R Ch 5 Theories MC FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month 201 Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory According to Freuds theory inborn drives mainly sexual help form the personality _______ and _______ who originally worked with Freud created individual psychology and analytic psychology respectively a Carl Jung Alfred Adler b Alfred Adler Carl Jung c Joseph Breuer A A Brill d Alfred Adler Rollo May B CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 200 Terms in this set 200 201 Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory According to Freuds theory inborn drives mainly sexual help form the personality _______ and _______ who originally worked with Freud created individual psychology and analytic psychology respectively a Carl Jung Alfred Adler b Alfred Adler Carl Jung c Joseph Breuer A A Brill d Alfred Adler Rollo May B 202 Eric Bernes transactional analysis TA posits three ego states the Child the Adult and the Parent These roughly correspond to Freuds structural theory that includes a oral anal phallic b unconscious preconscious and conscious c a and b d id ego and superego D 203 In transactional analysis the _______ is the conscience or ego state concerned with moral behavior while in Freudian theory it is the _______ a Adult unconscious b Parent ego c Parent superego d Parent id C 204 Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego This is accomplished by a identification with the aggressor the parent of the same sex b analysis during the childhood years c identification with the parent of the opposite sex the aggressor d transference A 205 Freudians refer to the ego as a the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle b the guardian angel of the mind c the pleasure principle d the seat of libido A 206 Freuds theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos A client who threatens a selfdestructive act is being ruled primarily by a Eros b Eros and the id c Thanatos d both Eros and Thanatos C 207 The id is present at birth and never matures It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the a reality principle b notion of transference c Eros principle d pleasure principle D 208 If you think of the mind as a seesaw then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the a id which has no concept of rationality or time b ego c superego which judges behavior as right or wrong d BASICID B 209 A therapist who says to a patient Say whatever comes to mind is practicing a directive counseling b TA c paraphrasing d free association D 210 The superego contains the ego ideal The superego strives for _______ rather than _______ like the id a perfection pleasure b pleasure perfection c morals ethics d logic reality A 211 All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement except a Freud b Jung c Adler d Wolpe D 212 Most scholars would assert that Freuds 1900 work entitled The Interpretation of Dreams was his most influential work Dreams have a manifest and latent content b preconscious and unconscious factors c id and ego d superego and id A 213 When a client projects feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a significant other it is called a free association b insight c transference d resistance C 214 Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement a Little Hans b Little Albert c Anna O d Schreber B 215 In contrast with classical psychoanalysis psychodynamic counseling or therapy a utilizes fewer sessions per week b does not utilize the couch c is performed face to face d all of the above D 216 Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as a catharsis andor abreaction b resistance c accurate empathy d reflection of emotional content A 217 Id ego superego is to structural theory as _______ is to topographical theory a Child Adult Parent b abreaction catharsis introspection c ego ideal d unconscious preconscious conscious D 218 The most controversial aspect of Freuds theory is a catharsis b the Oedipus complex c the notion of the preconscious mind d the interpretation of dreams B 219 Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from all of these except a hypnosis b slips of the tongue and humor c dreams d subjective units of distress scale D 220 In a counseling session a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression There was silence for about two and onehalf minutes The client then began to remember This exchange most likely illustrates the function of the a preconscious mind b ego ideal c conscious mind d unconscious mind A 221 Unconscious processes which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands are called a slips of the tongue b ego defense mechanisms c id defense processes d latent dream material B 222 Most therapists agree that ego defense mechanisms deny or distort reality Rationalization compensation repression projection reaction formation identification introjection denial and displacement are ego defense mechanisms According to the Freudians the most important defense mechanism is a repression b reaction formation c denial d sublimation A 223 Suppression differs from repression in that a suppression is stronger b repression only occurs in children c repression is automatic or involuntary d all of the above C 224 An aggressive male who becomes a professional boxer because he is sadistic is displaying a suppression b rationalization c sublimation d displacement C 225 An advertising psychologist secretly imbeds the word SEX into newspaper ads intended to advertise his centers chemical dependency program This is the practice of a sublimation b repression c introjection d none of the above D 226 A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise He was expecting a one dollar per hour raise He is furious but nonassertive He thus smiles and thanks his boss That night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason This is an example of a displacement b denial c identification d a Type II error A 227 A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of F in physical education that marred his fourth year perfect 40 average inasmuch as straight A students are eggheads This demonstrates a introjection b reaction formation c sour grapes rationalization d sweet lemon rationalization C 228 A masters level counselor lands an entry level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate Her office is not air conditioned but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check This illuminates a sour grapes rationalization b sweet lemon rationalization c repression d sublimation B 229 A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident His behavior is influenced by a denial b displacement of anger c sublimation d organ inferiority A 230 _______ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window a Repression b Sour grapes rationalization c Projection d Denial C 231 Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material This is a reaction formation b introjection c projection d rationalization A 232 Ted has always felt inferior intellectually He currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles The ego defense mechanism in action here is a reaction formation b compensation c projection d rationalization B 233 Jane feels very inferior She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation Jane invariably responds with Im the president of the board for the homeless shelter Jane is engaging in a projection b displacement c introjection d identification D 234 A client who has incorporated his fathers values into his thought patterns is a product of a introjection b repression c rationalization d displacement A 235 The clients tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as a resistance b sublimation c projection d individuation A 236 Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind Critics however contend that a he was too concerned with the totem and the taboo b he failed to emphasize sex c many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint d he was pro female C 237 The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to a help the therapist appear genuine b make the clients