Crop Production Guidelines Field Cucumber Production Guidelines for Hawaii By Hector Valenzuela Randall T Hamasaki and Steve Fukuda University of Hawaii Cooperative Extension Service Assistant Vegetable Specialist Associate County Extension Agent and County Extension Agent respectively INTRODUCTION Cucumber Cucumis sativus a member of the Cucurbitaceae family is native of Asia and Africa where it has been consumed for 3000 years It is a popular fresh market vegetable in salads and also is processed into kim chee and orientaltype pickles in Hawaii Over 60 of local production is in Mountain View and Kona on the island of Hawaii Kauai and Oahu The crop is susceptible to serious losses from such pests as the silver leaf or sweetpotato whitefly the melon fly leafminers mosaic viruses and to soilborne and foliar diseases Production volumes are 4050 lower during the winter Crop Growth and Sex Expression Cucumber is an annual deeprooted ca 3 ft crop with tendrils and hairy leaves The plants may have an indeterminate determinate or a compact plant habit The compact growth habit consists of plants with shorter internode length than plants with indeterminate or determinate growth habit Optimum growth occurs between 7075F 2025C with growth reduction occurring below 60F 16C and above 90F 30C Several flowering habits exist in cucumbers Most cultivars are monoecious with separate male and female flowers in the same plant Gynoecious or allfemale cultivars produce only female flowers resulting in up to 13 times more female flowers than those obtained in monoecious cultivars The socalled PF hybrids produce predominantly female flowers but also produce a small number of male flowers Often pollination plants are supplied to insure fertilization on PF types Many cultivars grown in greenhouses such as European cucumbers are parthenocarpic Parthenocarpic varieties require no pollination for fruit production In fact pollination of these cultivars causes an offshaped appearance The first flowers of monoecious plants are staminate or male followed by pistillate or female flowers from which fruits are born Sex expression in cucumber may be affected by several factors such as plant density plant stress temperature and light intensity Reduced rates of female flowers in gynoecious cultivars may result from exposure to stress caused by high plant population densities insect attack wind damage and combinations of low light intensity and high ambient temperatures The commercially available hormone etephon at 125250 ppm increases the production of pistillate or female flowers in gynoecious cultivars Cucumbers will interbreed with other cucumber Cultivars Cultivar selection is one of the most important decisions made during the crop production process Selection of cultivars adapted to local growing conditions and seed quality are significant production factors that deserve careful planning and consideration Desirable traits required for local cultivars include high productivity high fruit crispness and firmness and resistance to watermelon mosaic virus zucchini mosaic virus cucumber mosaic virus powdery mildew and angular leaf spot Figure 1 As a standard for fruit quality the market still relies on the old Burpee Hybrid first released in 1945 and which included 75 of cucumbers grown locally in the 1960s Table 1 Cultivars adapted to Hawaii Western Slicing Types Fruit Length Fruit Diameter inches inches Burpee Hybrid II 8 212 New Market 2 10 212 Sweet Slice Hybrid 1 1 212 Lani Hybrid UH cultivar 9 212 Milo Hybrid 8 212 Dasher II gynoecious 8 212 Sakata 69 8 212 Slicemaster 8 212 Slicing Oriental types monoecious with an upright habit Progress Hybrid 10 2 Tasty Gem Hybrid 10 2 Spring Swallow 7 1 UH cultivar indeterminate monoecious Promising cultivars in Hawaii based on trials in Oahu include Genuine and Spring Swallow Other fortrial cultivars include Soarer Southern Delight Pegasus Green Knight Tokyo Slicer Conquistador and Brocade FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATIONS Soil Type Cucumbers are adapted to a wide variety of soil types which have good drainage and adequate soilholding capacity Optimum pH Cucumbers dont perform well on acid soils but do well under slight acidity The optimum pH is 5570 In general if the soil pH is below 58 and the available soil calcium is less than 2000 lbs per acre apply 2000 lbs per acre 45 lbs100 square feet of agricultural lime 8 to 12 weeks before planting However some Hawaiian soils may require considerably more lime Liming to a pH of 72 to 75 plus the use of nitratenitrogen fertilizer sources help to reduce incidence of Fusarium wilt Fusarium oxysporum in the field Micronutrient availability may be reduced at a Nutrient Rates and Placement Fertilizer applications should be based on crop nutrient demands and stage of crop growth Tissue and soil analysis help to determine how much fertilizer to apply to complement the nutrient levels already available in the soil Soil samples should be taken and appropriate fertilizers added as recommended by University of Hawaii soil scientists for the particular soil type If the soil series is not known growers should supply ample information about the origin of the soil sample so that the soil series can be determined through soil survey maps Excessive fertilizer rates beyond crop needs may result in salt buildup Estimated rates of nutrient removal for NP2O5K2OMgOCaO in fruits leaves and stems with yields of 10000 lbsAcre are 32944623 lbsAcre respectively Over 80 of the total crop nutrient removal takes place during the fruiting stage of crop growth Greenhouse studies of fruit growth and nutrient uptake rates in the continental US indicate that cucumbers respond better to nitrate than ammonium N fertilizer sources This results in greater Ca Mg and K levels in the fruit Recommended fertilizer rates for Hawaii are 1500 to 2000 lbs per acre of 151515 or similar NPK fertilizer Band half of the fertilizer 3 inches to the side and 3 inches below the seed at planting Sidedress one quarter of the fertilizer rate at 34 weeks after planting and the remaining quarter 6 7 weeks later With the onset of harvest sidedress every On soils very low in available phosphate apply 1500 lbAcre of treble super phosphate 47 phosphorus or 1500 lbAcre of monoammonium phosphate 11520 If both lime and phosphates are required both should be incorporated together 8 12 weeks before planting Potassium improves fruit deep green color firm flesh shape and overall yields Magnesium is required in cucumbers to help obtain a deepgreen fruit color Magnesium deficiencies will be intensified in fields which have received high N or K fertilizer rates For soils low in magnesium apply magnesium sulfate epsom salt 98 Mg or its equivalent at 150 500 lbsAcre Soil magnesium deficiencies can also be corrected with periodic light dolomitic limestone applications Cucumbers nutrition program should be tuned to achieve maximum yields and optimum market quality For example insufficient potassium will result in misshapen fruit or bottlenecks and low nitrogen restricts growth modifies the lengthtodiameter ratio of fruit reduces fruit set and color development The symptoms listed in Table 2 should be helpful to help diagnose specific deficiencies However be aware that abnormalities such as those caused by root rot and nematode infections may produce similar symptoms in plants Table 2 Common Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms in Cucumber Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms Nitrogen Mature leaves yellowish green to yellow stems slender hard and fibrous fruits light in color pointed at blossom end Stunted roots turn a brownish color and then die Phosphorus Mature leaves change from a dark to dull green Stems slender Fruits dull green to bronze Potassium Mature leaves bluish green near veins Bronzing and necrosis of leaf margins Young leaves are puckered or crinkled Fruits constricted at stem end Plant growth slow Magnesium Plants are small and appear weak centerveinal chlorosis on mature leaves veins remain green Mature leaf edges brittle and ragged Yields are low and quality of fruit is poor Calcium Misshapen fruit Water soaked and necrotic lesions on blossom end Pillowy fruit disorder Reduced shoot root and fruit growth Organic amendments Manure applications improve quality and yields of vine crops Composted manures help to improve soil texture and drainage and act as slowrelease fertilizers Apply up to 20000 lbsAcre 10 MTAcre as a complement to calibrated chemical fertilizer applications Often chicken manure is added at amounts of up to 1 lbhill and it is worked into the soil Fertigation Available soluble fertilizers may be injected through the irrigation system in place of sulfate of ammonia and muriate of potash N levels of 200 ppm and K levels at 250 ppm in fertigation solution are recommended for maximum cucumber yields A schedule for fertilizer rate applications in cucumber is listed in Table 3 Before using chemicals through irrigation systems be aware of any regulations which may apply Table 3 Timing and