of biosafety and risk assessment and revised agent summary statements and appendices We worked to harmonize the recommendations included in this edition with guidance issued and regulations promulgated by other federal agencies Wherever possible we clarified both the language and intent of the information provided The events of September 11 2001 and the anthrax attacks in October of that year reshaped and changed forever the way we manage and conduct work in biological and clinical laboratories and drew into focus the need for inclusion of Occupational medicine and immunization Decontamination and sterilization Laboratory biosecurity and risk assessment Biosafety level 3 Ag laboratories Agent summary statements for some agricultural pathogens Biological toxins At last count over two hundred of our scientific and professional colleagues have assisted in the preparation of the 5th edition through participation in technical working groups serving as reviewers and guest editors and as subject matter experts CDC partners with the US National Institutes of Health to publish biosafety guidelines for protecting workers and preventing exposures in biological laboratories In addition to the partnership with CDC and world renowned organizations CDC produces online training and offers other downloadable resources that may be useful to laboratorians nationally or around the world Page last reviewed October 24 2018 Content source Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

B O B O B I O O O O O O O O B O B O B I O O O O O O O O B O B O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

biosafety
microbiological
biomedical laboratories


Disability Health Home Disability Overview Disability Inclusion Healthy Living Emergency Preparedness Data Statistics Disability and Health Data System DHDS Disability Datasets Healthcare Cost Data State Profiles Tennessee Articles Key Findings Materials Multimedia Grantee Information Information for Specific Groups About Us Information For Media Policy Makers CDC Employees and Reasonable Accommodations RA Disability Health Home Data Statistics State Profiles State Profile Data for Tennessee Disability Impacts All of Us Each of us may experience a disability in our lifetime CDCs National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities supports efforts to include adults with disabilities in disease prevention health promotion and emergency response activities while working to remove barriers to health care and improve access to routine preventive services A Snapshot of Disability in Tennessee This page provides an overview of disability in Tennessee TN compared to national estimates You can use this information to learn more about the percentages and characteristics of adults with disabilities in Tennessee PDF 373 KB Did you know Disability costs in healthcare expenditures are 88 billion per year in Tennessee Despite progress adults with disabilities in Tennessee and across the country continue to experience significant differences in health characteristics and behaviors compared to adults without disabilities Adults with disabilities are more likely to Be inactive US Tennessee Adults with disabilities 430 569 Adults without disabilities 243 319 Have high blood pressure US Tennessee Adults with disabilities 429 496 Adults without disabilities 268 304 Smoke US Tennessee Adults with disabilities 306 442 Adults without disabilities 146 182 Be obese US Tennessee Adults with disabilities 396 364 Adults without disabilities 253 285 Percentage of adults with select functional disability types Types of disabilities comparing US with Tennessee US Tennessee Mobility Serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs 131 190 Cognition Serious difficulty concentrating remembering or making decisions 108 142 Independent living Difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctors office or shopping 66 95 Vision Blind or serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses 47 73 Selfcare Difficulty dressing or bathing 36 51 Disabilityassociated healthcare expenditures are presented in 2006 dollars as reported in Anderson et al 2010 This value represents approximately 29 of total healthcare expenditures for the state of Tennessee In 2013 and 2014 the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System BRFSS did not ask participants about deafness or serious difficulty hearing however BRFSS began collecting this information in 2016 Visit Disability and Health Data System to find additional topics about the health and wellness of adults with disabilities in your state

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

tennessee
disability impacts
a snapshot of disability


Overweight Obesity Strategies to Prevent Manage Obesity Adult Overweight and Obesity Children Data Statistics Adult Obesity Facts Childhood Obesity Facts Data Trends and Maps Adult Obesity Maps Surveillance Systems Resources Publications Division of Nutrition Physical Activity and Obesity About Us Nutrition Physical Activity Overweight Obesity Healthy Weight Breastfeeding Micronutrient Malnutrition State and Local Programs Overweight Obesity Data Statistics Data Trends and Maps Surveillance depends on the most accurate and latest data available The obesity prevalence maps and interactive databases are provided in this section The obesity maps offer state and territory level estimates of the US adult obesity prevalence Use the interactive database systems to find state level nutrition physical activity and obesity data trends and legislation information Data Trends and Maps Database The Division of Nutrition Physical Activity and Obesitys Data Trends and Maps is an interactive tool that provides statespecific data about obesity nutrition physical activity and breastfeeding You can view statistics in a variety of formats including maps tables and trend lines Explore Data Trends and Maps Obesity Prevalence Maps The Obesity Maps depict selfreported obesity prevalence among US adults This section offers obesity data maps by state and territory Powerpoint slides and information about the data methodology and previous years CDC Nutrition Physical Activity and Obesity Legislation CDC Nutrition Physical Activity and Obesity Legislation is a searchable dataset that contains nutrition physical activity and obesity policy data for 50 US states and DC from 2001 to 2017