aware of their unconscious processes c make clients aware of nonverbal behaviors d help clients understand feelings and behaviors related to childhood B 238 Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of a C G Jungs analytical psychology b Alfred Adlers individual psychology c Sigmund Freuds psychoanalytic theory d Josef Breuers work on hysteria B 239 When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown counselors refer to it as a individual psychology b confrontation c transference neurosis d insight D 240 C G Jung the founder of analytic psychology said men operate on logic or the _______ principle while women are intuitive operating on the _______ principle a Eros Thanatos b Logos Eros c reality pleasure d transference countertransference B 241 Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself his clients and dreams He called them a mandalas b projective drawings c unconscious automatic writing d eidetic imagery A 242 _______ emphasized the drive for superiority a Jung b Adler c Constructivist therapists d Freud and Jung B 243 The statement Sibling interaction may have more impact than parentchild interaction describes a Sigmund Freuds theory b Alfred Adlers theory c insight d Carl Jungs theory B 244 In contrast with Freud the neoFreudians emphasized a baseline measures b social factors c unconditional positive regard d insight B 245 The terms introversion and extroversion are associated with a psychoanalysis b Freud c Adler d Jung D 246 The personality types of the MyersBriggs Type Indicator MBTI are associated with the work of a psychoanalysis b Freud c Adler d Jung D 247 One of Adlers students Rudolph Dreikurs a created the TAT b was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice c was a noted Freud hater d created the hierarchy of needs B 248 Adler emphasized that people wish to belong This is known as a superiority b social connectedness c the collective unconscious d animus B 249 Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox Using this strategy a client who was a student in a counselor preparation program who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to a exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class b practice relaxation techniques for 10 to 20 minutes before the speech c practice rational selftalk d practice rational thinking A 250 Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as _______ and women to deny their masculine side known as _______ a Eros Thanatos b animus anima c anima animus d yin yang C 251 Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women The material that makes up the collective unconscious which is passed from generation to generation is known as a a hierarchy of needs b instinctual c paradox d archetypes D 252 Common archetypes include a the personathe mask or role we present to others to hide our true self b animus anima self c shadowthe mask behind the persona which contains idlike material denied yet desired d all of the above D 253 A client is demonstrating inconsistent behavior She is smiling but says that she is very sad about what she did When her counselor points this out to her the counselors verbal response is known as a active listening b confrontation c accurate empathy d summarization B 254 During a professional staff meeting a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6yearold boy from sucking his thumb then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering The counselor a is using the logic set forth in gestalt therapy b is using Donald Meichenbaums cognitive behavior modifi cation c is most likely a behaviorist concerned with symptom substitution d is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution D 255 An eclectic counselor a is analytic b is behavioristic c attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the clients attributes resources and situation d insists on including all family members in the treatment C 256 The word eclectic is most closely associated with a Frederick C Thorne b Freud c Piaget d Skinner A 257 A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of a cognitive dissonance b transference c countertransference d positive transference C 258 Lifestyle birth order and family constellation are emphasized By a Freud b Jung c Adler d Thorne and Lazarus C 259 A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities is most likely a a Freudian who believes in the unconscious mind b an Adlerian that believes behavior must be studied in a social context never in isolation c Rogerian who stresses the importance of the therapeutic relationship d a behavior modifier using a behavioral contract B 260 Existentialism is to logotherapy as _______ is to behaviorism a operants b associationism c Skinner d Socrates B 261 B F Skinners reinforcement theory elaborated on a Edward Thorndikes law of effect b Adlers concept of lifestyle c Arnold Lazaruss concept of the BASIC ID used in the multimodal therapeutic approach that is eclectic and holistic d symptom substitution A 262 Classical conditioning relates to the work of a E G Williamson b B F Skinner c Frankl d Ivan Pavlov D 263 An association that naturally exists such as an animal salivating when food is presented is called a an operant b conditioned c unconditioned d acquisition period C 264 Skinners operant conditioning is also referred to as a instrumental learning b classical conditioning c cognitive learning d learning via insight A 265 Respondent behavior refers to a reflexes b operants c a type of phobia d punishment A 266 All reinforcers a are plastic tokens b tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur c are secondary d do not raise behavior since negative reinforcement lowers behavior B 267 Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive negative stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive reinforcement and a is really the same as punishment b effectively lowers the frequency of behavior in young children c is not the same thing as punishment d is a psychodynamic conceptualization C 268 Punishment a is the same as negative reinforcement b is much more effective than reinforcement c decreases the probability that a behavior will occur d is used extensively in reality therapy C 269 In Pavlovs famous experiment using dogs the bell was the _______ and the meat was the _______ a CS UCS b UCS CS c CR UCS d UCS CR A 270 The most effective time interval temporal relation between the CS and the US a is irrelevantit does not influence the learning process b is 5 seconds c is the 05 level according to social scientists d is 5 or of a second D 271 Many researchers have tried putting the UCS ie the meat before the CS ie the bell This usually results in a increased learning b anger on the part of the dog c experimental neurosis d no conditioning D 272 Several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate using Pavlovs classical conditioning paradigm One day the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn Much to the chagrin of the students the poodle elicited a salivation response What had happened a experimental neurosis had obviously set in b extinction c stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation d stimulus discrimination C 273 The department chairman found the poodles response see question 272 to his horn humorous He thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn and not the original bell Indeed the graduate students were able to perform this task The poodle was now demonstrating a experimental neurosis b irradiation c pica d stimulus discrimination D 274 The department chair was further amused by the poodles tendency to be able to discriminate one CS from another see question 273 He thus told the students to teach the dog to salivate only to the horn on his Ford but not one on a graduate students Chevrolet truck In reality the horns on the two vehicles sounded identical The training was seemingly unsuccessful inasmuch as the dog merely took to very loud barking In this case a experimental neurosis set in b irradiation became a reality c borderline personality traits no doubt played a role d a covert process confounded the experiment