Fertilizer Injection Rates Recommended for Cucumbers beginning at Transplanting Timing Fertilizer Rates Weeks after transplanting lbsAcreweek 1st to 3rd week 25 lbs of 201020 4th to 8th week 5 lbs of 202020 9th to 16th week 625 lbs of 202020 Epson salt 5 lbs at 4th 8th 12th week Nutrient Tissue Analysis Periodic nutrient analysis of foliage tissue is useful to obtain an estimate of a crops nutritional status and serve as a record of crop performance The tissue analysis should be calibrated with soil fertility levels according to soil samples taken before planting For tissue analysis collect a young mature whole leaf petiole and leaves located below the last open flower cluster A representative tissue sample from a field plot will consist of 25 to 50 collected leaves free of insects or disease Collect samples prior to the fruiting stage Recommended optimum ranges for cucumbers are found in Table 4 Table 4 Recommended Tissue Nutrient Ranges for Cucumber Nutrient Target Level 1 N 3340 P 0408 K 2840 Ca 1825 Mg 0405 S 03 Fe 108 ppm Zn 23 ppm Mn 60 ppm Cu 8 ppm B 25 ppm 1 Percent dry matter content Nutrient level of young mature leaf at the prefruiting stage 5th6th leaf from apex CULTURE AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES In typical commercial operations cucumbers are grown in polyethylenemulched beds with drip irrigation Water and nutrients inputs are closely monitored and adjusted with drip irrigation The plastic mulch helps control weeds improves efficient use of water and fertilizer and reduces incidence of fruit rots Yields of ground culture are 4080 of those obtained with mulch culture Cucumbers are susceptible to damage from wind and need the protection provided by windbreaks in windprone areas Examples of commonly used windbreaks include Tropical Coral Tall Erythrina Erythrina variegata L and wild cane Saccharum spontaneum moentai Other suitable windbreaks may also be used Where Time to Plant In Hawaii cucumbers are planted year round from sea level to 3000 feet 01000 m elevation and from April to October at elevations above 3000 ft 1000 m Often cucumbers at high elevations become bitter in the winter season Field Preparation The field may require plowing or subsoiling to break a hard pan The field is then disked andor tilled to break up soil clods Soils with poor drainage benefit from manure or other organic matter materials incorporated into the soil If a soil amendment such as lime is needed broadcast it before plowing and incorporate at a depth of 1012 inches 812 weeks prior to planting This allows the lime to react with the soil to correct pH assuming sufficient moisture is available in the soil If a nematicide is used apply at least two weeks prior to planting in Propagation Cucumbers are both direct seeded and transplanted in Hawaii Proper soil temperatures for seed germination range between 5595F 1335C Thinning is conducted in two operations for direct seeded crops The first thinning occurs at the two leaf stage leaving 45 plants per hill The final thinning takes place about a month after seeding leaving two plants per hill Cucumbers can be transplanted when adverse growing conditions are expected during the initial growing stages when expensive seed is used or for special operations as in hydroponic cultures About 12 lbsAcre of seed is required for directseeded cucumbers there are about 1100 Spacing Many variations of plant spacing are used The rows are spaced 46 feet to allow space for spraying and harvesting in trellised fields Plant spacing within the row is 15 feet depending on the number of plants per hill and on vine vigor of the particular cultivar Cultivars with vigorous lateral growth such as Burpee Hybrid II should have an increased spacing Cucumbers grown in plastic mulch may be planted two rows to a bed with rows in the bed spaced 9 inches Greenhouse and hydroponic grown cucumbers are generally planted closer and may require pruning Training Cucumbers may be grown in trellises or in ground culture Trellis the oriental slicing types to prevent the development of crooked fruits Yields of Fancy and No 1 fruits for nontrellised cucumbers will be 4075 of those obtained with staked cucumbers The major advantages and disadvantages of trellising a cucumber crop are listed in Table 5 Table 5 Advantages and Disadvantages of TrellisedCucumbers Advantages a Increased harvesting efficiency and greater yields b Improved pest management c Straighter fruits d Uniform fruit color e Reduction of fruit loss to soil diseases f More plants per acre due to closer rows Disadvantages a Extra cost of trellising materials b Extralabor costs to erect dismantle and train vines c Plants are more prone to wind damage Trellises constructed along the row are 57 ft high Space posts at a maximum of 15 feet An eight gauge wires is placed on top and a 12gauge wire on the bottom Twine or plastic netting is used for the trellis Three to four trips through the field are required to train the vines into the trellis until the vine reaches over the top wire The potential also exists to double crop cucumbers following a staked tomato crop thus saving the cost of staking and mulching In addition double cropping will result in improved fertilizer use efficiency in the field Pollination Monoecious cucumbers are dependent upon honeybees for pollination Eight to 10 bee visits per flower are required for adequate fruit formation in cucumbers In many states this is obtained with 13 beehives 2030000 bees per hive per production acre Trials in California showed that placing 3 hives instead of 1 beehiveAcre resulted in an increase of 100 cratesAcre of marketable fruit earlier harvest and reduced harvest period resulting in 33 less harvests Professional beekeepers provide bee hives in some states but these services are not currently available in Hawaii Pesticide applications should be managed carefully since most organic pesticides are toxic to bees To minimize bee kills a Know the location of the bee hives around the field b Avoid spraying when bee activity is high c Read the pesticide label to determine its toxicity to bees d Avoid spraying near bee hives and e Avoid leaving puddles around the pesticide rig which might attract and poison thirsty bees Poorly developed or misshapen fruit may be the result of stress during the embryoforming period of fruit growth Any unevenness in seed formation will produce misshapen fruit A wasp shape for example may be the result of late pollination 1 or 2 days after full bloom or anthesis causing only the ovules at the stigma end of the fruit to produce seed Also fertilization of the flowers may be interrupted due to internal physiological factors such as a nutrient deficiency Evidence indicates that Boron applications at rates of 06 lbsAcre may improve pollination efficiency in borondeficient fields Irrigation Cucumber requires a constant water supply to reach hiqh quality and yields Periods of growth when the plant is most susceptible to irrigation deficits include seed germination flowering and fruit enlargement The frequency of irrigation is largely dependent on soil type and weather conditions In general for sandy soils with dry weather the fields should be irrigated at least every other day if not more often at a rate of 12 inches per week Cucumber in Hawaii is normally drip irrigated Two or three weeks after planting a second drip line is installed about 18 inches parallel from the one PESTS Cucumber yields are frequently reduced by a myriad insect disease and weed pests For example over 40 different diseases are known to infest this crop Cucumbers are especially susceptible to pest attack when growing conditions are less than ideal and when sound cultural practices have not been followed Integrated Pest Management IPM IPM is a systems approach to reduce pest damage to tolerable levels using a variety of techniques such as natural enemies genetically resistant plants sound cultural practices and when appropriate chemical pesticides The IPM approach is based on proper pest identification periodic scouting and on the application of pest management practices during the precise stage of the crops development when no control action would result in significant economic losses Two additional strategies of an IPM approach are 1 Take pest control actions during the most vulnerable stage of the pests life cycle to maximize results with the least possible effort Scouting Periodic pest monitoring allows the producer to take control actions on a timely manner based on stage of crop growth and on pest population levels This is more efficient than the conventional calendar approach of pesticide applications which consist of weekly sprays whether pest pressure is high or not Scouting consists of periodic field visits to take about five random samples Keep a written record of pest numbers damage levels distribution in the field and stage of crop growth at each sampling date This records will be helpful to develop inhouse economic threshold levels for the major pests on the Pest management pointers The best pest control program is that