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Vaccines and Immunizations Home For Parents For Adults For Pregnant Women For Healthcare Professionals For Immunization Managers For Specific Groups of People Basics and Common Questions Things You Need to Know about Vaccines Immunization Why is it Important Immunization The Basics Common Questions Vaccines and Preventable Diseases News and Media Resources CDC Vaccines and Immunizations Home Basics and Common Questions Six Things YOU Need to Know about Vaccines 1 We all need vaccines throughout our lives to help protect against serious diseases Every year tens of thousands of Americans get sick from diseases that could be prevented by vaccines some people are hospitalized some even die Immunization is our best protection against these diseases Vaccines are recommended for children teens and adults based on different factors like age health conditions lifestyle jobs and travel CDC and other medical experts update vaccine recommendations every year based on the latest research and science Vaccination is a critical step in protecting those that are most vulnerable to illness infants and young children the elderly and those with chronic conditions and weakened immune systems 2 Outbreaks of vaccinepreventable diseases can and do still happen in communities across the US Vaccines have greatly reduced infectious diseases that once regularly harmed or killed many infants children and adults However the germs that cause vaccinepreventable disease still exist and can be spread to people who are not protected by vaccines For example even though measles was declared to be eliminated from the US in 2000 it is still common in other countries Unvaccinated travelers have gotten measles while abroad spread the disease to others in the US when they have returned leading to a number of outbreaks in recent years Vaccination is important because it not only protects the person who gets the vaccine but also helps to keep diseases from spreading to others like family members neighbors classmates and other members of your communities 3 CDC and FDA take many steps to make sure vaccines are very safe Journey of a Vaccine Before a vaccine is approved for use in the US it goes through years of careful testing to make sure it is safe and effective Highly trained scientists and doctors at the US Food and Drug Administration FDA evaluate the results of these clinical studies FDA also inspects the sites where vaccines are made to make sure they follow strict manufacturing guidelines Once a vaccine is licensed FDA and CDC continue to monitor its use and make sure there are no safety concerns Like any medication vaccines can cause side effects In most cases side effects are mild eg soreness where the shot was given but go away within a few days Severe longlasting side effects from vaccines are rare 4 Vaccines give you the power to protect your children from getting sick Protect your child at every age Immunization has had an enormous impact on improving the health of children in the United States Most parents today have never seen firsthand the devastating consequences that vaccinepreventable diseases have on a child a family or community Protecting your childs health and safety is very important Thats why most parents choose immunization its a powerful defense thats safe proven and effective Vaccination is one of the best ways parents can protect infants children and teens from 16 potentially harmful diseases Vaccinepreventable diseases can be very serious may require hospitalization or even be deadly especially in infants and young children To see if your child is uptodate visit our parents page and talk to your doctor 5 You can even make sure your baby is born with protection by getting vaccinated when you are pregnant Take the Vaccines Pregnancy Quiz You probably know that when you are pregnant you share everything with your baby That means when you get vaccinated you arent just protecting yourselfyou are passing some protection on to your baby in the first few months of life when they are too young to build immunity on their own CDC recommends you get whooping cough and flu vaccines during each pregnancy to help protect yourself and your developing baby For more information you can visit our maternal vaccination page and talk to your doctor at your next appointment 6 Vaccines arent just for kids They can help adults stay healthy too especially if they have health conditions Even if you got all your vaccines as a child the protection from some vaccines can wear off over time You may also be at risk for other diseases due to your age job lifestyle travel or health conditions Adults with chronic conditions like asthmaCOPD heart disease and diabetes are more likely to get complications from certain diseases Vaccination is an important part of staying healthy Getting sick is not fun at any age and for adults it can mean medical bills missed work and not being able to take care of family Take this quick quiz to find out what vaccines may be recommended for you and discuss the results with your healthcare professional to make sure you are up to date Page last reviewed May 16 2018 Page last updated January 26 2018 Content source National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases

