AppleTalk From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia AppleTalk Protocol stack Developers Apple Inc Introduced 1985 34 years ago Hardware LocalTalk others AppleTalk is a discontinued proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Inc for their Macintosh computers AppleTalk includes a number of features that allow local area networks to be connected with no prior setup or the need for a centralized router or server of any sort Connected AppleTalkequipped systems automatically assign addresses update the distributed namespace and configure any required internetworking routing AppleTalk was released in 1985 and was the primary protocol used by Apple devices through the 1980s and 1990s Versions were also released for the IBM PC and compatibles and the Apple IIGS AppleTalk support was also available in most networked printers especially laser printers some file servers and a number of routers The rise of TCPIP during the 1990s led to a reimplementation of most of these types of support on that protocol and AppleTalk became unsupported as of the release of Mac OS X v106 in 2009 Many of AppleTalks more advanced autoconfiguration features have since been introduced in Bonjour while Universal Plug and Play serves similar needs Contents 1 History 11 AppleNet 12 AppleBus 13 AppleBus networking 14 AppleTalk 15 PhoneNet and other adaptors 16 EtherTalk TokenTalk and AppleShare 17 AppleTalk Phase II and other developments 18 The capitalI Internet 19 Legacy and abandonment 2 Design 3 Addressing 4 Protocols 41 AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol 42 AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol 43 Apple Filing Protocol 44 AppleTalk Session Protocol 45 Datagram Delivery Protocol 46 Name Binding Protocol 47 AppleTalk Echo Protocol 48 Printer Access Protocol 49 Routing Table Maintenance Protocol 410 Zone Information Protocol 5 Physical implementation 6 Networking model 7 Versions 8 Crossplatform solutions 9 See also 10 Notes 11 111 Citations 112 Bibliography History AppleNet After the release of the Apple Lisa computer in January 1983 Apple invested considerable effort in the development of a local area networking LAN system for the machines Known as AppleNet it was based on the seminal Xerox XNS protocol stack but running on a custom 1 Mbits coaxial cable system rather than Xeroxs 294 Mbits Ethernet AppleNet was announced early in 1983 with a fall introduction at the target price of 500 for plugin AppleNet cards for the Lisa and the Apple II At that time early LAN systems were just coming to market including Ethernet Token Ring and ARCNET This was a topic of major commercial effort at the time dominating shows like the National Computer Conference NCC in Anaheim in May 1983 All of the systems were jockeying for position in the market but even at this time Ethernets widespread acceptance suggested it was to become a de facto standard It was at this show that Steve Jobs asked Gursharan Sidhu a seemingly innocuous question Why has networking not caught on Four months later in October AppleNet was cancelled At the time they announced that Apple realized that its not in the business to create a networking system We built and used AppleNet inhouse but we realized that if we had shipped it we would have seen new standards coming up In January Jobs announced that they would instead be supporting IBM s Token Ring which he expected to come out in a few months AppleBus Through this period Apple was deep in development of the Macintosh computer During development engineers had made the decision to use the Zilog 8530 serial controller chip SCC instead of the lower cost and more common UART to provide serial port connections The SCC cost about 5 more than a UART but offered much higher speeds up to 250 kilobits per second or higher with additional hardware and internally supported a number of basic networkinglike protocols like IBMs Bisync The SCC was chosen because it would allow multiple devices to be attached to the port Peripherals equipped with similar SCCs could communicate using the builtin protocols interleaving their data with other peripherals on the same bus This would eliminate the need for more ports on the back of the machine and allowed for the elimination of expansion slots for supporting more complex devices The initial concept was known as AppleBus envisioning a system controlled by the host Macintosh polling dumb devices in a fashion similar to the modern Universal Serial Bus AppleBus networking The Macintosh team had already begun work on what would become the LaserWriter and had considered a number of other options of how to share these expensive machines and other resources A series of memos from Bob Belleville clarified these concepts outlining the Mac LaserWriter and a file server system which would become Macintosh Office By late 1983 it was clear that IBMs Token Ring would not be ready in time for the launch of the Mac and might miss the launch of these other products as well In the end Token Ring would not ship until October 1985 Jobs earlier question to Sidhu had already sparked a number of ideas When AppleNet was cancelled in October Sidhu led an effort to develop a new networking system based on the AppleBus hardware This new system would not have to conform to any existing preconceptions and was designed to be worthy of the Mac a system that was userinstallable had zeroconfiguration and no fixed network addresses in short a true plugandplay network Considerable effort was needed but by the time the Mac was released the basic concepts had been outlined and some of the lowlevel protocols were on their way to completion Sidhu mentioned the work to Belleville only two hours after the Mac was announced The new AppleBus was announced in early 1984 allowing direct connection from the Mac or Lisa through a small box that plugged into the serial port and connected via cables to the next computer upstream and downstream Adaptors for Apple II and Apple III were also announced Apple also announced that AppleBus networks could be attached to and would appear to be a single node within a Token Ring system Details of how this would work were sketchy AppleTalk Just prior to its release in early 1985 AppleBus was renamed AppleTalk The system had a number of limitations including a speed of only 2304 kbits a maximum distance of 1000 feet from end to end and only 32 nodes per LAN But as the basic hardware was built into the Mac adding nodes only cost about 50 for the adaptor box In comparison Ethernet or Token Ring cards cost hundreds or thousands of dollars Additionally the entire networking stack required only about 6 kB of RAM allowing it to run on any Mac The relatively slow speed of AppleTalk allowed further reductions in cost Instead of using RS422 s balanced transmit and receive circuits the AppleTalk Personal Network cabling used a single common electrical ground which limited speeds to about 500 kbits but allowed one conductor to be removed This meant that common threeconductor cables could be used for wiring Additionally the adaptors were designed to be selfterminating meaning that nodes at the end of the network could simply leave their last connector unconnected There was no need for the wires to be connected back together into a loop nor the need for hubs or other devices The system was designed for future expansion the addressing system allowed for expansion to 255 nodes in a LAN although only 32 could be used at that time and by using bridges which came to be known as routers although technically not the same one could interconnect LANs into larger collections Zones allowed devices to be addressed within a bridgeconnected internet Additionally AppleTalk was designed from the start to allow use with any potential underlying physical link The main advantage of AppleTalk was that it was completely maintenancefree To join a device to a network you simply plugged the adaptor into the machine then connected a cable from it to any free port on any other adaptor AppleTalks internal protocols negotiated a working network address number automatically gave the computer a humanreadable name and collected up a list of the names and types of other machines on the network so the user could browse the devices through the GUIbased Chooser AppleTalk was so easy to use that adhoc networks tended to appear whenever multiple Macs were in the same room Apple would later use this in an advertisement showing a network being created between two seats in an airplane PhoneNet and other adaptors A thriving 3rd party market for