which takes preventive action well before problem pests actually infest the field Knowledge of pest biology will further improve the growers ability to design the proper pest control preventive measures Successful growers are those which consistently pay attention to detail in all areas of the IPM program Table 6 Table 6 Basic Techniques for Cucumber Pest Control and Prevention 1 Use diseasefree seed and soil 2 Use resistant or tolerant varieties where possible 3 Rotate with noncucurbits 4 Early detection of insect and disease problems 5 Prompt removal of old crops from the field 6 Apply recommended irrigation and fertilizer rates 7 Proper weed management 8 Clean farm machinery and tools to prevent soilborne pathogen spread 9 Apply areawide management strategies 10 Properly recognize beneficial and pest organisms 11 Use pesticides only when necessary 12 Use registered pesticides with maximum effectiveness on the target pest and with minimum adverse effects on nontarget organisms Insects Important insect pests in cucumber include aphids melon flies leafminers whiteflies and thrips Other pests include spider mites caterpillars and slugs It is important to prevent or minimize pest problems before serious outbreaks occur to detect pest problems early and to select appropriate controls The judicious use of pesticides is important in the management of resistance to pesticides conservation of beneficials minimized environmental hazards improved safety of workers in the field and overall reduced farm input costs Outbreaks of the silverleaf whitefly previously referred to as sweetpotato whitefly and the greenhouse whitefly are currently a major problem for cucumber production in Hawaii Apply insecticides only when necessary and when possible rotate pesticide families to delay development of insect resistance Insects with exploding population growth rates such as thrips whiteflies mites leafminers and aphids are especially prone to develop pesticide resistance when exposed to frequent applications of the same insecticide Aphids Aphids damage cucumber plants by feeding on plant sap and by spreading important viral diseases such as papaya ringspot zucchini yellow mosaic and cucumber mosaic Feeding damage by aphids can reduce plant vigor and may cause leaf deformation Heavy aphid feeding may encourage sooty mold growth Viral diseases spread by aphids can devastate cucumber crops Aphids have winged forms which can fly into crops and spread viral diseases from weeds or infected plantings in this way Aphids in Hawaii are generally females which reproduce without mating In general aphids can reproduce in one week and therefore several generations are produced For control apply timely insecticide applications as needed based on close monitoring of aphids and their natural enemies Aphid natural enemies include ladybird beetles maggots of syrphid flies lacewings parasitic wasps and fungal diseases Old crops should be promptly destroyed to reduce aphid movement and the diseases they carry to healthy crops Caterpillars Cutworms which include the variegated cutworm Peridroma saucia and the black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon can devastate young cucumber plants by chewing through the stems at the soil line Cutworms are active at night Control is warranted when high populations are present in the field before planting Baits containing Bacillus thuringiensis are available for cutworm control Control is normally not recommended when the plants are 1 ft tall Other caterpillar pests such as loopers have generally been of minor importance in commercial cucumber plantings Leafminers Leafminers are small yellow maggots that form trails beneath the leaf epidermis as they feed The adults are small flies about 116 inch 16 mm long mostly black with some yellow markings The adult flies cause small whitish stippling on the leaves as they feed and lay eggs The egg hatches in about 3 days and the larva begins to mine the leaf as it feeds After 47 days the larva drops to the soil to pupate Leafminers are normally a secondary pest that is kept in check by natural enemies However both the vegetable leafminer Liriomiza sativae and the celery leafminer L trifolii may become primary pests in cucumber fields where intensive pesticide use has destroyed their natural enemies This trend began in the 1950s where widespread DDT and closely related compound applications eliminated the natural enemy populations of leafminers Tiny wasp like parasites are the main natural enemies of leafminers Because of the establishment of effective natural enemies and the resistance of leafminers to insecticides the major emphasis with leafminer management is the conservation of A monitoring program consists of placing white styrofoam or plastic pans at the soil level below the plants throughout the field to collect larvae as they drop and pupate Insecticides are recommended when average counts rise above 20 pupaepanday Yellow sticky traps can also be used to monitor leafminers in the greenhouse Thresholds need to be determined by the grower based on the particular environmental and crop conditions Because contact insecticides wont reach the larvae inside the leaf systemic insecticides are recommended Because of their high reproduction rates leafminers are prone to develop resistance to pesticides The celery leafminer is Melon Fly The melon fly Bactrocera cucurbitae has long been a major pest of cucumbers in Hawaii Melon fly damage occurs when adult female flies lay their eggs into fruit and sometimes into stems An indentation often occurs at the site of oviposition and the fruit may or may not become curved The eggs later hatch into maggots which live and feed within the fruit Infested fruit frequently rot either in the field or after harvest Attacks are severe on young developing fruit especially under high humidity conditions after summer rains This pest has traditionally been controlled in problem areas with protein Crotolaria incana and wild euphorbia Euphorbia geniculata Wild bittermelon and ivy gourd are excellent melon fly hosts and are important reservoirs for this pest These weeds are also reservoirs of important cucurbit virus diseases Eight parasite and 6 predators are known to be natural enemies of melon flies in Hawaii but do not provide effective controls in commercial produce operations Because of the prolific nature of this pest organized areawide controls in vegetable producing areas are more effective than single attack techniques followed by individual producers The following factors should be considered in an integrated melon fly control program 1 Evaluate population levels in and around the field Populations are likely in areas where weed hosts such as wild bittermelon and ivy gourd are present 2 Honeydew secretions in or around the field from aphids scales or leafhopper feeding on foliage may attract melon fly populations into the field 3 Corn borders are more effective as trap crops to attract Mites Outbreaks of carmine spider mites Tetranychus cinnabarinus occur occasionally especially during hot dry weather Spider mites feed on plant sap and prefer to live on the leaf underside Their feeding causes stippling of white areas on the leaves Heavily infested leaves may turn yellow and drop off prematurely Most miticides do not kill the egg stage so several applications are required for effective control Coverage is important to reach the mites in the leaf undersides Mites can be inspected with a hand lens on the leaf underside Natural enemies of spider mites include ladybird beetles and predaceous thrips and mites Rootknot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita are microscopic roundworms that feed on the roots of plants Foliage symptoms from the affected root system include stunting wilting and leaf yellowing Infested roots develop galllike swellings Adult stages of the nematode live inside these root swellings These root galls prevent the normal water and nutrient uptake by roots Nematode numbers are often higher in sandy soils under warm summer weather Clean fields may be infested by runoff irrigation water from nearby contaminated fields and from movement of soil or infested plant material Soils may be tested to estimate parasitic nematodes populations Before planting infested cucumber fields are normally fumigated for nematode control Several grasses that are nonhosts to the rootknot nematode such as oats barley wheat and rhodes grass may also be grown before cucumbers However some grasses may attract undesirable cutworm populations into the field Cultural controls to reduce nematode numbers include crop rotations fallow field flooding and destruction of volunteer weedy hosts No resistance is available to rootknot nematodes in the cucurbits Other nematodes that infest cucumber are the sting nematode Belonolaimus spp the root lesion or meadow nematode Pratylenchus spp the stubby root nematode Trichodorus spp and the Pin nematode Paratylenchus spp Yield losses from these nematodes range from moderate to heavy In many cases nematodes do not affect yields