In Philadelphia there have been victims of shootings so far this year Published July 23 2018 According to Philadelphia Police Department data there have been shooting victims from January 1 to of this year Watch the animation below of the number of shootings per day Use the slider to see shootings on a specific day January 2018 All shooting victims 0 Fatal shootings 0 Number of shooting victims by day Shooting totals by year The cumulative total of shooting victims per day by year 2018 2017 2016 Source Philadelphia Police Department Credit GARLAND POTTS and JARED WHALEN Staff

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Dealing with Patient Refunds at Your Practice PJ CloudMoulds Jul 14 2012 Medical Billing Collections Patients Payers Im sure youve seen the requests come across your desk for patient refunds This happens more when you have diligent staff that collects the copays coinsurance and deductibles so its not a bad problem to have Whats important is knowing when to refund the patient and when to hold on to their overpayment temporarily Typically you have a patient that comes in for an appointment and depending upon the visit type may not return within the same month or have multiple appointments throughout the month Based upon how quickly your billing department bills out your claims daily weekly monthly you might find that you have over collected from your patient This typically happens when a patients deductible has been met or the patients annual outofpocket max has been met If your diligent staff is still collecting that copay or coinsurance then this refund amount will be higher This is why it is so important to have that main contact with your billing department They should be able to review the insurance EOBs and know if the patient has met his responsibility Oddly enough this also seems to be the only time the patients review the EOBs they receive If you have five dates of service that the insurance company has processed but there is one that is outstanding The patient has overpaid by 150 and is calling your office asking where their money is as it has been a month and a half etc In the meantime the insurance company is now asking for chart notes and this date of service is aging out in your AR A good policy to create if you do not already have one is to implement that all dates of service must be paid by the insurance company prior to any patient Here are a few reasons why 1 The patients insurance has termed and they neglected to tell you In this case you can use the overpayment and apply it to any outstanding charges the patient has incurred 2 The insurance denies the claim for whatever reason they feel like using today and you still have the overpayment that you can apply to that date of service 3 The insurance company reverses a charge either from your office or another physician resulting in the patients deductible or outofpocket now not being completely met This means that the overpayment will now be applied to the date of service you have outstanding and you do not have to use your resources to bill the patient again The most important thing to remember is to communicate with your patient when there is an overpayment Investigate it thoroughly and explain to the patient that if they can make a few phone calls to the insurance company it will help move the insurance payment along This will allow you to release any overpayment that there might be The patient is the insurance companys customer They really want to keep them happy so asking the patient to step in and help get you paid is a great tool to utilize in situations like this More often than not if you go ahead and release that overpayment back to the patient while there are still outstanding claims you might have to end up sending them a bill The likelihood of obtaining payment on that bill is rather small and you will be out of legitimate payment for your services Find out more about PJ CloudMoulds and our other Practice Notes bloggers Resource Topics Partner Content Practice Expansion WorkLife Balance Medical Billing Collections Coding HIMSS