A 275 In one experiment a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a fastfood cheeseburger The researcher then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog the cheeseburger This is known as a instrumental learning via shaping b positive reinforcement c extinction and the salivation will disappear d negative reinforcement C 276 John B Watsons name is associated with a Little Hans b Anna O c Little Albert d b and c C 277 During a family counseling session a 6yearold girl repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor who is obviously ignoring the behavior The counselor is practicing a negative reinforcement b chaining c reciprocal inhibition d extinction D 278 In general behavior modification strategies are based heavily on _______ while behavior therapy emphasizes _______ a instrumental conditioning classical conditioning b Pavlovian principles Skinnerian principles c Skinnerian principles Pavlovian principles d a and c D 279 A behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as the treatment of choice for a gentleman who wishes to give up smoking The counselor begins by taking a baseline This is accomplished a using hypnosis b by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention c using a biofeedback device d counterconditioning B 280 The first studies which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes were conducted by a E Thorndike b Joseph Wolpe c Neal Miller d Ivan Pavlov C 281 The significance of the Little Albert experiment by John B Watson and Rosalie Rayner was that a a phobia could be a learned behavior b it provided concrete proof that Skinners model was correct c it provided concrete proof that Pavlovs model was correct d none of the above A 282 John B Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to a cure b Skinner c Piaget d NLP A 283 In the famous Little Albert experiment a child was conditioned to fear a harmless white furry animal Historical accounts indicate that the child also began to fear a Santa Claus mask This would demonstrate a panic disorder with agoraphobia b stimulus generalization c an adjustment reaction d stimulus discrimination B 284 A counselor who says he or she practices depth psychology technically bases his or her treatment on a Pavlovs dogs b Mary Cover Jones c John B Watson d Freuds topographic hypothesis D 285 When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm she really means a she is nondirective b she is very directive c a treatment model d she is not a depth psychologist C 286 A man says My life has been lousy for the past six months The counselor replies Can you tell me specifically what has made life so bad for the last six months The counselor is a using interpretation b using summarization c using concreteness d using a depth psychology paradigm C 287 A client who is having panic attacks is told to practice relaxing his jaw muscle for three minutes per day The counselor here is using a concreteness b a directive c interpretation d parroting B 288 _______ is a biofeedback device a A bathroom scale b A DVD player c A digital clock d An analysts couch A 289 Johnny just loves MMs but doesnt do his homework The school counselor thus instructs Johnnys mom to give the child a bag of MMs every night after he finishes his homework This is an example of a punishment b biofeedback c a Pavlovian strategy d positive reinforcement D 290 Genuineness or congruence is really a identical to concreteness b selective empathy c the counselors ability to be himself or herself d an archaic Freudian notion C 291 Empathy is a the ability to understand the clients world and to communicate this to the client b behavioristic c a and b d the same as sympathy A 292 When something is added following an operant it is known as a _______ and when something is taken away it is called a _____ a negative reinforcer positive reinforcer b positive reinforcer negative reinforcer c extinction shaping d classical conditioning operant conditioning B 293 After a dog is conditioned using the wellknown experiment of Pavlovs a light is paired with the bell the CS In a short period of time the light alone would elicit the salivation This is called a extinction b token reinforcement c biofeedback d higher order conditioning D 294 A counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client raise the temperature in his right hand to ward off migraines He would utilize a a temperature trainer b EMG feedback c EEG feedback d EKG feedback A 295 A counselor discovered that a client became nervous and often experienced panic attacks when she would tense her frontalis muscle over her eyes The counselor wanted direct muscle feedback and thus would rely on a the Jacobson relaxation method b GSR feedback c EMG feedback d a simple yet effective mood ring C 296 According to the Premack principle an efficient reinforcer is what the client himself or herself likes to do Thus in this procedure a a lowerprobability behavior is reinforced by a higherprobability behavior b a higherprobability behavior is reinforced by a lower probability behavior c a and b are paradoxically both effective d none of the above A 297 A counselor who wanted to teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation would utilize a EMG feedback b GSR feedback c EEG feedback d EKG feedback C 298 A reinforcement schedule gives the guidelines or rules for reinforcement If a reinforcer is given every time a desired response occurs it is known as a an intermittent schedule b an extinction schedule c continuous reinforcement d thinning C 299 The two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules are the ________ based on the number of responses and the _______ based on the time elapsed a ratio interval b interval ratio c continuous ratio d interval continuous A 300 The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the a fixed ratio for example giving a child an MM for each five math problems she completes b fixed interval which describes the way most agency counselors are paid eg one time per month although the amount of work may vary from month to month c variable interval d variable ratio D 301 Joseph Wolpe created systematic desensitization a form of reciprocal inhibition based on counterconditioning His strategy has been used in individual and group settings When using his technique the acronym SUDS stands for a standard units of dysfunction b a given hierarchy of dysfunction c subjective units of distress scale d standard units of dysfunction scale C 302 A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own This is known as a a primary reinforcer b covert processing c secondary reinforcement d SUDS C 303 A teenager in a residential facility has earned enough tokens to buy his favorite brand of candy bar The candy bar is a a negative reinforcer b a backup reinforcer c an average stimulus d a conditioned reinforcer B 304 An alcoholic is given Antabuse which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol This technique is called a systematic desensitization b biofeedback c backup reinforcement d aversive conditioning D 305 A counselor decides to treat a clients phobia of flying utilizing Wolpes technique of systematic desensitization The first step in the anxiety hierarchy items would be a imagining that she is calling the airlines for reservations b imagining that she is boarding the plane c imagining a flight in an airplane d an actual flight in an airplane A 306 A counselor utilizes roleplaying combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive Assertiveness trainers refer to this as a conscious rehearsal b behavioral rehearsal c fixed role therapy d a and b B 307 Systematic desensitization consists of these orderly steps a autogenic training desensitization in the imagination and construction of the hierarchy b relaxation training construction of anxiety hierarchy in vivo desensitization and desensitization in imagination c relaxation training desensitization in imagination and construction of hierarchy d relaxation training construction of anxiety hierarchy desensitization in imagination and in vivo desensitization D 308 _______ is behavioral sex