directly but bacterial and fungal infections may occur in root lesions caused by nematodes Stinkbugs Stinkbugs of size from 12 to 23 inch in length feed on plant sap and inject toxins on the plant while feeding Heavy feeding may deplete the plant of resources and reduce yields or make it susceptible to disease attack Thrips Thrips are small 116 inch 15 mm slender insects Adults usually have wings with feathery hairs that enable them to fly Many of the economically important species of thrips have piercingsucking type mouth parts and are not capable of rasping plant tissue In Hawaii the melon thrips Thrips palmi Karny and the Western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis commonly infest cucumber plantings Melon thrips tend to live and feed on the leaves Leaf edges tend to curl downward after heavy thrip feeding Serious damage often occurs during the early crop stages Population pressures can be especially high during hot and dry Unlike the melon thrips which prefer to feed on the leaves the Western flower thrips tend to live and feed in cucumber flowers The Western flower thrips can cause fruit scarring when they feed on immature fruit Damage appears as silvery web or streak like scarring which may be accompanied by fruit malformation Laboratory analyses may be required to accurately identify the thrips species present in your field Natural enemies of thrips include minute pirate bugs spiders and predaceous mites Whiteflies The silverleaf or sweetpotato whitefly biotype B Bemisia tabaci and the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum can build up to high numbers in cucumber A mixture of both whiteflies is frequently found on cucumber An accurate identification of the whitefly species present is important in order to make correct crop management decisions High densities of the silverleaf whitefly have caused various disorders in tomatoes squash and leafy vegetables while similar densities of the greenhouse whitefly have not Growers should thus learn to distinguish between the two major whiteflies With some practice growers can distinguish the species by examining the pupal cases The silverleaf whitefly was so named because of the disorder it can induce on certain cucurbits On susceptible crops such as squash the leaf surface becomes silvered The silverleaf disorder probably caused by a toxin injected by the whitefly has not been observed on cucumber The average life cycle is 39 days from egg to adult but this period will vary with temperature The pupal case of the silverleaf whitefly is dome shaped and has few filaments along its outer edge The sweetpotato whitefly transmitted gemini virus which has resulted in stunting and reduced fruit size in Florida and California Both whiteflies are resistant to many pesticides Insecticidal soaps and oils are widely used for whitefly control These materials require thorough coverage of the leaf underside for effective control These insecticides are relatively mild on natural enemy populations Area wide control strategies are necessary in areas where whitefly numbers are abnormally high Natural enemies include parasitic wasps ladybird beetles and fungal diseases Consult with your local county extension agent or Entomology Specialist for an update on recent developments for whitefly management and control Diseases Important diseases of cucumbers include the papaya ringspot virus zucchini yellow mosaic watermelon mosaic cucumber mosaic angular leaf spot anthracnose dampingoff Pythium and Rhizoctonia root rot leafspot downy and powdery mildews and scab Once a disease has infested a crop remedial action can be taken but it is usually already to late to prevent serious losses Field and seed selection seedtreatment rotations water management weed control insect control and other recommended sanitation practices and chemical treatments should therefore be combined in a disease management program to prevent disease attacks in cucumber Seed treated with a fungicide can protect the field Angular leaf spot The bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv lachrymans occurs on most cucurbits but is more prevalent in cucumbers Outbreaks are likely under continuous rainfall and 7580F First symptoms are small watersoaked angular lesions on the leaf underside Lesions restricted between the small cucumber leaf veins turn yellow develop yellow hollows and finally disintegrate Under wet conditions such as early in the morning bacteria oozes from the lesions which later dries into a white crust Expanding leaves which are close to full size are most susceptible to infection Old leaves tend to be resistant Young leaves can be infected mechanically by insects or Anthracnose Leaf spot lesions caused by the fungus Colletotrichum orbiculare C lagenarium occur on leaves stems and fruits resulting in serious losses in cucumber watermelon and muskmelon The disease rarely affects squash or pumpkins Lesions are distinguished by the pinkish spore masses which develop in the lesions The symptoms first appear on the foliage as small yellowish watersoaked areas which later turn dark and dry out The lesions are not restricted by the leaf veins Severely affected vines usually die Shallow brownish elongated lesions develop on infected stems and petioles Circular black sunken cankers also appear on the fruits Black specks To prevent spreading the disease by plant refuse it is important to destroy the crop immediately after the last harvest Also five year rotations are recommended on anthracnose infested areas Weekly fungicide preventative programs at 100 psi are recommended during humid rainy weather in areas where anthracnose is a problem Resistance is available in some cultivars such as Dasher II Pixie Poinsett 76 Slice Master and Sprint 440 II Bitterness Bitterness a physiological disorder is often observed under cool weather at higher elevations At low elevations excessive Nitrogen fertilization may result in this disorder but the causal factor at higher elevations has not yet been determined The compounds cucurbitacin B and C are responsible for bitterness in cucumber They are normally found at higher concentrations in the vines and in the fruit the chemical concentrates at the stemend just below the skin The newer cucumber hybrids are less susceptible to bitterness than older openpollinated ones Dampingoff Fungal organisms which cause dampingoff include Pythium spp Rhizoctonia solani Thielaviopsis basicola Fusarium equiseti and others Affected seedlings fail to emerge or collapse shortly after emergence Emerged seedlings affected by Pythium turn a light green color and the cotyledons collapse Water soaked lesions also appear on the seedlings at the soil level Lesions caused by Thielaviopsis are grey to reddish but turn to a coal black color A red to brown rot is more characteristic in infections caused by Fusarium Humid conditions caused by close planting poor drainage or by rainfall are conducive for dampingoff Control for dampingoff in the Downy mildew Optimal conditions for Pseudoperonospora cubensis are cool nights between 5575F and relative humidity 95 All cucurbits are susceptible to this fungus but yield losses are most common in cucumbers and muskmelons Several strains of this disease may exist in cucurbits Initial lesions which are limited by the small leaf veins include irregular to angular pale green spots which appear on the upper side of leaves near the plant crown The lesions then turn into yellow angular spots The underside of leaves later develop a downy white to gray mold which may turn gray to purple during wet weather Spores develop The disease can be prevented with weekly fungicide treatments Sprays are less effective once the disease has appeared in the field Areawide monitoring programs exist in other states in which weather is monitored and growers are warned to start their spray programs when the weather is conducive to downy mildew outbreaks Resistance is available in some commercial cultivars such as Dasher II Marketmore 76 Poinsett 76 Sweet Slice Slice Master Sprint 440 II and Gemini 7 Downy mildew resistance in cucumbers is complex and involves several genes Gummy stem blight Mycosphaerella melonis Didymella bryoniae causes lesions on leaves and stems and less frequently on the fruits This fungus attacks all cucurbits Seedlings die rapidly if hypococtyls or cotyledons are infected In older plants lesions produce a characteristic red or brown exudate at the crown of the plant and along the vines Black spores may be seen around the infected tissue Initial leaf symptoms are irregular circular dark spots which may be surrounded by a yellow halo and later dry up and crack Infection starts from the leaf margins and proceeds inwards resulting in a typical leaf blight Affected fruit have Controls include soil sterilization and proper sanitation in the greenhouse weekly fungicide applications rotations and a choice of drip instead of sprinkler irrigation No resistance exists on current commercial cultivars Powdery mildew Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe cichoracearum