B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


BLS2019 Standard Edition The best bowling league secretary software supporting both scores and financials BLS2019 Standard BLS2019 Standard promotes the best league software for Windows CDE Software uses its over 40 year experience with bowling software to provide the most comprehensive and best league software in the industry that is powerful yet easy to use Designed to be easy to use by everyone Easy navigation to get at functions organized in a manner that follows the league season Dashboard highlights information about the league Leagues Run as many scratch or handicap leagues on your computer as you wish Leagues can be men women boys girls adults only youth only or adult and youth Bowl up to 6 games a week with up to 12 bowlers on a team and up to 190 teams per league bowling a maximum of 99 games per season Financials Builtin financial module to manage finances for the league USBCCTFTNBA Support Supports and is recommended by the United States Bowling Congress Canadian Tenpin Federation and The National Bowling Association for the 201819 bowling season Reports Flexible reports and standing sheets Embellish reports with logos different fonts and other ways to distinguish your league from others Upload Standings For Your Bowlers To View Online BLS2019 uploads league standings to the popular LeagueSecretarycom website where bowlers can view their standings online or with a mobile application USBCs Bowlcom and personal websites are also supported for standings uploading Easy Score Entry Rapidly enter scores using the keyboard Bowlers can be moved using mouse or keyboard shortcuts Easy handling of absentee vacancy and injured scores Flexible Rules Configuration As leagues can have simple to complex rules BLS2019 offers a logically organized configuration screen to configure the league rules Basic text in the bylaws for things like bowlers will be fined 100 for not wearing a team shirt can be entered for printout of the league bylaws within BLS Our BLS2019 Standard edition is similar to the former Perfect Secretary Standard by Treasure Software which closed their doors in Spring 2018 If you are a former customer there is a importer function in BLS2019 to assist with conversion to BLS Former Perfect Secretary User Notice Try BLS2019 For Free Download the program installer and install the software The software will run in Demo Mode allowing you to check out the sample league and check out most program features Purchase from our online store when ready or call our sales department to place the order by phone BLS2019 Software Program Installer Program installer for BLS2019 Bowling League Secretary Software for the 201819 season software for the following editions BLS2019 Standard BLS2019 Professional BLS2019 AutoScoring If you purchased BLS2019 or wish to try a demo of BLS2019 use this installer This installer also updates existing installations of BLS2019 to the current release of BLS2019 Bowling Clipart and Master Bowler Database are available as separate installers 310314 Version Size Additional Product Details About Features General Features Additional Features USBC CTF and TNBA Support Reports Internet Features Financials System Requirements BLS2019 Standard is our popular edition for management of bowling leagues This edition is part of our consumer products which are editions used at home Bowling centers needing the industrial edition that integrates with the scoring system will need the BLS2019 AutoScoring Edition product BLS2019 Standard is designed to make your work easier and enjoyable to where you will always want to be the league secretary The United States Bowling Congress USBC is supported along with the Canadian Tenpin Federation CTF and The National Bowling Association TNBA and includes forms sanctions membership cards awards for use in the 20182019 bowling season BLS2019 features easy menu navigation in a manner organized with how a league operates throughout the season Easily navigate between weeks and the league calendar is always handy This league software features unique Internet enabled features including sending email with our without attachments to your league members Also only BLS can support uploading standing sheets to LeagueSecretarycom Bowlcom and your own personal websites

O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Networking Products Modems Phone Fax Modems Brooktrout TR1034 ELP4TE voicefax board T1E1 MfgPart 90101601 CDW Part 2636275 UNSPSC 43201547 Availability In Stock 484999 Advertised Price Add to Cart Lease Option 14657 month Product Details Voicefax board PCIe 20 x1 T1E1 336 Kbps fractional T1E1 4 channels View Full Product Details Overview Main Features Voicefax board PCIe 20 x1 T1E1 336 Kbps fractional T1E1 4 channels The Dialogic Brooktrout TR1034 Fax Board is a highperformance intelligent board that offers both TDM and IPbased fax capabilities The Brooktrout TR1034 is suitable for a variety of network based fax applications and can be integrated with document management and business process automation systems to support compliance with regulations such as SarbanesOxley HIPAA and Basel II As companies move to VoIP networks the versatile Brooktrout TR1034 can provide an easy migration path from traditional TDMbased fax systems to hybrid and allIP fax systems In addition Dialogic works with leading IPPBX and gateway vendors to ensure fax interoperability The Brooktrout TR1034 delivers call completion at fast connection rates with fieldproven reliability across a wide variety of fax machines and line conditions