O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


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the

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WaveParticle

Duality

in

One

Image

April

Recent

observations

of

both

the

wave

and

particle

nature

of

a

plasmonic

field

a

field

produced

by

collectively

oscillating

electrons

on

the

surface

of

a

metal

in

a

single

image

have

led

to

headline

news

and

some

misunderstanding

Claims

about

the

possible

upending

of

the

principle

of

complementarity

which

states

that

one

can

not

simultaneously

observe

both

wave

and

particle

behavior

popped

up

in

the

media

recently

But

dont

worry

the

principle

of

complementarity

remains

upheld

WaveParticle

Duality

In

the

early

quantum

physics

developed

out

of

findings

that

electromagnetic

waves

could

behave

like

particles

when

striking

the

surface

of

a

metal

and

ejecting

an

electron

If

it

behaved

only

as

a

wave

then

increasing

the

amplitude

of

the

wave

would

increase

the

speed

of

the

ejected

electron

But

rather

than

increasing

the

speed

of

the

electron

the

increased

amplitude

just

increased

the

number

of

electrons

ejected

Physicists

also

found

that

the

frequency

of

the

light

wave

interacting

with

the

metal

surface

played

an

important

role

If

the

frequency

of

the

electromagnetic

wave

was

below

a

certain

value

which

depended

on

the

type

of

metal

then

no

electrons

were

ejected

If

the

frequency

of

light

was

continually

increased

above

the

minimum

value

then

the

ejected

electrons

had

greater

kinetic

energy

Einstein

proposed

in

that

the

electromagnetic

wave

striking

the

metal

surface

behaved

as

a

particle

called

a

photon

A

photon

is

a

localized

unit

or

packet

of

electromagnetic

energy

The

energy

a

photon

carries

equals

its

frequency

multiplied

by

a

constant

called

Plancks

constant

Planck

had

introduced

this

value

a

few

years

earlier

while

trying

to

fit

blackbody

radiation

data

When

the

photon

struck

the

metal

surface

it

ceased

to

exist

transferring

its

energy

to

the

electron

If

the

photon

had

the

minimum

frequency

needed

for

the

electron

to

be

ejected

then

the

electron

was

ejected

but

had

no

motion

upon

ejection

If

the

photon

had

a

greater

frequency

and

hence

a

greater

energy

the

electron

was

ejected

and

had

motion

which

could

be

measured

The

amount

of

energy

associated

with

the

electrons

motion

was

equivalent

to

the

energy

the

photon

had

above

the

minimum

required

amount

to

eject

an

electron

Physicists

built

greatly

upon

Einsteins

ideas

in

the

next

few

years

including

the

Bohr

model

introduced

in

by

Niels

Bohr

He

developed

a

quantized

model

of

the

hydrogen

atom

that

had

electrons

orbiting

a

nucleus

at

specific

values

of

radii

and

corresponding

energy

This

model

helped

to

explain

emission

spectra

that

were

observed

at

the

time

Transitions

from

an

upper

energy

level

to

a

lower

energy

level

corresponded

to

the

the

emission

of

a

photon

whose

energy

was

equal

to

the

difference

in

energies

between

the

two

levels

About

twenty

years

after

Einstein

introduced

the

idea

of

a

particle

nature

associated

with

an

electromagnetic

wave

de

Broglie

introduced

the

idea

of

a

wave

nature

associated

with

a

particle

Because

electromagnetic

waves

can

act

like

particles

and

have

momentum

described

also

by

the

special

theory

of

relativity

de

Broglie

suggested

in

that

particles

might

act

as

waves

The

relationship

between

the

momentum

of

a

photon

and

its

wavelength

is

de

Broglie

introduced

the

idea

that

the

wavelength

describing

a

particles

wave

nature

is

Nonrelativistic

particles

are

particles

moving

at

speeds

not

near

the

speed

of

light

The

momentum

of

a

nonrelativistic

particle

is

its

mass

multiplied

by

its

velocity

For

an

everyday

item

such

as

a

car

about

kg

moving

at

miles

per

hour

about

ms

the

wavelength

would

be

meters

which

is

too

small

to

be

measured

For

an

electron

traveling

at

one

quarter

the

speed

of

light

it

would

be

m

a

small

but

measurable

effect

Image

Credits

Alexandre

Prevot

SD

Dirk

and

Ulflund

respectively

from

left

to

right

via

Wikimedia

Commons

The

History

of

WaveParticle

Duality

Since

the

introduction

of

the

ideas

that

waves

can

behave

as

particles

and

particles

as

waves

there

have

been

an

incredible

number

of

experiments

that

support

these

ideas

and

no

experiments

have

presented

a

serious

problem

with

them

A

classic

example

is

the

doubleslit

experiment

monochromatic

coherent

light

shining

through

two

slits

which

produces

an

interference

pattern

at

a

distant

screen

does

so

also

for

particles

as

long

as

we

dont

try

to

determine

which

slit

the

particle

went

through

Diagram

of

double

slit

experiment

using

electrons

Image

Credit

NekoJaNekoJa

via

Wikimedia

Commons

Results

of

a

doubleslitexperiment

performed

by

Dr

Tonomura

showing

the

buildup

of

an

interference

pattern

of

single

electrons

Numbers

of

electrons

are

a

b

c

d

e

Image

Credit

Belsazar

via

Wikimedia

Commons

Complementarity

Upheld

We

need

both

wave

and

particle

descriptions

to

describe

completely

a

photon

or

electron

but

as

the

doubleslit

experiment

demonstrates

we

are

unable

to

simultaneously

measure

both

behaviors

If

we

try

to

measure

the

wave

behavior

then

we

only

see

wave

behavior

and

if

we

try

to

measure

the

particle

behavior

then

we

only

see

the

particle

behavior

This

is

known

as

the

principle

of

complementarity

The

image

below

is

a

big

deal

Never

before

has

a

single

image

been

taken

that

captures

both

wave

and

particlelike

behavior

However

this

is

not

capturing

wave

and

particle

nature

of

a

single

photon

or

single

electron

rather

it

captures

the

wave

as

the

field

exchanges

photons

energy

packets

with

a

beam

of

electrons

being

used

to

image

the

field

The

lower

portion

of

the

image

shows

the

projection

of

the

map

above

it

Quantization

can

be

seen

along

the

xaxis

while

the

wave

pattern

appears

along

the

yaxis

Image

Credit

Fabrizio

Carbone

EPFL

A

special

electric

field

known

as

a

surface

plasmon

polariton

SPP

field

is

confined

to

the

surface

of

a

metal

nanowire

The

field

can

not

move

perpendicular

to

the

surface

but

can

move

along

the

surface

and

therefore

it

can

interfere

with

reflected

fields

off

of

the

ends

of

the

nanowire

to

produce

a

standing

wave

pattern

much

like

a

resonant

wave

on

a

plucked

string

A

standing

wave

Image

Credit

LucasVB

via

Wikimedia

Commons

The

surface

field

is

produced

by

the

collective

oscillations

of

the

free

electrons

on

the

metal

surface

Standing

wave

patterns

resonant

patterns

are

induced

by

sending

a

pulse

of

nm

infrared

IR

laser

light

The

pulsed

laser

light

sets

the

collective

oscillation

of

electrons

on

the

surface

called

a

surface

plasmon

and

a

surface

plasmon

polariton

surface

field

is

created

The

term

polariton

is

used

to

define

the

fields

strong

coupling

to

a

dipolar

excitation

which

is

due

to

the

distribution

of

electrons

in

the

metal

nanowire

A

resonant

mode

is

obtained

by

adjusting

the

polarization

direction

of

electric

field

of

the

pulsed

infrared

laser

To

image

the

surface

field

the

scientists

probe

it

with

electrons

The

electrons

come

from

an

electron

gun

which

utilizes

the

photoelectric

effect

mentioned

earlier

A

pulsed

ultraviolet

UV

laser

strikes

a

metal

surface

ejecting

bunches

of

electrons

with

relativistic

speeds

The

electrons

are

detected

and

their

change

in

energy

is

measured

The

scientists

used

a

new

method

for

imaging

the

field

called

Photon

Induced

Nearfield

Electron

Microscopy

PINEM

and

utilized

an

ultrafast

energyfiltered

transmission

electron

microscope

By

measuring

how

the

electrons

energy

is

affected

the

scientists

observed

how

the

field

interacted

with

the

electrons

In

this

way

they

can

image

the

field

If

the

electrons

speed

up

then

energy

was

passed

to

the

electrons

from

the

field

and

if

they

slowed

down

then

energy

was

transferred

from

the

electrons

to

the

field

By

filtering

out

only

electrons

that

sped

up

and

imaging

how

many

electrons

came

from

a

given

location

around

the

nanowire

for

various

time

delays

they

mapped

out

how

the

standing

wave

pattern

evolved

over

time

on

the

surface

of

the

nanowire

The

standing

wave

is

formed

after

the

IR

pulse

reaches

it

then

the

peaks

and

troughs

of

a

standing

wave

pattern

oscillate

back

and

forth

The

nodes

however

remain

stationary

and

eventually

the

standing

wave

dissipates

As

the

electrons

approach

the

surface

field

they

get

accelerated

toward

or

away

from

the

field

depending

on

the

fields

direction

at

that

instant

If

the

electrons

are

speeding

up

toward

the

field

as

they

head

toward

the

detector

then

there

will

be

a

higher

electron

count

coming

from

that

location