AppleTalk devices developed over the next few years One particularly notable example was an alternate adaptor designed by BMUG and commercialized by Farallon as PhoneNet in 1987 This was essentially a replacement for Apples connector that had conventional phone jacks instead of Apples round connectors PhoneNet allowed AppleTalk networks to be connected together using normal telephone wires and with very little extra work could run analog phones and AppleTalk on a single fourconductor phone cable Other companies took advantage of the SCCs ability to read external clocks in order to support higher transmission speeds up to 1 Mbits In these systems the external adaptor also included its own clock and used that to signal the SCCs clock input pins The best known such system was Centrams FlashTalk which ran at 768 kbits and was intended to be used with their TOPS networking system A similar solution was the 850 kbits DaynaTalk which used a separate box that plugged in between the computer and a normal LocalTalkPhoneNet box Dayna also offered a PC expansion card that ran up to 17 Mbits when talking to other Dayna PC cards Several other systems also existed with even higher performance but these often required special cabling that was incompatible with LocalTalkPhoneNet and also required patches to the networking stack that often caused problems EtherTalk TokenTalk and AppleShare By 1987 Ethernet was clearly winning the standards battle over Token Ring and in the middle of that year Apple introduced EtherTalk 10 for the newly released Macintosh II computer The package included both a NuBus card with Ethernet ports and a new Network control panel that allowed the user to select which physical connection to use for networking from Builtin or EtherTalk The releases new networking stack also expanded the system to allow a full 255 nodes per LAN With its release AppleTalk Personal Network was renamed LocalTalk Token Ring would eventually be supported with the similar TokenTalk product which used the same Network control panel and underlying software Many third party companies would introduce compatible Ethernet and Token Ring cards that used these same drivers The appearance of EtherTalk also led to a problem Networks with new and old Macs needed some way to communicate between each other This could be as simple as a network of Ethernet Mac IIs trying to talk to a LaserWriter Apple had considered the problem and AppleTalk included the possibility for a lowcost LocalTalktoEthernet bridge but they felt it would be a lowvolume product and left it to third parties A number of companies responded both existing communications vendors like Hayes and Cisco Systems as well as newly formed companies like Kinetics Contrary to Apples belief these would be lowvolume by the end of 1987 130000 such systems were in use AppleTalk was at that time the most used networking system in the world with over three times the installations of any other vendor 1987 also marked the introduction of the AppleShare product a dedicated file server that ran on any Mac with 512 kB of RAM or more A common AppleShare machine was the Mac Plus with an external SCSI hard drive AppleShare was the 3 network operating system in the late 1980s behind Novell NetWare and Microsofts MSNet AppleShare was effectively the replacement for the failed Macintosh Office efforts which had been based on a dedicated file server device AppleTalk Phase II and other developments A significant redesign was released in 1989 as AppleTalk Phase II In many ways Phase II can be considered an effort to make the earlier version never called Phase I more generic LANs could now support more than 255 nodes and zones were no longer associated with physical networks but were entirely virtual constructs used simply to organize nodes For instance one could now make a Printers zone that would list all the printers in an organization or one might want to place that same device in the 2nd Floor zone to indicate its physical location Phase II also included changes to the underlying internetworking protocols to make them less chatty By this point Apple had a wide variety of communications products under development and many of these were announced along with AppleTalk Phase II These included updates to EtherTalk and TokenTalk AppleTalk software and LocalTalk hardware for the IBM PC EtherTalk for Apples AUX operating system allowing it to use LaserPrinters and other network resources and the Mac X25 and MacX products Ethernet had become almost universal by 1990 and it was time to build Ethernet into Macs direct from the factory However the physical wiring used by these networks was not yet completely standardized Apple solved this problem using a single port on the back of the computer into which the user could plug an adaptor for any given cabling system This FriendlyNet system was based on the industrystandard Attachment Unit Interface or AUI but deliberately chose a nonstandard connector that was smaller and easier to use which they called Apple AUI or AAUI FriendlyNet was first introduced on the Quadra 700 and Quadra 900 computers and used across much of the Mac line for some time As with LocalTalk a number of 3rd party FriendlyNet adaptors quickly appeared As 10BASET became the de facto cabling system for Ethernet secondgeneration Power Macintosh machines added a 10BASET port in addition to AAUI The PowerBook 3400c and lowerend Power Macs also added 10BASET The Power Macintosh 7300 8600 9600 were the final Macs to include AAUI and 10BASET became universal starting with the Power Macintosh G3 and PowerBook G3 The capitalI Internet In 1988 Apple had released MacTCP a system that allowed the Mac to support TCPIP on machines with suitable Ethernet hardware However this left many universities with the problem of supporting IP on their many LocalTalkequipped Macs Stanford University pioneered development of MacIP which allowed IP packets to be routed over LocalTalk networks with the support of a suitable gateway machine These were initially custom devices but it was soon common to include MacIP support in LocalTalktoEthernet bridges MacTCP would not become a standard part of the Classic Mac OS until 1994 by which time it also supported SNMP and PPP For some time in the early 1990s the Mac was a primary client on the rapidly expanding Internet Among the better known programs in wide use were Fetch Eudora eXodus NewsWatcher and the NCSA packages especially NCSA Mosaic and its offspring Netscape Navigator Additionally a number of server products appeared that allowed the Mac to host Internet content Through this period Macs had about 2 to 3 times as many clients connected to the Internet as any other platform despite the relatively small overall marketshare As the world quickly moved to IP for both LAN and WAN uses Apple was faced with maintaining two increasingly outdated code bases on an everwider group of machines as well as the introduction of the PowerPC based machines This led to the Open Transport efforts which reimplemented both MacTCP and AppleTalk on an entirely new code base adapted from the Unix standard STREAMS Early versions had problems and did not become stable for some time By that point Apple was deep in their ultimately doomed Copland efforts Legacy and abandonment With the purchase of NeXT and subsequent development of Mac OS X AppleTalk was strictly a legacy system Support was added to OS X in order to provide support for the large number of existing AppleTalk devices notably laser printers and file shares but alternate connection solutions common in this era notably USB for printers limited their demand As Apple abandoned many of these product categories and all new systems were based on IP AppleTalk became less and less common AppleTalk support was finally removed from the MacOS in Mac OS X v106 in 2009 However the loss of AppleTalk did not reduce the desire for networking solutions that combined its easeofuse with IP routing Apple has led development of many such efforts from the introduction of the AirPort router to the development of the Zero configuration networking system and their implementation of it Bonjour Design This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2007 Learn how and when to remove this template message The AppleTalk design rigorously followed the OSI model of protocol layering Unlike most of the early LAN systems AppleTalk was not built using the archetypal Xerox XNS system The intended target was not Ethernet and it did not have 48bit addresses to route Nevertheless many portions of the AppleTalk