1.1.1. Forced Air Home Furnaces
A residential Forced Air Home Heating System draws room air through (cold air return) ductwork and a filter into a home furnace, where the air is heated. The warmed air is then blown back to rooms throughout the home via (warm air) ductwork.
Most residential forced air home furnaces are gas-fired furnaces, but other fuels include oil, coal, wood and electricity. With a conventional forced air home furnace, natural gas is piped to a burner that’s located inside a combustion chamber. There, the gas is mixed with air, then ignited by a pilot light, a spark or a similar device that is controlled by a thermostat. Forced air home furnaces are generally categorized by their fuel type:
Natural Gas Forced Air Home Furnaces
Generally, a gas furnace (heated by combustion of natural gas) pushes out hot air which is distributed via ducting (duct work) to room vents. A climate-control device (Thermostat) regulates and controls the usage of the furnace.
A digital thermostat can be programed to activate the gas furnace at certain times. For example, a resident may want the temperature in their dwelling to rise 15 minutes before returning from work. This will conserve energy, expenses and natural resources.
The natural gas is usually fed to the residence from a main gas line submerged a few feet beneath the earth, most likely running under and parallel to a street. The duct work supplying the hot air (and sometimes cool air if an Air Conditioning (AC) unit is also tied into the system) can be insulated, or not insulated.
Buildings & homes located in rural and remote areas rarely use gas furnaces, due to the financial impracticality of running natural gas lines far from areas of relatively dense habitation. Usually heating systems in such remote buildings utilize fuel oil, which may be delivered by a truck.
Oil-Fired Forced Air Home Furnaces
For efficient burning, the fuel oil is drawn / pulled from it’s storage tank into a pump, pressurized (residential to 100-140 psi), and then forced through a filtered (appliance-specific) nozzle, into an "atomized" spray pattern.
The atomized oil is then ignited by a spark measuring approximately 1/4 inch across. The spark is produced via a "step-up" transformer which steps up 120 volts (AC) to 10,000 volts (DC). The DC voltage travels down two brass conductors (buzz bars) to the metal / ceramic electrodes of an "ignitor" to produce the spark.
With the airflow coming from the "Squirrel Cage" of the oil-burner, the spark ignites the oil droplets in a "Combustion Chamber", which contains the flame. "Flue Gases" leaving the combustion chamber next travel through a "Heat Exchanger" en-route to an exhaust chimney.
A "Fan / Blower Unit" then circulates heat from the heat exchanger throughout the house. A "Cold Air Return", generally located in the center of the home, supplies all or most of the cold air that is return to the home furnace for re-heating.
Propane Forced Air Home Furnaces
Propane is a clean burning fuel with no contaminants, that may be transported and stored in a special pressurized steel tank (which requires safety testing every few years). Propane burners are smaller than Natural Gas burners, because of the higher temperature at which they burn, but otherwise Propane-Fired Home Furnaces operate in the same way as Natural Gas-Fired Home Furnaces.
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