O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Veto Cells from Cell Source aim to enable doctors to selectively manage patients immune system responses potentially facilitating more effective treatment of a broad range of diseases that affect millions of people targeted therapies for bone marrow and organ transplants cancer treatments and treating other severe diseases Breakthrough Cell Therapies Cell Source is an innovative biotechnology company focused on developing breakthrough cell therapy treatments based on the management of immune tolerance Patented Technologies The companys patented Veto Cell technology represents a major breakthrough in safe selective immune system response management Licensed exclusively from the Weizmann Institute of Science Veto Cell Innovation Cell Sources Veto Cell technology addresses one of the most fundamental challenges in human immunology how to tune immune response so that it tolerates specific desirable foreign cells while continuing to attack all other potential threats

O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Census Careers Skip to looking for section About Working at Census Employment Opportunities Experience Levels Location Programs Type of Position New Employees Resources and Tips Diversity Inclusion Veterans People with Disabilities Training and Development Benefits and Perks Contact Us Experience Levels ClericalAdministrative Positions which involve office and administrative duties for daytoday operations and may not require prior experience Entry Level and Recent Graduates Positions that do not require prior experience or for candidates that recently completed a degree MidCareer Positions that may require prior experience in a particular field or profession SupervisoryManagerial Positions that require prior experience supervising staff programs andor projects Senior Executive Service Positions for candidates who possess executive skills and leadership qualifications with a broad perspective of government and a public service commitment Student Opportunities Program The Census Bureau has a number of programs available for students along with research opportunities for the scientific community Last Revised April 10 2018

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


QuickFacts Cherokee County Georgia People Population Population estimates July 1 2017 V2017 247573 Population estimates base April 1 2010 V2017 214362 Population percent change April 1 2010 estimates base to July 1 2017 V2017 155 Population Census April 1 2010 214346 Age and Sex Persons under 5 years percent 60 Persons under 18 years percent 249 Persons 65 years and over percent 134 Female persons percent 508 Race and Hispanic Origin White alone percent 883 Black or African American alone percent a 70 American Indian and Alaska Native alone percent a 05 Asian alone percent a 20 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone percent a 01 Two or More Races percent 21 Hispanic or Latino percent b 103 White alone not Hispanic or Latino percent 791 Population Characteristics Veterans 20132017 14178 Foreign born persons percent 20132017 86 Housing Housing units July 1 2017 V2017 92057 Owneroccupied housing unit rate 20132017 764 Median value of owneroccupied housing units 20132017 220200 Median selected monthly owner costs with a mortgage 20132017 1542 Median selected monthly owner costs without a mortgage 20132017 409 Median gross rent 20132017 1138 Building permits 2017 2284 Families Living Arrangements Households 20132017 83150 Persons per household 20132017 282 Living in same house 1 year ago percent of persons age 1 year 20132017 867 Language other than English spoken at home percent of persons age 5 years 20132017 114 Computer and Internet Use Households with a computer percent 20132017 944 Households with a broadband Internet subscription percent 20132017 904 Education High school graduate or higher percent of persons age 25 years 20132017 908 Bachelors degree or higher percent of persons age 25 years 20132017 357 Health With a disability under age 65 years percent 20132017 67 Persons without health insurance under age 65 years percent 139 Economy In civilian labor force total percent of population age 16 years 20132017 676 In civilian labor force female percent of population age 16 years 20132017 610 Total accommodation and food services sales 2012 1000 c 281690 Total health care and social assistance receiptsrevenue 2012 1000 c 471434 Total manufacturers shipments 2012 1000 c 1027814 Total merchant wholesaler sales 2012 1000 c 711947 Total retail sales 2012 1000 c 2271598 Total retail sales per capita 2012 c 10264 Transportation Mean travel time to work minutes workers age 16 years 20132017 345 Income Poverty Median household income in 2017 dollars 20132017 75477 Per capita income in past 12 months in 2017 dollars 20132017 33466 Persons in poverty percent 75 Businesses Businesses Total employer establishments 2016 5150 Total employment 2016 50407 Total annual payroll 2016 1000 1820292 Total employment percent change 20152016 41 Total nonemployer establishments 2016 23616 All firms 2012 22221 Menowned firms 2012 12755 Womenowned firms 2012 7466 Minorityowned firms 2012 3678 Nonminorityowned firms 2012 17945 Veteranowned firms 2012 2132 Nonveteranowned firms 2012 19205 Geography Geography Population per square mile 2010 5083 Land area in square miles 2010 42167 FIPS Code 13057