than

a

location

they

are

not

being

pulled

toward

This

provides

information

about

the

spatial

variation

of

the

standing

wave

on

the

nanowire

allowing

for

imaging

of

the

wave

nature

of

the

field

on

the

wire

The

researchers

have

a

method

to

control

the

amount

of

time

between

creating

the

resonant

field

on

the

metal

nanowire

and

interaction

between

the

resonant

field

and

the

electrons

They

do

this

by

adjusting

the

time

between

the

IR

pulse

that

creates

the

resonant

field

and

the

UV

pulse

that

ejects

the

electron

bunches

This

allows

them

to

observe

in

time

how

the

resonant

field

evolves

on

the

surface

of

the

metal

nanowire

noting

that

nodes

of

a

resonant

wave

stay

nodes

in

time

and

peaks

turn

into

valleys

and

back

to

peaks

again

The

delay

time

can

be

controlled

to

within

femtoseconds

trillionths

of

a

second

As

a

comparison

our

modern

day

movies

usually

show

around

frames

per

second

In

contrast

these

scientists

were

viewing

about

two

trillion

frames

per

second

but

keep

in

mind

that

the

entire

process

occurs

over

times

much

less

than

a

second

When

an

electron

interacts

with

an

electromagnetic

field

it

exchanges

quantized

packets

of

energy

The

results

of

the

experiment

show

a

discrete

absorption

and

emission

spectra

when

the

time

delay

is

set

to

zero

The

scientists

measured

an

energy

quanta

of

eV

and

integer

multiples

of

that

energy

amount

See

Ref

Fig

By

filtering

out

the

electrons

to

only

view

electrons

increasing

in

energy

gaining

energy

packets

the

scientists

were

able

to

map

out

when

the

field

exchanged

an

energy

packet

photon

with

the

electron

By

overlapping

the

spatial

electron

intensity

information

for

a

zero

time

delay

with

the

energy

packet

exchange

information

the

scientists

were

able

to

capture

both

the

wave

nature

of

the

surface

field

and

its

particle

nature

exhibited

by

its

exchange

of

photons

with

the

imaging

electrons

Meanwhile

the

experiment

followed

the

rules

as

we

understand

them

of

quantum

mechanics

by

not

observing

simultaneously

the

wave

and

particle

nature

of

any

single

photon

Below

is

a

video

created

by

École

polytechnique

fédérale

de

Lausanne

EPFL

that

presents

this

information

in

another

way

Your

browser

does

not

currently

recognize

any

of

the

video

formats

available

Click

here

to

visit

our

frequently

asked

questions

about

video

Future

Work

The

scientists

are

now

working

on

filming

plasmonic

interferences

They

are

trying

to

see

the

limit

of

the

complementarity

principle

by

looking

at

single

electron

single

photon

exchanges

References

and

Resources

Piazza

L

et

al

Simultaneous

observation

of

the

quantization

and

the

interference

pattern

of

a

plasmonic

nearfield

doi

Stein

B

No

You

Can

not

Catch

An

Individual

Photon

Acting

Simultaneously

As

A

Pure

Particle

And

Wave

Inside

Science

March

HM

Doss

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Updated Jul 26 2013 Early pipes Pipes by line name AK Pipes by line name LZ Pipes not made in the USA Kaywoodie began as a line of pipes offered by KBB Kaufman Brothers Bondy in 1919 see also Dinwoodie Ultimately KBB changed its corporate name to Kaywoodie It became a brand of S M Frank Co from March 1955 Kaywoodie seconds Bentley US Devonshire The cloverleaf logo the round logo black cloverleaf in white circle or white cloverleaf in black circle was first used in 1937 Up until the late 40s this logo was used on all of the upper grades pipes The concomitant use of the plain white cloverleaf and the disk inlaid logo continued untill the early 80s Up until the late 1940searly 50s the logo was on top of the stem After that the logo was moved to the side of the stem exceptions exist The code see comments about President pipe Kaywoodie time line The Drinkless stinger patent The Synchro Stem patent A three hole stinger Early Kaywoodie 19191924 Left side Kaywoodie Arched over KBB In clover Right side 4223 KB B inside clover stamped on the shank The Drinkless Shellcraft Underside 07 The Drinkless Shellcraft The white logo has the shape of the Drinkless systeme which equipped these pipes from 1924 This Shellcraft has a push tenon and was thus crafted prior to 1930 No KBB clover stamped on the shank See also the Shellcraft as a Kaywoodie line and the recent Kaywoodie Shellcraft Made in Italy The Drinkless stinger patent The Drinkless Peer Left side The Drinkless Peer Right side Aged Bruyere 17 Push tenon and Drinkless stinger This pipe is marked with Drinkless on the shank on the stem and on the stinger It doesnt have the KBB shamrock logo nor any Kaywoodie stamping Nevertheless its caracteristics allow to identify it as an early Kaywoodie A 2 digits shape number 17 Dublin period 19241929 A push tenon pipe manufactured prior to 1929 Premier Left side KBB In clover Drinkless Premier Right side Aged Bruyere 29 The Premier line was produced only during a year 1928 From 1924 to 1929 about Kaufmann Brothers Bondy KBB stamped a 2 digit code on the pipes 29 in this case to indicate their shape The fact this pipe dates from this period is also confirmed by a push stem It illustrates a test period coming first to a Kaywoodie line and followed by the Kaywoodie brand Due to its Drinkless stamping this pipe is reported in the Kaywoodie section and not in KBB s Early Drinkless KBB in clover Drinkless Kaywoodie 0527 Gold foil clover inlay in stem 05 should be the shape code short shank billiard and the 27 1927 may be the production year Push tenon design presynchrostem Left side KBB In clover Drinkless Kaywoodie Right side Rock Ambera Aged Bruyere 7605 Bottom Synchrostem PAT APP FOR LA Rock Ambera Bakelite stem with appearance of amber These pipes had a black cloverleaf Period 1929 1931 More about the PAT APP FOR stamping Left side KBB In clover Drinkless Kaywoodie Right side Aged Bruyère 7704 KBB inside clover stamped on the shank was canceled in 1933 The lack of PAT APP FOR stamping would indicate the synchrostem patent was allready granted 1932 when this pipe was crafted Thus this pipe may be dated rather precisely The clover stamp with the KBB initials on the shank indicates a pipe crafted in the old KBB plant at Union City NJ prior to 1933 Early Super Grain Left side KAYWOODIE Super Grain Right side Grecian Briar 5123 Bottom Synchrostem PAT APP FOR The PAT APP FOR stamping being canceled in 1932 this pipe is one of the very first Super Grains produced More about the PAT APP FOR stamping The first Super Grains appeared in late 1931 or early 1932 They are the only pipes Kaywoodie produced with the shamrock inlaid in the shank and not on the stem Shank embedded logos were stoped by 1938 Differentiate an early Super Grain from a post WWII Super Grain Early President Left side KBB In clover Drinkless Kaywoodie Right side Aged Bruyere 7793 Bottom Synchrostem PAT APP FOR The PAT APP FOR stamping allows to date the pipe above 19291931 The shape called President is a Kaywoodies distinctive production It has never been copied Until late 1930s pipes were stamped with a 4 digit code this pipe 7793 The first 2 numbers 77 designate the style or finish The last 2 are the shape numbers 93 The numerical code may be reinforced by a letter for variants Thus the small President pipes are stamped 93S while the larger bear a 93L see also this Super Grain pipe Later Kaywoodie will cancel the 2 first stylefinish numbers keeping the 2 last shape numbers and the letter for variants ie Allbriar or Connoisseur Early Suntan Left side KBB in clover Drinkless Kaywoodie Right side Suntan Algerian Bruyere 7002 X The X that appears to the right of the shape number 7002 was stamped by Kaywoodie when the bowl was replaced under warranty Suntan period 1928late 1950s Made in England Suntan s have been produced more recently Early Thorn Bottom KBB in clover Drinkless Kaywoodie Thorn 7329 This early Thorn finish has the KBB inside clover stamped on the shank Thorn period 1928late 1950s KBB inside clover stamped on the shank was canceled in 1933 Early pipes Pipes by line name AK Pipes by line name LZ Pipes not made in the USA

O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Quilter Kids First Champions winner December Old Hales RFC Read more Sponsored Content about 14 hours ago Club statement 18 September 2018 Read more Club News 4 months ago 1st XV this Saturday 1415 Northern Division Durham Northumberland Division one South Shields Westoe Stockton South Shields Westoe vs Stockton Read match preview Match Centre about 14 hours ago 2019 recruitment Read more Club News 14 days ago 1st XV on Sat 15 Dec 1415 Northern Division Durham Northumberland Division one West Hartlepool 36 25 South Shields Westoe First Quarter Penalties Cost Dearly Read match report Match Centre 19 days ago Six nations International Tickets Read more Club News 29 days ago Six nations International Tickets Club News 29 days ago Quilter Kids First Champions winner December Old Hales RFC Sponsored Content about 14 hours ago Club statement 18 September 2018 Club News 4 months ago South Shields Westoe vs Stockton Match Centre about 14 hours ago 2019 recruitment Club News 14 days ago First Quarter Penalties Cost Dearly Match Centre 19 days ago View more activity Welcome A warm welcome from the South Shields Westoe RFC Family We are the Principal Rugby Club in South Tyneside Everyone is welcome to join our club from Under 6 Veterans 2nd Colts Team Sponsor Match Sponsor Sponsor Sponsor Gaming Sponsor Sponsor Club Sponsor

