Shedding light on the cosmic skeleton
Astronomers were able to make a real demographic study of a massive filamentary structure, and they have identified several groups of galaxies surrounding the main galaxy cluster.
Provided by ESO, Garching, Germany
November 3, 2009
Astronomers have tracked down a gigantic, previously unknown assembly of galaxies located almost 7 billion light-years from us. Two of the most powerful ground-based telescopes in the world were combined to make this discovery possible. This is the first observation of such a prominent galaxy structure in the distant universe, providing further insight into the cosmic web and how it formed.
"Matter is not distributed uniformly in the universe," said Masayuki Tanaka from the European Southern Observatory (ESO). "In our cosmic vicinity, stars form in galaxies, and galaxies usually form groups and clusters of galaxies. The most widely accepted cosmological theories predict that matter also clumps on a larger scale in the 'cosmic web,' in which galaxies, embedded in filaments stretching between voids, create a gigantic wispy structure."
These filaments are millions of light-years long and constitute the skeleton of the universe — galaxies gather around them, and immense galaxy clusters form at their intersections, lurking like giant spiders waiting for more matter to digest. Scientists are struggling to determine how they swirl into existence. Although astronomers often have observed massive filamentary structures at relatively small distances from us, solid proof of their existence in the more distant universe has been lacking until now.
The team led by Tanaka discovered a large structure around a distant cluster of galaxies in images they obtained earlier. They have used two major ground-based telescopes to study this structure in greater detail, measuring the distances from Earth to more than 150 galaxies and obtaining a three-dimensional view of the structure. The spectroscopic observations were performed using the VIMOS instrument on ESO's Very Large Telescope and FOCAS on the Subaru Telescope, operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan.
Thanks to these and other observations, the astronomers were able to make a real demographic study of this structure, and they have identified several groups of galaxies surrounding the main galaxy cluster. They could distinguish tens of such clumps, each typically 10 times as massive as our own Milky Way Galaxy — and some as much as a thousand times more massive — while they estimate that the mass of the cluster amounts to at least 10,000 times the mass of the Milky Way. Some of the clumps are feeling the fatal gravitational pull of the cluster and will eventually fall into it.
"This is the first time that we have observed such a rich and prominent structure in the distant universe," said Tanaka. "We can now move from demography to sociology and study how the properties of galaxies depend on their environment, at a time when the universe was only two-thirds of its present age."
The filament is located about 6.7 billion light-years from us and extends over at least 60 million light-years. The newly uncovered structure probably does extend further, beyond the field probed by the team, and future observations have already been planned to obtain a definite measure of its size.