B B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Arizona Arkansas California Connecticut Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Kansas Louisiana Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina Tennessee Texas Vermont Washington Wisconsin Indiana Medicaid Managed Health Services MHS is a managed care entity that has been proudly serving Hoosiers for two decades through the Hoosier Healthwise HHW Healthy Indiana HIP and Hoosier Care Connect Medicaid Programs MHS also serves Indiana residents with a qualified health plan issuer in the Indiana health insurance marketplace Ambetter from MHS MHS is a whollyowned subsidiary of Centene Corporation a diversified multinational healthcare enterprise offering both core Medicaid and specialty services Managed Health Services MHS Services Offered TANF CHIP ABD Medicaid Expansion Additional Information First Year of Operation 1995 mhsindianacom Learn more about MHS Medicare Allwell from MHS is a new Medicare Advantage plan with prescription drug coverage We offer two types of Medicare Advantage plans that are available to those who qualify for Medicare Parts A and B Our HMO and PPO plans give you access to additional benefits that arent covered by Original Medicare Benefits vary by plan Allwell from MHS allwellmhsindianacom Learn more about Allwell from MHS Health Insurance Marketplace For two decades MHS has delivered healthcare solutions to Indiana residents And now its easier to stay covered with our Health Insurance Marketplace insurance plan Ambetter Ambetter from MHS ambettermhsindianacom Social Responsibility See how we give back to our community at the plan level AntiBullying Event Farrington Grove Elementary

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Welcome to The Buzz Center on Addictions online conversation about addiction and substance use This commonly prescribed medication is contributing to the opioid epidemic POSTED 4618 HEALTH Comments Its not an opioid but this pain medication has recently been linked with a significant percentage of drugrelated deaths in Louisville Kentucky The Courier Journal reported that in 2016 gabapentin also known as Neurontin Gralise or Horizant was present in nearly onefourth of fatal overdoses within the commonwealths largest city As the opioid epidemic has grown and efforts to curb the number of opioids being prescribed have been on the rise doctors have increasingly shown interest in opioidfree alternatives such as gabapentin Originally approved by the FDA to prevent seizures and address shinglesrelated nerve pain doctors are now prescribing this medication to patients with various types of chronic pain Since 2012 the number of gabapentin prescriptions dispensed has increased by 64 percent making it the 10 th most commonly prescribed medication in the nation In addition to pain researchers have also looked into whether gabapentin can help people in treatment for opioid withdrawal by reducing their symptoms Unfortunately just because gabapentin isnt an opioid doesnt mean it is completely harmless Research shows that it is likely to be misused by people with a history of opioid misuse or opioid addiction and heroin users have described it as easy to obtain Furthermore when used in combination with heroin gabapentin may be especially deadly by increasing the users risk of experiencing an overdose Still as Van Ingram executive director of the Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy told NBC News I dont want to declare war on gabapentin When used appropriately under medical supervision gabapentin may be an effective tool for people managing their pain or other health issues However just like any prescription medication with the potential for misuse gabapentin must be stored and disposed of correctly This is especially true for households with teens The medicine cabinet in their own homes or in the homes of friends and family are often the first places they will go to look for drugs Although opioids like OxyContin Percocet and Vicodin may be the first to come to mind when talking about prescription medication addiction its important to be aware of the potential for harm any prescription medication may possess Gabapentin has the potential to be an asset in ending the opioid epidemic as an opioidfree pain medication but it can also be lethal to those with opioid addiction If you become aware of a friend or family member who is using or in possession of gabapentin but doesnt have a prescription consider reaching out to a doctor or other healthcare professional for help Have you heard of gabapentin before Soundoff in the comments below Hannah Freedman Hannah Freedman is a communications and digital associate at Center on Addiction Tags Opioid Prescription Crisis Epidemic Gabapentin The Pulse If the opioid epidemic continues to accelerate at its current rate how many people will die in the next decade 10000 5 100000 15 250000 27 500000 53 View All Polls Topics TEENS AND FAMILIES HEALTH POLICY ADDICTION MYTHS MARIJUANA ECIGARETTES Archive 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013

