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Hazardous waste is a waste with properties that make it dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment. Hazardous waste generally exhibits one or more of these characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity or toxicity. The universe of hazardous wastes is large and diverse. Hazardous wastes can be liquids, solids, contained gases, or sludges. They can be the by-products of manufacturing processes or simply discarded commercial products, like cleaning fluids or pesticides. One major type is radioactive waste. This book brings together the latest research in this diverse field.
The Department of Energy (DOE) faces significant technical challenges in successfully constructing and operating the Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) project that is to treat millions of gallons of highly radioactive liquid waste resulting from the production of nuclear weapons. In December 2000, DOE awarded Bechtel a contract to design and construct the WTP project at DOE's Hanford Site in Washington State. This projectone of the largest nuclear waste cleanup facilities in the worldwas originally scheduled for completion in 2011 at an estimated cost of $4.3 billion. Technical challenges and other issues, however, have contributed to cost increases and schedule delays. This book examines remaining technical challenges, if any, the WTP faces; the cost and schedule estimates for the WTP; and steps DOE is taking, if any, to improve the management and oversight of the WTP project. Moreover, DOE recently reported that nuclear waste is leaking from two of its underground storage tanks. DOE has been experiencing delays in the construction of the WTP, a collection of facilities that are to treat the tank waste for disposal. These recently reported leaks and intrusions, combined with construction delays, have raised questions among regulators, the public, and Congress about the risks posed by continuing to store waste in the aging tanks. The book examines the condition of the tanks; actions DOE has taken or planned to respond to the recent tank leaks and water intrusions; and the extent to which DOE's tank management plans consider the condition of the tanks and the delays in completing construction of the WTP.
This edited volume deals with the attempts made by the scientists and practitioners to address contemporary issues in geoenvironmental engineering such as characterization of dredged sediments, geomaterials and waste, valorization of waste, sustainability in waste management and some other geoenvironmental issues that are becoming quite relevant in today's world especially in view of the high urbanization rates, advancement in technologies, and changes in consumption behavior of people. In this regard, wastes generated through the daily activities of individuals and organizations pose many challenges in their management. The volume is based on the best contributions to the 2nd GeoMEast International Congress and Exhibition on Sustainable Civil Infrastructures, Egypt 2018 - The official international congress of the Soil-Structure Interaction Group in Egypt (SSIGE).
Waste biomass includes agricultural residues, livestock wastes, municipal wastes and industrial organic wastes. It should be utilised or otherwise, it will cause the pollution of water, soil and even the atmosphere. Gas biofuels have attracted growing attention as a renewable and clean energy carrier. Gas biofuels include biogas, biohydrogen and its mixture i.e. biohythane, which can be produced via anaerobic fermentation or other processes from waste biomass. This book focuses on the principles of gas biofuels in terms of types of biofuels, biomass species, and reactor configuration and production pathway. A number of books focus on the production of biogas or biohydrogen alone. In comparison, this book emphasizes the interactions and common knowledge of both. In addition, the potential of new technologies, such as microbial electrochemical technologies, and two-stage fermentation on gas biofuel production are highlighted and specifically discussed based on the authors' research basis. This book provides a state-of-the-art technological insight into the production of gas biofuels from waste biomass. Specifically, this book consists of three parts. In Part I, the principles for gas biofuels production from waste biomass, including biogas production (Chapter 1) and biohydrogen production (Chapter 2). Part II focuses on the technical advances on gas biofuels production. Pre-treatment of biomass was firstly introduced in Chapter 3, whereas the advances of biogas production from high-solid wastes were discussed in Chapter 4 and Chapter 5. In comparison, biohydrogen production is reviewed not only through dark fermentation (Chapter 6) but also emerging microbial electrochemical technology (Chapter 7). The co-production of biohydrogen and biomethane is reviewed in Chapter 8. In addition to the utilisation of carbon and hydrogen stored in biomass, nutrients recycling through algae technology is discussed in Chapter 9. Part III discusses the scale-up and industrialization of biofuels. An industrial case is introduced to analyse the bottlenecks and perspectives for development of gas biofuels.
This book presents an experimental simulation of sewage treatment, which is designed to evaluate the environmental and social-economic impacts of integrated sewage treatment policies. The author puts forward a comprehensive linear optimization simulation model that takes the environmental, energy and economic systems into consideration. Beijing was selected as a typical Chinese city for the purposes of simulation, and the comprehensive model employed realistically reflects the specific and unique characteristics of Beijing's social economy and environmental status. Given the importance of sewage treatment and the accurate assessment of its impacts, the book will be of interest to researchers and scholars of environmental economics.