system have direct analogs in XNS One key differentiation for AppleTalk was it contained two protocols aimed at making the system completely selfconfiguring The AppleTalk address resolution protocol AARP allowed AppleTalk hosts to automatically generate their own network addresses and the Name Binding Protocol NBP was a dynamic system for mapping network addresses to userreadable names Although systems similar to AARP existed in other systems Banyan VINES for instance nothing like NBP has existed until recently Both AARP and NBP had defined ways to allow controller devices to override the default mechanisms The concept was to allow routers to provide the information or hardwire the system to known addresses and names On larger networks where AARP could cause problems as new nodes searched for free addresses the addition of a router could reduce chattiness Together AARP and NBP made AppleTalk an easytouse networking system New machines were added to the network by plugging them and optionally giving them a name The NBP lists were examined and displayed by a program known as the Chooser which would display a list of machines on the local network divided into classes such as fileservers and printers Addressing An AppleTalk address was a 4byte quantity This consisted of a twobyte network number a onebyte node number and a onebyte socket number Of these only the network number required any configuration being obtained from a router Each node dynamically chose its own node number according to a protocol originally the LocalTalk Link Access Protocol LLAP and later the AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol AARP which handled contention between different nodes accidentally choosing the same number For socket numbers a few wellknown numbers were reserved for special purposes specific to the AppleTalk protocol itself Apart from these all applicationlevel protocols were expected to use dynamicallyassigned socket numbers at both the client and server end Because of this dynamism users could not be expected to access services by specifying their address Instead all services had names which being chosen by humans could be expected to be meaningful to users and also could be sufficiently long to minimize the chance of conflicts As NBP names translated to an address which included a socket number as well as a node number a name in AppleTalk mapped directly to a service being provided by a machine which was entirely separate from the name of the machine itself Thus services could be moved to a different machine and so long as they kept the same service name there was no need for users to do anything different in order to continue accessing the service And the same machine could host any number of instances of services of the same type without any network connection conflicts Contrast this with A records in the DNS where a name translates to a machines address not including the port number that might be providing a service Thus if people are accustomed to using a particular machine name to access a particular service their access will break when the service is moved to a different machine This can be mitigated somewhat by insistence on using CNAME records indicating service rather than actual machine names to refer to the service but there is no way of guaranteeing that users will follow such a convention Some newer protocols such as Kerberos and Active Directory use DNS SRV records to identify services by name which is much closer to the AppleTalk model Protocols This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol AARP resolves AppleTalk addresses to link layer usually MAC addresses It is functionally equivalent to ARP AARP is a fairly simple system When powered on an AppleTalk machine broadcasts an AARP probe packet asking for a network address intending to hear back from controllers such as routers If no address is provided one is picked at random from the base subnet 0 It then broadcasts another packet saying I am selecting this address and then waits to see if anyone else on the network complains If another machine has that address it will pick another address and keep trying until it finds a free one On a network with many machines it may take several tries before a free address is found so for performance purposes the successful address is written down in NVRAM and used as the default address in the future This means that in most realworld setups where machines are added a few at a time only one or two tries are needed before the address effectively become constant AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol This was a comparatively late addition to the AppleTalk protocol suite done when it became clear that a TCP style reliable connectionoriented transport was needed Significant differences from TCP were a connection attempt could be rejected there were no halfopen connections once one end initiated a teardown of the connection the whole connection would be closed ie ADSP is fullduplex not dual simplex Apple Filing Protocol The Apple Filing Protocol AFP formerly AppleTalk Filing Protocol is the protocol for communicating with AppleShare file servers Built on top of AppleTalk Session Protocol for legacy AFP over DDP or the Data Stream Interface for AFP over TCP it provides services for authenticating users extensible to different authentication methods including twoway randomnumber exchange and for performing operations specific to the Macintosh HFS filesystem AFP is still in use in macOS even though most other AppleTalk protocols have been deprecated AppleTalk Session Protocol ASP was an intermediate protocol built on top of ATP which in turn was the foundation of AFP It provided basic services for requesting responses to arbitrary commands d performing outofband status queries It also allowed the server to send asynchronous attention messages to the client Datagram Delivery Protocol DDP was the lowestlevel datalinkindependent transport protocol It provided a datagram service with no guarantees of delivery All applicationlevel protocols including the infrastructure protocols NBP RTMP and ZIP were built on top of DDP AppleTalks DDP corresponds closely to the Network layer of the Open Systems Interconnection OSI communication model Name Binding Protocol Name Binding Protocol was a dynamic distributed system for managing AppleTalk names When a service started up on a machine it registered a name for itself as chosen by a human administrator At this point NBP provided a system for checking that no other machine had already registered the same name Later when a client wanted to access that service it used NBP to query machines to find that service NBP provided browseability what are the names of all the services available as well as the ability to find a service with a particular name Names were human readable containing AppleTalk Echo Protocol AEP AppleTalk Echo Protocol is a transport layer protocol designed to test the reachability of network nodes AEP generates packets to be sent to the network node and is identified in the Type field of a packet as an AEP packet The packet is first passed to the source DDP After it is identified as an AEP packet it is forwarded to the node where the packet is examined by the DDP at the destination After the packet is identified as an AEP packet the packet is then copied and a field in the packet is altered to create an Printer Access Protocol PAP was the standard way of communicating with PostScript printers It was built on top of ATP When a PAP connection was opened each end sent the other an ATP request which basically meant send me more data The clients response to the server was to send a block of PostScript code while the server could respond with any diagnostic messages that might be generated as a result after which another sendmoredata request was sent This use of ATP provided automatic flow control each end could only send data to the other end if there was an outstanding ATP request to respond to PAP also provided for outofband status queries handled by separate ATP transactions Even while it was busy servicing a print job from one client a PAP server could continue to respond to status requests from any number of other clients This allowed other Macintoshes on the LAN that were waiting to print to display status messages indicating that the printer was busy and what the job was that it was busy with Routing Table Maintenance Protocol RTMP was the protocol by which routers kept each other informed about the topology of the network This was the only part of AppleTalk that