Psychology is a rich and diverse field, and a psychology major can prepare students for a variety of future careers, as described by the American Psychological Association. There are many different areas of psychology, including biological psychology, clinical psychology, cognitive psychology, comparative psychology, developmental psychology, educational psychology, industrial psychology, personality psychology, professional psychology, positive psychology, and social psychology. Education requirements for these fields will vary, as will their potential salaries.
What do Psychologists Actually Do?
Psychologists typically do the following: (Direct excerpt from Occupational Outlook Handbook)
- Conduct scientific studies of behavior and brain function
- Collect information through observations, interviews, surveys, and other methods
- Identify psychological, emotional, behavioral, or organizational issues and diagnose disorders, using information obtained from their research
- Research and identify behavioral or emotional patterns
- Test for patterns that will help them better understand and predict behavior
- Discuss the treatment of problems with their clients
- Write articles, research papers, and reports to share findings and educate others
Psychologists seek to understand and explain thoughts, emotions, feelings, and behavior. Psychologists use techniques such as observation, assessment, and experimentation to develop theories about the beliefs and feelings that influence a person.
Psychologists often gather information and evaluate behavior through controlled laboratory experiments, psychoanalysis, or psychotherapy. They also may administer personality, performance, aptitude, or intelligence tests. They look for patterns of behavior or relationships between events, and use this information when testing theories in their research or treating patients.
Types of psychologists
Clinical psychologists assess, diagnose, and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. Clinical psychologists help people deal with problems ranging from short-term personal issues to severe, chronic conditions.
Clinical psychologists are trained to use a variety of approaches to
help individuals. Although strategies generally differ by specialty,
clinical psychologists often interview patients, give diagnostic tests,
and provide individual, family, or group psychotherapy. They also design
behavior modification programs and help patients implement their
Some clinical psychologists focus on certain populations, such as
children or the elderly, or certain specialties, such as the following:
- Health psychologists study how psychological and behavioral factors interact with health and illness. They educate both patients and medical staff on psychological issues and promote healthy-living strategies. They also investigate and develop programs to address common health-related behaviors, such as smoking, poor diet, and sedentary behavior.
- Neuropsychologists study the effects of brain injuries, brain disease, developmental disorders, or mental health conditions on behavior and thinking. They test patients affected by known or suspected brain conditions to determine impacts on thinking and to direct patients’ treatment.
Clinical psychologists often consult with other health professionals regarding the best treatment for patients, especially treatment that includes medication. Currently, Illinois, Louisiana, and New Mexico allow clinical psychologists to prescribe medication to patients. Most states, however, do not allow psychologists to prescribe medication for treatment.
Counseling psychologists help patients deal with and
understand problems, including issues at home, at the workplace, or in
their community. Through counseling, they work with patients to identify
their strengths or resources they can use to manage problems. For
information on other counseling occupations, see the profiles on mental
health counselors and marriage and family therapists, substance abuse
and behavioral disorder counselors, and social workers.
Developmental psychologists study the psychological progress and development that take place throughout life. Many developmental psychologists focus on children and adolescents, but they also may study aging and problems facing older adults.
Forensic psychologists use psychological principles
in the legal and criminal justice system to help judges, attorneys, and
other legal specialists understand the psychological aspects of a
particular case. They often testify in court as expert witnesses. They
typically specialize in family, civil, or criminal case work.
Industrial-organizational psychologists apply
psychology to the workplace by using psychological principles and
research methods to solve problems and improve the quality of work life.
They study issues such as workplace productivity, management or
employee working styles, and employee morale. They also work with
management on matters such as policy planning, employee screening or
training, and organizational development.
School psychologists apply psychological principles
and techniques to education and developmental disorders. They may
address student learning and behavioral problems; design and implement
performance plans, and evaluate performances; and counsel students and
families. They also may consult with other school-based professionals to
suggest improvements to teaching, learning, and administrative
Social psychologists study how people’s mindsets and behavior are shaped by social interactions. They examine both individual and group interactions and may investigate ways to improve interactions.
Divisions in Psychology
• Experimental Psychology
• Evaluation, Measurement, and Statistics
• Developmental Psychology
• Personality and Social Psychology
• Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI)
• Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts
• Consulting Psychology
• Industrial and Organizational Psychology (I-O Psychology)
• School Psychology
• Society of Counseling Psychology
• Psychologists in Public Service
• Adult Development and Aging
• Applied Experimental and Engineering Psychology
• Rehabilitation Psychology
• Society for Consumer Psychology
• Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology
• Behavior Analysis
• History of Psychology
• Community Psychology
• Psychopharmacology and Substance Abuse
• Psychological Hypnosis
• State, Provincial, and Territorial Psychological Association Affairs
• Humanistic Psychology
• Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
• Environmental, Population, and Conservation Psychology
• Psychology of Women
• Psychology of Religion
• Child and Family Policy and Practice
• Health Psychology
• Clinical Neuropsychology
• American Psychology–Law Society
• Psychologists in Independent Practice
• Family Psychology
• Psychological Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues
• Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues
• Media Psychology
• Exercise and Sport Psychology
• Peace Psychology Division
• Group Psychology and Group Psychotherapy
• Addiction Psychology
• Psychological Study of Men and Masculinity
• International Psychology
• Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
• Pediatric Psychology
• Advancement of Pharmacotherapy
• Trauma Psychology