In this brief, a comprehensive review of the UV/visible-TiO2 photocatalytic oxidation process is presented with an insight into the mechanisms involved, the role of titanium dioxide as a catalyst, irradiation sources, types of reactors, and a comparison between various modes of TiO2 application. An overview of the development and enhancement of the activity of TiO2 nanoparticles in photocatalysis is presented. The topics covered include a detailed look at the unique properties of the TiO2 nanoparticles and their relationship to photocatalytic properties. The utilization of the TiO2 nanoparticles as photocatalysts, in the non-doped and doped forms is also reviewed. Finally, the use of modified TiO2 nanoparticles has made a significant contribution in providing definitive mechanistic information regarding the visible light photocatalytic processes.
The question of "what to do with radioactive waste" has been raised frequently for both fission and fusion power plants. In recent years, fusion designers have become increasingly aware of the large amount of mildly radioactive materials that fusion generates. The search for a suitable solution has stimulated discussions about the origin and nature of fusion radioactive waste. This book discusses the perspectives of managing fusion radioactive materials. It also discusses the canister quandary, and the nuclear security system in Georgia.
Greywater Reuse examines the features and implications of greywater reuse scientifically, quantitatively, and thoroughly. Based on the authors' extensive studies of treatment facilities in urban and rural environments, development of greywater treatment systems, and research of potential environmental and health risks posed by greywater at different treatment levels, this authoritative text: Describes the chemical, physical, and microbial properties of greywater Covers the treatment and removal of greywater pollutants, providing case studies of common methods Identifies the risks involved in greywater use and proposes regulatory measures to help reduce these risks Reviews the greywater management strategies, policies, and legislation of several different countries Discusses the prevailing public perception and willingness to adopt various uses of greywater Analyzes the economic impact of greywater reuse from both the consumer and national perspectives Greywater Reuse addresses all major aspects related to greywater reuse, making it a valuable resource for a variety of applications.
Since the publication of the first edition of Environmental Health Science , preventing and treating acute and chronic disease caused by exposure to chemical health hazards has become even more central to the practice of public health. This fully revised and updated edition introduces students and practitioners to the concepts and terminology from chemistry, ecology, toxicology, and engineering necessary for identifying the sources of environmental contaminants; quantifying environmental levels and human exposures; and preventing and remediating environmental health hazards. Liberal use of figures and tables allows readers to visualize complex scientific phenomena and to understand their effects on every aspect of the environment from cells to entire ecosystems. Authored by two of the foremost educators, investigators, and practitioners in this increasingly important discipline, the new edition of Environmental Health Science is an essential resource for students and practitioners in public health; civil, environmental, and chemical engineers; policy makers; science journalists; and anyone else committed to promoting human health and the health of our environment.
Shows why plastics, in aggregate, have become a toxin to humans, wildlife, and the planet, and proposes novel solutions that involve neither traditional recycling nor giving up plastic. * Provides a realistic solution for our use of plastic: not to eliminate it, but to innovate it * Views plastic not only as a known environmental and health hazard but as a material critical to our future and therefore worth revising for future use * Explains what we must do-and by when-in order to be able to keep using plastic without harming the planet or our health * Shows the links between the environmental, toxicological, and socioeconomic challenges in our use of plastic, and how these dangers can be remedied by supply chain innovation * Introduces two significant disruptive innovations that if implemented, will save us from the growing problem posed by synthetics
Nanocomposites have better adsorption capacity, selectivity, and stability than nanoparticles. Therefore, they find diversified applications in many areas. Recently, various methods for heavy metal detection from water have been extensively studied. The adsorption of various pollutants such as heavy metal ions and dyes from the contaminated water with the help of nanocomposites has attracted significant attention. This book presents a comprehensive discussion on wastewater research. It covers a vast background of the recent literature. It describes the applications of nanocomposites in various areas, including environmental science. Particularly, it is highly useful to researchers involved in the environmental and water research on nanocomposites and their applications. The book covers a broad research area of chemistry, physics, materials science, polymer science and engineering, and nanotechnology to present an interdisciplinary approach and also throws light on the recent advances in the field.
London's sewers could be called the city's forgotten underground: mostly unseen subterranean spaces that are of absolutely vital importance, the capital's sewers nonetheless rarely get the same degree of attention as the Tube. Paul Dobraszczyk here outlines the fascinating history of London's sewers from the nineteenth century onwards, using a rich variety of colour illustrations, photographs and newspaper engravings to show their development from medieval spaces to the complex, citywide network, largely constructed in the 1860s, that is still in place today. This book explores London's sewers in history, fiction and film, including how they entice intrepid explorers into their depths, from the Victorian period to the present day.
A comprehensive guide to understanding the biology and biological conditions of the treatment process
Due to the importance of anaerobic digesters in wastewater treatment processes, a review of the microbiology of the bacteria and the operational conditions that affect their activity are of value in addressing successful and cost-effective operation.
The Microbiology of Anaerobic Digesters – the third book in the Wastewater Microbiology Series – provides an in-depth review of the bacteria, their activity, and the operational conditions that affect anaerobic digester performance. Avoiding the technical jargon, chemical equations, and kinetics that typically accompany such texts, this comprehensive resource also discusses troubleshooting and process control measures that will allow you to maintain treatment efficiency, prevent system upsets, and reduce operational costs.