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Pixelmator

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Whats

New

Tutorials

FAQ

Replace

a

Color

Easy

way

to

replace

one

color

with

another

and

have

lots

of

fun

while

doing

it

with

Back

to

all

Tutorials

Tutorial

Comments

ikir

April

at

pm

Awesome

and

simple

Marco

April

at

am

Very

useful

Thanks

Mark

April

at

am

Is

there

an

easier

way

to

specify

the

target

colour

sliders

can

be

very

imprecise

Ausra

April

at

am

Mark

you

can

select

colors

with

any

of

the

selection

tools

Stan

Dubin

April

at

am

Just

purchased

your

product

and

now

watching

your

tutorials

So

far

so

very

good

Doug

May

at

pm

Love

the

wheel

Cool

nina

June

at

am

omg

best

thing

ever

Ive

been

trying

to

change

the

colors

of

my

pictures

ever

since

i

got

pixelmator

Thomas

Wilkinson

June

at

am

Is

there

any

way

to

specify

the

replacement

colour

Not

the

colour

that

you

are

selecting

to

be

replaced

but

the

colour

you

would

like

that

colour

to

be

replaced

with

I

dont

find

the

colour

wheel

is

easy

enough

to

match

to

the

colours

that

I

want

added

in

Ausra

July

at

am

Thomas

You

can

try

a

different

workflow

First

select

an

area

using

any

of

the

selection

tools

then

use

the

Fill

dialog

to

fill

with

a

particular

color

Vlaadimir

July

at

am

Hi

I

want

to

check

out

how

my

bike

will

look

like

if

I

paint

fuel

tank

the

same

color

as

frame

So

i

need

to

replace

color

of

tank

red

with

color

of

the

frame

goldish

Cant

get

the

desired

color

with

the

wheel

of

color

replacement

With

fill

dialog

I

get

tank

painted

with

solid

color

with

no

semitones

or

shadows

result

is

like

drawing

a

shape

and

filling

it

with

one

color

Is

there

any

way

to

solve

this

issue

in

PS

you

can

change

color

and

its

tones

for

ex

change

color

of

car

from

blue

to

red

Tnx

Alfons

August

at

pm

I

love

this

Just

bought

Pixelmator

based

on

hearsay

about

how

nice

and

efficient

its

UI

is

supposed

to

be

No

I

find

a

new

knack

on

functions

like

this

or

dragging

the

paint

bucket

for

tolerance

Thanks

for

this

great

and

affordable

image

editor

Michelle

September

at

am

How

do

you

get

to

the

effects

browser

Ausra

September

at

am

Michelle

here

is

a

quick

video

about

the

Effects

Browser

httpwwwpixelmatorcomeffectsbrowser

Thomas

September

at

am

Is

there

a

way

to

choose

exactly

the

replacement

color

other

than

with

the

wheel

Michael

September

at

pm

I

have

tried

with

two

different

images

to

replace

black

with

another

color

and

have

not

been

successful

I

am

new

to

this

kind

of

software

Any

tips

jcdejong

October

at

am

Ausra

I

dont

get

what

you

mean

by

that

As

Mark

I

think

I

want

to

accomplish

the

same

thing

I

want

to

replace

with

but

cant

select

a

color

even

close

to

whit

the

slider

Ausra

October

at

am

jcdejong

you

can

replace

solid

colors

using

other

tools

such

as

Fill

or

the

Paint

Bucket

Tool

You

can

pick

specific

color

in

the

Colors

palette

bgreens

November

at

am

Ausra

It

appears

that

you

have

the

most

knowledge

on

the

issues

related

to

having

more

control

for

the

destination

color

As

Vladdimir

points

out

simply

selecting

a

color

and

using

fill

just

replaces

a

single

color

with

a

single

color

The

replace

tool

is

useful

for

it

selection

of

the

main

color

as

well

as

scattered

tones

and

hues

The

question

then

is

whether

there

is

a

selection

method

that

replicates

the

range

of

colors

selected

during

the

color

replace

functionality

and

then

to

fillreplace

that

range

with

a

range

around

a

single

color

From

everything

Ive

seen

this

The

odd

thing

is

that

it

is

not

clear

why

the

replace

functionality

is

based

on

a

color

wheel

and

not

just

hexidecimal

input

Ausra

November

at

pm

bgreens

the

Replace

Color

Tool

is

designed

that

way

at

this

moment

however

the

feedback

is

noted

and

well

see

how

we

can

improve

it

Tommy

November

at

pm

The

Pixelmator

can

do

the

same

thinks

so

the

Adobe

Photoshop

Its

great

Mali

Deshan

Currington

January

at

am

I

noticed

that

the

replace

color

tool

does

not

work

when

the

color

you

want

to

change

from

is

black

Ausra

January

at

pm

Mali

try

adjusting

the

Saturation

and

Lightness

sliders

It

should

work

then

Dee

March

at

pm

Im

trying

to

replace

white

with

black

and

cant

seem

to

get

this

to

work

what

am

I

doing

wrong

In

fact

I

cant

get

any

colour

to

replace

is

it

something

to

do

with

layers

Ausra

March

at

pm

Dee

yes

it

might

due

to

layers

Have

you

checked

if

the

selected

layer

contains

the

image

where

you

try

replacing

color

Torg

March

at

pm

I

want

to

do

about

the

reverse

of

this

I

have

a

photograph

and

I

want

to

have

it

on

a

background

that

matches

the

color

of

something

in

the

photo

For

example

lets

say

there

is

a

red

hat

I

want

to

have

the

picture

with

the

red

hat

on

a

background

that

matches

the

red

hat

I

feel

like

the

eye

dropper

tool

might

be

needed

Suggestions

Cemlyn

March

at

am

HI

Love

the

software

Getting

to

grips

with

it

Hit

a

snag

On

the

Replace

Colour

I

cant

get

the

colour

I

want

For

example

on

most

of

my

photos

I

cant

get

a

white

for

the

replacement

I

can

select

a

colour

adjust

how

much

is

to

be

replaced

and

then

turn

the

colour

wheel

but

I

can

not

select

the

colour

I

want

in

this

example

white

Am

I

missing

something

Ausra

March

at

am

Cemlyn

try

adjusting

the

Saturation

and

Lightness

sliders

for

more

colors

JD

June

at

am

This

feature

is

terrible

This

is

the

one

thing

about

Pixelmator

that

I

hate

I

have

a

very

small

line

that

is

black

that

I

need

to

be

blue

There

are

a

lot

of

black

areas

on

the

image

Layers

dont

seem

to

work

Other

paint

programs

have

it

down

Select

color

to

replace

with

one

click

Select

color

you

want

it

to

be

with

another

click

Adjust

how

exact

you

want

the

color

to

be

exchanged

Paint

over

the

top

of

the

image

as

you

go

the

color

is

replaced

If

its

not

working

you

can

readjust

how

exact

you

want

it

This

has

always

worked

much

better

I

have

to

use

multiple

paint

programs

because

Pixelmator

has

to

do

it

their

own

way

and

its

a

way

Ive

never

found

a

use

for

Jez

Fernandez

June

at

am

Ive

been

trying

to

replace

colours

with

a

specific

colour

and

this

tutorial

doesnt

show

you

the

best

way

Like

many

others

Im

a

Macdesign

novice

and

learning

a

lot

of

stuff

as

I

go

I

had

an

icon

of

some

footsteps

which

were

in

an

orangebrown

colour

I

wanted

to

recolour

these

to

the

palette

we

use

for

Leadership

Management

a

specific

shade

of

green

I

clicked

on

the

Paint

Bucket

Fill

tool

and

then

used

the

normal

colour

selector

in

which

my

shade

of

green

is

already

stored

Having

selected

the

green

I

wanted

I

then

chose

the

Colourize

effects

option

Hey

presto

my

footsteps

changed

to

the

right

shade

of

green

This

I

think

is

the

best

tool

to

use

if

you

want

to

colourise

to

a

specific

colour

I

should

add

that

my

footsteps

were

on

a

white

background

so

Im

not

sure

if

that

helped

make

the

process

easier

Hope

that

helps

Caleb

June

at

pm

for

being

able

to

replace

with

a

specific

color

Thats

absolutely

necessary

in

my

workflow

and

I

cant

use

Pixelmator

because

of

itthe

fill

bucket

is

not

the

same

thing

Simon

Gardener

June

at

pm

Count

me

in

as

another

in

the

Needs

to

substitute

a

specified

colour

camp

Nice

product

cant

use

for

this

tool

though

Looking

forward

to

the

next

version

with

fingers

crossed

Kayla

July

at

pm

So

basic

yet

so

stunning

Love

it

thanks

for

sharing

Flemming

July

at

pm

I

also

add

a

vote

for

being

able

to

specify

the

replacement

color

and

only

affect

a

small

part

of

the

image

I

like

the

workflow

that

JD

describes

that

would

also

help

me

accomplish

my

task

Remco

July

at

am

Again

no

video

here

but

can

be

seen

here

Don

Morris

August

at

pm

I

agree

the

color

wheel

is

nearly

useless

for

replacing

colors

because

there

is

no

precision

in

