Scientific Age of the Earth
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See also: Biblical Age of the earth Did you know that the Bible clearly teaches that the earth is less than 10,000 years old?
Age Of The Earth
Significance Of Issue,
Earnst Mayr, Harvard, "The revolution began when it became obvious that the earth was very ancient rather than having been created only 6,000 years ago. This finding was the snowball that started the whole avalanche.", Nature Of The Darwinian Revolution, p.3.
Lawrence Badash, Prof. of History of Science, U. of CA, Santa Barbara, "As the sun's first ray's of thermonuclear light blazed across the galaxy 4.5 billion years ago, the primal earth emerged from a spinning, turbulent cloud of gas, dust and planetoids that surrounded the new star. ...On these figures for the age of the earth rest all of geology and evolution." Scientific American, 8/1989, p.90.
George Wald, Nobel Laureate, Harvard, "One has only to contemplate the magnitude of this task to concede that the spontaneous generation of a living organism is impossible. Yet, here we are - as a result, I believe, of spontaneous generation." Scientific American, Vol. 191 No. 2, p.46 "However improbable we regard this event, or any of the steps which it involves, given enough time it will almost certainly happen at least once. ...Time is in fact the hero of the plot. ...Given so much time, the 'impossible' becomes possible, the possible probable, and the probable virtually certain. One has only to wait: time itself performs the miracles," The Physics And Chemistry Of Life, p.12.
Radiometric Dating Involves At Least 8 Untestable Assumptions:
(4-7) No leaching or addition of parent or daughter.
(8) All assumptions valid for billions of years
"ASSUMPTIONS", Henry Faul, Chairman Dept. Geology, U. of Penn. "Two important assumptions are implicit in this equation: First, that we are dealing with a closed system. And second, that no atoms of the daughter were present in the system when it formed. These assumptions furnish the most serious limitations on the accumulation clock. Rigorously closed systems probably do not exist in nature, but surprisingly, many minerals and rocks satisfy the requirement well enough to be useful for nuclear age determination. The problem is one of judicious geologic selection.", Ages Of Rocks, Planets & Stars, p.vi.
DAUGHTER/PARENT/LOSE/GAIN, Steven M. Stanley, Johns Hopkins, "In accepting a date, even with a plus-or-minus figure, we are assuming that a dated rock has remained a closed system - i.e., that it has neither lost nor received parent or daughter atoms from some other source. Unfortunately, this is not always the case. Rocks can, in fact, both gain and lose atoms... These types of errors, which can beset even the most meticulous radiometric analysis, often add up to sizable total errors..." Earth And Life Through Time, 1986, p.122. A. Hayatsu, Dept. of Geophysics, U. of Western Ont., "In conventional interpretation of K-Ar age data, it is common to discard ages which are substantially too high or too low compared with the rest of the group or with other available data such as the geological time scale. The discrepancies between the rejected and the accepted are arbitrarily attributed to excess or loss of argon." Canadian Journal Of Earth Science, 16:974. J.D. Macdougall, "The fourth assumption presupposes that the concentration of uranium in any specimen has remained constant over the specimen's life. ...ground-water percolation can leach away a proportion of the uranium present in the rock crystals. The mobility of the uranium is such that as one part of a rock formation is being improvised another part can become abnormally enriched...at relatively low temperatures." Scientific American, Vol.235 (6):118
"DATING MOON SAMPLES: Pitfalls And Paradoxes", Everly Driscoll, "What complicates things for the uranium-lead method is that non-radiogenic lead 204, 206, 207 and 208 also exist naturally, and scientists are not sure what the ratios of non-radiogenic to radiogenic lead were early in the moon's history...The problem of how much lead was around to begin with still remains...If all of the age-dating methods (rubidium-strontium, uranium-lead and potassium-argon) had yielded the same ages, the picture would be neat. But they haven't. The lead ages, for example, have been consistently older...Isotopic ages have been obtained for material from five landing sites on the moon--those of Apollos 11, 12, 14, 15 and Luna 16; each site has a different age. But in a given site, the ages also vary... Ideally, any one basaltic rock from a given site should yield the same isotopic age, regardless of the method used." Science News, V.101, p.12
CONSTANT RATES? Frederic B. Jueneman, FAIC, "There has been in recent years the horrible realization that radiodecay rates are not as constant as previously thought, nor are they immune to environmental influences. And this could mean that the atomic clocks are reset during some global disaster, and events which brought the Mesozoic to a close may not be 65 million years ago but, rather, within the age and memory of man." Ind. Research & Development, p.21, 6/1982
Methods are not concordant. Conclusions are selected. Contradictions arbitrarily rejected.