required periodic unsolicited broadcasts every 10 seconds each router had to send out a list of all the network numbers it knew about and how far away it thought they were Zone Information Protocol ZIP was the protocol by which AppleTalk network numbers were associated with zone names A zone was a subdivision of the network that made sense to humans for example Accounting Department but while a network number had to be assigned to a topologicallycontiguous section of the network a zone could include several different discontiguous portions of the network Physical implementation Interior of Apple LocalTalk interface box In 1989 these boxes typically cost US 90 each The connectors feature automatic electrical termination of the LocalTalk signal bus insertion of a LocalTalk bus cable depresses a normally closed switch behind the connector disabling termination for that connector Farallon PhoneNET adapter The initial default hardware implementation for AppleTalk was a highspeed serial protocol known as LocalTalk that used the Macintosh s builtin RS422 ports at 2304 kbits LocalTalk used a splitter box in the RS422 port to provide an upstream and downstream cable from a single port The topology was a bus cables were daisychained from each connected machine to the next up to the maximum of 32 permitted on any LocalTalk segment The system was slow by todays standards but at the time the additional cost and complexity of networking on PC machines was such that it was common that Macs were the only networked personal computers in an office Other larger computers such as UNIX or VAX workstations would commonly be networked via Ethernet Other physical implementations were also available A very popular replacement for LocalTalk was PhoneNet a 3rd party solution from Farallon Computing Inc renamed Netopia acquired by Motorola in 2007 that also used the RS422 port and was indistinguishable from LocalTalk as far as Apples LocalTalk port drivers were concerned but ran over the two unused wires in standard fourwire phone cabling Foreshadowing todays network hubs and switches Farallon provided solutions for PhoneNet to be used in star as well as bus configurations with both passive star connections with the phone wires simply bridged to each other at a central point and active star with PhoneNet Star Controller hub hardware Apples LocalTalk connectors didnt have a locking feature so connectors could easily come loose and the bus configuration AppleTalk protocols also came to run over Ethernet coaxial and then twisted pair and Token Ring physical layers labeled by Apple as EtherTalk and TokenTalk respectively EtherTalk gradually became the dominant implementation method for AppleTalk as Ethernet became generally popular in the PC industry throughout the 1990s Besides AppleTalk and TCPIP any Ethernet network could also simultaneously carry other protocols such as DECnet and IPX Networking model OSI Model Corresponding AppleTalk layers Application Apple Filing Protocol AFP Presentation Apple Filing Protocol AFP Session Zone Information Protocol ZIP AppleTalk Session Protocol ASP AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol ADSP Transport AppleTalk Transaction Protocol ATP AppleTalk Echo Protocol AEP Name Binding Protocol NBP Routing Table Maintenance Protocol RTMP Network Datagram Delivery Protocol DDP Data link EtherTalk Link Access Protocol ELAP LocalTalk Link Access Protocol LLAP TokenTalk Link Access Protocol TLAP Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI Physical LocalTalk driver Ethernet driver Token Ring driver FDDI driver Versions This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2008 AppleTalk version Apple Filing Protocol Corresponds to Notes 56 System 70 5704 System 712 5811 System 712 5813 System 75 603 Mac OS 761 Open Transport 13 600a6 Mac OS 86 Open Transport 203 30 Mac OS X 1003 21 20 and even 11 Mac OS X v102 22 30 and 31 Mac OS X v103 32 Mac OS X v104 Crossplatform solutions When AppleTalk was first introduced the dominant office computing platform was the PC compatible running MSDOS Apple introduced the AppleTalk PC Card in early 1987 allowing PCs to join AppleTalk networks and print to LaserWriter printers A year later AppleShare PC was released allowing PCs to access AppleShare file servers The TOPS Teleconnector MSDOS networking system over AppleTalk system enabled MSDOS PCs to communicate over AppleTalk network hardware it comprised an AppleTalk interface card for the PC and a suite of networking software allowing such functions as file drive and printer sharing As well as allowing the construction of a PConly AppleTalk network it allowed communication between PCs and Macs with TOPS software installed Macs without TOPS installed could use the same network but only to communicate with other Apple machines The Mac TOPS software did not match the quality of Apples own either in ease of use or in robustness and freedom The BSD and Linux operating systems support AppleTalk through an open source project called Netatalk which implements the complete protocol suite and allows them to both act as native file or print servers for Macintosh computers and print to LocalTalk printers over the network The Windows Server operating systems supported AppleTalk starting with Windows NT and ending after Windows Server 2003 Miramar included AppleTalk in its PC MacLAN product which was discontinued by CA in 2007 GroupLogic continues to bundle its AppleTalk protocol with its ExtremeZIP server software for MacintoshWindows integration which supports Windows 2008 Server and Windows Vista as well prior versions HELIOS Software GmbH offers a proprietary implementation of the AppleTalk protocol stack as part of their HELIOS UB2 server This is essentially a File and Print Server suite that runs on a whole range of different platforms In addition Columbia University released the Columbia AppleTalk Package CAP which implemented the protocol suite for various Unix flavors including Ultrix SunOS BSD and IRIX This package is no longer actively maintained See also Netatalk is a free opensource implementation of the AppleTalk suite of protocols Network File System Remote File System Samba Server Message Block Notes AppleBus is mentioned by name in Steve Jobs introduction of the Macintosh at the Boston Computer Society meeting in 1984 It appears just after the 720 mark in the video References Citations John Markoff Apple plans slower affordable local area network InfoWorld 14 February 1983 p 14 Oppenheimer 2004 Slide 3 David Ahl 1983 National Computer Conference May 1619 Anaheim California Creative Computing August 1983 p 188 a b c Sidhu Andrews Oppenheimer 1989 p xxiii a b c d Bartimo 1984 p 45 Oppenheimer 2004 Slide 6 Zilog Z8530 Users Manual Zilog p 11 Oppenheimer 2004 Slide 9 TokenRing Technical Summary Archived 22 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Section 12 Oppenheimer 2004 Slide 10 Jim Barimo Apple waiting for IBM net links micros with AppleBus InfoWorld 26 March 1984 pp 4546 Oppenheimer 2004 Slide 15 Oppenheimer 2004 Slide 19 Oppenheimer 2004 Slide 17 Lee Larson LocalTalk to EtherTalk Louisville Computer News October 1999 Apple Computer Ad Powerbook Networking Oppenheimer 2004 Slide 28 Tim Brown AppleTalk Made Faster Network World 26 October 1987 p 27 John Battelle DaynaTalk accelerators ship MacWEEK 23 May 1989 Get More Net Work Out Of Your Network InfoWorld 11 December 1989 Oppenheimer 2004 Slide 30 Oppenheimer 2004 Slide 31 Oppenheimer 2004 Slide 32 Laura DiDio Study finds NetWare to be OS of choice Network World 11 July 1988 p 17 Oppenheimer 2004 Slide 34 a b Oppenheimer 2004 Slide 36 Calore Michael April 22 1993 Mosaic Browser Lights Up Web With Color Creativity WIRED Retrieved 20171014 Oppenheimer 2004 Slide 43 Oppenheimer 2004 Slide 46 Oppenheimer 2004 Slide 51 Oppenheimer 2004 Slide 54 Mac OS X v106 Mac 101 Printing Retrieved on 2 September 2009 Sidhu Andrews Oppenheimer 1989 Mary Petrosky AppleShare airs at last Network World 2 February 1987 p 4 Apple Starts Shipping AppleShare PC Software InfoWorld 18 January 1988 p 29 Mark Stephens TOPS Teleconnectors Link PCs with Own Flashtalk Networks InfoWorld 25 January 1988 p 12 Bibliography Sidhu Gursharan Andrews Richard Oppenheimer Alan 1989 Inside AppleTalk Second Edition PDF AddisonWesley 0201550210 Bartimo Jim 26 March 1984 Apple waiting for IBM net links micros with AppleBus InfoWorld 45 Oppenheimer Alan January 2004 A History of Macintosh Networking MacWorld Expo Archived from on 16 October 2006 Categories Apple Inc software Network operating systems Network protocols