selecting

a

color

It

would

be

so

convenient

to

select

a

base

replacement

color

that

would

take

on

the

intensitysaturationlightness

I

dont

know

which

of

the

target

colors

And

no

the

video

on

this

page

isnt

working

Leon

August

at

am

Really

useless

if

can

not

replace

with

a

color

which

can

be

drop

selected

Gianfranco

Cecconi

November

at

pm

The

video

does

not

work

in

either

Safari

or

Chrome

in

MacOS

Mavericks

Arnold

August

at

pm

one

problem

i

have

changing

the

colour

you

can

not

choose

a

specific

colour

code

I

need

this

so

I

can

consistently

use

the

same

colour

Is

there

a

way

to

do

this

Russell

October

at

pm

I

agree

with

the

other

comments

the

ability

to

specify

the

replacement

color

exactly

rather

than

a

wheel

would

be

a

superb

improvement

BluesBrother

October

at

pm

A

major

shortcoming

of

this

feature

IMO

is

that

it

cant

be

used

to

change

the

colors

black

or

white

Theres

no

error

message

if

you

attempt

to

do

this

it

just

doesnt

do

anything

leaving

you

to

wonder

why

it

isnt

working

As

an

example

of

where

you

might

want

to

do

this

suppose

you

want

to

change

the

ink

color

or

a

scanned

black

signature

on

a

white

background

to

some

other

color

such

as

blue

David

Bombardier

April

at

pm

FIVE

YEARS

of

people

pleading

here

to

be

able

to

specify

the

destination

color

and

nothing

from

Pixelmator

Thanks

for

nothing

This

is

not

professional

grade

software

Jennifer

May

at

pm

For

some

reason

it

wont

work

for

me

William

June

at

pm

Same

here

the

feature

is

unusable

as

long

as

we

can

not

pick

a

specific

color

mau

lopez

August

at

am

Impressive

and

powerful

Im

just

watching

all

the

tutorial

in

order

and

I

am

very

impressed

with

the

power

and

usability

of

Pixelmator

completely

Mac

style

Love

it

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Missions to Mars Mars has historically been unfriendly to Earths attempts to visit it More missions have been attempted to Mars than to any other place in the Solar System except the Moon and about half of the attempts have failed Some of these failures occurred because Mars was the first planet Earth attempted to explore and the early exploration attempts taught us many lessons that have made subsequent missions more successful But many failures have occurred relatively recently proving again and again that space exploration is very very difficult But since 1996 Mars exploration has undergone a Renaissance with data from four Active missions ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter MAVEN Mars Orbiter Mission Curiosity Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity Mars Express 2001 Mars Odyssey Future missions InSight ExoMars Rover Mars 2020 Past missions PhobosGrunt Yinghuo1 Phoenix Mars Exploration Rover Spirit Mars Polar Lander Nozomi Mars Climate Orbiter Mars Pathfinder Sojourner Mars 96 Mars Global Surveyor Mars Observer Phobos 2 Phobos 1 Viking program Mars 4 5 6 7 Mars 2 3 Mariner 9 Kosmos 419 Mariner 8 Mars 1969a b Mariner 6 7 Zond 2 Mariner 4 Mariner 3 Mars 1 Korabl 11 13 Korabl 4 5 Active Missions ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter Mars orbiter and lander ESA Launch March 14 2016 Mars orbit insertion October 19 2016 This first mission of ESAs ExoMars program consists of a Trace Gas Orbiter plus an Entry descent and landing Demonstrator Module known as Schiaparelli which transmitted data during its descent before crash landing on the martian surface The main objectives of this mission are to search for evidence of methane and other trace atmospheric gases that could be signatures of active biological or geological processes and to test key technologies in preparation for ESAs contribution to subsequent missions to Mars Links All Planetaryorg Coverage ESA Wikipedia Back to top MAVEN Mars orbiter NASA Launch November 18 2013 Mars orbit insertion September 22 2014 MAVEN which stands for Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission has provided firstofitskind measurements to address key questions about Mars climate and habitability and improve understanding of dynamic processes in the upper Martian atmosphere and ionosphere Links All Planetaryorg Coverage NSSDC Wikipedia NASA Facebook Twitter Back to top Mars Orbiter Mission MOM Mars orbiter ISRO Launch November 5 2013 Mars orbit insertion September 24 2014 Sometimes referred to by the nickname Mangalyaan the Mars Orbiter Mission is Indias first interplanetary spacecraft It is primarily a technology demonstration mission that carries a small 15kilogram payload of 5 science instruments It entered orbit at Mars in September 2014 just two days after the arrival of NASAs MAVEN mission The orbit is highly elliptical from 387 to 80000 kilometers Links All Planetaryorg Coverage ISRO website Facebook page Wikipedia nasaspaceflightcom unmannedspaceflightcom Back to top Curiosity Mars Science Laboratory MSL Mars rover NASA Launch November 26 2011 Landing August 6 2012 Curiosity is the next generation of rover building on the successes of Spirit and Opportunity It landed in Gale Crater the location of a 5 km tall mound of layered sedimentary material which Curiosity has found was at least partially deposited in a lake setting The rover has also made key discoveries such as the detection of organic material After a 2Earthyear trek from its landing site it is now entering the foothills of the mound dubbed Mount Sharp or Aeolis Mons where it will then start its ascent up the mound Links All Planetaryorg Coverage NSSDC Wikipedia JPL USGS UnmannedSpaceflight Back to top Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter In orbit at Mars NASA Launch August 12 2005 Mars arrival March 10 2006 The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is searching for evidence of past water on Mars using the most powerful camera and spectrometer ever sent to Mars Its cameras are also helping in the search for landing sites for future Mars rovers and landers and to monitor martian weather on a daytoday basis Links All Planetaryorg Coverage NSSDC Wikipedia JPL HiRISE images MARCI weather reports Back to top Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity Currently roving across Mars NASA Launch July 7 2003 Landing January 24 2004 Opportunity landed in Meridiani Planum at 3544742E 19483S immediately finding the hematite mineral that had been seen from space by Mars Global Surveyor After roving more than 33 kilometers Opportunity arrived at the 22kilometerdiameter crater Endeavour a target it is currently exploring Links Planetary Society MER Updates NSSDC Wikipedia JPL UnmannedSpaceflight Back to top Mars Express and Beagle 2 Currently in orbit at Mars failed lander ESA Launch June 2 2003 Mars arrival December 26 2003 Five days before its arrival Mars Express successfully pushed off the tiny 30kilogram Beagle 2 geochemical lander Although it had functioned successfully throughout cruise the lander was never heard from again Beagle 2 may have landed too hard the victim of an unexpectedly thin atmosphere at the time of its arrival Mars Express successfully entered orbit on December 26 and immediately began returning stunning 3D color images Mars Express has detected surprising concentrations of methane and evidence for recent volcanism on Mars Its radar sounder MARSIS was deployed late in the mission due to spacecraft safety concerns but is functioning well Links NSSDC Wikipedia ESA HRSC images Back to top 2001 Mars Odyssey Currently in orbit at Mars NASA Launch April 7 2001 Mars arrival October 24 2001 Mars Odyssey is capturing images of the Martian surface at resolutions between those of Viking and Mars Global Surveyor and is making both daytime and nighttime observations of the surface in thermal infrared wavelengths at resolutions higher than ever before It has detected massive deposits of water lying below Mars surface in nearpolar regions and widespread deposits of olivine across the planet indicating a dry past for Mars The MARIE instrument measured the radiation environment at Mars to determine its potential impact on human explorers and found them to be 2 to 3 times higher than expected Odyssey also serves Links All Planetaryorg Coverage NSSDC Wikipedia JPL THEMIS images Back to top Future Missions ExoMars Rover Future rover ESA Launch 2018 planned ESAs ExoMars 2020 mission will deliver a European rover and a Russian surface platform to the surface of Mars A Proton rocket will be used to launch the mission which will arrive to Mars after a ninemonth journey The ExoMars rover will travel across the Martian surface to search for signs of life It will collect samples with a drill and analyze them with nextgeneration instruments ExoMars will be