therapy a classical vegotherapy b orgone box therapy c conditioned reflex therapy d sensate focus D 309 A counselor has an obese client imagine that he is terribly sick after eating a highcaloric highfat meal The client then imagines a pleasant scene in which his eating is desirable This technique is called a behavioral rehearsal b in vivo sensitization c covert sensitization d in vivo desensitization C 310 One distinction between flooding also known as deliberate exposure with response prevention in recent literature and implosive therapy is that a implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination b flooding is always conducted in the imagination c flooding is always safer d implosive therapy is physically more dangerous A 311 Behavior therapists often shy away from punishment because a ACA ethics forbid the use of this technique b NBCC ethics prohibit the use of operant conditioning c extinction works more quickly d the effects of punishment are usually temporary and it teaches aggression D 312 A neophyte counselor discovers that her clients invariably give yes and no answers to her questions The problem is most likely that a the counselor is sympathetic rather than empathetic b the counselor is utilizing too many closedended questions c the counselors timing is poor in terms of interpretation d she is summarizing too early in the counseling process B 313 A client remarks that he was just dumped by his girl friend The counselor responds Oh you poor dear It must be terrible How can you go on living This is an example of a EMDR b accurate empathy c confrontation d sympathy D 314 A neophyte counselor is afraid he will say the wrong thing He thus keeps repeating the clients statements verbatim when he responds This is known as a desirable attending behavior b parroting and is not recommended c level 3 on the empathy scale d paradoxical intention B 315 Viktor Frankl is the Father of logotherapy which is based on existentialism Logotherapy means a healing through meaning b healing through the unconscious c logic cures d all of the above A 316 All of these philosophers are existentialists except a Plato and Epictetus b Sartre Buber Binswanger and Boss c Kierkegaard Nietzsche and Tillich d Heidegger Dostoevsky and Jaspers A 317 Although behavior therapy purports to be highly scientific it has been criticized on the grounds that it is reductionistic simplistic and does not deal with underlying causes Existential therapy on the other hand has been criticized for a being too shortterm b overemphasizing techniques c ignoring group strategies d being too vague regarding techniques and procedures D 318 Existentialists focus primarily on a the teenage years b the clients perception in the hereandnow c childhood traumas d uplifting childhood memories B 319 Existential counselors as well as Rogerian PersonCentered counselors adhere to what Buber called the IThou relationship which asserts that a the counselor is seen as a highly trained expert with answers b the relationship is vertical c the relationship is horizontal d empathy is not necessary C 320 Frankl is an existentialist So are a Ellis and Perls b Perls and Stampfl c Yalom and May d Janov and Beck C 321 Existentialists speak of three worlds the Umwelt or the _______ world the Mitwelt or the _______ world and the Eigenwelt or the _______ world a unconscious preconscious conscious b id ego superego c selfidentity relationship physical d physical relationship identity D 322 Frankls experience in Nazi concentration camps taught him a the value of SR psychological paradigms b that you cant control the environment but you can control your response c that blaming others can be truly therapeutic d how to blame the environment for our difficulties B 323 Existential counselors emphasize the clients a free choice decision and will b transference c slips of tongue d latent dream symbolism A 324 Existential theorists speak of phenomenology which refers to the clients internal personal experience of events and ontology which is a mental visualization for the treatment of cancer b the impact of cancer on emotions c a cancerous growth in the brain d the philosophy of being and existing D 325 Viktor Frankl is to logotherapy as William Glasser is to a rational therapy b reality therapy c rationalemotive imagery d RBT B 326 Reality therapy has incorporated a control theory later referred to as choice theory b rational imagery c TA principles d rolfing A 327 All of these statements regarding reality therapy are true except a the clients childhood is explored b excuses are not accepted c the unconscious is avoided d therapy is concerned primarily with the hereandnow According to choice theory the persons childhood may have A 328 A counselor who repeats what a client has stated in the counselors own words is using a contracting b confrontation c paraphrasing d parroting C 329 Most experts would agree that _______ is most threatening for clients as well as counselors a paraphrasing by the counselor b openended questions c role rehearsal d silence D 330 When the past is discussed in reality therapy the focus is on a failures b irrational internal verbalizations c transference issues d successful behaviors D 331 Glassers position on mental illness is that a it is best explained by DSM guidelines b diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible c it is best explained by ICD categories d it is the result of a deep internal conflict B 332 The relationship that the therapist has with the client in reality therapy is a detached but very empathic b like that of a warm caring mother c like that of a friend who asks what is wrong d friendly nevertheless punishment is used when it is appropriate C 333 Glassers theory was popularized in educational circles after he wrote a Choice Theory b The Interpretation of Dreams c Positive Addiction d Schools Without Failure D 334 Glasser suggested eight steps in the reality therapy process The final step asserts a that the client and counselor be persistent and never give up b that some problems will not respond to any known plan of action c that counselors should contract with the client for no more than five counseling sessions d that a client who does not respond to the first seven steps is most likely a borderline personality A 335 According to Glasser a positive addiction might be a jogging b gambling c playing the office football pool d playing professional football A 336 When a counselor reviews what has transpired in past counseling sessions he or she is using a paraphrasing b reflection c summarization d confrontation C 337 Glasser felt the responsible person will have a _______ identity a failure b success c diffused d crisisoriented B 338 William Glasser MD is to reality therapy as Albert Ellis PhD is to a Rationalemotive behavior therapy REBT b Transactional analysis TA c Assertiveness training AT d Gestalt therapy A 339 In Albert Elliss rationalemotive behavior therapy the client is taught to change cognitions also known as a selftalk b internal verbalizations c impulses d a and b D 340 The philosopher most closely related to REBT would be a Buber b Epictetus a stoic philosopher who suggested we feel the way we think c Locke d Jaspers B 341 REBT suggests the ABC theory of personality in which A is the _______ B is the _______ and C is the _______ a affect belief control b activating event belief system emotional consequence c affect behavior control d authenticity belief emotional consequence B 342 The ABC theory of personality postulates that the intervention that occurs at D _______ leads to E _______ a the dogmatic attitude effective behavior b direct living evaluation c disputing the irrational behavior at B a new emotional consequence d the emotional disease a new emotional consequence C 343 A counselor instructs her client to read A Guide to Rational Living by Albert Ellis and Robert Harper This is an example of a bibliotherapy b countertransference c musturbation d concreteness A 344 Shoulds and oughts are _______ according to Ellis a musturbations b masturbations c awfulizations d rational A 345 A client says I lost my job and its the most