Prepared for an audience of operators and technicians who are responsible for the daily operation of anaerobic digesters, The Microbiology of Anaerobic Digesters covers important issues in this field, including:
Fixed film anaerobic digesters are becoming more and more common in the treatment of soluble organic compounds in wastewater. The Microbiology of Anaerobic Digesters will introduce readers to this important topic and provide them with the necessary information for understanding biological conditions of this treatment process.
Increased consumption of electronic equipment has brought with it a greater demand for rare earth elements and metals. Adding to this is the growth in low carbon technologies such as hybrid fuel vehicles. It is predicted that the global supply of rare earth elements could soon be exhausted. A sustainable approach to the use and recovery of rare earth elements is needed, and this book addresses the political, economic and research agendas concerning them. The problem is discussed thoroughly and a multi-disciplinary team of authors from the chemistry, engineering and biotechnology sectors presents a range of solutions, from traditional metallurgical methods to innovations in biotechnology. Case studies add value to the theory presented, and indirect targets for recovery, such as municipal waste and combustion ash are considered. This book will be essential reading for researchers in academia and industry tackling sustainable element recovery, as well as postgraduate students in chemistry, engineering and biotechnology. Environmental scientists and policy makers will also benefit from reading about potential benefits of recovery from waste streams.
Advanced Oxidation Processes for Waste Water Treatment: Emerging Green Chemical Technology is a complete resource covering the fundamentals and applications of all Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs). This book presents the most up-to-date research on AOPs and makes the argument that AOPs offer an eco-friendly method of wastewater treatment. In addition to an overview of the fundamentals and applications, it details the reactive species involved, along with sections on reactor designs, thus helping readers understand and implement these methods.
How to manage the most important part of a city’s internal infrastructure—its sewer systems
The operation and maintenance of modern sewer systems have not kept pace with technological revolutions everywhere—until now. Utilizing a combination of computerized management tools, monitoring systems, and other intelligent equipment, today’s automated sewer management systems allow designers, managers, operators, and investors to get continuous data feeds on sewer flows, interjurisdictional billing information, and emergency situations: information essential to upgrading overall system quality and efficiency.
Sewer Management Systems offers a practical, comprehensive look at procuring and implementing state-of-the-art sewer management systems and monitoring equipment. It opens with an overview of sewer maintenance and management and then discusses such introductory concepts as understanding flow and how to measure it. It then introduces structures and features of the sewer infrastructure that are useful in general ways, providing definitions applicable in any context. Further chapters cover:
The book’s appendices provide equipment specifications, recommended calibration standards, and sample specifications. Offering methodical and detailed guidance to the state of the art of this important engineering specialty, Sewer Management Systems is the complete reference to designing systems that effectively monitor that most basic part of a city’s infrastructure—the key to maintai
Water is a finite resource, and the demand for clean water is constantly growing. Clean freshwater is needed to meet irrigation demands for agriculture, for consumption, and for industrial uses. The world produces billions of tons of wastewater every year. This volume looks at multitude of ways to capture, treat, and reuse wastewater and how to effectively manage watersheds. It presents a selection of new technologies and methods to recycle, reclaim, and reuse water for agricultural, industrial, and environmental purposes. The editor states that more than 75-80% of the wastewater we produce goes back to nature without being properly treated, leading to pollution and all sorts of negative health and productivity consequences. Topics cover a wide selection of research, including molluscs as a tool for river health assessment, flood risk modeling, biological removal of toxins from groundwater, saline water intrusion into coastal areas, urban drainage simulations, rainwater harvesting, irrigation topics, and more.
Like many industrialized regions, the Philadelphia metro area contains pockets of environmental degradation: neighborhoods littered with abandoned waste sites, polluting factories, and smoke-belching incinerators. However, other neighborhoods within and around the city are relatively pristine. This eye-opening book reveals that such environmental inequalities did not occur by chance, but were instead the result of specific policy decisions that served to exacerbate endemic classism and racism. From Workshop to Waste Magnet presents Philadelphia's environmental history as a bracing case study in mismanagement and injustice. Sociologist Diane Sicotte digs deep into the city's past as a titan of American manufacturing to trace how only a few communities came to host nearly all of the area's polluting and waste disposal land uses. By examining the complex interactions among economic decline, federal regulations, local politics, and shifting ethnic demographics, she not only dissects what went wrong in Philadelphia but also identifies lessons for environmental justice activism today. Sicotte's research tallies both the environmental and social costs of industrial pollution, exposing the devastation that occurs when mass quantities of society's wastes mix with toxic levels of systemic racism and economic inequality. From Workshop to Waste Magnet is a compelling read for anyone concerned with the health of America's cities and the people who live in them.
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