Sphaerotheca fuliginea is a serious and common fungal disease during warm and humid conditions with overcast days Unlike downy mildew infestation and reproduction may occur under relative humidity as low as 46 Infection can occur at 50F but is optimum at 80F All cucurbits are susceptible but the disease is normally not a problem on watermelons Symptoms develop primarily in 23 week old leaves and on stems Younger leaves are almost immune to powdery mildew The disease is characterized by white powderylike growth especially on the upper side of leaves and on stems Figure 2 Affected leaves at first appear Scab The fungus Cladosporium cucumerinum affects all above parts of the plant and produces the characteristic scablike lesions on the fruit During humid weather a fungal brownish mat of spores develops on the fruit Most yield losses are caused by infections of the fruit It attacks muskmelon pumpkin and squash but is most serious on cucumbers Initial leaf symptoms include numerous angular palegreen water soaked lesions The lesions turn brown with necrotic margins and then turn gray or white Petioles and stems also develop elongated disease lesions and internode length is often reduced Disease spores are transmitted by wind insects and Fruit or Soil Rots Soil fruit fungal rot is caused mainly by Pythium aphanidermatum and Rhizoctonia solani but also by Botrytis cinerea other Pythium species and Rhizopus stolonifer is a serious disease of cucumbers in Hawaii The disease results in up to 60 yield losses The disease infects fruit in contact with the soil resulting in rotting and in fruit scars Cottony leak caused by a Pythium spp is the most common cucumber fruit rot in Hawaii Fruit symptoms include a soft and watery white fungus covering the skin Attacks of this fungus on young seedling also causes typical dampingoff Soil rot in cucumbers Viral Diseases Viral diseases are among the major limiting production factors for cucumber production in tropical areas Typical symptoms include green and yellow mottling and wrinkling of the leaves mottling and wartiness of the fruit and general dwarfing of the plant Cultural practices developed in the 1950s included planting of 50100 ft border rows of nonsusceptible crops such as sweet corn beans or eggplant Growers should determine what viral diseases are prevalent in their area of production and select suitable resistant varieties where possible Laboratory analyses may be necessary to accurately identify the causal agents Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay or ELISA kits Papaya Ringspot Virus PRVW This virus attacks all cucurbits and is the number one viral disease of cucumbers in Hawaii Papaya Ringspot Virus Type W PSRVW was previously referred to as Watermelon Mosaic Virus I The virus also infects some weed and legume species It produces the characteristic virus interveinal chlorosis stunting and misshapen fruits Figure 3 In the field the virus is transmitted by insects workers and farm machinery Greatest disease pressure is experienced during the summer months perhaps due to the increased aphid activity The best approach to manage this disease is to use resistant cultivars Some varieties claim resistance to PSRVW Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus ZYMV This virus first reported in France and Italy in 1981 attacks all cucurbits Two different strains have been identified in Florida and Connecticut Symptoms include yellow leaves with mosaic and a distorted appearance The whole plant is stunted Affected fruit is also misshapen Control practices may include use of mineral oils reflective mulches in the early aphid infestation stage control of alternate weedy hosts and insecticidal aphid control Use resistant cultivars such as Sweet Slice Cucumber Mosaic Virus CMV This viral disease is of secondary importance to PRVW and ZYMV as a production problem in Hawaii Several strains of this virus attack all cucurbit crops but watermelon is affected to a lesser degree Several weed species and crops from 12 plant families are also infested by CMV Apple of Peru Nicandra physalodes L and Nasturium Tropaeolum sp are two weed hosts of CMV in Maui Other vegetables affected by CMV include tomato and pepper All of these plants show foliar symptoms when affected by CMV Affected cucumber plants are stunted while young leaves curl downwards and develop a stunted Weeds Use an integrated approach to effectively manage weeds in cucumber production The IPM program for weed control uses weed identification monitoring sanitation alternative cultural practices and timely herbicide treatments The first approach for weed management is to avoid planting in fields that experience heavy weed infestations A weed map for each field helps in the design of weed control measures and provides a record of weed problems The benefits of proper field preparation can not be overemphasized to improve cucumber growth and minimize weed problems during the crop growth cycle Even soil preparation proper soil moisture and a preplant fertilized field will improve stand establishment and early crop growth Cultural control practices for weed control include shallow cultivation plowing disking hoeing crop rotation cover cropping living mulches organic or plastic mulches and herbicides For effective weed control herbicides need to be applied at the correct rate and time Therefore carefully read label instructions to achieve maximum weed control with herbicide treatments Surfaceapplied herbicides normally require rainfall or Pesticide applications should be conducted carefully because the cucurbits are among the most sensitive vegetables to herbicides For planting selection sites avoid fields with infestations of troublesome weeds such as nutsedge and also of fields which have received applications of herbicides such as Atrazine which is likely to have unfavorable residual effects on cucumber growth Herbicides which may cause injury in cucumber because of carryover include Atrazine LexoneSencor Bladex Milogard Princep Surflan CotoranLanex KarmexDirex LoroxLinex Classic and Scepter Laboratory tests are available to detect Atrazine levels in cucumber leaves with apparent symptoms of herbicide injury Successful weed control was obtained in Florida trials with a preemergence herbicide application and two hoeings after planting One or two cultivations while cucumber plants are still young also may provide acceptable weed control The two hoeings could be substituted with a postemergence herbicide to achieve similar effectiveness in weed control Growing cucumbers with plasticmulch is an effective method of controlling weeds Rows between the mulch beds can be treated with registered preemergence or postemergence herbicides for cucumbers since the cucumber roots may extend into those treated areas Grassy weeds of cucumbers in Hawaii include lovegrass Eragostis pectinacea sandbur Cenchrus HARVEST AND POSTHARVEST PRACTICES Timing Time from planting to first harvest is generally 45 to 55 days for the Slicing types and 52 for the slicing oriental types but varies according to time of year location and prevailing weather At higher elevations growth will be slightly slower due to cooler temperatures The crop is picked for three to as many as 16 weeks depending on weather plant vigor and pest incidence Production Yields In Hawaii the average slicing cucumber yields are about 20000 lbsAcre with 6000 plantsAcre a 100 increase over yields obtained locally in the 1950s Yields during the winter are 5060 of those obtained during summer months University of Hawaii cultivars Milo and Lani produced 11 and 8 lbsplant respectively in Maui yield trials Experimental marketable yields in Hawaii range from 3764000 lbsAcre The average Florida yield is 25000 lbsAcre with 17500 plantsAcre Pickling cucumbers yields in California are about 40000 lbsAcre with onceover harvest and population of 60000 plantsAcre Maturity Duration from pollination to harvest in slicing cucumber is 1518 days and 510 days for pickling cucumber Cucumber plants set fruit and develop over a long period of time therefore marketable fruit are ready for harvest over an extended period of time Size of marketable fruit for slicing cucumbers ranges from 610 inches in length and 1525 inches in diameter Slicing cucumbers should be fresh crisp of medium size well formed uniform and of a deep green color Consult the Hawaii Grading Standards for specific requirements The fruit is picked before it has reached full diameter and while the seeds Harvesting Operation Cucumbers are picked manually The fruit should be held near the stem and clipped or snaped with a slight twist motion and not be pulled off the vines to minimize pulled ends Pulled off fruits leave an open wound where the fruit skin is torn off and this causes the fruit to shrivel around this spot The frequency of harvest is usually every other day or daily during the warm months and 23 times per week during cooler weather or at higher elevations Fruit quality is best controlled when fruit is picked daily especially during warm weather Daily harvest is