terrible thing in the world This client is engaging in a rational selftalk b selfinduced empathy c cognitive restructuring d awfulizing and terriblizing also known as catastrophizing D 346 Bibliotherapy is a form of a psychodynamic intervention b homework c displacement d musturbation B 347 Ellis feels that _______ is at the core of emotional disturbance a a trauma before age 5 b a current traumatic activating event c irrational thinking at point B d repression of key feelings C 348 Therapeutic cognitive restructuring really refers to a refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones b keeping a journal of irrational thoughts c allowing the client to purge feelings d uncovering relevant unconscious material A 349 Ellis most likely would not be impressed with a behaviorists new animal study related to the psychotherapeutic process since a he does not believe in the scientific method b the study would not take transference into account c Ellis thoroughly dislikes hypothesis testing d only man thinks in declarations internal sentences that can cause or ward off emotional discord D 350 Internal verbalizations are to REBT as _______ are to Glassers Choice Theory a contracting b pictures in your mind c lack of punishment d a therapeutic plan B

O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 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Of Mice and Men Study Guide CH 3 FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month What is Susys place CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT a brothel a cat house CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 13 Terms in this set 13 What is Susys place a brothel a cat house What does the popularity of Susys place show us Since the economic climate at the ranch prevents friendships from forming the men seek out connection even its only temporary with the women at Susys Place What are the two card games that George halfheartedly plays during this chapter euchre and solitaire What does Euchre symbolize Symbolically this shows that George is unwilling to CONNECT with Whit or that he doesnt want to COMPETE with the other men What does Solitaire symbolize Symbolically George really is alone Symbolically connect the dog to Candy Symbolically Candy is just the same as the old dog broken and a bit of a burden How much money does Candy have Candy has 300 Where did Candy get the money 250 as compensation for his lost hand and hes saved 50 plus 50 from next paycheck Why is Candy so keen to join George and Lennie on their dream farm Candy wants a home and a place to belong Why does Curley attack Lennie Lennie is smiling but Curley mistakenly thinks he is laughing at him At what point does Lennie reactdefend himself against Curleys attack When George yells out Get him Lennie Dont let him do it Whats the significance of Lennie defending hismself only after Geroge commands him to do so Lennie follows Georges command like a dog listening to his master What does Slim do to ensure that Lennie wont get fired after he maims Curley Curley agrees to say that his hand was caught in a machine so he wont get laughed at YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE Of Mice and Men Final Study Guide Of Mice and men 31 terms Of Mice and Men Study Question 31 terms Of Mice and Men Study Question OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR 20 terms The Cask of Amontillado Study Guide 54 terms Find the Prepositional Phrase 11 terms I vs Me 16 terms Nouns Concrete Abstract Common Proper THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH 10 terms English Of Mice and Men Chapter 2 QA 7 terms Of Mice and Men Study Guide CH 4 6 terms Of Mice and men chapter 5 57 terms English Julius Caesar

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


psychology test 4 Robert Sternberg distinguished among analyticalpractical and _____ intelligence creative Spearmans g factor refers to a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks The ability to control ones impulses and delay immediate pleasures in pursuit of longterm goals is most clearly a characteristic of emotional intelligence Although Nicole scored well above average on an academic aptitude test she frequently loses her temper and needlessly antagonizes even her best friends Her behavior best illustrates a low level of emotional intelligence In order to determine whether a childs intellectual development was fast or slow Binet and Simon assessed the childs mental age For the original version of the StanfordBinet IQ was defined as mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100 Fiveyearold Wilbur performs on an intelligence test at a level characteristic of an average 4yearold Wilburs mental age is 4 Object assembly picture arrangement and block design are three performance subtests of the WAIS When Brandon was told that he correctly answered 80 percent of the items on a mathematical achievement test he asked how his performance compared with that of the average test taker Brandons concern was directly related to the issue of standardization If a test yields consistent results every time it is used it has a high degree of reliability A test that measures or predicts what it is supposed to is said to have a high degree of validity A measure of intelligence based on head size is likely to have a ________ level of reliability and a ________ level of validity high low Academic aptitude test scores are most likely to predict accurately the academic success of ________ students high school Mr and Mrs Linkletter are parents of a mentally retarded child It is most likely that their child was born with an extra chromosome Which of the following observations provides the best evidence that intelligence test scores are influenced by heredity Identical twins reared separately are more similar in their intelligence scores than fraternal twins reared together Motivation is defined by psychologists as a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal For a thirsty person drinking water serves to reduce a drive Positive and negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior are called incentives On some college football teams players are rewarded for outstanding performance with a gold star on their helmets This practice best illustrates the use of incentives Which theory would be most likely to predict that rats are motivated to explore precisely those areas of an experimental maze where they receive mild electric shocks arousal theory According to Maslow our need for ________ must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for ________ adequate clothing selfesteem In a series of studies research participants were informed that personality test results indicated they were the type likely to end up alone later in life As a result they became ________ likely to underperform on aptitude tests and ________ likely to become aggressive toward someone who had insulted them less more Jeff who is 14 engages in rigorous tennis drills or competitive play at least four hours every day because he wants to master the sport and play on one of the best college teams in the country His goal and behavior best illustrate the concept of achievement motivation People who are high in achievement motivation prefer ________ tasks people who are low in achievement motivation prefer ________ tasks moderately difficult very easy or very difficult The JamesLange theory of emotion states that to experience emotion is to be aware of ones physiological responses to an emotionarousing event The idea that an emotionarousing stimulus is simultaneously routed to the cortex and to the sympathetic nervous system is central to the cannonbard theory According to the JamesLange theory we experience emotion ________ we notice our physiological arousal According to the CannonBard theory we experience emotion ________ we become physiologically aroused after at the same time as The twofactor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of ________ than does the JamesLange theory cognitive activity A therapist tells a patient who is afraid of elevators that his rapid breathing while on an elevator is not due to