the first mission to combine the capability to move across the surface and to study Mars at depth Links All Planetaryorg Coverage ESA Wikipedia Back to top InSight Future lander NASA Launch May 2018 Arrival January 2019 InSight Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations Geodesy and Heat Transport is a Mars lander full of geophysical instruments Using a seismometer heat flow probe and precision tracking it seeks to explore the deep interior of Mars and improve our understanding of the formation of terrestrial planets The mission was originally planned to launch in March 2016 but problems with the seismometer resulted in a launch delay to 2018 Links All Planetaryorg Coverage NASA Wikipedia Facebook Twitter Back to top Mars 2020 Future rover NASA Launch July 2020 planned Arrival March 2021 The Mars 2020 rover largely based on the Curiosity rover is an astrobiologygeared mission to look at surface geology and assess past and present habitability and the potential for preservation of biosignatures Links All Planetaryorg Coverage NASA Wikipedia Back to top Past Missions PhobosSoil PhobosGrunt Failed sample return mission to Phobos Russia Launch January 15 2012 PhobosGrunts modified Fregat upper stage of failed to ignite after launch and the spacecraft crashed into the southern Pacific ocean Back to top Yinghuo1 Failed Mars orbiter China Launch January 15 2012 piggybacked on PhobosGrunt Yinghuo1 crashed with PhobosGrunt Back to top Phoenix Successful lander NASA Launch August 4 2007 Mars arrival May 25 2008 Last communication November 2 2008 Phoenix landed near Mars north pole to study the water ice found close to the surface there Its arm dug trenches into the soil and delivered samples to sophisticated chemical analysis instruments The mission ended when winter temperatures and cloud cover led to depletion of solar power which was expected The mission was declared concluded on November 10 2008 after engineers we unable to establish contact with the lander After unsuccessful attempts to contact the lander with the Mars Odyssey orbiter up to and past the martian summer solstice on May 12 2010 JPL declared the lander to be dead Back to top Mars Exploration Rover Spirit Successful Mars rover NASA Launch June 10 2003 Landing January 3 2004 Contact lost March 22 2010 Spirit landed on Mars within Gusev crater at 145718S 1754785 E The initial panorama showed a rockstrewn site similar to Pathfinders Spirit had to rove several kilometers across Mars and into its extended mission before it found evidence for past water It was hobbled by one stuck wheel for many years and finally became stuck in fluffy sand Unable to move into a favorable position to keep the battery charged through winter the rovers power was eventually drained After numerous failed attempts to contact the rover the mission officially ended on May 24 2011 You can read a detailed history of Spirits mission in our MER Updates section Back to top Mars Polar Lander Failed Mars lander 2 penetrators NASA Launch January 3 1999 Attempted landing December 3 1999 When Mars Polar Lander arrived at Mars it turned its antenna away from Earth to prepare for its entry into the Martian atmosphere This was the last time controllers heard from the spacecraft A review board determined the most likely cause for the loss of mission was a faulty software system that may have triggered the retrorockets to turn off early causing the lander to crash The spacecraft had carried The Planetary Societys Mars Microphone to Mars the first privately funded hardware provided to a planetary mission Two microprobes Amundsen and Scott were piggybacked on the lander and expected to Back to top Nozomi PlanetB Failed Mars orbiter ISAS Launch July 3 1998 Mars flyby December 14 2003 Originally scheduled to arrive at Mars in October 1999 Nozomi failed to gain enough speed during an Earth flyby on December 21 1998 The spacecraft also used much more fuel than predicted A looping trajectory was developed including two more Earth flybys to return Nozomi to Mars for orbit insertion in December 2003 But on April 21 2002 a powerful solar flare damaged Nozomis computer As a result Nozomis hydrazine fuel froze during the long interplanetary trek and mission controllers were unable to place it into orbit Nozomi flew by Mars at a distance of 1000 kilometers 600 miles and Back to top Mars Climate Orbiter Failed Mars orbiter NASA Launch December 11 1998 Mars Climate Orbiter was lost on September 23 1999 when a mathematical conversion error placed the spacecraft too close to Mars at the time of orbital insertion Mars Climate Orbiter carried a few reflown instruments from Mars Observer marking the second failures for those experiments Back to top Mars Pathfinder Sojourner Successful Mars lander rover NASA Launch December 4 1996 Mars arrival July 4 1997 Mars Pathfinders successful airbagassisted landing was the first successful mission to the Martian surface since Viking 20 years earlier The landing site was near the mouth of Ares Vallis at 1933N 3355W On July 6 1997 the sixwheeled rover named Sojourner in a Planetary Societyrun contest rolled off a ramp and onto the Martian surface The lander now named the Sagan Memorial Station for The Planetary Societys cofounder Carl Sagan returned many images as well as weather data The original mission was scheduled to last for 30 days but the lander and Sojourner continued to transmit data until September 27 Back to top Mars 96 Failed Mars orbiter lander 2 penetrators Russian Space Agency Launch November 16 1996 The rocket carrying the spacecraft launched successfully but its fourth stage ignited prematurely and sent the spacecraft crashing into the ocean Several of the science instruments originally built for Mars 96 were later flown on ESAs Mars Express Back to top Mars Global Surveyor Highly successful orbiter NASA Launch November 7 1996 Mars arrival September 12 1997 Contact lost November 5 2006 Mars Global Surveyor was the first completely successful Mars orbiter since Viking 1 shut down in 1980 The start of Mars Global Surveyors science mission was delayed due to a problem with one of its solar panels that caused its aerobraking period which reduced its initial orbit from an ellipse to a lowaltitude near circular one to last for a year and a half Once science operations began in March 1999 Mars Global Surveyor provided scientists with a wealth of images and data including the highestresolution images yet achieved from orbit Many of the Mars Observer instruments were reflown on Back to top Mars Observer Failed Mars orbiter NASA Launch September 25 1992 Contact lost August 21 1993 Mars Observer was designed to study the Red Planet from orbit On August 21 1993 only three days away from Mars all contact with the spacecraft was suddenly lost Scientists were unable to determine the cause of the failure It is possible that Mars Observer followed its onboard program and is in orbit around Mars However the results of failure investigations suggest that a fuel line ruptured during tank pressurization which would have caused the spacecraft to spin uncontrollably and fail to enter orbit Most of the science instruments that were originally built for Mars Observer were eventually reflown on Back to top Phobos 2 Mostly failed Mars orbiter 2 Phobos landers Launch July 12 1988 Mars arrival January 29 1989 Phobos 2 was designed to orbit Mars and land a hopper and a lander on the surface of Phobos The spacecraft successfully went into orbit and began sending back preliminary data Then on March 27 1989 just before the spacecraft was to move within 50 meters of Phobos and deploy the two landers the spacecrafts onboard computer malfunctioned and the mission was lost Back to top Phobos 1 Failed Mars orbiter USSR Launch July 7 1988 Phobos 1 was designed to study the Sun and interplanetary space while on its way to Mars Once in orbit around Mars it was going to study the Red Planet and take closeup images of its moon Phobos However on September 2 1988 only two months in to the flight controllers on the ground accidentally uploaded software containing a command that deactivated the spacecrafts attitude control thrusters The spacecraft then turned its solar panels away from the Sun and was unable to recharge its batteries As a result the mission was lost Back to top Viking 2 Successful orbiter lander NASA Launch September 9 1975 Mars arrival August 7 1976 Mars landing September 3 1976 The Viking 2 lander touched down in the Utopia Planitia on the opposite side of the planet and almost 1500 kilometers closer to the north pole than Viking 1 at 4727N 22599W One of the landers legs settled down on a rock so the entire lander was tilted by about 8 degrees The lander took extensive atmospheric readings and conducted experiments on soil samples that it had collected with a scoop The Viking 2 lander quit operating on April 11 1980 when its batteries failed but