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Statistics About Statistics Data Centre Handbook of Key Economic and Financial Statistics Operating results of the Financial System Selected Aggregates Fees and Charges Exchange Rates Annual Show Columns Date Yen Buying Yen Selling US Buying US Selling Barbados Buying Rate Barbados Selling Rate Canadian Buying Rate Canadian Selling Rate EC Buying EC Selling Euro Buying Euro Selling Pound Buying Pound Selling Guyanese Buying Guyanese Selling Search For the Japanese buying rate in instances where there are no market transactions in the domestic foreign exchange market a cross rate is computed based on live international rates

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Spencer IA Real Estate Homes For Sale in Spencer IA 8 620 E 18th Street Spencer IA 51301 29900 116mo 3 beds 2 baths 1536 sq ft 19 sq ft On Site 5 days Single Family Residence Listing Provided Courtesy of EXIT REALTY GREAT PLAINS JACKSON via Iowa Great Lakes Board of Realtors 14 608 W 11th Street Spencer IA 51301 139900 546mo 5 beds 2 baths 1350 sq ft 104 sq ft On Site 6 days Single Family Residence Listing Provided Courtesy of NORTHWEST IOWA REALTY via Iowa Great Lakes Board of Realtors 18 928 2nd Avenue Se Spencer IA 51301 121500 474mo NA sq ft NA sq ft On Site 6 days MultiFamily Residence Listing Provided Courtesy of HOMETOWN REALTY via Iowa Great Lakes Board of Realtors 23 720 E 4th Street Spencer IA 51301 115000 448mo 4 beds 2 baths 1389 sq ft 83 sq ft On Site 16 days Single Family Residence Listing Provided Courtesy of INTEGRITY REAL ESTATE SPENCER via Iowa Great Lakes Board of Realtors 21 1201 11 Avenue Se Spencer IA 51301 259900 1014mo 5 beds 3 baths 2764 sq ft 94 sq ft On Site 24 days Single Family Residence Listing Provided Courtesy of HOMETOWN REALTY via Iowa Great Lakes Board of Realtors 31 307 35th Avenue W Spencer IA 51301 152000 593mo 4 beds 2 baths 2016 sq ft 75 sq ft On Site 27 days Single Family Residence Listing Provided Courtesy of INTEGRITY REAL ESTATE ARNOLDS PARK via Iowa Great Lakes Board of Realtors 14 1403 3rd Avenue E Spencer IA 51301 98000 382mo 3 beds 2 baths 1520 sq ft 64 sq ft On Site 31 days Single Family Residence Listing Provided Courtesy of EXIT REALTY MIDWEST SPENCER via Iowa Great Lakes Board of Realtors 15 310 35th Avenue W Spencer IA 51301 99850 389mo 3 beds 3 baths 1248 sq ft 80 sq ft On Site 35 days Single Family Residence Listing Provided Courtesy of NORTHWEST IOWA REALTY via Iowa Great Lakes Board of Realtors 7 1703 2nd Avenue E Spencer IA 51301 59900 233mo 2 beds 1 baths 664 sq ft 90 sq ft On Site 35 days Single Family Residence Listing Provided Courtesy of EXIT REALTY MIDWEST SPENCER via Iowa Great Lakes Board of Realtors 21 907 5th Ave Sw Unit C Spencer IA 51301 154900 729mo 2 beds 2 baths 1250 sq ft 124 sq ft On Site 37 days Single Family Residence Listing Provided Courtesy of REALTY PROFESSIONALS via Northwest Iowa Regional Board of REALTORS 29 2112 22nd Ave West 2112 Spencer IA 51301 445000 1736mo 3 beds 2 baths 2000 sq ft 223 sq ft On Site 37 days Single Family Residence Listing Provided Courtesy of REALTY PROFESSIONALS via Northwest Iowa Regional Board of REALTORS 21 909 Sw 5th Avenue Sw d Spencer IA 51301 154900 604mo 2 beds 2 baths 1250 sq ft 124 sq ft On Site 37 days Single Family Residence Listing Provided Courtesy of REALTY PROFESSIONALS via Northwest Iowa Regional Board of REALTORS OPEN Sat Jan 5 11am12pm 12 603 E 17th Street Spencer IA 51301 140000 546mo 3 beds 2 baths 1528 sq ft 92 sq ft On Site 37 days Single Family Residence Listing Provided Courtesy of HOMETOWN REALTY via Iowa Great Lakes Board of Realtors 16 1026 4th Avenue W Spencer IA 51301 189000 737mo 3 beds 3 baths 2242 sq ft 84 sq ft On Site 44 days Single Family Residence Listing Provided Courtesy of NORTHWEST IOWA REALTY via Iowa Great Lakes Board of Realtors 30 120 W 4th Street Spencer IA 51301 169900 663mo 4 beds 3 baths 2420 sq ft 70 sq ft On Site 45 days Single Family Residence Listing Provided Courtesy of INTEGRITY REAL ESTATE ARNOLDS PARK via Iowa Great Lakes Board of Realtors 1 2 3 4 5 Real Estate Resources for Spencer IA Nearby Postal Codes 51301 51357 51333 51338 51343 51341 Nearby Cities Royal Everly Find your next Spencer home with CENTURY 21 Real Estate Our mobile app and website are complete with the latest MLS listings of homes for sale from new homes for sale townhouses for sale and condos for sale to land for sale and foreclosed homes for sale Search for a home that meets your unique needs by narrowing results down by price size location and more Our keyword search can help you find even more specific criteria If youd like a glimpse at what life is like in Spencer try out our maps and photos and get familiar with plenty of school information Once youre ready to reach out to a CENTURY 21 agent weve got ratings and reviews from other clients