O O O B I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

field cucumber production
hawaii
cucurbitaceae family


Welcome to Ezymax Realty Inc Ezymax Realty Inc is one stop shop local real estate and mortgage brokerage company helping buyers sellers and borrowers in the Northern California and surrounding cities Ezymax Realty agents committed to provide services in Real Estate Mortgage Services to save your time and efforts Get lowest interest rate at no cost loan Full time professional service working MondaySunday 9am6pm Provide higher service standards and fast easy close transactions Handle difficult and complicated transactions Customize for your needs and always ready to serve you the best today for a free consultation for your real estate mortgage transactions

O O B I I B I I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O


Government Departments A G Department of Public Works Water Department Water Bill Lookup Water Bill Lookup and on line payments Department of Public Works Fees Water and Sewer Rates Frequently Asked Questions Voluntary Water Restrictions Water Bill Lookup Seasonal Turn On and Off

O O O O O O O O O O B I I B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O


WHY US Driven by the vision of helping people build their health we develop new ways to manage tough health issues Striving to identify dysfunction before it becomes disease combining the edge of innovation with the tradition of chiropractic adjustments We believe with all our hearts in the principles of chiropractic the power that made the body heals the body healing comes from above down inside out When your bodys functional physiology is working at its prime then you are able have optimal health Along with a commitment to improving the quality of our work we still maintain an excellent service for a fair fee We help you build your health and by referring patients to us you are helping others We based our office in rural ND because we saw a need for consistent quality healthcare The whole purpose of our work is to help you build your health We are your coaches and companion on your health journey We are dedicated to working with all the systems of the body Each must be addressed to fully express health Our personal promise to you is to be honest and listen to you WHAT IS CHIROPRACTIC WHAT IS FUNCTIONAL PHYSIOLOGY Functional physiology is the parameter of the specialized activities and tasks that the body operates in When we move beyond this range either above or below there is dysfunction If the dysfunction occurs long enough you have disease We at Family Chiropractic Massage seek to know where the body is at in the present moment and help it return to healthy physiology before it becomes diseased SCHEDULE AN APPOINTMENT Testimonials Orv and I have been Dr Maggies patients in the summer time for several years We spend our summers in ND and she keeps us in tip top shape after our long drive from GA She has a gift of healing from which we greatly benefit She is excited and enthusiastic about her calling sharing her knowledge with us Dr Maggie is gentle and insightful as she probes to find out exactly what is troubling us or causing our discomfort not always physical sometimes emotional as well When she pinpoints it she goes to work and before we know it shes finished and were on our way Wish we had Dr Maggie down here in Georgia Orvin and Carole

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

functional physiology
chiropractic adjustments


Grant Gustin Actor AKA Barry Allen Forum Date of birth January 14 1990 View all autographs posted for Grant Gustin Official website Post the response to your fan letter Email address Send me an email next time someone post an autograph Last feedback received on 1052016 Via venue address Grant Gustin The Flash Season 5 Until Apr 10 2019 Central City Films 3500 Cornett Road Building C Vancouver BC V5M 2H5 Canada Not an updated address Please let us know Fan mail address Grant Gustin William Morris Endeavor Entertainment 9601 Wilshire Blvd 3rd Floor Beverly Hills CA 902105213 USA Not an updated address Please let us know Address information William Morris Endeavor Entertainment Talent and Literary Agency 9601 Wilshire Blvd 3rd Floor Beverly Hills CA 902105213 USA Phone 310 2859000 Fax Official website Note View larger map How to send your fan mail and autograph requests to Grant Gustin If you want to request an autograph follow the guidelines bellow If you just want to mail a letter with the address above and do not want anything back then you can stop reading If you live in USA send a properly stamped and self addressed envelope minimum size 85 x 4 with your request letter and a photo You can include a piece of cardboard to keep the photo from bending in shipping and also add Do Not Bend on the envelopes Send your letter and wait On average there is going to be a 3 month wait for a response If you do not live in USA you can purchase your american stamps here For information on postage prices to receive a letter from USA click here Feedback received Grant Gustin SUCCESS October 5th 2016 Received from the Flash address in Canada a few weeks ago Grant Gustin The Flash Season 3 Until Apr 21 2017 Central City Films 3500 Cornett Road Building C Vancouver BC V5M 2H5 Canada Comment View 1 comments Grant Gustin The Flash FAST Success September 8th 2015 Sent a LOR SASE and Photo on 82415 and received it back signed in gold pen on 9315 with Flashs speed Sent to Grant Gustin Robert Stein Management PO Box 3797 Beverly Hills CA 90212 USA Not including a pic of the envelope since it was just my address for the sender and receiver SASE Picture httpsurfmypicturescomimage3d3db3e 23xakhtml Comment View 3 comments Grant Gustin success but not his i dont think July 3rd 2015 I sent off two comic books for my kids on 626 and got back 73 Doesnt look anything like his signature Totally disappointed Didnt even show to kids as They would be bummed Address Grant Gustin Robert Stein Management 1180 S Beverly Drive Suite 304 Los Angeles CA 90035 Comment View 8 comments Prev 1

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I B I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

grant gustin
the flash
central city films


FS 17 Objects FS17 COMPOSTMASTER 2K17 PLATZIERBAR V1000 FS 2017 Mods FS 2019 Mods 20161208 FS17 COMPOSTMASTER 2K17 PLATZIERBAR V1000 I present you today the CompostMaster for the LS17 this is the placeable version who wants to install it can do it gladly but I give no support Please read the topics of the LS15 The model has been completely reworked no more multitexture It was bisseloptically changed as one can see The functionality is however the same as in the LS15 You can make almost any compost The new Filltype compost is automatically provided as well as the matching MaterialHolder Compost is also automatically added to the manure spreader This means you can use it as a fertilizer The Authors Farmer_Andy If you notice any mistake please let us know What is this mod use for Farming Simulator 2017 Mods are one of the greatest upgrades and can make your game unique Downloading and adding FS 17 mods to your game is not difficult at all you simply need to save a file and run it Each Farming Simulator 17 Mod will provide you with particular options so go ahead and add it to your version Few clicks and you will be able to use all extra features that were only imaginary before It is the easiest way to get the best of the game your opponents will be surprised Download 4 votes average 450 out of 5 Tags Farming Simulator FS

O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


FASEP 2000 SRL Sede operativa Via Faentina 96 50032 Ronta Fi ITALIA Sede legale Piazza dAzeglio 39 50121 Firenze Fi ITALIA Tel 390558403126 Fax 390558403354 SEGUICI SU FACEBOOK FASEP DOVE SIAMO

B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


About the Intensive English Institute Programs What we offer Summer 2018 Fulltime Intensive English for Academic Purposes Academic Track Applying to the IEI University Admission Housing Payments and Refunds Visa Information Community ESL ESL Day Evening ESL Saturday ESL TOEFL Preparation B usiness English A ccent Reduction Why FAU FAQ About Boca Raton Contact Us Find us on Facebook Contact FAUs Intensive English Institute Academic Track Email parinfofauedu Telephone 561 2973049 or 561 2973282 ESL Track Email ieifauedu Telephone 561 2972598 FAX 561 2973987 facebook wwwfacebookcomfauiei Intensive English Institute Florida Atlantic University Attn Registration Coordinator Davis Pavilion Bldg DP49 777 Glades Road Boca Raton FL 334310991 USA

