Walking along the beaches of New England, it’s easy to spot large amounts of a fine, red seaweed clogging the coastline, the result of sweeping changes in the marine environment occurring beneath the water.
To further investigate, UNH researchers looked at seaweed populations during the last 30 years in the Gulf of Maine and found towering kelp seaweed beds, once dominant, are declining, and more invasive, shrub-like species have taken their place, altering the look of the ocean floor and the base of the marine food chain.
“We were very surprised by what we saw,” says Jennifer Dijkstra, research assistant professor in the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping at UNH and the lead author of the study. “In some areas, what was once a forest of tall blades of kelp with a high canopy height was now composed of bushy invasive seaweed species, which had a much shorter canopy and a very different physical form.”
In the study, recently published in the Journal of Ecology, Dijkstra and her co-authors found that the seaweed community, as well as the number and types of small creatures, had significantly changed. Invasive fiber-like red seaweeds called Dasysiphonia japonica had covered up to 90 percent of some areas, altering the visual landscape, and the newly created habitat structure now supported two to three times more small creatures at the base of the food chain.
“While the changing seascape has dramatically altered and increased the diversity and number of small creatures at the base of the marine food web, we still don’t know how these changes in the ecosystem will propagate through the entire chain.”
The researchers compared photos of sections of the sea floor, collected during 30 years, at several subtidal sites in the southwestern Gulf of Maine. They also collected individual seaweed species (see video) to determine their complexity and the biodiversity of meso-invertebrates, smaller ocean species that fish and shellfish such as crabs feed on, associated with each seaweed species.
Studies have found that kelp forests are one of the most productive systems in the ocean, with high biodiversity and ecological function. They occur along the coastlines of most continents. Kelp provides a long, three-dimensional structure that offers protection and a source of food for many juvenile species of fish, such as pollock, cod and flounder, juvenile and adult shellfish such as lobsters and crabs, seals and birds, including terns and gulls.
“While the changing seascape has dramatically altered and increased the diversity and number of small creatures at the base of the marine food web, we still don’t know how these changes in the ecosystem will propagate through the entire chain. Even though there may be more creatures at the base, it’s not clear what their effects will be on fish or other crabs in the habitat, and how much protection the new landscape will provide,” says Dijkstra.
The researchers say ongoing studies are looking at the effects of the invasive types of seaweed and why they are so successful in the Gulf of Maine. They speculate that a number of events that relate to historical fishing practices, both commercial and recreational, combined with the warming waters in the Gulf of Maine may be increasing the negative effects of the growth of kelp.
Co-authors on this study, all from UNH, are Larry Harris, professor of zoology; Kristen Mello ‘14, research technician; Amber Litterer ‘16, Shoals Marine Laboratory; Christopher Wells, former research technician, currently at the University of Washington; and Colin Ware, director of the Data Visualization Lab at the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping.
This project was supported by the Rutman Foundation through the Shoals Marine Laboratory, the School of Marine Sciences and Ocean Engineering and NOAA (NA14NOS4830001).