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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Aranjanam From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Arainjan Kodi or Araijanam Aranjanam or Araijan Kayiru Malayalam അരഞ്ഞണ Tamil அரஞன் கயற is a girdlelike ornament tied around the waist of infants and children Also called Araijan Kodi It is made of gold silver or thick thread The primary purpose is to measure the healthy growth of an infant by the increase of the waistline Aranjanam can also fasten the cloth on the waist similar to women using it to secure the folds of a sari It is possible that some parents also believe that it will safeguard against evil spirits Although in India most women and many men continue to wear them as adults as well Ancient Tamil people used it mentioned in Tolkappiyam Sangam literature describes the usage of Araijan by the words வண்ஞன் Venjan made of silver and பன்ஞன் Ponjan made of gold A village in Tamil Nadu was named after it called Venjan Kondaan meaning one who wore Silver Araijan Thin ornamental gold or silver chain worn around the midriff under clothing In India it is worn by many women and men and most children and babies An Aranjanam is given to babies of both genders and all religious affiliations particularly in south India on the 28th day after the babys birth as part of a ceremony called Irupathettu in which the baby is given its name its first jewellery eye makeup and a meal of sweet porridge Pseudoscientific Reason Apart from Gold Silver the rope has a Thayathu a small capsule made of gold or silver to hold the umbilical chord dried and stored in sealed format inside it In modern day science we call these cells as stem cells which can help in curing many disease and tissue replacements as those cells are available only during child birth and preserved for a fee in modern hospitals This is pseudo science because modern science has determined that these cells need to be preserved in their alive and able to multiply state in order to be used in stem cell therapy Dried and powdered cells are of no medicinal value and are a placebo along the lines of rhinos horns which are believed to have medicinal value elsewhere Aranjanam Kettal Aranjanam Kettal in Kerala In Kerala This ceremony is performed on the 28th day after birth of the child as this is the first time the nakshatram star of the child repeats according to the Malayalam calendar During the ceremony charadu thread one in black cotton and the other a chain in gold are intertwined and tied around the waist of the child this is usually done by the father of the child This thread is called Aranjanam The childs eyes are lined with mayye or kanmashi Kohl A black spot is placed on one cheek or asymmetrically on the forehead to ward off See also Jewellery of Tamil Nadu References University of Madras Dictionary wwwtamilvuorg Retrieved 20180319 மன் கட்டண உயர்வல் கயற உற்பத்த நறத்தம் கல இன்ற தழலளர்கள் பட்டன Dinamalar Retrieved 20180319 தமழன் மதன்மயன மன்னண கல இலக்கய சமகவயல் wwwuyirmmaicom Retrieved 20180319 மரக்கணம் கல சம்பவம் சபசஐட பலீஸ் வசரண Dinamalar Retrieved 20180319 Menon A Sreedhara 1979 Social and cultural history of Kerala Sterling p 118 Singh Kumar Suresh 2002 People of India Volume 27 Part 3 Anthropological Survey of India Affiliated EastWest p 1351 8185938997 Adamson Melissa Weiss Francine Segan 2008 Entertaining from Ancient Rome to the Super Bowl An Encyclopedia Volume 1 AG Greenwood p 121 0313339589 Categories Tamil culture Jewellery of India Types of jewellery