O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Roller

Chain

dimensions

ISO

Roller

chain

made

to

ISO

is

or

pitch

it

is

available

in

single

strand

duplex

and

triplex

It

is

possible

to

have

the

chain

up

to

strands

wide

Chain

No

DIN

P

x

W

Pitch

P

mm

Width

W

mm

Roller

Dia

R

mm

Sideplates

Height

Thickness

mm

mm

mm

mm

Dia

Lengths

D

mm

F

mm

G

mm

mm

Transverse

Pitch

C

mm

Average

Ultimate

Strength

Din

N

FB

N

Approx

Weight

kgm

X

X

X

Note

These

are

basic

roller

chain

dimensions

for

the

ISOI

standard

if

sizes

are

critical

then

please

ask

for

more

detailed

of

roller

chain

size

information

or

drawings

O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O


FelPro Break Room Forum Registration not required to post Performance Head Gaskets 1027 head gasket To help us provide the most accurate recommendations and answers to your post please include the year make and model or the year make and size of the engine or a FelPro part number so everyone can best assist you Thread Rating 1 2 3 4 5 Thread Modes 1027 head gasket Neil Allen Guest 1 09212014 0256 PM I purchased FelPro head gasket PN 1027 for my 1979 Chevy 454 big block Mark IV Im using earlier 1970 cast iron closed chamber heads as part of the rebuild I calculated 921 CR using this head gasket When I bought the gaskets I didnt realize they are intended for aluminum heads Can I use them with cast iron heads If not which FelPro gasket do you recommend for a 030 overbored cylinder flat top piston and closed chamber cast iron head application The engine is going in a 1978 Chevy 12 ton pickup used mainly as a daily driver and trailer puller Support Guest 2 09222014 0408 PM Neil The 1027 has the preflattened copper ring to prevent damage to the aluminum heads and also has two cooling holes on each end where the 1037 only has one on each end I dont believe this will affect the seal and should be OK but the 1037 is recommended for cast iron heads John FelPro Team Member Guest Guest 3 06242016 0251 AM 1974 bbc 454 bored 30 over dome pistons 320cc procomp aluminium rectangle heads roller cam whats the best recommend head gaskets for this application I have been told the following will work 10171 1027 and 1057 which one is the better fit for seal and cooling if not any of these please recommend the right one thank you Support Guest 4 06272016 0320 PM 06242016 0251 AM Guest Wrote 1974 bbc 454 bored 30 over dome pistons 320cc procomp aluminium rectangle heads roller cam whats the best recommend head gaskets for this application I have been told the following will work 10171 1027 and 1057 which one is the better fit for seal and cooling if not any of these please recommend the right one thank you Hi What is the intended use for this engine Is it going into a street setup Streetstrip dedicated drag setup circle track etc With this information we will be able to make the best recommendation Please note that new posts in this forum must be approved by a moderator before becoming visible Type your reply to this message here Disable Smilies Human Verification Please tick the checkbox that you see below This process is used to prevent automated spam bots View a Printable Version Users browsing this thread 1 Guests

O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Click here to visit the donation page View all sponsors Pennocks Fiero Forum The Mall FS Built Pass Axle for 3800SC Swaps Page 2 Email This Page to Someone Printable Version This topic is 2 pages long 1 2 Next Page next newest topic next oldest topic FS Built Pass Axle for 3800SC Swaps by MstangsBware Started on 03292013 0400 AM Replies 45 2388 views Last post by adm927 on 10152018 0803 PM MstangsBware Member Posts 11509 From TEXAS Registered Mar 2002 Feedback score 108 Leave feedback Total ratings 459 Rate this member Report this Post 10022016 0302 AM quote Originally posted by MstangsBware TTTBack to making if anyone needsEmail me if needing or PM meEmail is best Another needed bumpStill building IP LancerAM Member Posts 159 From Austin TX Registered May 2013 Feedback score 3 Leave feedback Rate this member Report this Post 10082016 0822 PM Thanks man the axle fits like a champ IP PRFiero Member Posts 195 From Miami Fl Registered Apr 2005 Feedback score NA Leave feedback Rate this member Report this Post 10102018 0412 PM Are you still making these IP Dennis LaGrua Member Posts 12261 From Hillsborough NJ USA Registered May 2000 Feedback score 10 Leave feedback Total ratings 312 Rate this member Report this Post 10122018 0924 AM Its great that a forum member is still building these swap axles but I have found that swaps are not always identical in how the powertrain is mounted For the stick swaps the powertain is mounted in a fixed position due to the fact that the transmission stays in the exact same place on the exact same mounts The stick swap can use a specific size axle For the autos a number of different mounts have been used like those made by FieroX Purple Reign and Fierorog I used West Coast Fiero mountsbrackets and the mounting is nearly centered There THE BLACK PARALYZER 87GT 3800SC Series III engine custom ZZP Frozen Boost Intercooler setup 34 Pulley Northstar TB LS1 MAF 3 SpintechHedman Exhaust Plog Manifold Autolite 104s MSD wires Custom CAI 4T65eHD w custom axles Champion Radiator S10 Brake Booster HP Tuners VCM Suite THE COLUSSUS 87GT ALL OUT 34L Turbocharged engine Garrett Hybrid Turbo MSD ign modified TH125H ON THE LOOSE WITHOUT THE JUICE IP nosrac Member Posts 3498 From Euless TX US Registered Jan 2005 Feedback score 6 Leave feedback Total ratings 50 Rate this member Report this Post 10152018 0310 PM Yes but you have to contact him here httpswwwfacebookcomgr800FieroSwapPage IP adm927 Member Posts 145 From Morehead City North Carolina Registered Aug 2016 Feedback score NA Leave feedback Rate this member Report this Post 10152018 0803 PM I plan to use mounts made by James L Brown Do you think there will be any problem with using your axles 3800 auto setup IP Logged Previous Page Next Page This topic is 2 pages long 1 2 next newest topic All times are ET US Hop to Contact Us Back To Main Page

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Refrigerator Water Filters Air Filters Water Filters Pool Spa Filters All Products Humidifier Filters 3M Command Appliance Cleaners BioScan Air Test Kits Bottled Water Coolers Car Air Filters Icemakers Pool Toys Microwave Filters Mounting Brackets Pet Products Range Hood Filters Water Bottles Spazazz Spa Salts Wrenches Water Test Kits Clearance Items REORDER NOW Next About Air Just For You Water Posted on March 5 2015 by Terry Rosenfeld Washable Air Filter vs Disposable Air Filter Which is the best choice Image Credit wwwhealthyhomefiltercocombaalumhtml We all know that air filters keep our heating and air conditioning units in our homes working efficiently The purpose of an air filter is to catch and trap particles like dust pollen and pet dander that circulate throughout the home So choosing the best air filter is important but can also be confusing because of the different varieties that are on the market today If we want to keep the air quality in our homes to be clean and healthy as possible we have to be diligent on keeping a clean air filter Keep in mind not all air What type of air filter are you using today Lets take a moment and compare the washable air filter and the disposable air filter Washable air filters usually have a MERV rating of 1 to 4 They can effectively catch larger particles like dust and soot But if you have a pet the pet dander is too small to be caught in this type of filter Even bacteria viruses and smoke are not effectively filtered out Disposable air filters are more effective in capturing small particles dust allergens pet dander smoke bacteria and viruses and MERV ratings go as high as 16 Maintenance Washable air filters require you maintain them monthly Once you have washed off all of the dust you must make sure that it thoroughly dries before placing back in your unit If placed back when its damp or wet you are inviting bacteria and fungus to form and then circulating it throughout your home Disposable air filters simply require you removing the old one tossing it in the garbage and replacing with a new one Done This air filter takes less time and less effort when it comes to maintenance Cost Washable air filters are costly and most are meant to be last several years Disposable air filters are reasonably inexpensive If you would like to learn more about these two types of air filters or need help to determine if you are using the right air filter please visit wwwfiltersfastcom Find out which is the best product that you should be using to keep your heating and air conditioning unit working more efficiently for you Posted in Homeowners Tagged air filter About Terry Rosenfeld View all posts by Terry Rosenfeld Comments Bruce Troxell says October 6 2018 at 1114 am I can not use the dispposable airfurnace filter The air flow is so strong the filter collapses and I have to dig it out in pieces It literalls falls apart therefore I MUST use a washable air filter Kory says February 5 2018 at 1146 am Hello Yes you can switch to disposable filters that shouldnt be a problem Brian says February 3 2018 at 431 pm My furnace currently uses the cleanable filters is it possile to switch to disposable Kory says January 17 2018 at 201 pm Hello John Those filters are not recommended to be cleaned We offer our own brand of Filters Fast filters that are replaceable and are cost efficient Please check out our website type in the dimensions that you need into our search bar and all of your options will be shown John Hale says November 6 2017 at 945 pm I have a HVAC system in my shop in which I do a lot grinding of metal parts What type of air filter should I be using for this situation John says October 7 2017 at 423 pm I have a non washable replacable Merv 11 filter for my furnace which I clean a couple times before replacing Call me cheap but I save money and it works for me at 35 bucks a filter its pretty expensive filterI just wonder if anyoen tried cleaning these filters Older Comments