DISSENTERS EJECTED, R. L. Mauger, East Carolina Univ., "In general, dates in the 'correct ball park' are assumed to be correct and are published, but those in disagreement with other data are seldom published nor or the discrepancies fully explained.", Contributions To Geology, Vol.15 (1): 17. Bates Mckee, U. of Washington, "If the laboratory results contradict the field evidence, the geologist assumes that there is something wrong with the machine date. To put it another way, 'good' dates are those that agree with the field data. ...the geologist has more faith in the fossil evidence than in a machine date, and this reflects some of the uncertainties of radiometric determinations and the interpretation of results." CASCADIA, The Geological Evolution Of The Pacific Northwest, p.25, 27
NOT CONCORDANT, Joan C. Engels, "It is now well known that K-Ar ages obtained from different minerals in a single rock may be strikingly discordant." Journal of Geology,Vol.79, p.609. C.S.Nobel & J.J.Naughton, Hawaiian Inst. of Geophysics, "The radiogenic argon and helium contents of three basalts erupted into the deep ocean from an active volcano (Kilauea) have been measured. Ages calculated from these measurements increase with sample depth up to 22 million years for lavas deduced to be recent. ...these lavas are very young, probably less than 200 years old. The samples, in fact, may be very recent...", Science, Vol.162, p.265
PRECISION DATING? Roger Lewin, Ed. Research News, Science, "The calculated age was quickly refined to be 2.61 ± 0.26 million years, which, to anthropologist unfamiliar with the procedures of radiometric dating, has a ring of comforting precision about it. ...41 separate age determinations... which varied between 223 million and 0.91 million years ...after the first determination they never again obtained 2.61 from their experiments." Bones Of Contention, p.194
"C14 AGES IN ERROR", Robert E. Lee, "The Imperfect Art Of Estimating Geological Time" "The troubles of the radiocarbon dating method are undeniably deep and serious. Despite 35 years of technological refinement and better under-standing, the underlying assumptions have been strongly challenged... It should be no surprise, then, that fully half of the dates are rejected. The wonder is, surely, that the remaining half come out to be accepted. There are gross discrepancies, the chronology is uneven and relative, and the accepted dates are actually selected dates." Anthropological Journal of Canada, Vol. 19, no. 3, 1981, p.9.
FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTION, Report on C14 Conference (145 International Scientists), Science, Vol. 150, p. 1490. "Throughout the conference emphasis was placed on the fact that laboratories do not measure ages, they measure sample activities. The connection between activity and age is made through a set of assumptions. ...one of the main assumptions of C14 dating is that the atmospheric radiocarbon level has held steady over the age-range to which the method applies."
C14 INCREASING ! H. E. Suess, UCLA, "Symposium Organized By International Atomic Energy Authority, ...presented the latest determinations...as adduced from the current activity of dendrochronologically dated growth rings of the Californian bristle cone pine. ...The carbon14 concentration increases rather steadily during this time. These results confirm the change in carbon14 concentration.... and indicate that the concentration increases..." Science, Vol.157, p.726
"Proof of pudding" Tests
(Moon rocks, G. Canyon, Hawaiian, Mt. St. Helen lavas) Demonstrate Invalidity.