B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Asystasia

gangetica

From

Wikipedia

the

free

encyclopedia

Chinese

violet

Asystasia

gangetica

from

Kalepolepo

Maui

Asystasia

gangetica

micrantha

from

Amanzimtoti

South

Africa

Scientific

classification

Kingdom

Plantae

unranked

Angiosperms

unranked

Eudicots

unranked

Asterids

Order

Lamiales

Family

Acanthaceae

Genus

Asystasia

Species

A

gangetica

Binomial

name

Asystasia

gangetica

L

TAnderson

Synonyms

Asystasia

intrusa

Forssk

Blume

Asystasia

parvula

CBClarke

Asystasia

querimbensis

Klotzsch

Asystasia

pubescens

Klotzsch

Asystasia

subhastata

Klotzsch

Asystasia

quarterna

Nees

Asystasia

scabrida

Klotzsch

Asystasia

floribunda

Klotzsch

Asystasia

coromandeliana

Nees

Justicia

gangetica

L

Asystasia

acuminata

Klotzsch

Asystasia

coromandeliana

Nees

var

micrantha

Nees

Asystasia

multiflora

Klotzsch

Asystasia

ansellioides

CBClarke

var

lanceolata

Fiori

Asystasia

podostachys

Klotzsch

Asystasia

gangetica

is

a

species

of

plant

in

the

Acanthaceae

family

It

is

commonly

known

as

the

Chinese

violet

coromandel

or

creeping

foxglove

In

South

Africa

this

plant

may

simply

be

called

asystasia

From

Hyderabad

India

Contents

Description

Subspecies

Distribution

Reproduction

Uses

Ecological

significance

Gallery

External

links

Description

This

plant

is

a

spreading

herb

or

groundcover

reaching

mm

in

height

or

up

to

m

if

supported

The

stems

root

easily

at

the

nodes

The

leaves

are

simple

and

opposite

The

fruit

is

an

explosive

capsule

which

starts

out

green

in

colour

but

dries

to

brown

after

opening

Subspecies

A

g

gangetica

has

larger

mm

long

blue

or

mauve

flowers

A

g

micrantha

Nees

Ensermu

has

smaller

up

to

mm

long

white

flowers

with

purple

markings

on

the

lower

lip

Distribution

Widespread

throughout

the

Old

World

Tropics

and

introduced

into

tropical

Americas

and

Hawaii

where

it

has

become

naturalized

Both

subspecies

of

this

plant

have

been

introduced

to

Australia

where

A

g

micrantha

is

on

the

National

Environmental

Alert

List

and

must

be

reported

when

found

The

original

range

of

the

subspecies

is

unclear

but

it

is

likely

that

A

g

gangetica

was

limited

to

Asia

and

A

g

micrantha

was

limited

to

Africa

Reproduction

Ernest

Akamine

found

that

there

were

no

apparent

dormancy

mechanisms

operating

in

the

seeds

which

germinated

freely

days

after

being

expelled

from

parent

plants

Flower

production

can

begin

as

early

as

days

after

germination

with

seed

development

beginning

after

days

facilitating

the

production

of

viable

seed

in

as

little

as

days

The

seeds

are

then

expelled

explosively

upon

ripening

via

hooked

retinacula

pictured

Asystasia

gangetica

Seed

head

Uses

In

some

parts

of

Africa

the

leaves

are

eaten

as

a

vegetable

and

used

as

an

herbal

remedy

in

traditional

African

medicine

The

leaves

are

used

in

many

parts

of

Nigeria

as

a

traditional

African

medicine

for

the

management

of

asthma

It

is

also

used

as

an

ornamental

plant

Ecological

significance

This

is

an

important

plant

for

honeybees

butterflies

and

other

insects

In

southern

Africa

there

are

at

least

seven

species

of

butterfly

and

moth

that

use

A

g

micrantha

as

a

larval

foodplant

Junonia

oenone

Junonia

hierta

Junonia

natalica

Junonia

terea

Protogoniomorpha

parhassus

Hypolimnas

misippus

and

Microplexia

costimaculalis

The

vigorous

growth

of

A

g

micrantha

in

tropical

regions

makes

it

a

weed

which

can

smother

certain

indigenous

vegetation

where

it

has

been

introduced

Gallery

From

Amanzimtoti

South

Africa

From

Hyderabad

India

From

Hyderabad

India

Found

in

Malaysia

Macro

of

Asystasia

gangetica

in

Malaysia

Asystasia

gangetica

Anna

Bay

NSW

Australia

Asystasia

gangetica

smothering

rainforest

understory

Gold

Coast

QLD

Australia

References

Jstor

Plant

Science

Asystasia

gangetica

synonyms

httpplantsjstororgtaxonsynonymyAsystasiagangetica

retrieved

July

a

b

Plants

of

Hawaii

Asystasia

gangetica

httpwwwhearorgstarrimagesspeciesqasystasiagangeticaoplants

retrieved

July

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

South

African

National

Biodiversity

Institute

Asystasia

gangetica

httpwwwplantzafricacomplantabasystasiaganhtm

retrieved

July

a

b

c

d

Pooley

E

A

Field

Guide

to

Wild

Flowers

KwaZuluNatal

and

the

Eastern

Region

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

Weed

Identification

Australia

httpwwwweedsorgaucgibinweedidentcgitplplanttplstatesibraallcardH34

retrieved

July

Jstor

Plant

Science

Asystasia

gangetica

httpplantsjstororgtaxonAsystasiagangetica

retrieved

July

Akamine

Ernest

Germination

of

Asystasia

gangetica

L

Seed

with

Special

Reference

to

the

Effect

of

Age

on

the

Temperature

Requirement

for

Germination

Plant

Physiology

doi

PMC

Retrieved

May

Sahid

I

B

Shukor

J

A

Effects

of

water

stress

shading

and

clipping

on

growth

and

development

of

Asystasia

gangetica

Plant

Protection

Quarterly

Grubben

GJH

Denton

OA

Plant

Resources

of

Tropical

Africa

Vegetables

PROTA

Foundation

Wageningen

Backhuys

Leiden

CTA

Wageningen

Akah

PA

Ezike

AC

Nwafor

SV

Okoli

CO

Enwerem

NM

Evaluation

of

the

antiasthmatic

property

of

Asystasia

gangetica

leaf

extracts

Journal

of

Ethnopharmacology

doi

PMID

Williams

M

Butterflies

of

Southern

Africa

A

Field

Guide

Guillermet

Les

Hétérocères

ou

papillons

de

nuit

de

lîle

de

La

Réunion

Volume

Famille

des

Noctuidae

Quadrifides

pls

External

links

PROTAbase

on

Asystasia

gangetica

Asystasia

gangetica

Asystasia

gangetica

Dressler

S

Schmidt

M

Zizka

G

Asystasia

gangetica

African

plants

a

Photo

Guide

FrankfurtMain

Forschungsinstitut

Senckenberg

Wikimedia

Commons

has

media

related

to

Asystasia

gangetica

Wikispecies

has

information

related

to

Asystasia

gangetica

Taxon

identifiers

Asystasia

gangetica

Wikidata

Wikispecies

Asystasia

gangetica

AoFP

APA

APDB

APNI

Ecocrop

EoL

EPPO

ASYCO

FloraBase

FoC

GBIF

GISD

GRIN

iNaturalist

IPA

IPNI

ISC

ITIS

NCBI

Plant

List

PLANTS

POWO

Tropicos

uBio

Justicia

gangetica

Wikidata

APNI

GBIF

GRIN

IPNI

ITIS

Tropicos

Categories

Asystasia

Medicinal

plants

of

Asia

Plants

used

in

traditional

African

medicine

Invasive

plant

species

Plants

described

in

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asystasia gangetica
acanthaceae
chinese violet


Augmented seventh chord From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia help info augmented seventh chord Component intervals from root minor seventh augmented fifth major third root Tuning 80100125144 Forte no Complement 424 824 The augmented seventh chord or seventh augmented fifth chord or seventh sharp five chord is a dominant seventh chord consisting of an augmented triad with a minor seventh Thus it consists of a root major third augmented fifth and the minor seventh Thus in the key of C major it would be C E G and B as in the figure It may be notated with the C 7 Caug 7 or C 7 5 and can be represented by the integer notation 0 4 8 10 The root is the only optional note in an augmented seventh chord the fifth being required because it is raised This alteration is useful in the major mode because the raised 5th creates a leading tone to the 3rd of the tonic triad See also dominant In rock parlance the term Augmented seventh chord is sometimes confusingly and erroneously used to refer to the socalled Hendrix chord a 7 9 chord which contains the interval of an augmented ninth but not an augmented fifth One chord scale option for a C augmented dominant seventh chord C E G B is the C whole tone scale C D E F G A B help info The augmented minor seventh chord may be considered an altered dominant seventh and may use the wholetone scale as may the dominant seventh flat five chord See chord scale system Augmented seventh chord resolution in C major The augmented seventh chord normally resolves to the chord a perfect fifth below thus Gaug 7 resolves to a C major chord for example Augmented seventh chord table Chord Root Major third Augmented fifth Minor seventh Caug 7 C E G B C aug 7 C E F G A B D aug 7 D F A C B Daug 7 D F A C D aug 7 D F G A B C E aug 7 E G B D Eaug 7 E G B C D Faug 7 F A C E F aug 7 F A C D E G aug 7 G B D F E Gaug 7 G B D F G aug 7 G B C D E F A aug 7 A C E G Aaug 7 A C E F G A aug 7 A C D E F G B aug 7 B D G A Baug 7 B D F G A See also Augmentation music Sources Kroepel Bob 1993 Mel Bay Creative Keyboards Deluxe Encyclopedia of Piano Chords A Complete Study of Chords and How to Use Them p15 0871665794 a b The Dominant with a Raised 5th Kostka Stefan and Dorothy Payne 2004 Tonal Harmony with an Introduction to TwentiethCentury Music 6th Ed pp 446447 New York 9780073327136 a b Garner Robert 2007 Mel Bay presents Essential Music Theory for Electric Bass p69 0786677368 Latarski Don 1991 An Introduction to Chord Theory p29 0769209556 Radio Shiver down the backbone Jimi Hendrix comes to Radio 3 The Spectator by Kate Chisholm Wednesday 21 November 2007 Hatfield Ken 2005 Jazz and the Classical Guitar Theory and Applications p121 0786672366 Berle Annie 1996 Contemporary Theory And Harmony p100 0825614996 Bay William 1994 Mel Bay Complete Jazz Sax Book p64 0786602295 v t e Chords By form Triad Major Minor Augmented Diminished Suspended Seventh Leadingtone Major Minor Dominant Dominant seventh flat five Diminished Halfdiminished Diminished major Minormajor Augmented major Augmented minor Altered seventh Nondominant Harmonic seventh Extended Ninth Eleventh Thirteenth Upper structure Dominant 7 9 Polychord Tone cluster Added omitted Sixth Augmented sixth Lydian Seven six Specific Alpha Bridge Complexe sonore Dream Elektra Farben Grandmother Magic µ Mystic Northern lights Petrushka Psalms So What Tristan Viennese trichord General Mixed interval Secundal Tertian Quartal Synthetic chord By function Diatonic Tonic Dominant Subdominant Supertonic Mediant Submediant Leading Subtonic Altered Approach Borrowed Chromatic mediant Neapolitan Passing Secondary Secondary dominant Secondary leadingtone Secondary supertonic Other Common Contrast Primary triad Subsidiary Substitute Techniques Barre Block Chordioid Chordscale system Guitar Power Slash Other Arpeggio List of chords Factor Categories Seventh chords