B O B I O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O


Price

hightolow

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Новое

Аристово

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ft

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Любушкин

хутор

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Жаворонки

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Чигасово

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Тарасовка

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НиколоУрюпино

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Пушкино

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Щедрино

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Рождествено

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Митькино

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Глаголево

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Солослово

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НиколоУрюпино

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Льялово

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Немчиновка

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Международный

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Химки

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Видное

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Слава

ДСК

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Одинцово

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Results

O O B I I B B I O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Cerberus FTP Server 10 The secure and reliable file transfer solution that you control . Download Free Trial Now Compare Editions Windows Server 2019 , 2016 , 2012 , 2008 , 10 , 8 , 7 Looking for a lighthearted overview ? Check out our explainer video ! Secure FTP / S , SFTP , HTTPS Active Directory & LDAP Secure SSL Encryption Two - Factor Authentication IP Auto - Banning Compliant HIPAA Compliant FIPS 140 - 2 Validated Advanced Reporting Comprehensive Auditing Powerful Features Web File Transfer Client Email Notification Event Support & Automation File Retention Policies If you want a simple rock solid server , download now . Cerberus does n ' t save try to save the world . . . but maybe that is why it is so easy to use . 5 stars , you can stop looking now . Evan - - Which Edition is Right for You ? Cerberus FTP Server comes in four different editions . The chart below compares the features available between the Personal , Standard , Professional , and Enterprise editions . Use the chart below to help choose the right file transfer solution for your business needs . PERSONAL $ 89 20 Max Connections Virtual Directories Users and Groups Detailed Logs Full IPv6 Support FTP FTP with TLS / SSL SOAP control API Auto - banning BUY NOW STANDARD $ 299 50 Max Connections All Features PERSONAL Web Administration BUY NOW PROFESSIONAL 599 No Limit Connections All Features STANDARD SSH2 SFTP Public Key Authentication FIPS 140 - 2 Active Directory Integration LDAP Integration CRL and CA Support Client Certificate Verification Server Replication ENTERPRISE 1,499 No Limit Connections All Features PROFESSIONAL HTTP / S Web Client Event Support Email Notification File Retention Policies Web Account Request Ad Hoc File Sharing Advanced Stats & Reporting Download Free Trial Now Awards and Reviews Already Trusted by These Companies

