T lymphocytes are an important part of the body's immune system. The activation of T cells can resist the invasion of tumor cells and pathogenic bodies, but also lead to autoimmune diseases due to overactivation.
T cell activation is a complex process, including receiving signal stimulation, signal transduction, intracellular enzyme activation, gene transcription expression and cell amplification.
T cell activation requires dual signal stimulation.
First signal: antigen peptide -MHC molecular complex on antigen presenting cells binds to TCR specifically.
Second signal: interaction between T cells and costimulatory molecules present on the surface of antigen presenting cells produces costimulatory signals, of which CD28 and B7(CD80/CD86) are relatively important.
The integration of the two signals was the most effective way to induce T cell activation, while the lack of costimulation signals resulted in decreased T cell response, and in some cases can induce tolerance or T cell anergy. Blocking the co-stimulus signal of T cell activation can negatively regulate T cell activity and induce T cell immune tolerance.
Intracellular signaling is accomplished by the following kinases and phosphatases. The molecules involved in TCR signal transduction mainly include upstream kinases (Lck, Fyn, ZAP-70, Itk), scaffold proteins (LAT, Gads, SLP-76, Grb2), phospholipases, phosphatases, etc. Activation of TCR signals not only induces T cell proliferation and cytokine production, but also promotes T cell differentiation and T cell function.
The T cell receptor is located on the surface of T cells, which specifically recognizes antigenic peptides presented by MHC on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, and activates signal pathways such as ERK, JNK, and NF-κB in T cells. Through several different signaling pathways, many transcription factors associated with cell division and differentiation are activated to regulate cell functions such as T cell proliferation, differentiation, death, and cytokine release. Typical intracellular signals activated by TCR also include: MAPK (Mitogen-activated protein kinase), PKC (Protein Kinase C), calcium signal pathways.
|PLCG1||PLCG1 Antibody||PLCG1 Protein||PLCG1 cDNA||PLCG1 ELISA Kit|
|PPP3CA||PPP3CA Antibody||PPP3CA Protein||PPP3CA cDNA||PPP3CA ELISA Kit|
|PPP3CB||PPP3CB Antibody||PPP3CB Protein||PPP3CB cDNA||PPP3CB ELISA Kit|
|PPP3CC||PPP3CC Antibody||PPP3CC Protein||PPP3CC cDNA||PPP3CC ELISA Kit|
|PPP3R1||PPP3R1 Antibody||PPP3R1 Protein||PPP3R1 cDNA||PPP3R1 ELISA Kit|
|PPP3R2||PPP3R2 Antibody||PPP3R2 Protein||PPP3R2 cDNA||PPP3R2 ELISA Kit|
|PRKCQ||PRKCQ Antibody||PRKCQ Protein||PRKCQ cDNA||PRKCQ ELISA Kit|
|PTPN6||PTPN6 Antibody||PTPN6 Protein||PTPN6 cDNA||PTPN6 ELISA Kit|
|PTPRC||PTPRC Antibody||PTPRC Protein||PTPRC cDNA||PTPRC ELISA Kit|
|RAF1||RAF1 Antibody||RAF1 Protein||RAF1 cDNA||RAF1 ELISA Kit|
|RASGRP1||RASGRP1 Antibody||RASGRP1 Protein||RASGRP1 cDNA||RASGRP1 ELISA Kit|
|RELA||RELA Antibody||RELA Protein||RELA cDNA||RELA ELISA Kit|
|RHOA||RHOA Antibody||RHOA Protein||RHOA cDNA||RHOA ELISA Kit|
|SOS1||SOS1 Antibody||SOS1 Protein||SOS1 cDNA||SOS1 ELISA Kit|
|SOS2||SOS2 Antibody||SOS2 Protein||SOS2 cDNA||SOS2 ELISA Kit|
|TEC||TEC Antibody||TEC Protein||TEC cDNA||TEC ELISA Kit|
|TNF||TNF Antibody||TNF Protein||TNF cDNA||TNF ELISA Kit|
|VAV1||VAV1 Antibody||VAV1 Protein||VAV1 cDNA||VAV1 ELISA Kit|
|VAV2||VAV2 Antibody||VAV2 Protein||VAV2 cDNA||VAV2 ELISA Kit|
|VAV3||VAV3 Antibody||VAV3 Protein||VAV3 cDNA||VAV3 ELISA Kit|