B I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Baldo From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia For the given name or surname see Baldo name For the rice variety see Risotto Rice varieties Baldo Authors Hector Cantú Illustrators Carlos Castellanos www gocomics com baldo Current statusschedule Running Launch date April 17 2000 18 years ago Syndicates Universal Press Syndicate Universal Uclick Andrews McMeel Syndication Publishers Andrews McMeel Publishing Genres Humor family Baldo is an American comic strip written by Hector Cantú and illustrated by Carlos Castellanos It was launched on April 17 2000 Contents 1 Characters 11 Primary 12 Secondary 2 Notes 3 Cartoon collections 4 5 External links Characters Primary Baldomero Baldo Bermudez is the title character A Latino teenager his primary interests are cars and girls He is also obsessed with being cool and is in the middle of an ongoing process to build his own lowrider He has a job at Auto Y Rod an auto supply shop whose logo resembles that of MercedesBenz and according to comic strips in January 2007 and August 2011 he is 15 years old Graciela Gracie Bermudez is Baldos younger Lisa Simpson like sister She is an ardent admirer of Frida Kahlo and frequently attempts to be an activist She is remarkably smart and enjoys reading although she is a constant annoyance to her older brother In a May 2009 strip that quotes from the Cinco de Mayo Wikipedia article Gracie declared that she wrote that article for Wikipedia Sergio Papi Bermudez a widower is the patriarch of the family the father of Baldo and Gracie and the owner of a small business He is often seen by his children as being dorky although they love him all the same Tia Carmen is Baldo and Gracies ditzy greataunt An older woman and very devout in her religious beliefs she has over 200 religious figurines Carmen has a vast knowledge and love of oldworld customs foods and herbal remedies An April Fools Day gag strip in 2007 depicted her as being detained by the Department of Homeland Security and a twoweek series around the same time drawn in a photorealistic style told of her as coming to live with the Bermudezes after Sergios wife Rosa was killed in a drunk driving accident see below Cruz is Baldos best friend In 2017 it was revealed that Cruz is a Dreamer an immigrant brought to the United States as a child Arguably similar to Hector from Zits Cruz is often seen accompanying Baldo in the quest for coolness Secondary Nora is Gracies best friend and confidant She is as bright and intelligent as Gracie Beatriz is a young female formerly a coworker at Auto Y Rod She made a first appearance on the March 5th 2007 Baldo liked her on a first sight but later in the strip she told him that she has a boyfriend although she has since broken up with him Her appearances have become more common On the June 17th 2010 comic it is revealed that her last name is Ortiz In the strip published on Friday August 1 2014 she was laid off from her job Rayna is Cruzs girlfriend She has a congenitally compromised immune system and cant leave her home attending classes and dates by means of a telepresence robot Ralphie is a friend of Baldos who owns a lowrider with an advanced sound system He infrequently appears in the strip El Cucuy is the Bermudez familys boogeyman and is somewhat akin to the snorklewacker from Bloom County He was forced into retirement after Baldo and Gracie stopped fearing him Joey was a semirecurring Anglo teenager and one of Baldos former coworkers from a summer job He had a poor work ethic and was ignorant of the Spanish language and Hispanic culture Joeys avoidance of work and later promotion to assistant manager frustrated Baldo but he was eventually fired Estella Dank is Baldos current girlfriend She first appeared on August 23 2011 Britney Denise Smiley Rogers is Baldos Anglo ex girlfriend She was originally introduced in 2001 as Baldos new next door neighbor somewhat plain and tomboyish with an interest in Latino culture and was Baldos girlfriend from 2003 to 2006 Shortly after the breakup Smiley underwent a sudden makeover joined a popular girls clique and started going by her middle name Sylvia Sanchez was deemed the prettiest girl in school by Baldo and the object of his eye from the early strips She vanished from the strip in 2003 shortly before Baldo and Smiley began dating Billy is an antagonistic subtly bigoted Anglo teen who voices his prejudice against Latinos by accusing them of discriminating against him Consequently he is disturbed by the emergence of Latino oriented businesses He is generally a caricature of those who express their bigotry with arguments of reverse discrimination During a march for immigration rights he is seen as a counterdemonstrator telling a reporter about the dangers of illegal immigrants Smileys brother is the Rogers equivalent of Gracie For a brief time he was Gracies boyfriend but that relationship has since been dissolved Mr Harold was the Gang Activity Monitor at Baldos school He had a tough guy persona and falsely accused Baldo of being in a gang after mistaking a game of Rock Paper Scissors for gang signals Rosa Bermudez was Baldo and Gracies mother and Sergios wife Though she has never been seen or heard in the strip except that her face has been shown in the form of a framed photo it has been revealed that she had died in a car accident when Baldo was ten years old The April 3 2007 strippart of a sequence atypically drawn in a realistic stylestated that a car driven by an inebriated motorist collided with Rosas minivan when she drove Baldo and Gracie from a soccer game The collision killed Rosa instantly and bruised Gracie Baldos soccer ball apparently saved his life in the accident The April 4 2007 strip shows Rosas face drawn realistically in a framed photo other strips including May 17 18 2002 and September 28 2003 show her again in photos in cartoon form Gregorio who was introduced on the March 26th 2007 comic is the one who Tia Carmen has been talking to about Rosas accident and why she had come to live with Baldo and Family They met at the tomato section of a store Roberto is Tia Carmens departed husband Sometimes his spirit visits Tia in her imagination for a short time Notes Although primarily a strip focused solely on light humor Baldo has at times delved into political and social subjects relevant to the Hispanic community such as lottery scams the 2006 United States immigration reform protests and greater involvement in improving ones community Baldo also allows guest artists during Hispanic Heritage month these guests generally depict Hispanics as crude stereotypes often harping on lowrider cars and women in very little clothing This has resulted in both praise and criticism from readers whose letters have been posted on Baldos official website and then answered sometimes sarcastically by the strips creators In 2009 the strip also dealt with Sergio developing diabetes Gracie especially reminded Sergio of the need for proper diet and exercise to control his illness but little mention has been made of Sergios diabetes after the initial run of strips Cartoon collections As of 2008 only two collections of the strip have been published in book form The Lower You Ride The Cooler You Are 2001 Night of the Bilingual Telemarketers 2002 References a b Churnin Nancy June 30 2009 Baldo comic strip tackles diabetes among Hispanics Dallas Morning News Baldo Comic Strip May 05 2009 on GoComicscom Yahoo News May 5 2009 Cantu Hector D Castellanos Carlos Baldo August 1 2014 GoComicscom Universal Retrieved 15 September 2014 Baldo Comic Strip July 7 2006 on GoComicscom July 20 2006 Baldocomicscom Baldocomicscom External links Official website Baldo at goComicscom Baldo en español at goComicscom v t e Andrews McMeel Universal Andrews McMeel Andrews McMeel Syndication Universal Press Syndicate Uclick Atlantic Syndication Comic strips current Adamhome Argyle Sweater Baldo Biographic Breaking Cat News Cest la Vie Close to Home Computoon Cornered Dilbert Doonesbury The Duplex The 5th Wave FoxTrot Fred Basset The Fusco Brothers Garfield Gaturro Ginger Meggs In the Bleachers Judge Dredd La Cucaracha Liō Mutt and Jeff reruns New Adventures of Queen Victoria Non Sequitur Off the Mark Overboard Peanuts reruns Pearls Before Swine Phoebe and Her Unicorn Pibgorn Pooch Café Real Life Adventures Red and Rover Stone Soup Tank McNamara Thatababy Tiny Sepuku Tom the Dancing Bug Wallace the Brave Ziggy Comic strips historical The Boondocks Brainwaves Calvin and Hobbes Cathy Citizen Dog Cleats Condorito Cul de Sac Downstown Encyclopedia Brown The Far Side For Better or For Worse Geech Ink Pen James Bond Kelly Duke Kudzu Lucky Cow Maintaining Mullets PreTeena Ronaldinho Gaucho W T Duck Van Von Hunter Where Im Coming From You Can with Beakman and Jax Editorial cartoons Tony Auth Bad Reporter Stuart Carlson Lalo Alcaraz Glenn McCoy Pat Oliphant Ted Rall Ben Sargent Tom Toles Kerry Waghorn Editorial commentary Ann Coulter Maggie Gallagher Georgie Anne Geyer Ted Rall Richard Reeves Cynthia Tucker Lifestyle Ask the Headhunter Dear Abby Focus on the Family On Ethics News of the Weird Scott Burns Other Earthweek Roger Ebert Hidato The Independent Magic Eye The Mini Page The Motley Fool Timothy Parker Religion News Service Wonderword Categories Comic strips started in the 2000s Latin American culture Comic strips set in the United States

