Microbes that reproduce and grow at very high temperatures, in the range
60 to 113°C (140 to 235°F). The first to be identified, Sulfolobus
acidocaldarius, which is both a hyperthermophile and an acidophile,
was found in the late 1960s in a hot, acidic spring in Yellowstone National
Park, Wyoming. Since then, more than 50 hyperthermophiles have been isolated.
The majority are archaea, although some
cyanobacteria and anaerobic
grow well at 70 to 75°C (158 to 167°F). The most heat-resistant
of all known hyperthermophiles are the anaerobic archaea, including members
of the genuses Pyrolobus, Pyrodictium, and Pyrococcus.
For example, Pyrolobus fumarii, of the Crenarchaeota, a nitrate-reducing
chemolithotroph (an organism that derives energy from minerals), grows on
the walls of marine hydrothermal vents ("smokers").
It multiplies best at about 105°C (221°F), can reproduce at up to
113°C (235°F) and stops growing in "cooler" environments below 90°C
(194°F). Another hyperthermophile that lives in deep-sea vents, Methanopyrus,
is of special interest because of its ancient genetic make-up. Analysis
of its genes suggests that it may have been among the earliest organisms
on Earth. Further study of it may help shed light on how the first cells
survived (see life, origin of).
| Red coloration on rocks near Naples,
Italy, produced by the hyperthermophile Sulfolobus solfataricus.
The upper temperature limit of terrestrial life has yet to be determined.
But, although the search is on for "super-hyperthermophiles", it would be
surprising to find microbes thriving at 150°C (302°F) or more. At
this temperature, current understanding suggests that no biological strategy
could prevent the breakdown of chemical bonds that hold DNA
and other vital molecules together.