it lasted long enough to see multiple winters come to its landing site and Back to top Viking 1 Successful orbiter lander NASA Launch August 20 1975 Mars arrival June 19 1976 Mars landing July 20 1976 When Viking 1 entered orbit at Mars it began taking pictures of the surface in search of a safe landing site for the lander Mission planners were hoping for a July 4th landing but the original site turned out to be too rocky Another site was chosen and the first successful Mars landing took place on July 20 1976 the seventh anniversary of the first Moon landing Viking 1 landed in Chryse Planitia at 2248N 4997W The lander took extensive weather readings and conducted experiments on soil samples collected with a scoop The orbiter was powered down on August 17 Back to top Mars 4 5 6 and 7 Under pressure from the developing Viking mission the USSR attempted one last time to beat the USA to a successful soft landing on Mars in 1973 Because of an unfavorable launch window however orbiters and landers were launched separately All four spacecraft were hurried to completion and launched to Mars with microchips known to have serious problems The problems mostly doomed the missions but Mars 4 5 and 6 all successfully performed radio occultation experiments of Mars atmosphere proving the existence of an ionosphere at Mars and resulting in the measurement of a 67millibar surface atmospheric pressure Back to top Mars 4 Failed Mars orbiter attempt successful as a flyby USSR Launch July 21 1973 Mars flyby February 10 1974 The microchip problem caused the failure of the Mars 4 orbiter to fire its orbit insertion rockets It flew by Mars at a distance of 2200 kilometers 1370 miles taking one set of images and collecting limited data It continued to function after the flyby returning data from solar orbit Mars 5 Initially successful Mars orbiter failed after 22 days Launch July 25 1973 Mars arrival February 12 1974 Mars 5 entered orbit successfully but after completing 22 orbits and returning 60 images the spacecraft malfunctioned and the mission ended Mars 6 Slightly successful descent craft and flyby Launch August 5 1973 Mars arrival March 12 1974 The Mars 6 descent craft separated successfully from the main spacecraft and descended through the atmosphere transmitting 224 seconds of data before abruptly cutting off either when the retrorockets fired or when it slammed into the ground Although this was the first data of its kind from within the Martian atmosphere most of it was garbled and unusable due to the microchip problem Mars 6 landed at 2390S 1942W Mars 7 Failed descent attempt Launch August 9 1973 The Mars 7 lander separated too early causing it to miss the planet by 1300 kilometers 800 miles Back to top Mars 2 Successful Mars orbiter and failed descent craft USSR Launch May 19 1971 Mars arrival November 27 1971 Mars 3 Somewhat successful Mars orbiter and very briefly successful descent craft USSR Launch May 28 1971 Mars arrival December 2 1971 The identical Mars 2 and Mars 3 spacecraft each released descent craft 45 hours prior to their arrivals at Mars But the landers had the misfortune of arriving at Mars during one of the greatest dust storms in recorded history The Mars 2 probe descended at a steeper angle and faster rate than intended and crashed near 45S 313W However the Mars 3 probe used aerobraking parachutes and retrorockets to descend successfully to a soft landing near 45S 158W It operated for 20 seconds on the surface before mysteriously failing possibly because it was blown over by the wind Before Back to top Mariner 9 Successful Mars orbiter NASA Launch May 30 1971 Mars arrival November 14 1971 Mariner 9 was the first spacecraft to go into orbit around another planet However excitement for its arrival was subdued by a dark cloud literally A Martian dust storm which had started in late September 1971 had grown to cover the entire planet When Mariner 9 arrived in November the only surface features visible were the summit of Olympus Mons and the three volcanoes of Tharsis Ridge Mission scientists had to wait about a month and a half until the dust settled before they could begin the science portion of the mission When the spacecraft ran out of fuel almost Back to top Kosmos 419 Failed Mars orbiter attempt USSR Launch May 10 1971 Kosmos 419 reached Earth orbit but its fourth stage rocket which would have sent the spacecraft on its way to Mars failed to ignite The spacecraft reentered the atmosphere and was destroyed Back to top Mariner 8 Failed Mars flyby attempt NASA Launch May 8 1971 Mariner 8 a twin to the successful Mariner 9 failed to reach Earth orbit Back to top Mars 1969B Failed Mars orbiter attempt USSR Launch April 2 1969 The first stage of the rocket launching this mission to Mars failed almost immediately after liftoff Back to top Mars 1969A Failed Mars orbiter attempt USSR Launch March 27 1969 The third stage of the rocket launching this mission to Mars failed caught fire and exploded causing the remaining pieces to crash land back on Earth Back to top Mariner 6 Successful Mars flyby NASA Launch February 24 1969 Mars flyby July 31 1969 Mariner 6 and 7 were identical spacecraft arriving at Mars five days apart Mariner 6 flew by Mars at an altitude of 3431 kilometers 2131 miles and Mariner 7 at 3430 kilometers 2131 miles Mariner 6 returned 75 images and Mariner 7 126 images Data from the twin spacecraft helped establish the mass radius and shape of Mars and revealed that its southern polar ice cap was composed of carbon dioxide The spacecraft are now in solar orbits Back to top Mariner 7 Successful Mars flyby NASA Launch March 27 1969 Mars flyby August 5 1969 Mariner 6 and 7 were identical spacecraft arriving at Mars five days apart Mariner 6 flew by Mars at an altitude of 3431 kilometers 2131 miles and Mariner 7 at 3430 kilometers 2131 miles Mariner 6 returned 75 images and Mariner 7 126 images Data from the twin spacecraft helped establish the mass radius and shape of Mars and revealed that its southern polar ice cap was composed of carbon dioxide The spacecraft are now in solar orbits Back to top Zond 2 Failed Mars flyby and descent craft attempt USSR Launch November 30 1964 Controllers lost contact with Zond 2 after a midcourse correction maneuver while the spacecraft was on its way to Mars The spacecraft is now in a solar orbit Back to top Mariner 4 Successful Mars flyby NASA Launch November 28 1964 Mars flyby July 14 1965 Mariner 4 was the first spacecraft to fly by Mars and obtain closeup pictures of the Red Planet passing within 9844 kilometers 6117 miles of Mars It then took four days to transmit the data back to Earth Mariner 4 imaged a large ancient crater on Mars and confirmed the existence of a thin Martian atmosphere composed largely of carbon dioxide Once past Mars the spacecraft continued on its way returning data until October 1965 when the orientation of its antenna made communication with Earth impossible However scientists were able to reestablish contact with Mariner 4 in late 1967 and Back to top Mariner 3 Failed Mars flyby attempt NASA Launch November 5 1964 A shield that was designed to protect Mariner 3s instruments during launch failed to release once the spacecraft had reached Earth orbit With its instruments covered and the extra weight of the shield dragging it down the spacecraft was unable to obtain the necessary trajectory to send it on to Mars The spacecraft is now in a solar orbit Back to top Mars 1 Sputnik 23 Failed Mars flyby attempt USSR Launch November 1 1962 Mars 1 launched successfully and began the trip to Mars returning data on interplanetary space However controllers lost contact with Mars 1 on March 21 1963 when the spacecraft was 107 million kilometers 66 million miles from Earth when signal was lost The spacecraft is now in a solar orbit Back to top Korabl 11 Sputnik 22 Failed Mars flyby attempt USSR Launch October 24 1962 Korabl 13 Sputnik 24 Failed Mars flyby attempt USSR Launch November 4 1962 Korabl 11 broke apart after reaching Earth orbit The debris reentered Earths atmosphere and was tracked by the US Ballistic Missile Early Warning System in Alaska who first thought it was a Soviet ICBM attack in response to the ongoing Cuban Missile Crisis Korabl 13 broke apart in Earth orbit during a burn to transfer the probe to a Mars trajectory Back to top Korabl 4 Marsnik 1 Failed Mars flyby attempt USSR Launch October 10 1960 Korabl 5 Marsnik 2 Failed Mars flyby attempt USSR Launch October 14 1960 Korabl 4 and 5 were the Soviet Unions first attempts at interplanetary probes The third stage of both launch vehicles failed and neither obtained Earth orbit Back to top Lets Change the World Become a member of The Planetary Society and together we will create the future of space exploration The Planetary Fund Help advance robotic and human space exploration defend our planet and search for life You are here Space Topics Space Missions