B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B B I O O O O O O O B B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Basal shoot From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia This articles lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article Please discuss this issue on the articles talk page March 2013 A sucker emerging from the base of a young tree Basal shoots root sprouts adventitious shoots water sprouts and suckers are various types of shoots which grow from a bud at the base of a tree or shrub or from adventitious buds in its roots A plant that produces suckers root sprouts is referred to as surculose Root suckers may emerge some distance from the originating plant are considered a form of vegetative dispersal and may originate a habitat patch where that tree is the dominant species Suckers also may arise from the roots of trees that have been cut down Ecology Poplar suckers emerging along a root mother tree is not visible In botany a sucker is a plant growing not from a seed but from a meristem of the root at the base or at a certain distance from a tree or shrub This is a phenomenon of natural asexual spread also known in plants as vegetative reproduction It is a plant propagation strategy and the complex of individuals formed by a mother plant and all its clones produced form a single genetic individual a genet The plant suckers are clones from the mother plant The plant will have a genome identical to that from which it arose Many species of plant reproduce through vegetative reproduction such as the Canada thistle cherry apple guava privet hazel lilac tree of heaven Asimina triloba The basal shoot is a variety of dispersal vector that allows the plants to reach specific habitats that are favorable for their survival Some species send out suckers that can spread very quickly and they have the capacity of forming thick blankets of roots being able to reclaim an area that has been logged or deforested as well as areas that have been heavily eroded and pastured These could be considered invasive but they are used in the recovery of soils and then naturally replaced by nonpioneer species in such areas as burned lands stabilization of land in public works and channels of rivers with large flood hydraulic public works reservoirs etc They create a shaded area where new species will grow and gradually replace them in many cases In trees the roots normally grow outward to about three times the branch spread Only half of a trees root system occurs between the trunk and the circumference of its canopy Roots on one side of a tree normally supply the foliage on that same side of the tree Thus when roots on one side of a tree are injured the branches and leaves on that same side of the tree may die or wilt For some trees however such as the maple family the effect of a root injury may show itself anywhere in the tree canopy Stolons are stems which grow at the soil surface or just below ground and form adventitious roots at the nodes and new plants from the buds Thus not all horizontal stems are called stolons Plants with stolons are called stoloniferous Stolons are often called runners Rhizomes in contrast are rootlike stems that may either grow horizontally at the soil surface or in other orientations underground Garden Suckers and basal shoots can be used to propagate woody plants Suckers can be dug or broken off with some of the roots attached Stool beds involve cutting a young plant to near ground level and heaping soil over it so that basal shoots will form adventitious roots and can later be separated as whole rooted plants The technique is used particularly for vegetative propagation of rootstocks for apple trees Suckers on some ornamental plants are considered undesirable by horticulturists because the plants energy is diverted to the sucker rather than to crown growth Horticulturists recommend removing suckers on trees and shrubs by tearing them away as close to the base as possible removing soil if necessary The buds that give rise to suckers are more completely destroyed through tearing than through cutting In extreme cases the root giving rise to the suckers can be separated from the tree entirely then treated in the same way as a stump with suckers Suckers arising from an unwanted tree stump can be controlled with herbicides killing the entire plant including suckers and roots References a b Hickey M King C 2001 The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms Cambridge University Press Stolon Dictionarycom Archived from the original on 9 June 2007 Retrieved 20070507 A N Roberts W M Mellenthin 1957 Propagating Clonal Rootstocks Circular of Information 578 Agricultural Experiment Station Oregon State College Corvallis Horticultural Advice Tree Suckers Royal Horticultural Society Archived from the original on 10 April 2006 Retrieved 13 June 2006 Controlling Sucker Sprouts From Roots and Stumps CSUDenver County Cooperative Extension Master Gardener 14 January 2006 Retrieved 13 June 2006 Categories Horticulture and gardening

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Batu Berendam From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia For the federal constituency formerly represented in the Dewan Rakyat see Batu Berendam federal constituency This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message Batu Berendam Town Batu Berendam Location in Malaysia Coordinates 021500N 1021500E Country Malaysia State Malacca Time zone UTC8 MST Batu Berendam Batu Berendam is a small town in Central Melaka District Melaka Malaysia The Melaka International Airport is a domestic airport located here Contents 1 Climate 2 Economy 3 Place of Worship 4 Education 41 Primary Schools 6 42 Secondary Schools 7 5 Tourist attractions 6 See also 7 Climate Climate data for Batu Berendam Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high C F 31 88 32 90 32 90 32 90 31 88 31 88 30 86 30 86 30 86 31 88 30 86 30 86 30 86 Average low C F 22 72 22 72 23 73 23 73 23 73 23 73 22 72 22 72 22 72 23 73 22 72 22 72 22 72 Average precipitation mm inches 89 35 92 36 156 61 181 71 179 7 178 7 194 76 187 74 202 8 226 89 228 9 153 6 2064 813 Source Weatherbase Economy Batu Berendam Industrial Area The town houses the Batu Berendam Industrial Area Batu Berendam is also a Free Trade Zones where imported materials used in manufacture are taxfree Notable Factory include Infineon Texas Instruments Place of Worship Islam Masjid AlHidayah Batu Berendam Hindus Sri Subramaniar Devasthanam Buddhist Taiwan Tzu Chi Buddhist Foundation which is also the headquarter for Melaka Branch Cemetery Jelutong Education Primary Schools Sekolah Kebangsaan Batu Berendam Sekolah Kebangsaan Batu Berendam 2 Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Cina Wen Hua Secondary Schools Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Munshi Abdullah Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tun Mutahir Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Agama Sultan Muhammad Tourist attractions Batu Berendam Sports Complex Coconut Milk shake Batu Berendam Huang Chang Chicken Rice Restaurant Kim Heng Melaka Prawn Crackers Fishball Noodles See also List of cities and towns in Malaysia by population References Weatherbase Historical Weather for Batu Berendam Malaysia Weatherbase 2014 Retrieved on April 13 2014 Archived copy Archived from the original on 20150526 Retrieved 20150610 The historic state and city Melaka today wwwmelakanet Retrieved 20180416 AG Infineon Technologies Melaka Infineon Technologies wwwinfineoncom Retrieved 20180416 Taiwan Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation Malaysia Melaka Branch engtzuchimy Retrieved 20180416 The list of primary schools in Malacca pdf in Malay The list of secondary school in Malacca pdf in Malay Places adjacent to Batu Berendam v t e State of Melaka Coordinates 215N 10215E This Melaka location article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it Categories Towns in Malacca Malacca geography stubs

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