fear but is a natural consequence of too little oxygen in a small enclosed space With this new interpretation of his arousal the patient no longer dreads elevators The reduction in the patients fear is best understood in terms of the twofactor theory Activation of the sympathetic nervous system increases respiration and decreases salivation People are especially good at quickly detecting facial expressions of anger Men and women students watched film clips that were sad happy or frightening Measures taken during their viewing of films showed that the genders differed the most in their facial expressions of emotion The fact that people from widely different cultures display and interpret facial expressions of emotion in a similar manner best illustrates the impact of human genetic similarities People experience a mood shift when they switch from taking short shuffling steps to taking long strides and swinging their arms by their sides This best illustrates the behavior feedback phenomenon The term catharsis refers to emotional release Subjective wellbeing among university and college students is ________ with the extent to which love is valued and ________ with the extent to which money is valued positively correlated negatively correlated A measure of intelligence based on head size is likely to have a ________ level of reliability and a ________ level of validity high low Achievement tests are designed to assess learned knowledge or skills Spearmans g factor refers to a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks Tests of ________ measure what an individual can do now whereas tests of ________ predict what an individual will be able to do later achievement aptitude Current intelligence tests compute an individuals intelligence score as the amount by which the testtakers performance deviates from the average performance of others the same age When retested on the WAIS peoples second scores generally match their first scores quite closely This indicates that the test has a high degree of reliability Studies of adopted children and their biological and adoptive families demonstrate that with age genetic influences on intelligence become more apparent Babies in an Iranian orphanage suffered delayed intellectual development due to a deprived environment Which of the following observations provides the best evidence that intelligence test scores are influenced by heredity Identical twins reared separately are more similar in their intelligence scores than fraternal twins reared together A test of your capacity to learn to be an automobile mechanic would be considered an ________ test aptitude When Phoebe strongly disagrees with her sisters opinion she effectively controls her own anger and responds with empathy to her sisters frustration regarding their dispute Her behavior best illustrates emotional intelligence Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking knowing remembering and communicating cognition For the original version of the StanfordBinet IQ was defined as mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100 Experts would most likely agree that intelligence is an mental ability to learn from experience Most experts view intelligence as a persons ability to learn from experience solve problems and adapt to new situations If a test yields consistent results every time it is used it has a high degree of reliability Reported racial gaps in average intelligence scores are most likely attributable to enviornmental factors Howard Gardner identified a total of ________ relatively independent intelligences eight Fiveyearold Benjy has an IQ of 120 on the original version of the StanfordBinet His mental age is 6 A test that measures or predicts what it is supposed to is said to have a high degree of validity Standardization refers to the process of defining meaningful scores relative to a representative pretested group Robert Sternberg distinguished among analytical practical and ________ intelligence creative A 6yearold child has a mental age of 9 The childs IQ is 150 Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon designed a test of intellectual abilities in order to identify children likely to have difficulty learning in regular school classes If a test is standardized this means that a persons test performance can be compared with that of a representative pretested group The ability to delay immediate pleasures in pursuit of longrange rewards is most clearly a characteristic associated with emotional intelligence according to the triarchic theory of intelligence which of the following is not one of the three components of intelligence spatial intelligence on which commonly used IQ test would a person recieve a score on verbal intelligence performance intelligence and overall intelligence the weschler tests according to heritability estimates what percentage of the variability in IQ can be explained by genetics about half Howard Gardners theory can best be described as a theory of multiple intelligences which type of intelligence seems to be more influenced by environmental factors crystallized intelligence Hank is an exceptional cars salesman he is good at reading people and is often able to personally connect with a customer in ways that lead to a sale if howard gardner were to evaluate hank he would expect that hank was high in _____ intelligence interpersonal Mac has spent many years working as a plumber before that he attended a trade school to learn his skills He relies on his ______ intelligence when installing a water heating system crystallized Andy took a job placement test and the results stated he would be best suited to work in a team work environemnt The test indicated he was stable outgoing and friendly Two weeks later andy took the same test again tHE RESULTS SUGGESTED A CAREer with an independent work style because he was introverted and difficult to get along with this test is not reliable michale is 8 years old His mental age is 6 years old with this info his IQ is calculated at 75 Anna works for her brothers in their shop where they repair small engines Although anna has always enjoyed the technical work she sometimes owrries that she will never be as good as her brothers at repairing engines because she is a girl Annas fear illustrates _____ stereotype threat an external reward one is driven to pursue is an incentive which approach to motivation argues that biological unlearned patterns of behavior are the driving force behind your behaviors instincy theory which theory of motivation centers on the concept of homeostasis drive reduction theory according to maslow which of the following needs takes precedence over the others safety deciding to join a school club with the goal of making new friends is an example of approach social motives the three elements of an emotion are thoughts physical arousal expression which classic theory of emotion suggests that emotions are registered after your body becomes aroused jameslange theoyr which structure in the brain tastes incoming stimuli and reacts immediately to danger and threat amygdala which of the following facial expressions is your brain likely to react most quickly to angry face which of the following is not a typical function of emotions cardiovascular function which of the following is not a domain of emotional intelligence emotional vocabulary which theory explains why people injected with botox can experience reductions in emotional intensity facialfeedback theory Motives that guide us toward seeking positive social rewards are called ______ social motives while those that guide us to behaviors in order to move away from negative social consequences are known as _____ social motives approach avoidance which type of need must be met first according to Abraham Maslows hierarchy Physiological kelly is motivated by money and the many things she can buy with it Toby is motivated by his undertsanding that doing good things are important His actions reflect his belief which theory incorporates both these types of motivational causes expectancyvalue theory of the following which statement best expresses the order of events related to the james lange theory we see a threat our hearts race we feel fear according to research humans respond quickest to _____ emotional stimuli negative the ____ is the part of the brain that initialy registers emotion amygdala when you are hiking in the mountains you see a mountain lion if you were to react as the cannonbard theory suggests which of the following would be your response you would experience physiological changes and a feeling of fear simultaneously which of the following is not a basic emotion envy according to _____ facial expressions can determine our emotional experience facialfeedback theory which of the following individuals would be more likely to express shame or guilt mei from japan johanna is an exchange student from Norway staying with a family in Costa Rica Which emotion may she have the most difficulty recognizing in her host family jealousy YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE 65 terms psych 4 36 terms Unit 4 PSYC181 Practice Test 90 terms psych test 4 31 terms PSYC UNIT 4