"CLOCKS" UNRELIABLE, W.D. Stansfield (Anti-Creationist), Prof. Biological Science, Cal. Polyt.S.U., "If we assume that (1) a rock contained no Pb206 when it was formed, (2) all Pb206 now in the rock was produced by radioactive decay of U238, (3) the rate of decay has been constant, (4) there has been no differential leaching by water of either element, and (5) no U238 has been transported into the rock from another source, then we might expect our estimate of age to be fairly accurate. Each assumption is a potential variable, the magnitude of which can seldom be ascertained. In cases where the daughter product is a gas, as in the decay of potassium (K40) to the gas argon (Ar 40) it is essential that none of the gas escapes from the rock over long periods of time...It is obvious that radiometric technique may not be the absolute dating methods that they are claimed to be. Age estimates on a given geological stratum by different radiometric methods are often quite different (sometimes by hundreds of millions of years). There is no absolutely reliable long-term radiological 'clock'". The Science Of Evolution, 1977, p.84
"The remains accumulate at varying rates, but a rate of one centimeter per thousand years is typical." The Great Dinosaur Extinction Controversy, Charles Officer and Jake Page, 1996, p.56
Fossils: Large, Detailed, Ephemeral, Polystrate
RAPID, Dunbar & Rogers, "Use of the lead-uranium ratio, however, soon demonstrated its age to be more than two thousand million years... To some thoughtful stratigraphers this amazing discovery presented a dilemma, for if the known stratified rocks have been accumulating throughout this vast span of time the average rate of deposition must have been extremely slow, yet there is very good evidence that individual beds accumulated rapidly. Thus Schuchert...found that if a geologic column were built up by superposing the thickest known part of each of the geologic systems in North America, from Cambrian to the present, the composite record would be about 259,000 feet thick. If we combine his results with the latest estimates of time based on radioactive minerals, we get the figures in Table 5, in which the last column indicates the estimated average rate of deposition. Internal evidence in the strata, however, belies these estimates. In the Coal Measures of Nova Scotia, for example, the stumps and trunks of many trees are preserved standing upright as they grew, clearly having been buried before they had time to fall or rot away. Here sediment certainly accumulated to a depth of many feet within a few years. In other formations where articulated skeletons of large animals are preserved, the sediment must have covered them within a few days at the most. Abundant fossil shells likewise indicate rapid burial, for if shells are long exposed on the sea floor they suffer abrasion or corrosion and are overgrown by sessile organisms or perforated by boring animals. At the rate of deposition postulated by Schuchert, 1000 years, more or less, would have been required to bury a shell 5 inches in diameter. With very local exceptions fossil shells show no evidence of such long exposure." Principles Of Stratigraphy, p.128.
RAPID, Derek Ager, Past President British Geologists' Asso. "The geological record is constantly lying to us. It pretends to tell us the whole truth, when it is only telling us a very small part of it.(p.xvi) Nowhere in the world is the record, or even part of it, complete. ...It may seem paradoxical, but to me the gaps probably cover most of earth history, not the dirt that happened to accumulate in the moments in between. It was during the breaks that most events probably occurred. ...It is the gaps that really matter.(p.14) ...Obviously sedimentation had to be very rapid to bury a tree in a standing position before it rotted and fell down. ...Standing trees are known at many levels and in many parts of the world. ...we cannot escape the conclusion that sedimantation was at times very rapid indeed and that at other times there were long breaks in the sedimentation, though it looks uniform and continuous.(p.49)" The New Catastrophism, 1993, p.49
RAPID, Edwin D. Mckee, "The chief significance of ripple lamination in the geologic record is that it is an indicator of environments involving large and rapid sand accumulation...areas where addition of new sand normally is at a slow rate, have little chance of developing into superimposed ripple lamination... In contrast, areas in which sand accumulates periodically but rapidly, as in river flood plains were sand laden waters of strong floods suddenly lose velocity are very favorable for building up ripple-laminated deposits." Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, p.107.
"SECONDS OR MINUTES," Alan V. Jopling, Dept. of Geology, Harvard, "it is reasonable to postulate a very rapid rate of deposition; that is a single lamina would probably be deposited in a period of seconds or minutes rather than in a period of hours. ...there is factual evidence from both field observation and experiment that laminae composed of bed material are commonly deposited by current action within a period of seconds or minutes." V.36, No. 4, pp.880-887. Adolf Scilacher, U. Frankfurt, "This proves instantaneous deposition of the individual beds, as postulated by the turbidity-current theory. ...did not accumulate gradually but were cast instantaneously by turbidity currents each bed in its entire thickness, in a matter of hours or less." Journal of Geology, V.70, p. 227.
RIPPLE MARKS, Robert R. Shrock, Proff. of Geology, M.I.T., "Because they are one of the commonest and most widespread of original sedimentary features, they have been described and illustrated in countless reports. ...Ripple marks are preserved in conglomerates, sandstones, and siltstones, and in clastic limestones and dolostones. ...Many examples have been described from rocks of all ages..." Sequence In Layered Rock, p.93, 95.