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

disposable air filter
washable air filter


Welcome to FINECAB Wires Cables FINECAB Wires Cables are a leading Cable manufacturer in South India Started in the year 1973 FINECAB Wires Cables have been successfully manufacturing Wires Cables which are a critical link for transmission distribution of Electric Power for Industries Homes Offices and Commercial Establishments We at FINECAB are proud to hold our heads high as we have earned the credibility and loyalty of our customers thanks to the quality products we have been delivering over the years Our success is due to the entrepreneurial zeal of our Management implemented by the Professional Team of well experienced dedicated and passionate Team of Managers and Engineers and a strong relationship with our Associates More Finecabs supplies are within the delivery schedule and service is also good R P Jharia Chief Materials Manager IC PurElect Products

O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Regulatory Notice 1405 SEC Approves Consolidated FINRA Rules 4314 Securities Loans and Borrowings 4330 Customer Protection Permissible Use of Customers Securities and 4340 Callable Securities Effective Date May 1 2014br Deadline for Notification to FINRA of Existing Programs under Rule 433006 May 30 2014br Effective Date for FINRA Rule 4330b2B October 28 2014 View Full Notice PDF 7941 KB

O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

finra rules
customer protection
callable securities


TRACE Data Licensing FINRA provides realtime and historic data for most TRACEeligible securities to members and any others that choose to subscribe for a fee On this page you will find information pricing and agreements for TRACE data products and publications including statistics and academic studies To learn more about licensing of realtime and endofday data please visit the RealTime EndofDay Market Data Section For historical data and licensing of data for academic use please visit the Historic Academic Market Data Section Data Information TRACE Initiative TRACE Data and Data Access Options PDF 49 KB TRACE Pricing TRACE Retransmission Vendor Information Direct Feed Extranet Providers and Third Party Solutions TRACE Free Trial Program PDF 57 KB TRACE Fact Book Information PDF 171 KB TRACE Enhanced Historical Data PDF 30 KB Academic Data Product Sheet PDF 57 KB FINRAInteractive Data Structured Product Aggregate Reports PDF 241 KB FINRABloomberg Active US Corporate Bond Indices Historical Academic Market Data Market Data Policies Media Licensing Information RealTime EndofDay Market Data RealTime Data RealTime Technical SpecificationsSample Files Terminals and Snapshot Data EndofDay Data Sample Files TRACE Security Activity Report TSAR TRACE Security Activity Report is a monthly report that provides aggregated statistics for each traded TRACEEligible Corporate and Agency CA security Agreement NonRealTime Data Agreement Attachment A B File Layout Sample File Access TSAR TRACE Market Reports and Statistics Structured Products Activity Reports Tables TRACE Volume Reports TRACE Fact Book TRACE Independent Academic Studies

B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O B O O O


Welcome Get Started Meet Us News Calendar Wedding Dance DanceSport Kids Dance Directions Contact us Ballroom Dance Lessons in Everett call 4253203955 First Class Ballroom We teach fun beginner ballroom dance lessons as well as advanced ballroom lessons in Everett for social and competitive dancers Our dance studio is comfortable and bright filled with friendly faces and highly experienced instructors Check out our group class schedule or schedule your introductory private lesson today Learn to Ballroom Dance in Everett at First Class Ballroom Private Dance Lessons Learn to dance popular dances that you can dance at parties and events Our professional dance instructors will teach you the steps to quickly give you the moves you need to be a great dancer Schedule your lesson today Group Dance Classes Fun group dance classes are a great way to compliment your individual dance lessons You will share your learning with other students We will help you decide what group classes will work best for your learning style It is never too late to learn to dance Dance Showcases At First Class Ballroom we have several opportunities for you to shine and to show all the dancing you have learned at our showcases If you want to take things to the next level you can compete at local competitions and even national competitions You get to be the star Learn to Swing Dance Waltz Foxtrot do some Salsa Dancing Hustle or take Tango lessons and more Join our fun and affordable group dance classes and learn quickly from our world class dance instructors Dance Sport Competition We have a DanceSport teaching program at First Class Ballroom which has trained dancers who are National Champions and representatives to World DanceSport Championships Ages from young kids through senior adults ProAm and Amateur Kids Dance Lessons Learning to ballroom dance as a young dancer is a rewarding education that stays with the child for life The dance lessons culminate with showcases several times during the year where children get to share their learning success with family and friends Dance Parties We regularly have dance parties for you to enjoy your dancing You get to meet friends and share what youve learned Come join the fun Check the calendar for days and times Start Ballroom Dancing Today Join our Group Dance Classes or try our New Student Introductory Package Two 30 Minute Private Lessons for59 Introductory special is available exclusively for new students Single or couple only Reviews For seasoned dancers the floor is AMAZING and the studio pretty spacious Anastasia D An excellent ballroom for private or group dance lessons Joy S What a nice place to learn to dance Feels open and sunny inside on the dance floor Google review Best place for kids and for mom and dad to take dance lessons at the same time Google review The people were very nice not snobby like some Great dancing and nice people I will be looking for time in my schedule to go back Google review Wonderful teachers for All phases of dance King5 review Wonderful place to learn to dance King5 review

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


If you are a First National Bank of Ottawa Online Banking user start banking wherever you are with The First National Bank of Ottawa app for iPhone and Android Available to all First National Bank of Ottawa Online Banking users The First National Bank of Ottawa Mobile Banking App allows you to check balances pay bills make transfers and find locations Need to find a branch or ATM closest to you With Find Near Me The First National Bank of Ottawa Mobile Banking Application will discover your location and provide you with addresses and phone numbers on the fly Visit the App store or Play store Android users to download the new First National Bank of Ottawa Mobile Banking App To establish Mobile Banking choose Administration and then Mobile Banking from within Online Banking prior to downloading the Mobile Banking application If you are a current Mobile Banking user and receive a message that a new activation code is needed log in to your Online Banking click Administration and Mobile Banking Get an Activation Code is a hyperlinked option It is recommended that you log in to Online Banking at a PC if a password reset or activation code is needed Business Cash Management Careers Community Reinvestment Ottawa Chamber of Commerce Our Directors Privacy Shareholder Relations Welcome Video

O O O O B I I O B O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B O O O O O O O O B I I O B O O O O B I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O