O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Clin Chem Quiz18 FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month 1 sinoatrial node SA node 2 atrioventricular node AV node 3 right and left bundle branch 4 Purkinje fibers CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT The path of the electrical impulse of the heart is CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 36 Terms in this set 36 1 sinoatrial node SA node 2 atrioventricular node AV node 3 right and left bundle branch 4 Purkinje fibers The path of the electrical impulse of the heart is left atria The heart chamber that receives blood from the pulmonary veins is myocardium Which of these layers is made up of cardiac muscle and drives the pumping action of the heart hardening of the arteries Arteriosclerosis means Ischemia modified albumin The albumin cobaltbinding test is used to measure which of the following Metabolic syndrome The group of multiplex risk factors listed below for cardiovascular disease represents which of the following Abdominal obesity Atherogenic dyslipidemia Raised blood pressure Insulin resistance Prothrombotic state Hypertension abdominal obesity low HDLC high serum levels of CRP and elevated levels of homocysteine Risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease include which of the following Diagnose ST segment elevation myocardial infarction STEMI Clinical usefulness of BNP or NTPro BNP include all of the following EXCEPT Cardiac forms are never expressed in skeletal muscle Which of the following statements is true about cTnI It predicts the severity of atherosclerosis and is able to bind to damaged membranes and lipids The significance of CRP in the arterial wall is described as which of the following Deficiency of one of the B complex vitamins folate in particular Which of the following is a cause of hyperhomocysteinemia The natriuretic peptide that is the inactive form NTproBNP is 76 amino acids in length and it is Myoglobin CKMB cTnI Which of the following represents the correct sequence for the rise and fall of myoglobin CKMB and cTnI after an AMI Drawing blood samples periodically usually at prescribed time intervals over the course of the patients stay Serial sampling for cardiac biomarkers is defined as LpPLA2 Which of the following cardiac biomarker cotraffics with lowdensity lipoprotein Diagnosis monitoring risks stratification and therapeutic management The role of cardiac biomarkers includes which of the following The toxic effect of homocysteine on the endothelial lining of the arteries which causes plaque formation The atherogenic effect of homocysteine is Marker must return to normal in a relatively short period of time Characteristics of the ideal cardiac marker include all of the following EXCEPT It competes with plasminogen for binding sites thus interfering with clot lysis and increasing the risk of acute myocardial infarction AMI Lp a is considered a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis due to which of the following the T wave of the ECG Ventricular diastolerepolarization corresponds to the QRS complex of the ECG Ventricular systoledepolarization corresponds to coronary arteries Which of these arteries supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscle so that it can pump systole diastole Contraction of the heart muscle is called____________ relaxation of the heart muscle is called ______________ pericardium Which of these layers encases the heart accumulation of lipids in vascualr lesions Atherosclerosis means the P wave of the ECG Atrial systoledepolarization corresponds to right ventricle The heart chamber that pumps blood to the lungs is arteries carry blood away from the heart Which of these statement is true The Nterminus of albumin is altered in the presence of cardiac ischemia and continues during ischemia which means its blood concentrations rise quickly and remain elevated during an ischemic event An elevated ischemia modified albumin means that left ventricle The heart chamber that pumps blood to the entire body via the aorta is Troponin I troponin C and troponin T The troponin complex consists of which of the following right atria The heart chamber that receives blood from the vena cava is Patient history EKG or ECG serial sampling of blood for measurement of cTnI Which of the following represents an accepted protocol for making a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction Diffuses into the blood more quickly than CKMB Myoglobin is a good cardiac marker because it Congestive heart failure In which of the following diseases is measurement of brain type natriuretic peptide BNP is most useful Hardening of the arteries that occurs over a period of many years due in part to the abnormal accumulation of lipids Atherosclerosis is defined or described as

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

clin chem
sinoatrial node
atrioventricular node


1984 Study Guide Questions Chapters 18 Book One FLASHCARDS WRITE SPELL TEST MATCH GRAVITY Upgrade to remove ads Only 1month What bothers Winston CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT The ulcer on his ankle big brother and young pretty women CLICK THE ARROWS BELOW TO ADVANCE 1 48 Terms in this set 48 What bothers Winston The ulcer on his ankle big brother and young pretty women What is wrong with his society There is no privacy or freedom What are the three slogans of the Inner Party War is peace Freedom is slavery Ignorance is strength What are the four ministries The ministries of truth peace love and plenty What items are written in italics What Winston wrote down in his diary How does the Two Minute Hate work The screen shows enemies of the party so that everyone can have someone to hate at the same time What happens to Winston during the chant Winston tries not to join in but eventually does and begins to chant with the crowd What happens between OBrien and Winston The two locked eyes and Winston felt that there was a telepathic bridge between himself an OBrien where Winston believes that he thinks the same way as he does During the film p 11 how did the audience react They went crazy and began to yell jump around and even throw things at the screen What is thoughtcrime Its a thought directed against the party and Big Brother What are the Thought Police They are officers that arrest people for thought crimes Who are the Parsons and what do they represent The Parsons are Winstons neighbors and they represent the regular common people How do the Parsons children behave They behave like thought police and arent afraid to turn in their own parent they are also obnoxious and violent What is Winstons dream about OBrien He dreamt that he heard OBriens voice tell him to meet him in a place where there is no darkness What is announced on the news It was describing the floating fortress that had just been anchored between Iceland and the Faeroe Islands What is Winstons dream about his mother How does he feel about himself in that dream He has a dream that he sees his mother and his little sister in a sinking ship He notes that the only reason he survived was due