Incredibly Preserved Fossils
Shrimp, Fish eating Fish, Three Dimensional Fish, Polystrate Trees, Iridescent Shells, Spiders, Jellyfish, Ichthyosaurs Giving Birth, Dinosaur Heart, Dinosaur Blood Cells, Soft Tissue, Bird Tracks, Ubiquitous Ripple Marks
"FRESH" DINOS, "Minerals, however, did not replace soft tissue in the bones excavated from the banks of Alaska's Colville River west of Prudhoe Bay. 'They're as light as balsa wood and look as fresh as yesterday's dog bones,' says Canadian paleontologist Phil Currie... For more than 65 million years the remains of the vegetarian duck-billed dinosaurs and other creatures lay buried in the now-frozen tundra, which was once a coastal swamp with a subtropical-to-temperate climate.'...their structure was porous and the fossils were not remineralized.' Therefore, in their deep freeze, the Alaskan bones may well have preserved some of their DNA." Omni, 1/90, p.32
DINOSAUR blood cells, SOFT TISSUE "Round and tiny and nucleated, they were threaded through the bone like red blood cells in blood vessels. But blood cells in a dinosaur bone should have disappeared eons ago. 'I got goose bumps. ...It was exactly like looking at a slice of modern bone. But, of course, I couldn't believe it. ...The bones are, after all 65 million years old. How could blood cells survive that long?'" Science, Research News, V.261, 9/7/'93 "I had one reviewer tell me that he didn't care what the data said, he knew that what I was finding wasn't possible, says Schweitzer. I wrote back and said, Well, what data would convince you? And he said, None!" Discover Magazine, 4/2006
ERASED, "Certain physical limits seem inescapable. In approximately 50,000 years, water alone strips bases from the DNA and leads to the breakage of strands into pieces so small that no information can be retrieved from them. Oxygen also contributes to the destruction of DNA. Even in ideal conditions-in the absence of water and oxygen and at low temperature-background radiation must finally erase all genetic information," Scientific American, 11/93, p.92
Swift Coal and Quick Oil
RAPID COAL, George R. Hill Dean of College of Mines & Mineral Industries, "A rather startling and serendipitous discovery resulted....These observations suggest that in their formation, high rank coals,....were probably subjected to high temperature at some stage in their history. A possible mechanism for formation of these high rank coals could have been a short time, rapid heating event." [Six Hours], Chemtech, May, 1972, p. 292.
garbage into oil, " British scientists claimed to have invented a way to turn household garbage into oil suitable for home heating or power plant use. 'We are doing in 10 minutes what it has taken nature 150 million years to do', said Noel McAuliffe of Manchester University..." Sentinel Star, 2/26/1982. Middleton, Holyland, Loewenthal, Bruner, "Bottom line - Economic accumulations of oil and gas can be generated in thousands of years in sedimentary basins that have experienced hot fluid flow for similar durations." The Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia No. 24, 1996, p. 6-12. "Anything Into Oil" "Turkey guts, junked car parts, and even raw sewage go in one end of this plant, and black gold comes out the other end. ...Two hours later..." Discover Magazine, 4/6/2006p.46
Police Speleotherms, "Hanging from a ceiling beam in the 40-year-old building's basement are several rows of formations not usually seen so close to ground level. Stalactites. Yep, stalactites - more than 100 of the squiggly, slippery rock formations that thousands of people pay to see in places named Carlsbad and Mammoth. ...They are natural cave ornaments, pure and simple." Dallas Morning News, 4/4/1994, p.13A
INCHES IN DAYS, "....while some believe...beautiful icicle-looking stalactites take years to form, Jerry Trout (cave specialist with the Forest Service) says that through photo-monitoring, he has watched a stalactite grow several inches in a matter of days." Arizona Highways, 1/1993, p. 11.
INDICATORS OF YOUNG EARTH
According to Anti-Creationist, W.D. Stansfield, Prof. Biological Science, Cal. Polyt. S.U., Science Of Evolution, 1977, p. 84.
Water from volcanoes, Lava from volcanoes, Helium in atmosphere, Uranium accumulation, Pressure in oil reservoirs, Human population, Meteoric dust in strata, Meteorites in strata, Radiocarbon in atmosphere