O O B B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O B O O O B O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O B O O O B O O B O O B O B O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 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O O O B O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 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Plastics West was established in 1980 as a plastics distributer serving the forest products and food processing industries We have since grown and added a complete machine shop with both conventional and CNC machines specializing in machining plastics We offer our customers short lead times and immpeccable quality THESE ARE SOME OF THE INDUSTRIES WE WORK FOR Bottling Canning Both on land and sea Conveyors Moving both food other materials Fishing From the dock to the store Food Packaging Food Processing Marine Medical RefuseRecycling Strapping and Packaging Forest Industry From the hauling of logs all the way to the finished product be it lumber plywood paper or just recycling the waste We have a wide range of materials available to our customers The plastic industry has been inundated with different names for the same material If you do not see what you need call us and we will find it for you We have the capabilities to custombuild a product to meet your specific requirements

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New Here Please read this important info PLCSnet Interactive Q A PLCSnet Interactive Q A LIVE PLC Questions And Answers About Diameter Calculation FAQ Calendar Downloads PLC Reviews PLCSnet Store Todays Posts Mark Forums Read Thread Tools Display Modes January 21st 2009 0339 AM 1 spm_cpl Member Join Date Jan 2009 Location Taipei Posts 6 About Diameter Calculation Hi I have some question about diameter calculation Hope someone explain for me Thank you I read two version now Version 1 Line Speed Integration divided by Motor Speed Feedback Intergration then result divided by PI 314159 a Whats meaning Line Speed Integration and Motor Speed Feedback Intergration I dont understand What we get after integrating b Why can we get diameter from this equation Version 2 Version 2 is also using Line Speed divided by Motor Speed Feedback but something is different from version1 a Whats meaning core diameter divided by max diameter it is called Scaled Core Diameter on diagram and we have a parameter called Diameter Buildup on diagram it is Diameter calculated divided by Scaled Core Diameter b Whats meaning Diameter Buildup and Why Our Drives Speed Reference is divided by Diameter Buildup Maybe questions are too easy but I dont understand Thanks your time for reading and replying Thank you very much BTW Version 1 is from Allen Bradley Logix5555 PLC program and Flexpak3000 Drive This is our paper winder Version 2 is from Simoreg digital DC Drive Armature Winder Function diagrams Thank you very much January 21st 2009 0520 AM 2 BobB Lifetime Supporting Member Join Date Jun 2002 Location Sydney Posts 4286 I am going back to school here in the late 1950s is not diameter py squared r wher r is the radius I use a computer based calculator these days The Old Pfhaart January 21st 2009 0607 AM 3 Sliver Member Join Date Feb 2004 Location Kingston Ontario Posts 488 Circumference Pi X Diameter Diameter CircumferencePi therefore Line Speed Integration divided by Motor Speed Feedback Intergration must Circumference Line Speed distancetime Motor Speed revolutionstime disttimerevtime DisttimeXtimerev time is cancelled Distrev circumference As for the core diameter scaling stuff it looks to be trying to give a linear relationship between rpm and disttime of the roll I dont have any winding applications but if the linear speed of the material is to be kept constant then the rotational speed of the motorspool must be higher RPM at low spool diameters and lower RPM at higher spool diameters Thats where the math comes in Brian hows that for a wirepulling light bulb changing sparky People always fear change People feared electricity when it was invented didnt they People Feared coal they feared gaspowered engines There will always be ignorance and ignorance leads to fear But with time people will come to accept their silicon masters Bill Gates Last edited by Sliver January 21st 2009 at 0621 AM January 21st 2009 0735 AM 4 muusic_man Member Join Date Nov 2008 Location Delaware Posts 99 Quote Originally Posted by Sliver Circumference Pi X Diameter Diameter CircumferencePi therefore Line Speed Integration divided by Motor Speed Feedback Intergration must Circumference Line Speed distancetime Motor Speed revolutionstime disttimerevtime DisttimeXtimerev time is cancelled Distrev circumference As for the core diameter scaling stuff it looks to be trying to give a linear relationship between rpm and disttime of the roll I dont have any winding applications but if the linear speed of the material is to be kept constant then the rotational speed of the motorspool must be higher RPM at low spool diameters and lower RPM at higher spool diameters Thats where the math comes in Brian hows that for a wirepulling light bulb changing sparky That is truly impressive for a conduit bender January 21st 2009 0823 AM 5 MasterBlaster Lifetime Supporting Member Join Date Aug 2005 Location Solano County CA Posts 193 hows that for a wirepulling light bulb changing sparky Impressive You didnt have to resort to the old If you cant dazzle them with brilliance baffle them with bullsht tactic January 21st 2009 0830 AM 6 Electrically_Bound Member Join Date Aug 2007 Location Hamilton Ohio Posts 151 One word of caution about using these equations I would not trust the output of these equations during the early stages of the roll buildup as the least little errors in speed feedback can cause significant variations in the output You might not want to use the output until the motor speed goes below a certain rpm andor a certain rate of change I have cut and pasted the comments for a winder program that I am writing line speed is given in fpm the equation gives the coil diameter in inches These three rungs perform the following equation to calculate coil diameter diameter line speedgear ratio motor rpm PI 12 PI 12 314 12 261799 The 12 part is done so that diameter will come out in inches rather than feet January 21st 2009 1134 AM 7 230grain Member Join Date Aug 2007 Location NJ Posts 36 I have used diameter calc on Eurotherm drives in the pastBasically it reduces the speed of the spool as the diameter of the spool grows with increased material Normally I have used it for wire In that case it gets complicated because not only the wire diameter but the traverse across the spool width must be factored in With film or web it is more simple I have had the best results using an ultrasonic or laser sensor to constantly measure spool diamater as it grows and adjust spool RPM accordingly January 22nd 2009 1004 AM 8 spm_cpl Member Join Date Jan 2009 Location Taipei Posts 6 Thank you guys Thank you all very much It looks similar to rpm to mpm conversion mpm rpm pi D but D is constant diameter Here we talk about variable diameter calculation is it integrer function here And Im thinking a question take a paper winder as example the line speed is the distance that has run out right If the paper motor runs slowly lower rpm causing the paper loose not tight is it correct diameter in this situation Another question is about paper winder control below Our paper winder uses main line speed plus offsetoffset of unwinder is negative value rewinder is positive value as its speed reference and follows the main line running But I think paper winder is used tension control to maintain the paper tension right How do I do the tension control Please advise thanks Sorry my poor English Thank you very much January 22nd 2009 1028 AM 9 kamenges Member Join Date Nov 2002 Location Brillion WI Posts 3663 As you already realised the speed ratio diameter calculator wont work all by itself It needs to work in conjunction with a control method that tries to maintain tension or roll surface velocity If you dont have this additional control the winder spindle speed wont have any real reference to product roll tangential speed and the diameter calculator will either freeze unlikely or move in a random direction based on random speed errors The reason you use a diameter calculator at all is you dont want the tension control algorithm to have to generate all the speed command If thye winder is a high speed winder it will be very difficult to find tension control gain settings that react quickly enough to keep up with accel and decel but are low enough to give you a stable system The diameter calculator allow you to use the machine speed reference line speed to generate the majority of the spindle drive speed reference You then use a tension control algorith to adjust the spindle speed Heres the fun part Ultimately the small changes from the tension control algorithm become part of the total spindle speed which is used for diameter calculation So the tension adjustments tend to drive the diameter value ultimately decreasing the amount of tension adjustment required Hope this helps Keith

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