to the fact that they sacrificed their lives for him He feels guilty and responsible What is his dream about the Golden Country The dream about the golden country was of the black haired girl taking her clothing off and running naked towards her It seemed undesirable at first to him What does he remember about the big events of the past Bombs Past Wars He doesnt remember much His mind has been erased but he remembers that Oceania was at war with Eastasia and not Eurasia The party constantly changes who they are at war with Explain the Party slogan Who controls the past controls the future who controls the present controls the past If you control the past you can control what people remember and events that took place in history You can control the future and events that happen in the future What does he know about the legends of Big Brother That Big Brother is known about in the 30s but really comes into the picture on the 60s Describe Winstons job He rewrites stories and articles that are in favor of Big Brother How is the past controlled The past is controlled by simply being able to change whatever they want in the past and having people not realize they are doing it What special literature music and entertainment is produced for the proletariat Proles Of political and ideological significance They read newspapers that only contained mostly sports crime astrology and fivecent novelettes movies with sex and sentimental songs composed mechanically How does Winston feel about his work What sort of creativity is involved Work is the greatest thing in life for him He values it There is creativity because he had to make up a whole person and make it believable What is the significance of Comrade Ogilvy He is a fictional character created for people to love Big Brother He was a war hero who was an official party member and died in battle People easily believe this and he is as memorable as Julius Caesar What is the problem with obtaining razor blades The party no longer makes them You can only buy them through the black market and it is illegal to own them The shortage of razor blades could be seen to represent the total control the state had over an individuals life What is revealed about the Inner Party philosophy in the discussion between Winston and Syme Whats revealed is that they are making Newspeak narrow the range of thought in society Big Brother doesnt want people to be able to think for themselves by having Newspeak there isnt going to be words for thoughtcrime Why does Winston feel that Syme will be vaporized He believes Syme is too intelligent He is aware of his surroundings and he is smart enough to realize what the party is doing He could betray them at any moment because he isnt as ignorant as the civilians Parsons brags about his children for doing what He is proud of his children for loving Big Brother He is proud that they are part of the junior spies and antisex league And also proud for having a desire to see people get hanged What is the significance of the telescreen announcment p 51 It signifies how easily the people swallow the information without even thinking about it Big Brother said they were going to reduce the chocolate but on the telescreen they were praising Big Brother for raising it when he really reduced it These people just believe anything What are Winstons feelings about the present time after he hears the cheerful announcement on the telescreen That the people are so ready to believe what ever Big Brother and the inner party say that they dont remember that the announcement was already made Winston predicts that certain people will be vaporized and that certain people will never be vaporized Who Why Winston does not buy into anything they are praising BB for He starts to think if things had always been this way Hes a little confused but he knows what hes talking about MrsParsons Vaporized Syme Vaporized HimselfVaporized OBrien Vaporized Parsons Survive because he is gullible JuliaSurvive because he believes she is part of the thought police or and amateur spy What is the purpose of marriage in the state The purpose is to marry and reproduce for the party There is no physical attraction or emotion involved What do Winstons memories about visiting a prostitute reveal about his attitudes towards sex and Oceania He likes sex but all of his experiences have been terrible Having sex with a prostitute is seen as a rebellion However the act itself is as ugly and tired as the old prostitute because the Party has done all it can to abolish love and pleasure through sex It seems to suggest that despite creating this situation on some fundamental level the Party cant control basic human urges How does Winston view the Proles He wishes he was one of them because they have more freedom than he does He views them as people who will be able to over throw big brother because there are more proles than party members How ware Proles controlled They were only allowed to read listen to certain music and watch certain movies so they werent controlled like the others were they still had feelings and a mind of there own and free Proles and animals are free Sometimes they control by dropping steamers in their communities What lieshalftruths does the Party teach about history The Lies and Halftruths are about the wars that they have been in Winston suspects that the Party lies about progress made since the war What Party claims does he doubt He doubted that they had more food more clothes better houses better recreationsThey lived stronger and bigger What is the story of Aaronson Jones and Rutherford They were vaporized for murder but he saw evidence picture of them in New York at the time of the crime They did not commit the crime and the Party knew the truth but punished them anyways Why is this story so meaningful for Winston It shows that the party has control over everyone and they can make innocent people confess to crimes they didnt commit Even if there is evidence that they are innocent they vanish What is Winstons unanswered question Was life better or worse before the Revolution Why does Winston go off on his own What activities is he missing out on He went for a walk through a prole neighborhood when he was supposed to be at the community center What is life like in the Proles end of London It is the slums of London where they have different rules than the citizens because of how little they are thought of also bombs are a regular occurrence What does Winston think about after his conversation with the old man in the pub Winston now makes a serious attempt to find a connection with the past Winston knows that his actions mean certain torture and death yet he continues to search hoping that he is not alone that someone else feels as he does What does Winston discover at Mr Charringtons shop A glass paperweight with coral inside of it a picture of St Clements church and a room above the shop that Winston briefly thought about renting What does Winston think when he sees the darkhaired girl outside Mr Charringtons shop He is sure that she is following him and is a spy for the Thought Police He also imagines smashing her in the head with a cobblestone or the paperweight he has just purchased How does ones own body betray a person Any subtle movement showing hate of the party can cost your life Why does Winston wonder about church bells ringing in London He isnt sure if he had ever actually heard church bells before but he feels like he might have YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE 16 terms 1984 ch 57 REVIEW 16 terms 1984 ch 57 REVIEW 23 terms 1984 Chapters 567 1984 OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR 32 terms Business Management Chapter 8 Vocabulary 14 terms Entrepreneurship Chapter 16 Vocabulary 34 terms Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 7 Vocabulary 30 terms Entrepreneurship Chapter 14 and 15 Study Guide THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH 9 terms 1984 Book 1 Chapter 6 86 terms 1984 Study Guide Chapters 110 Book Two and Three 85 terms 1984 TEST STUDY GUIDE 7 terms 1984 Chapter 4

B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O