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Cerberus FTP Server 10 The secure and reliable file transfer solution that you control Download Free Trial Now Windows Server 2019 2016 2012 2008 10 8 7 Looking for a lighthearted overview Check out our explainer video Secure FTPS SFTP HTTPS Active Directory LDAP Secure SSL Encryption TwoFactor Authentication IP AutoBanning Compliant HIPAA Compliant FIPS 1402 Validated Advanced Reporting Comprehensive Auditing Powerful Features Web File Transfer Client Email Notification Event Support Automation File Retention Policies If you want a simple rock solid server download now Cerberus doesnt save try to save the world but maybe that is why it is so easy to use 5 stars you can stop looking now Evan Which Edition is Right for You Cerberus FTP Server comes in four different editions The chart below compares the features available between the Personal Standard Professional and Enterprise editions Use the chart below to help choose the right file transfer solution for your business needs PERSONAL 89 20 Max Connections Virtual Directories Users and Groups Detailed Logs Full IPv6 Support FTP FTP with TLSSSL SOAP control API Autobanning BUY NOW STANDARD 299 50 Max Connections All Features PERSONAL Web Administration BUY NOW PROFESSIONAL 599 No Limit Connections All Features STANDARD SSH2 SFTP Public Key Authentication FIPS 1402 Active Directory Integration LDAP Integration CRL and CA Support Client Certificate Verification Server Replication BUY NOW ENTERPRISE 1499 No Limit Connections All Features PROFESSIONAL HTTPS Web Client Event Support Email Notification File Retention Policies Web Account Request Ad Hoc File Sharing Advanced Stats Reporting BUY NOW Download Free Trial Now Awards and Reviews Already Trusted by These Companies

B B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Jewish Practice Jewish Holidays Passover HowTo Law Lore The Seder Reclining By Eliyahu Kitov Previous Candle Lighting Next The Four Cups When drinking the four cups of wine and eating the matzot the korech sandwich and the afikoman one is required to recline on a couch an armchair or on pillows This is how royalty and nobility used to eat and on this night the people of Israel are entitled to conduct themselves like royalty Maimonides writes One is required to see himself as if he had just now left Egyptian slavery Hence when a person eats on this night he is required to eat and drink while reclining as a sign of freedom In his commentary to the Mishnah in Pesachim Maimonides adds In the manner that kings and important people eat When reclining one should lean to the left eating and drinking with the right hand Even one who is lefthanded should follow this practice A son may recline in the presence of his father even though a son would normally not act in this manner in his fathers presence for on this night fathers will readily permit their children to eat in this fashion A student eating in the presence of his teacher however should recline only if the teacher has explicitly permitted him to do so It is customary not to recline when eating maror and karpas since these elements serve to commemorate the fact that the Egyptians embittered our lives Concerning one who is required to recline but did not do so Regarding matzah he should eat another portion of matzah while reclining but should not repeat the blessings Regarding the four cups of wine if he forgot to recline for the first cup Kiddush some authorities maintain that he must repeat Kiddush while others maintain that he need not do so As for the second cup one should drink another cup but not repeat the blessing Regarding the third and fourth cups some authorities maintain that one must drink another cup while reclining while others maintain that there is no need to do so The common practice is to drink another cup only if one forgot to recline when drinking the second cup Similarly if one forgot to recline when eating the afikoman he need not eat it again The basis for the practice of reclining is based on the verse Exodus 1318 that states And Gd brought the people around The Hebrew word to go around is very similar to the word to lean and the Midrash deduces from the similarity of the two words that everyone even the most humble or poor Jew is required to recline at the Seder as if he were a nobleman It is praiseworthy to recline throughout the Seder The requirement however is to recline when drinking the four cups of wine and when eating matzah and the afikoman Although it is no longer customary to eat while reclining our Sages decided to continue the practice for it serves as an additional means of publicizing the great miracle of our redemption from slavery to freedom that we celebrate at the Seder It is especially fitting to celebrate the Seder with guests for the Passover sacrifice which our Seder commemorates was eaten in groups Moreover the practice of inviting guests is an additional means of indicating our status as free men It is customary that the person leading the Seder not pour his own cup of wine or the water that he uses for washing before karpas and eating matzah Rather someone else does this for him another means of demonstrating our status as free men and nobles on this night Previous Candle Lighting Next The Four Cups By Eliyahu Kitov Rabbi Eliyahu Kitov OBM was one of Israels most acclaimed religious authors whose books on the Jewish way of life and the Chassidic movement have become renowned Text translated from the Hebrew by Nachman Bulman and Dovid Landseman Excerpted from The Book of Our Heritage Published and copyright by Feldheim Publications More from Eliyahu Kitov RSS Copyright all rights reserved If you enjoyed this article we encourage you to distribute it further provided that you comply with Chabadorgs copyright policy

O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O